diff --git a/-MJrb7xScbU.txt b/-MJrb7xScbU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a7b8f8d65f6ab073bf6fe8143b466fd1cad347a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-MJrb7xScbU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this demonstration I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demonstration I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demonstration I'm going to show
+you how to construct 2d brilliant zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to construct 2d brilliant zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to construct 2d brilliant zones
+and hopefully achieve a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully achieve a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully achieve a better
+understanding them and what they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding them and what they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding them and what they are so
+a brilliant zone is an important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant zone is an important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant zone is an important concept
+in material science and solid-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in material science and solid-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in material science and solid-state
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+alike because it is used to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike because it is used to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike because it is used to describe the
+behavior of an electron in a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an electron in a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an electron in a perfect
+crystal system so what is a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal system so what is a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal system so what is a brilliant
+zone the Brillion zone is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the Brillion zone is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the Brillion zone is a particular
+choice of the unit cell of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the unit cell of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the unit cell of the
+reciprocal lattice is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice is defined as the
+riegner Seitz cell of the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riegner Seitz cell of the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riegner Seitz cell of the reciprocal
+lattice it is constructed as the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice it is constructed as the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice it is constructed as the set of
+points and closed by the Bragg planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and closed by the Bragg planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and closed by the Bragg planes
+the planes perpendicular to a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes perpendicular to a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes perpendicular to a connection
+line from the origin of to each lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from the origin of to each lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from the origin of to each lattice
+point passing through the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point passing through the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point passing through the midpoint
+alternatively it is defined as the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively it is defined as the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively it is defined as the set
+of points closer to the origin than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points closer to the origin than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points closer to the origin than to
+any other reciprocal lattice point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other reciprocal lattice point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other reciprocal lattice point the
+whole reciprocal space may be covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole reciprocal space may be covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole reciprocal space may be covered
+without overlap with copies of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without overlap with copies of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without overlap with copies of such
+brilliant zone okay so that was a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zone okay so that was a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zone okay so that was a rather
+convoluted definition let's do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted definition let's do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted definition let's do it again
+let's brush up and be sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's brush up and be sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's brush up and be sure that we
+understand this definition we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this definition we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this definition we're going
+to define her the reciprocal space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define her the reciprocal space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define her the reciprocal space the
+Bragg planes as well but it's fine both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bragg planes as well but it's fine both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bragg planes as well but it's fine both
+of these will also do a quick revision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these will also do a quick revision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these will also do a quick revision
+of what is there a record lattice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is there a record lattice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is there a record lattice so
+that we can go from there to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from there to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from there to the
+reciprocal lattice the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice the microscopic
+perfect crystal is formed by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal is formed by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal is formed by adding
+identical building blocks so to say unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical building blocks so to say unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical building blocks so to say unit
+cells consisting of atoms and groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells consisting of atoms and groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells consisting of atoms and groups of
+atoms a unit cell is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a unit cell is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a unit cell is the smallest
+component of a crystal that one stacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a crystal that one stacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a crystal that one stacked
+together with pure translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with pure translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with pure translational
+repetition reproducing the whole crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition reproducing the whole crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition reproducing the whole crystal
+which essentially means that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially means that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially means that you can
+take the same thing over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same thing over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same thing over and over and
+over again and get the whole system done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again and get the whole system done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again and get the whole system done
+so and the groups of atoms these unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the groups of atoms these unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the groups of atoms these unit
+cells that form the microscopic crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that form the microscopic crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that form the microscopic crystal
+but infinite repetition is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but infinite repetition is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but infinite repetition is called the
+basis okay that seems quite clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay that seems quite clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay that seems quite clear and
+the basis is formed in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is formed in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is formed in such a way that
+it forms the lattice more commonly known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the lattice more commonly known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the lattice more commonly known
+as the Rivervale at every point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Rivervale at every point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Rivervale at every point of a
+breve lattice is equivalent to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breve lattice is equivalent to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breve lattice is equivalent to every
+other point which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point which means that the
+arrangement atoms and the crystal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement atoms and the crystal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement atoms and the crystal is the
+same when viewed from different lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same when viewed from different lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same when viewed from different lattice
+points okay that also seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay that also seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay that also seems
+understandable and you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and you should probably
+know that by now so any fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by now so any fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by now so any fundamental
+lattice must be definable by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice must be definable by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice must be definable by three
+primitive translational vectors a1 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive translational vectors a1 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive translational vectors a1 a2
+and a3 the combination of these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a3 the combination of these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a3 the combination of these vectors
+is using to find the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using to find the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using to find the crystal
+translational vector R such that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational vector R such that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational vector R such that R is
+equal to a 1 and 1 plus a 2 and 2 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a 1 and 1 plus a 2 and 2 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a 1 and 1 plus a 2 and 2 plus a
+3 and 3 where n are just arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 3 where n are just arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 3 where n are just arbitrary
+integers to show that Mark would show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers to show that Mark would show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers to show that Mark would show
+the size of our lattice so when we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our lattice so when we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our lattice so when we the
+crystal lattice is repeated an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice is repeated an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice is repeated an infinite
+amount of times to create the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of times to create the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of times to create the perfect
+crystal structure and each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure and each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure and each of those
+lattices are translationally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices are translationally symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices are translationally symmetric
+and the way I'll look at is is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I'll look at is is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I'll look at is is that one
+cannot tell their positional in crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell their positional in crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell their positional in crystal
+structure because every lattice looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because every lattice looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because every lattice looks
+this ok so now okay so that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok so now okay so that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok so now okay so that seems to
+make sense so now let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so now let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so now let's go through
+reciprocal space okay so every lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space okay so every lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space okay so every lattice
+has a reciprocal lattice associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reciprocal lattice associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reciprocal lattice associated
+through in crystallography terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in crystallography terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in crystallography terms the
+reciprocal lattices of the diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattices of the diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattices of the diffraction
+prior of a crystal or in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior of a crystal or in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior of a crystal or in quantum
+mechanics it's described this k space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's described this k space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's described this k space
+with K being 4k wave vectors in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K being 4k wave vectors in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K being 4k wave vectors in 3d
+lattice the vectors would be v1 v2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice the vectors would be v1 v2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice the vectors would be v1 v2 and
+v3 and they can be denoted it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v3 and they can be denoted it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v3 and they can be denoted it as well
+look at it just b1 b1 is equals to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it just b1 b1 is equals to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it just b1 b1 is equals to 2 pi
+times the cross product of the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross product of the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cross product of the vectors
+a2 and a3 from our direct lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3 from our direct lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3 from our direct lattice
+divided by the triple cross scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the triple cross scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the triple cross scalar
+product of a 1 a 2 and a 3 in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a 1 a 2 and a 3 in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a 1 a 2 and a 3 in which case
+this cross product of a 2 and a 3 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross product of a 2 and a 3 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross product of a 2 and a 3 is the
+area of our vector of our two vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of our vector of our two vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of our vector of our two vectors in
+the triple scalar product is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple scalar product is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple scalar product is the volume
+of our system by simplifying it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our system by simplifying it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our system by simplifying it we can
+just get 2 pi over the height of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get 2 pi over the height of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get 2 pi over the height of our
+unit cell or we can put it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell or we can put it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell or we can put it in this way
+the larger our direct lattice gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger our direct lattice gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger our direct lattice gets the
+smaller and core person or reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and core person or reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and core person or reciprocal
+lattice becomes another observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice becomes another observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice becomes another observation that
+could actually be made by the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be made by the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be made by the reciprocal
+lattices that the reciprocal lattice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices that the reciprocal lattice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices that the reciprocal lattice of
+the reciprocal lattice is the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal lattice is the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal lattice is the direct
+lattice bit okay for simplicity's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice bit okay for simplicity's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice bit okay for simplicity's sake
+let's look at a transformation from 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a transformation from 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a transformation from 2d
+lattice to a reciprocal lattice okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice to a reciprocal lattice okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice to a reciprocal lattice okay so
+we have a visualization here where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a visualization here where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a visualization here where we
+can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+the length of our X vector indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our X vector indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our X vector indirect
+space and the length of our vibrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the length of our vibrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the length of our vibrator
+indirect space and we can change whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect space and we can change whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect space and we can change whether
+or not we're seeing this as a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we're seeing this as a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we're seeing this as a direct
+lattice or by pressing this button as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice or by pressing this button as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice or by pressing this button as a
+reciprocal lattice so as we can see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice so as we can see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice so as we can see but
+increasing the length of our direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the length of our direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the length of our direct
+direct vector we change the sizes of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct vector we change the sizes of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct vector we change the sizes of our
+reciprocal lattice vectors and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors and the other
+way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we had a definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we had a definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we had a definition of the
+reciprocal space in the rect space let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space in the rect space let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space in the rect space let's
+go back to our definition so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our definition so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our definition so the first
+brilliant zone can be defined as a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zone can be defined as a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zone can be defined as a set
+of points in reciprocal space that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in reciprocal space that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in reciprocal space that can
+be reached from a specific point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reached from a specific point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reached from a specific point of
+origin without crossing any breakpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin without crossing any breakpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin without crossing any breakpoints
+came so what our Bragg planes a Bragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came so what our Bragg planes a Bragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came so what our Bragg planes a Bragg
+plane or in this case a Bragg line is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or in this case a Bragg line is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or in this case a Bragg line is a
+Bragg line with perpendicular bisector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bragg line with perpendicular bisector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bragg line with perpendicular bisector
+reciprocal lattice vector a vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vector a vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vector a vector which
+connects two lattice points and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects two lattice points and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects two lattice points and the
+closest Bragg planes are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest Bragg planes are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest Bragg planes are essentially
+accosting the Brillion zone now can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accosting the Brillion zone now can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accosting the Brillion zone now can show
+that the Bragg planes for the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Bragg planes for the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Bragg planes for the closest
+neighbors with this being our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors with this being our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors with this being our original
+lattice point these are the four closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point these are the four closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point these are the four closest
+neighbors in a simple I'd say cubic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors in a simple I'd say cubic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors in a simple I'd say cubic but
+it's actually just the square lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually just the square lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually just the square lattice
+because it's in 2d and if we add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in 2d and if we add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in 2d and if we add the
+second large vectors before the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second large vectors before the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second large vectors before the second
+closest neighbors you can see these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors you can see these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors you can see these ones
+and essentially conveys the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially conveys the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially conveys the same
+information when we go to a higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when we go to a higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when we go to a higher order
+of closest neighbors we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closest neighbors we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closest neighbors we can see that the
+system gets a lot more complex okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system gets a lot more complex okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system gets a lot more complex okay so
+now we've seen what our back planes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen what our back planes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen what our back planes can
+go towards brilliant zones so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go towards brilliant zones so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go towards brilliant zones so this is
+the first brilliant result it is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first brilliant result it is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first brilliant result it is what it
+seems it is as you can imagine the Bragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems it is as you can imagine the Bragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems it is as you can imagine the Bragg
+planes just go here and the brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes just go here and the brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes just go here and the brilliant
+zone shows us the area in reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone shows us the area in reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone shows us the area in reciprocal
+space that is closer to our lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that is closer to our lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that is closer to our lattice
+point than any other lattice point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point than any other lattice point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point than any other lattice point which
+are essentially the Bragg planes as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the Bragg planes as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the Bragg planes as well
+as we can see if our reciprocal lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can see if our reciprocal lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can see if our reciprocal lattice
+origin point isn't here this the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin point isn't here this the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin point isn't here this the square
+is closer to this point than to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to this point than to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to this point than to any
+other point and after these lines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point and after these lines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point and after these lines it
+gets the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the other way around
+so we can move on forward to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can move on forward to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can move on forward to a higher
+order of brilliant zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the Brillion zone for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Brillion zone for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Brillion zone for the second
+closest neighbor as you can see it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbor as you can see it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbor as you can see it it is
+rather similar it just takes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather similar it just takes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather similar it just takes the second
+closest neighbors and essentially draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors and essentially draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors and essentially draws
+another square it but it's a bit tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another square it but it's a bit tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another square it but it's a bit tilted
+to this okay so now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay so now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay so now let's look at the
+third one for the third brilliant zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one for the third brilliant zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one for the third brilliant zone
+that gets a bit more complex because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets a bit more complex because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets a bit more complex because if
+we scroll a bit backwards we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scroll a bit backwards we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scroll a bit backwards we can see
+that the third bread the breakfast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third bread the breakfast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third bread the breakfast for
+the thirtieth closest neighbors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thirtieth closest neighbors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thirtieth closest neighbors are
+these ones so we might think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones so we might think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones so we might think that this
+whole thing would be that brilliant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing would be that brilliant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing would be that brilliant the
+third brilliant look but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third brilliant look but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third brilliant look but it's actually
+not because with every next system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because with every next system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because with every next system it
+gets a bit more complex and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a bit more complex and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a bit more complex and it's
+actually taking account both the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking account both the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking account both the third
+right planes and the first ones okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right planes and the first ones okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right planes and the first ones okay so
+now let's do another thing let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do another thing let's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do another thing let's turn
+off on that we can see all the Bragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that we can see all the Bragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that we can see all the Bragg
+planes and turn up another notch okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and turn up another notch okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and turn up another notch okay so
+here we can see that the fourth Brillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see that the fourth Brillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see that the fourth Brillion
+zone gets a lot more complex now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone gets a lot more complex now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone gets a lot more complex now we can
+see all the Bragg planes for the quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the Bragg planes for the quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the Bragg planes for the quite
+for the closest neighbors and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the closest neighbors and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the closest neighbors and these
+lines could get quite difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines could get quite difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines could get quite difficult to
+understand by drawing themselves but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand by drawing themselves but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand by drawing themselves but we
+can help ourselves out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help ourselves out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help ourselves out with this
+visualization so yeah we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization so yeah we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization so yeah we can see that
+they start to interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to interact with each other
+and thus make a more difficult structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus make a more difficult structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus make a more difficult structure
+and if we go to the fifth one and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go to the fifth one and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go to the fifth one and see
+show that we can see all the brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we can see all the brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we can see all the brilliant
+zones okay so here we can see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones okay so here we can see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones okay so here we can see that it
+gets becomes quite a nice drawing if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets becomes quite a nice drawing if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets becomes quite a nice drawing if we
+were to keep adding them let's just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to keep adding them let's just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to keep adding them let's just it
+let's head to the ninth one okay so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's head to the ninth one okay so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's head to the ninth one okay so see
+here we can see a high order brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see a high order brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see a high order brilliant
+zones and it actually looked kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and it actually looked kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and it actually looked kind of
+nice which is also interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice which is also interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice which is also interesting because
+it's also an art form drawing high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an art form drawing high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an art form drawing high
+drawing high order billion zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing high order billion zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing high order billion zones
+the higher you go the more complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher you go the more complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher you go the more complex and
+more discrete the system gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discrete the system gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discrete the system gets in
+essentially it looks nicer okay so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it looks nicer okay so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it looks nicer okay so after
+looking at this we can get a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this we can get a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this we can get a short
+definition of how to construct to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how to construct to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how to construct to the
+brilliant zones so enth brilliant zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zones so enth brilliant zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant zones so enth brilliant zone
+can be defined as the area or volume if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined as the area or volume if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined as the area or volume if
+we look in 3d in reciprocal space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look in 3d in reciprocal space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look in 3d in reciprocal space that
+can be reached from the origin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached from the origin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached from the origin but
+crossing exactly n minus one Bragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing exactly n minus one Bragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing exactly n minus one Bragg
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+so we can look also add a brilliant zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look also add a brilliant zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look also add a brilliant zone
+for a system where the atoms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system where the atoms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system where the atoms are not
+perfectly in the perfect square lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in the perfect square lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in the perfect square lattice
+but are offset a bit making sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are offset a bit making sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are offset a bit making sort of say
+a triangular lattice and as we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangular lattice and as we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangular lattice and as we can see
+here the first billion zone is it such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first billion zone is it such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first billion zone is it such
+such a hexagon and the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a hexagon and the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a hexagon and the second one
+already gets a bit more difficult by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gets a bit more difficult by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gets a bit more difficult by
+forming a star shape and the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a star shape and the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a star shape and the third one
+is again so to say FX agon and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again so to say FX agon and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again so to say FX agon and it goes
+on like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like that
+okay so and then so what information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then so what information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then so what information is
+the brilliance don't hold on what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brilliance don't hold on what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brilliance don't hold on what does
+it give us the short vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give us the short vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give us the short vectors in the
+Brillion zone or on its boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brillion zone or on its boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brillion zone or on its boundary
+characterized States in a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized States in a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized States in a system with
+lattice period periodicity for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice period periodicity for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice period periodicity for example
+phone out or or electron state but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone out or or electron state but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone out or or electron state but for
+that the whole of the video thanks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole of the video thanks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole of the video thanks and
+this code for this demonstration was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code for this demonstration was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code for this demonstration was
+taken and editors from Mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and editors from Mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and editors from Mathematica
+demonstration since made by their slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration since made by their slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration since made by their slope
+cloth
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-WIAoAG4SyA.txt b/-WIAoAG4SyA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..385620e1baf183d47265e2d6e614eadbe36abf28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-WIAoAG4SyA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 8701
+um my name is marcus clutter i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my name is marcus clutter i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my name is marcus clutter i'm going
+to be your instructor for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your instructor for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your instructor for this class
+um this class is taught in an inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class is taught in an inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class is taught in an inverted
+classroom or flipped classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or flipped classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or flipped classroom
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+so this is the very first of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the very first of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the very first of a large
+number of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of small
+short videos which goes to the contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short videos which goes to the contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short videos which goes to the contents
+of slides i prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides i prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides i prepared
+you know for this first slide it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for this first slide it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for this first slide it's not
+necessary that you even watch the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that you even watch the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary that you even watch the video
+because they should explain themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should explain themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should explain themselves
+and i will not give you too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will not give you too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will not give you too much
+additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information
+as we go deeper into the content that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go deeper into the content that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go deeper into the content that's
+not quite the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the case
+and that might be useful for you to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be useful for you to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be useful for you to you
+know watch the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know watch the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know watch the videos
+uh learn stop um record a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn stop um record a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn stop um record a number of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so some of the problems which i post on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the problems which i post on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the problems which i post on
+this on the slides and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the slides and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the slides and so on
+so this is the very first one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the very first one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the very first one and the
+idea of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this
+set of slides is to just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of slides is to just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of slides is to just give you a
+quick overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview
+of what to expect for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what to expect for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what to expect for this class
+the first thing we look at is a calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we look at is a calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we look at is a calendar
+for the fall semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fall semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fall semester
+the summer ended much more quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer ended much more quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer ended much more quickly than
+we were all hoping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all hoping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all hoping for
+um the weather is still very nice out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weather is still very nice out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the weather is still very nice out
+there but fall is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but fall is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but fall is coming
+uh so tuesday september 1st we'll meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so tuesday september 1st we'll meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so tuesday september 1st we'll meet
+and greet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greet
+in the first session um that session is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first session um that session is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first session um that session is
+really just meant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just meant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just meant for
+you know an overview of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an overview of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an overview of the course
+organization and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and so on
+so this kind of information as i give in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of information as i give in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of information as i give in
+this video will be very briefly covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will be very briefly covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will be very briefly covered
+on that tuesday as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tuesday as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tuesday as well
+as you can see from the calendar we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from the calendar we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from the calendar we meet
+tuesday and thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday and thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday and thursday
+um the the meeting or the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the meeting or the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the meeting or the recitation
+starts at 1 30 pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 1 30 pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 1 30 pm
+i aim for one hour in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i aim for one hour in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i aim for one hour in each of those
+meetings but we can stay a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings but we can stay a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings but we can stay a little longer
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+even half an hour longer if there's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even half an hour longer if there's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even half an hour longer if there's open
+questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or
+need for discussion this semester will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for discussion this semester will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for discussion this semester will
+give us a few holidays along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a few holidays along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a few holidays along the way
+there's columbus day where tuesday is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's columbus day where tuesday is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's columbus day where tuesday is a
+student holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student holiday
+i will not have a recitation on election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will not have a recitation on election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will not have a recitation on election
+day i want you to focus on the election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day i want you to focus on the election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day i want you to focus on the election
+and i will focus on it myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will focus on it myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will focus on it myself
+um and then there is a week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there is a week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there is a week of
+thanksgiving where we will not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving where we will not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving where we will not have
+any any meeting any class during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any meeting any class during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any meeting any class during that
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+you can also see that there is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see that there is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also see that there is a number
+of pieces every second week we'll post a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces every second week we'll post a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces every second week we'll post a
+pset and i'll give you about two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset and i'll give you about two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset and i'll give you about two weeks
+to respond to that pset more on how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to that pset more on how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to that pset more on how we
+evaluate in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate in this class
+in a different recording um just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different recording um just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different recording um just to say
+here already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here already that
+there is going to be two all exams uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be two all exams uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be two all exams uh
+towards the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle of the
+semester and towards the end um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and towards the end um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and towards the end um very
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+uh little test 15 minutes per student i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little test 15 minutes per student i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little test 15 minutes per student i
+will set up individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set up individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set up individual
+meetings to um to go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings to um to go over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings to um to go over this
+um and then there's friday as an office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's friday as an office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's friday as an office
+hour i haven't specified the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour i haven't specified the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour i haven't specified the time for
+this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet
+i'll send you a doodle poll and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll send you a doodle poll and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll send you a doodle poll and we'll
+find the time which works for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the time which works for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the time which works for most of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+on a friday friday afternoon or friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a friday friday afternoon or friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a friday friday afternoon or friday
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+um this class doesn't have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class doesn't have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class doesn't have a final
+so it basically ends with the last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically ends with the last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically ends with the last day
+of class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class which is
+um with this oral exams on in the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with this oral exams on in the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with this oral exams on in the week
+in the 15th week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 15th week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 15th week's
+15th week of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th week of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th week of this class
+looking a little bit into the content um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a little bit into the content um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a little bit into the content um
+you know the first week is really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first week is really on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first week is really on
+introduction and some historic remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and some historic remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and some historic remarks
+we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a relativistic kinematics and then we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic kinematics and then we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic kinematics and then we go
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+uh the outline as given in one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outline as given in one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outline as given in one of our
+textbooks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks um
+again textbooks are being discussed yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again textbooks are being discussed yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again textbooks are being discussed yet
+in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+short presentation but i'll really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation but i'll really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation but i'll really
+follow along this textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along this textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow along this textbook
+but not stick too much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not stick too much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not stick too much to
+you know only the content of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know only the content of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know only the content of that
+textbook and i will supplement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and i will supplement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and i will supplement the
+information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and
+using other textbooks as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using other textbooks as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using other textbooks as well
+specifically when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically when it comes to
+some of the problems um and discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems um and discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems um and discussions
+which come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come along
+you can see that we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we'll start with
+particle physics uh talk about quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics uh talk about quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics uh talk about quark
+leptons and interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons and interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons and interactions
+we'll talk about in how this fits in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in how this fits in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in how this fits in a
+theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical
+way with invariance principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with invariance principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with invariance principle and
+conversation laws and we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation laws and we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation laws and we'll look at
+scattering and then qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and then qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and then qcd
+before we go into weak interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into weak interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into weak interaction and
+from there on we built the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on we built the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there on we built the standard
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+with the electro weak interaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electro weak interaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electro weak interaction the
+hex mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex mechanism
+so week 8 then or the end of week it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so week 8 then or the end of week it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so week 8 then or the end of week it
+will give us a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a break
+where we then start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we then start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we then start talking about
+nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics
+you know this order of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this order of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this order of talking about
+particle physics and then nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics and then nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics and then nuclear
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+makes a lot of sense to me um it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to me um it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of sense to me um it doesn't
+make sense in historic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in historic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in historic in the
+torah context because nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torah context because nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torah context because nuclear physics
+ideas were developed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas were developed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas were developed before
+the standard model for example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model for example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model for example was
+developed but in order to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed but in order to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed but in order to fully
+appreciate nuclear physics it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate nuclear physics it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate nuclear physics it's useful
+to have introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have introduced
+basic interactions and therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic interactions and therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic interactions and therefore this is
+the reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this
+for this order and then we try to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this order and then we try to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this order and then we try to bring
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+experimental methods with accelerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental methods with accelerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental methods with accelerators
+colliding beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding beams
+um and experimental methods on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and experimental methods on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and experimental methods on how
+particles interact with matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles interact with matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles interact with matter and
+detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors
+um again in in this in this uh schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again in in this in this uh schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again in in this in this uh schedule
+thanksgiving thanksgiving week is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving thanksgiving week is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving thanksgiving week is off
+and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use
+the last remaining week to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last remaining week to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last remaining week to discuss
+physics beyond the standard model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics beyond the standard model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics beyond the standard model and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+connection to cosmology i said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to cosmology i said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to cosmology i said in the
+title um the schedule will be tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title um the schedule will be tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title um the schedule will be tuned
+i very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i very much
+expect that we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we have a little bit
+slippage in this but there is some room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage in this but there is some room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage in this but there is some room
+at the end to make sure that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to make sure that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to make sure that we don't
+overrun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrun
+and that i don't give you too much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i don't give you too much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i don't give you too much to
+learn to reach to watch movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to reach to watch movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to reach to watch movies
+or you know do presets as we go week per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know do presets as we go week per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know do presets as we go week per
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+this is it for this first recording um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it for this first recording um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it for this first recording um
+you know as always you can reach out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as always you can reach out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as always you can reach out and
+ask any any sort of question either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any any sort of question either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any any sort of question either
+during the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the recitation
+office hours or separate emails
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0BAMQmT-tf0.txt b/0BAMQmT-tf0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c789c0bd5b2172a00a3dbda57c0f210f72b6728f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0BAMQmT-tf0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready uh so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready uh so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready uh so let me
+recap the important lecture from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the important lecture from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the important lecture from last
+time that gave the framework that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that gave the framework that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that gave the framework that we'll
+see in Chapter 2 and chapter 3 really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in Chapter 2 and chapter 3 really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in Chapter 2 and chapter 3 really a
+major part of the course and our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major part of the course and our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major part of the course and our example
+was a line of masses and springs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a line of masses and springs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a line of masses and springs so
+that's like the first example to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the first example to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the first example to start
+with and you remember there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you remember there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you remember there were three
+steps uh if we want to know how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh if we want to know how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh if we want to know how much the
+masses displace we have to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses displace we have to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses displace we have to get to the
+springs difference in displacements gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs difference in displacements gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs difference in displacements gave
+the stretching of the Springs then comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching of the Springs then comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching of the Springs then comes
+the material law hooks law in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material law hooks law in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material law hooks law in this case
+with a matrix C uh that led to C Au and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matrix C uh that led to C Au and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matrix C uh that led to C Au and
+then finally those spring forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally those spring forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally those spring forces are
+balanced by the external forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by the external forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by the external forces that
+brought in a transpose so that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a transpose so that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in a transpose so that's the the
+picture to look for and and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to look for and and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to look for and and uh I
+just mention it again because uh it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention it again because uh it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention it again because uh it's so
+Central um and so we'll be doing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central um and so we'll be doing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central um and so we'll be doing other
+examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that
+but I wanted to stay with springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to stay with springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to stay with springs and
+masses for today for to do another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses for today for to do another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses for today for to do another type
+of problem a problem in which time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem a problem in which time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem a problem in which time
+enters a problem in which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters a problem in which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters a problem in which we're not
+looking for the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the steady
+state but it's Newton's law is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it's Newton's law is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it's Newton's law is going to
+come in th this is actually Newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in th this is actually Newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in th this is actually Newton's law
+you recognize Mass you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize Mass you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize Mass you recognize
+acceleration and the force on the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the force on the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the force on the spring
+is minus is minus KU so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus is minus KU so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus is minus KU so
+when minus KU when the force came over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when minus KU when the force came over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when minus KU when the force came over
+to that side that's that's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that side that's that's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that side that's that's the equation
+we're looking at so so it's like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at so so it's like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at so so it's like time
+out for a discussion of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a discussion of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a discussion of the very
+important subject of time derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subject of time derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subject of time derivatives
+how do I solve initial value problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I solve initial value problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I solve initial value problems
+now uh so I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so I start
+from so I have some starting time u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so I have some starting time u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so I have some starting time u u
+I'm I'm given U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm given U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm given U of zero
+the starting position of the springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting position of the springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting position of the springs and
+I'm given the velocity at zero so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the velocity at zero so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the velocity at zero so I'm
+given two facts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given two facts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given two facts at
+zero that's that's very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's very different from
+uh the steady state problem where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the steady state problem where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the steady state problem where you're
+giving stuff around the boundary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving stuff around the boundary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving stuff around the boundary here
+we're giving stuff at the start initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving stuff at the start initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving stuff at the start initial
+values instead of boundary values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values instead of boundary values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values instead of boundary values so
+what does this mean it means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean it means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean it means that I
+maybe I pull the Springs down and I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I pull the Springs down and I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I pull the Springs down and I let
+go and what do they do they oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and what do they do they oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and what do they do they oscillate
+and you will have studied this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have studied this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have studied this equation
+I hope you've seen that equation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've seen that equation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've seen that equation because
+I think of it as the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of it as the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of it as the fundamental
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+mechanics fact I've even used those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics fact I've even used those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics fact I've even used those
+words the fundamental equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the fundamental equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the fundamental equation of
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+engineering well it's Newton's law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering well it's Newton's law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering well it's Newton's law for
+uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a
+system so the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the Matrix
+M now has several two Mass in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now has several two Mass in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now has several two Mass in this case
+it would be a 2X two system The Matrix M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a 2X two system The Matrix M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a 2X two system The Matrix M
+would have two masses suppose their mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two masses suppose their mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two masses suppose their mass
+mass one maybe like nine and mass two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one maybe like nine and mass two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one maybe like nine and mass two is
+one so this copying what our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this copying what our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this copying what our problem is
+we'd have a nine and a one multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a nine and a one multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a nine and a one multiplying
+U1 double Prime and U2 double Prime can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 double Prime and U2 double Prime can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 double Prime and U2 double Prime can
+I use prime for a derivative rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use prime for a derivative rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use prime for a derivative rather than
+dots because I never too sure if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots because I never too sure if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots because I never too sure if the
+dots is there or not so I'm Prime I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is there or not so I'm Prime I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is there or not so I'm Prime I can
+see now and then plus our KU and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now and then plus our KU and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now and then plus our KU and
+actually you know what K will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what K will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what K will look like
+uh for this system uh it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this system uh it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this system uh it's fixed
+fixed uh well let me write down what K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh well let me write down what K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh well let me write down what K
+would would look like just because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would look like just because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would look like just because we
+saw it at the very end what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it at the very end what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it at the very end what it looks
+like if there are spring constants C1 C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are spring constants C1 C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there are spring constants C1 C2
+and C3 can I REM just remind you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C3 can I REM just remind you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C3 can I REM just remind you what
+that will look like what the the K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will look like what the the K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will look like what the the K so
+this will multiply U and give zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will multiply U and give zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will multiply U and give zero so
+the mass Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal in in the problem that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal in in the problem that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal in in the problem that's that's
+diagonal matrices we certainly expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices we certainly expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices we certainly expect to
+be easy almost as easy as the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy almost as easy as the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy almost as easy as the identity
+Matrix where we would have two equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where we would have two equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where we would have two equal
+masses here it's just that little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses here it's just that little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses here it's just that little bit
+more General with two different masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General with two different masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General with two different masses
+and in here the kind of thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here the kind of thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here the kind of thing that we
+created just at the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created just at the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created just at the end of the last
+lecture was something like C1 + C2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was something like C1 + C2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was something like C1 + C2 on
+the diagonal and a minus C2 and a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and a minus C2 and a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and a minus C2 and a minus
+C2 and a C2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C3 so C2 for the middle spring is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 so C2 for the middle spring is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 so C2 for the middle spring is is the
+one that's really there with its full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's really there with its full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's really there with its full
+little element Matrix C2 minus C2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little element Matrix C2 minus C2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little element Matrix C2 minus C2 minus
+C2 C2 the C1 part is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 C2 the C1 part is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 C2 the C1 part is only
+coming in at the top because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the top because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the top because it's
+connected to a fixed support and C3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a fixed support and C3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a fixed support and C3 is
+only coming in at the bottom anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only coming in at the bottom anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only coming in at the bottom anyway
+that's the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Matrix
+K this is the Matrix M and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is the Matrix M and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is the Matrix M and how do we
+solve the problem okay you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem okay you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem okay you've you've
+seen before and now Adena Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before and now Adena Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before and now Adena Professor
+bot's code or any other code would offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot's code or any other code would offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot's code or any other code would offer
+like two different ways one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two different ways one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two different ways one way is
+because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have
+constant coefficients here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here we can
+expect a pretty clean formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a pretty clean formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a pretty clean formula for the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+and because we're growing well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're growing well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're growing well we're
+oscillating in time things are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in time things are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in time things are happening
+in time we expect igen vectors I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time we expect igen vectors I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time we expect igen vectors I values
+to come in into that formula I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in into that formula I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in into that formula I think
+it's worth just repeating that formula H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just repeating that formula H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just repeating that formula H
+how do you approach it and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you approach it and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you approach it and then the
+second the really serious issue is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the really serious issue is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the really serious issue is how
+do you how do you solve equation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you solve equation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you solve equation like
+this or even more General time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or even more General time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or even more General time dependent
+problems I mean this is what finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I mean this is what finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I mean this is what finite
+element codes are created for how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element codes are created for how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element codes are created for how do you
+study the crash of a car so what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the crash of a car so what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the crash of a car so what what's
+so this isn't quite the equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't quite the equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't quite the equation for a
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+crash what would be different in a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash what would be different in a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash what would be different in a car
+crash because this is what um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash because this is what um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash because this is what um there's a
+short uh section in know later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh section in know later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh section in know later in
+chapter two called the reality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter two called the reality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter two called the reality of
+computational engineering and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational engineering and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational engineering and the
+reality is cars crash people drop their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is cars crash people drop their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is cars crash people drop their
+cell phones and those are very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones and those are very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones and those are very difficult
+problems to to to compute with and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to to to compute with and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to to to compute with and of
+course qu absolutely impossible to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course qu absolutely impossible to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course qu absolutely impossible to use
+igen vectors because they well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors because they well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors because they well they're
+not linear at all right if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear at all right if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear at all right if you if you
+crash two cars you know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash two cars you know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash two cars you know if you want to
+study everything's happening in like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study everything's happening in like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study everything's happening in like a
+hundredth of a second or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of a second or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of a second or something but
+uh what's happening there is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening there is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening there is highly
+nonlinear so it's very much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear so it's very much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear so it's very much more
+complicated you take thousands of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you take thousands of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you take thousands of time
+steps maybe within that the crash time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps maybe within that the crash time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps maybe within that the crash time
+and you're going to use finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to use finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to use finite
+differences or finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so and and and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so and and and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so and and and so this is a
+chance to to say something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to say something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to say something about this
+special equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special equation
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+finite difference method yeah yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference method yeah yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference method yeah yeah it's
+really 18086 that takes up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 18086 that takes up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 18086 that takes up these
+questions seriously if I choose a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions seriously if I choose a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions seriously if I choose a finite
+difference method see the thing is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference method see the thing is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference method see the thing is with
+finite differences youve got many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences youve got many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences youve got many many
+choices you know if there's only one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you know if there's only one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you know if there's only one way
+to go in step one you Ian vectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in step one you Ian vectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in step one you Ian vectors the
+this thing has got igen vectors go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has got igen vectors go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has got igen vectors go you
+find them you're in but for the much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them you're in but for the much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them you're in but for the much
+more General typical problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General typical problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General typical problems that
+you'll be solving the rest of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be solving the rest of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be solving the rest of your life
+it finite differences or finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finite differences or finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finite differences or finite elements
+you got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got lots of
+choices and and they the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and and they the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and and they the issues that
+come up are the accuracy of the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up are the accuracy of the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up are the accuracy of the choice
+you know Center differences is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Center differences is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Center differences is often
+gives you that extra order of accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that extra order of accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that extra order of accuracy
+stability is something we have not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is something we have not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is something we have not seen
+yet because so what does stability mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because so what does stability mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because so what does stability mean
+stability means that as I follow my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability means that as I follow my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability means that as I follow my
+difference equation forward in time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation forward in time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation forward in time it
+stays near here the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays near here the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays near here the true
+equation you'll see by example so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll see by example so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll see by example so some
+methods are more stable than others some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are more stable than others some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are more stable than others some
+are completely unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely unstable and
+unusable and then of course the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusable and then of course the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusable and then of course the other
+condition the other desired uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the other desired uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the other desired uh uh
+requirement is speed of calculation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is speed of calculation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is speed of calculation so
+these balance each other it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these balance each other it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these balance each other it's a it's a
+beautiful subject and and uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful subject and and uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful subject and and uh let me just
+open the door to that subject today if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door to that subject today if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door to that subject today if I
+can okay may I start with the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay may I start with the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay may I start with the igen
+vector solution okay how would I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector solution okay how would I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector solution okay how would I solve
+this equation by igen vectors okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by igen vectors okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by igen vectors okay well
+again I'm going to look for special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to look for special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to look for special
+solution so this is so let me write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is so let me write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is so let me write that
+equation down again m u prime plus KU U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down again m u prime plus KU U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation down again m u prime plus KU U
+equal z i I'm I'm taking zero external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal z i I'm I'm taking zero external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal z i I'm I'm taking zero external
+Force so the the springs and masses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so the the springs and masses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so the the springs and masses are
+just oscillating their total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oscillating their total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oscillating their total energy
+won't change it's a closed system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change it's a closed system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change it's a closed system the
+kinetic plus plus the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic plus plus the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic plus plus the potential energy
+will stay constant and we can show why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay constant and we can show why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay constant and we can show why
+uh there there's a lot in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there's a lot in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there's a lot in this section
+by the way section 2.2 more more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way section 2.2 more more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way section 2.2 more more than
+I'll be able to do in the lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to do in the lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to do in the lecture but
+let me capture the key ideas so one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me capture the key ideas so one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me capture the key ideas so one key
+idea is the natural idea when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the natural idea when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the natural idea when we have
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+coefficients look for I look for look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients look for I look for look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients look for I look for look
+for special Solutions so look for so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for special Solutions so look for so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for special Solutions so look for so let
+me say look for special Solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say look for special Solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say look for special Solutions of the
+form well let's keep in mind always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form well let's keep in mind always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form well let's keep in mind always the
+simplest model of all let me put it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model of all let me put it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model of all let me put it over
+here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because
+I'll focus on it partic especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on it partic especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on it partic especially the
+simplest case would be U Prime with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case would be U Prime with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case would be U Prime with a
+mass normalized to one plus u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass normalized to one plus u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass normalized to one plus u equal
+Z just a single equation so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z just a single equation so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z just a single equation so that's just
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+spring single Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring single Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring single Mass
+so the mass is just oscillating up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mass is just oscillating up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mass is just oscillating up and
+down and we all know that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we all know that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we all know that it's going to
+oscillate up and down uh SS and cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate up and down uh SS and cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate up and down uh SS and cosiness
+are going to come into here in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come into here in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come into here in fact we
+know that the solution to that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the solution to that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the solution to that would be
+this could have uh cosine this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have uh cosine this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have uh cosine this would
+have some cosine T's and some some U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some cosine T's and some some U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some cosine T's and some some U
+could be a combination of cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a combination of cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a combination of cos
+T and sin t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and sin t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and sin t
+right and the A and B would be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the A and B would be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the A and B would be used to
+match the initial the two initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the initial the two initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the initial the two initial
+conditions so that's what we've got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's what we've got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's what we've got in
+the scaler case this is one spring One n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaler case this is one spring One n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaler case this is one spring One n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one we don't have a matrix here just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we don't have a matrix here just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we don't have a matrix here just a
+number okay but that will that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but that will that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but that will that's our
+guide to The Matrix case so now what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to The Matrix case so now what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to The Matrix case so now what am
+I going to look for I'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to look for I'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to look for I'm going to look
+for U of T I I'll look for special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U of T I I'll look for special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U of T I I'll look for special
+Solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the
+form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now
+C now I they'll go at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now I they'll go at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now I they'll go at different
+frequencies so the frequency is is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the frequency is is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the frequency is is to be
+found so that's that's the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found so that's that's the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found so that's that's the time
+dependence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and then
+some if I'm lucky all the Springs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if I'm lucky all the Springs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if I'm lucky all the Springs will
+be going together so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going together so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going together so so this
+x am I going to use x for igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x am I going to use x for igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x am I going to use x for igen
+Vector I think so yeah let's use x for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I think so yeah let's use x for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I think so yeah let's use x for
+igen vector right okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector right okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector right okay so this is a
+vector this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and this gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillation okay and that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a let me just already start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let me just already start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let me just already start with that
+what would be so I'm looking for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be so I'm looking for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be so I'm looking for I'm
+look I've got two unknowns here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I've got two unknowns here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I've got two unknowns here right
+two things that I'm free fre to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that I'm free fre to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that I'm free fre to choose
+I'm free to choose the frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm free to choose the frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm free to choose the frequency Omega
+and I'm free to choose this Vector X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm free to choose this Vector X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm free to choose this Vector X and
+I've like separated out time the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've like separated out time the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've like separated out time the way
+we've been doing it with an e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it with an e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it with an e to the
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+T we use an e to the Lambda T that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we use an e to the Lambda T that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we use an e to the Lambda T that was
+sort of right for a first order equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right for a first order equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right for a first order equation
+cosine is right for a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is right for a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is right for a second order
+equation like this okay when is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this okay when is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this okay when is that a
+solution to my equation may I just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to my equation may I just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to my equation may I just plug
+it in M so I'm going to just plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in M so I'm going to just plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in M so I'm going to just plug it in
+plug in I know substitute's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in I know substitute's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in I know substitute's a better
+word than plug in right so so so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word than plug in right so so so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word than plug in right so so so I just
+plug it in okay all right so I get uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in okay all right so I get uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it in okay all right so I get uh M
+times that second derivative so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that second derivative so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that second derivative so the
+second derivative of the cosine is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the cosine is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the cosine is the
+cosine with a minus M Omega squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine with a minus M Omega squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine with a minus M Omega squared is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right yes times what so that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes times what so that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes times what so that that's what
+came from the time derivative times cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the time derivative times cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the time derivative times cos
+times this cos Omega t x right so I two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this cos Omega t x right so I two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this cos Omega t x right so I two
+time derivatives brought down a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivatives brought down a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivatives brought down a minus
+Omega squ and the other part is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ and the other part is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ and the other part is just
+K * U cos Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * U cos Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * U cos Omega
+TX and that should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX and that should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX and that should be zero
+okay so when and this should this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when and this should this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when and this should this is
+supposed to be a good solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a good solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a good solution that
+works for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all time
+so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll this is what I want to be zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll this is what I want to be zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll this is what I want to be zero I
+want do do you see what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX um from the here and putting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX um from the here and putting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX um from the here and putting it on
+the other side M Omega SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side M Omega SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side M Omega SAR
+X KX is can I write the Omega squ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X KX is can I write the Omega squ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X KX is can I write the Omega squ that
+way Omega s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Omega s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Omega s
+MX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX
+then I'm if if that if that is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm if if that if that is satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm if if that if that is satisfied
+then the differential equation satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the differential equation satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the differential equation satisfied
+I've got a solution so I'm looking for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a solution so I'm looking for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a solution so I'm looking for K
+and I'm looking for X and Omega and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for X and Omega and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking for X and Omega and by
+the way I could also have S Omega T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I could also have S Omega T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I could also have S Omega T here
+as as well as cosine just the way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as well as cosine just the way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as well as cosine just the way over
+there SS and cosiness both possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there SS and cosiness both possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there SS and cosiness both possible so
+sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega
+TX say it would be exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX say it would be exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX say it would be exactly the same
+except there would be a s Omega T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there would be a s Omega T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there would be a s Omega T that
+I'd be dividing out and again I'd come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be dividing out and again I'd come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be dividing out and again I'd come
+back to this this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and do you see that somehow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and do you see that somehow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and do you see that somehow here
+we have an igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an igen Vector
+X and an I value Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and an I value Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and an I value Omega
+squared an I value Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared an I value Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared an I value Omega squared
+right and but there is one little TW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but there is one little TW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but there is one little TW
+it's not quite our standard igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite our standard igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite our standard igen value
+problem what's the what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's the what's what's the
+extra guy that's present in that box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra guy that's present in that box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra guy that's present in that box
+that we don't usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't usually
+see m m is the new person there new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see m m is the new person there new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see m m is the new person there new new
+thing the mass Matrix which if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the mass Matrix which if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the mass Matrix which if all
+masses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were
+one the mass Matrix would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the mass Matrix would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the mass Matrix would be the
+identity we would be back we would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity we would be back we would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity we would be back we would just
+have our standard problem I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our standard problem I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our standard problem I just have to
+say a word about the case when the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a word about the case when the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a word about the case when the when
+the mass Matrix is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass Matrix is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass Matrix is there
+it's it's still a nigen value problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still a nigen value problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still a nigen value problem I
+I if you like I can bring M inverse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you like I can bring M inverse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you like I can bring M inverse over
+here I can I could I could write it as M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can I could I could write it as M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can I could I could write it as M
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+k x = Omega 2 x so I'm looking for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x = Omega 2 x so I'm looking for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k x = Omega 2 x so I'm looking for I'm
+looking for the igen values of M inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the igen values of M inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the igen values of M inverse
+K that's really what I'm doing the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's really what I'm doing the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's really what I'm doing the igen
+values and iig vectors of M inverse K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and iig vectors of M inverse K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and iig vectors of M inverse K
+but I'm always trying to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always trying to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always trying to be like
+aesthetically right and and what's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically right and and what's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically right and and what's m
+inverse K has a it's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse K has a it's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse K has a it's just a little
+something wrong with it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with it which
+is it's not symmetric if I if I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not symmetric if I if I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not symmetric if I if I take my
+Matrix K which is beautifully symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K which is beautifully symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K which is beautifully symmetric
+and my M which is beautifully symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my M which is beautifully symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my M which is beautifully symmetric
+but when I do M inverse K do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I do M inverse K do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I do M inverse K do you see
+what'll happen the inverse of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen the inverse of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen the inverse of that
+Matrix will have a 1 nth that when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will have a 1 nth that when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will have a 1 nth that when I do
+M inverse K that row will get divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M inverse K that row will get divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M inverse K that row will get divided by
+nine and the second row won't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and the second row won't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and the second row won't change
+because I got a one so it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a one so it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a one so it just like
+spoiled things a little it's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled things a little it's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled things a little it's you can
+deal with it but actually in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it but actually in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it but actually in some way
+it's better to keep it right and matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to keep it right and matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to keep it right and matlb
+is totally okay with that so so mat mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally okay with that so so mat mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally okay with that so so mat mat
+lab would use the command I and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab would use the command I and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab would use the command I and and
+other systems too of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems too of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems too of
+K comma M it just tell mat lab the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K comma M it just tell mat lab the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K comma M it just tell mat lab the two
+matrices then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices then it
+solves that problem it will print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that problem it will print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that problem it will print out
+the well if you just typed I it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well if you just typed I it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well if you just typed I it would
+print out the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out the igen
+values if you ask it for the Ian Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you ask it for the Ian Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you ask it for the Ian Vector
+Matrix it'll print those two so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it'll print those two so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it'll print those two so that has
+the grand name generalized igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand name generalized igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand name generalized igen value
+problem generalized because it's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem generalized because it's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem generalized because it's got an
+am in there I I don't know if you've met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in there I I don't know if you've met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in there I I don't know if you've met
+these problems where there could be an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems where there could be an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems where there could be an M
+it it's just a natural and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just a natural and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just a natural and it's not
+really a big deal particularly when m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big deal particularly when m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big deal particularly when m is
+a positive diagonal matrix it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive diagonal matrix it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive diagonal matrix it's not a
+big deal at all it's the same codes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal at all it's the same codes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal at all it's the same codes is
+essentially finding the igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially finding the igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially finding the igen values and
+igen vectors okay so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors okay so suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors okay so suppose we have
+them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n positive
+igen values and those will be the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and those will be the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and those will be the Omega
+squar and each one comes with its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and each one comes with its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and each one comes with its igen
+vector and uh complete set everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh complete set everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh complete set everything is
+good we're we're we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we're we're we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we're we're we're talking about
+symmetric positive definite matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite matrices
+notice that K is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that K is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that K is positive definite
+that's been that was what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been that was what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been that was what our
+whole last weeks have been about and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole last weeks have been about and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole last weeks have been about and M
+is obviously positive definition it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously positive definition it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously positive definition it so
+it's it's you know it's it's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know it's it's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know it's it's a complete
+uh per it's a perfect setup for the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per it's a perfect setup for the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per it's a perfect setup for the igen
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+problem I just want to think the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I just want to think the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I just want to think the through
+the final step after we find the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step after we find the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step after we find the igen
+values Lambda the Omega squares then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Lambda the Omega squares then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Lambda the Omega squares then we
+know the omegas and we find the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the omegas and we find the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the omegas and we find the igen
+vectors X how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors X how do
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you write the answer so what have I done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the answer so what have I done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the answer so what have I done
+so so far I've looked for some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I've looked for some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I've looked for some special
+Solutions and I will find them so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and I will find them so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and I will find them so I've
+I've I've found these omegas they can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've found these omegas they can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've found these omegas they can go
+with SS or cosiness I found the X's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SS or cosiness I found the X's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SS or cosiness I found the X's now
+how do I what's the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I what's the general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I what's the general solution
+yeah what if I if I have these solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what if I if I have these solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what if I if I have these solutions
+to my great equation there what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my great equation there what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my great equation there what's the
+general solution U of T so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution U of T so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution U of T so this would be
+the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+what can I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I do in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+equations linear combinations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations linear combinations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations linear combinations that's
+that's what linear algebra is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what linear algebra is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what linear algebra is all about
+linear combination so I could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination so I could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination so I could take a
+linear combination of these coign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these coign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these coign so
+cosine of Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega 1
+tx1 so that would be a solution coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx1 so that would be a solution coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx1 so that would be a solution coming
+from the first ion vector and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first ion vector and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first ion vector and the igen
+value or the square root times any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or the square root times any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or the square root times any
+constant and then of course I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then of course I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then of course I could have
+a B1 I'll use B's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B1 I'll use B's for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B1 I'll use B's for the
+signs Omega 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs Omega 1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs Omega 1 T
+X1 so that's just like that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so that's just like that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so that's just like that but it's
+used the signs which would also solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the signs which would also solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the signs which would also solve
+the equation and then uh all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and then uh all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and then uh all the way
+down to xns right so I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to xns right so I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to xns right so I've got two
+n two n Simple Solutions n cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n two n Simple Solutions n cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n two n Simple Solutions n cosiness
+times I vectors and N signs times those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I vectors and N signs times those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I vectors and N signs times those
+same I vectors wh why do I want two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I vectors wh why do I want two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I vectors wh why do I want two
+n why do I I've got two end constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n why do I I've got two end constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n why do I I've got two end constants
+then to choose the A's and the B's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to choose the A's and the B's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to choose the A's and the B's and
+how do I choose them what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I choose them what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I choose them what what's the
+what's the next step so so uh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the using igen vectors maybe I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the using igen vectors maybe I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the using igen vectors maybe I just
+mention again the three steps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention again the three steps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention again the three steps because
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+the the three-step rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three-step rule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three-step rule the
+three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method step
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+find A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bs from oh now now you have to answer my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bs from oh now now you have to answer my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bs from oh now now you have to answer my
+question where do they where are the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where do they where are the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where do they where are the A's
+and B's going to come from what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B's going to come from what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B's going to come from what's going
+to determine these these two end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine these these two end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine these these two end
+constants the A's and the B's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants the A's and the B's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants the A's and the B's the
+initial conditions of course we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of course we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of course we got two
+initial conditions this is a vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions this is a vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions this is a vector we
+we're talking about a system here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a system here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a system here I've
+got position of of of both masses I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got position of of of both masses I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got position of of of both masses I've
+got the initial velocity of both masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the initial velocity of both masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the initial velocity of both masses
+and the A's come from the A's they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the A's come from the A's they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the A's come from the A's they come
+from because they go They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from because they go They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from because they go They're going to
+the A's go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's go with the
+cosiness and so they're going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and so they're going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and so they're going to be the
+ones associated with with U of zero will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones associated with with U of zero will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones associated with with U of zero will
+give this we'll give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this we'll give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this we'll give a
+combination will give the A's U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will give the A's U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will give the A's U of zero
+will be A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be A1
+x1+ a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1+ a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1+ a
+nxn this is at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nxn this is at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nxn this is at T equals
+z so I'm using the initial conditions U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so I'm using the initial conditions U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so I'm using the initial conditions U
+of Z is a combination of those I vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z is a combination of those I vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z is a combination of those I vectors
+and the B so this is from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B so this is from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B so this is from the initial
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and the B's of course are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the B's of course are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the B's of course are going to
+come from U Prime of Z the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from U Prime of Z the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from U Prime of Z the initial
+velocity because they go with signs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity because they go with signs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity because they go with signs so
+signs start at zero but they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs start at zero but they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs start at zero but they have an
+initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity
+okay so that's step one that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's step one that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's step one that is that
+finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the
+constants it it splits the problem into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it it splits the problem into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it it splits the problem into
+these normal modes it finds how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these normal modes it finds how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these normal modes it finds how much of
+each igen Vector is in there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each igen Vector is in there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each igen Vector is in there at the
+start step two so it's it's really worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start step two so it's it's really worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start step two so it's it's really worth
+seeing these three steps because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing these three steps because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing these three steps because they
+just repeat and repeat for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeat and repeat for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeat and repeat for all
+applications of igen values step two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of igen values step two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of igen values step two is
+what step two is follow each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what step two is follow each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what step two is follow each of these
+guys forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys forward in
+time follow them to some to any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time follow them to some to any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time follow them to some to any time
+what does that mean that means just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means just put
+in the cosiness and the signs so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cosiness and the signs so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cosiness and the signs so so the
+A's the A's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's the A's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's the A's go
+to the A's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the A's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the A's go to
+a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time
+cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega
+T so I'm just saying what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I'm just saying what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I'm just saying what happens to
+those coefficients each each one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients each each one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients each each one let's
+see a sub I say goes to AI is multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a sub I say goes to AI is multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a sub I say goes to AI is multiplied
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+coine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine and the
+B's B I go to b i s Omega s of Omega i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's B I go to b i s Omega s of Omega i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's B I go to b i s Omega s of Omega i
+t so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so now we've
+got we we followed the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we we followed the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we we followed the coefficients
+forward in time and step three the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and step three the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and step three the final
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+is so here we're following each one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here we're following each one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here we're following each one so
+the pattern is always the same one take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is always the same one take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is always the same one take
+your starting starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting starting
+conditions split them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions split them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions split them up
+into igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into igen
+vectors follow eachen vector and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors follow eachen vector and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors follow eachen vector and then
+step three is reassemble put them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three is reassemble put them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three is reassemble put them back
+together step three is step three is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together step three is step three is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together step three is step three is the
+solution U at that later time T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U at that later time T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U at that later time T is
+A1 cos Omega 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cos Omega 1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cos Omega 1 T
+X1 and B1 sin Omega 1 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 those are the two guys that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 those are the two guys that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 those are the two guys that are that
+come that are the reflecting the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that are the reflecting the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that are the reflecting the the
+fundamental mode and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mode and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mode and then we have
+a2s and b2s multiplied by Co cosin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2s and b2s multiplied by Co cosin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2s and b2s multiplied by Co cosin and
+SS and times X2 and so on put put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS and times X2 and so on put put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS and times X2 and so on put put the
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+together so it's split the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's split the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's split the initial
+conditions follow each I Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions follow each I Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions follow each I Vector
+reassemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's it's a the heart of fora methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a the heart of fora methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a the heart of fora methods
+it's it's a heart of using igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a heart of using igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a heart of using igen vectors
+okay and there's a little code uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a little code uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a little code uh in the
+book that uh does exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's just pause a moment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's just pause a moment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's just pause a moment this
+was the igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the igen vector
+solution and now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and now I want to talk about
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+science which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which
+is for which there's problem is a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for which there's problem is a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for which there's problem is a model
+but the problem has probably got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem has probably got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem has probably got more
+complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications
+and things change in time whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things change in time whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things change in time whatever
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we don't this was an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't this was an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't this was an exact
+solution that that's more than we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that's more than we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that's more than we hope
+for in uh in in uh real computation s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in uh in in uh real computation s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in uh in in uh real computation s we
+hope for accuracy but we don't hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for accuracy but we don't hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for accuracy but we don't hope for
+100% accuracy unless we have this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% accuracy unless we have this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% accuracy unless we have this exact
+model problem so uh so we use finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem so uh so we use finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem so uh so we use finite
+differences ready for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences okay so that that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so that that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so that that's this is
+Method one which allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method one which allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method one which allows you to
+understand the model problem and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the model problem and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the model problem and now
+comes method two which allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes method two which allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes method two which allows you to
+compute Much More Much much more many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Much More Much much more many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Much More Much much more many
+more problems okay and and if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems okay and and if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems okay and and if I do it
+just for this let me come back to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this let me come back to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this let me come back to just
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+model one one spring and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one one spring and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one one spring and one
+Mass okay what's the let let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay what's the let let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay what's the let let's start
+that mass uh should we start the mass at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass uh should we start the mass at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass uh should we start the mass at
+rest let let me take the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest let let me take the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest let let me take the this the
+solution the initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the initial conditions
+that let me make that this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer I want that to be the answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I want that to be the answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I want that to be the answer so
+I'm going to start with U of0 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with U of0 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with U of0 to be
+zero uh to be one right I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh to be one right I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh to be one right I'm going to
+start with U of 0 to be one and U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with U of 0 to be one and U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with U of 0 to be one and U Prime
+of0 to be zero because the cosine starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 to be zero because the cosine starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 to be zero because the cosine starts
+at one and its derivative starts at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and its derivative starts at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and its derivative starts at zero
+so all I'm doing what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I'm doing what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I'm doing what am
+I apologies that this is such a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologies that this is such a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologies that this is such a simple
+model I'm just pulling this spring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I'm just pulling this spring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I'm just pulling this spring down
+this Mass down and let go I just pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass down and let go I just pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass down and let go I just pull it
+down an amount one I Let Go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an amount one I Let Go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an amount one I Let Go it
+oscillates forever if I if I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates forever if I if I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates forever if I if I draw the
+the yeah H how do I how do I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah H how do I how do I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah H how do I how do I draw the
+motion of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a of
+a single Mass it's it's the picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Mass it's it's the picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Mass it's it's the picture is
+important and and we have to think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and and we have to think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and and we have to think okay
+what's in the picture so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the picture so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the picture so I think the
+picture should be maybe uh you of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture should be maybe uh you of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture should be maybe uh you of you in
+this direction and maybe U Prime in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and maybe U Prime in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and maybe U Prime in this
+direction so it's The UU Prime plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's The UU Prime plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's The UU Prime plane the
+the the position velocity plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the position velocity plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the position velocity plane
+sometimes called the phase plane I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the phase plane I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the phase plane I'll
+just write that word down phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that word down phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that word down phase
+plane and and what will be our picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and and what will be our picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and and what will be our picture
+here it starts there right U of zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it starts there right U of zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it starts there right U of zero is
+one no velocity starts there oh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no velocity starts there oh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no velocity starts there oh and then
+it just follows cosine T and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just follows cosine T and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just follows cosine T and of course I
+know what U Prime is If U is cosine T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what U Prime is If U is cosine T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what U Prime is If U is cosine T
+you U Prime is minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U Prime is minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U Prime is minus sin
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+so yeah let me put that somewhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let me put that somewhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let me put that somewhere I
+where my picture won't run over it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my picture won't run over it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my picture won't run over it up
+here maybe U Prime is minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe U Prime is minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe U Prime is minus sin
+T tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah help me out what if I if As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah help me out what if I if As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah help me out what if I if As
+Time increases I I follow this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time increases I I follow this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time increases I I follow this point the
+x coordinate is cost T the y coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x coordinate is cost T the y coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x coordinate is cost T the y coordinate
+is minus sin T it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus sin T it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus sin T it's a
+circle it's a circle so I just buzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's a circle so I just buzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's a circle so I just buzz
+along it because of that minus sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it because of that minus sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it because of that minus sign of
+circle goes this way around it's a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle goes this way around it's a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle goes this way around it's a unit
+circle goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever and and actually cos squ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and and actually cos squ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and and actually cos squ plus
+sin squ is 1 of course that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squ is 1 of course that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squ is 1 of course that's why it's a
+circle of radius one and that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one and that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one and that represents
+the total energy actually or the and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy actually or the and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy actually or the and I
+I'm trying to draw a circle actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to draw a circle actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to draw a circle actually how
+would you how do how would you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you how do how would you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you how do how would you get your
+computer to draw a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to draw a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to draw a a
+circle I'm thinking not just one Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'm thinking not just one Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'm thinking not just one Circle
+I want to I want to refresh it I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to I want to refresh it I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to I want to refresh it I mean I
+want to follow this in time so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow this in time so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow this in time so I want to
+draw uh I want to follow a point around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw uh I want to follow a point around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw uh I want to follow a point around
+a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle
+okay well I suppose what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I suppose what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I suppose what you would do
+would be to ask it to plot those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not allowed I want you to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed I want you to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed I want you to follow
+the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the
+equation I want to I want to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to I want to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to I want to take that
+equation whose exact solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose exact solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation whose exact solution is a
+circle and I want to use finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I want to use finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I want to use finite
+differences in time so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in time so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in time so I'm going to take
+finite steps of course that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite steps of course that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite steps of course that's what the
+computer has to do the computer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has to do the computer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has to do the computer will
+will take finite steps so I would love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take finite steps so I would love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take finite steps so I would love
+I'd be very happy if those finite steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be very happy if those finite steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be very happy if those finite steps
+keep me on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me on the
+circle and I'd be even happier if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I'd be even happier if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and I'd be even happier if it
+came around exactly right at 2 pi but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came around exactly right at 2 pi but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came around exactly right at 2 pi but it
+it's not going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to you
+see so what yeah how how do I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what yeah how how do I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what yeah how how do I I want
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+differences I want to replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I want to replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I want to replace that
+differential equation by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation by finite
+differences and when we do this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and when we do this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and when we do this equation
+we're practically doing that one at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're practically doing that one at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're practically doing that one at the
+same time yeah so this model will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time yeah so this model will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time yeah so this model will be
+fine okay uh what let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay uh what let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay uh what let's
+see so I'm want to introduce finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I'm want to introduce finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I'm want to introduce finite
+differences for this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for this equation and
+everybody we've been talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we've been talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we've been talking about how
+to replace second derivatives by second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace second derivatives by second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace second derivatives by second
+differences yeah so that would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences yeah so that would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences yeah so that would be that
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+good uh yeah okay let me let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh yeah okay let me let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh yeah okay let me let me write
+down maybe I could write down three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down maybe I could write down three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down maybe I could write down three or
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+possible finite differences if for for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible finite differences if for for u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible finite differences if for for u
+double Prime I I I think I'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime I I I think I'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime I I I think I'll write down
+u n + 1 minus 2 U N plus un n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n + 1 minus 2 U N plus un n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n + 1 minus 2 U N plus un n minus one
+that's the second difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second difference that
+replaces the second derivative divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces the second derivative divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces the second derivative divided
+by what what do you think goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what what do you think goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what what do you think goes in the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as we're square of what yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we're square of what yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we're square of what yeah now
+what's what's the right name it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the right name it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the right name it's going
+to be something squared what do I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something squared what do I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something squared what do I put
+down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there
+the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step
+size I don't want to call it Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I don't want to call it Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I don't want to call it Delta X
+right what should I call it delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what should I call it delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what should I call it delta T
+would be natural delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be natural delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be natural delta
+T or or h i could again use H just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T or or h i could again use H just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T or or h i could again use H just to
+have a Shand okay that's my that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Shand okay that's my that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Shand okay that's my that's my
+second difference it's centered it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference it's centered it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference it's centered it's the
+Natural Choice and not the only choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice and not the only choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice and not the only choice
+by the way oh if I'm yeah if I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way oh if I'm yeah if I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way oh if I'm yeah if I'm an
+astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer
+or like Professor wisdom here so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like Professor wisdom here so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like Professor wisdom here so he he
+followed the or he followed Pluto around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the or he followed Pluto around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the or he followed Pluto around
+right and discovered that Pluto wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and discovered that Pluto wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and discovered that Pluto wasn't a
+planet right he discovered that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right he discovered that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right he discovered that the
+motion of Pluto was not like regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of Pluto was not like regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of Pluto was not like regular
+like the earth I think the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the earth I think the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the earth I think the Earth
+is regular but Pluto has chaotic motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular but Pluto has chaotic motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular but Pluto has chaotic motion
+so it does crazy stuff right okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does crazy stuff right okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does crazy stuff right okay well
+our we we're looking for very periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we we're looking for very periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we we're looking for very periodic
+circular motion here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion here okay
+so what I was going to say Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I was going to say Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I was going to say Professor
+wisdom he he would sneer at this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom he he would sneer at this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom he he would sneer at this second
+differences right I mean as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right I mean as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right I mean as we'll see
+that's got decent accuracy but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got decent accuracy but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got decent accuracy but not
+accuracy that would allow you to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that would allow you to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that would allow you to follow
+Pluto for for 100 100 million years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pluto for for 100 100 million years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pluto for for 100 100 million years so
+but it'll do for us we're not going 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll do for us we're not going 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll do for us we're not going 100
+million years here okay so now comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years here okay so now comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years here okay so now comes
+minus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+question right I'm taking this the the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I'm taking this the the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I'm taking this the the U
+term and I'm putting it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I'm putting it on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I'm putting it on the other
+side so this is mass is one acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is mass is one acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is mass is one acceleration
+is this the force is minus U now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the force is minus U now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the force is minus U now it
+comes the big question do I do do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the big question do I do do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the big question do I do do I
+compute the do I do I use for minus U do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the do I do I use for minus U do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the do I do I use for minus U do
+I use the newest value do I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the newest value do I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the newest value do I use the
+middle value or do I use the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle value or do I use the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle value or do I use the oldest
+value or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or some
+combination yeah if I want high accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination yeah if I want high accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination yeah if I want high accuracy
+oh then I go way up in these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then I go way up in these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then I go way up in these differences
+and I go I find tricky combinations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go I find tricky combinations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go I find tricky combinations that
+get get me above uh first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get me above uh first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get me above uh first and second
+order accuracy but let's not go there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy but let's not go there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy but let's not go there so
+I I've got to make one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I've got to make one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I've got to make one of those
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+okay and that choice is going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that choice is going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that choice is going to decide
+so that's I mean this is a choice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I mean this is a choice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I mean this is a choice you
+have to make when you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make when you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make when you have such a
+problem where where are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where where are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where where are you going to
+evaluate this okay I guess one choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this okay I guess one choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this okay I guess one choice
+one choice jumps out as natural what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice jumps out as natural what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice jumps out as natural what
+what would you think of doing I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you think of doing I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you think of doing I mean if
+you if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you would
+do you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you would
+do well how how many would do that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well how how many would do that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well how how many would do that one
+so those are people that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are people that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are people that's the
+conservative Choice stable you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Choice stable you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Choice stable you kind of
+yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+but and then how many would do this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then how many would do this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then how many would do this yeah
+you would do that right okay I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do that right okay I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do that right okay I would
+call that the leap frog Choice somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the leap frog Choice somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the leap frog Choice somehow
+this this uh second difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh second difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh second difference is
+leaping over this Middle Point so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping over this Middle Point so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping over this Middle Point so that
+would be the leap frog method and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the leap frog method and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the leap frog method and then
+if I use a um a very uh low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use a um a very uh low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use a um a very uh low
+yeah to to use the first value would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to to use the first value would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to to use the first value would be
+okay so my point is those are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my point is those are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my point is those are three
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+choices and each one has these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and each one has these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and each one has these questions
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+accuracy the middle one will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy the middle one will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy the middle one will be more
+accurate because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because it's
+centered each one has a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered each one has a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered each one has a question of
+stability ah you don't see stability yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability ah you don't see stability yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability ah you don't see stability yet
+but so that's my the point of my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that's my the point of my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that's my the point of my the
+rest of the lecture is to see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the lecture is to see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the lecture is to see what is
+this stability question the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability question the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability question the issue of
+speed speed would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed speed would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed speed would be um
+this is the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the slow
+one because it involves I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it involves I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it involves I I have to
+bring unu n + one over there I and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring unu n + one over there I and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring unu n + one over there I and if if
+I've got a system of equations then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a system of equations then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a system of equations then then
+I it would take me some time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it would take me some time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it would take me some time this is
+this is called this would be called imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this would be called imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this would be called imp
+an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implicit
+method it the new un+ one is only given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it the new un+ one is only given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it the new un+ one is only given
+imp implicitly because it's showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp implicitly because it's showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp implicitly because it's showing up
+on the right hand side I've got to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I've got to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I've got to move
+it over to the left if it's n linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to the left if it's n linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to the left if it's n linear
+I've got a system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a system to
+solve it's safer but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it's safer but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it's safer but more
+expensive and then but this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and then but this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and then but this would be the
+Natural Choice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice okay
+now yeah I'm wondering how to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I'm wondering how to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah I'm wondering how to I want to
+get igen values and I ion values into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get igen values and I ion values into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get igen values and I ion values into
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+uh so I'm going to do the step we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm going to do the step we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm going to do the step we often
+do when we see a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we see a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we see a second order
+equation that is reduce it to two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is reduce it to two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is reduce it to two first
+order equations can I do that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equations can I do that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equations can I do that and and
+see the same thing so what what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same thing so what what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same thing so what what would be
+my two first order equations my unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two first order equations my unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two first order equations my unknowns
+will be U and U Prime so it'll be first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be U and U Prime so it'll be first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be U and U Prime so it'll be first
+order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the
+derivative of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U
+and U Prime shall I call it V for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Prime shall I call it V for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Prime shall I call it V for
+velocity yeah let me WR let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yeah let me WR let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yeah let me WR let me write
+down I don't need to write this fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I don't need to write this fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I don't need to write this fancy
+the the two equations will be you Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two equations will be you Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two equations will be you Prime
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+V and V Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so U Prime equal V sort of told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so U Prime equal V sort of told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so U Prime equal V sort of told me
+what V was V is the velocity the deriva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what V was V is the velocity the deriva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what V was V is the velocity the deriva
+the time derivative D DT and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative D DT and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative D DT and now the
+derivative of the Velocity now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Velocity now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Velocity now that
+should reflect my true equation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect my true equation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect my true equation so this
+is all coming from U prime plus u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all coming from U prime plus u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all coming from U prime plus u equal
+Z okay so V Prime is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so V Prime is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so V Prime is what
+V Prime is uble prime do I want minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is uble prime do I want minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is uble prime do I want minus U
+there yeah that that's my equation V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah that that's my equation V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah that that's my equation V
+Prime which is uble prime is minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is uble prime is minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is uble prime is minus U
+good that's my that's my system so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's my that's my system so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's my that's my system so I
+have a matrix here yeah I have a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix here yeah I have a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix here yeah I have a 2X two
+system with a matrix 0 1 minus one 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a matrix 0 1 minus one 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a matrix 0 1 minus one 0 I
+guess okay so while thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay so while thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay so while thinking about
+difference methods so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference methods so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference methods so this
+I was thinking about a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about a second order
+equation I went right to it here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I went right to it here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I went right to it here I'm
+thinking about a first order system lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a first order system lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a first order system lot
+of problems come in first order systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems come in first order systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems come in first order systems
+gas Dynamics comes as a big first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Dynamics comes as a big first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Dynamics comes as a big first order
+system for you know those components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for you know those components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for you know those components of
+mass momentum energy got typically five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass momentum energy got typically five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass momentum energy got typically five
+uh nonlinear equations in gas Dynamics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonlinear equations in gas Dynamics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonlinear equations in gas Dynamics I
+mean that's a very very serious problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a very very serious problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a very very serious problem
+how toes solve those uh here we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how toes solve those uh here we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how toes solve those uh here we've got a
+very simp much simpler model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simp much simpler model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simp much simpler model problem
+linear constant coefficients but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficients but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficients but what do
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+do okay let me can I propose three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay let me can I propose three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay let me can I propose three
+possibilities here and actually they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here and actually they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here and actually they are
+identical to these three possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to these three possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to these three possibilities
+if I if if I just switch over to a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if if I just switch over to a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if if I just switch over to a first
+order system so possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I have
+uh possibility one is that u n + one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possibility one is that u n + one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possibility one is that u n + one and
+VN + one so that unu n + one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN + one so that unu n + one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN + one so that unu n + one would be
+how do I model that equation un n + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I model that equation un n + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I model that equation un n + 1 is
+UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN
+n plus delta T VN that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus delta T VN that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus delta T VN that would be a
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+right uh yeah let me just pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh yeah let me just pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh yeah let me just pause there
+because that's the that's meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the that's meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the that's meant to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+natural uh forward difference so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh forward difference so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh forward difference so I
+replace U Prime by un n + 1 minus un n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace U Prime by un n + 1 minus un n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace U Prime by un n + 1 minus un n
+over delta T and I replace V by what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T and I replace V by what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T and I replace V by what I
+the value I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value I know
+and do you know whose name is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you know whose name is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you know whose name is associated
+with that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so it's
+just I'm almost going to say his name um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm almost going to say his name um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm almost going to say his name um
+it's just I replace a a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just I replace a a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just I replace a a differential
+equation by difference equation where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by difference equation where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by difference equation where I
+each step I just figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step I just figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step I just figure out what the
+slope is and I go along a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is and I go along a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is and I go along a straight
+line delta T further along and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line delta T further along and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line delta T further along and do you
+know his name Oiler Oiler right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his name Oiler Oiler right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his name Oiler Oiler right it's
+Oiler method the very first method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler method the very first method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler method the very first method you
+would think of right so so here I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of right so so here I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of right so so here I I have
+so and I'm doing the same for V I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'm doing the same for V I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'm doing the same for V I'm I'm
+at a I'm at an old this is my position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a I'm at an old this is my position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a I'm at an old this is my position
+I've reached and my so Oilers method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reached and my so Oilers method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reached and my so Oilers method is
+replace this by VN + 1 minus VN over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by VN + 1 minus VN over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by VN + 1 minus VN over
+delta T equal minus u n so this is oil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equal minus u n so this is oil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equal minus u n so this is oil's
+idea predict the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea predict the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea predict the new
+value by a forward difference starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by a forward difference starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by a forward difference starting
+from the where the slope of the line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the where the slope of the line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the where the slope of the line is
+this old one that that's the most that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old one that that's the most that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old one that that's the most that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first difference method you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference method you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference method you would think
+of so now if I multiply up by delta T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now if I multiply up by delta T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now if I multiply up by delta T I
+have a minus Delta t v unu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay good good time to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good good time to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good good time to pay
+attention here this is Oilers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention here this is Oilers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention here this is Oilers this is
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oiler forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oiler just the the the the the time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler just the the the the the time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler just the the the the the time step
+you you follow the derivative what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you follow the derivative what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you follow the derivative what the
+derivative is at the start of the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is at the start of the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is at the start of the step
+you follow it for a little step oh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow it for a little step oh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow it for a little step oh let
+me draw what the what the thing would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw what the what the thing would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw what the what the thing would do
+shall I draw what for forward Oiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I draw what for forward Oiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I draw what for forward Oiler will
+do so so we're here and what's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so so we're here and what's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so so we're here and what's our first
+step our first step so we're starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step our first step so we're starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step our first step so we're starting at
+V is zero at the start so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is zero at the start so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is zero at the start so you won't
+change in one step but U is one so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in one step but U is one so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in one step but U is one so V
+will go down I think the first step will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down I think the first step will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down I think the first step will
+take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us
+there that this was this that point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that this was this that point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that this was this that point was
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Zer and I think the Second Step you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and I think the Second Step you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and I think the Second Step you came
+from the zero so it'll still be a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero so it'll still be a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero so it'll still be a one
+and V came from a zero but minus Delta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V came from a zero but minus Delta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V came from a zero but minus Delta I
+think it'll just be 1 minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+it's left the circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course uh and what do you think happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and what do you think happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and what do you think happens
+when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+do a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a thousand
+steps if you you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if you you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if you you I
+mean matlb this is two lines in matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean matlb this is two lines in matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean matlb this is two lines in matlb
+just just write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just write those
+equations for the next U coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the next U coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the next U coming from the
+previous U starting at one Z and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous U starting at one Z and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous U starting at one Z and see
+what happen happens and and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen happens and and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen happens and and what do you
+think it's going to sort of go round I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to sort of go round I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to sort of go round I
+mean it's a re Oiler wasn't dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a re Oiler wasn't dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a re Oiler wasn't dumb
+anything true here is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything true here is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything true here is the fact that
+Oiler was not dumb uh he had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler was not dumb uh he had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler was not dumb uh he had a bunch of
+ideas this wasn't his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas this wasn't his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas this wasn't his
+greatest uh but it was the first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest uh but it was the first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest uh but it was the first it's
+the starting point of any you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point of any you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point of any you know if
+you have to code some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to code some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to code some complicated
+problem start with Oiler forward Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem start with Oiler forward Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem start with Oiler forward Oiler
+okay what'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what'll
+happen it'll spiral out exactly it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it'll spiral out exactly it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it'll spiral out exactly it'll
+spiral out and if I was an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral out and if I was an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral out and if I was an igen value
+person and I guess which I probably am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I guess which I probably am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I guess which I probably am I
+would look at the I I would look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at the I I would look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at the I I would look at this
+I would look at the there's some Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would look at the there's some Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would look at the there's some Matrix
+here that's finding the new UV from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's finding the new UV from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's finding the new UV from the
+old UV maybe we can even find out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old UV maybe we can even find out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old UV maybe we can even find out right
+above what that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what that Matrix
+is if if I had to say where did the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if I had to say where did the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if I had to say where did the the
+new UV comes from the old UV well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UV comes from the old UV well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UV comes from the old UV well
+there's the identity Matrix here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the identity Matrix here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the identity Matrix here's a
+delta T and here is a minus delta T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and here is a minus delta T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and here is a minus delta T that
+would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix that's the forward Oiler Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's the forward Oiler Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's the forward Oiler Matrix
+the growth Matrix for forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth Matrix for forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth Matrix for forward
+Oiler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler is
+that now what do you think about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what do you think about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what do you think about its
+igen values before just spiral out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values before just spiral out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values before just spiral out was
+the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer
+spiral you know it's it's it's I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral you know it's it's it's I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral you know it's it's it's I mean if
+delta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is
+small it'll stay close to the circle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it'll stay close to the circle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it'll stay close to the circle but
+it'll get it'll spiral out from it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get it'll spiral out from it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get it'll spiral out from it so if
+we were following a planet it would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were following a planet it would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were following a planet it would you
+know it would just be off okay what so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would just be off okay what so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would just be off okay what so I
+can't immediately well you could almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't immediately well you could almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't immediately well you could almost
+see the igen values of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the igen values of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the igen values of this Matrix
+what's the determinant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the determinant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the determinant of that
+Matrix what's the determinant of G I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what's the determinant of G I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what's the determinant of G I'm
+just asking you to think through you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking you to think through you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking you to think through you see
+a matrix like this you wonder about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix like this you wonder about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix like this you wonder about its
+igen value so you take the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value so you take the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value so you take the determinant
+and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you
+get one something bigger than one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one something bigger than one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one something bigger than one or
+less than one bigger so that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one bigger so that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one bigger so that tells me
+what since the determinant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what since the determinant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what since the determinant is the
+product of Lambda 1 time Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Lambda 1 time Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Lambda 1 time Lambda 2
+whatever those guys are at least one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those guys are at least one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those guys are at least one of
+those igen values is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those igen values is bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those igen values is bigger than one
+this has an igen value actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has an igen value actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has an igen value actually the
+actual I values of this happen to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual I values of this happen to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual I values of this happen to be one
+from the identity Matrix and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the identity Matrix and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the identity Matrix and then this
+guy is what we was our example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is what we was our example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is what we was our example of an
+imaginary IG value I delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary IG value I delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary IG value I delta
+T bigger than one in in in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bigger than one in in in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bigger than one in in in absolute
+value for it's it goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for it's it goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for it's it goes out
+okay so that's forward Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's forward Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's forward Oiler
+corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+okay can I change to a second to Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I change to a second to Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I change to a second to Oiler
+other choice and you you can guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choice and you you can guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choice and you you can guess what
+its name is instead of forward Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name is instead of forward Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name is instead of forward Oiler
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oiler Oiler said if you don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler Oiler said if you don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler Oiler said if you don't like it
+you know I've got another one and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've got another one and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've got another one and what
+will happen then backward Oiler is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen then backward Oiler is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen then backward Oiler is going
+to use instead of the old value it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use instead of the old value it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use instead of the old value it will
+use the new values here so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the new values here so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the new values here so these
+differences you see that this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you see that this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you see that this is now
+a you see that this is a backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you see that this is a backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you see that this is a backward
+difference so I'm at time n plus one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so I'm at time n plus one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so I'm at time n plus one I'm
+at the new time and this goes back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new time and this goes back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new time and this goes back from
+that so this is at the new time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is at the new time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is at the new time and this
+is a difference backward and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference backward and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference backward and what
+happens now well we could follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now well we could follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now well we could follow
+backward Oiler we could could follow its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Oiler we could could follow its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Oiler we could could follow its
+first step what would its first step be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step what would its first step be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step what would its first step be
+un plus U1 this is is this no I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un plus U1 this is is this no I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un plus U1 this is is this no I can't
+follow its first step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow its first step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow its first step so
+easily help me out by just making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily help me out by just making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily help me out by just making a
+guess what do you think backward Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what do you think backward Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what do you think backward Oiler
+does if it spirals in right right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if it spirals in right right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if it spirals in right right the
+cover of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the book
+has forward Oiler I think is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has forward Oiler I think is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has forward Oiler I think is on the
+cover of the textbook spiraling out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the textbook spiraling out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of the textbook spiraling out in
+the front but maybe maybe the back cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front but maybe maybe the back cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front but maybe maybe the back cover
+also has backward Oiler spiraling in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has backward Oiler spiraling in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has backward Oiler spiraling in so
+here's backward Oiler and after I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's backward Oiler and after I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's backward Oiler and after I take
+you know a bunch of steps it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of steps it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of steps it comes back
+somewhere there but it's spiraled in no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there but it's spiraled in no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there but it's spiraled in no
+good have we got one minute for the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method you're you're guessing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you're you're guessing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you're you're guessing that it's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one and uh so what how does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh so what how does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh so what how does that work
+actually it's pretty neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's pretty neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's pretty neat
+I here here's here so my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here here's here so my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here here's here so my question is
+where where do I evaluate these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where do I evaluate these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where do I evaluate these guys
+okay so this is like forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like forward and
+backward the the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward the the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward the the U
+equation so so I know un and VN right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so so I know un and VN right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so so I know un and VN right
+I've everybody with me I've got to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've everybody with me I've got to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've everybody with me I've got to time
+in I know un and VN the position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I know un and VN the position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I know un and VN the position and
+velocity approximately at Point N and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity approximately at Point N and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity approximately at Point N and I
+want to go to n plus one okay so so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to n plus one okay so so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to n plus one okay so so if I
+go what I know is VN so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what I know is VN so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what I know is VN so that's
+great but what's going to change here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but what's going to change here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but what's going to change here
+now I know un n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know un n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know un n +
+one from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the first
+equation what shall I do where shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what shall I do where shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what shall I do where shall I
+evaluate you in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate you in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate you in the second
+equation at n plus one why not I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at n plus one why not I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at n plus one why not I know it
+already from from the first step from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already from from the first step from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already from from the first step from
+the forward step with this equation I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward step with this equation I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward step with this equation I've
+taken you for forward so I'll use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken you for forward so I'll use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken you for forward so I'll use that
+forward value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward value of
+U in the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the v
+equation so it's forward and backward at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it's forward and backward at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it's forward and backward at
+the same time and the the net result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the the net result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the the net result if
+I simply if I go back from my system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply if I go back from my system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply if I go back from my system of
+two first order equations back to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order equations back to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order equations back to one
+second order equation I'll find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation I'll find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation I'll find the
+centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered
+guy and what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what do you think
+happens with that centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with that centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with that centered
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+oh well okay that's you know I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well okay that's you know I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well okay that's you know I I think
+mat lab would have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab would have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab would have to show
+it and look in section 2.2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look in section 2.2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and look in section 2.2 for the
+picture that shows the leap frog method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that shows the leap frog method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that shows the leap frog method
+so what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what do you
+think I I'm I'm having to depend on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I'm I'm having to depend on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I'm I'm having to depend on my
+memory now and and I'm um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+stays almost on the circle I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays almost on the circle I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays almost on the circle I think it
+maybe it it stays very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it it stays very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it it stays very close to the
+circle and uh comes back almost at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and uh comes back almost at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and uh comes back almost at the
+right time but not exactly because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time but not exactly because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time but not exactly because we
+have an error here you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error here you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error here you know we we
+haven't got the real equation we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got the real equation we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got the real equation we've got
+a difference equation but uh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation but uh so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation but uh so maybe
+that's that's the point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the point to
+say when you start with a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you start with a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you start with a differential
+equation you got various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you got various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you got various
+choices um backward is actually safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um backward is actually safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um backward is actually safer
+probably for a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for a car
+crash uh no actually I think for a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash uh no actually I think for a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash uh no actually I think for a car
+crash they would use forward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash they would use forward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash they would use forward differences
+because they have to take so many I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to take so many I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to take so many I'm
+I'm not let me check on that but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not let me check on that but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not let me check on that but for our
+problem this this one is Lea frog is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this this one is Lea frog is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this this one is Lea frog is the
+winner actually if any body does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner actually if any body does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner actually if any body does
+computation in computational chemistry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in computational chemistry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in computational chemistry I
+mean that's a subject that uses giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a subject that uses giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a subject that uses giant
+supercomputers to follow uh molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers to follow uh molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers to follow uh molecular
+Dynamics to follow what a what molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to follow what a what molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to follow what a what molecules
+are doing at high speed very high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing at high speed very high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing at high speed very high speed
+so this there's a giant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this there's a giant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this there's a giant number
+multiplying that U and they they use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that U and they they use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that U and they they use a
+uh Lea frog method okay I I'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lea frog method okay I I'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lea frog method okay I I'll say a
+little more fridy if I can about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more fridy if I can about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more fridy if I can about this
+General subject because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General subject because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General subject because it's so
+important important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0INq0CFpXpo.txt b/0INq0CFpXpo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ad9c2f84241ff5d8281c0a9910bd4df6119d1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0INq0CFpXpo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today is a little
+bit different uh today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different uh today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different uh today we're going to
+talk about yield modeling and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield modeling and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield modeling and this is
+unabashedly connected to semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unabashedly connected to semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unabashedly connected to semiconductor
+manufacturing although I think many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing although I think many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing although I think many of
+the things I talk about here are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I talk about here are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I talk about here are more
+widely applicable especially to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely applicable especially to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely applicable especially to anything
+that's large area manufacturing so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's large area manufacturing so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's large area manufacturing so for
+example uh a few years ago I did a roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a few years ago I did a roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a few years ago I did a roll
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+process rolling out these giant plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process rolling out these giant plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process rolling out these giant plastic
+sheets of film material at Kodak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets of film material at Kodak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets of film material at Kodak and
+defect modeling in the yield of on a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect modeling in the yield of on a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect modeling in the yield of on a per
+area basis was a big deal there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area basis was a big deal there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area basis was a big deal there as well
+uh similarly many of the mems processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly many of the mems processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly many of the mems processes
+thin film processes yield modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film processes yield modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film processes yield modeling
+Associated especially with defects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated especially with defects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated especially with defects is
+very important many of the other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important many of the other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important many of the other ideas
+I'll be talking about here in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about here in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about here in in this
+lecture are also connected to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are also connected to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are also connected to the idea
+of assemblies or systems that consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assemblies or systems that consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assemblies or systems that consist of
+many many many many parts where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many parts where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many parts where there
+might be a failure probability or or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a failure probability or or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a failure probability or or uh
+deviations in individual parts and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in individual parts and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in individual parts and part
+of the question is how those aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question is how those aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question is how those aggregate
+across the whole system so uh all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole system so uh all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole system so uh all of the
+examples here will be pretty much drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here will be pretty much drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here will be pretty much drawn
+from semiconductor manufacturing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from semiconductor manufacturing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from semiconductor manufacturing but I
+think they are more more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they are more more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they are more more broadly
+applicable and perhaps uh many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable and perhaps uh many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable and perhaps uh many of the
+tools actually developed here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools actually developed here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools actually developed here in
+semiconductor manufacturing can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor manufacturing can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor manufacturing can be uh
+used and and propagate uh to other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and and propagate uh to other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and and propagate uh to other other
+processes so uh the material will mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so uh the material will mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so uh the material will mostly
+be drawn from chapter 5 so I need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drawn from chapter 5 so I need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drawn from chapter 5 so I need to add
+a note as a reading assignment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note as a reading assignment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note as a reading assignment this is
+uh drawn drawn from man Spanos chapter 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drawn drawn from man Spanos chapter 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drawn drawn from man Spanos chapter 5
+but I'm also showing some examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm also showing some examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm also showing some examples from
+a couple of other U papers and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other U papers and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other U papers and I'll put
+those papers on the website as well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers on the website as well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers on the website as well I
+realized this morning they're not up yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized this morning they're not up yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized this morning they're not up yet
+um uh one is a paper sort of a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one is a paper sort of a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one is a paper sort of a classic
+paper by stapper on uh integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by stapper on uh integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by stapper on uh integrated
+circuit yield management yield analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yield management yield analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yield management yield analysis
+and then a more recent one I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a more recent one I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a more recent one I guess
+somewhat more recent uh uh 2000 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more recent uh uh 2000 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more recent uh uh 2000 on
+predictive yield modeling um so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive yield modeling um so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive yield modeling um so both of
+those will be available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+website so we've already talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so we've already talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so we've already talked a little
+bit about some of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about some of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about some of the kinds of
+variations that lead to ultimately can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that lead to ultimately can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that lead to ultimately can
+lead to uh failures or failures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to uh failures or failures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to uh failures or failures in
+specification when a deviation in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification when a deviation in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification when a deviation in some
+continuous parameter exceeds some spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameter exceeds some spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameter exceeds some spec
+limit uh for normal operation uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh for normal operation uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh for normal operation uh we can
+think of those as parametric failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as parametric failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as parametric failures
+right so we've talked about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've talked about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've talked about things like
+line width or so on that might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width or so on that might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width or so on that might might
+lead to either direct functional failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to either direct functional failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to either direct functional failure
+meaning it really won't work because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it really won't work because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it really won't work because the
+parameters too far away or kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters too far away or kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters too far away or kind of a
+more fuzzy failure you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuzzy failure you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuzzy failure you know this
+continuous sort of quality loss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sort of quality loss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sort of quality loss in
+performance meaning that uh I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance meaning that uh I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance meaning that uh I've I've
+gotten such a such a deviation the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten such a such a deviation the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten such a such a deviation the thing
+might still turn on or might operate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still turn on or might operate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still turn on or might operate but
+it it does so with decayed or degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does so with decayed or degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does so with decayed or degraded
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+performance in addition to that we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in addition to that we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in addition to that we also
+o want to talk about uh random failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o want to talk about uh random failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o want to talk about uh random failures
+and these are generally thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are generally thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are generally thought of as
+more uncoordinated or uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uncoordinated or uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uncoordinated or uncorrelated
+random failure in some element they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random failure in some element they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random failure in some element they
+aren't necessarily due to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily due to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily due to some
+continuous parameter but maybe more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameter but maybe more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameter but maybe more of a
+lumped failure we'll talk in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped failure we'll talk in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped failure we'll talk in particular
+about area dependent kinds of failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area dependent kinds of failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area dependent kinds of failures
+in semiconductor manufacturing the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor manufacturing the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor manufacturing the main
+source of these are Point defects associ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of these are Point defects associ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of these are Point defects associ
+assciated with very small particles dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assciated with very small particles dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assciated with very small particles dust
+or debris that interfere with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or debris that interfere with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or debris that interfere with the
+operation uh of an electrical element uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh of an electrical element uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh of an electrical element uh
+generally and we previewed some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and we previewed some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and we previewed some of those
+in one of the first in one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the first in one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the first in one of the first
+lectures so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so we're going to talk about
+these kinds of defects and the key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of defects and the key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of defects and the key idea
+in these is many of uh the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these is many of uh the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these is many of uh the area
+dependent failures are ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent failures are ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent failures are ones where
+depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+total square area of your circuit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total square area of your circuit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total square area of your circuit you
+have more or less opportunity for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more or less opportunity for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more or less opportunity for those
+kinds of failures so it becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures so it becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures so it becomes an
+interesting problem in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem in terms of
+analyzing the probabilities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the probabilities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the probabilities associated
+with failure for different size circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failure for different size circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failure for different size circuits
+and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about
+those so here's an example I pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so here's an example I pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so here's an example I pulled out
+of the sucus paper on an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sucus paper on an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sucus paper on an integrated
+circuit yield tree so looking at say 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yield tree so looking at say 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yield tree so looking at say 100
+uh AC sick chips that are manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AC sick chips that are manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AC sick chips that are manufactured
+and what uh the breakdown of those might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh the breakdown of those might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh the breakdown of those might
+be in terms of their ultimate fate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of their ultimate fate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in terms of their ultimate fate and
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+particular uh process out of the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh process out of the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh process out of the 100
+chips about 30 are ultimately shipped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips about 30 are ultimately shipped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips about 30 are ultimately shipped to
+the customer so in some sense you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer so in some sense you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer so in some sense you've got
+a yield of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield of
+30% not great but may not be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% not great but may not be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% not great but may not be entirely
+unrealistic uh and then within that 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic uh and then within that 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic uh and then within that 30
+chips uh Shi to the customer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips uh Shi to the customer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips uh Shi to the customer there's
+already some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some
+parametric variation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric variation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric variation going
+on um that is essentially a reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um that is essentially a reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um that is essentially a reflection
+of that kind of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that kind of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that kind of quality
+loss degradation uh that that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss degradation uh that that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss degradation uh that that we talked
+about before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before um
+typically chips are uh tested uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically chips are uh tested uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically chips are uh tested uh and
+we'll we'll do a breakdown sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do a breakdown sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do a breakdown sort of give
+you a feel for the kinds of tests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for the kinds of tests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for the kinds of tests that
+are done but at the at the end they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done but at the at the end they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done but at the at the end they are
+often tested for uh a few key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tested for uh a few key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tested for uh a few key uh
+performance parameters in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance parameters in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance parameters in particular
+speed and then a thing called speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and then a thing called speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and then a thing called speed
+binning is done and you can see here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning is done and you can see here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning is done and you can see here a
+binning down into uh three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning down into uh three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning down into uh three different
+speed categories where you've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed categories where you've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed categories where you've got you
+know a few that are operating at 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few that are operating at 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few that are operating at 400
+megahertz that presumably you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz that presumably you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz that presumably you can sell
+those chips a little bit more the 350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips a little bit more the 350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips a little bit more the 350
+MHz you might not have quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz you might not have quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz you might not have quite the same
+price premium on and maybe you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium on and maybe you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium on and maybe you have to
+sell uh with almost no or very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh with almost no or very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh with almost no or very limited
+profit the 300 megahertz chips something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the 300 megahertz chips something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the 300 megahertz chips something
+like that so there's already still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there's already still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there's already still the
+driver and process control to to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and process control to to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and process control to to get as
+tight of control as you can and push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight of control as you can and push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight of control as you can and push the
+speed limits uh as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limits uh as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limits uh as much as you
+can but what we want to uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but what we want to uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but what we want to uh talk about
+especially today are some of the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially today are some of the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially today are some of the sources
+for the chips sources of variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chips sources of variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chips sources of variation and
+kinds of failures that are affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures that are affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures that are affecting the
+chips that are rejected and we can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that are rejected and we can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that are rejected and we can bring
+break those down here on on this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break those down here on on this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break those down here on on this chart
+into these other categories we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these other categories we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these other categories we've got
+gross functional fail unrepairable cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross functional fail unrepairable cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross functional fail unrepairable cache
+speed less than 300 MHz and all others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed less than 300 MHz and all others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed less than 300 MHz and all others
+so out of these first off the Speed less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of these first off the Speed less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of these first off the Speed less
+than 300 MHz that's just you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 300 MHz that's just you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 300 MHz that's just you know our
+cut off on the speed and that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off on the speed and that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off on the speed and that's probably
+more of a a parametric variation uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a a parametric variation uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a a parametric variation uh we
+can we can break that down and start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can break that down and start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can break that down and start to
+look at what what devices or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what what devices or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what what devices or what
+components or what's responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or what's responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or what's responsible for the
+slowness perhaps to improve either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowness perhaps to improve either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowness perhaps to improve either
+design or manufacturing control and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or manufacturing control and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or manufacturing control and here
+for example the clock speed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the clock speed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the clock speed um
+uh perhaps is a a little bit too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps is a a little bit too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps is a a little bit too slow
+either because of the interconnect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because of the interconnect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because of the interconnect the
+interconnect delay might be uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect delay might be uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect delay might be uh a little
+bit too long or because the transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too long or because the transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too long or because the transistors
+uh the active devices uh uh are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the active devices uh uh are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the active devices uh uh are not
+quite strong enough and those two might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite strong enough and those two might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite strong enough and those two might
+be very knowing those two could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very knowing those two could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very knowing those two could tell you
+a lot uh about the sources of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh about the sources of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh about the sources of variation
+for example if it's interconnect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's interconnect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's interconnect it's
+probably something with your backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something with your backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something with your backend
+process some of your resistances in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process some of your resistances in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process some of your resistances in the
+interconnect wires might be a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect wires might be a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect wires might be a little too
+high or some of those capacitances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or some of those capacitances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or some of those capacitances
+whereas if you've got active device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you've got active device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you've got active device
+strength failures the the devices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength failures the the devices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength failures the the devices are
+too slow that's likely something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow that's likely something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow that's likely something to do
+with say Channel length or perhaps uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say Channel length or perhaps uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say Channel length or perhaps uh
+gate oxide thickness is a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide thickness is a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide thickness is a little too
+thick so it can start to lead to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick so it can start to lead to good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick so it can start to lead to good
+knowledge that can can uh uh give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that can can uh uh give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that can can uh uh give rise
+to some improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some improvement
+efforts now a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts now a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts now a little bit more
+interesting for for today are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for for today are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for for today are these two
+other categories this gross functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other categories this gross functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other categories this gross functional
+fail and unrepairable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and unrepairable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and unrepairable
+cash so this the unrepairable cache this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash so this the unrepairable cache this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash so this the unrepairable cache this
+might be an Asic chip and it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an Asic chip and it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an Asic chip and it might have
+different components or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components or different
+regions uh on it uh some of it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh on it uh some of it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh on it uh some of it may be
+random logic performing a particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random logic performing a particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random logic performing a particular uh
+uh uh combinatorial or combinational uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh combinatorial or combinational uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh combinatorial or combinational uh
+logic uh uh functions but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic uh uh functions but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic uh uh functions but another
+component is likely to be embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is likely to be embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is likely to be embedded
+memory and in fact as we get to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and in fact as we get to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and in fact as we get to larger
+and larger uh chips and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger uh chips and integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger uh chips and integration
+scale most of that additional area these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale most of that additional area these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale most of that additional area these
+days is going to memory so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is going to memory so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is going to memory so I don't know
+what percentage of the new two billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what percentage of the new two billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what percentage of the new two billion
+transistor Intel chip is cash but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor Intel chip is cash but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor Intel chip is cash but it's
+90% 90% is Cash something you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% 90% is Cash something you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% 90% is Cash something you can do
+with the area that helps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the area that helps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the area that helps with
+performance but um very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but um very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but um very interesting
+issue here is these are among the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here is these are among the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here is these are among the most
+dense most tightly packed and smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense most tightly packed and smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense most tightly packed and smallest
+scaled uh structures highly repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled uh structures highly repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled uh structures highly repeated
+transistor uh uh uh SRAM cells little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh uh uh SRAM cells little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor uh uh uh SRAM cells little
+memory cells but there you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory cells but there you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory cells but there you're already
+expecting and we'll we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and we'll we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and we'll we'll talk about the
+sources of some of these you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of some of these you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of some of these you're already
+expecting some number of those memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting some number of those memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting some number of those memory
+cells to fail perhaps because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to fail perhaps because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to fail perhaps because of
+particle oriented defects and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle oriented defects and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle oriented defects and so one
+builds in a certain amount of redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds in a certain amount of redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds in a certain amount of redundancy
+into the cache so that one can detect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cache so that one can detect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cache so that one can detect or
+into the memory so one can detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the memory so one can detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the memory so one can detect
+particular uh failed sales and uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh failed sales and uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh failed sales and uh sort
+of program in or or fold in additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of program in or or fold in additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of program in or or fold in additional
+redundant uh capability so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant uh capability so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant uh capability so that's the
+repair the the the direct repair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the the the direct repair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the the the direct repair of the
+cash but at some point depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash but at some point depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash but at some point depending on
+where the uh the failure is you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh the failure is you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh the failure is you may not
+you may have too many of those failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have too many of those failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have too many of those failures
+or you may uh fail perhaps even in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may uh fail perhaps even in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may uh fail perhaps even in some
+of the Redundant uh switching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Redundant uh switching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Redundant uh switching in
+circuitry so you get to a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry so you get to a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry so you get to a point where
+you can't repair all of uh all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't repair all of uh all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't repair all of uh all of those
+caches and so you might start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and so you might start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and so you might start to look
+then inside and start trying to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside and start trying to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside and start trying to say okay
+what are the sources there some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sources there some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sources there some of those
+you might not know these unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not know these unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not know these unobservable
+root causes others a big chunk chunk may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes others a big chunk chunk may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes others a big chunk chunk may
+be due to these Point defects Landing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to these Point defects Landing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to these Point defects Landing in
+particularly damaging locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly damaging locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly damaging locations and
+similarly if you then look at gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you then look at gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you then look at gross
+functional fail you just try to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional fail you just try to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional fail you just try to you
+can't even test the memory the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even test the memory the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even test the memory the chip
+simply won't power up or won't operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply won't power up or won't operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply won't power up or won't operate
+um one might then also do uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one might then also do uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one might then also do uh different
+kinds of inspection approaches to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of inspection approaches to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of inspection approaches to try to
+detect what the what the source of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what the what the source of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what the what the source of those
+errors are and again random defects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are and again random defects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are and again random defects uh
+are typically a really large part part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically a really large part part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically a really large part part
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that um systematic defect we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um systematic defect we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um systematic defect we'll talk
+about a little bit later as well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later as well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later as well those
+might be not quite random Point defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be not quite random Point defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be not quite random Point defects
+but some other failure that's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other failure that's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other failure that's not quite
+a uh parametric failure but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh parametric failure but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh parametric failure but it's
+something that's observe uh uh affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's observe uh uh affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's observe uh uh affecting
+an awful lot of the components Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of the components Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of the components Al
+together and a typical example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and a typical example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and a typical example here
+might be things like overlay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be things like overlay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be things like overlay between
+different layers of the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of the process so
+everything's just a little bit offset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's just a little bit offset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's just a little bit offset in
+terms of the alignment from one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the alignment from one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the alignment from one one
+layer to the next causing a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to the next causing a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to the next causing a a a a
+substantial uh yield loss and lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial uh yield loss and lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial uh yield loss and lots and
+lots of components uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components uh
+together so what we've sort of bolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what we've sort of bolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what we've sort of bolded
+here in that big black uh rectangle are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that big black uh rectangle are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that big black uh rectangle are
+these random defects and that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random defects and that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random defects and that's one of
+the key elements I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key elements I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key elements I want to talk about
+here are these Point defects associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these Point defects associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these Point defects associated
+with with particle oriented problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with particle oriented problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with particle oriented problems and
+how to model the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to model the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to model the impact
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+these basically from a statistical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically from a statistical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically from a statistical point
+of view but getting back to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view but getting back to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view but getting back to you know
+sort of the sources of the mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the sources of the mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the sources of the mental
+picture for uh these kinds of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for uh these kinds of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for uh these kinds of defects
+there's a you can be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you can be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you can be a little bit more
+careful with the terminology here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the terminology here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the terminology here and
+talk or differentiate talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk or differentiate talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk or differentiate talk about the
+difference between say particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between say particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between say particles and
+defects so a particle you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so a particle you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so a particle you can think of
+any kind of foreign matter that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of foreign matter that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of foreign matter that might be
+sitting on the surface or might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the surface or might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the surface or might be
+embedded in a layer uh on on the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a layer uh on on the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a layer uh on on the chip
+okay now some of these might be benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now some of these might be benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now some of these might be benign
+so a particle is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a particle is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a particle is not
+necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a
+defect okay a defect would be when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect okay a defect would be when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect okay a defect would be when it
+affects some some functionality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects some some functionality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects some some functionality of the
+chip so a a picture here kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so a a picture here kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so a a picture here kind of
+qualitatively giving you this sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively giving you this sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively giving you this sense uh
+we've got three different dust particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got three different dust particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got three different dust particles
+on uh a particular feature on on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh a particular feature on on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh a particular feature on on sort of
+lined up with particular features on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up with particular features on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up with particular features on the
+mask and one can easily imagine that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and one can easily imagine that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and one can easily imagine that um
+perhaps this particle if it's conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this particle if it's conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this particle if it's conductive
+and those cros hated areas are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cros hated areas are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cros hated areas are also
+conductive or would say metal lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive or would say metal lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive or would say metal lines
+that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a
+problem potentially actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem potentially actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem potentially actually if
+someplace else uh these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else uh these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else uh these two
+uh things are the same wire maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are the same wire maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are the same wire maybe it's
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+problem so it's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it's actually kind of
+interesting it depends on both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it depends on both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it depends on both the
+particular layout and on the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular layout and on the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular layout and on the location of
+a particle whether it will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle whether it will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle whether it will lead to
+degradation or functional failure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation or functional failure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation or functional failure you
+can also imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also imagine
+perhaps this structure this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this structure this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this structure this this uh
+particle might be a defect and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle might be a defect and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle might be a defect and in what
+case would this be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defect I mean your initial inclination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect I mean your initial inclination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect I mean your initial inclination
+might be if I'm just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be if I'm just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be if I'm just looking at this
+layer you know it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you know it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you know it's not necessarily
+bridging from this wire to that wire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging from this wire to that wire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging from this wire to that wire so
+why would that be a problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitor right so if it's conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right so if it's conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right so if it's conductive
+and and these two are conductive I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these two are conductive I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these two are conductive I might
+have some additional capacitive linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional capacitive linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional capacitive linking
+even within that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within that one
+layer but I'm trying to give hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but I'm trying to give hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but I'm trying to give hints
+saying one layer here yes yes in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one layer here yes yes in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one layer here yes yes in the Z
+Direction remember also we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction remember also we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction remember also we've got
+buildup of many many layers remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of many many layers remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of many many layers remember
+that stacking of the interconnect layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stacking of the interconnect layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stacking of the interconnect layer
+and even within the device layer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even within the device layer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even within the device layer there's
+many so so it can propagate potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so so it can propagate potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so so it can propagate potentially
+Bridge or short or cause deviations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge or short or cause deviations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge or short or cause deviations in
+the next layer of processing uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next layer of processing uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next layer of processing uh as
+well how about this last one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how about this last one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how about this last one here is
+that a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm seeing maybe yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing maybe yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing maybe yes yes
+probably why do you think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problemist well if it were conductive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemist well if it were conductive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemist well if it were conductive it
+might not re reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not re reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not re reduce the
+resistance or increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance right yeah so a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right yeah so a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right yeah so a couple of
+examples there is certainly if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there is certainly if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there is certainly if it's
+non-conductive what you've got now is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conductive what you've got now is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conductive what you've got now is uh
+increased resistance in that segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased resistance in that segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased resistance in that segment
+right there which can also Cascade to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there which can also Cascade to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there which can also Cascade to
+reliability problems uh a well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability problems uh a well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability problems uh a well-known
+problem is electrom migration where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is electrom migration where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is electrom migration where
+basically the electron flux of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the electron flux of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the electron flux of high
+current flowing very very high current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing very very high current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing very very high current
+density up in the 10 5th to 10 the 6 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density up in the 10 5th to 10 the 6 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density up in the 10 5th to 10 the 6 per
+uh centimeter squared kinds of amps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh centimeter squared kinds of amps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh centimeter squared kinds of amps per
+centimeter squared can actually cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter squared can actually cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter squared can actually cause
+the U metal atoms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U metal atoms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U metal atoms to
+move okay so they will migrate uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so they will migrate uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so they will migrate uh with
+the current flow or with the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow or with the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow or with the electron
+flow and you'll get you can very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you'll get you can very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you'll get you can very often
+get voiding especially in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get voiding especially in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get voiding especially in these
+particular locations where the the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular locations where the the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular locations where the the wire
+gets thinner and thinner and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thinner and thinner and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thinner and thinner and ultimately
+in fact may may be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open but again maybe it's okay maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open but again maybe it's okay maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open but again maybe it's okay maybe
+you've got enough l itude you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got enough l itude you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got enough l itude you're not
+really pushing High current through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushing High current through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushing High current through
+there so so one kind of side message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so one kind of side message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so one kind of side message
+here is you never want particles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you never want particles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you never want particles you
+always want to minimize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to minimize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to minimize the number of
+particles and the and the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the and the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the and the opportunity
+for failure but the other message of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for failure but the other message of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for failure but the other message of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+is how bad they are kind of depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how bad they are kind of depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how bad they are kind of depend on
+particulars of your circuit and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars of your circuit and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars of your circuit and your
+specifications so we'll actually talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications so we'll actually talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications so we'll actually talk a
+little bit about some of the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the tools that
+have evolved to be able to analyze uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved to be able to analyze uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved to be able to analyze uh
+some of those sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those sorts of things
+so I've talked a lot about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've talked a lot about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've talked a lot about you know
+opens and or or I guess short circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens and or or I guess short circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens and or or I guess short circuits
+here you might lead to an open circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you might lead to an open circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you might lead to an open circuit
+um in terms of uh losing a conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of uh losing a conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of uh losing a conductive
+path but there's also a lot of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but there's also a lot of other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but there's also a lot of other uh
+kinds of failures that where where dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures that where where dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of failures that where where dust
+particles or other defects might U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or other defects might U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or other defects might U
+impact the device operation so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the device operation so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the device operation so that you
+get failure and it may not always be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get failure and it may not always be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get failure and it may not always be it
+it could be for example in an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be for example in an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be for example in an active
+device where where you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where where you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where where you've got uh
+perturbation of transistor parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of transistor parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of transistor parameters
+not necessarily just a short or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yield the very qualitatively yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the very qualitatively yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the very qualitatively yield is
+the percentage of Parts meeting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of Parts meeting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of Parts meeting some
+specification or set of specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification or set of specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification or set of specification
+but what we often do in ic uh yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we often do in ic uh yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we often do in ic uh yield
+terminology is look at different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology is look at different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology is look at different points
+in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+flow or different points of testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow or different points of testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow or different points of testing and
+we'll differentiate the yield in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll differentiate the yield in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll differentiate the yield in some
+cases that way and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that way and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that way and the other is
+we'll sometimes break down what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sometimes break down what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sometimes break down what kind of
+uh uh yield losses or what size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh yield losses or what size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh yield losses or what size of a
+bucket we're talking about uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket we're talking about uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket we're talking about uh for for
+thinking about yield by size of a bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yield by size of a bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yield by size of a bucket
+what what we've got in semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we've got in semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we've got in semiconductor
+manufacturing is a and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is a and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is a and many other
+manufacturing processes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes a very
+hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+spatially as well as temporally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially as well as temporally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially as well as temporally uh
+structure what I mean by that is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what I mean by that is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what I mean by that is we've
+got within the Fab many different lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got within the Fab many different lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got within the Fab many different lots
+of Wafers each Lot maybe's 25 Wafers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wafers each Lot maybe's 25 Wafers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wafers each Lot maybe's 25 Wafers uh
+being processed uh together within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being processed uh together within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being processed uh together within each
+lot I've got you know of those 25 Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I've got you know of those 25 Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I've got you know of those 25 Wafers
+I pull out one wafer and I've got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pull out one wafer and I've got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pull out one wafer and I've got what
+50 to thousands of chips on it so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to thousands of chips on it so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to thousands of chips on it so I can
+talk about yield in terms of well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield in terms of well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about yield in terms of well what
+fraction of lots make it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of lots make it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of lots make it through the
+line you know it's possible I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know it's possible I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know it's possible I might
+scrap a whole lot of Wafers or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap a whole lot of Wafers or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap a whole lot of Wafers or what
+fraction of the Wafers within the lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the Wafers within the lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the Wafers within the lot
+make it through I might have a dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through I might have a dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through I might have a dropped
+wafer and you might break it or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and you might break it or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and you might break it or other
+kinds of uh uh sort of large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh uh sort of large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh uh sort of large scale
+mechanical failure along the line you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical failure along the line you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical failure along the line you're
+not going to scrap the whole lot if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to scrap the whole lot if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to scrap the whole lot if one
+wafer breaks but uh um so sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer breaks but uh um so sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer breaks but uh um so sort of the
+the actual kind of percentage of Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual kind of percentage of Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual kind of percentage of Wafers
+that make it to the end of the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it to the end of the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it to the end of the line and
+that's just sort of mechanically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of mechanically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of mechanically have
+the Wafers made it to the end then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wafers made it to the end then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wafers made it to the end then you
+can start looking and saying okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start looking and saying okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start looking and saying okay what
+fraction of those Wafers appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those Wafers appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of those Wafers appear to be
+coarsely or grossly within spec and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarsely or grossly within spec and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarsely or grossly within spec and then
+similarly start looking at the Dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly start looking at the Dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly start looking at the Dy and
+say which of the Dy are uh likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which of the Dy are uh likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which of the Dy are uh likely to be
+able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh
+function what percentage of die yield do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what percentage of die yield do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what percentage of die yield do
+I I have before I go and I invest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have before I go and I invest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have before I go and I invest the
+two hours of intense burn in and testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours of intense burn in and testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours of intense burn in and testing
+for each of those chips and packaging of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those chips and packaging of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those chips and packaging of
+each of those chips I might then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those chips I might then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those chips I might then also
+want to do some onchip electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some onchip electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some onchip electrical
+testing and then once it's packaged I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and then once it's packaged I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and then once it's packaged I
+might do full functional testing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do full functional testing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do full functional testing at
+speed to try to determine which fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to try to determine which fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to try to determine which fraction
+of those are working so we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are working so we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are working so we've got some
+of these different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different different
+terminologies here so wafer yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies here so wafer yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies here so wafer yield is
+just uh actually let me me go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh actually let me me go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh actually let me me go to the
+next picture um this sort of graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next picture um this sort of graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next picture um this sort of graphically
+defines some of these uh these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines some of these uh these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines some of these uh these different
+yields um we've kind of drawn the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields um we've kind of drawn the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields um we've kind of drawn the wafer
+Fab itself the sequence of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab itself the sequence of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab itself the sequence of the uh
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+steps uh shown up above and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh shown up above and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh shown up above and very often
+inline tests are being performed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline tests are being performed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline tests are being performed all the
+all the time not necessarily on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time not necessarily on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time not necessarily on every
+piece of equipment or or uh test of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment or or uh test of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment or or uh test of the
+wafer after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer after every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer after every
+individual uh Fab step but one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh Fab step but one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh Fab step but one will be
+making measurements at various points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making measurements at various points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making measurements at various points
+along along the flow to check on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along along the flow to check on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along along the flow to check on the
+status of the wafer as well as check on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the wafer as well as check on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the wafer as well as check on
+the status of the equipment one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status of the equipment one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status of the equipment one might
+also have some amount of real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some amount of real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some amount of real-time
+measurements actually on the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements actually on the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements actually on the equipment
+itself and and a a whole additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and and a a whole additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and and a a whole additional
+problem is correlating equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is correlating equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is correlating equipment
+measurements to what's happening on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to what's happening on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to what's happening on on
+the wafer that's especially useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer that's especially useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer that's especially useful for
+debug but it tends not not to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug but it tends not not to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug but it tends not not to be used
+directly for yield calculations so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly for yield calculations so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly for yield calculations so it is
+possible that as you're coming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that as you're coming along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that as you're coming along
+here you may scrap out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you may scrap out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you may scrap out
+Wafers uh based on some of the inline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers uh based on some of the inline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers uh based on some of the inline
+tests then what's often referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then what's often referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then what's often referred to as
+the backend although it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backend although it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backend although it's kind of
+confusing because front end and backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because front end and backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because front end and backend
+can mean different things depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean different things depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean different things depending on
+who you're talking to in an IC Fab um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're talking to in an IC Fab um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're talking to in an IC Fab um if
+you're within the IC Fab often they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within the IC Fab often they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within the IC Fab often they'll
+talk front-end processing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk front-end processing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk front-end processing as the
+transistor formation and back end as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor formation and back end as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor formation and back end as the
+interconnect formation but once you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect formation but once you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect formation but once you kind
+of emerge out of the Fab itself itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emerge out of the Fab itself itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emerge out of the Fab itself itself
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+testing that's also referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that's also referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that's also referred to as the
+as the back end once the wafer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the back end once the wafer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the back end once the wafer is
+finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+its uh fabrication and is now going both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh fabrication and is now going both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh fabrication and is now going both
+in the testing and then dicing up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing and then dicing up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing and then dicing up into
+um uh individual chips for packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh individual chips for packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh individual chips for packaging
+that's also referred to as the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also referred to as the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also referred to as the back end
+so we've got some wafer Fab we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got some wafer Fab we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got some wafer Fab we've got
+wafer yield that may be those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer yield that may be those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer yield that may be those those
+Wafers that make it through the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers that make it through the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers that make it through the very
+coarse electrical test uh then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse electrical test uh then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarse electrical test uh then you do a
+more detailed functional test on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed functional test on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed functional test on each
+die and as pictured here the die yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and as pictured here the die yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and as pictured here the die yield
+or functional yield would be those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or functional yield would be those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or functional yield would be those
+fraction that are making it through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that are making it through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that are making it through um
+uh those set of a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those set of a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those set of a little bit more
+elaborate functional tests now you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate functional tests now you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate functional tests now you go
+ahead and package up those just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and package up those just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and package up those just those
+chips that are uh successfully P passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that are uh successfully P passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that are uh successfully P passing
+those tests test and then you might do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests test and then you might do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests test and then you might do a
+binning or parametric test on on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning or parametric test on on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning or parametric test on on all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chips okay there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips okay there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips okay there is
+another additional failure Point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another additional failure Point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another additional failure Point that's
+really important and this distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and this distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and this distinction
+between yield and reliability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between yield and reliability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between yield and reliability is a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+fuzzy right we've got die yield as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy right we've got die yield as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy right we've got die yield as being
+sort of the full parametric die yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the full parametric die yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the full parametric die yield is
+those chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chips
+that need all the specification you ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need all the specification you ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need all the specification you ship
+them to the customer they go into parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the customer they go into parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the customer they go into parts
+and three months later they fail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three months later they fail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three months later they fail in the
+field that's also a yield loss in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's also a yield loss in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's also a yield loss in some
+sense it's more described as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's more described as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's more described as a a
+reliability loss but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability loss but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability loss but
+that's that sort of field loss can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that sort of field loss can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that sort of field loss can be
+really bad right you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad right you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad right you really want to
+avoid that because the cost Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that because the cost Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that because the cost Association
+Associated typically with dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated typically with dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated typically with dealing with
+INF field failures is is is is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF field failures is is is is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF field failures is is is is very high
+what's interesting is very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is very often
+and I'm not going to talk too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to talk too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to talk too much about
+it here but uh what's what's very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but uh what's what's very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but uh what's what's very often
+the case is there is a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is there is a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is there is a relationship
+between reliability failures and yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between reliability failures and yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between reliability failures and yield
+loss sources back in the in the Fab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss sources back in the in the Fab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss sources back in the in the Fab and
+this the intuition is not that that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the intuition is not that that hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the intuition is not that that hard
+to imagine we even talked about it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine we even talked about it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine we even talked about it back
+on this in this picture right if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in this picture right if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in this picture right if if I
+have a a low yielding process because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a low yielding process because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a low yielding process because on
+a critical metal layer I've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical metal layer I've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical metal layer I've got lots of
+Point defects leading to these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects leading to these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects leading to these kinds of
+problems it might survive through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it might survive through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it might survive through the
+test but that problem of say electrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but that problem of say electrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but that problem of say electrom
+migration might be more prone to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration might be more prone to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration might be more prone to occur
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+field so in general actually uh uh yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so in general actually uh uh yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so in general actually uh uh yield
+problems in the Fab can actually be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the Fab can actually be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the Fab can actually be a
+great warning signal that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great warning signal that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great warning signal that you may have
+ultimate uh reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate uh reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate uh reliability
+failures so what we want to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so what we want to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so what we want to do is try to
+get a get a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a get a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a get a handle
+on ways to model uh and understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ways to model uh and understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ways to model uh and understand the
+yield loss and be able to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss and be able to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss and be able to make some
+predictions not just for based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions not just for based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions not just for based on
+historical data for product a but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for product a but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for product a but also
+make some predictions for product B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some predictions for product B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some predictions for product B on
+your line what you might expect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line what you might expect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your line what you might expect of the
+yield loss to be uh what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss to be uh what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss to be uh what's interesting
+here is we've done so much with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've done so much with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we've done so much with the
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+distribution um this is a great case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this is a great case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this is a great case
+where the the normal distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the normal distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the normal distribution is
+generally not the operative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not the operative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not the operative distribution
+that the probability uh functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability uh functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability uh functions of the
+binomial and Pon statistics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and Pon statistics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial and Pon statistics are
+typically more at work with random kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically more at work with random kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically more at work with random kinds
+of Point failures so we'll review that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point failures so we'll review that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point failures so we'll review that
+just uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh real
+briefly and then what I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and then what I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and then what I think is really
+interesting is the spatial nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the spatial nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the spatial nature of
+some of these kinds of defect processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these kinds of defect processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these kinds of defect processes
+this area dependence so we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area dependence so we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area dependence so we want to talk
+about how uh you what some of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how uh you what some of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how uh you what some of the basic
+modeling Roes are for area dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling Roes are for area dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling Roes are for area dependent
+failures so earlier in the semester we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so earlier in the semester we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so earlier in the semester we
+already talked about the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about the binomial
+distribution I think this may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I think this may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I think this may be the
+same same slide or almost the same slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same slide or almost the same slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same slide or almost the same slide
+remember the U binomial distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the U binomial distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the U binomial distribution is
+kind of a nice one dealing with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice one dealing with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice one dealing with just
+this notion of success or failure so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of success or failure so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of success or failure so if
+I have a point defect that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a point defect that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a point defect that leads to
+success or failure with some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success or failure with some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success or failure with some probability
+p and I've got now lots of opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and I've got now lots of opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and I've got now lots of opportunities
+for that failure and in trials for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that failure and in trials for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that failure and in trials for that
+particular failure or success then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular failure or success then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular failure or success then we
+can count up or associate uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count up or associate uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count up or associate uh uh the
+probability of uh some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of uh some number of
+successes x uh using a a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes x uh using a a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes x uh using a a binomial
+distribution um this very often is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this very often is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um this very often is in
+fact probably the most important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact probably the most important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact probably the most important uh
+underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+function it and its approximation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it and its approximation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it and its approximation on the
+next slide for thinking about ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide for thinking about ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide for thinking about ways to
+aggregate when I've got multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate when I've got multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate when I've got multiple
+opportunities or multiple structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities or multiple structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities or multiple structures and
+I want to estimate given my probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to estimate given my probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to estimate given my probability
+that any one say any one chip on a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any one say any one chip on a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any one say any one chip on a wafer
+is bad assuming they were uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad assuming they were uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad assuming they were uncorrelated
+just due to random defects what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to random defects what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to random defects what is the
+probability that in a wafer with 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in a wafer with 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in a wafer with 100
+chips on it I would have 95 96 or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips on it I would have 95 96 or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips on it I would have 95 96 or better
+number of chips actually coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chips actually coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chips actually coming out
+what's my probability associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my probability associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my probability associated with a
+yield of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of at least
+95% on that and that falls out directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% on that and that falls out directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% on that and that falls out directly
+from from a binomial a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a binomial a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a binomial a binomial
+distribution um you could add up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um you could add up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um you could add up then
+the probabilities of f with X being 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of f with X being 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of f with X being 95
+96 97 98 99 100 and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go now the pon distribution we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now the pon distribution we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now the pon distribution we also
+talked about and um this is a a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and um this is a a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and um this is a a a good
+when we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have in
+particular very large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular very large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular very large numbers of
+opportunities for failure but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for failure but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for failure but the
+failure probability for any one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure probability for any one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure probability for any one of those
+occurring is ex is exceptionally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring is ex is exceptionally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring is ex is exceptionally small
+so we'll talk about this especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about this especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about this especially when
+we're talking about say the tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about say the tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about say the tens of
+thousands or millions of devices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or millions of devices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or millions of devices or
+structures within an individual chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures within an individual chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures within an individual chip
+typically binomial the probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically binomial the probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically binomial the probabilities of
+failure for any one chiper are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for any one chiper are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for any one chiper are fairly
+large and the numbers of chips on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and the numbers of chips on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and the numbers of chips on the on
+the wafer are fairly fairly moderate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer are fairly fairly moderate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer are fairly fairly moderate so
+you can directly use the binomial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can directly use the binomial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can directly use the binomial but
+when we start to talk about um very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start to talk about um very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start to talk about um very very
+small probabilities of failure the Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probabilities of failure the Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probabilities of failure the Bon
+ends up being very very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being very very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being very very interesting and
+this is the case also where you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case also where you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case also where you start to
+not just think about discreet failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just think about discreet failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just think about discreet failure
+opportunities but it's more useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities but it's more useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities but it's more useful to
+think about sort of a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of a failure
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+Lambda so for example what is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so for example what is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so for example what is if you
+have a particular failure rate per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular failure rate per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular failure rate per unit
+area just as with queuing systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just as with queuing systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just as with queuing systems you
+have a an opportunity for arrival per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an opportunity for arrival per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an opportunity for arrival per
+unit time now think I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time now think I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time now think I've got the
+opportunity for an arrival of a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for an arrival of a defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for an arrival of a defect
+per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+area how does the probability then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area how does the probability then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area how does the probability then for
+different areas give rise to uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas give rise to uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas give rise to uh uh the
+different probabilities of of of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probabilities of of of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probabilities of of of certain
+numbers of uh successes or failures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of uh successes or failures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of uh successes or failures so
+this ends up being very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being very useful for
+defect oriented area dependent oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect oriented area dependent oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect oriented area dependent oriented
+uh modeling very often it's also great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modeling very often it's also great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modeling very often it's also great
+for any other case where you've got just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other case where you've got just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other case where you've got just
+a large number of discrete failures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of discrete failures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of discrete failures and
+a typical one that we'll uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical one that we'll uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical one that we'll uh talk about
+are things like via yield failures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like via yield failures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like via yield failures or
+contact yield failures these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact yield failures these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact yield failures these are the
+little electrical connections from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electrical connections from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electrical connections from one
+layer to the next next in the wiring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to the next next in the wiring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to the next next in the wiring or
+from the wiring down to the transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wiring down to the transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wiring down to the transistor
+level you can imagine any one uh metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you can imagine any one uh metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you can imagine any one uh metal
+layer may have millions to perhaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer may have millions to perhaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer may have millions to perhaps in
+some layers uh billions of these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some layers uh billions of these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some layers uh billions of these the
+opportunity for failure of any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for failure of any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for failure of any one of
+those is exceptionally small but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is exceptionally small but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is exceptionally small but you've
+got a heck of a lot of them and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a heck of a lot of them and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a heck of a lot of them and so then
+you might want to ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to ask what's the
+probability of having perfect operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having perfect operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having perfect operation
+within that so I saw a hand somewh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that so I saw a hand somewh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that so I saw a hand somewh is
+there a question great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question great
+great okay so we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so we're going to be using
+those and here in fact here's a a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and here in fact here's a a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and here in fact here's a a here
+is the Via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Via
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um we could use the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use the binomial
+distribution well first give let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well first give let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well first give let me give
+you a couple of definitions here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of definitions here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of definitions here so so
+we're looking say at one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking say at one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking say at one particular
+metal layer and the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal layer and the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal layer and the probability of
+failure for any one via is exceptionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for any one via is exceptionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for any one via is exceptionally
+small we'll call that P of V okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we'll call that P of V okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we'll call that P of V okay
+probability of failure for that however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure for that however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure for that however
+again we have n opportunities or n v uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have n opportunities or n v uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have n opportunities or n v uh
+uh Vias in each layer of the chip so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vias in each layer of the chip so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vias in each layer of the chip so you
+might want to ask the question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to ask the question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to ask the question well
+what's the probability that I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I have one
+via failure then I have 10 I have via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via failure then I have 10 I have via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via failure then I have 10 I have via
+failures in some range or ultimately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures in some range or ultimately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures in some range or ultimately you
+want to really ask the question what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really ask the question what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really ask the question what's
+the probability I have zero via failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability I have zero via failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability I have zero via failures
+so I don't have any wiring problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have any wiring problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have any wiring problems on
+on the chip right one could go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chip right one could go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chip right one could go ahead and
+directly use the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly use the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly use the binomial
+distribution um alternatively what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um alternatively what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um alternatively what we
+can start to think of is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to think of is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to think of is what is a
+failure rate or the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate or the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate or the average number of
+total via failures Lambda V for those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total via failures Lambda V for those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total via failures Lambda V for those uh
+VAs on a on a on a layer so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAs on a on a on a layer so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAs on a on a on a layer so here we're
+essentially what the heck happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the heck happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the heck happened
+that's supposed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be an
+equals um so this failure rate is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals um so this failure rate is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals um so this failure rate is simply
+the product of the opportunities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the opportunities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the opportunities and the
+individual failure which gives you per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual failure which gives you per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual failure which gives you per
+chip now this failure rate what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip now this failure rate what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip now this failure rate what is the
+average number of failures via failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of failures via failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of failures via failures
+per chip for that layer and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per chip for that layer and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per chip for that layer and now you can
+use the pan distribution again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pan distribution again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pan distribution again because
+the conditions of uh very small P very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of uh very small P very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of uh very small P very
+large n uh and just plugging in we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n uh and just plugging in we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n uh and just plugging in we've
+got this expression here and again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this expression here and again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this expression here and again what
+I said is what we're really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is what we're really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is what we're really interested
+in is the probability that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the probability that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the probability that the whole
+chip is good that none of these via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is good that none of these via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is good that none of these via
+failures are catastrophic none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures are catastrophic none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures are catastrophic none of them
+occur and so I'm really looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so I'm really looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so I'm really looking for the
+probability that x equals zero I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals zero I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals zero I have
+zero vo failures with an average number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vo failures with an average number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vo failures with an average number
+of failures of three per chip I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures of three per chip I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures of three per chip I'd like
+to know well what's the likelihood then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know well what's the likelihood then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know well what's the likelihood then
+what's my probability that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my probability that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my probability that the whole
+chip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is
+good it's not zero it's not 100% because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's not zero it's not 100% because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's not zero it's not 100% because
+on average I've got three defects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average I've got three defects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average I've got three defects or
+three V failures per chip but I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three V failures per chip but I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three V failures per chip but I've got
+some out there in a in a tail that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some out there in a in a tail that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some out there in a in a tail that that
+are still going to be good and so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still going to be good and so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still going to be good and so even
+with nonzero zero failure rates in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nonzero zero failure rates in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nonzero zero failure rates in fact
+it's hard to imagine that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine that you have a
+full zero failure rate right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full zero failure rate right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full zero failure rate right you can
+still have good chips now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have good chips now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have good chips now of course
+you'd like like Lambda to be perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like like Lambda to be perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like like Lambda to be perhaps
+less than one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one on
+average but now we can we can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but now we can we can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but now we can we can basically
+use pan statistics to Aggregate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pan statistics to Aggregate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pan statistics to Aggregate and
+calculate uh given individual failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh given individual failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh given individual failure
+likelihoods or failure rates what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods or failure rates what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods or failure rates what the
+probabilities are that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are that the whole
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+Works question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here ised Less in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ised Less in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ised Less in this
+case right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right right
+um in fact what this has already done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact what this has already done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact what this has already done is
+multiplied by the area and so the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the area and so the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the area and so the area
+multiplication here was per chip so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here was per chip so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here was per chip so um
+you ultimately get to some per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ultimately get to some per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ultimately get to some per unit
+unitless so Lambda is is uh is unitless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless so Lambda is is uh is unitless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless so Lambda is is uh is unitless
+in this in this case we'll see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this case we'll see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this case we'll see other
+examples when we do some other area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples when we do some other area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples when we do some other area
+dependencies uh where where you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies uh where where you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies uh where where you might be
+looking within the chip and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking within the chip and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking within the chip and actually
+explicitly adding in or calculating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly adding in or calculating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly adding in or calculating some
+area and and then multiplying sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and and then multiplying sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and and then multiplying sort of
+the failure per unit area times the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure per unit area times the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure per unit area times the area
+that you're sensitive to to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sensitive to to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sensitive to to get to a
+Lambda like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda like
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+okay um this is just a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this is just a little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this is just a little example
+I'm I'm actually not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm actually not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm actually not going to go through
+it that's just working through the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's just working through the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's just working through the two
+cases for the binomial and Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for the binomial and Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for the binomial and Pon
+distributions particularly in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions particularly in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions particularly in the case
+when uh n is large and PV is small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh n is large and PV is small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh n is large and PV is small so
+this is just looking at the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just looking at the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just looking at the particular
+binomial distribution when X is0 or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution when X is0 or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution when X is0 or the
+Pan distribution for x equal 0 for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pan distribution for x equal 0 for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pan distribution for x equal 0 for no
+failures in the two cases and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures in the two cases and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures in the two cases and just
+showing that for small Lambda or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that for small Lambda or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that for small Lambda or for
+small um PV they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um PV they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um PV they
+both uh go to the same approximate uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result so we have our simplest yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so we have our simplest yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so we have our simplest yield
+model we have the binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we have the binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we have the binomial distribution
+which you might use for for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might use for for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might use for for example
+aggregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating
+chip U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip U
+yield we've got via kinds of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield we've got via kinds of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield we've got via kinds of individual
+uh failure models so per component or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh failure models so per component or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh failure models so per component or a
+failure rate and how to aggregate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate and how to aggregate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate and how to aggregate those
+on a per unit or per area basis but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per unit or per area basis but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per unit or per area basis but I do
+want to get actually to exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get actually to exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get actually to exactly the
+question you just you just asked how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just you just asked how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just you just asked how do
+we get around or how do we get our minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get around or how do we get our minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get around or how do we get our minds
+around the situation when I've got those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the situation when I've got those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the situation when I've got those
+little dust particles falling on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dust particles falling on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dust particles falling on some
+area and I'm trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and I'm trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and I'm trying to understand the
+area dependence uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area dependence uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area dependence uh of the
+circuit and so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and so what we're going to do is
+actually want to build a yield model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to build a yield model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to build a yield model
+that's a little bit more broken out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more broken out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more broken out that
+explicitly allows us to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly allows us to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly allows us to make predictions
+based on the area of the circuit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the area of the circuit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the area of the circuit the
+area of opportunity for these failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of opportunity for these failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of opportunity for these failures
+and a defect density or knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a defect density or knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a defect density or knowledge about
+the number of defects on average per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of defects on average per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of defects on average per
+unit area that we are likely to have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area that we are likely to have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area that we are likely to have and
+the reason is if you think about it if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is if you think about it if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is if you think about it if a
+chip gets bigger and bigger it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip gets bigger and bigger it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip gets bigger and bigger it's got
+larger area and if it's only takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area and if it's only takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area and if it's only takes one
+defect to fail the larger it becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect to fail the larger it becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect to fail the larger it becomes the
+more likely that chip is to fail so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that chip is to fail so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that chip is to fail so one
+key driver in this that interacts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key driver in this that interacts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key driver in this that interacts a
+little bit with design is how big can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with design is how big can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with design is how big can I
+make the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the chip
+without incurring undue yield loss just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring undue yield loss just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring undue yield loss just
+because I'm going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to have some
+likelihood of defects per unit area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of defects per unit area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of defects per unit area so
+we want to understand that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand that that that
+interplay and one interesting we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay and one interesting we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay and one interesting we'll
+start with just sort of overall area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with just sort of overall area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with just sort of overall area but
+quickly get to this notion of a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get to this notion of a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get to this notion of a critical
+area on the chip which is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area on the chip which is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area on the chip which is really just
+that area where the defect has to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area where the defect has to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area where the defect has to fall
+or a particle has to fall in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particle has to fall in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particle has to fall in order for
+it to actually be a defect and cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to actually be a defect and cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to actually be a defect and cause an
+electrical open or a short or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical open or a short or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical open or a short or some other
+uh uh fault some other failure in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh fault some other failure in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh fault some other failure in the in
+in the circuit so how might we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circuit so how might we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the circuit so how might we go about
+modeling these well first to help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these well first to help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these well first to help with
+the sort of the mental model here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the mental model here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the mental model here with
+spatial defects we're going to make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial defects we're going to make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial defects we're going to make in
+the simplest yield Model A few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest yield Model A few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest yield Model A few
+assumptions and then I'll show you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then I'll show you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then I'll show you over
+the the course of time some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course of time some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course of time some of the
+improved versions of these defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved versions of these defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved versions of these defect
+oriented models that have arrived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented models that have arrived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented models that have arrived that
+account for a little bit more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for a little bit more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for a little bit more or
+additional effects or or relax a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional effects or or relax a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional effects or or relax a few of
+these assumptions so what I've pictured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions so what I've pictured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions so what I've pictured
+here it does show up is uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it does show up is uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it does show up is uh you know a
+wafer with some number of chips on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer with some number of chips on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer with some number of chips on it
+and um I don't know 150 uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I don't know 150 uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I don't know 150 uh different
+chips and a splattering of a few little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and a splattering of a few little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and a splattering of a few little
+red uh particles and in fact I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh particles and in fact I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh particles and in fact I'll call
+these these actually are defects each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these actually are defects each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these actually are defects each
+one of these red particles Falls in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these red particles Falls in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these red particles Falls in a
+place that causes a failure some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that causes a failure some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that causes a failure some kind of
+a short they're big enough that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short they're big enough that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short they're big enough that they
+they actually short things out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually short things out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually short things out and you
+can start to see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to see you know
+uh essentially an assumption here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially an assumption here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially an assumption here is
+that each one of these defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each one of these defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each one of these defects
+corresponds to killing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to killing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to killing one
+chip okay in this in this simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip okay in this in this simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip okay in this in this simple model
+some other assumptions are they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other assumptions are they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other assumptions are they are in
+fact randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact randomly
+distributed by Pon kinds of Statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed by Pon kinds of Statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed by Pon kinds of Statistics
+okay they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're also
+randomly spatially distributed knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly spatially distributed knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly spatially distributed knowing
+where one defect is tells you nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one defect is tells you nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one defect is tells you nothing
+about where another defect is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where another defect is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where another defect is okay so
+they are spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are spatially
+uncorrelated so those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so those are some of the
+initial assumptions and under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assumptions and under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assumptions and under those
+assumptions um what has been observed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um what has been observed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um what has been observed is
+a very interesting or or or natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting or or or natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting or or or natural
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+between the density you know D the num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the density you know D the num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the density you know D the num
+average number per unit area of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number per unit area of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number per unit area of defects
+in this case I've got what 1 2 3 4 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I've got what 1 2 3 4 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I've got what 1 2 3 4 six
+eight eight defects here per the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight eight defects here per the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight eight defects here per the total
+unit area of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area of the of the
+wafer and the number of or percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and the number of or percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and the number of or percentage of
+chips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that
+fail depending on the area of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chip and it's pretty obvious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and it's pretty obvious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and it's pretty obvious right
+especially espcially if I go to extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially espcially if I go to extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially espcially if I go to extremes
+what if the area of my chip were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the area of my chip were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the area of my chip were the
+area of the entire wafer I had one chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the entire wafer I had one chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the entire wafer I had one chip
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+wafer with this you know if I if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer with this you know if I if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer with this you know if I if I had
+sort of eight defects on average per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eight defects on average per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eight defects on average per
+wafer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer that
+means pretty much every wafer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means pretty much every wafer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means pretty much every wafer every
+every time I'm going to for sure have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I'm going to for sure have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I'm going to for sure have
+most likely at least one defect and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely at least one defect and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely at least one defect and my
+yield is going to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is going to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is going to be extremely
+low at some point though my chip size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low at some point though my chip size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low at some point though my chip size
+gets small enough that this Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets small enough that this Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets small enough that this Assumption
+of every defect killing only one chip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every defect killing only one chip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every defect killing only one chip is
+a very good one right and then I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good one right and then I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good one right and then I kind of
+saturate out to basically a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate out to basically a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate out to basically a relationship
+that's very close to um just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to um just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to um just being
+determined by by counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by by counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by by counting the number of
+defects I have per unit area and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I have per unit area and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I have per unit area and what
+was done and this is either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done and this is either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done and this is either in the
+stapper paper or referred to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stapper paper or referred to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stapper paper or referred to another
+another paper from stapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper from stapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper from stapper
+is very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very early
+on uh this dependence on the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh this dependence on the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh this dependence on the chip
+area and the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the percentage
+functioning was observed and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning was observed and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning was observed and it was
+observed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to be
+exponential so this is empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is empirical
+observation that gives Credence to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that gives Credence to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that gives Credence to this
+notion of the pan statistics are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the pan statistics are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the pan statistics are really
+what's at work that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at work that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at work that exponential
+dependence on on area and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on on area and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on on area and what he
+basically found is that as the chip area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically found is that as the chip area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically found is that as the chip area
+in square millimet went up the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in square millimet went up the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in square millimet went up the yield
+went down right so when the chip area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down right so when the chip area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down right so when the chip area
+was small enough very close to 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was small enough very close to 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was small enough very close to 100%
+yield and then this is on a log scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and then this is on a log scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and then this is on a log scale
+right notice this is on a log scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notice this is on a log scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notice this is on a log scale so
+there appeared to be roughly a on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appeared to be roughly a on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appeared to be roughly a on the on
+the log scale a linear decrease in yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log scale a linear decrease in yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log scale a linear decrease in yield
+as the wafer area or excuse me as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wafer area or excuse me as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wafer area or excuse me as the
+chip area increased right so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip area increased right so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip area increased right so that it
+kind of an exponential dependence and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an exponential dependence and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an exponential dependence and so
+very early on the first model that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on the first model that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on the first model that was
+really used was a Pon defect model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used was a Pon defect model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really used was a Pon defect model that
+basically treated each defect as a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treated each defect as a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treated each defect as a point
+said again these same assumptions each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said again these same assumptions each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said again these same assumptions each
+defect results in a fault and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect results in a fault and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect results in a fault and these
+things are spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are spatially
+uncorrelated so then what you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so then what you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so then what you can really
+do is start to say for any circuit any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start to say for any circuit any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start to say for any circuit any
+chip with some critical area a subc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip with some critical area a subc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip with some critical area a subc so
+that's the area within the chip that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the area within the chip that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the area within the chip that's
+sensitive to the falling of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the falling of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the falling of of these
+particles maybe AC is equal to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles maybe AC is equal to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles maybe AC is equal to the whole
+chip area maybe not and some defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip area maybe not and some defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip area maybe not and some defect
+density then the yield is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential e to Theus AC time D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to Theus AC time D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to Theus AC time D and
+recognize sort of that AC time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize sort of that AC time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize sort of that AC time a
+d that gives rise to something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d that gives rise to something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d that gives rise to something like a
+Lambda parameter a a failure rate kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda parameter a a failure rate kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda parameter a a failure rate kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+parameter now he did a little bit um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter now he did a little bit um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter now he did a little bit um U
+sort of further breakdown here which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of further breakdown here which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of further breakdown here which I'm
+not going to go too much into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go too much into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go too much into this
+actually distinguishes between a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distinguishes between a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually distinguishes between a given
+circuit and then the whole chip which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and then the whole chip which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and then the whole chip which
+might have n circuits on it looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have n circuits on it looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have n circuits on it looking
+individually at each critical circuit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually at each critical circuit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually at each critical circuit on
+the chip you could say for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip you could say for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip you could say for that
+particular circuit the wiring pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circuit the wiring pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circuit the wiring pattern
+say of that particular circuit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of that particular circuit for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of that particular circuit for a
+metal layer what is the critical area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal layer what is the critical area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal layer what is the critical area a
+subc for that layer and you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc for that layer and you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc for that layer and you can get the
+yield statistics for for metal layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield statistics for for metal layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield statistics for for metal layer
+three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for
+circuit maybe it's uh you know uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit maybe it's uh you know uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit maybe it's uh you know uh the
+adder circuit in the upper left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder circuit in the upper left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder circuit in the upper left corner
+of of the device or or of the Chip And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the device or or of the Chip And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the device or or of the Chip And
+then if you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have in
+circuits each with a critical area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits each with a critical area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits each with a critical area a
+subc for all of them to work you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc for all of them to work you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc for all of them to work you've just
+got a multiplicative probability so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a multiplicative probability so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a multiplicative probability so that
+your yield is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yield is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yield is a
+multiplicative uh uh yield factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative uh uh yield factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative uh uh yield factor for
+all of those uh individual circuits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those uh individual circuits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those uh individual circuits so
+you can read this as your yield for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this as your yield for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this as your yield for an
+individual circuit just to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual circuit just to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual circuit just to the to the
+nth power right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power right
+okay and so what they're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what they're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what they're doing here is
+just simply aggregating and saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply aggregating and saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply aggregating and saying the
+total critical area might be across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total critical area might be across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total critical area might be across all
+of your circuits if each one of them had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your circuits if each one of them had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your circuits if each one of them had
+an equal area a subc the total area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal area a subc the total area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal area a subc the total area
+would be just the product and time AC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just the product and time AC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just the product and time AC or
+you might do a summation you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do a summation you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do a summation you might
+simply add up all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply add up all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply add up all of the different
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+okay now an expansion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now an expansion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now an expansion on
+this starts to pull in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to pull in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to pull in a little bit more
+statistics and in particular one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and in particular one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and in particular one of the
+really interesting statistics is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting statistics is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting statistics is an
+observation that not every wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that not every wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that not every wafer
+observes the same defect density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes the same defect density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observes the same defect density that
+there in fact is a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in fact is a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in fact is a probability density
+function associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function associated with
+the defect density some Wafers might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defect density some Wafers might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defect density some Wafers might see
+larger numbers of defect per unit area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers of defect per unit area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers of defect per unit area
+other Wafers may see fewer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Wafers may see fewer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Wafers may see fewer in the
+natural operation you've got the Fab as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operation you've got the Fab as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operation you've got the Fab as
+clean as you can make it there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean as you can make it there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean as you can make it there's still a
+range of different defect densities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different defect densities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different defect densities you
+expect on any one wafer okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect on any one wafer okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect on any one wafer okay so the
+first extension is to uh characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extension is to uh characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extension is to uh characterize
+the the probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probability density function
+associated with defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defect density
+just number of defects per unit area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just number of defects per unit area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just number of defects per unit area and
+now you can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can integrate
+up what your expected yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what your expected yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what your expected yield is
+accounting for the fact that I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the fact that I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the fact that I've got a
+a whole range of or a whole PDF for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole range of or a whole PDF for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole range of or a whole PDF for
+different defect densities and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different defect densities and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different defect densities and so the
+first extension here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extension here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extension here
+is uh referred to as the Murphy yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh referred to as the Murphy yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh referred to as the Murphy yield
+model as discussed again in me Spanos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as discussed again in me Spanos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as discussed again in me Spanos
+and all we do is we we have for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we do is we we have for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we do is we we have for any
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+we have our Pon yield model and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our Pon yield model and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our Pon yield model and then I'm
+simply averaging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply averaging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply averaging that
+over my PDF right so I'm integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my PDF right so I'm integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my PDF right so I'm integrating
+that over all possible defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over all possible defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over all possible defect
+densities now we can get back to the pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities now we can get back to the pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities now we can get back to the pon
+yield model and now we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield model and now we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield model and now we actually
+recognize that that's the special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that's the special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that's the special case
+when we assume there's only one defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we assume there's only one defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we assume there's only one defect
+density and applies to every wafer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and applies to every wafer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and applies to every wafer that
+is our PDF our f f of D is just a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our PDF our f f of D is just a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our PDF our f f of D is just a Delta
+function all of the all of the defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all of the all of the defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all of the all of the defects
+are at D so we can recover and get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at D so we can recover and get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at D so we can recover and get back
+to our pron yield model but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our pron yield model but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our pron yield model but what's
+interesting now is depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now is depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now is depending on the
+statistics associated with defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics associated with defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics associated with defect
+densities I might end up with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities I might end up with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities I might end up with different
+final yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final yield
+formulas and so a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so a number of different
+whoops yield uh uh distributions PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops yield uh uh distributions PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops yield uh uh distributions PDFs
+associated with defect density have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defect density have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defect density have been
+explored and then some empirical fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and then some empirical fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and then some empirical fits
+done to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to data
+uh yield data to try to see which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yield data to try to see which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yield data to try to see which which
+matched a little bit better and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched a little bit better and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched a little bit better and what's
+nice is there are at least a few PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is there are at least a few PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is there are at least a few PDFs
+that if you plug them into that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you plug them into that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you plug them into that integral
+you can to have a closed form solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to have a closed form solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to have a closed form solution
+so for example if you have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you have a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you have a uniform
+probability or a density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or a density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or a density function
+associated with uh uh defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh uh defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh uh defect density
+that yields or gives rise to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields or gives rise to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yields or gives rise to this
+uniform yield formula which is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform yield formula which is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform yield formula which is no longer
+exponential or just an an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or just an an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or just an an exponential
+it's also got a one minus the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got a one minus the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got a one minus the this
+exponential and a and a scaling Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a and a scaling Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and a and a scaling Factor
+can also do it for a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it for a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it for a triangular
+distribution you get kind of a a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you get kind of a a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you get kind of a a squared
+version if I plug in a gaussian we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version if I plug in a gaussian we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version if I plug in a gaussian we
+already know that an integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that an integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that an integral over a
+gaussin is kind of nasty right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin is kind of nasty right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin is kind of nasty right it
+doesn't have a closed form solution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a closed form solution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a closed form solution um
+and so it's not directly integrable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not directly integrable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not directly integrable one
+can certainly do it uh numerically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do it uh numerically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do it uh numerically and
+things like uh the Fe function uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh the Fe function uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh the Fe function uh does
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+that the Murphy yield model was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Murphy yield model was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Murphy yield model was done
+sort of back when he that people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back when he that people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back when he that people really
+wanted closed form uh kinds of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted closed form uh kinds of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted closed form uh kinds of solutions
+Oh I thought I had a picture no here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh I thought I had a picture no here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh I thought I had a picture no here we
+go so so here's a comparison of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so so here's a comparison of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so so here's a comparison of some of
+these uh different PDFs that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh different PDFs that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh different PDFs that have been
+that have been examined uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been examined uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been examined uh you know
+again Pon assumes everything is at a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Pon assumes everything is at a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Pon assumes everything is at a d
+knot should be d0o there uh a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot should be d0o there uh a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot should be d0o there uh a uniform
+distribution I might have defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I might have defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I might have defect
+densities across that whole range or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities across that whole range or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities across that whole range or
+some triangular distribution where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangular distribution where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangular distribution where you
+might in fact restrict it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in fact restrict it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in fact restrict it in some
+additional uh uh form related to some D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh uh form related to some D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh uh form related to some D
+or an exponentially decaying um defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an exponentially decaying um defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an exponentially decaying um defect
+density function what was interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function what was interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function what was interesting is
+uh if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go back to the
+literature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh
+seeds proposed that based on some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds proposed that based on some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds proposed that based on some uh
+experimental data that an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data that an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data that an exponential
+defect density distribution appeared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect density distribution appeared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect density distribution appeared to
+make sense first off the qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense first off the qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense first off the qualitative
+reason was it's vanishingly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason was it's vanishingly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason was it's vanishingly small
+likelihood that you've got lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you've got lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you've got lots and lots
+of defects because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defects because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defects because if you
+do your your overall process yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your your overall process yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your your overall process yield is
+not going to be very good and so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be very good and so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be very good and so you you
+would have done process correction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done process correction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done process correction or
+process development to remove that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process development to remove that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process development to remove that but
+as the defect density gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the defect density gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the defect density gets smaller and
+smaller a good manufacturing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a good manufacturing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a good manufacturing process
+that's where you want to be you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to be you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to be you want to
+have much much higher likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much much higher likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much much higher likelihood of
+small numbers of defects per unit area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers of defects per unit area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers of defects per unit area
+than high ones right so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than high ones right so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than high ones right so this is not
+really a statement about physics it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a statement about physics it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a statement about physics it's a
+statement about manufacturing operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about manufacturing operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about manufacturing operation
+that drives a particular kind of shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives a particular kind of shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives a particular kind of shape
+of defect density distributions it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defect density distributions it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defect density distributions it says
+all of the or a huge amount of of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the or a huge amount of of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the or a huge amount of of energy
+is put in to driving down the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in to driving down the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in to driving down the defect
+density distribution and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution and what that
+should lead to is something like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lead to is something like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lead to is something like an
+exponential fallof as pictured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential fallof as pictured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential fallof as pictured
+here right you would expect and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you would expect and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you would expect and hope
+that your manufacturing process would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your manufacturing process would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your manufacturing process would
+have much higher likelihood of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher likelihood of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher likelihood of a small
+number of defects per unit area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of defects per unit area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of defects per unit area and
+what's nice is when you plug that in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice is when you plug that in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice is when you plug that in you
+can get a closed form expression that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a closed form expression that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a closed form expression that's
+that uh for the exponential defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for the exponential defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for the exponential defect
+density is very nice and uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is very nice and uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is very nice and uh uh uh
+simple question does that really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question does that really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question does that really make
+sense though compared to say using like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense though compared to say using like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense though compared to say using like
+half a gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a gum
+instead say mean centered at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead say mean centered at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead say mean centered at zero and
+just cropping off half of it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cropping off half of it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cropping off half of it because it
+seems as as you approach zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as as you approach zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as as you approach zero it
+actually becomes more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually becomes more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually becomes more difficult to
+remove those last couple of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove those last couple of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove those last couple of defects
+rather than going exponentially up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than going exponentially up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than going exponentially up that
+curve that it kind of flens off yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that it kind of flens off yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that it kind of flens off yeah so
+the question is what really is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what really is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what really is the
+defect density distribution and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect density distribution and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect density distribution and does
+this make sense especially with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense especially with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense especially with the
+singularity you know as as as the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity you know as as as the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity you know as as as the defect
+density goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes to
+zero uh what's the relative probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what's the relative probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what's the relative probability
+might you model this with a gaussian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you model this with a gaussian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you model this with a gaussian or
+a half gaussian there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half gaussian there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half gaussian there's all kinds of
+arguments um and it's actually difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments um and it's actually difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments um and it's actually difficult
+to get enough data to really nail down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough data to really nail down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get enough data to really nail down
+the distribution bution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution bution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution bution I
+mean uh think of how many Wafers if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh think of how many Wafers if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh think of how many Wafers if you
+will per to get a very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will per to get a very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will per to get a very careful
+description of defect density per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of defect density per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of defect density per unit
+area on average you might need it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area on average you might need it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area on average you might need it it
+it's it's hard to fully get the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's hard to fully get the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's hard to fully get the amount
+of data that you need so you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you need so you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you need so you're really
+getting you know a few data points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know a few data points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know a few data points in
+here that you're trying to get at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you're trying to get at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you're trying to get at least
+the right Trend with and so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Trend with and so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Trend with and so it actually
+doesn't matter too critically as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter too critically as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter too critically as long as
+you've got the basic the basic essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the basic the basic essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the basic the basic essence
+of the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shape
+um and and I I will show you at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I I will show you at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I I will show you at the end
+a few of the kinds of test structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of the kinds of test structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of the kinds of test structures
+that are used to try to approximate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to try to approximate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to try to approximate or
+get at these defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at these defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at these defect density
+distributions and in fact what is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and in fact what is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and in fact what is is
+very often done just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often done just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often done just to give you a
+little bit of a peak um people might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a peak um people might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a peak um people might use
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exponential with uh a fit to just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with uh a fit to just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with uh a fit to just a
+couple of a couple of points or a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of a couple of points or a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of a couple of points or a couple
+of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops okay so that that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay so that that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay so that that's basically the
+SE seeds uh seeds model uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE seeds uh seeds model uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE seeds uh seeds model uh and that
+often is used but I want to return to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is used but I want to return to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is used but I want to return to a
+couple of other further extended models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other further extended models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other further extended models
+and give you a little bit of a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a little bit of a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a little bit of a feel for
+them uh because the arguments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh because the arguments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh because the arguments about
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+density distributions continue but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distributions continue but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distributions continue but also
+a reassessing or looking back at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reassessing or looking back at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reassessing or looking back at some of
+the other assumptions that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other assumptions that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other assumptions that I've
+mentioned arguments about those also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned arguments about those also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned arguments about those also
+exist and one of the most important ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and one of the most important ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and one of the most important ones
+is this notion of no spatial correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notion of no spatial correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notion of no spatial correlation
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+defect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect uh
+locations rather than show this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations rather than show this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations rather than show this let me
+show this first so we assumed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this first so we assumed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this first so we assumed the
+picture sort of over on the left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sort of over on the left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sort of over on the left that
+all of your defects are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your defects are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your defects are randomly
+distributed across the wafer what's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the wafer what's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the wafer what's very
+often observed in practice is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often observed in practice is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often observed in practice is that these
+defects tend to Cluster near each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects tend to Cluster near each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects tend to Cluster near each other
+and maybe there's uh some process going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there's uh some process going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there's uh some process going
+on in your chamber that's occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your chamber that's occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your chamber that's occasionally
+splattering you know particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splattering you know particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splattering you know particles
+accelerating particles in some direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating particles in some direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating particles in some direction
+and so those May naturally send multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those May naturally send multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those May naturally send multiple
+particles all together and they may very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles all together and they may very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles all together and they may very
+often tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tend
+to do that tend to uh tend to Cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that tend to uh tend to Cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that tend to uh tend to Cluster
+together okay so that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that is very
+interesting if instead of each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if instead of each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if instead of each and every
+particle being sort of spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being sort of spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being sort of spatially
+distributed and uh causing a a fault on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and uh causing a a fault on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and uh causing a a fault on
+an individual chip now well I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual chip now well I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual chip now well I've got
+multiple particles all falling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple particles all falling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple particles all falling and
+perhaps causing defects on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps causing defects on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps causing defects on these two
+chips but now that assumption that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips but now that assumption that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips but now that assumption that every
+single defect is causing its own unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single defect is causing its own unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single defect is causing its own unique
+uh kill event is no longer uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kill event is no longer uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kill event is no longer uh really
+true right you really can't keep killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right you really can't keep killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right you really can't keep killing
+the same chip and causing additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chip and causing additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chip and causing additional
+yield loss so if you got clustering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss so if you got clustering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield loss so if you got clustering of
+your defects in fact you may be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defects in fact you may be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defects in fact you may be in
+better shape than you would have assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape than you would have assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape than you would have assumed
+per the count of defects uh over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per the count of defects uh over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per the count of defects uh over on the
+left and a distribution that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and a distribution that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and a distribution that has an
+additional parameter in it this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional parameter in it this Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional parameter in it this Alpha
+parameter that'll gives a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density distribution with an exp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution with an exp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution with an exp the
+degree of Freedom that you can play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom that you can play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom that you can play with
+this shape not necessarily even gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape not necessarily even gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape not necessarily even gaussian
+but some other amounts of OB skewness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other amounts of OB skewness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other amounts of OB skewness
+away from away from sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from away from sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from away from sort of that
+exponential uh is a negative binomial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh is a negative binomial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh is a negative binomial or
+or gamma probability uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gamma probability uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gamma probability uh distribution
+that gives rise to this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to this negative
+binomial uh model and so empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial uh model and so empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial uh model and so empirically
+there's this additional Alpha parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this additional Alpha parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this additional Alpha parameter
+that lets one sort of tweak or fit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets one sort of tweak or fit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets one sort of tweak or fit your
+data to tweak the defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to tweak the defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to tweak the defect density
+distribution so if you wanted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you wanted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you wanted uh
+something that was a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a little bit more
+like a gaussian or a half gaan but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gaussian or a half gaan but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gaussian or a half gaan but maybe
+behaved a little bit differently right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved a little bit differently right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved a little bit differently right
+near near low defect density you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near near low defect density you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near near low defect density you've got
+that that opportunity and what's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opportunity and what's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opportunity and what's nice
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+is it actually correlates or relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually correlates or relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually correlates or relates to
+this notion of spatial clustering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of spatial clustering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of spatial clustering of
+your defects so there's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defects so there's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defects so there's a reasonable
+physical explanation for for these U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical explanation for for these U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical explanation for for these U
+situations yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question I'm sorry say that again a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm sorry say that again a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm sorry say that again a lot
+of time PS will code their d0 Mory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time PS will code their d0 Mory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time PS will code their d0 Mory
+Vector which distribution oh well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which distribution oh well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which distribution oh well if
+they're doing a d0o Murphy model it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a d0o Murphy model it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a d0o Murphy model it's
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um they they might be just using you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they might be just using you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they might be just using you
+know the the Delta function simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the Delta function simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the Delta function simple
+simple kind of a model um but you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of a model um but you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of a model um but you'd
+actually have to probe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to probe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to probe a little bit
+because they might also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might also have a
+clustering parameter and really then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering parameter and really then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering parameter and really then
+what's going on is something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is something like this
+so so where your D KN is in here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so where your D KN is in here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so where your D KN is in here there
+is still a scaling factor to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a scaling factor to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a scaling factor to this
+distribution um you can see the the dnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um you can see the the dnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um you can see the the dnot
+in here so they might be using in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so they might be using in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so they might be using in fact a
+a a uh negative binomial yield model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh negative binomial yield model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh negative binomial yield model in
+fact I think that right now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think that right now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think that right now this is a
+dominant model that is used with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant model that is used with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant model that is used with
+clustering accounted for and and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering accounted for and and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering accounted for and and so the
+D not is kind of still your average it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D not is kind of still your average it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D not is kind of still your average it's
+sort of your central scaling or average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your central scaling or average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your central scaling or average
+on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so so the question is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so so the question is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so so the question is for
+long lifetime how do these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long lifetime how do these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long lifetime how do these parameters
+change and generally They do change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and generally They do change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and generally They do change uh
+on on your Fab not NE necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your Fab not NE necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your Fab not NE necessarily the
+lifetime of your product so much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of your product so much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of your product so much because
+I think of your D not tends to be more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of your D not tends to be more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of your D not tends to be more a
+characteristic of your unit process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of your unit process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of your unit process or
+your integrated process but as you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integrated process but as you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integrated process but as you learn
+more you have this yield learning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you have this yield learning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you have this yield learning where
+you hope you drive your defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope you drive your defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope you drive your defect density
+down with time you drive your particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with time you drive your particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with time you drive your particle
+size down so you do continue to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size down so you do continue to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size down so you do continue to improve
+the process so in fact in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process so in fact in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process so in fact in some of the
+yield projections for product you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield projections for product you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield projections for product you might
+run in your Fab in a year you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your Fab in a year you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your Fab in a year you might also
+include some projections on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some projections on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some projections on what you
+think D not will improve to based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think D not will improve to based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think D not will improve to based on
+historical Trends over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes
+yes uh typically perhaps more with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh typically perhaps more with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh typically perhaps more with the
+with the D not uh probably less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the D not uh probably less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the D not uh probably less
+projections on alpha alpha tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on alpha alpha tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on alpha alpha tends to be
+this clustering which has two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clustering which has two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clustering which has two limits
+that I'll talk about sort of a low low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll talk about sort of a low low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll talk about sort of a low low
+clustering and very highly tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and very highly tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and very highly tightly
+clustered um I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered um I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered um I don't think that's
+assumed to change that much with time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to change that much with time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to change that much with time um
+but the D is the main thing that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the D is the main thing that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the D is the main thing that goes
+down with with improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processing uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh they
+should whether they're drawn to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should whether they're drawn to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should whether they're drawn to actually
+integrate out to one or not but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out to one or not but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out to one or not but they are
+all still defect probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still defect probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still defect probability density
+functions so so we do have this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so so we do have this Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so so we do have this Alpha
+clustering parameter uh what's nice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering parameter uh what's nice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering parameter uh what's nice is
+amazingly you plug that PDF into the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly you plug that PDF into the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly you plug that PDF into the in
+the the integral with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral with an
+exponential uh Pon kernel an e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh Pon kernel an e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh Pon kernel an e to the
+minus uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh uh
+ACD uh you get a closed form yield build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACD uh you get a closed form yield build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACD uh you get a closed form yield build
+formula here as shown uh at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here as shown uh at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here as shown uh at at the
+bottom which has the alpha clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom which has the alpha clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom which has the alpha clustering
+parameter in it and we can take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in it and we can take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in it and we can take two
+limits one limit is the large Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits one limit is the large Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits one limit is the large Alpha
+limit which is very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit which is very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit which is very little
+clustering okay so kind of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering okay so kind of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering okay so kind of think of
+maybe Alpha as the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alpha as the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alpha as the distance between
+individual defects and as that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual defects and as that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual defects and as that gets
+large you don't have any clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you don't have any clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you don't have any clustering and
+that limit converges to the pan model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit converges to the pan model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit converges to the pan model
+and in the very small Alpha limit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the very small Alpha limit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the very small Alpha limit with
+very very strong clustering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong clustering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong clustering that
+actually converges in the limit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually converges in the limit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually converges in the limit for
+Alpha going to zero to the seeds model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha going to zero to the seeds model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha going to zero to the seeds model
+that we saw earlier um which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier um which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier um which was the
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+exponential so you you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so you you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so you you sort of
+see as Alpha gets smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as Alpha gets smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as Alpha gets smaller and smaller
+this approaches more and more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approaches more and more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approaches more and more the
+exponential uh defect defect density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh defect defect density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh defect defect density
+model turns out that uh generally people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model turns out that uh generally people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model turns out that uh generally people
+are fitting based on experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fitting based on experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fitting based on experimental data
+they're D not and they're also fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're D not and they're also fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're D not and they're also fitting
+empirically Alpha and Alpha tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically Alpha and Alpha tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically Alpha and Alpha tends to be
+uh related both to the clustering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related both to the clustering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related both to the clustering but
+also a little bit to the sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a little bit to the sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a little bit to the sensitivity of
+your type of circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your type of circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your type of circuit
+to clustering so it's not purely if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clustering so it's not purely if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clustering so it's not purely if I
+did this just on blanket Wafers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this just on blanket Wafers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this just on blanket Wafers and and
+looked at the clustering that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the clustering that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the clustering that may
+actually not tell me what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not tell me what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not tell me what is going to
+happen for different kinds of product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for different kinds of product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for different kinds of product so
+you actually might end up with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually might end up with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually might end up with different
+components of or different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of or different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of or different products
+whether it be a a memory product or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be a a memory product or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be a a memory product or a
+microprocessor product or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor product or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor product or different
+components on a big multi product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components on a big multi product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components on a big multi product that
+has a lot of memory cache on it and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of memory cache on it and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of memory cache on it and also
+has the combinational logic on it um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the combinational logic on it um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the combinational logic on it um you
+might have slightly different yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have slightly different yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have slightly different yield
+model components or slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model components or slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model components or slightly different
+Alphas for those two different cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas for those two different cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas for those two different cases and
+you would fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would fit
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+munde is actually design using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munde is actually design using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munde is actually design using different
+Alpha parameters interesting whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha parameters interesting whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha parameters interesting whether you
+use column redundancy or uh row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use column redundancy or uh row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use column redundancy or uh row
+redundancy your patterns of you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy your patterns of you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy your patterns of you just
+throw multiple alphas and see the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw multiple alphas and see the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw multiple alphas and see the best
+so the observation if you didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observation if you didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observation if you didn't hear
+that in Singapore was that that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Singapore was that that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Singapore was that that in in
+practice with those me those memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with those me those memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with those me those memory
+redundancy schemes um those also affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy schemes um those also affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy schemes um those also affect
+Alpha and so it's an empirical fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and so it's an empirical fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and so it's an empirical fitting
+process with different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with different kinds of
+redundancy to see how that affects Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy to see how that affects Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy to see how that affects Alpha
+and what your ultimate yield would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your ultimate yield would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your ultimate yield would be
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+that okay so so far we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so far we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so far we've talked
+about a probability density associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability density associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability density associated
+with the number of defects per unit area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of defects per unit area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of defects per unit area
+we can also think about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think about another
+probability function another statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function another statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function another statistical
+relationship so far we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so far we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so far we've talked about
+every defect abstractly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every defect abstractly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every defect abstractly as
+being infin infinitesimally small so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being infin infinitesimally small so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being infin infinitesimally small so one
+defect doesn't cover 20 different chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect doesn't cover 20 different chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect doesn't cover 20 different chips
+right it's just infantes small but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just infantes small but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just infantes small but what
+if there is an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an area
+dependence to the size or you know a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to the size or you know a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to the size or you know a a a
+probability associated with the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with the size of
+those defects that could interact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those defects that could interact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those defects that could interact very
+importantly with some of those original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly with some of those original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly with some of those original
+shorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting and
+open uh physics that we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh physics that we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh physics that we we talked about
+earlier so for example if I have wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example if I have wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example if I have wiring
+lines like this and I'm really worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines like this and I'm really worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines like this and I'm really worried
+about either open or short and my def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either open or short and my def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either open or short and my def
+is substantially smaller than either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substantially smaller than either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substantially smaller than either the
+spacing or the width of the line it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing or the width of the line it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing or the width of the line it can
+fall almost anywhere and not cause at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall almost anywhere and not cause at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall almost anywhere and not cause at
+least an immediate failure might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an immediate failure might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least an immediate failure might still
+be a reliability or a parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reliability or a parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reliability or a parametric
+resistance change that I'd be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance change that I'd be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance change that I'd be worried
+about whereas if the defect were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whereas if the defect were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whereas if the defect were much
+larger it can fall almost anywhere on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it can fall almost anywhere on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it can fall almost anywhere on my
+circuit and cause either an open or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and cause either an open or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and cause either an open or a
+short so the effect of particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so the effect of particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so the effect of particles of
+different sizes can be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes can be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes can be very different
+and so I might also want to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I might also want to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I might also want to characterize
+the size distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size distribution of
+particles and the interaction of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the interaction of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the interaction of those
+size distributions with the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distributions with the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distributions with the particular
+feature sizes on my circuit is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature sizes on my circuit is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature sizes on my circuit is going to
+be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+important okay so it interacts with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so it interacts with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so it interacts with this
+notion then of a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion then of a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion then of a critical
+area where let's see if I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where let's see if I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where let's see if I've got a
+better picture nope this is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture nope this is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture nope this is pretty much
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+there is a formal notion of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a formal notion of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a formal notion of critical
+error area for any particular defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error area for any particular defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error area for any particular defect
+size that you can actually analyze for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that you can actually analyze for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that you can actually analyze for
+your particular layout and say which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular layout and say which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular layout and say which
+area which fraction of the area on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which fraction of the area on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which fraction of the area on that
+layer does the center of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer does the center of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer does the center of the particle
+have to fall in order for it to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fall in order for it to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fall in order for it to cause
+either an open or a short so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an open or a short so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an open or a short so for example
+let me try to erase this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example the critical area perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the critical area perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the critical area perhaps
+associated with the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the smallest
+particle it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it may be
+zero it can fall anywhere and not cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it can fall anywhere and not cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it can fall anywhere and not cause
+a a problem this particle is perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a problem this particle is perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a problem this particle is perhaps a
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in that maybe it's exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that maybe it's exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that maybe it's exactly equal to
+the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size
+of actually Let's do an example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's do an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I've got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got something that
+say uh equal to or just slightly larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh equal to or just slightly larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh equal to or just slightly larger
+than the spacing size but in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the spacing size but in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the spacing size but in some places
+I've got wires where and and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got wires where and and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got wires where and and uh uh
+spaces that are smaller than that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that are smaller than that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that are smaller than that such
+as Pi pictured here but I've also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Pi pictured here but I've also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Pi pictured here but I've also got
+other places let say I've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places let say I've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places let say I've got another
+wire up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire up
+here where the spacing is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the spacing is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the spacing is larger than
+the particle size now this same particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle size now this same particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle size now this same particle
+can fall right there and not cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall right there and not cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall right there and not cause a
+short so you can calculate across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so you can calculate across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so you can calculate across your
+entire particular layout what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire particular layout what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire particular layout what is the
+band where the center of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band where the center of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band where the center of the particle
+has to fall to cause either an open or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fall to cause either an open or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fall to cause either an open or a
+short and sum up that area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and sum up that area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and sum up that area of
+sensitivity for uh for failure for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity for uh for failure for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity for uh for failure for each
+of the layers so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layers so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layers so there's this
+interaction between a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between a critical
+area per particle size and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area per particle size and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area per particle size and then a
+distribution associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution associated with the
+particle sizes that are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle sizes that are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle sizes that are very important
+to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also
+characterize and here are some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and here are some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and here are some examples
+again going way back uh for defect size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going way back uh for defect size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going way back uh for defect size
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+these are back characterized in Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are back characterized in Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are back characterized in Mills
+anybody know what a mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what a mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what a mill
+is thousand of an inch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thousand of an inch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thousand of an inch or
+about 25 microns right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 microns right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 microns right so these are
+giant giant particles we have uh driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant giant particles we have uh driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant giant particles we have uh driven
+down defect sizes a bit but what very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down defect sizes a bit but what very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down defect sizes a bit but what very
+interesting is the same trend has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the same trend has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the same trend has
+continued to be observed that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be observed that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be observed that there is
+generally believed to be something close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally believed to be something close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally believed to be something close
+to an exponential dependence in defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an exponential dependence in defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an exponential dependence in defect
+size not just in the number of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not just in the number of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not just in the number of defects
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well and that exponential uh or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that exponential uh or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that exponential uh or power
+law kind of dependence is very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law kind of dependence is very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law kind of dependence is very often
+used in modeling uh the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in modeling uh the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in modeling uh the size
+distribution for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for for
+defects okay um now there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects okay um now there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects okay um now there's a couple of
+parameters this n and this P which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this n and this P which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this n and this P which again
+end up being technology dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being technology dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being technology dependent and
+generally fitting parameters uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally fitting parameters uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally fitting parameters uh to the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+so now if we take in that notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we take in that notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we take in that notion of a
+distribution in defect sizes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in defect sizes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in defect sizes and the
+probability associated with that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with that one can
+form a an aggregate sort of approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a an aggregate sort of approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a an aggregate sort of approximate
+parameter and so sometimes that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and so sometimes that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and so sometimes that's also
+the D knot that is quoted so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D knot that is quoted so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D knot that is quoted so it's kind
+of not only averaged in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only averaged in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only averaged in terms of
+numbers per area but it's also kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers per area but it's also kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers per area but it's also kind of a
+boiled down approximate parameter giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down approximate parameter giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down approximate parameter giving
+you a sense of the basic Central moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of the basic Central moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of the basic Central moment
+of the size distribution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size distribution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size distribution as
+well but if you really wanted to do def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but if you really wanted to do def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but if you really wanted to do def
+uh careful defect modeling you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful defect modeling you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful defect modeling you actually
+need to know the P parameters and the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the P parameters and the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the P parameters and the N
+parameters you would like to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you would like to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you would like to have that
+full defect size distribution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand here's some examples the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here's some examples the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here's some examples the typical
+ranges of that exponent I guess it's a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of that exponent I guess it's a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of that exponent I guess it's a p
+exponent in the previous slide is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the previous slide is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the previous slide is you
+know two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two three four
+and it may depend on the defect failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may depend on the defect failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may depend on the defect failure
+mode that you're looking at so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that you're looking at so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that you're looking at so for
+example Extra metal or shorts versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Extra metal or shorts versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Extra metal or shorts versus
+missing metal and opens they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing metal and opens they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing metal and opens they may have
+slightly different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different uh
+uh sensitivity to that defect size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welli no this this is basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welli no this this is basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welli no this this is basically this
+power law of 1 /x to the p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law of 1 /x to the p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law of 1 /x to the p is the
+assumed that's def sites yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that's def sites yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that's def sites yes
+but for the D not the D not is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the D not the D not is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the D not the D not is actually
+still not counting adding in the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not counting adding in the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not counting adding in the defect
+density that will come in in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution oh okay I did have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution oh okay I did have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution oh okay I did have a slide
+I I think I've already explained this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I've already explained this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I've already explained this
+but this is talking again about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is talking again about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is talking again about the
+critical area for for different uh size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area for for different uh size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area for for different uh size
+dependencies and what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and what's interesting is
+then you can also start to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also start to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also start to produce a
+plot of this critical area versus defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size and what's really important here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what's really important here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what's really important here is
+very intuitive trends that for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive trends that for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive trends that for larger
+defects I've got larger critical area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I've got larger critical area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects I've got larger critical area
+more part of my chip is sensitive to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more part of my chip is sensitive to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more part of my chip is sensitive to it
+but once it gets smaller than a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once it gets smaller than a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once it gets smaller than a certain
+Dimension when my defects tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension when my defects tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension when my defects tend to be
+smaller than my minimum feature size on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than my minimum feature size on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than my minimum feature size on
+the device I start to be less sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device I start to be less sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device I start to be less sensitive
+to immediate failures so if they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to immediate failures so if they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to immediate failures so if they're a
+fraction your particles are a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction your particles are a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction your particles are a fraction
+of your your minimum Dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your minimum Dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your minimum Dimension and
+that's good because you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because you probably have
+lots of defects of those sizes it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of defects of those sizes it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of defects of those sizes it's very
+hard to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get rid of
+those now what you can do is start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now what you can do is start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now what you can do is start to
+put these together you aggregate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these together you aggregate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these together you aggregate these
+if you have a defect size distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a defect size distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a defect size distribution
+that goes as one of these 1/x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes as one of these 1/x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes as one of these 1/x to the
+PS you can start to uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS you can start to uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS you can start to uh try to
+empirically fit that uh to your data one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically fit that uh to your data one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically fit that uh to your data one
+thing that happens with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens with these
+distributions of course is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of course is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of course is the same
+thing you were worried about with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you were worried about with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you were worried about with the
+exponential when when X gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential when when X gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential when when X gets really
+small that goes Skyhigh right a one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that goes Skyhigh right a one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that goes Skyhigh right a one over
+a very small number and so what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small number and so what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small number and so what people
+basically do is they're mostly worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do is they're mostly worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do is they're mostly worried
+about the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the defect
+sizes larger than their minimum feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes larger than their minimum feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes larger than their minimum feature
+size and then they'll basically truncate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and then they'll basically truncate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and then they'll basically truncate
+it either uh as a constant or in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either uh as a constant or in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either uh as a constant or in fact as
+a linear drop off once you get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear drop off once you get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear drop off once you get down
+below some some minimum size I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some some minimum size I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some some minimum size I should
+have drawn that near X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn that near X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn that near X
+knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot
+instead so there is a a size at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so there is a a size at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so there is a a size at which
+it's hard to either detect these and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to either detect these and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to either detect these and you
+don't care about them and so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about them and so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about them and so you're not
+really trying to model that part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution in one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in one of the first
+lectures I gave you a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I gave you a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I gave you a little bit of an
+preview and an example here of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview and an example here of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview and an example here of how you
+might measure these defect size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might measure these defect size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might measure these defect size
+distributions characterization test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vehicles um especially early in process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles um especially early in process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles um especially early in process
+development might be used to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development might be used to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development might be used to try to
+characterize the capability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the capability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the capability of the
+process in terms of these both uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in terms of these both uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in terms of these both uh um
+your defect density but also your defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defect density but also your defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your defect density but also your defect
+sizes and imagine now that I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and imagine now that I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and imagine now that I've got a
+whole array of these sort of nested uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array of these sort of nested uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array of these sort of nested uh
+metal lines that I can make electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lines that I can make electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lines that I can make electrical
+measurements or connections to and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or connections to and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or connections to and if I
+have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now a
+defect that's kind of small in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect that's kind of small in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect that's kind of small in general
+or usually you know it might be even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or usually you know it might be even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or usually you know it might be even so
+small that I rarely get shorts but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that I rarely get shorts but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that I rarely get shorts but I
+might get some amount of resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get some amount of resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get some amount of resistance
+change in these lines versus other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in these lines versus other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in these lines versus other
+defects that are so big that they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that are so big that they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that are so big that they start
+to bridge on average two or three lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bridge on average two or three lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bridge on average two or three lines
+you can start to build up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to build up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to build up some
+electrical measure of uh the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical measure of uh the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical measure of uh the likelihood
+of having or the relative counts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having or the relative counts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having or the relative counts of
+defects of different sizes so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects of different sizes so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects of different sizes so here's an
+empirical this is again from a a 2003 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical this is again from a a 2003 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical this is again from a a 2003 um
+paper you can start to see that 1/x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can start to see that 1/x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can start to see that 1/x to
+the P empirical uh relationship it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P empirical uh relationship it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P empirical uh relationship it gives
+you a sense for how you can actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense for how you can actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense for how you can actually uh
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+those so now you can have a more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so now you can have a more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so now you can have a more careful
+definition of the critical area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the critical area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the critical area where
+you have your defect size distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your defect size distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your defect size distribution I
+might use DSD uh uh to indicate that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use DSD uh uh to indicate that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use DSD uh uh to indicate that so
+there's our defect size distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our defect size distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our defect size distribution
+that sort of 1/x to the P again really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of 1/x to the P again really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of 1/x to the P again really
+only worrying about it uh above some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worrying about it uh above some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worrying about it uh above some X
+notot and then you also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot and then you also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot and then you also have this
+probability of failure which folds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure which folds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure which folds in
+this notion of critical area you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of critical area you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of critical area you can
+actually sort of look at your layout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of look at your layout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of look at your layout and
+say if I've got a defect of this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I've got a defect of this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I've got a defect of this size
+this is my probability of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my probability of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my probability of failure
+integrated across my whole chip and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated across my whole chip and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated across my whole chip and now
+you can aggregate the two of those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can aggregate the two of those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can aggregate the two of those into
+a net total critical area so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net total critical area so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net total critical area so all I'm
+doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is
+saying there is a probability of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there is a probability of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there is a probability of failure
+associated with defects of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defects of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with defects of different
+sizes if the defect is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes if the defect is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes if the defect is really small
+again I have that critical area plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have that critical area plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have that critical area plot
+where I'm down in here and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm down in here and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm down in here and it's very
+small but empirically for my particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but empirically for my particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but empirically for my particular
+circuit I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I may have
+different uh critical area dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh critical area dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh critical area dependence
+curves where I a aggregate the total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves where I a aggregate the total uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves where I a aggregate the total uh
+POF and then I look at the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POF and then I look at the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POF and then I look at the product of
+those two integrate it up and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two integrate it up and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two integrate it up and that gives
+me a good aggregate sense which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a good aggregate sense which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a good aggregate sense which really
+says where I'm mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says where I'm mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says where I'm mostly
+worried is in this range here where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried is in this range here where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried is in this range here where I've
+got defects that are close to my feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got defects that are close to my feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got defects that are close to my feature
+size the small ones aren't going to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the small ones aren't going to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the small ones aren't going to kill
+me the bigger ones are going to kill me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the bigger ones are going to kill me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the bigger ones are going to kill me
+really big ones are not going to kill me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big ones are not going to kill me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big ones are not going to kill me
+because there's not that many big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that many big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that many big
+ones so really they it tells you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so really they it tells you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so really they it tells you sort of
+the area uh uh to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area uh uh to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area uh uh to worry
+about okay uh I'm going to skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay uh I'm going to skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay uh I'm going to skip over
+most of this I just want you to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this I just want you to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this I just want you to get a
+feel for this notion of critical area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for this notion of critical area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for this notion of critical area
+and this is an area where there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an area where there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an area where there's a lot
+of design automation tools where it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design automation tools where it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design automation tools where it can
+actually look at your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at your particular
+layout and start to do those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout and start to do those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout and start to do those kinds of
+drawings that I showed you for critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings that I showed you for critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings that I showed you for critical
+area if you will and shade in maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you will and shade in maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area if you will and shade in maybe a
+little hard to see but you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see but you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see but you can sort of
+shade in and say what is the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade in and say what is the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade in and say what is the gray
+critical area for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area for that particular
+circuit where am I sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit where am I sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit where am I sensitive to the
+likelihood of a short for defects of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a short for defects of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a short for defects of a
+particular size where am I sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular size where am I sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular size where am I sensitive
+with where would a the center of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where would a the center of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where would a the center of a
+particle have to fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle have to fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle have to fall in
+order to cause a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to cause a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to cause a an
+open or where might I have to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or where might I have to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or where might I have to have uh
+particles fall that would cause a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles fall that would cause a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles fall that would cause a short
+between two different layers and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two different layers and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two different layers and you can
+actually do these calculations for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do these calculations for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do these calculations for your
+layout and then do design modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout and then do design modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout and then do design modifications
+that would come back in and say oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would come back in and say oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would come back in and say oh if
+that's my critical area where I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my critical area where I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my critical area where I might be
+susceptible to a break let's make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to a break let's make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to a break let's make those
+lines a little bit wider if I make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines a little bit wider if I make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines a little bit wider if I make those
+lines wider I've improved my yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines wider I've improved my yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines wider I've improved my yield
+because now if the particle Falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now if the particle Falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now if the particle Falls in
+those lines I'm not as likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines I'm not as likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines I'm not as likely to
+actually have an open failure so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an open failure so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an open failure so there
+is yield Improvement strategies that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yield Improvement strategies that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yield Improvement strategies that go
+with these Notions of critical area uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Notions of critical area uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Notions of critical area uh
+and and U the probabilities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U the probabilities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U the probabilities associated
+with them the last notion is simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them the last notion is simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them the last notion is simply you
+can integrate these up and get aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate these up and get aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate these up and get aggregate
+Notions of overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of overall
+yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+um this is also described in man Spanos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is also described in man Spanos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is also described in man Spanos
+just reminding you there's also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reminding you there's also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reminding you there's also other
+kinds of yield detractors where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of yield detractors where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of yield detractors where you
+might have gross yield losses and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gross yield losses and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gross yield losses and so you
+might have a global factor why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a global factor why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a global factor why not
+that's associated with alignment errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with alignment errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with alignment errors
+or other kinds of gross uh gross factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other kinds of gross uh gross factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other kinds of gross uh gross factors
+and then this last is a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this last is a little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this last is a little example
+that you can read about in sucus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read about in sucus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read about in sucus which
+is basically simply saying in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically simply saying in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically simply saying in practice
+your chip yield is all so aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chip yield is all so aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chip yield is all so aggregated
+that it doesn't really tell you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't really tell you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't really tell you what's
+gone wrong so very often you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone wrong so very often you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone wrong so very often you want to
+slice yield into your different layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice yield into your different layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice yield into your different layers
+your different process layers or slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different process layers or slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different process layers or slice
+them into different functional blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into different functional blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into different functional blocks
+maybe the memory or Cache block a logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the memory or Cache block a logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the memory or Cache block a logic
+block and basically look at where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and basically look at where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and basically look at where you
+are most sensitive to yield loss for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most sensitive to yield loss for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most sensitive to yield loss for
+example that 95% yield loss factor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that 95% yield loss factor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that 95% yield loss factor or
+via 2 uh inside of your s ramp might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via 2 uh inside of your s ramp might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via 2 uh inside of your s ramp might be
+where you're losing most of your yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're losing most of your yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're losing most of your yield
+and so there's some description or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some description or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some description or
+there's U quite a bit of development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's U quite a bit of development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's U quite a bit of development of
+these test chips that have those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these test chips that have those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these test chips that have those things
+like those nested via or nested uh snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those nested via or nested uh snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those nested via or nested uh snake
+uh uh structures in them so that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh structures in them so that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh structures in them so that one can
+characterize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize uh
+defectivity distributions as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defectivity distributions as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defectivity distributions as well as
+sensitivity of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of different kinds of
+circuits to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits to those
+failures so that's a whirlwind tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so that's a whirlwind tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so that's a whirlwind tour
+there of semiconductor uh uh yield these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of semiconductor uh uh yield these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of semiconductor uh uh yield these
+Notions of not just functional yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of not just functional yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of not just functional yield
+that we saw last time but also this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw last time but also this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw last time but also this uh
+uh or parametric yield but defect yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or parametric yield but defect yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or parametric yield but defect yield
+as well and you'll have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you'll have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you'll have a little bit of
+fun uh playing around with some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh playing around with some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh playing around with some of these
+these Notions of area dependent yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Notions of area dependent yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Notions of area dependent yield
+which I think is really uh kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really uh kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really uh kind of the
+cool idea the important idea in in yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool idea the important idea in in yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool idea the important idea in in yield
+modeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for
+semiconductors okay so we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors okay so we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors okay so we'll see you
+again on Thursday Thursday is the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on Thursday Thursday is the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on Thursday Thursday is the quiz
+I think here you you'd also posted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think here you you'd also posted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think here you you'd also posted for
+office hours I think you have those yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours I think you have those yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours I think you have those yes
+tomorrow as well tomorrow 5: to 6 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow as well tomorrow 5: to 6 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow as well tomorrow 5: to 6 if you
+want any last questions before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any last questions before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any last questions before before
+the quiz Hayden's available for those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz Hayden's available for those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz Hayden's available for those as
+well so thanks we'll see you on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/27d9Gew3llM.txt b/27d9Gew3llM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9f6d2475925f5be0734c4dcf66468b4c9012997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/27d9Gew3llM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now use the Bayes rule in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now use the Bayes rule in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now use the Bayes rule in an
+important application that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important application that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important application that involves a
+discrete unknown random variable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete unknown random variable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete unknown random variable and the
+continuous measurement our discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous measurement our discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous measurement our discrete
+unknown random variable will be one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown random variable will be one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown random variable will be one that
+takes the values plus or minus one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the values plus or minus one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the values plus or minus one with
+equal probability and the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability and the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability and the measurement
+will be another random variable Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another random variable Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be another random variable Y which
+is equal to the discrete random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the discrete random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the discrete random variable
+but corrupted by additive noise that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but corrupted by additive noise that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but corrupted by additive noise that we
+denote by W so what we get to observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by W so what we get to observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by W so what we get to observe is
+the sum of K and W this is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of K and W this is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of K and W this is a common
+situation in digital communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in digital communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in digital communications
+we're trying to send one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to send one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to send one bit of
+information whether K is plus 1 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whether K is plus 1 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whether K is plus 1 or minus
+1 but the observation that we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but the observation that we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but the observation that we're making
+is corrupted by a communication channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted by a communication channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted by a communication channel
+by some noise that is present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some noise that is present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some noise that is present in the
+channel and on the basis of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and on the basis of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and on the basis of the value of
+y that we will observe we will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that we will observe we will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that we will observe we will try to
+guess what was sent the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what was sent the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what was sent the assumption that
+we will make about the noise is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make about the noise is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make about the noise is that it
+is a standard normal random variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard normal random variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard normal random variable so
+suppose that we observed a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we observed a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we observed a specific
+value for the random variable Y we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the random variable Y we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the random variable Y we want
+to make a guess about the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a guess about the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a guess about the random
+variable capital K of course there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital K of course there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital K of course there's no
+way to guess with complete certainty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to guess with complete certainty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to guess with complete certainty the
+only thing that we can say is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we can say is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we can say is to
+determine how likely is this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how likely is this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how likely is this that the
+one was sent as opposed to how likely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was sent as opposed to how likely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was sent as opposed to how likely it
+is that a minus one was sent how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a minus one was sent how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a minus one was sent how do we
+approach such a problem well we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach such a problem well we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach such a problem well we use the
+version of the Bayes rule that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bayes rule that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bayes rule that we have
+already developed and which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already developed and which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already developed and which is this
+formula that gives us the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that gives us the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that gives us the conditional
+probabilities that we want and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we want and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we want and in
+particular here were asking a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here were asking a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here were asking a question
+about the conditional probability that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conditional probability that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conditional probability that K
+takes the value of 1 given that a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value of 1 given that a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value of 1 given that a value
+of Y has been observed this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y has been observed this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y has been observed this is what we
+want to calculate so let us look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate so let us look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate so let us look at the
+various terms involved here and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various terms involved here and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various terms involved here and see what
+each term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term
+first we need the prior probability of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need the prior probability of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need the prior probability of K
+this is simple the prior probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simple the prior probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simple the prior probabilities
+are one-half for k equal to minus 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one-half for k equal to minus 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one-half for k equal to minus 1 or
+plus one because we said that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we said that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we said that the two
+possibilities are equally likely then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are equally likely then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are equally likely then we
+need the conditional density of Y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the conditional density of Y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the conditional density of Y given
+K okay so what does this assumption mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so what does this assumption mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so what does this assumption mean
+it means that Y is a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that Y is a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that Y is a standard normal
+random variable to which we add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable to which we add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable to which we add the
+value of K so if K is equal to 1 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K so if K is equal to 1 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K so if K is equal to 1 we're
+taking a standard normal and we add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a standard normal and we add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a standard normal and we add a
+value of +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of +1
+so Y given that K is equal to plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y given that K is equal to plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y given that K is equal to plus 1 is
+going to be a standard normal plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standard normal plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standard normal plus 1
+what does that do if we take a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do if we take a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do if we take a standard
+normal and add a constant to it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and add a constant to it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and add a constant to it that
+changes the mean and makes the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the mean and makes the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the mean and makes the mean
+equal to 1 and does not change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and does not change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and does not change the
+variance on the other hand if K happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on the other hand if K happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on the other hand if K happens
+to be equal to minus 1 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to minus 1 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to minus 1 then the
+observation that we see is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we see is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we see is going to be a
+standard normal plus a value of minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal plus a value of minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal plus a value of minus 1
+and that changes the mean to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes the mean to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes the mean to become
+minus 1 but with a variance of 1 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 but with a variance of 1 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 but with a variance of 1 so if
+we are to plot the density of Y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are to plot the density of Y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are to plot the density of Y that
+density of course will depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of course will depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of course will depend on what
+the value of K was and if K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of K was and if K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of K was and if K is equal to
+1 then we will obtain a normal that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then we will obtain a normal that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then we will obtain a normal that has
+a mean of 1 so it's centered here but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean of 1 so it's centered here but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean of 1 so it's centered here but if
+K is equal to minus 1 then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to minus 1 then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to minus 1 then our
+observation will be a normal with unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will be a normal with unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will be a normal with unit
+variance but surn centered at minus 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but surn centered at minus 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but surn centered at minus 1 so
+if we are to write this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are to write this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are to write this in terms of
+symbols the distribution of Y is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the distribution of Y is normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the distribution of Y is normal
+with variance equal to 1 so the PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variance equal to 1 so the PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variance equal to 1 so the PDF is
+given by this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this form
+to the minus 1/2 Y minus the mean of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1/2 Y minus the mean of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1/2 Y minus the mean of Y
+but given the value of K the mean of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given the value of K the mean of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given the value of K the mean of Y
+is equal to K plus or minus 1 depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K plus or minus 1 depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K plus or minus 1 depending
+on what K is so this is the PDF of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what K is so this is the PDF of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what K is so this is the PDF of a
+normal with unit variance and mean equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with unit variance and mean equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with unit variance and mean equal
+to K and it corresponds when you set k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K and it corresponds when you set k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K and it corresponds when you set k
+equal to 1 it corresponds to this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 it corresponds to this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 it corresponds to this graph
+when you set k equal to minus 1 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set k equal to minus 1 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set k equal to minus 1 it
+corresponds to that graph let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that graph let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that graph let us
+continue with the next term in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the next term in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the next term in this
+expression we need the term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we need the term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we need the term in the
+denominator which is obtained by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which is obtained by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which is obtained by taking
+a sum over the different choices of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum over the different choices of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum over the different choices of K
+there are two choices and each choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two choices and each choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two choices and each choice
+has a probability of 1/2 from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability of 1/2 from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability of 1/2 from the first
+choice we have 1/2 times the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we have 1/2 times the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we have 1/2 times the density of
+Y when K is equal to minus 1 and when K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y when K is equal to minus 1 and when K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y when K is equal to minus 1 and when K
+is equal to minus 1 we obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus 1 we obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus 1 we obtain this
+expression and we have another term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we have another term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we have another term that
+corresponds to the case where K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the case where K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the case where K is equal
+to plus 1 in which case we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus 1 in which case we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus 1 in which case we have this
+expression here once more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here once more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here once more this
+expression here corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here corresponds to this
+normal with a mean of minus 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with a mean of minus 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with a mean of minus 1 this
+expression here corresponds to a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here corresponds to a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here corresponds to a normal
+with a mean of +1 which is this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mean of +1 which is this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mean of +1 which is this graph
+here so at this point we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so at this point we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so at this point we have in our
+hands expressions for everything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands expressions for everything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands expressions for everything that is
+involved here and we can just apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved here and we can just apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved here and we can just apply the
+formula and carry out a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and carry out a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and carry out a fair amount of
+algebra there are some very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra there are some very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra there are some very nice
+simplifications that happen along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications that happen along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications that happen along the
+way and we end up with an answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we end up with an answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we end up with an answer that
+has the following form it's 1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the following form it's 1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the following form it's 1 divided by
+1 plus e to the minus 2y and this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus e to the minus 2y and this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus e to the minus 2y and this gives
+us the probability that a 1 was sent let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the probability that a 1 was sent let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the probability that a 1 was sent let
+us try to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us try to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us try to make sense of
+this expression let's see what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression let's see what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression let's see what it looks
+like by plotting it as a function of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're plotting here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're plotting here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're plotting here is this
+expression okay if Y is very large as Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay if Y is very large as Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay if Y is very large as Y
+goes to plus infinity this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to plus infinity this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to plus infinity this term
+disappears and we obtain a 1 if on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we obtain a 1 if on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we obtain a 1 if on the
+other hand Y is very very negative so Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand Y is very very negative so Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand Y is very very negative so Y
+goes to minus infinity here we get e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus infinity here we get e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus infinity here we get e to
+the infinity which is a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity which is a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity which is a very large
+number so this ratio is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this ratio is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this ratio is going to
+converge to 0 so we have a graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to 0 so we have a graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to 0 so we have a graph that
+starts at 0 it actually rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 0 it actually rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 0 it actually rises
+monotonically and in the limit converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically and in the limit converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically and in the limit converges
+to 1 if Y is equal to 0 then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 if Y is equal to 0 then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 if Y is equal to 0 then this term
+is 1 and we obtain a 1/2 let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and we obtain a 1/2 let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and we obtain a 1/2 let us
+interpret this plot if Y is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this plot if Y is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this plot if Y is very large
+it is much more likely that Y is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is much more likely that Y is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is much more likely that Y is coming
+out of this distribution so that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this distribution so that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this distribution so that K is
+equal to 1 so the probability that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so the probability that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so the probability that K is
+equal to 1 if we obtain this observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 if we obtain this observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 if we obtain this observation
+is almost 1 we have almost certainty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost 1 we have almost certainty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost 1 we have almost certainty if
+on the other hand Y is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand Y is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand Y is very very
+negative then it is much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then it is much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then it is much more likely
+that what we're seeing is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're seeing is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're seeing is coming from
+this distribution so that K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution so that K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution so that K is equal to
+minus 1 and in that case the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and in that case the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and in that case the probability
+that K was 1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K was 1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K was 1 is going to be
+approximately 0 finally if Y is 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 0 finally if Y is 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 0 finally if Y is 0 then
+we're just in the middle of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just in the middle of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just in the middle of the two
+possibilities and by symmetry either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and by symmetry either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and by symmetry either
+choice of K is equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of K is equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of K is equally likely
+therefore the posterior probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the posterior probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the posterior probability that
+K is equal to 1 given that Y was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to 1 given that Y was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to 1 given that Y was equal
+to 0 that probability is 1/2 when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that probability is 1/2 when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that probability is 1/2 when Y is
+equal to 0 it's equally likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 it's equally likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 it's equally likely that
+either signal was sent this example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either signal was sent this example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either signal was sent this example is a
+prototype of the kind of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype of the kind of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype of the kind of calculations
+that are done in the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done in the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done in the analysis of
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+creation systems this is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation systems this is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation systems this is the simplest
+model of communication of a single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of communication of a single bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of communication of a single bit
+in the presence of additive noise but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of additive noise but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of additive noise but of
+course there can also be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there can also be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there can also be more
+complicated models in which we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models in which we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models in which we have more
+complicated signals that are sent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated signals that are sent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated signals that are sent and
+more complicated models of the noise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated models of the noise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated models of the noise but
+the general principles of the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general principles of the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general principles of the analysis
+are always of this kind we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always of this kind we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always of this kind we're using the
+Bayes rule and we need to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule and we need to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule and we need to write down the
+different terms that are involved
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3HrLJfL70Bg.txt b/3HrLJfL70Bg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4503425e3a53db0e6cc4d954b5cfaddace10f07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3HrLJfL70Bg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the capacitance attenuator demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitance attenuator demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitance attenuator demonstrates
+the nature of solutions to lass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of solutions to lass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of solutions to lass's
+equation the potential can be viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the potential can be viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the potential can be viewed as
+the vertical dimension on this floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical dimension on this floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical dimension on this floor
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential the X Direction the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the X Direction the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the X Direction the direction
+of periodicity is that direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periodicity is that direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periodicity is that direction and
+here's our sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function this is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is the Y
+Direction and here's our hyperbolic sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function more of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more of the X
+dependence and the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and the Y
+dependence lines of equal potential on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence lines of equal potential on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence lines of equal potential on
+our model are represented by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wires lines of constant altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires lines of constant altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires lines of constant altitude
+are the lines of equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential this particular one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangular here's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular here's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular here's another way to
+represent our potential function this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent our potential function this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent our potential function this is
+the X Direction This is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction This is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction This is the Y
+Direction with these clamps s we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction with these clamps s we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction with these clamps s we're
+holding the membrane down on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the membrane down on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the membrane down on these
+edges on this Edge we're going to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges on this Edge we're going to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges on this Edge we're going to raise
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential these boundaries are clamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential these boundaries are clamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential these boundaries are clamped
+to zero potential now we've raised this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero potential now we've raised this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero potential now we've raised this
+potential to a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V under un form tension the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V under un form tension the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V under un form tension the membrane
+altitude satisfies llosa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation far from the elevated Edge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation far from the elevated Edge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation far from the elevated Edge the
+membrane then has the same shape as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane then has the same shape as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane then has the same shape as with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+model rather than using wires to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model rather than using wires to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model rather than using wires to show
+the lines of equal altitude the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of equal altitude the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of equal altitude the equal
+potentials we now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backlighting here's what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlighting here's what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlighting here's what it looks like
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top the elevated potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform not a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function however the square distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function however the square distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function however the square distribution
+can can be represented by a forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can be represented by a forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can be represented by a forier
+series this amounts to a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this amounts to a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this amounts to a superposition
+of solutions like the one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions like the one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions like the one we've
+seen except they have more Wiggles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen except they have more Wiggles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen except they have more Wiggles in
+the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+Direction and therefore Decay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and therefore Decay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and therefore Decay more
+rapidly in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction what we see is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what we see is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what we see is the potential
+if three of the walls enclosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three of the walls enclosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three of the walls enclosing a
+rectangular region are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular region are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular region are
+grounded and the fourth has a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and the fourth has a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and the fourth has a uniform
+distribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential the electric field lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the electric field lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the electric field lines are
+perpendicular to the equip potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equip potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equip potentials
+and follow Paths of steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow Paths of steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow Paths of steepest
+descent if they begin on positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent if they begin on positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent if they begin on positive
+charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+here they terminate on negative charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they terminate on negative charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they terminate on negative charges
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundaries a boundary that has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries a boundary that has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries a boundary that has zero
+potential nevertheless supports surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential nevertheless supports surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential nevertheless supports surface
+charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the surface charge is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface charge is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface charge is proportional to
+the slope of the adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential this is a cross-section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is a cross-section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is a cross-section of the
+electrical system that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical system that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical system that has been
+pictured these boundaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured these boundaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured these boundaries are
+grounded while this one is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded while this one is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded while this one is at the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+V if V were positive this charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V if V were positive this charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V if V were positive this charge on the
+lower surface would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative in the the actual experiment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the the actual experiment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the the actual experiment a
+conducting box is grounded on two side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting box is grounded on two side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting box is grounded on two side
+surfaces and virtually grounded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and virtually grounded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and virtually grounded on the
+bottom surface through a small resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R here's the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here's the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here's the top
+electrode its potential is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode its potential is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode its potential is determined by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator that's the top trace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that's the top trace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that's the top trace of the
+scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope
+pattern here's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here's the bottom
+electrode its potential is measured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode its potential is measured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode its potential is measured by
+the bottom trace on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom trace on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom trace on the
+scope we'll use our solutions to lass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope we'll use our solutions to lass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope we'll use our solutions to lass's
+equation to find the net charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the net charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the net charge on the
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrode before we make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode before we make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode before we make any
+measurements we should put our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we should put our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we should put our second
+side wall on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apparatus as the lower electrode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus as the lower electrode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus as the lower electrode is
+withdrawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn
+its potential decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentially if B over a is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially if B over a is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially if B over a is small
+almost all of the images are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the images are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the images are on the
+output electrod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output electrod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output electrod
+Cod but as we withdraw it more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cod but as we withdraw it more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cod but as we withdraw it more and more
+of the images are on the side walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images are on the side walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images are on the side walls and
+fewer on the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrode according to our model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode according to our model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode according to our model the
+output voltage should be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage should be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage should be proportional to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency this is true if the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this is true if the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this is true if the frequency
+is taken from 100 Herz to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Herz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember the upper Trace is the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the upper Trace is the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the upper Trace is the upper
+driving electrode and on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving electrode and on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving electrode and on a different
+scale the lower one is the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the lower one is the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the lower one is the lower
+electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage however if the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage however if the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage however if the frequency is
+taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000
+Hertz the output ceases to be linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz the output ceases to be linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz the output ceases to be linear in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the frequency this High the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequency this High the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequency this High the current
+through the output resistor is too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the output resistor is too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the output resistor is too large
+too large to make the potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large to make the potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large to make the potential of the
+output electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible we have demonstrated how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible we have demonstrated how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible we have demonstrated how
+solutions to Lassa equation that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Lassa equation that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Lassa equation that are
+periodic in One Direction decay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in One Direction decay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in One Direction decay in the
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3coxJFCY3T4.txt b/3coxJFCY3T4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da0d708207b5b2c8306eaf2909c5a9b452d13b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3coxJFCY3T4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey Ken hi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Ken hi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Ken hi um
+so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you
+feel over a little nervous cuz I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel over a little nervous cuz I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel over a little nervous cuz I'm
+having my friends um from Singapore come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having my friends um from Singapore come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having my friends um from Singapore come
+over some of them will be seeing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of them will be seeing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of them will be seeing it and
+I'm not sure how they really would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how they really would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how they really would like
+it or not like it so yeah I'm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not like it so yeah I'm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not like it so yeah I'm a little
+nervous um how was this this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous um how was this this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous um how was this this class
+different from the ones that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the ones that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the ones that you've
+taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+at I think it's a lot more Hands-On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I think it's a lot more Hands-On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I think it's a lot more Hands-On
+definitely um there we have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely um there we have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely um there we have a similar
+course back in SD where it's called film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course back in SD where it's called film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course back in SD where it's called film
+studies but I think that's a more film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies but I think that's a more film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies but I think that's a more film
+related modu this this feels a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related modu this this feels a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related modu this this feels a lot more
+like a good good mix between educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good good mix between educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good good mix between educational
+film uh education and entertainment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh education and entertainment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh education and entertainment so
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+in it's really really nice to see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's really really nice to see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's really really nice to see like
+all this stuff that you're not that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff that you're not that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff that you're not that you
+always want to do or you always see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to do or you always see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to do or you always see
+around I see so many people making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I see so many people making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I see so many people making
+YouTube videos and you're like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos and you're like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube videos and you're like kind of
+learning the theory behind it all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the theory behind it all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the theory behind it all and
+you always thought was just just oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always thought was just just oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always thought was just just oh
+let's just set up a camera and just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just set up a camera and just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just set up a camera and just put
+it on but there is actually a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on but there is actually a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on but there is actually a lot more
+going into it and yeah probably that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into it and yeah probably that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into it and yeah probably that's
+what's the difference between all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between all the
+good videos you see and some people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good videos you see and some people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good videos you see and some people just
+teaching how to derive some equations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching how to derive some equations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching how to derive some equations on
+a Blackboard I guess yeah what is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Blackboard I guess yeah what is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Blackboard I guess yeah what is uh the
+most useful thing that you ear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful thing that you ear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most useful thing that you ear in the
+class I think the small class size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I think the small class size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I think the small class size
+really really helps and the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really helps and the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really helps and the fact that we
+just help each other we give each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help each other we give each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help each other we give each other
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+um I mean the conventional way would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the conventional way would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the conventional way would
+just be submitted you're turning in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be submitted you're turning in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be submitted you're turning in your
+ideas and one teacher or maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and one teacher or maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and one teacher or maybe two
+teachers just Creed but this this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers just Creed but this this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers just Creed but this this you
+get a whole class feed the whole classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole class feed the whole classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole class feed the whole classes
+feedback which is a lot more useful do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback which is a lot more useful do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback which is a lot more useful do
+you think it would work if it were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it would work if it were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it would work if it were like
+more than 10 people I think it may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 people I think it may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 people I think it may be a
+bit hard because things people may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard because things people may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard because things people may not
+be able to gel that well to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to gel that well to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to gel that well to be able to
+comfortable to give comment too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to give comment too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to give comment too much
+comment so yeah okay thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment so yeah okay thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment so yeah okay thank you very much
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3jtSEeDiYvE.txt b/3jtSEeDiYvE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75adf845cea72e44c1744050a1c539598be4b0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3jtSEeDiYvE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and welcome back to the MIT class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and welcome back to the MIT class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and welcome back to the MIT class in
+urban Energy Systems wherever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban Energy Systems wherever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban Energy Systems wherever you're
+seeing this lecture Please Subscribe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this lecture Please Subscribe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this lecture Please Subscribe you
+can either find it on the webpage where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either find it on the webpage where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either find it on the webpage where
+you found this video or ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found this video or ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found this video or ask the
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+so let's get back to uh the topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get back to uh the topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get back to uh the topic for
+today which is going to be cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is going to be cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is going to be cities and
+decarbonization what is the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization what is the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization what is the role of
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+again I'm David Sue and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm David Sue and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm David Sue and if you're
+thinking about how cities can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how cities can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how cities can take
+action or what if their roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or what if their roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or what if their roles in
+decarbonization you have found the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization you have found the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization you have found the right
+place and your people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and your people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and your people
+so I want to cover just briefly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to cover just briefly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to cover just briefly how
+you're going to prepare for class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to prepare for class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to prepare for class this
+week this is our second class I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week this is our second class I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week this is our second class I want to
+make sure that everyone's caught up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that everyone's caught up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that everyone's caught up uh
+first the introductory reading from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the introductory reading from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the introductory reading from last
+week is fairly short and skimmable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is fairly short and skimmable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is fairly short and skimmable so
+it's easy to catch up but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to catch up but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to catch up but you should
+catch up and it's particularly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and it's particularly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and it's particularly important
+to look at Makai chapter 2. again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at Makai chapter 2. again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at Makai chapter 2. again it's
+Makai chapter 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Makai chapter 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Makai chapter 2.
+there's an initial problems to do Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an initial problems to do Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an initial problems to do Monday
+night you can just access the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night you can just access the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night you can just access the problem
+set by going directly to this Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by going directly to this Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by going directly to this Google
+form the link on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the link on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the link on the screen
+you should do the reading for this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the reading for this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the reading for this week
+that's on the syllabus I'll also show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the syllabus I'll also show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the syllabus I'll also show
+the reading for this week on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading for this week on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading for this week on the next
+page and then you should like watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and then you should like watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and then you should like watch the
+rest of this video lecture and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this video lecture and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this video lecture and during
+the reading and while watching the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading and while watching the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading and while watching the video
+lecture it's important for you to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's important for you to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's important for you to write
+down the questions that you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the questions that you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the questions that you have for
+discussion and then I want you to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and then I want you to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and then I want you to feel
+free to share them on slack whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to share them on slack whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to share them on slack whenever
+asynchronously or in our class meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronously or in our class meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronously or in our class meeting
+on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the materials for today again I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the materials for today again I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the materials for today again I won't
+go over them these are all in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over them these are all in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over them these are all in your
+syllabus but these will also be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus but these will also be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus but these will also be in the
+slides so you can follow the links the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so you can follow the links the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so you can follow the links the
+first four readings are the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four readings are the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four readings are the required
+readings uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings uh very
+um a kind of a gathering of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of a gathering of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of a gathering of very
+different readings and then the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different readings and then the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different readings and then the last two
+readings are optional readings that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are optional readings that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are optional readings that give
+additional information to the Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information to the Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information to the Articles
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+so what I want to start with is Makai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to start with is Makai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to start with is Makai
+chapter two what he calls the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter two what he calls the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter two what he calls the balance
+sheet and it's an important set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it's an important set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it's an important set of
+Concepts simply so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts simply so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts simply so we can think about
+the energy system and uh very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy system and uh very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy system and uh very simply
+what Makai is trying to do in his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Makai is trying to do in his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Makai is trying to do in his book
+is contrast these red and green bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contrast these red and green bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contrast these red and green bars
+energy consumption is on the left in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption is on the left in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption is on the left in red
+and energy production is on the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy production is on the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy production is on the right in
+green and so when Makai titles his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so when Makai titles his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so when Makai titles his book
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+what we're trying to do is replace our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is replace our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is replace our
+current level of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current level of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current level of consumption
+with entirely renewable resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with entirely renewable resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with entirely renewable resources and
+that's how we're going to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're going to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're going to achieve a
+sustainable energy system and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy system and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy system and so a
+sustainable energy system would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy system would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy system would be if
+our total conceivable sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total conceivable sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total conceivable sustainable
+production sources on the right are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sources on the right are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production sources on the right are
+greater than our total consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than our total consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than our total consumption
+and an unsustainable Energy System would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unsustainable Energy System would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unsustainable Energy System would
+be where our total consumption of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where our total consumption of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where our total consumption of energy
+is larger than our total conceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than our total conceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than our total conceivable
+sustainable production and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable production and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable production and of course
+these two bars will change over time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two bars will change over time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two bars will change over time as
+our expectations around consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectations around consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectations around consumption
+change in our Technologies and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in our Technologies and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in our Technologies and our
+institutions and our markets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and our markets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and our markets for
+sustainable production change but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable production change but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable production change but that's
+the challenge the challenge is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge the challenge is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge the challenge is to try to
+put these two in balance and the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these two in balance and the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these two in balance and the leaves
+have total sustainable production that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total sustainable production that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total sustainable production that
+is enough to meet all of our societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to meet all of our societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to meet all of our societal
+needs or our Global societal needs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs or our Global societal needs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs or our Global societal needs or
+energy consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption
+and so what that might look like is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that might look like is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that might look like is the
+key forms of consumption on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key forms of consumption on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key forms of consumption on the left
+hand stack in red that is the energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand stack in red that is the energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand stack in red that is the energy we
+need for transportation including cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for transportation including cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for transportation including cars
+planes and Freight it's the energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and Freight it's the energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and Freight it's the energy we
+need to heat and cool the spaces that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to heat and cool the spaces that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to heat and cool the spaces that we
+live in that can wildly differ across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in that can wildly differ across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in that can wildly differ across
+countries it's a basic need for lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's a basic need for lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's a basic need for lighting
+so we can see at night it's a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see at night it's a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see at night it's a growing
+need for energy for information systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for energy for information systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for energy for information systems
+and our other gadgets uh the fifth Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our other gadgets uh the fifth Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our other gadgets uh the fifth Point
+food a tremendous amount of energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food a tremendous amount of energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food a tremendous amount of energy goes
+into growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into growing
+and transporting and keeping our food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transporting and keeping our food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transporting and keeping our food
+cold and finally manufacturing for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and finally manufacturing for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and finally manufacturing for all
+the Technologies or all the gadgets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies or all the gadgets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies or all the gadgets we
+need to do Transportation or Heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do Transportation or Heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do Transportation or Heating and
+Cooling lighting information systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling lighting information systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling lighting information systems of
+boot we have to make these things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot we have to make these things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot we have to make these things in the
+first place and that requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place and that requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place and that requires a
+tremendous amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of energy
+on the right hand side our sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side our sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side our sustainable
+production stack has a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production stack has a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production stack has a number of
+categories the good thing is and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories the good thing is and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories the good thing is and I'll
+try to emphasize this in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to emphasize this in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to emphasize this in the class
+repeatedly is that we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly is that we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly is that we have many
+sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable
+technologies that could produce energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could produce energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could produce energy
+we have wind and solar a solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wind and solar a solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wind and solar a solar energy
+can be harnessed in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be harnessed in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be harnessed in the form of
+affordable take or solar cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable take or solar cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable take or solar cells that
+produce electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electricity
+we can harness solar energy through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can harness solar energy through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can harness solar energy through
+thermal energy and we can also harness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy and we can also harness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy and we can also harness
+solar energy through biomass by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy through biomass by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy through biomass by
+harvesting the potential of the earth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the potential of the earth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the potential of the earth to
+engage in photosynthesis create crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in photosynthesis create crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in photosynthesis create crops
+that we then can use for other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then can use for other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then can use for other things
+including burning in engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including burning in engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including burning in engines
+hydroelectric power is producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric power is producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric power is producing
+electricity directly from our mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity directly from our mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity directly from our mechanical
+storage directly from hydropower a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage directly from hydropower a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage directly from hydropower a wave
+energy and Tide energy are two sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Tide energy are two sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Tide energy are two sources
+of energy that come from the earth uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that come from the earth uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that come from the earth uh on
+a regular basis geothermal energy also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular basis geothermal energy also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular basis geothermal energy also
+comes from the earth uh the heat inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the earth uh the heat inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the earth uh the heat inside
+the Earth can be harnessed to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth can be harnessed to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth can be harnessed to produce
+energy and finally nuclear and Makai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and finally nuclear and Makai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and finally nuclear and Makai
+puts it with a question mark because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it with a question mark because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it with a question mark because
+it's not clear whether or not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear whether or not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear whether or not this
+nuclear energy or nuclear power accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy or nuclear power accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy or nuclear power accounts
+is sustainable it is low carbon but as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sustainable it is low carbon but as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sustainable it is low carbon but as I
+said in an earlier class we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in an earlier class we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in an earlier class we have
+questions about how do we handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how do we handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how do we handle the
+fuel for nuclear power plants how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel for nuclear power plants how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel for nuclear power plants how do we
+handle the waste for nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the waste for nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the waste for nuclear power
+plants and whether or not that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and whether or not that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and whether or not that will be
+fully sustainable in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sustainable in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sustainable in the long run
+and so I want to cover two physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to cover two physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to cover two physical
+Concepts from Akai chapter 2 that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts from Akai chapter 2 that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts from Akai chapter 2 that I
+think are basically going to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are basically going to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are basically going to be the most
+important physical Concepts you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical Concepts you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical Concepts you need to
+understand this class and then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this class and then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this class and then the first
+one quite simply is energy it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quite simply is energy it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quite simply is energy it's the
+quantitative property of doing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative property of doing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative property of doing work
+energy can be neither destroyed nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be neither destroyed nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be neither destroyed nor
+created one of our fundamental laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created one of our fundamental laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created one of our fundamental laws of
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+uh energy can be transformed into light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy can be transformed into light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy can be transformed into light
+heat or mass hence the famous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat or mass hence the famous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat or mass hence the famous equation
+by Einstein e equals E equals m c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Einstein e equals E equals m c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Einstein e equals E equals m c
+squared energy equals mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared energy equals mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared energy equals mass times the
+speed of light squared this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light squared this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light squared this is a
+fundamental finding out of relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental finding out of relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental finding out of relativity
+and of course energy can take many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course energy can take many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course energy can take many
+different forms and we use it in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and we use it in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms and we use it in many
+different forms in our Energy System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms in our Energy System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms in our Energy System
+energy can be kinetic it can be chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be kinetic it can be chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be kinetic it can be chemical
+we can have potential energy we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have potential energy we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have potential energy we can have
+mechanical energy let's say stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy let's say stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy let's say stored in
+the elastic properties of the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic properties of the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic properties of the materials
+and of course biological energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course biological energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course biological energy which is
+fundamentally chemical energy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally chemical energy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally chemical energy but we
+have different modes of perhaps using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different modes of perhaps using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different modes of perhaps using
+that chemical energy in our muscles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical energy in our muscles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical energy in our muscles in
+animals in ecosystems and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in ecosystems and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in ecosystems and we're going to
+measure energy in terms of units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure energy in terms of units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure energy in terms of units of
+kilowatt hours you'll see energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours you'll see energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours you'll see energy
+referred to in terms of British thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to in terms of British thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to in terms of British thermal
+units BTUs something only used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units BTUs something only used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units BTUs something only used in the
+U.S and America or the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and America or the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and America or the United States
+therms joules calories are all units for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therms joules calories are all units for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therms joules calories are all units for
+energy they can all be converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they can all be converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they can all be converted to
+kilowatt hours a specific category I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours a specific category I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours a specific category I
+just want to highlight below is fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight below is fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight below is fossil
+fuels are sometimes measured in barrels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels are sometimes measured in barrels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels are sometimes measured in barrels
+of oil short tons of coal cubic feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil short tons of coal cubic feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil short tons of coal cubic feet of
+natural gas that's because that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas that's because that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas that's because that's how we
+measure the things we trade in commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the things we trade in commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the things we trade in commodity
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+Forex modernized fossil fuels but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex modernized fossil fuels but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forex modernized fossil fuels but again
+the amount of energy in a barrel of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy in a barrel of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy in a barrel of oil
+and a short ton of coal and cubic foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a short ton of coal and cubic foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a short ton of coal and cubic foot
+of natural gas can be converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas can be converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas can be converted to
+kilowatt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours
+so just to give you a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a few examples
+example one you may have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one you may have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one you may have had the
+frustrating experience of having gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating experience of having gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating experience of having gone to
+the gym foolishly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gym foolishly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gym foolishly
+counting your calories realizing you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting your calories realizing you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting your calories realizing you've
+worked out for an hour on a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for an hour on a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for an hour on a running
+treadmill and is only equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill and is only equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill and is only equivalent to
+three Oreos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Oreos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Oreos
+you can also look at example two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at example two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also look at example two the
+average American household uses per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average American household uses per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average American household uses per year
+about 11 000 kilowatt hours in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 11 000 kilowatt hours in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 11 000 kilowatt hours in
+electricity each person uses 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity each person uses 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity each person uses 300 million
+BTUs total per year which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs total per year which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs total per year which is
+approximately 2.3 gallons of oil 7.89
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 2.3 gallons of oil 7.89
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 2.3 gallons of oil 7.89
+pounds of coal and 252 cubic feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of coal and 252 cubic feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of coal and 252 cubic feet of
+natural gas per day now it's just worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas per day now it's just worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas per day now it's just worth
+pointing out that the first example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that the first example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that the first example in
+terms of the American household is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the American household is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the American household is in
+kilowatt hours but only counts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours but only counts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours but only counts for
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+uh that's the whole household per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the whole household per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the whole household per year
+the second sentence measures each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second sentence measures each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second sentence measures each person
+on a per capita basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per capita basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per capita basis
+but then breaks the millions of BTUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then breaks the millions of BTUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then breaks the millions of BTUs
+into different units because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different units because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different units because of the
+different sources of energy and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of energy and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of energy and this is
+to say that when we do these comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that when we do these comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that when we do these comparisons
+we want to be careful about the units we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be careful about the units we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be careful about the units we
+use the averaging over time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the averaging over time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the averaging over time and the
+sources of energy because the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy because the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy because the original
+source of energy may not actually be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy may not actually be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy may not actually be how
+much energy we use in the end and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy we use in the end and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy we use in the end and we'll
+talk about that more in a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more in a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more in a few slides
+another key physical concept we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key physical concept we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key physical concept we have to
+talk about are will be very useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about are will be very useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about are will be very useful is
+power and that's the quantitative rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that's the quantitative rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that's the quantitative rate
+of doing work that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing work that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing work that is
+power is energy per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is energy per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is energy per time
+it's a raid the units we use of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a raid the units we use of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a raid the units we use of that are
+Watts or equal to joules per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts or equal to joules per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts or equal to joules per second
+other other uh forms of power that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other uh forms of power that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other uh forms of power that you
+might be familiar with are ergs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be familiar with are ergs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be familiar with are ergs and
+peers in terms of luxury current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers in terms of luxury current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers in terms of luxury current
+horsepower in terms of the engine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower in terms of the engine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower in terms of the engine in
+your car or other Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car or other Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car or other Motors
+and lumens are the amount of energy cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lumens are the amount of energy cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lumens are the amount of energy cast
+off per second from an LED light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off per second from an LED light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off per second from an LED light bulb
+but measured over a sphere around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but measured over a sphere around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but measured over a sphere around a
+light bulb so it's actually awaited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb so it's actually awaited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb so it's actually awaited by
+the area around the light bulb or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around the light bulb or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around the light bulb or what
+degree of area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of area is
+is putting off how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting off how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting off how much energy
+so to just kind of use the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to just kind of use the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to just kind of use the same example
+as the previous slide you could say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the previous slide you could say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the previous slide you could say I
+worked out for an hour and I only worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for an hour and I only worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for an hour and I only worked
+off the equivalent of three Oreos but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the equivalent of three Oreos but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the equivalent of three Oreos but
+maybe sounds perhaps more impressive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sounds perhaps more impressive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sounds perhaps more impressive if
+you say my workout maintained a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say my workout maintained a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say my workout maintained a steady
+power output of three Oreos per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another key concept we have to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key concept we have to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key concept we have to cover
+that links energy and climate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that links energy and climate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that links energy and climate is
+emissions intensity and Emissions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions intensity and Emissions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions intensity and Emissions are
+measured in terms of greenhouse gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of greenhouse gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of greenhouse gases
+usually measured in metric ton carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measured in metric ton carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measured in metric ton carbon
+dioxide equivalent which is abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent which is abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent which is abbreviated
+mtcde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtcde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtcde or
+mtco2e and so on and the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtco2e and so on and the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtco2e and so on and the reason why we
+have to measure in terms of mattress ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to measure in terms of mattress ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to measure in terms of mattress ton
+carbon dioxide equivalent is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide equivalent is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide equivalent is that
+there's a lot of different greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different greenhouse
+gases and some of them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and some of them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and some of them for example
+methane CH4 has much more global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane CH4 has much more global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane CH4 has much more global warming
+potential than carbon dioxide so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential than carbon dioxide so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential than carbon dioxide so a
+single ton of methane has about 84 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ton of methane has about 84 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ton of methane has about 84 times
+the global warming potential of a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global warming potential of a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global warming potential of a ton of
+carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide
+in early in his life that declines over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early in his life that declines over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early in his life that declines over
+to time to have 20 metric tons of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time to have 20 metric tons of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time to have 20 metric tons of carbon
+dioxide equivalent so this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent so this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent so this is just to
+say that if we have different greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if we have different greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if we have different greenhouse
+gases we've measure them or make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases we've measure them or make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases we've measure them or make them
+all equivalent to a metric ton of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent to a metric ton of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent to a metric ton of carbon
+dioxide equivalent during their lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent during their lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide equivalent during their lifetime
+we can also measure emissions intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also measure emissions intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also measure emissions intensity
+by the type of gas as the example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the type of gas as the example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the type of gas as the example I just
+gave you in terms of methane also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you in terms of methane also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you in terms of methane also
+nitrous oxide and fluoro hexanes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrous oxide and fluoro hexanes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrous oxide and fluoro hexanes I think
+are another greenhouse gas you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another greenhouse gas you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another greenhouse gas you can
+measure emissions intensity per unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure emissions intensity per unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure emissions intensity per unit of
+energy this much greenhouse gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this much greenhouse gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this much greenhouse gas is
+created in terms of this much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in terms of this much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in terms of this much energy
+you can measure greenhouse gases per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure greenhouse gases per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure greenhouse gases per
+activity per dollar of GDP or by region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity per dollar of GDP or by region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity per dollar of GDP or by region
+people use lots of different intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use lots of different intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use lots of different intensities
+and the reason I want to focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I want to focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I want to focus on this
+key constant intensity is that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key constant intensity is that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key constant intensity is that as we
+look at different parts of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at different parts of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at different parts of the system
+we're going to look at the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the intensity of
+the different parts of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts of the system to
+kind of get a whole picture of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get a whole picture of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get a whole picture of where
+greenhouse gases are coming from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases are coming from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases are coming from just
+like we're going to look at energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to look at energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to look at energy
+intensity in terms of how much energy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in terms of how much energy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in terms of how much energy do
+you need for different activities how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for different activities how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for different activities how
+much energy do different regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy do different regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy do different regions of the
+world use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world use
+and so to give you a few examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you a few examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you a few examples of the
+parts of the parties the cop meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the parties the cop meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the parties the cop meetings
+that the UN framework invention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UN framework invention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the UN framework invention on
+climate change runs every year they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change runs every year they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change runs every year they have
+a reporting inventory and when every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporting inventory and when every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporting inventory and when every
+country which is party to the Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country which is party to the Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country which is party to the Paris
+agreement has to report its greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement has to report its greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement has to report its greenhouse
+gas emissions and frankly the actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions and frankly the actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions and frankly the actions
+that they're taking to reduce their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're taking to reduce their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're taking to reduce their
+greenhouse gases they have to measure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases they have to measure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases they have to measure or
+report their greenhouse gases in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report their greenhouse gases in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report their greenhouse gases in terms
+of a specific inventory format so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific inventory format so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific inventory format so I've
+linked to that here you can click on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to that here you can click on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to that here you can click on it
+and you can see how countries report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how countries report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how countries report
+different kinds of balance gases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of balance gases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of balance gases it's
+because countries can only see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because countries can only see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because countries can only see the
+source of the activities that create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the activities that create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the activities that create
+greenhouse gases so it's easier for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases so it's easier for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases so it's easier for us
+to measure how many barrels of oil we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure how many barrels of oil we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure how many barrels of oil we
+burned or how many short tons of pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned or how many short tons of pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned or how many short tons of pulley
+Burns or let's say how much land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns or let's say how much land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns or let's say how much land use
+conversion has led to how much methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion has led to how much methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion has led to how much methane
+or how much carbon dioxide we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much carbon dioxide we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much carbon dioxide we can also
+measure let's say our greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure let's say our greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure let's say our greenhouse gas
+emissions per unit of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions per unit of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions per unit of electricity
+because electricity comes from a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity comes from a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity comes from a grid
+the grid is a technology we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid is a technology we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid is a technology we'll talk
+about a lot in this class that mixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot in this class that mixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot in this class that mixes
+different sources of energy together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of energy together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of energy together and
+so we try to get an average intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try to get an average intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try to get an average intensity of
+greenhouse gas emissions per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions per unit
+electricity in different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in different regions
+another emissions intensity factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another emissions intensity factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another emissions intensity factor that
+people look at quite often is air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at quite often is air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at quite often is air
+quality you can look at how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality you can look at how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality you can look at how many
+greenhouse gases or how much particulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases or how much particulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases or how much particulate
+matter is produced by certain activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is produced by certain activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is produced by certain activities
+like vehicle miles travels or a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vehicle miles travels or a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vehicle miles travels or a number
+of cars in the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars in the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars in the road
+so just to give you an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you an example of what
+carbon emission intensity looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission intensity looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission intensity looks like
+this is the carbon emission intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carbon emission intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carbon emission intensity of
+economies in 2018 and this is from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies in 2018 and this is from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies in 2018 and this is from our
+world and data and you can see actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and data and you can see actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and data and you can see actually
+it's measured on the bottom Legend here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured on the bottom Legend here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured on the bottom Legend here
+in terms of amount of kilograms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of amount of kilograms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of amount of kilograms of
+carbon dioxide equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide equivalent
+the carbon dioxide intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon dioxide intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon dioxide intensity
+per dollar of GDP measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar of GDP measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar of GDP measured in
+international 2011 prices and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international 2011 prices and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international 2011 prices and you can
+see by that measure actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by that measure actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by that measure actually a lot of
+the developed worlds such as Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed worlds such as Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed worlds such as Australia
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+America don't look very intense if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America don't look very intense if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America don't look very intense if only
+because they don't produce that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't produce that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't produce that many
+ounce gases per dollar of GDP output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounce gases per dollar of GDP output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounce gases per dollar of GDP output
+now like we talked about in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like we talked about in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like we talked about in the last
+class in terms of population what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in terms of population what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in terms of population what does
+this hide well there's a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hide well there's a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hide well there's a couple things
+with a map you know sometimes the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map you know sometimes the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map you know sometimes the area
+of the map distorts the actual area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map distorts the actual area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map distorts the actual area or
+total emissions you know small places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total emissions you know small places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total emissions you know small places
+don't look like they had as much impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like they had as much impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look like they had as much impact
+as big places even though that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big places even though that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big places even though that really
+has nothing to do with the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the average
+but the more important point from a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the more important point from a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the more important point from a map
+like this is something hides the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is something hides the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is something hides the fact
+that the rich countries like Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rich countries like Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rich countries like Australia
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe North America and parts of Latin
+America simply have much larger gdps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America simply have much larger gdps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America simply have much larger gdps so
+it looks like the carbon dioxide output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the carbon dioxide output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the carbon dioxide output
+per GDP is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per GDP is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per GDP is low
+but if we look at the per capita CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at the per capita CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at the per capita CO2
+emissions like the point in our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions like the point in our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions like the point in our last
+class you can see that for a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can see that for a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can see that for a relatively
+small number of people in those Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of people in those Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of people in those Rich
+developed countries they have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries they have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries they have very high
+CO2 emissions per capita and so your map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 emissions per capita and so your map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 emissions per capita and so your map
+basically changes diametrically and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically changes diametrically and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically changes diametrically and you
+can see the difference between richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the difference between richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the difference between richer
+countries and four countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and four countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and four countries and
+overwhelmingly the Richer countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly the Richer countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly the Richer countries are
+more responsible for covering dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more responsible for covering dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more responsible for covering dioxide
+emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions
+if we look at this similarly in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this similarly in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this similarly in kind of
+a scatter plot you can again see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scatter plot you can again see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scatter plot you can again see that
+you know it looks like on a emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it looks like on a emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it looks like on a emission
+intensity basis India and the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity basis India and the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity basis India and the United
+States are not that different of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States are not that different of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States are not that different of course
+the difference is in terms of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is in terms of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is in terms of the output
+of the economy on a per capita basis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy on a per capita basis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy on a per capita basis the
+average person United States produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person United States produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average person United States produces
+much more and inevitably consumes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more and inevitably consumes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more and inevitably consumes much
+more than your average person in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your average person in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your average person in India
+or Pakistan so even though uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Pakistan so even though uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Pakistan so even though uh we have
+equivalent emissions intensity per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent emissions intensity per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent emissions intensity per
+dollar we simply produce and consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar we simply produce and consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar we simply produce and consume
+much more in the Richer countries and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in the Richer countries and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in the Richer countries and I
+make this point because after the Kyoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this point because after the Kyoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this point because after the Kyoto
+Protocol and after the the George W Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol and after the the George W Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol and after the the George W Bush
+Administration chose to leave the Kyoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration chose to leave the Kyoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration chose to leave the Kyoto
+Protocol one of their arguments was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol one of their arguments was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol one of their arguments was that
+the U.S actually had a lower apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S actually had a lower apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S actually had a lower apartment
+emission intensity or at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission intensity or at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission intensity or at least a
+comparable carbon emission intensity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable carbon emission intensity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable carbon emission intensity uh
+to some developing countries of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some developing countries of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some developing countries of course
+this hid the fact that the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hid the fact that the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hid the fact that the United States
+is both richer and consumes much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both richer and consumes much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both richer and consumes much more
+and produces much more so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces much more so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces much more so that's just a
+way to talk about what intensities may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to talk about what intensities may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to talk about what intensities may
+tell us and what they may hide also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and what they may hide also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and what they may hide also
+now I'm going to get to a really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to get to a really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to get to a really kind of
+key Diagon that I rather love in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Diagon that I rather love in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Diagon that I rather love in this
+class so I'll start off this class by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I'll start off this class by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I'll start off this class by
+talking about Sankey diagrams and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Sankey diagrams and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Sankey diagrams and you
+can find a sinky diagram for the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a sinky diagram for the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a sinky diagram for the US and
+every state at this web link I've put at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state at this web link I've put at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state at this web link I've put at
+the bottom Lawrence Livermore National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom Lawrence Livermore National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom Lawrence Livermore National
+Laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory
+well the safety diagram is is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the safety diagram is is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the safety diagram is is basically
+a flow chart and it's a flow chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flow chart and it's a flow chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flow chart and it's a flow chart
+between the sources on the left and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sources on the left and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sources on the left and you
+can see all of our energy sources solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of our energy sources solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of our energy sources solar
+nuclear Hydro wind geothermal natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Hydro wind geothermal natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Hydro wind geothermal natural
+gas coal biomass and petroleum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas coal biomass and petroleum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas coal biomass and petroleum and you
+can see all of the ultimate uses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of the ultimate uses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all of the ultimate uses on the
+right hand and the finals I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand and the finals I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand and the finals I guess we
+call final consumption is in residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call final consumption is in residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call final consumption is in residential
+buildings commercial buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings
+industrial buildings and transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings and transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings and transportation
+of course the spinal category here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the spinal category here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the spinal category here is
+also a kind of a statement about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of a statement about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of a statement about where
+does the energy go in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the energy go in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the energy go in the first place
+only about 50 of the energy or less that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 50 of the energy or less that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 50 of the energy or less that
+we actually burn in the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually burn in the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually burn in the from the
+original sources goes into these uses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sources goes into these uses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sources goes into these uses in
+these sectors about actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors about actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors about actually looks like
+one-third of the energy goes to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of the energy goes to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of the energy goes to what we
+call Energy Services and rejected energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Energy Services and rejected energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Energy Services and rejected energy
+is the byproduct of that combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the byproduct of that combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the byproduct of that combustion
+usually that we don't capture for actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that we don't capture for actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that we don't capture for actual
+Energy Services so to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services so to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services so to give you an
+example you can see how I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can see how I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can see how I said before
+the electric grid mixes many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric grid mixes many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric grid mixes many different
+types of energy sources solar nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of energy sources solar nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of energy sources solar nuclear
+hydroin all these natural gas and coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroin all these natural gas and coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroin all these natural gas and coal
+all feed into the electric grid but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all feed into the electric grid but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all feed into the electric grid but when
+we feed that energy into the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feed that energy into the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feed that energy into the electric
+grid into power plants we basically only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid into power plants we basically only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid into power plants we basically only
+take a fraction of it looks like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fraction of it looks like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fraction of it looks like about
+one-third of the electricity one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of the electricity one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of the electricity one-third
+of the energy in those energy sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy in those energy sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy in those energy sources
+actually goes to things like residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to things like residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to things like residential
+commercial industrial but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial industrial but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial industrial but about
+two-thirds of it gets rejected which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of it gets rejected which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of it gets rejected which
+means that it's heat energy going out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's heat energy going out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's heat energy going out of
+each chimney of a coal-fired power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chimney of a coal-fired power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chimney of a coal-fired power plant
+or it might be energy loss the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be energy loss the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be energy loss the electric
+grid but simply lost because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid but simply lost because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid but simply lost because the
+resistance of the electrical wires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the electrical wires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the electrical wires and
+so this kind of graph I actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of graph I actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of graph I actually find
+tremendously useful to summarize with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously useful to summarize with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously useful to summarize with
+the sources on the left are the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources on the left are the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources on the left are the ultimate
+uses of the energy are on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of the energy are on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of the energy are on the right and
+also some of the interim steps where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the interim steps where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the interim steps where we
+might be able to capture some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to capture some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to capture some of the
+energy back in terms of Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy back in terms of Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy back in terms of Energy
+Efficiency or at least think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency or at least think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency or at least think about how
+our intermediate Technologies like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intermediate Technologies like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intermediate Technologies like the
+electric grid actually use energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid actually use energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid actually use energy and
+how much of the intrinsic energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the intrinsic energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the intrinsic energy in the
+fuel source are we using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel source are we using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel source are we using
+to take one example from this graph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one example from this graph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one example from this graph I
+think it does a really good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does a really good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does a really good job of
+showing you for example that electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for example that electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for example that electricity
+overwhelmingly goes into residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly goes into residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly goes into residential
+buildings commercial buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings and
+industrial buildings our industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings our industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings our industrial
+activities but you can see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but you can see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but you can see that there's
+no link between electricity generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no link between electricity generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no link between electricity generation
+and transportation so very small orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation so very small orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation so very small orange
+line here a zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here a zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here a zero point
+0.02 quads now one thing I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 quads now one thing I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 quads now one thing I should have
+pointed out is that the total U.S energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out is that the total U.S energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out is that the total U.S energy
+consumption in 2021 was about 97 plugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in 2021 was about 97 plugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in 2021 was about 97 plugs
+it's pretty easy eventually to round it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy eventually to round it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy eventually to round it
+up to about 100 so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 100 so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 100 so this is actually
+0.02 percent roughly of all the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 percent roughly of all the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 percent roughly of all the energy
+in the US is use our electricity is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US is use our electricity is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US is use our electricity is used
+for transportation you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transportation you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transportation you can see
+overwhelmingly that the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly that the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly that the majority of
+energy for transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for transportation
+24.3 quads or about 24 advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.3 quads or about 24 advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.3 quads or about 24 advantage of the
+US comes from petroleum and originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US comes from petroleum and originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US comes from petroleum and originally
+that came from about 35 odds of 35 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from about 35 odds of 35 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from about 35 odds of 35 of
+our initial energy sources and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial energy sources and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial energy sources and you can
+see some portion goes off to Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some portion goes off to Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some portion goes off to Industrial
+activities so the vast majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so the vast majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so the vast majority of the
+energy that drives our transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that drives our transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that drives our transportation
+system is petroleum and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is petroleum and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is petroleum and you can see that
+when we burn petroleum or gasoline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we burn petroleum or gasoline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we burn petroleum or gasoline in
+our internal combustion engines a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our internal combustion engines a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our internal combustion engines a very
+small fraction that looks like about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction that looks like about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction that looks like about 20
+percent of it is actually used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it is actually used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it is actually used for
+moving the car forward about 80 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the car forward about 80 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the car forward about 80 percent
+of the energy actually go those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy actually go those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy actually go those are the
+tailpipe either in the form of heat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailpipe either in the form of heat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailpipe either in the form of heat at
+the tail pipe or else air resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail pipe or else air resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail pipe or else air resistance
+that is not really what we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really what we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really what we are trying to
+do we're trying to move uh goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're trying to move uh goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're trying to move uh goods and
+services and people around so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and people around so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and people around so this is
+just again a way of saying that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again a way of saying that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again a way of saying that you know
+there's lots of different kind of Sankey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different kind of Sankey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different kind of Sankey
+diagrams this is a nice one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is a nice one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams this is a nice one that has
+proportional flows between sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional flows between sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional flows between sources
+intermediate transforming Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate transforming Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate transforming Technologies
+and uses it also shows you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses it also shows you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses it also shows you what
+efficiency level is being achieved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency level is being achieved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency level is being achieved in
+these different sectors this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different sectors this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different sectors this is
+essentially a county exercise where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a county exercise where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a county exercise where if
+you can find a senky diagram for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a senky diagram for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a senky diagram for a given
+region or a city or a country it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or a city or a country it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or a city or a country it gives
+you a really good picture of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really good picture of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really good picture of where the
+energy is coming from and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is coming from and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is coming from and where the
+energy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to
+so we want to use these 10 IQ diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use these 10 IQ diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use these 10 IQ diagrams
+to think about what our pathways are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what our pathways are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what our pathways are to
+deep decarbonization deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep decarbonization deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep decarbonization deep
+decarbonization I think I've said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization I think I've said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization I think I've said before
+if I haven't said it before it is both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I haven't said it before it is both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I haven't said it before it is both a
+goal and a process we know that climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and a process we know that climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and a process we know that climate
+science tells us on the ipcc has told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tells us on the ipcc has told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tells us on the ipcc has told us
+through an exhaustive scientific process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an exhaustive scientific process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an exhaustive scientific process
+that we need to achieve Net Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to achieve Net Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to achieve Net Zero
+antipogenic greenhouse gas emissions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipogenic greenhouse gas emissions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipogenic greenhouse gas emissions by
+2050. deep decarbonization is both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050. deep decarbonization is both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050. deep decarbonization is both the
+goal of getting to net zero emissions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of getting to net zero emissions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of getting to net zero emissions by
+2050 and also it's this process we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 and also it's this process we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 and also it's this process we're
+decarbonizing for the next 28 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing for the next 28 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing for the next 28 years to
+lessen the effects climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessen the effects climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessen the effects climate change
+and so the first decarbonization plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first decarbonization plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first decarbonization plan
+started in 2015 the Deep decarbonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2015 the Deep decarbonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2015 the Deep decarbonization
+Pathways projects starting 2015 for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways projects starting 2015 for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways projects starting 2015 for a
+number of countries to try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries to try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries to try to think
+about what analytical or policy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what analytical or policy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what analytical or policy or
+technology Pathways we needed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Pathways we needed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Pathways we needed is
+updating this paper in 2020 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this paper in 2020 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this paper in 2020 that you
+read for this class that was quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for this class that was quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for this class that was quickly
+followed by the White House mid-century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the White House mid-century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the White House mid-century
+strategy which was the Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which was the Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which was the Obama
+administration's commitment to the Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration's commitment to the Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration's commitment to the Paris
+agreement to reduce greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to reduce greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to reduce greenhouse gas
+emissions by 80 by 2050 but just four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions by 80 by 2050 but just four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions by 80 by 2050 but just four
+years later you have a series of reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later you have a series of reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later you have a series of reports
+from academics and ngos looking at ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from academics and ngos looking at ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from academics and ngos looking at ways
+to get 100 reduction by 2050 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 100 reduction by 2050 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 100 reduction by 2050 which is
+what the ipcc says we need to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ipcc says we need to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ipcc says we need to do by
+2050.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050.
+and so the key thing I want to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key thing I want to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key thing I want to say in
+this class but also in the paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but also in the paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but also in the paper I
+referred to last uh time last week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to last uh time last week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to last uh time last week of
+the paper ID departmentalization that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper ID departmentalization that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper ID departmentalization that I
+wrote recently is that many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote recently is that many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote recently is that many of these
+plans agreeing with the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans agreeing with the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans agreeing with the technology
+pathways are so we should focus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are so we should focus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are so we should focus as
+Urban policy analysts and urban planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban policy analysts and urban planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban policy analysts and urban planners
+and people who worked in cities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who worked in cities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who worked in cities on
+implementation we should focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we should focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we should focus on
+geography we should focus on politics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography we should focus on politics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography we should focus on politics of
+it and frankly as planners we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and frankly as planners we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and frankly as planners we should
+look at the land use and built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the land use and built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the land use and built
+environment implications for deep deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment implications for deep deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment implications for deep deep
+carbonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization
+so to look at the same key diagram from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to look at the same key diagram from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to look at the same key diagram from
+Williams nl2020 they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams nl2020 they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams nl2020 they look at the
+reference case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference case
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+energy use the United States and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use the United States and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use the United States and this is
+a reference case I think the Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference case I think the Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference case I think the Energy
+Information Administration puts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Administration puts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Administration puts out
+every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year
+you can see on the left hand side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the left hand side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the left hand side that
+overwhelmingly the reference case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly the reference case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly the reference case which
+is usually fairly conservative shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually fairly conservative shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually fairly conservative shows
+that we will get most of our energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will get most of our energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will get most of our energy from
+we get most of our energy currently from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get most of our energy currently from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get most of our energy currently from
+uranium full natural gas a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium full natural gas a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium full natural gas a little bit
+from biomass and a large portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biomass and a large portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biomass and a large portion of
+petroleum you can see Renewables here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum you can see Renewables here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum you can see Renewables here
+are relatively small geothermal solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively small geothermal solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively small geothermal solar
+wind and hydro and all the energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and hydro and all the energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and hydro and all the energy goes
+through these intermediate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intermediate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intermediate steps
+electricity generation pipeline gas pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation pipeline gas pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generation pipeline gas pet
+volume refining outputs or liquid fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume refining outputs or liquid fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume refining outputs or liquid fuels
+it gets transmitted to the electric grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets transmitted to the electric grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets transmitted to the electric grid
+and It ultimately goes to buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and It ultimately goes to buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and It ultimately goes to buildings
+which are residential commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are residential commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are residential commercial
+buildings together it goes to Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings together it goes to Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings together it goes to Industry
+and goes to transportation again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to transportation again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to transportation again you can
+see here from buildings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here from buildings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here from buildings that
+overwhelmingly about half of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly about half of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly about half of the energy
+comes from the grid and half the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the grid and half the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the grid and half the energy
+comes from pipeline gas Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from pipeline gas Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from pipeline gas Transportation
+almost all the energy we're currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the energy we're currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the energy we're currently
+currently use comes from comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use comes from comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use comes from comes from the
+petroleum and Industry uses a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum and Industry uses a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum and Industry uses a variety of
+Energy Technologies and fuels now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Technologies and fuels now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Technologies and fuels now let's
+contrast that with the Williams Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with the Williams Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with the Williams Williams
+paper on what a 100 renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on what a 100 renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on what a 100 renewable energy
+feature would look like there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature would look like there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature would look like there's a couple
+things to notice here first all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to notice here first all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to notice here first all of our
+Renewables 100 renewable sources we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables 100 renewable sources we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables 100 renewable sources we are
+going to need are have taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need are have taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need are have taken over
+completely geothermal solar wind hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely geothermal solar wind hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely geothermal solar wind hydro
+and biomass there's no coal no natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biomass there's no coal no natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biomass there's no coal no natural
+gas and no petroleum overwhelmingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and no petroleum overwhelmingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and no petroleum overwhelmingly
+about two-thirds of you will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of you will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of you will go through
+the electric grid it will be generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric grid it will be generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric grid it will be generated
+electricity either go through the Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity either go through the Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity either go through the Grid
+or UVS to produce hydrogen hydrogen will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UVS to produce hydrogen hydrogen will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or UVS to produce hydrogen hydrogen will
+produce various liquid and gaseous fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce various liquid and gaseous fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce various liquid and gaseous fuels
+and if you look at what the future looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what the future looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what the future looks
+like in 2050 according to this paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 2050 according to this paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 2050 according to this paper or
+this technology pathway you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology pathway you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology pathway you can see that
+buildings have to overwhelmingly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have to overwhelmingly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have to overwhelmingly get
+their energy from electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy from electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy from electricity
+industry will still use a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry will still use a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry will still use a variety of
+inputs but all those inputs will be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but all those inputs will be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but all those inputs will be from
+intermediate steps that have transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps that have transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps that have transformed
+our renewable energy into the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our renewable energy into the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our renewable energy into the kinds of
+fuels we need to drive industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels we need to drive industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels we need to drive industrial
+processes and you can see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and you can see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and you can see that a
+transportation is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is going to come
+overwhelmingly from Electric about 50 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly from Electric about 50 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly from Electric about 50 of
+our energy and transportational electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy and transportational electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy and transportational electric
+some of it will come from I think liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will come from I think liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will come from I think liquid
+fuels and some will come from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and some will come from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and some will come from uh
+compressed Gases such as hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed Gases such as hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed Gases such as hydrogen and
+maybe natural gas or methane produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe natural gas or methane produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe natural gas or methane produced
+from renewable resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from renewable resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from renewable resources
+and let's just look at the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just look at the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just look at the implications
+from this and this is to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and this is to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and this is to read the
+numbers off those previous two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off those previous two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off those previous two graphs
+and then you look at the power sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the power sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the power sector
+you can see that petroleum natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that petroleum natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that petroleum natural gas
+and coal as I said have to be eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal as I said have to be eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coal as I said have to be eliminated
+completely 100 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely 100 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely 100 percent
+biomass has to grow by three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass has to grow by three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass has to grow by three and a half
+times nuclear power in the 100 renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nuclear power in the 100 renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nuclear power in the 100 renewable
+case is actually eliminated completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is actually eliminated completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is actually eliminated completely
+because I think Williams and I'll do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think Williams and I'll do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think Williams and I'll do not
+Define nuclear as a renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define nuclear as a renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define nuclear as a renewable energy
+source but the key things that most dire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source but the key things that most dire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source but the key things that most dire
+I think or most uh challenging things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think or most uh challenging things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think or most uh challenging things we
+have to deal with are growing our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with are growing our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with are growing our solar
+energy share by about a factor of 46. we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy share by about a factor of 46. we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy share by about a factor of 46. we
+have to grow our share for win by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to grow our share for win by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to grow our share for win by a
+factor of 27. hydro and geothermal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 27. hydro and geothermal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 27. hydro and geothermal are
+going to be relatively small players in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relatively small players in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relatively small players in
+this forecast and that's just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forecast and that's just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forecast and that's just for the
+electric power sector if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power sector if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power sector if you look at
+buildings residential commercial you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings residential commercial you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings residential commercial you can
+see two things not only does electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two things not only does electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two things not only does electricity
+have to decline in total use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decline in total use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decline in total use
+but we have to completely eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to completely eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to completely eliminate
+natural gas and we have to uh increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas and we have to uh increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas and we have to uh increase
+our use of biomass just slightly now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our use of biomass just slightly now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our use of biomass just slightly now the
+key thing is that the reason why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is that the reason why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is that the reason why we're
+declining our total use of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining our total use of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining our total use of electricity
+is that it's more efficient but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's more efficient but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's more efficient but at the
+same time the electricity we do use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the electricity we do use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the electricity we do use is
+going to be used to do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to do things that
+natural gas currently does if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas currently does if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas currently does if we're
+going to get Heating and Cooling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Heating and Cooling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Heating and Cooling from
+electricity rather than natural gas as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity rather than natural gas as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity rather than natural gas as
+we do now and so this is one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do now and so this is one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do now and so this is one important
+point I want to highlight from safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to highlight from safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to highlight from safety
+diagrams if you look at the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if you look at the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if you look at the total
+primary energy of buildings it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy of buildings it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary energy of buildings it actually
+has to go down by about 50 percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go down by about 50 percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go down by about 50 percent and
+this is the point I think I made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point I think I made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point I think I made in the
+last class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class which is
+if you look back here the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back here the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back here the total amount
+of energy it looks like I think roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy it looks like I think roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy it looks like I think roughly
+100 pods also 100 Exit joules I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 pods also 100 Exit joules I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 pods also 100 Exit joules I think is
+how this paper measures it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this paper measures it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this paper measures it and if you
+look at the next slide you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next slide you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next slide you can see that
+the width of these flows have gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of these flows have gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of these flows have gone down
+quite a bit which is just make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit which is just make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit which is just make the point
+that I think I said to you last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I said to you last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I said to you last week
+which is that not only do our uses have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that not only do our uses have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that not only do our uses have
+to become more thicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become more thicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become more thicken
+we also have to Simply reduce the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to Simply reduce the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to Simply reduce the total
+amount we're using and the remaining 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount we're using and the remaining 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount we're using and the remaining 50
+has to become renewable so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to become renewable so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to become renewable so we actually
+need a complete transformation of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a complete transformation of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a complete transformation of our
+Energy System both on the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy System both on the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy System both on the consumption
+side and production side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and production side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and production side
+if you look at the tong paper this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the tong paper this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the tong paper this is
+going to shift a little bit to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift a little bit to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift a little bit to this
+question of existing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of existing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of existing energy
+infrastructure this is a paper written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure this is a paper written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure this is a paper written
+in 2019 in nature and in this paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 in nature and in this paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 in nature and in this paper they
+say our estimate suggests a little or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our estimate suggests a little or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our estimate suggests a little or no
+new CO2 emitting infrastructure can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new CO2 emitting infrastructure can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new CO2 emitting infrastructure can be
+commissioned and that an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned and that an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned and that an existing
+infrastructure may need to be retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure may need to be retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure may need to be retired
+early or be retrofitted with carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or be retrofitted with carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early or be retrofitted with carbon
+capture and storage technology in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and storage technology in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and storage technology in order
+to meet the Paris of the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet the Paris of the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet the Paris of the electronic
+goals so this paper is basically going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so this paper is basically going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so this paper is basically going
+to show us how we have existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show us how we have existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show us how we have existing
+infrastructure obviously the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure obviously the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure obviously the energy
+infrastructure that we use every day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that we use every day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that we use every day and
+if we want to meet our parents agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to meet our parents agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to meet our parents agreement
+final goals which is keeping preferably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final goals which is keeping preferably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final goals which is keeping preferably
+Global warm average temperatures less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global warm average temperatures less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global warm average temperatures less
+than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than
+pre-industrial era we actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial era we actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial era we actually need to
+build no more fossil fuel infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build no more fossil fuel infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build no more fossil fuel infrastructure
+which is CO2 mini infrastructure and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is CO2 mini infrastructure and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is CO2 mini infrastructure and we
+may have to hire some of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to hire some of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to hire some of the energy
+infrastructure they have early before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they have early before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they have early before
+it's planned lifetime this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's planned lifetime this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's planned lifetime this is part of
+the struggle this is why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle this is why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle this is why you have
+activists trying to reform retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists trying to reform retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists trying to reform retire
+whole-fired power plants and avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole-fired power plants and avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole-fired power plants and avoid
+building new pipelines in natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building new pipelines in natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building new pipelines in natural gas
+plans or having passing let's say gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans or having passing let's say gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans or having passing let's say gas
+bans for new appliances in parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bans for new appliances in parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bans for new appliances in parts of
+Massachusetts and California and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and California and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and California and other
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+so just to show you what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to show you what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to show you what this looks like
+all these categories of Legends here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these categories of Legends here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these categories of Legends here
+commercial buildings Residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings Residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings Residential
+Building International transport Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building International transport Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building International transport Road
+Transport industry electricity these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport industry electricity these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport industry electricity these
+kinds of technologies have a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies have a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies have a natural
+lifetime in terms of they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime in terms of they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime in terms of they have a
+committed CO2 emission from existing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed CO2 emission from existing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed CO2 emission from existing and
+proposed infrastructure and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed infrastructure and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed infrastructure and you can see
+that our existing infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our existing infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our existing infrastructure is
+overwhelmingly dominated by industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly dominated by industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly dominated by industry and
+electricity and Road Transport is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and Road Transport is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and Road Transport is this
+blue wedge and buildings are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wedge and buildings are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wedge and buildings are actually
+relatively small and those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small and those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small and those are all
+things that are going to phase out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to phase out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to phase out
+naturally over time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally over time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally over time because
+infrastructure gets old if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure gets old if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure gets old if you don't
+maintain it and you don't rebuild it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it and you don't rebuild it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it and you don't rebuild it
+then it wears out and you can't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wears out and you can't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wears out and you can't use it
+anymore we have more proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we have more proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we have more proposed
+infrastructure but that proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but that proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but that proposed
+infrastructure cannot be built if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure cannot be built if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure cannot be built if we
+need to try to meet our press climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to try to meet our press climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to try to meet our press climate
+goals at the same time in the B panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals at the same time in the B panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals at the same time in the B panel
+here we have the committed emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the committed emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the committed emissions
+from different countries and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different countries and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different countries and you can see
+the lifetime of infrastructure in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime of infrastructure in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime of infrastructure in China
+is relatively long and a large portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively long and a large portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively long and a large portion
+of the future problem because so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future problem because so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future problem because so much of
+it is built fairly recently you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is built fairly recently you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is built fairly recently you can see
+the rest of the world is actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world is actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world is actually only
+about two-thirds of the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two-thirds of the problem that
+China poses and actually the U.S has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China poses and actually the U.S has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China poses and actually the U.S has a
+relatively small future committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small future committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small future committed
+emissions because the nature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions because the nature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions because the nature of our
+technology of course there's been many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of course there's been many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of course there's been many
+more proposed projects but the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proposed projects but the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proposed projects but the point of
+this paper is that we cannot actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is that we cannot actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is that we cannot actually
+build the proposed infrastructure and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the proposed infrastructure and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the proposed infrastructure and we
+may have to retire some of this existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to retire some of this existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to retire some of this existing
+infrastructure early to avoid going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure early to avoid going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure early to avoid going over
+our climate limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our climate limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our climate limits
+so another kind of interesting graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another kind of interesting graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another kind of interesting graph in
+this paper which I like quite a bit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper which I like quite a bit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper which I like quite a bit is a
+population pyramid but instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population pyramid but instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population pyramid but instead of a
+population pyramid showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population pyramid showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population pyramid showing the
+proportions of the population of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the population of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the population of people
+by age it actually shows the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age it actually shows the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age it actually shows the age
+structure of our Global electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our Global electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our Global electricity
+generating capacity and and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating capacity and and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating capacity and and I want to
+Simply make a point about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply make a point about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply make a point about what the
+different nature of the problem in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nature of the problem in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nature of the problem in China
+and the US are you can see on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US are you can see on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US are you can see on the left
+hand side this is the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this is the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this is the rest of the world
+but in some ways dominated by the US you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways dominated by the US you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways dominated by the US you
+can see around 15 or 17 years ago we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see around 15 or 17 years ago we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see around 15 or 17 years ago we've
+built quite a bit of natural gas or oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built quite a bit of natural gas or oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built quite a bit of natural gas or oil
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+you can see the rest of the world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the rest of the world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the rest of the world has
+more recently been building gas and oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently been building gas and oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently been building gas and oil
+infrastructure these yellow bars and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure these yellow bars and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure these yellow bars and you
+can see on the right hand side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on the right hand side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on the right hand side this is
+and electricity generation from coal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity generation from coal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity generation from coal and
+that is overwhelmingly dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is overwhelmingly dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is overwhelmingly dominated by
+coal-fired power plants built in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants built in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants built in China
+most in the last 12 or 14 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the last 12 or 14 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the last 12 or 14 years
+the reason why I use this graph is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I use this graph is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I use this graph is to
+look at the nature of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the nature of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the nature of the problem and
+what particular sectors we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particular sectors we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particular sectors we're going to
+have to tackle or which particular power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tackle or which particular power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tackle or which particular power
+plant you're not to tackle to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant you're not to tackle to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant you're not to tackle to avoid
+creating more working-house gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating more working-house gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating more working-house gas
+emissions that again will put us beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that again will put us beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that again will put us beyond
+our prayers agreement targets that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prayers agreement targets that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prayers agreement targets that will
+then finally jeopardize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally jeopardize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally jeopardize the
+climate of the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate of the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate of the planet
+so this brings me to cities which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to cities which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to cities which is you
+know numerous recent studies show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know numerous recent studies show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know numerous recent studies show that
+most U.S greenhouse gas emissions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most U.S greenhouse gas emissions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most U.S greenhouse gas emissions or
+Global greenhouse gas emissions in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global greenhouse gas emissions in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global greenhouse gas emissions in some
+of these studies are from cities but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies are from cities but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies are from cities but the
+key point of this literature I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point of this literature I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point of this literature I want to
+highlight is the exact proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight is the exact proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight is the exact proportion
+depends on how and where you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how and where you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how and where you count
+uh the Jones at Al 2018 paper and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Jones at Al 2018 paper and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Jones at Al 2018 paper and the
+Goldstein l2020 paper both find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein l2020 paper both find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein l2020 paper both find the
+higher incomes and lower population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher incomes and lower population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher incomes and lower population
+densities are highly correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are highly correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are highly correlated with
+higher carbon footprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carbon footprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carbon footprints
+and energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy use
+the gurney NL 2018 2020 and 2021 reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gurney NL 2018 2020 and 2021 reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gurney NL 2018 2020 and 2021 reports
+and papers find the majority of Road and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and papers find the majority of Road and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and papers find the majority of Road and
+fossil fuel infrastructure or use can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel infrastructure or use can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel infrastructure or use can be
+associated with cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cities
+the Moran paper is quite interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moran paper is quite interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moran paper is quite interesting and
+it finds that both in the China in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds that both in the China in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds that both in the China in both
+in China and the US the largest 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China and the US the largest 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China and the US the largest 10
+cities plus five percent of the top five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities plus five percent of the top five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities plus five percent of the top five
+percent of suburban residents by income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of suburban residents by income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of suburban residents by income
+are responsible for more than a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for more than a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for more than a majority
+of the grass gas emissions from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grass gas emissions from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grass gas emissions from both
+countries China and the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries China and the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries China and the U.S
+which is to say that if we focused just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that if we focused just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that if we focused just
+on the largest tent cities and be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the largest tent cities and be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the largest tent cities and be most
+carbon intensive suburbs and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon intensive suburbs and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon intensive suburbs and we could
+actually make a significant difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a significant difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a significant difference
+in advance gas emissions in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance gas emissions in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance gas emissions in these
+countries it is also kind of recapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it is also kind of recapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it is also kind of recapping
+the moral argument I made to you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral argument I made to you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral argument I made to you in the
+last class which is that the richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class which is that the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class which is that the richest
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+in both countries have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both countries have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both countries have a
+disproportionate responsibility to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate responsibility to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate responsibility to lower
+the greenhouse gas emissions just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas emissions just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas emissions just in the
+same way that the U.S has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the U.S has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that the U.S has a
+disproportionate responsibility two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate responsibility two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate responsibility two
+lowest greenhouse gas emissions relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest greenhouse gas emissions relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest greenhouse gas emissions relative
+to the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the world
+finally the pseudo and the 2021 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the pseudo and the 2021 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the pseudo and the 2021 and the
+Weidman Nile papers 2021 kind of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weidman Nile papers 2021 kind of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weidman Nile papers 2021 kind of show
+different research and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different research and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different research and planning
+Frameworks for how do you really count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for how do you really count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for how do you really count
+these greenhouse gas emissions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these greenhouse gas emissions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these greenhouse gas emissions and so
+there's debate about how you count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's debate about how you count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's debate about how you count it
+but there's this emerging consensus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this emerging consensus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this emerging consensus in
+the literature that cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature that cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature that cities are
+responsible for a large portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a large portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a large portion of
+greenhouse gas emissions in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions in many
+countries including China and the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries including China and the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries including China and the U.S
+just to highlight a few of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to highlight a few of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to highlight a few of the key
+issues why it's hard to get an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues why it's hard to get an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues why it's hard to get an exact
+proportion depends on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion depends on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion depends on different
+definitions of cities or whatever urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of cities or whatever urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of cities or whatever urban
+area is it depends which emissions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is it depends which emissions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is it depends which emissions you
+count Upstream emissions like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count Upstream emissions like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count Upstream emissions like things
+that you import in the form of fuels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you import in the form of fuels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you import in the form of fuels or
+Goods Downstream emissions the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Downstream emissions the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Downstream emissions the things
+that you export out of the city or waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you export out of the city or waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you export out of the city or waste
+energy or waste products that go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or waste products that go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or waste products that go outside
+the city and goods and services there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and goods and services there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and goods and services there's
+all different ways to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different ways to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different ways to count the
+emissions from all these things the C40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from all these things the C40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from all these things the C40
+and Arab report that I assigned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arab report that I assigned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arab report that I assigned in the
+reading gets some of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading gets some of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading gets some of these issues
+finally some interesting questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally some interesting questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally some interesting questions that
+are not always accounted for cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not always accounted for cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not always accounted for cities
+clearly shape local microclimates do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly shape local microclimates do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly shape local microclimates do we
+count that as part of climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that as part of climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that as part of climate change
+because that actually changes how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually changes how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually changes how people
+subsequently use energy in cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently use energy in cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently use energy in cities and
+there's this kind of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of fundamental
+question how do you measure affluence do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you measure affluence do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you measure affluence do
+you measure in terms of wealth or income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure in terms of wealth or income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure in terms of wealth or income
+I suspect if we measure these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect if we measure these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect if we measure these in
+different ways you can find different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can find different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can find different
+places responsible for different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places responsible for different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places responsible for different levels
+of greenhouse gas emissions just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of greenhouse gas emissions just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of greenhouse gas emissions just to
+again kind of make this argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of make this argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of make this argument about
+how we measure things matters and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measure things matters and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measure things matters and also
+how intensity may show us a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how intensity may show us a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how intensity may show us a different
+picture this is from the gurney NL 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is from the gurney NL 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is from the gurney NL 2020
+paper the left-hand panel shows absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the left-hand panel shows absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the left-hand panel shows absolute
+emissions you can see the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions you can see the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions you can see the absolute
+emissions in this country basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in this country basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in this country basically
+almost identically mimics the spatial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identically mimics the spatial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identically mimics the spatial or
+Urban spatial structure of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban spatial structure of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban spatial structure of the country
+where all the red areas and the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the red areas and the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the red areas and the Left
+Coast are high classifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast are high classifications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast are high classifications of
+absolute emissions of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute emissions of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute emissions of course if you
+imagine a per capita basis you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a per capita basis you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a per capita basis you might say
+okay out west people are real absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay out west people are real absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay out west people are real absolutely
+inefficient but we should also highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but we should also highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but we should also highlight
+the fact that there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's these
+interrelationships between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationships between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationships between these two
+areas places out here in the west is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas places out here in the west is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas places out here in the west is a
+high concentration of fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration of fossil fuel
+production generation but where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production generation but where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production generation but where are
+where is that energy going that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that energy going that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that energy going that energy
+is going to cities and so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cities and so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cities and so if we think
+back to makai's left hand bar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to makai's left hand bar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to makai's left hand bar of
+consumption I would argue to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption I would argue to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption I would argue to all the
+urban planners in the room and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners in the room and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners in the room and I've
+saved us I've said this to my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved us I've said this to my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved us I've said this to my colleagues
+in city government that we should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in city government that we should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in city government that we should not be
+complacent about the fact that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacent about the fact that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacent about the fact that we think
+we have relatively low traffic emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have relatively low traffic emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have relatively low traffic emissions
+in cities we have to be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities we have to be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities we have to be responsible for
+the fact that energy is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that energy is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that energy is being used
+elsewhere that we consume in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere that we consume in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere that we consume in the form of
+fuels goods and services food and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels goods and services food and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels goods and services food and we
+export our waste also so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export our waste also so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export our waste also so that is the
+place where cities can have a big impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where cities can have a big impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where cities can have a big impact
+on greenhouse gas emissions but it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on greenhouse gas emissions but it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on greenhouse gas emissions but it may
+be a different kind of efficiency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different kind of efficiency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different kind of efficiency we
+might have to think about how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to think about how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to think about how much we
+consume why we consume energy how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume why we consume energy how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume why we consume energy how do we
+do it more efficiently and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it more efficiently and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it more efficiently and hopefully
+ultimately reduce our consumption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reduce our consumption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reduce our consumption to
+meet our decarbonization goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet our decarbonization goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet our decarbonization goals
+finally I'll just flash through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'll just flash through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'll just flash through the
+readings quickly because we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings quickly because we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings quickly because we'll talk
+about them more in class are the Su LL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them more in class are the Su LL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them more in class are the Su LL
+2019 paper this is actually not my paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 paper this is actually not my paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 paper this is actually not my paper
+it's written by a colleague Angel Sue at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written by a colleague Angel Sue at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written by a colleague Angel Sue at
+the University of North Carolina it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of North Carolina it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of North Carolina it is a
+research roadmap for how do we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research roadmap for how do we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research roadmap for how do we spend
+more time or how do we spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time or how do we spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time or how do we spend more
+thinking about quantifying the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about quantifying the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about quantifying the climate
+mitigation actions that non-state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation actions that non-state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation actions that non-state or
+sub-national uh governments could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-national uh governments could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-national uh governments could take
+and this is getting that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is getting that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is getting that kind of
+measurement question like how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement question like how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement question like how are we
+going to measure greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure greenhouse gas
+emissions and how we're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and how we're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and how we're going to measure
+what acting those entities take and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what acting those entities take and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what acting those entities take and just
+to give you an example there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an example there's different
+ways to count how cities take private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to count how cities take private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to count how cities take private
+action and comparison State targets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and comparison State targets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and comparison State targets and
+those targets may be different still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those targets may be different still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those targets may be different still
+than National level targets and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than National level targets and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than National level targets and so you
+know there's a question are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a question are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a question are we going to
+double count in some cases cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count in some cases cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count in some cases cities are
+actually most cases cities are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most cases cities are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most cases cities are more
+ambitious than their States cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious than their States cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious than their States cities are
+often more ambitious than National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often more ambitious than National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often more ambitious than National
+governments but we want to avoid double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments but we want to avoid double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments but we want to avoid double
+counting we want to assume uh we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we want to assume uh we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we want to assume uh we want we
+want to count cities considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count cities considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count cities considering
+we're gonna those cities are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna those cities are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna those cities are going to
+act relative to cities without targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act relative to cities without targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act relative to cities without targets
+so this paper will get at that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper will get at that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper will get at that we'll
+just talk about more in class and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about more in class and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about more in class and this
+brings me to this optional reading by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings me to this optional reading by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings me to this optional reading by
+markholf at Al which is pledges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markholf at Al which is pledges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markholf at Al which is pledges and
+progress this is a brook institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress this is a brook institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress this is a brook institution
+report it looks the hundred largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it looks the hundred largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it looks the hundred largest
+cities across the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities across the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities across the United States
+they find that the number of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that the number of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that the number of cities
+these hundred cities have all set fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hundred cities have all set fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hundred cities have all set fairly
+ambitious goals everything on the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals everything on the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals everything on the blue
+here on the right the parentheses shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right the parentheses shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right the parentheses shows
+you when they set the goal and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they set the goal and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they set the goal and you can
+see Boston where we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Boston where we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Boston where we are actually
+Cambridge is also in the draft somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge is also in the draft somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge is also in the draft somewhere
+but Boston Massachusetts in 2005 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Boston Massachusetts in 2005 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Boston Massachusetts in 2005 so
+they're going to have an 80 reduction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have an 80 reduction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have an 80 reduction by
+2050. as all of these cities did also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050. as all of these cities did also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050. as all of these cities did also
+meeting the White House's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the White House's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the White House's
+um Targets in 2016.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Targets in 2016.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Targets in 2016.
+it's measured with the national targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured with the national targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured with the national targets
+of 2016. you can see a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016. you can see a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2016. you can see a number of these
+cities here and left have set less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities here and left have set less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities here and left have set less
+ambitious targets 50 reduction let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious targets 50 reduction let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious targets 50 reduction let's say
+40 reduction but they may have more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 reduction but they may have more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 reduction but they may have more uh
+closer targets so this might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer targets so this might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer targets so this might be an
+interim goal on the way to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim goal on the way to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim goal on the way to a more
+ambitious Target down the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious Target down the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious Target down the road
+but the take home from this markle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the take home from this markle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the take home from this markle's
+report and you know I'll let you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and you know I'll let you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and you know I'll let you look at
+your leader because I think somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leader because I think somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leader because I think somebody
+will be quite interested in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quite interested in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quite interested in particular
+cities you can see what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you can see what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you can see what the difference
+is between their current missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between their current missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between their current missions
+inventory and their target emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and their target emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and their target emissions and
+you can see in the case of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the case of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the case of Chicago
+Illinois they set a 2015 of a 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois they set a 2015 of a 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois they set a 2015 of a 2015
+greenhouse gas inventory they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas inventory they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas inventory they had a
+Target admission in the year of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target admission in the year of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target admission in the year of that
+inventory and it looks like Chicago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and it looks like Chicago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and it looks like Chicago is
+emitting about 50 more missions than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting about 50 more missions than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting about 50 more missions than
+they Target in 2015. I actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Target in 2015. I actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Target in 2015. I actually find
+this report quite hopeful because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this report quite hopeful because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this report quite hopeful because it
+takes a serious look at all these cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a serious look at all these cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a serious look at all these cities
+and says well we should take cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says well we should take cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says well we should take cities
+seriously in terms of the climate action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in terms of the climate action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in terms of the climate action
+goals of studying but in order to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals of studying but in order to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals of studying but in order to take
+them seriously we also have to hold them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them seriously we also have to hold them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them seriously we also have to hold them
+according to the plans that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the plans that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the plans that they're
+setting so it looks like Boston is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so it looks like Boston is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so it looks like Boston is
+closer to its Target at 10 higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to its Target at 10 higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to its Target at 10 higher
+inventory emissions than it had planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory emissions than it had planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory emissions than it had planned
+for in 2016. that 10 hopefully gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in 2016. that 10 hopefully gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in 2016. that 10 hopefully gives us
+or that inventory difference gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that inventory difference gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that inventory difference gives us a
+good place to Target our actions other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to Target our actions other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to Target our actions other
+places let's say Los Angeles looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places let's say Los Angeles looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places let's say Los Angeles looks like
+it's actually ahead of its goals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually ahead of its goals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually ahead of its goals it's
+actually 10 percent less in terms gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 10 percent less in terms gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 10 percent less in terms gas
+emissions than they plan for in 2013. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions than they plan for in 2013. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions than they plan for in 2013. so
+uh cities uh looks like almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cities uh looks like almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cities uh looks like almost
+overwhelmingly tempered cities except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly tempered cities except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly tempered cities except
+for Minneapolis but all these fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Minneapolis but all these fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Minneapolis but all these fairly
+temperate region cities are doing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperate region cities are doing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperate region cities are doing better
+than they expected some of these cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they expected some of these cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they expected some of these cities
+here I guess Chicago is a cold climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess Chicago is a cold climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess Chicago is a cold climate
+City and Tucson is the opposite but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and Tucson is the opposite but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and Tucson is the opposite but for
+different reasons Tucson and Chicago are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons Tucson and Chicago are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons Tucson and Chicago are
+wildly over the goal they set in 2014
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly over the goal they set in 2014
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly over the goal they set in 2014
+and 2015. and so I'll just stop here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2015. and so I'll just stop here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2015. and so I'll just stop here and
+I will talk more in the class this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will talk more in the class this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will talk more in the class this week
+we'll talk the results of our carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk the results of our carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk the results of our carbon
+calculators that we did for homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators that we did for homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators that we did for homework
+we'll I'll put some questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll put some questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll put some questions for
+discussion on the board and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on the board and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on the board and we'll just
+start our discussion and we'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start our discussion and we'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start our discussion and we'll have some
+news items to talk about in class thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news items to talk about in class thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news items to talk about in class thank
+you very much I hope you guys have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much I hope you guys have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much I hope you guys have a
+great rest of your weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4AL95TcwXQc.txt b/4AL95TcwXQc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1baa3b6478cb14ed0b4fd4a44d49a096884ecf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4AL95TcwXQc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25327 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I look my photo photogenic best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I look my photo photogenic best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I look my photo photogenic best
+yes otherwise we can't proceed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all um this I'm Irving singer uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um this I'm Irving singer uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um this I'm Irving singer uh the
+course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is
+problems no it's not that problems it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems no it's not that problems it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems no it's not that problems it's
+just philosophy of loveing the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just philosophy of loveing the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just philosophy of loveing the western
+world uh there are lots of problems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh there are lots of problems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh there are lots of problems as
+you'll discover and we meet between 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover and we meet between 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover and we meet between 2 to
+5 on Mondays in this room anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 on Mondays in this room anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 on Mondays in this room anyone have
+any problem about the room or the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem about the room or the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem about the room or the date
+the hour okay let's stay on that uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour okay let's stay on that uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour okay let's stay on that uh I've
+handed out uh the reading list and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out uh the reading list and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out uh the reading list and I'll
+go through each of the items shortly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through each of the items shortly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through each of the items shortly uh
+but there are two uh B matters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two uh B matters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two uh B matters of
+business I want to attend to first uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I want to attend to first uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I want to attend to first uh I
+want to know about you so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about you so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about you so that we can
+dis discuss what you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis discuss what you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis discuss what you're interested in
+today and I can get to know you as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I can get to know you as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I can get to know you as soon
+as POS possible and you can get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as POS possible and you can get to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as POS possible and you can get to know
+each other and also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and also I
+distributed um something relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um something relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um something relevant to
+what is on the reading list for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the reading list for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the reading list for today
+September 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 13th
+introduction uh marriage same sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh marriage same sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh marriage same sex and
+opposite sex so I want to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sex so I want to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sex so I want to explain what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it U is um an essay that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it U is um an essay that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it U is um an essay that I
+wrote couple of months ago and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote couple of months ago and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote couple of months ago and that is
+is being published next month um as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being published next month um as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being published next month um as part
+of what the Publishers call the Expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the Publishers call the Expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the Publishers call the Expanded
+Edition of a book of mine entitled sex a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition of a book of mine entitled sex a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition of a book of mine entitled sex a
+philosophical primer uh which is not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer uh which is not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer uh which is not on
+your reading list um but this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reading list um but this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reading list um but this is what
+I'm giving you is really independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you is really independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you is really independent uh
+a sex uh philosophical PR came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sex uh philosophical PR came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sex uh philosophical PR came out in
+2001 there was very little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 there was very little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 there was very little about
+marriage um and virually nothing on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage um and virually nothing on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage um and virually nothing on um
+homosexuality or um sexual orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality or um sexual orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality or um sexual orientation
+it's a different kind of book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different kind of book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different kind of book about the
+in the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the philosophy of
+sex it seemed to the Publishers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex it seemed to the Publishers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex it seemed to the Publishers and I
+agreed with him that the reprinting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with him that the reprinting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with him that the reprinting of
+that now would be enhanced by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now would be enhanced by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now would be enhanced by having
+this essay the essay is primarily on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essay the essay is primarily on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essay the essay is primarily on the
+problem the controversy of same-sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the controversy of same-sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the controversy of same-sex
+marriage that you all know about and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage that you all know about and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage that you all know about and I
+was glad to put it in because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was glad to put it in because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was glad to put it in because it has
+such immediate relevance uh the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such immediate relevance uh the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such immediate relevance uh the rest of
+the book and in fact most of my writings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and in fact most of my writings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and in fact most of my writings
+um is uh very speculative and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh very speculative and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh very speculative and therefore
+isn't time limited it isn't time datting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't time limited it isn't time datting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't time limited it isn't time datting
+it doesn't have the urgency that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the urgency that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the urgency that this
+particular question has one of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular question has one of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular question has one of the uh
+things I discuss in the um essay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I discuss in the um essay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I discuss in the um essay on
+same-sex marriage is that hardly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same-sex marriage is that hardly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same-sex marriage is that hardly any
+philosophers in fact hardly any people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers in fact hardly any people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers in fact hardly any people
+ever discussed this in the past it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever discussed this in the past it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever discussed this in the past it's a
+very very recent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recent uh
+issue not many philosophers have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue not many philosophers have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue not many philosophers have talked
+about the philosophy of sex not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the philosophy of sex not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the philosophy of sex not many
+philosophers in the 20th and 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers in the 20th and 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers in the 20th and 21st
+century have talked about the philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century have talked about the philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century have talked about the philosophy
+of Love is a great literature uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love is a great literature uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love is a great literature uh in
+philosophy and literat in uh creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and literat in uh creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and literat in uh creative
+writing literature um uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing literature um uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing literature um uh about the
+nature of love but very little on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love but very little on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love but very little on
+either sex or sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sex or sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sex or sexual
+orientation so that the what I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so that the what I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so that the what I thought
+that in this course instead of going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course instead of going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this course instead of going in
+a boring chronological order uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boring chronological order uh we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boring chronological order uh we could
+very well start with the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well start with the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well start with the present and
+then work back and and forth throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work back and and forth throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work back and and forth throughout
+throughout the course in accordance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course in accordance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course in accordance with
+what you're interested in in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in in general I
+would like this to be a course in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like this to be a course in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like this to be a course in what
+you are interested in and so as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in and so as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in and so as soon as
+uh I give you a chance um I'm eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I give you a chance um I'm eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I give you a chance um I'm eager to
+see what to write down on on the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what to write down on on the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what to write down on on the cards
+and then we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about
+that before I do that let me just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I do that let me just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I do that let me just say a
+couple of words of introduction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of introduction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of introduction and then
+I'll uh continue later on as with most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh continue later on as with most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh continue later on as with most
+of my it's all of my courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my it's all of my courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my it's all of my courses
+nowadays um they are expressions of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays um they are expressions of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays um they are expressions of my
+philosophical development as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical development as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical development as you as you
+can see I don't lecture from notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I don't lecture from notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I don't lecture from notes I
+don't prepare what I'm going to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't prepare what I'm going to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't prepare what I'm going to say uh
+one reason I can do that is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason I can do that is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason I can do that is because I
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+teach um what I'm myself working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach um what I'm myself working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach um what I'm myself working
+on uh MIT has been very good to me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh MIT has been very good to me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh MIT has been very good to me in
+letting me avoid bread and butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting me avoid bread and butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting me avoid bread and butter
+courses needed to educate the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses needed to educate the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses needed to educate the young
+which is a a cause I believe in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a cause I believe in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a cause I believe in but
+don't feel any desire to further anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel any desire to further anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel any desire to further anymore
+I I'm allowed to write and to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm allowed to write and to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm allowed to write and to teach
+exactly what I want so that what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I want so that what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I want so that what I do
+right comes out of me now there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comes out of me now there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comes out of me now there is one
+justification for that which is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for that which is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for that which is based on
+the nature of philosophy philosophy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of philosophy philosophy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of philosophy philosophy is
+not like other subjects even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like other subjects even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like other subjects even in the
+humanities philosophy doesn't have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities philosophy doesn't have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities philosophy doesn't have right
+and wrong answers the way you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong answers the way you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong answers the way you have in
+engineering if get the wrong answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering if get the wrong answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering if get the wrong answer the
+bridge falls down so you got to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge falls down so you got to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge falls down so you got to get the
+right answer there is no right and wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer there is no right and wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer there is no right and wrong
+answer in philosophy and I extrapolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in philosophy and I extrapolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in philosophy and I extrapolate
+from that by arguing in various places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that by arguing in various places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that by arguing in various places
+that there's no right and wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no right and wrong answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no right and wrong answer
+about life or how to live life life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life or how to live life life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life or how to live life life is
+not like ma a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like ma a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like ma a mathematical
+problem saying that is already a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem saying that is already a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem saying that is already a radical
+statement in the history of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the history of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the history of philosophy
+because many philosophers going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many philosophers going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many philosophers going back to
+the greatest of all of us which is Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest of all of us which is Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest of all of us which is Plato
+uh thought that there was a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thought that there was a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thought that there was a problem in
+life and that if you develop reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and that if you develop reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and that if you develop reason
+properly and one way of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and one way of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and one way of developing
+reason properly is to master mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason properly is to master mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason properly is to master mathematics
+that's on the the latter that he he um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the the latter that he he um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the the latter that he he um
+describes in the Republic uh you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in the Republic uh you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in the Republic uh you will
+get the right answer and he can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right answer and he can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right answer and he can in
+intuitive he thinks so he can point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive he thinks so he can point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive he thinks so he can point you
+in the direction of getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of getting the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of getting the right
+answer to the nature of life and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the nature of life and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the nature of life and and
+it's not by chance related getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not by chance related getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not by chance related getting the
+right answer in mathematics I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer in mathematics I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer in mathematics I don't
+believe that uh I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that uh I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that uh I don't know how many
+people nowadays do believe it there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people nowadays do believe it there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people nowadays do believe it there is a
+rationalist way of doing philosophy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalist way of doing philosophy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalist way of doing philosophy uh
+which shows itself in uh the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows itself in uh the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows itself in uh the way that
+cognitive science and cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science and cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science and cognitive science
+philosophy have developed in the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy have developed in the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy have developed in the last 20
+years um it's different from Plato but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um it's different from Plato but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um it's different from Plato but
+it's based on certain conceptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on certain conceptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on certain conceptions about
+the nature of reason and reasoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of reason and reasoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of reason and reasoning and
+rationality uh that are not unrelated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality uh that are not unrelated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality uh that are not unrelated to
+Plato and to the Grand tradition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato and to the Grand tradition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato and to the Grand tradition in
+Western philosophy that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western philosophy that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western philosophy that comes out of
+Plato um I don't agree with that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato um I don't agree with that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato um I don't agree with that I don't
+belong to that school of thought for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that school of thought for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that school of thought for me
+life is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not
+not a problem there's no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem there's no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem there's no one
+solution um and from that I dve a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um and from that I dve a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um and from that I dve a view
+that I like others call pluralism which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like others call pluralism which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like others call pluralism which
+is that there are many solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are many solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are many solutions to
+where all of life's problems and living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of life's problems and living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of life's problems and living
+a good life means developing a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good life means developing a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good life means developing a solution
+that is acceptable to you and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acceptable to you and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is acceptable to you and that you
+can get away with because if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with because if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with because if it's
+acceptable to you um if you're let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to you um if you're let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to you um if you're let's say
+a psychopath but not acceptable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychopath but not acceptable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychopath but not acceptable to
+anybody else then you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else then you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else then you're going to have
+troubles with rest of society so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with rest of society so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with rest of society so that
+you have to um not only be a pluralist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to um not only be a pluralist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to um not only be a pluralist
+in general but pluralist in relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but pluralist in relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but pluralist in relationship
+to his large gamut of interests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his large gamut of interests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his large gamut of interests that
+different individuals might have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals might have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals might have from
+their their own points of view so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their own points of view so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their own points of view so it's
+it's a very sophisticated kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sophisticated kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sophisticated kind of
+pluralism not because there is anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralism not because there is anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralism not because there is anyone
+right answer but rather because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but rather because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but rather because people
+can work out adequate solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work out adequate solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work out adequate solutions for
+themselves and they can do it well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and they can do it well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and they can do it well and
+they can do it badly where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it badly where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it badly where does the
+philosopher come into this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher come into this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher come into this the
+Philosopher's job is to help people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosopher's job is to help people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosopher's job is to help people to
+do it well how do you do it well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well how do you do it well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well how do you do it well one
+answer to that is given by the father of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is given by the father of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is given by the father of
+Socrates uh I mean the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates uh I mean the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates uh I mean the philosophical
+father of Socrates I mean philos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of Socrates I mean philos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of Socrates I mean philos of
+Plato the philosophical father of Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato the philosophical father of Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato the philosophical father of Plato
+who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was
+Socrates Socrates never published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates Socrates never published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates Socrates never published
+anything we only know what others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we only know what others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we only know what others uh
+wrote about him and above all what Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about him and above all what Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about him and above all what Plato
+did so Socrates would spend his days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so Socrates would spend his days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so Socrates would spend his days the
+way I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I do
+talking and also without any notes only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and also without any notes only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and also without any notes only
+he did it much better and uh talking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did it much better and uh talking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did it much better and uh talking in
+the agura the city square of Athens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agura the city square of Athens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agura the city square of Athens to
+anybody who came along uh and working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who came along uh and working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who came along uh and working at
+problems as human problems practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as human problems practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as human problems practical
+problems that he being a refined thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that he being a refined thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that he being a refined thinker
+could analyze and help other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could analyze and help other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could analyze and help other people to
+analyze for themselves the principle he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze for themselves the principle he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze for themselves the principle he
+acted on was the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on was the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on was the job of
+philosophy is to help us make our ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is to help us make our ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is to help us make our ideas
+clear not to provide knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear not to provide knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear not to provide knowledge that
+would make it scientific which it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it scientific which it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it scientific which it isn't
+uh not to convince people of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to convince people of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to convince people of certain
+desirable actions that would make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable actions that would make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable actions that would make it
+propaganda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda or
+prizz um rhetor rhetoric was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizz um rhetor rhetoric was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizz um rhetor rhetoric was invented
+about that time and practiced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that time and practiced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that time and practiced by a
+school of people who were called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of people who were called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of people who were called
+philosophers but really weren't uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers but really weren't uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers but really weren't uh the
+the SOP the sophists were uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SOP the sophists were uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SOP the sophists were uh people who
+were who hired themselves out to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were who hired themselves out to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were who hired themselves out to teach
+um uh the elect members of the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the elect members of the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the elect members of the society
+how to become politically successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to become politically successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to become politically successful in
+other words they were um speech writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words they were um speech writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words they were um speech writers
+or logicians who help people learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or logicians who help people learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or logicians who help people learn how
+to make their ideas conveyable to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their ideas conveyable to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their ideas conveyable to to
+others whom they wanted to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others whom they wanted to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others whom they wanted to influence
+Socrates isn't doing that he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates isn't doing that he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates isn't doing that he's trying to
+get people to think for themselves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to think for themselves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to think for themselves by
+clarifying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying their
+ideas his point is we all know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas his point is we all know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas his point is we all know what
+reality is because we're immersed in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is because we're immersed in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is because we're immersed in it
+but we also have language and language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have language and language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have language and language
+means that there are ambiguities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are ambiguities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are ambiguities that
+words are hard to understand and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are hard to understand and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are hard to understand and very
+easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to
+manipulate uh and consequently what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate uh and consequently what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate uh and consequently what we
+need is someone a logician of sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is someone a logician of sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is someone a logician of sort that
+he was to help us to straight out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was to help us to straight out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was to help us to straight out our
+Thinking by clarifying our use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinking by clarifying our use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinking by clarifying our use of
+language now there are very various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now there are very various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now there are very various
+techniques that Socrates introduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that Socrates introduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that Socrates introduced and
+then became part of the subject that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became part of the subject that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became part of the subject that we
+call logic another part came in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call logic another part came in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call logic another part came in with
+Aristotle and later thinkers uh I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle and later thinkers uh I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle and later thinkers uh I won't
+don't want to go into that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into that right now
+except to say that to prepare you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to say that to prepare you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to say that to prepare you for
+what I do um I think of myself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do um I think of myself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do um I think of myself as a
+disciple of Socrates Socrates said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciple of Socrates Socrates said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciple of Socrates Socrates said the
+most important question is how to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important question is how to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important question is how to live
+how to really to live how to exist how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to really to live how to exist how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to really to live how to exist how
+to have a good life how to live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good life how to live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good life how to live with
+other people how to live with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people how to live with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people how to live with your
+family he had a wife who was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family he had a wife who was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family he had a wife who was uh
+notorious as a shrew and um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious as a shrew and um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious as a shrew and um there's one
+anecdote about her throwing the U the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about her throwing the U the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about her throwing the U the uh
+garbage out the window the way they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage out the window the way they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage out the window the way they did
+in Athens on his head and after berading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Athens on his head and after berading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Athens on his head and after berading
+him and he said I knew that after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he said I knew that after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he said I knew that after all
+that Thunder there would be lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Thunder there would be lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Thunder there would be lightning
+rain no there would be light there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain no there would be light there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain no there would be light there would
+be rain something like that I knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rain something like that I knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rain something like that I knew that
+after all that Thunder there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all that Thunder there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all that Thunder there would be
+rain um but this is a problem that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain um but this is a problem that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain um but this is a problem that he's
+concerned with by getting us to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with by getting us to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with by getting us to clarify
+our ideas about what it is to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas about what it is to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas about what it is to be a
+family man to have children to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family man to have children to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family man to have children to have a
+wife in principle he doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in principle he doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in principle he doesn't tell you
+what conclusions to reach now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conclusions to reach now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conclusions to reach now as a
+matter of fact if you study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact if you study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact if you study the
+dialogues that are called Socratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that are called Socratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that are called Socratic
+dialogues that Plato wrote down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that Plato wrote down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that Plato wrote down uh
+sacares pretty pretty well knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacares pretty pretty well knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacares pretty pretty well knows where
+he is going and often leads the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is going and often leads the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is going and often leads the uh the
+audience so to speak to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so to speak to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so to speak to get to the
+conclusions that he has in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that he has in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that he has in mind and
+sometimes it's disingenuous and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's disingenuous and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's disingenuous and there
+are all sorts of uh questions one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of uh questions one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of uh questions one might
+have about the ultimate honesty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the ultimate honesty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the ultimate honesty of
+everything Socrates did but in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Socrates did but in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Socrates did but in principle
+the idea was to help people to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to help people to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to help people to make
+their ideas clear because they all knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas clear because they all knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas clear because they all knew
+what reality was what they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reality was what they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reality was what they didn't know
+was how to deal with it given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to deal with it given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to deal with it given the
+language we use and the confusions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we use and the confusions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we use and the confusions that
+we as human beings get into all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as human beings get into all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as human beings get into all the time
+in modern psychology this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern psychology this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern psychology this is this is a
+truism that U for all sorts of Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truism that U for all sorts of Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truism that U for all sorts of Social
+and individual reasons we perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual reasons we perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual reasons we perceive
+differently uh we um use languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh we um use languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh we um use languages
+differently we can reach conclusions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we can reach conclusions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we can reach conclusions and
+that it's a matter of what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a matter of what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a matter of what's going on in
+US rather than what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US rather than what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US rather than what's going on in
+reality and so the job of the scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and so the job of the scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and so the job of the scientist
+is to work at the structure of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to work at the structure of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to work at the structure of these
+confusions and the job of the philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusions and the job of the philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusions and the job of the philosophy
+of the socratic sword is to help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the socratic sword is to help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the socratic sword is to help us to
+clarify our minds given our inclination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify our minds given our inclination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify our minds given our inclination
+to have these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these uh
+confusions that's what I will be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusions that's what I will be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusions that's what I will be doing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you uh that's what I do with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that's what I do with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh that's what I do with all of the
+20 books that are listed in that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 books that are listed in that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 books that are listed in that that
+front matter that I gave to to you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front matter that I gave to to you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front matter that I gave to to you it's
+an attempt to work out problems that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to work out problems that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to work out problems that I
+face as a thinker not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as a thinker not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as a thinker not it's not
+autobiographical it's not confessional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiographical it's not confessional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiographical it's not confessional
+but it all comes out of me and it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all comes out of me and it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all comes out of me and it comes
+out of my life and if somebody knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my life and if somebody knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my life and if somebody knows the
+uh the the clues the uh code he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the clues the uh code he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the clues the uh code he can
+derive a good deal of my personal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a good deal of my personal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a good deal of my personal life
+but that's not what I write about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what I write about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what I write about and
+that's not what I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I'm interested in
+disclosing I I have this past summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing I I have this past summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing I I have this past summer
+written the volume of Memoirs that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the volume of Memoirs that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the volume of Memoirs that's all
+about me but that's not philosophy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me but that's not philosophy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me but that's not philosophy in
+the philosophy it's something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophy it's something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophy it's something very
+different uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it is
+personal it doesn't purport to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal it doesn't purport to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal it doesn't purport to be
+scientific or to have any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific or to have any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific or to have any kind of
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+certitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certitude
+but it's it it might help some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it it might help some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it it might help some people
+might not I think of art as as sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not I think of art as as sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not I think of art as as sorry I
+think of philosophy as an art form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of philosophy as an art form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of philosophy as an art form
+comparable to to poetry or music it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to to poetry or music it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to to poetry or music it's a
+conceptual art form to to practice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual art form to to practice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual art form to to practice it
+you need two ingredients one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two ingredients one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two ingredients one of which is
+to be very highly trained in logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very highly trained in logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very highly trained in logic
+history of philosophy academic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy academic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy academic uh
+subjects of the sort that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects of the sort that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects of the sort that you have to
+study as a graduate student as I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as a graduate student as I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as a graduate student as I was at
+Harvard and Oxford um and um that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and Oxford um and um that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and Oxford um and um that as a
+graduate student you have to excel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student you have to excel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student you have to excel in
+enough so that you can get a PhD and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that you can get a PhD and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that you can get a PhD and you
+need the PHD as a union card so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the PHD as a union card so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the PHD as a union card so that
+what the people who don't have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the people who don't have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the people who don't have this kind
+of rational preparation are filtered out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rational preparation are filtered out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rational preparation are filtered out
+automatically they don't get the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically they don't get the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically they don't get the union
+card and so you know it's as if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and so you know it's as if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and so you know it's as if they are
+astrologers instead of astronomers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrologers instead of astronomers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrologers instead of astronomers um
+and I think that is important it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is important it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is important it it's
+not simply a question of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply a question of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply a question of talking about
+feelings that everybody has and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings that everybody has and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings that everybody has and life
+what is it in some abstract General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in some abstract General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in some abstract General
+maybe popularized way uh first need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe popularized way uh first need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe popularized way uh first need is
+to talk about it in a highly refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it in a highly refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it in a highly refined
+highly trained way based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly trained way based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly trained way based
+upon reason of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon reason of a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon reason of a special
+sort that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that can be
+taught in other other courses that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in other other courses that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in other other courses that in
+this department and in every philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department and in every philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department and in every philosophy
+Department in America uh they teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department in America uh they teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department in America uh they teach you
+that more more explicitly than I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more more explicitly than I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more more explicitly than I do my
+hope is that you'll pick it up from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that you'll pick it up from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that you'll pick it up from me
+and uh in writing your papers uh it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in writing your papers uh it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in writing your papers uh it will
+show the development of that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the development of that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the development of that I don't
+presuppose any philosophy courses any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuppose any philosophy courses any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuppose any philosophy courses any
+preparation at all so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation at all so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation at all so don't
+feel uh embarrassed if you say oh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel uh embarrassed if you say oh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel uh embarrassed if you say oh but I
+haven't ever studied logic uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't ever studied logic uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't ever studied logic uh you don't
+need it uh the second the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it uh the second the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it uh the second the second thing
+is that is uh what what it is that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is uh what what it is that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is uh what what it is that makes
+philosophy into an art form at least My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy into an art form at least My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy into an art form at least My
+Philosophy um and that is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy um and that is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy um and that is the uh the
+fact that there is something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is something about the
+nature of the Fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the Fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the Fine
+Arts the the humanities in general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts the the humanities in general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts the the humanities in general uh
+that lends itself concerning about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lends itself concerning about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lends itself concerning about what
+life is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is in
+general I have to I want to refine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I have to I want to refine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I have to I want to refine that
+one little bit more when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little bit more when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little bit more when I say
+Humanities I really mean humanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities I really mean humanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities I really mean humanistic
+subjects because there is some subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects because there is some subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects because there is some subjects
+that are called Humanities and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called Humanities and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called Humanities and are
+Humanities like um um the study of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities like um um the study of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities like um um the study of um
+syntax or the study of um Greek um Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax or the study of um Greek um Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax or the study of um Greek um Greek
+uh forms of poetry just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forms of poetry just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forms of poetry just the
+forms they belong to Humanities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms they belong to Humanities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms they belong to Humanities but
+they're not necessarily humanistic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily humanistic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily humanistic they
+can be done in a very technical way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in a very technical way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in a very technical way that
+doesn't throw much life on light on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't throw much life on light on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't throw much life on light on what
+human existence and human interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human existence and human interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human existence and human interest and
+human beings are like the humanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are like the humanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are like the humanistic
+attitude which is more often in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude which is more often in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude which is more often in the
+humanities but are only a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities but are only a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities but are only a part of
+humanities uh the humanistic attitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities uh the humanistic attitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities uh the humanistic attitude is
+concerned with the socratic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the socratic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with the socratic questions
+about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to
+live now this is what is done by all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live now this is what is done by all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live now this is what is done by all of
+the Arts in their own ways the Arts too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arts in their own ways the Arts too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arts in their own ways the Arts too
+of course have two divisions you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have two divisions you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have two divisions you can't
+doic music uh just by humming any tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doic music uh just by humming any tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doic music uh just by humming any tune
+you have to learn how to um deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn how to um deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn how to um deal with
+scales you have to learn a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you have to learn a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you have to learn a great deal of
+technical information I was about to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical information I was about to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical information I was about to say
+you have to learn how to read music uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn how to read music uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn how to read music uh
+but there' have been great musicians uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there' have been great musicians uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there' have been great musicians uh
+luchano Pavarotti for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luchano Pavarotti for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luchano Pavarotti for instance the
+famous opera tener who never learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous opera tener who never learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous opera tener who never learned
+he's never learned how to read music uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's never learned how to read music uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's never learned how to read music uh
+he's still a great tenor um and Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still a great tenor um and Irving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still a great tenor um and Irving
+Berlin who uh the songwriter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin who uh the songwriter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin who uh the songwriter you
+probably heard of um he never learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of um he never learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of um he never learned
+how to read music he would improvise on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read music he would improvise on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read music he would improvise on
+a special piano that was made for him uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special piano that was made for him uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special piano that was made for him uh
+and Pavarotti uh listens to the to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pavarotti uh listens to the to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pavarotti uh listens to the to to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um Aras he's supposed to sing and learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Aras he's supposed to sing and learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Aras he's supposed to sing and learns
+them but he doesn't read the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he doesn't read the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he doesn't read the music
+that's fine if it works nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine if it works nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine if it works nevertheless
+there in there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in there are all sorts of
+technical things about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical things about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical things about the nature of
+pitch and about the use of the voice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and about the use of the voice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and about the use of the voice in
+the case of Irving Berlin about chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Irving Berlin about chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Irving Berlin about chord
+structures that you have to acquire else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you have to acquire else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that you have to acquire else
+you wouldn't be a musician at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be a musician at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be a musician at the same
+time there's something in music and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's something in music and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's something in music and in
+poetry and in painting and architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and in painting and architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and in painting and architecture
+and sculpture uh rug weaving maybe too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sculpture uh rug weaving maybe too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sculpture uh rug weaving maybe too
+the Panorama of Arts is much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Panorama of Arts is much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Panorama of Arts is much greater
+than most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most people
+realize uh that goes beyond the mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize uh that goes beyond the mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize uh that goes beyond the mere
+technique if you limit yourself to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique if you limit yourself to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique if you limit yourself to your
+a composer who limits himself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composer who limits himself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a composer who limits himself to
+technique um you're not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um you're not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um you're not going to be a
+great composer you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great composer you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great composer you're more likely to
+make studies like studies for the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make studies like studies for the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make studies like studies for the piano
+uh exercises for the piano you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exercises for the piano you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exercises for the piano you can do
+that with knowledge of technique to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with knowledge of technique to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with knowledge of technique to be a
+great composer you really have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great composer you really have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great composer you really have to have a
+way of seeing the world a way of feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the world a way of feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the world a way of feeling
+what it is to be a human being who both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be a human being who both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be a human being who both
+sees and hears the world a way of conve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees and hears the world a way of conve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees and hears the world a way of conve
+conveying your musical ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying your musical ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying your musical ideas
+into the feelings of people who may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feelings of people who may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feelings of people who may not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+musicians and in that sense conveying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians and in that sense conveying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians and in that sense conveying
+your own feelings all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own feelings all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own feelings all of this is
+humanistic rather than merely being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanistic rather than merely being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanistic rather than merely being a
+branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the
+humanities all right the um the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities all right the um the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities all right the um the what
+you'll be reading because I you may a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be reading because I you may a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be reading because I you may a
+lot of what you read is from me but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what you read is from me but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what you read is from me but it's
+true of the others as well uh is are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of the others as well uh is are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of the others as well uh is are as
+a series of humanistic approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of humanistic approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of humanistic approaches to
+questions about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the nature of
+love in well maybe I should stop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in well maybe I should stop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in well maybe I should stop right
+here um because I can talk endlessly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because I can talk endlessly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because I can talk endlessly and
+I do want to get to know you and um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to get to know you and um give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to get to know you and um give
+you a chance to make out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards oh you have the cards Could you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards oh you have the cards Could you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards oh you have the cards Could you um
+could you follow these instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you follow these instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you follow these instructions
+first put your last name first no no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put your last name first no no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put your last name first no no I'm
+sorry first put uh philosophy of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+261 and after that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+261 and after that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+261 and after that uh
+fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2004 on the next line your last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name um written or printed so I can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um written or printed so I can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um written or printed so I can read
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easily comma and then your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name and after that parenthesis what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and after that parenthesis what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and after that parenthesis what no
+don't we don't put down the parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't put down the parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't put down the parenthesis
+yet any nickname by which you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet any nickname by which you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet any nickname by which you want to be
+called if you have one otherwise if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called if you have one otherwise if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called if you have one otherwise if you
+don't want one don't put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want one don't put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want one don't put it
+down I can't see you uh should you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I can't see you uh should you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I can't see you uh should you um
+change because I tend to look to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because I tend to look to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because I tend to look to the
+left for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left for some
+reason um all right after that write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um all right after that write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um all right after that write
+your year with a number at MIT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your year with a number at MIT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your year with a number at MIT or
+anywhere wherever you are 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere wherever you are 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere wherever you are 1 2 3 4
+whatever you're all undergraduates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're all undergraduates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're all undergraduates I
+assume all right 1 2 3 4 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume all right 1 2 3 4 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume all right 1 2 3 4 or
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+um if um you're not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if um you're not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if um you're not at
+MIT uh write um you're at brandise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh write um you're at brandise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh write um you're at brandise so
+write brandise you prefer being there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write brandise you prefer being there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write brandise you prefer being there
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+here uh where where if you were here I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh where where if you were here I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh where where if you were here I'd
+see you more easily okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you more easily okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you more easily okay
+um you have to bring your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to bring your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to bring your own
+chair um I under that write not the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair um I under that write not the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair um I under that write not the uh
+number but the words to describe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the words to describe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the words to describe your
+major electrical engineering or computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major electrical engineering or computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major electrical engineering or computer
+science or philosophy I gather um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or philosophy I gather um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or philosophy I gather um
+whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready uh under that write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh under that write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh under that write
+your local address if it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your local address if it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your local address if it's like
+fraternity or or um dormatory or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity or or um dormatory or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity or or um dormatory or if it's
+not the street address that you live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the street address that you live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the street address that you live in
+any place where you can get mail that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place where you can get mail that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place where you can get mail that I
+may be sending to you like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+papers under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um your telephone numbers in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um your telephone numbers in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um your telephone numbers in order
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+accessibility I mean you some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility I mean you some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility I mean you some of you
+work in the lab and do one thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the lab and do one thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the lab and do one thing and
+another and have several phone numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and have several phone numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and have several phone numbers
+or you have cell phones as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have cell phones as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have cell phones as well as uh
+the oldfashioned kind um write all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldfashioned kind um write all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldfashioned kind um write all those
+numbers down in order of accessibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down in order of accessibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down in order of accessibility
+right the the one that I most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the one that I most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the one that I most likely
+reach you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did anyone write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone write down a
+fraternity with just the Greek letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity with just the Greek letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity with just the Greek letters
+oh you give the street address that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you give the street address that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you give the street address that's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh your email address everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh your email address everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh your email address everybody has
+an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email
+address I I someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I I someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I I someday
+they'll throw away U Social Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw away U Social Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw away U Social Security
+numbers only use email addresses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers only use email addresses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers only use email addresses I
+think or you'll get one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Birth um under that any courses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth um under that any courses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth um under that any courses that
+you've taken that are in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken that are in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken that are in any way
+remotely related to this one so I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely related to this one so I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely related to this one so I'll get
+a feeling for what your preparation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling for what your preparation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling for what your preparation is
+but as I said you don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I said you don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I said you don't need any
+preparation to get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that could if you could give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that could if you could give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that could if you could give me
+your cards now I'd like to get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't we start with you because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start with you because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start with you because I
+couldn't hear everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear everything
+before uh so I'm an alumni from brandise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh so I'm an alumni from brandise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh so I'm an alumni from brandise
+I graduated last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I graduated last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I graduated last
+May and uh I studied philosophy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May and uh I studied philosophy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May and uh I studied philosophy there
+and I'm start again so I uh I graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm start again so I uh I graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm start again so I uh I graduated
+from Brandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brandon
+nice uh I studied philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh I studied philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh I studied philosophy and
+European cultural studies so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultural studies so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultural studies so I'm just
+sitting in on this course that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in on this course that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in on this course that's fine
+and I've um tell me tell me your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've um tell me tell me your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've um tell me tell me your name
+Dimitri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri
+CR oh that's right I remember now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR oh that's right I remember now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR oh that's right I remember now your
+email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message okay Demetri what um were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay Demetri what um were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay Demetri what um were you
+looking for why why are you here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for why why are you here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for why why are you here like
+well like the like the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like the like the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like the like the philosophical
+question right sure I certainly agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right sure I certainly agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right sure I certainly agree
+with you I think philosophy is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I think philosophy is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I think philosophy is about
+trying to get a sense of what the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of what the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of what the good
+life is and I think uh think love is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is and I think uh think love is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is and I think uh think love is one
+of the uh very powerful questions in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh very powerful questions in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh very powerful questions in in
+that and I've thought about it a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I've thought about it a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I've thought about it a lot and
+read hold on just one can the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read hold on just one can the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read hold on just one can the camera
+pick him up cuz his voice is very quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick him up cuz his voice is very quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick him up cuz his voice is very quiet
+I can hear you come across I can speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hear you come across I can speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hear you come across I can speak
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and therefore the audience worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the audience worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the audience worldwide
+will be able to hear him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to hear him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to hear him
+right okay go ahead uh I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay go ahead uh I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay go ahead uh I was I was
+really taken with Plato's account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taken with Plato's account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taken with Plato's account of
+love in the Symposium in Fus and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in the Symposium in Fus and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in the Symposium in Fus and I think
+uh uh it's it's become something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's it's become something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's it's become something of the
+foundation for my thinking about ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for my thinking about ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for my thinking about ethics
+and and uh other things as well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh other things as well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh other things as well I
+elaborate more sometime later it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate more sometime later it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate more sometime later it's you
+didn't do graduate work at brandise did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do graduate work at brandise did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do graduate work at brandise did
+you no what did you major in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no what did you major in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no what did you major in philosophy
+and no I mean no I'm sorry no I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no I mean no I'm sorry no I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no I mean no I'm sorry no I didn't
+no I don't I'm you told you told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't I'm you told you told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't I'm you told you told me that
+what I meant was did you write a thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I meant was did you write a thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I meant was did you write a thesis
+and what did you what were you what area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did you what were you what area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did you what were you what area
+of philosophy were you concentrating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy were you concentrating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy were you concentrating in
+um it would be difficult to exactly pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be difficult to exactly pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be difficult to exactly pin
+it down to some subject like philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to some subject like philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to some subject like philosophy
+of language but the the thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language but the the thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language but the the thesis was
+called Eros and language Eros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Eros and language Eros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Eros and language Eros and
+language that's interesting and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's interesting and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's interesting and I was
+looking at this tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this tension
+between uh in German it's her Faron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh in German it's her Faron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh in German it's her Faron and
+leness maybe you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leness maybe you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leness maybe you know this
+distinction but it's a it's a or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but it's a it's a or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction but it's a it's a or or
+maybe in the way you put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the way you put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the way you put it in your
+essay it's a erotic love versus marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay it's a erotic love versus marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay it's a erotic love versus marriage
+which is kind of a a social versus math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a a social versus math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a a social versus math
+uh marriage marriage I'm sorry which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marriage marriage I'm sorry which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marriage marriage I'm sorry which is
+kind of a social conception of Love or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a social conception of Love or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a social conception of Love or
+political love uhhuh um do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political love uhhuh um do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political love uhhuh um do you want to
+explain the German words for those sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the German words for those sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the German words for those sure
+who may never have heard this yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may never have heard this yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may never have heard this yeah so uh
+we actually have this distinction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have this distinction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have this distinction in
+English both of the words translate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English both of the words translate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English both of the words translate into
+English as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as
+experience uh but what we mean when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh but what we mean when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh but what we mean when we
+say experience there's actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say experience there's actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say experience there's actually two
+things one is uh somebody gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is uh somebody gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is uh somebody gains
+experience or has experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or has experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or has experience of
+something for example if you're a shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for example if you're a shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for example if you're a shoe
+maker or a cameraman something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker or a cameraman something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker or a cameraman something like this
+you have experience which is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have experience which is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have experience which is a certain
+system of understanding something way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of understanding something way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of understanding something way of
+dealing with the world so that's her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the world so that's her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the world so that's her
+Faron her leness is uh when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faron her leness is uh when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faron her leness is uh when we say
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like I had an experience or I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had an experience or I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had an experience or I went
+and this was a real experience and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a real experience and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a real experience and we
+mean by that actually the opposite we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that actually the opposite we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that actually the opposite we
+mean something that was outside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something that was outside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something that was outside of our
+system of understanding which we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of understanding which we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of understanding which we now
+have to deal with so Aeros is maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with so Aeros is maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with so Aeros is maybe the
+quintessential uh a labess or experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential uh a labess or experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential uh a labess or experience
+and language is a Faron in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language is a Faron in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language is a Faron in a lot of
+ways that's what I want well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that's what I want well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that's what I want well
+would be more than would be more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more than would be more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more than would be more like
+aess it' be leading to it leading to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess it' be leading to it leading to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess it' be leading to it leading to it
+right um do do you know the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um do do you know the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um do do you know the work of the
+Great American philosopher John Dewey no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great American philosopher John Dewey no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great American philosopher John Dewey no
+you didn't study that at all when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't study that at all when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't study that at all when I was
+young he was what was called the dean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young he was what was called the dean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young he was what was called the dean of
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+philosophy um and in fact at Harvard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um and in fact at Harvard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um and in fact at Harvard I
+wrote my undergraduate thesis um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my undergraduate thesis um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my undergraduate thesis um pretty
+long 125 pages I think for long for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long 125 pages I think for long for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long 125 pages I think for long for an
+undergraduate thesis on his theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on his theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on his theory of
+value and uh for me he was a great model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh for me he was a great model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh for me he was a great model
+he was about 90 getting close to 90 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was about 90 getting close to 90 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was about 90 getting close to 90 I
+think um he died in his 90s and um he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um he died in his 90s and um he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um he died in his 90s and um he he
+was a man who did everything he was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a man who did everything he was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a man who did everything he was on
+social committees he was very active in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social committees he was very active in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social committees he was very active in
+daily life he created um uh schools um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life he created um uh schools um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life he created um uh schools um
+and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+uh invented of progressive education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invented of progressive education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invented of progressive education in
+America and wrote books about that uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and wrote books about that uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and wrote books about that uh so
+he he wrote in philosophy of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote in philosophy of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote in philosophy of education
+but he also had a log wrote a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also had a log wrote a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also had a log wrote a couple
+books on Logic on knowledge on I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on Logic on knowledge on I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on Logic on knowledge on I mean
+epistemology on everything and a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology on everything and a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology on everything and a great
+deal on moral philosophy the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on moral philosophy the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on moral philosophy the reason I
+mentioned it is because he also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it is because he also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it is because he also had a
+book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+Aesthetics which um uh he wrote in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics which um uh he wrote in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics which um uh he wrote in his
+middle 70s I think and originally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle 70s I think and originally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle 70s I think and originally as a
+series of lectures at Harvard um he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of lectures at Harvard um he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of lectures at Harvard um he had
+he had most of his life he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had most of his life he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had most of his life he was a
+professor at the Chicago and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at the Chicago and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at the Chicago and then uh
+Colombia where he is still celebrated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia where he is still celebrated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia where he is still celebrated as
+the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+man the book on Aesthetics is entitled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the book on Aesthetics is entitled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the book on Aesthetics is entitled
+art as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art as
+experience um so it it BR bro it it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um so it it BR bro it it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um so it it BR bro it it uh
+covers both of the two c that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers both of the two c that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers both of the two c that you were
+mentioning from the German his what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning from the German his what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning from the German his what he
+meant by an experience was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by an experience was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by an experience was something
+exceptional something is if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional something is if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional something is if you say
+something is an experien then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is an experien then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is an experien then it is
+aesthetic and being the radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and being the radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and being the radical
+empiricist that he was uh and PR and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricist that he was uh and PR and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricist that he was uh and PR and the
+one of the great pragmatists uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great pragmatists uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great pragmatists uh in the
+company with people like William James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with people like William James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with people like William James
+um he insisted that that was the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he insisted that that was the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he insisted that that was the meaning
+of Aesthetics Aesthetics wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Aesthetics Aesthetics wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Aesthetics Aesthetics wasn't
+something apart from ordinary life but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something apart from ordinary life but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something apart from ordinary life but
+rather it was an aspect of ordinary life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather it was an aspect of ordinary life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather it was an aspect of ordinary life
+of practical existence that had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical existence that had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical existence that had to be
+analyzed in ways were different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed in ways were different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed in ways were different from
+anything that was traditionally being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that was traditionally being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that was traditionally being
+done Aesthetics began in Germany and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Aesthetics began in Germany and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Aesthetics began in Germany and was
+treated in very abstract ways until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in very abstract ways until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in very abstract ways until the
+pragmatists and then uh 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatists and then uh 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatists and then uh 20th century
+empiricists and people like me started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricists and people like me started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricists and people like me started
+doing something very different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something very different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something very different uh
+Dewey's idea is that the aesthetic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey's idea is that the aesthetic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey's idea is that the aesthetic is
+understood only in terms of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood only in terms of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood only in terms of something
+that we say is an experience that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say is an experience that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say is an experience that really
+is an experience right um along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experience right um along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experience right um along the
+lines of what he was saying um and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of what he was saying um and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of what he was saying um and let
+me tell you a little anecdote I gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you a little anecdote I gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you a little anecdote I gave a
+lecture at the University of Granada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at the University of Granada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at the University of Granada
+about I know 7 or eight years ago in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I know 7 or eight years ago in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I know 7 or eight years ago in in
+Spain and um pre before that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and um pre before that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and um pre before that I had
+like two or three days earlier I'd given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two or three days earlier I'd given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two or three days earlier I'd given
+a lecture in Malaga on the on the coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture in Malaga on the on the coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture in Malaga on the on the coast
+to get from Malaga to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from Malaga to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from Malaga to to um
+Granada there was only one way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granada there was only one way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granada there was only one way and that
+was to take the bus I didn't have a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take the bus I didn't have a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take the bus I didn't have a car
+I suppose I could have driven but I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I could have driven but I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I could have driven but I took
+a bus and the bus goes over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus and the bus goes over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus and the bus goes over the
+mountains um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains um and uh
+I the Spanish buses are very comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the Spanish buses are very comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the Spanish buses are very comfortable
+and very pleasant I don't know to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very pleasant I don't know to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very pleasant I don't know to many
+any of who know them they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of who know them they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of who know them they're really
+they're wide they're they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wide they're they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wide they're they're very
+enjoyable plenty of uh leg room and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable plenty of uh leg room and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable plenty of uh leg room and I
+always traveled with my laptop computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always traveled with my laptop computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always traveled with my laptop computer
+and um opened it and started what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um opened it and started what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um opened it and started what I
+generally do in my spare time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do in my spare time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do in my spare time which is
+writing a letter to my children to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a letter to my children to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a letter to my children to the
+family uh on these visits the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh on these visits the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh on these visits the letters
+sometimes are 50 pages long so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are 50 pages long so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are 50 pages long so they're
+really very they're they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very they're they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very they're they're very
+comprehensive any I was happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive any I was happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive any I was happy
+um working on the computer in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working on the computer in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working on the computer in this
+letter to the to the children and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to the to the children and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to the to the children and um
+there was enormous thunderstorm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was enormous thunderstorm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was enormous thunderstorm a
+tremendous storm a really very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous storm a really very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous storm a really very powerful
+one that uh broke out in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that uh broke out in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that uh broke out in the middle of
+the mountains as we were going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains as we were going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains as we were going through
+them and I loved that I felt very safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I loved that I felt very safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I loved that I felt very safe
+we were uh we were uh traveling along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh we were uh traveling along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh we were uh traveling along
+there was no hesitation comfortable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no hesitation comfortable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no hesitation comfortable and
+here was this uh marvelous display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this uh marvelous display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this uh marvelous display
+taking place out outside all right uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place out outside all right uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place out outside all right uh I
+got to Granada and I gave a lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to Granada and I gave a lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to Granada and I gave a lecture on
+American philosophy and in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American philosophy and in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American philosophy and in which I
+talked about George santiana and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about George santiana and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about George santiana and and
+also about uh John Dewey and in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about uh John Dewey and in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about uh John Dewey and in talking
+about John Dewey I gave his philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Dewey I gave his philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Dewey I gave his philosophy
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Aesthetics and the concept of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics and the concept of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics and the concept of an
+experience and I Illustrated it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and I Illustrated it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and I Illustrated it by
+saying on the bus coming up from Malaga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying on the bus coming up from Malaga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying on the bus coming up from Malaga
+was this tremendous thund story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this tremendous thund story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this tremendous thund story
+thunderstorm and that was an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm and that was an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm and that was an experience
+that was aesthetic you know I enjoyed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was aesthetic you know I enjoyed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was aesthetic you know I enjoyed it
+very much it was not frightening it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it was not frightening it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it was not frightening it was
+an experience after the lecture one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experience after the lecture one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experience after the lecture one of
+the professors who who had heard me came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professors who who had heard me came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professors who who had heard me came
+up and said I like what you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and said I like what you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and said I like what you were saying
+about John Dewey's ideas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Dewey's ideas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Dewey's ideas of the
+aesthetic uh and the notion of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh and the notion of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh and the notion of having an
+experience because uh we in Granada have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because uh we in Granada have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because uh we in Granada have
+had a drought for the last nine months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a drought for the last nine months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a drought for the last nine months
+and that thunderstorm really was UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thunderstorm really was UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that thunderstorm really was UN
+experien all right why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experien all right why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experien all right why don't you
+continue yeah I mean I guess I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue yeah I mean I guess I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue yeah I mean I guess I guess one
+of the real tensions in this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real tensions in this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real tensions in this problem is
+that uh a labess or gained experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a labess or gained experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a labess or gained experience
+language is the means to it's the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the means to it's the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the means to it's the means
+that you understand what's unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand what's unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand what's unfamiliar
+when you first see it it's the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first see it it's the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first see it it's the way you
+start to understand it through speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to understand it through speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to understand it through speaking
+thinking about it uh it also in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it uh it also in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it uh it also in some
+ways covers up and prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways covers up and prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways covers up and prevents you from
+having experience if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having experience if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having experience if you think about
+what well what is the experience that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well what is the experience that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well what is the experience that it
+prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents you from
+having uh What about love that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh What about love that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh What about love that's that's
+that probably very good example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably very good example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably very good example for
+example uh that's like the song in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that's like the song in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that's like the song in my
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+lady don't what is it don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady don't what is it don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady don't what is it don't
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+don't say do you love me don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say do you love me don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say do you love me don't don't
+tell that don't say anything show me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that don't say anything show me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that don't say anything show me you
+know that song that's I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that song that's I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that song that's I think that's the
+name of the tune show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the tune show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the tune show
+me but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I mean
+uh for example people generally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example people generally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example people generally have
+something like this experience that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this experience that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this experience that they
+uh they know somebody for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know somebody for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know somebody for a very long
+time and because they've known this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and because they've known this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and because they've known this
+person for a very long time they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for a very long time they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for a very long time they have no
+uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real
+new or fresh way of looking at them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or fresh way of looking at them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or fresh way of looking at them they
+think they understand them they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they understand them they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they understand them they think
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+familiar and so is that a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and so is that a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and so is that a language
+though is it because of their language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is it because of their language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is it because of their language
+that they take the other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take the other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take the other for
+granted um I think it's because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted um I think it's because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted um I think it's because they
+have a language they think they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a language they think they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a language they think they have a
+language for describing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for describing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for describing this
+person in other words uh if if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in other words uh if if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in other words uh if if you were
+to I think one way of breaking out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think one way of breaking out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think one way of breaking out of
+this would be to say to them well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be to say to them well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be to say to them well so you
+think you understand this friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you understand this friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you understand this friend of
+yours well who who are they and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours well who who are they and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours well who who are they and try to
+make them say it and then show them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them say it and then show them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them say it and then show them that
+given their actions they actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given their actions they actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given their actions they actually don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a complete understanding of them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete understanding of them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete understanding of them this
+will lead them into a kind of reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead them into a kind of reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead them into a kind of reflection
+and Intrigue about no I I recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Intrigue about no I I recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Intrigue about no I I recognize the
+problem what I am unclear about still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what I am unclear about still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what I am unclear about still
+but we can come back to this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can come back to this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can come back to this is how it
+is that language necessarily prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that language necessarily prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that language necessarily prevents
+the expression of authentic love if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of authentic love if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of authentic love if
+that's what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're talking
+about um so I guess it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so I guess it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so I guess it's it's actually
+it's not that it prevents it it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it prevents it it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it prevents it it's that
+belief that you have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that you have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that you have a complete
+description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+something that prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that prevents
+it again I don't see why a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again I don't see why a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again I don't see why a complete
+description if you could have that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description if you could have that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description if you could have that maybe
+you can't have it for example prevent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have it for example prevent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have it for example prevent it
+maybe maybe with God would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe with God would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe with God would be a good
+example when when somebody believes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when when somebody believes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when when somebody believes to
+have a complete image of God like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete image of God like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete image of God like this
+statue or this this book then uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue or this this book then uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue or this this book then uh then
+it's very hard to say that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to say that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to say that they really
+have a that they're intrigued with God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that they're intrigued with God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that they're intrigued with God
+or in love with God or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in love with God or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in love with God or something like
+that well let's not bring bring God into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's not bring bring God into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's not bring bring God into
+it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again
+uh anyhow that that was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyhow that that was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyhow that that was your
+undergraduate thesis on AOS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on AOS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on AOS and
+language um in the it submitted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um in the it submitted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um in the it submitted in
+philosophy no it was submitted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy no it was submitted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy no it was submitted in the
+European cultural studies Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultural studies Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultural studies Department
+there's no one in philosophy who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one in philosophy who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one in philosophy who does
+that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+thing am iers at Brandis um no I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing am iers at Brandis um no I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing am iers at Brandis um no I mean
+the head of of the European cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of of the European cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of of the European cultural
+Department was my advisor because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department was my advisor because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department was my advisor because not
+surprised and it's not it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and it's not it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and it's not it's not a
+reflection on brandise I'm the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on brandise I'm the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on brandise I'm the only one
+in at MIT who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at MIT who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at MIT who does
+it there's nobody there's nobody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's nobody there's nobody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's nobody there's nobody at
+Harvard who does what I do and in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard who does what I do and in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard who does what I do and in most
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+universities it has been the case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities it has been the case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities it has been the case which
+is now changing to my surprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now changing to my surprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now changing to my surprise and
+Delight that um questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight that um questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight that um questions about the
+nature of feeling which includes love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of feeling which includes love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of feeling which includes love
+friendship sex uh questions about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship sex uh questions about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship sex uh questions about human
+relations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations of that
+sorts are not philosophical issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts are not philosophical issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts are not philosophical issues but
+you can write about them in your spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write about them in your spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write about them in your spare
+time but uh if you want to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh if you want to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh if you want to make that
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+philosophical theme for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical theme for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical theme for your
+speculations um you're going to endanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations um you're going to endanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations um you're going to endanger
+your profession I mean your professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profession I mean your professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profession I mean your professional
+standing in other words you won't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in other words you won't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in other words you won't get a
+job if you write a thesis of PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job if you write a thesis of PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job if you write a thesis of PhD thesis
+on one of those subjects if you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of those subjects if you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of those subjects if you write it
+on details of cognitive science nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on details of cognitive science nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on details of cognitive science nowadays
+or previously logic or philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or previously logic or philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or previously logic or philosophy of
+language that is respectable um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is respectable um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is respectable um you can
+be dreary but it'll be acceptable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dreary but it'll be acceptable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dreary but it'll be acceptable and
+you'll get a job if you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a job if you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a job if you write a
+brilliant thing not that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant thing not that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant thing not that it's
+necessarily going to be brilliant I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to be brilliant I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to be brilliant I mean
+even if it's a brilliant thing on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a brilliant thing on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a brilliant thing on those
+areas um you'll have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um you'll have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um you'll have a hard time
+surviving uh so I'm not surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving uh so I'm not surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving uh so I'm not surprised that
+there may not be anybody at Brandis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be anybody at Brandis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be anybody at Brandis I
+haven't heard of anybody Brandis who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of anybody Brandis who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of anybody Brandis who who
+does I think I might have to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I think I might have to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I think I might have to go into
+German in literature after all um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German in literature after all um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German in literature after all um well
+people in literature German above all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in literature German above all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in literature German above all
+maybe because in recent years in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because in recent years in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because in recent years in America
+at Le least U many of the The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Le least U many of the The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Le least U many of the The Faculty
+members are women they uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are women they uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are women they uh they
+allowed realize the importance of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed realize the importance of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed realize the importance of what
+women can contribute much earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women can contribute much earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women can contribute much earlier than
+many other fields so at Harvard I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other fields so at Harvard I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other fields so at Harvard I know
+quite a number of women at MIT uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a number of women at MIT uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a number of women at MIT uh who
+are in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Germany
+language in literature and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in literature and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in literature and I think
+partly because uh German literature lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because uh German literature lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because uh German literature lend
+itself to this but also because women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to this but also because women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to this but also because women
+have been wiser and more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been wiser and more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been wiser and more sophisticated
+about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+problems that um they would be amenable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that um they would be amenable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that um they would be amenable
+to dealing with them at that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dealing with them at that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dealing with them at that level
+trouble is women were excluded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is women were excluded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is women were excluded from
+philosophy and consequently it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and consequently it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and consequently it's only
+the very most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very most
+recent uh group of young women who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh group of young women who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh group of young women who would
+do philosophy of Love or or sex so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do philosophy of Love or or sex so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do philosophy of Love or or sex so there
+aren't uh as many as they going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't uh as many as they going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't uh as many as they going to be
+I'm happy to say anyhow go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to say anyhow go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to say anyhow go
+ahead what else should I say no that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead what else should I say no that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead what else should I say no that was
+fine anyone want to talk to Demetri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyone want to talk to Demetri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyone want to talk to Demetri
+about what he's just discussing well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he's just discussing well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he's just discussing well I
+guess maybe I say also that I I taught a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe I say also that I I taught a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe I say also that I I taught a
+class on a very similar subject at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on a very similar subject at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on a very similar subject at MIT
+for high school kids through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school kids through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school kids through the
+education program it was on Plato and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education program it was on Plato and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education program it was on Plato and
+Shakespeare and niches and Herman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare and niches and Herman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare and niches and Herman
+Brook's conception of love where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brook's conception of love where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brook's conception of love where do you
+take this uh I taught it here oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh I taught it here oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh I taught it here oh you
+taught it yeah for high school kids oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it yeah for high school kids oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it yeah for high school kids oh
+high school kids that's right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school kids that's right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school kids that's right you
+mention that in there's an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in there's an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in there's an education
+program here for good I'm glad to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here for good I'm glad to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here for good I'm glad to hear
+that um why don't I'll find the card as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um why don't I'll find the card as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um why don't I'll find the card as
+we go along why don't you tell me your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along why don't you tell me your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along why don't you tell me your
+name Don Jac I'm a senior here in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Don Jac I'm a senior here in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Don Jac I'm a senior here in MIT
+I'm trying to fulfill my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to fulfill my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to fulfill my my
+concentration requirements and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration requirements and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration requirements and I thought
+that uh the philosophy of love is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the philosophy of love is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the philosophy of love is kind
+of the most interesting one of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting one of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting one of all the
+topics I could have chosen from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I could have chosen from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I could have chosen from and
+probably most let me let me you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most let me let me you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most let me let me you're
+Donald jenet yes okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald jenet yes okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald jenet yes okay go
+ahead colorful well what what we apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead colorful well what what we apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead colorful well what what we apart
+from apart from meeting the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from apart from meeting the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from apart from meeting the requirements
+what were you hoping to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you hoping to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you hoping to get out of the
+class um I don't know probably few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I don't know probably few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I don't know probably few more
+out I mean I have my own outlooks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I mean I have my own outlooks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I mean I have my own outlooks on
+love but um for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but um for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but um for instance
+I don't know can ask more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know can ask more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know can ask more specific
+question um have you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um have you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um have you read
+anything that would be of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would be of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would be of interest to
+the class that you want to talk about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class that you want to talk about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class that you want to talk about no
+that's all right you you you will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right you you you will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right you you you will you
+will talk about it later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predict um I'm Veronica all right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're in biology yes and um I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in biology yes and um I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in biology yes and um I'm a
+senior here at MIT as well and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior here at MIT as well and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior here at MIT as well and um I
+actually didn't really know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't really know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't really know anything
+about philosophy till I came here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about philosophy till I came here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about philosophy till I came here and
+then my freshman year I took the intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my freshman year I took the intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my freshman year I took the intro
+philosophy class and I got really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy class and I got really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy class and I got really
+interested or my spark went off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or my spark went off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or my spark went off or
+something so I've taken a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I've taken a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I've taken a couple of
+other philosophy classes since then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other philosophy classes since then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other philosophy classes since then and
+then um actually the reason I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um actually the reason I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um actually the reason I decided to
+take this class was because uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this class was because uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this class was because uh at the
+end of the year uh MIT Library sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the year uh MIT Library sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the year uh MIT Library sells
+like books for really cheap and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like books for really cheap and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like books for really cheap and I found
+your pursuit of love and started reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pursuit of love and started reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pursuit of love and started reading
+it over the summer and then I saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over the summer and then I saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over the summer and then I saw that
+you were teaching this class so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were teaching this class so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were teaching this class so I
+thought it would be interesting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be interesting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be interesting to be
+able to talk to you about it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk to you about it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk to you about it it's an
+economy you don't have to get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you don't have to get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you don't have to get another
+copy I know so um that's kind of I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I know so um that's kind of I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I know so um that's kind of I guess
+mainly the reason that I'm here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the reason that I'm here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the reason that I'm here just
+because I was kind of interested by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was kind of interested by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was kind of interested by and
+then I realized that you were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I realized that you were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I realized that you were actually
+teaching class so um did did you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching class so um did did you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching class so um did did you say you
+read the book I read about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book I read about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book I read about the first
+half oh well okay the point is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half oh well okay the point is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half oh well okay the point is you can
+use read the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use read the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use read the second
+half yeah it's now and it'll be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half yeah it's now and it'll be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half yeah it's now and it'll be fun
+reading to me also um you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to me also um you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to me also um you will get a
+context for that book um later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for that book um later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for that book um later on in
+order to show you what's going on I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to show you what's going on I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to show you what's going on I'll
+talk about the place of reading in in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the place of reading in in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the place of reading in in my
+case at least because there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at least because there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at least because there are other
+authors um my own development The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors um my own development The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors um my own development The
+Pursuit Of Love which was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love which was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love which was published in
+1994 comes has a very special Niche I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 comes has a very special Niche I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 comes has a very special Niche I'll
+explain that to you later do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that to you later do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that to you later do you want to
+say anything else about philosophy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything else about philosophy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything else about philosophy or
+what you want to get out of it um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to get out of it um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to get out of it um not
+really it's just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's just kind of
+basic no it's all right well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic no it's all right well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic no it's all right well what
+intrigued you in your first class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued you in your first class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued you in your first class in
+philos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philos
+um I don't know I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I thought that
+everything I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I like the
+I guess the idea of being able to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the idea of being able to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the idea of being able to break
+down a problem and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a problem and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a problem and look at
+it more just in the way of I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more just in the way of I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more just in the way of I guess the
+the humanistic feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanistic feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanistic feelings and
+how you know everything doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know everything doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know everything doesn't have
+exactly a right answer because I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a right answer because I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a right answer because I guess
+coming here I mean we at it tea and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here I mean we at it tea and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here I mean we at it tea and you
+know that is kind of what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is kind of what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is kind of what you get
+everywhere you know the the right or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you know the the right or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you know the the right or the
+wrong but the idea that there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but the idea that there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but the idea that there's so many
+issues in life that you can look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in life that you can look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in life that you can look at in
+so many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different ways
+and I know I guess I've just never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I guess I've just never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I guess I've just never
+really been that type of person I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been that type of person I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been that type of person I've
+always been very straightforward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very straightforward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very straightforward you
+know it's like this is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like this is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like this is what I'm going to
+do this is not what I'm going to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is not what I'm going to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is not what I'm going to do and
+the idea that that you know those aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that you know those aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that you know those aren't
+always the options I guess was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the options I guess was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the options I guess was kind of
+interesting and then I took metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then I took metaphysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then I took metaphysics
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+was which was one I was almost a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was one I was almost a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was one I was almost a little
+bit too much I guess for me which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much I guess for me which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much I guess for me which means
+it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was too
+much it was you know more along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it was you know more along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it was you know more along the
+lines of you know what is an object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of you know what is an object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of you know what is an object and
+how you know and that was even harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know and that was even harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know and that was even harder
+for me to grasp so I think being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to grasp so I think being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to grasp so I think being able to
+take a class more like this where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a class more like this where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a class more like this where it is
+going to I guess go back more towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I guess go back more towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I guess go back more towards
+you know dealing with life and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dealing with life and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dealing with life and you know
+more pertinent things to how we live um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pertinent things to how we live um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pertinent things to how we live um
+but is that the course that the S hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is that the course that the S hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is that the course that the S hang
+teaches and when she's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches and when she's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches and when she's interested in
+what an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an object
+is am I wrong in thinking that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is am I wrong in thinking that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is am I wrong in thinking that it's
+because she's concerned about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's concerned about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's concerned about the nature
+of objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objective
+ification and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ification and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ification and that
+women have been objectified and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women have been objectified and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women have been objectified and that
+that that's a problem from within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a problem from within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a problem from within
+feminist philosophy um she didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminist philosophy um she didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminist philosophy um she didn't really
+bring that up too much like the I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up too much like the I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up too much like the I think
+if she would have done that I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she would have done that I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she would have done that I probably
+would have been able to place that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been able to place that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been able to place that a
+little bit more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more you know
+and been able to understand it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and been able to understand it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and been able to understand it a little
+bit more but now it was very almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more but now it was very almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more but now it was very almost
+scientific in the way she approached it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific in the way she approached it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific in the way she approached it
+and I guess that was kind of of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that was kind of of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that was kind of of what was
+hard for me it's because I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me it's because I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me it's because I wasn't
+looking for that in the class I was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for that in the class I was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for that in the class I was you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+wanting something a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting something a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting something a little bit different
+right well I hope you will find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I hope you will find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I hope you will find it
+here um tell me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+um is that the right did I say it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that the right did I say it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that the right did I say it right
+is if the ey doesn't come Ina m m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um is Gonzalez the last name or Vega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um is Gonzalez the last name or Vega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um is Gonzalez the last name or Vega
+well um Vega it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um Vega it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um Vega it's
+hyphen well I don't hyphen I'm Hispanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyphen well I don't hyphen I'm Hispanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyphen well I don't hyphen I'm Hispanic
+so it's like Vega is my dad's last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like Vega is my dad's last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like Vega is my dad's last name
+gonalez is my mom's last name and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonalez is my mom's last name and women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonalez is my mom's last name and women
+don't change their last name so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change their last name so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change their last name so I just
+keep both of their last names as my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep both of their last names as my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep both of their last names as my last
+name my kids will have my last name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name my kids will have my last name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name my kids will have my last name in
+The originally would have been Vega e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The originally would have been Vega e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The originally would have been Vega e
+Gonzalez wouldn't it uh May argue is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gonzalez wouldn't it uh May argue is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gonzalez wouldn't it uh May argue is it
+Mexico the country which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico the country which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico the country which is your
+country um I no I just do we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um I no I just do we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um I no I just do we just do
+both last names and then when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both last names and then when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both last names and then when I get
+married I would keep both of my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married I would keep both of my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married I would keep both of my last
+names and I would do they my husbands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and I would do they my husbands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and I would do they my husbands
+mhm so I would have three which country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so I would have three which country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so I would have three which country
+I'm from Puerto Rico from where Puerto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Puerto Rico from where Puerto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Puerto Rico from where Puerto
+Rico Puerto Rico so that's American I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico Puerto Rico so that's American I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico Puerto Rico so that's American I
+already um no I think in Spain it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um no I think in Spain it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um no I think in Spain it would
+have been Vega e okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been Vega e okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been Vega e okay
+and you're in mechanical engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're in mechanical engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're in mechanical engineering and
+you're also in the fourth year yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in the fourth year yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in the fourth year yes and
+you've had theology at I think no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had theology at I think no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had theology at I think no
+I I went to a I've went to Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I went to a I've went to Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I went to a I've went to Catholic
+school since pre kinder to like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school since pre kinder to like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school since pre kinder to like I
+graduated so once your past sixth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated so once your past sixth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated so once your past sixth grade
+you just do like theology all year every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do like theology all year every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do like theology all year every
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+until your senior year so you go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until your senior year so you go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until your senior year so you go like
+very much into like were the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much into like were the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much into like were the schools
+taught by Jesuits yes well some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Jesuits yes well some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Jesuits yes well some of them
+it was like our the parish that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like our the parish that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like our the parish that the
+parish was like an open one so like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parish was like an open one so like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parish was like an open one so like we
+had different types like different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different types like different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different types like different order
+in Puerto Rico in Puerto the Jesuits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Puerto Rico in Puerto the Jesuits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Puerto Rico in Puerto the Jesuits um
+are the most learned order in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most learned order in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most learned order in the
+Catholic church and the ones I've known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic church and the ones I've known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic church and the ones I've known
+when some of them were in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some of them were in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some of them were in graduate
+school with me were extremely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with me were extremely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with me were extremely well
+trained and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and uh
+academically um very learned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically um very learned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically um very learned very
+learned men um and so I always felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned men um and so I always felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned men um and so I always felt that
+that would be a good way to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good way to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good way to get a
+rigorous education if you could somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous education if you could somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous education if you could somehow
+expand Beyond it but uh that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand Beyond it but uh that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand Beyond it but uh that would be a
+matter of face and so I'm not you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of face and so I'm not you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of face and so I'm not you know I
+I I never resolved that question they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never resolved that question they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never resolved that question they
+were very like I came here and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very like I came here and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very like I came here and like
+every time and be like oh I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and be like oh I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and be like oh I went to
+Classic like oh you have like definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classic like oh you have like definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classic like oh you have like definitely
+like this is the way it is and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the way it is and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the way it is and this
+can't be that but they were very liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that but they were very liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be that but they were very liberal
+thinkers oh well yes in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers oh well yes in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers oh well yes in America
+Catholicism has been very open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholicism has been very open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholicism has been very open and
+liberal just like Beyond liberal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal just like Beyond liberal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal just like Beyond liberal because
+they like they're very much into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like they're very much into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like they're very much into like
+teaching it for like teenagers like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it for like teenagers like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it for like teenagers like this
+well in in American philosophy one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in in American philosophy one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in in American philosophy one of
+the big issues of the 19th and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issues of the 19th and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issues of the 19th and early
+20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th
+centuries was the harmonization between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries was the harmonization between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries was the harmonization between
+science and religion and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and religion and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and religion and it was a
+problem for the dominant culture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the dominant culture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the dominant culture which
+was Protestant because of uh of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Protestant because of uh of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Protestant because of uh of an
+inherent conflict if you uh if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent conflict if you uh if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent conflict if you uh if you were
+religious then that would tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious then that would tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious then that would tell you the
+truth like as for fundamentalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth like as for fundamentalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth like as for fundamentalists
+whereas scientists would say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas scientists would say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas scientists would say something
+contradictory and the Catholics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory and the Catholics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory and the Catholics um
+tended to be much broader about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to be much broader about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to be much broader about that uh
+their idea was what's the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their idea was what's the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their idea was what's the conflict
+science tells you the truth because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tells you the truth because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science tells you the truth because the
+truth is about nature and God created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is about nature and God created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is about nature and God created
+nature and therefore there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and therefore there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and therefore there is no
+inherent split if no if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent split if no if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent split if no if that's the
+Criterion of being open and uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion of being open and uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion of being open and uh less
+sidebound the Catholics were much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidebound the Catholics were much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidebound the Catholics were much more
+open than the protest Protestants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open than the protest Protestants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open than the protest Protestants were
+now on other issues like abortion or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on other issues like abortion or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on other issues like abortion or or
+homosexuality until recent well even now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality until recent well even now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality until recent well even now
+and same-sex marriage then that's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same-sex marriage then that's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same-sex marriage then that's then
+there is another that's those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another that's those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another that's those things
+don't work out exactly that way but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work out exactly that way but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work out exactly that way but in
+terms of the traditional problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the traditional problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the traditional problems in
+philosophy uh the Catholics weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh the Catholics weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh the Catholics weren't
+necessarily as narrow minded as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as narrow minded as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as narrow minded as people
+think nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think nowadays
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's and what do you what do we do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and what do you what do we do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and what do you what do we do for
+you well I took an intro class and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I took an intro class and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I took an intro class and like
+it was pretty much like a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty much like a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty much like a little bit of
+everything and um I guess the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and um I guess the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and um I guess the two things
+that most interested me were like the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most interested me were like the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most interested me were like the I
+guess the philosophical way of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the philosophical way of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the philosophical way of trying to
+Define like good and wrong and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define like good and wrong and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define like good and wrong and all that
+stuff and then what they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then what they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then what they think about
+like love so I took ethics which deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love so I took ethics which deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love so I took ethics which deals
+with like do did love come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like do did love come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like do did love come into the
+doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+they just like they like right no I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just like they like right no I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just like they like right no I know
+Define good at Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define good at Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define good at Define
+that's that was 24 231 or 2402 2402 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was 24 231 or 2402 2402 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was 24 231 or 2402 2402 is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+intro what is the best way to live so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro what is the best way to live so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro what is the best way to live so
+it's like oh what is the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh what is the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh what is the best way to
+live uh was that Rafe um no it was once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh was that Rafe um no it was once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh was that Rafe um no it was once
+Casper Casper took it yeah so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper Casper took it yeah so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper Casper took it yeah so it was
+last year right and then um right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year right and then um right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year right and then um right and
+then e and then now I want to like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e and then now I want to like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e and then now I want to like look
+against like love and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against like love and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against like love and all that stuff
+from like more of a philosophical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like more of a philosophical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like more of a philosophical that
+and like a Rel standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like a Rel standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like a Rel standpoint
+right um well it it is philosophical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well it it is philosophical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well it it is philosophical I
+hope but uh it's a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope but uh it's a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope but uh it's a different kind of
+philosophy right right so I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy right right so I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy right right so I just want
+those were the two main issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the two main issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the two main issues that
+interested me when I took the intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested me when I took the intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested me when I took the intro
+class so I want to be like okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I want to be like okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I want to be like okay so I
+took this then I want to take this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this then I want to take this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this then I want to take this one
+right um wait a minute I I can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um wait a minute I I can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um wait a minute I I can predict
+what your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your name
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Adriana um tavar is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yes but looks like a V but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yes but looks like a V but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yes but looks like a V but it's
+pronounced oh it's a j oh I see taka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced oh it's a j oh I see taka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced oh it's a j oh I see taka
+okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and
+you're you don't write the year you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you don't write the year you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you don't write the year you're
+here do oh I I wrote Oh three we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do oh I I wrote Oh three we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do oh I I wrote Oh three we were
+three we were a junior and you were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we were a junior and you were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we were a junior and you were in
+biology too incidentally um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology too incidentally um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology too incidentally um um
+Adriana and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adriana and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adriana and um
+Veronica um when you study biology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veronica um when you study biology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veronica um when you study biology here
+it's not human biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not human biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not human biology is
+it molecular there are human biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it molecular there are human biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it molecular there are human biology
+courses but I think most of the time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but I think most of the time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but I think most of the time if
+you're Premed student you tend to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Premed student you tend to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Premed student you tend to take
+most of those but I'm more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those but I'm more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those but I'm more of a
+molecular in cell biology right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular in cell biology right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular in cell biology right and
+behavioral biology nobody does I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biology nobody does I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biology nobody does I guess
+that kind of ends up falling into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of ends up falling into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of ends up falling into
+psychology almost here oh you can brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology almost here oh you can brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology almost here oh you can brain
+and cognitive Sciences oh so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cognitive Sciences oh so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cognitive Sciences oh so you can do
+uh ethology and behavioral biology in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ethology and behavioral biology in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ethology and behavioral biology in in
+somewhere in MIT yes that's uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in MIT yes that's uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in MIT yes that's uh there's a
+brain and cognitive science major and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and cognitive science major and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and cognitive science major and I
+think they that didn't used to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they that didn't used to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they that didn't used to be the
+case Harvard used to have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Harvard used to have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Harvard used to have a huge
+Department of biology that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of biology that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of biology that did
+everything the whole Spectrum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the whole Spectrum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the whole Spectrum from
+entomology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomology to
+um to ethology and behavioral biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to ethology and behavioral biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to ethology and behavioral biology
+and MRT didn't but I'm glad that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MRT didn't but I'm glad that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MRT didn't but I'm glad that there
+are ways in which you can get that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways in which you can get that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways in which you can get that in
+MIT as well now actually I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as well now actually I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as well now actually I think the
+only biology MIT doesn't touch at all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only biology MIT doesn't touch at all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only biology MIT doesn't touch at all is
+plant biology for some reason like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant biology for some reason like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant biology for some reason like
+plants don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants don't exist
+here but everything else is's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but everything else is's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but everything else is's pretty
+much an area yeah in some way my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an area yeah in some way my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an area yeah in some way my wife
+majored in Biology at Harvard as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored in Biology at Harvard as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored in Biology at Harvard as an
+undergraduate that's where I met her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate that's where I met her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate that's where I met her and
+she left after she had done her thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she left after she had done her thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she left after she had done her thesis
+on uh um what disum I forget the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh um what disum I forget the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh um what disum I forget the name of
+the plant that she was working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant that she was working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant that she was working on that
+didn't interest her or anybody else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't interest her or anybody else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't interest her or anybody else I
+think uh she was disgusted and felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh she was disgusted and felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh she was disgusted and felt that
+studying biology the trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying biology the trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying biology the trouble with
+studying used to say the trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying used to say the trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying used to say the trouble with
+studying biology is it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying biology is it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying biology is it doesn't tell you
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um
+and and ever since she has developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and ever since she has developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and ever since she has developed a
+great deal of sophistication about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of sophistication about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of sophistication about
+behavioral psychology uh primatology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral psychology uh primatology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral psychology uh primatology and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ethology and um that the that for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethology and um that the that for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethology and um that the that for her
+and then I acquired The Taste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I acquired The Taste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I acquired The Taste and
+sophistication thanks to her is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication thanks to her is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication thanks to her is what we
+really look for in biology and the th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for in biology and the th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look for in biology and the th
+that area of biology certainly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area of biology certainly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area of biology certainly has
+relations to the kind of work that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to the kind of work that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to the kind of work that we're
+doing in this course and I've devoted my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this course and I've devoted my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this course and I've devoted my
+life to about human feelings and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to about human feelings and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to about human feelings and about
+human relations and different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations and different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations and different kinds of
+uh social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social
+responses so I hope the course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so I hope the course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so I hope the course will
+supplement what you're doing you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement what you're doing you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement what you're doing you you're
+you also do molecular right um in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do molecular right um in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do molecular right um in a way
+that you'll find beneficial do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find beneficial do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find beneficial do you want
+to say anything else out the other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anything else out the other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anything else out the other um
+well last term I took a class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well last term I took a class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well last term I took a class about
+feelings and and I wrote my term paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and and I wrote my term paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and and I wrote my term paper
+um Quality do you hear the squeak I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Quality do you hear the squeak I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Quality do you hear the squeak I
+apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+I I don't really need this except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't really need this except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't really need this except for
+some students who are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students who are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students who are very
+quiet I wrote my term paper on quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet I wrote my term paper on quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet I wrote my term paper on quality
+and human relationships because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human relationships because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human relationships because we had
+analyzed quality in different aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed quality in different aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed quality in different aspects
+throughout the term and for the for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term and for the for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term and for the for my
+final paper I chose this topic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper I chose this topic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper I chose this topic and I
+ended up focusing on friendship and love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up focusing on friendship and love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up focusing on friendship and love
+and um I thought that it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I thought that it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I thought that it was very
+interesting to see how the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see how the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see how the concept of
+love has evolved in different cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love has evolved in different cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love has evolved in different cultures
+and how it relates to um works of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it relates to um works of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it relates to um works of art
+and um concepts of religion well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um concepts of religion well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um concepts of religion well you're
+you're in the right place um where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right place um where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right place um where did
+you get take that course uh here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get take that course uh here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get take that course uh here at MIT
+it's a course 9 uh Brin cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a course 9 uh Brin cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a course 9 uh Brin cognitive
+science who who told it stepen corer cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science who who told it stepen corer cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science who who told it stepen corer cor
+I don't know um what's the first name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know um what's the first name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know um what's the first name
+again stepen Steven caran yes oh oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stepen Steven caran yes oh oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stepen Steven caran yes oh oh oh
+does no he's an old friend of mine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does no he's an old friend of mine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does no he's an old friend of mine I
+thought he had retired no he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he had retired no he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he had retired no he's still
+teaching oh I didn't know that he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching oh I didn't know that he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching oh I didn't know that he he
+used to teach a course called affect yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach a course called affect yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach a course called affect yes
+it's that one oh it's still oh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that one oh it's still oh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that one oh it's still oh he's
+still doing that CU I didn't see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing that CU I didn't see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing that CU I didn't see it in
+the catalog for several years after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog for several years after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog for several years after he
+retired he's come back I guess it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired he's come back I guess it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired he's come back I guess it's it's
+that one but they' changed the name at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but they' changed the name at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but they' changed the name at
+it has this long name called affect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this long name called affect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this long name called affect uh
+biological psychological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological psychological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological psychological and
+sociological aspects of feelings great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological aspects of feelings great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological aspects of feelings great
+no no we were we were in a uh faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we were we were in a uh faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we were we were in a uh faculty
+study group together a few years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study group together a few years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study group together a few years ago and
+um I know him very well well I'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know him very well well I'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know him very well well I'm glad
+that that he's doing teach teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he's doing teach teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he's doing teach teaching
+after some after retirement he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some after retirement he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some after retirement he's
+probably just does that one course uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just does that one course uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just does that one course uh I
+think he does also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he does also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he does also um
+behaviors um I don't remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors um I don't remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors um I don't remember if
+behavioral psychology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral psychology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral psychology or
+sociology one of the two but I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology one of the two but I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology one of the two but I haven't
+taken that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken that one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a choice between Arthur and Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a choice between Arthur and Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a choice between Arthur and Mike
+which are you I'm Arthur Arthur okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you I'm Arthur Arthur okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you I'm Arthur Arthur okay
+Arthur is uh in physics second year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur is uh in physics second year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur is uh in physics second year and
+you've had problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had problems with
+philosophy what are you looking for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy what are you looking for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy what are you looking for um
+well to be frank uh sounded kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to be frank uh sounded kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to be frank uh sounded kind of
+interesting and it fit my schedule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it fit my schedule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it fit my schedule so
+that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+uh I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not really
+sure it sounded like an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it sounded like an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it sounded like an interesting
+course I me I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I me I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I me I think
+at this point of life I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point of life I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point of life I haven't really
+looked at the concept of love from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the concept of love from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the concept of love from a
+philosophical point of view so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view so it might
+be interesting right um at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting right um at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting right um at this point
+let me insert something that I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me insert something that I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me insert something that I always
+get around to we're all interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around to we're all interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around to we're all interested in
+love even if even if uh our professions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love even if even if uh our professions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love even if even if uh our professions
+or main interests you know so in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or main interests you know so in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or main interests you know so in life
+defines itself differently you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines itself differently you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines itself differently you know if
+you go looking if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go looking if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go looking if you're
+go to find a job let's say an odd a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to find a job let's say an odd a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to find a job let's say an odd a
+summer job uh working in a shoe store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer job uh working in a shoe store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer job uh working in a shoe store
+and the um the employer says why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the employer says why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the employer says why do you
+want to work here and you say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work here and you say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work here and you say because
+I'm interested in the nature of love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in the nature of love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in the nature of love you
+Pro you may not get the job but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro you may not get the job but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro you may not get the job but whatever
+your interests are uh you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interests are uh you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interests are uh you can also have
+and most people I think do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people I think do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people I think do have an
+interest in the nature of love that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the nature of love that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the nature of love that's
+one reason why uh at a time when uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why uh at a time when uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why uh at a time when uh I
+was encouraged not to study this as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was encouraged not to study this as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was encouraged not to study this as I
+was telling you I was being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you I was being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you I was being a little
+autobiographical at that point that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiographical at that point that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiographical at that point that this
+uh in the profession this isn't the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the profession this isn't the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the profession this isn't the way
+to survive I was explicitly told by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive I was explicitly told by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive I was explicitly told by my
+uh um mentors at Harvard as a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um mentors at Harvard as a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um mentors at Harvard as a graduate
+student don't don't do this you'll ruin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student don't don't do this you'll ruin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student don't don't do this you'll ruin
+your career if you study sex you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career if you study sex you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career if you study sex you study
+love that you know that won't uh enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that you know that won't uh enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that you know that won't uh enable
+you to survive in the profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to survive in the profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to survive in the profession
+um and I did it anyhow but and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I did it anyhow but and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I did it anyhow but and I've
+survived but um others have not survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived but um others have not survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived but um others have not survived
+and I wouldn't recommend it for anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't recommend it for anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't recommend it for anybody
+now uh as a basis for professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh as a basis for professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh as a basis for professional
+advancement unless it's like going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement unless it's like going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement unless it's like going into
+the ministry you've got to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ministry you've got to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ministry you've got to do it because
+you hear you have a mission you you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear you have a mission you you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear you have a mission you you feel
+you can't do anything else or like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything else or like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything else or like me
+it's so dumb you can't do anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so dumb you can't do anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so dumb you can't do anything else
+uh but nevertheless it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but nevertheless it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but nevertheless it's something that
+everybody is interested in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is interested in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is interested in and and
+people generally go into philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally go into philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally go into philosophy
+because they're interested in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interested in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interested in big
+problems they want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they want to know what is the
+meaning of life they want to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of life they want to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of life they want to know how to
+live they want to know have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live they want to know have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live they want to know have their
+thinking about the universe enlarged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the universe enlarged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the universe enlarged
+Beyond technical um studies so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond technical um studies so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond technical um studies so it's one
+thing to study astronomy and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to study astronomy and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to study astronomy and that's uh
+kind of uh um show in the sky you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um show in the sky you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um show in the sky you you
+get fascinated by the colors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fascinated by the colors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fascinated by the colors and the
+lights and all of that um but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and all of that um but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and all of that um but it doesn't
+really answer the big questions is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answer the big questions is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answer the big questions is why
+is there a Sky why why uh why is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a Sky why why uh why is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a Sky why why uh why is there
+this Cosmos why is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cosmos why is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cosmos why is there any
+Cosmos uh or why are we here those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmos uh or why are we here those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmos uh or why are we here those are
+the questions people going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions people going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions people going into
+Philosophy for then they they realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy for then they they realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy for then they they realize
+that they're not going to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to get any
+answers so they become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so they become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so they become very
+disolution uh because the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disolution uh because the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disolution uh because the study of
+philosophy hasn't uh organized itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy hasn't uh organized itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy hasn't uh organized itself
+that way well that I think is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way well that I think is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way well that I think is related to
+the fact that everyone's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that everyone's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that everyone's interested in
+love and in our age in the last 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and in our age in the last 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and in our age in the last 100
+years at least maybe always everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at least maybe always everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at least maybe always everyone's
+interested in sex it's just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sex it's just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sex it's just that the
+that interest has become uh public and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest has become uh public and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest has become uh public and
+flashed into your face more in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashed into your face more in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashed into your face more in America
+than ever before I think you mustn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever before I think you mustn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever before I think you mustn't be
+uh misled about the fact that so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh misled about the fact that so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh misled about the fact that so much of
+American culture are music the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture are music the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture are music the
+literature advertising above all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature advertising above all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature advertising above all the
+advertising all appeals to some aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising all appeals to some aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising all appeals to some aspect
+of our sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our sexual
+interests it's been it's more true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests it's been it's more true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests it's been it's more true of
+the United States than ever before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States than ever before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States than ever before and
+more true of the last 100 years than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more true of the last 100 years than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more true of the last 100 years than
+ever before and there never was anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before and there never was anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before and there never was anybody
+who um made the efforts that Freud did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um made the efforts that Freud did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um made the efforts that Freud did
+and created a whole field based on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created a whole field based on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created a whole field based on his
+interest in the nature of sex so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the nature of sex so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the nature of sex so it's
+not surprising but everybody is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising but everybody is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising but everybody is always
+to some extent in the above all nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in the above all nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in the above all nowadays
+everybody is interested in sex um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is interested in sex um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is interested in sex um if you
+take a course in it um you you may find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course in it um you you may find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course in it um you you may find
+that it's either very technical it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either very technical it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either very technical it's
+going to be in biology and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in biology and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in biology and then it's
+mainly what the animals do and if it's u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly what the animals do and if it's u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly what the animals do and if it's u
+in Humanities it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Humanities it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Humanities it's not going to be
+probing because the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing because the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing because the people who are
+trained to probe which mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to probe which mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to probe which mainly the
+philosophers have been discouraged from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have been discouraged from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have been discouraged from
+doing that for fear of losing their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for fear of losing their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for fear of losing their life
+their livelihood so that uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their livelihood so that uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their livelihood so that uh your
+interest in in this just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in this just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in this just because it's
+sex or because it's love seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex or because it's love seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex or because it's love seems to be
+absolutely wholesome and right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wholesome and right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wholesome and right and and
+the failing is not in you it's in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failing is not in you it's in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failing is not in you it's in the in
+the academic world in some ways MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academic world in some ways MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academic world in some ways MIT is
+better at that because MIT has defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at that because MIT has defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at that because MIT has defined
+itself so much out of the mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so much out of the mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so much out of the mainstream
+originally out of mainstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally out of mainstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally out of mainstream of
+universities that are Arts and Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that are Arts and Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that are Arts and Sciences
+that it tolerates all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tolerates all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tolerates all sorts of things
+that others other universities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that others other universities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that others other universities uh
+wouldn't um so that but but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't um so that but but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't um so that but but that's a
+special case anyhow how anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case anyhow how anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case anyhow how anything in
+particular that you want to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you want to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you want to say no
+really okay then why don't we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay then why don't we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay then why don't we go on to
+Mike okay I'm uh I'm a senior here um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike okay I'm uh I'm a senior here um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike okay I'm uh I'm a senior here um I
+uh I computer science yeah I uh I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I computer science yeah I uh I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I computer science yeah I uh I did
+take 242 with Professor Wedgewood um two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 242 with Professor Wedgewood um two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 242 with Professor Wedgewood um two
+years ago he he is now in Oxford yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he he is now in Oxford yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he he is now in Oxford yeah
+yeah he that was his last year I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he that was his last year I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he that was his last year I believe
+um Casper hair replac okay and uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Casper hair replac okay and uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Casper hair replac okay and uh I I
+took uh last fall philosophy of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh last fall philosophy of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh last fall philosophy of science
+with Professor maglo who I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor maglo who I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor maglo who I think is
+still around yeah I'm taking that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around yeah I'm taking that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around yeah I'm taking that now
+Professor Who U maglo he's Kofi maglo oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Who U maglo he's Kofi maglo oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Who U maglo he's Kofi maglo oh
+Kofi yeah right um so you know to uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kofi yeah right um so you know to uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kofi yeah right um so you know to uh I'm
+I'm a pretty technical person to so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a pretty technical person to so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a pretty technical person to so to
+finish out my concentration I I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish out my concentration I I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish out my concentration I I could
+have taken you know logic or quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken you know logic or quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken you know logic or quantum
+physics or something like that but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or something like that but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or something like that but uh I
+figured I'd I'd uh take something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I'd I'd uh take something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I'd I'd uh take something I
+don't know anything about um I I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about um I I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about um I I think a
+lot of my life experiences so far have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of my life experiences so far have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of my life experiences so far have
+demonstrated that whatever I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated that whatever I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated that whatever I think I
+know about love is AB borly wrong so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about love is AB borly wrong so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about love is AB borly wrong so uh
+so yeah I thought I would just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I thought I would just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I thought I would just sort of
+jump into the pool and you know well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into the pool and you know well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into the pool and you know well you
+know that's a good beginning set that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a good beginning set that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a good beginning set that on
+the table that's a good beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that's a good beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that's a good beginning
+Socrates was executed on the grounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates was executed on the grounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates was executed on the grounds of
+seducing the Youth of Athens how by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seducing the Youth of Athens how by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seducing the Youth of Athens how by
+teaching them uh false things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching them uh false things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching them uh false things about the
+gods because he investigated questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods because he investigated questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods because he investigated questions
+in religion um though he claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in religion um though he claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in religion um though he claims
+never having denied there were Gods he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never having denied there were Gods he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never having denied there were Gods he
+didn't he he didn't call himself an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he he didn't call himself an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he he didn't call himself an
+atheist but that was the charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist but that was the charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist but that was the charge and
+second by misleading the youths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second by misleading the youths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second by misleading the youths of
+Athens by getting them to examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athens by getting them to examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athens by getting them to examine the
+nature of the state and he did that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the state and he did that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the state and he did that that
+as part of his search for the good life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of his search for the good life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of his search for the good life
+to get them to think what they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to think what they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to think what they should be
+doing in life um so that that was why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in life um so that that was why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in life um so that that was why he
+was executed before he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was executed before he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was executed before he was
+executing um Somebody went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing um Somebody went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing um Somebody went to the
+article at delos and said who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article at delos and said who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article at delos and said who is the
+wisest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisest
+man um alive and the article said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man um alive and the article said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man um alive and the article said
+Socrates and this came back to Athens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates and this came back to Athens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates and this came back to Athens
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Socrates said he couldn't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates said he couldn't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates said he couldn't believe it
+that uh uh he didn't know anything how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh he didn't know anything how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh he didn't know anything how
+could it be that he would be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that he would be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that he would be considered
+to be the wisest man and in a sense his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the wisest man and in a sense his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the wisest man and in a sense his
+saying that was very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that was very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that was very sophisticated
+because he meant partly what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he meant partly what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he meant partly what I was
+saying that he didn't know any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he didn't know any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he didn't know any of the
+scientific truths that's not the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific truths that's not the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific truths that's not the nature
+of philosophizing everybody he knew only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophizing everybody he knew only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophizing everybody he knew only
+what everyone knows by being immersed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everyone knows by being immersed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everyone knows by being immersed in
+reality it's just that he had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's just that he had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's just that he had this
+ability to examine ideas and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to examine ideas and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to examine ideas and people
+could use that to live a good life if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that to live a good life if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that to live a good life if
+they wanted to and if they did it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to and if they did it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to and if they did it on
+their own so he he said he was confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so he he said he was confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so he he said he was confused
+um all of this comes out in his speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this comes out in his speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this comes out in his speech
+to the court which Plato recorded in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the court which Plato recorded in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the court which Plato recorded in a
+dialogue called the apology and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue called the apology and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue called the apology and it's not
+at all apologetic he Socrates refuses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all apologetic he Socrates refuses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all apologetic he Socrates refuses to
+apologize he says he's falsely accused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize he says he's falsely accused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize he says he's falsely accused
+he even says instead of being executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he even says instead of being executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he even says instead of being executed
+he should be rewarded they should build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be rewarded they should build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be rewarded they should build
+a statute to him because he helped uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statute to him because he helped uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statute to him because he helped uh
+keep Athens Free Spirit Alive um in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Athens Free Spirit Alive um in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Athens Free Spirit Alive um in any
+event in that description in the apology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in that description in the apology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in that description in the apology
+he says when he heard what the Del arle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says when he heard what the Del arle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says when he heard what the Del arle
+had said uh he went around to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said uh he went around to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said uh he went around to all of the
+uh successful people in the society The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh successful people in the society The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh successful people in the society The
+Poets the uh sculptors Craftsmen and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poets the uh sculptors Craftsmen and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poets the uh sculptors Craftsmen and he
+asked each of them you know tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked each of them you know tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked each of them you know tell me what
+is it you do and they didn't know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you do and they didn't know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you do and they didn't know they
+knew how to do poetry but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to do poetry but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to do poetry but they didn't
+know what the nature of poetry was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the nature of poetry was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the nature of poetry was they
+knew how to make statues but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to make statues but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to make statues but they didn't
+know what what art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what art
+was and Sak these came very he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and Sak these came very he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and Sak these came very he said
+these people seem to have a knack as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people seem to have a knack as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people seem to have a knack as he
+called it but they have no knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it but they have no knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it but they have no knowledge
+they don't know the basis of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know the basis of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know the basis of their
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+activities and then he concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then he concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then he concluded that
+maybe that's what the delphic article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what the delphic article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what the delphic article
+meant because he knew that he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant because he knew that he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant because he knew that he didn't
+know anything whereas they thought they
+
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+know anything whereas they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything whereas they thought they
+knew everything and therefore they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew everything and therefore they knew
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+nothing and the one thing he knew was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and the one thing he knew was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and the one thing he knew was
+that he did not know anything and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did not know anything and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did not know anything and that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seems to be the right attitude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seems to be the right attitude to
+do philosophy to realize how little we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do philosophy to realize how little we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do philosophy to realize how little we
+know and how important the investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and how important the investigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and how important the investigation
+is that's the point that it's not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the point that it's not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the point that it's not you're
+not going to learn facts You're simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn facts You're simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn facts You're simply
+going to deal with ideas and Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with ideas and Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with ideas and Concepts
+and language in a way that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language in a way that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language in a way that some people
+may find helpful but it it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may find helpful but it it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may find helpful but it it's it's the
+doing of it that's important so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing of it that's important so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing of it that's important so it's
+like an art work in that way and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an art work in that way and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an art work in that way and at
+getting Beyond such ocres what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Beyond such ocres what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Beyond such ocres what I would
+say is these po these great poets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is these po these great poets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is these po these great poets and
+playwrights and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sculptures and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sculptures and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sculptures and all
+those they weren't wrong in in showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they weren't wrong in in showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they weren't wrong in in showing
+how little they knew of their art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how little they knew of their art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how little they knew of their art
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they knew how to do the art they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they knew how to do the art they
+didn't know what it was they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was they were doing
+but they did it nevertheless and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they did it nevertheless and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they did it nevertheless and that
+was the basis of their genius uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the basis of their genius uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the basis of their genius uh you
+don't have to be um a great philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be um a great philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be um a great philosopher
+to turn into a Mozart Mozart is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn into a Mozart Mozart is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn into a Mozart Mozart is a good
+example because Mozart who was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because Mozart who was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because Mozart who was this
+stupendous genius was not a literary man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous genius was not a literary man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous genius was not a literary man
+at all I don't he's sort of person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I don't he's sort of person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I don't he's sort of person who
+wouldn't read books uh he was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't read books uh he was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't read books uh he was very very
+intelligent but it isn't it isn't a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent but it isn't it isn't a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent but it isn't it isn't a kind
+of uh literary academic humanistic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh literary academic humanistic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh literary academic humanistic or
+even well humanistic because of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even well humanistic because of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even well humanistic because of the of
+the music but otherwise uh not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music but otherwise uh not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music but otherwise uh not a
+philosophical uh concept ctual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical uh concept ctual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical uh concept ctual
+Brilliance but that's right that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance but that's right that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance but that's right that's all
+right that's he didn't need that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's he didn't need that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's he didn't need that it
+might have gotten his way what if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten his way what if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten his way what if he
+what if he had ideas that convinced him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if he had ideas that convinced him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if he had ideas that convinced him
+that he was doing his music all wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was doing his music all wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was doing his music all wrong
+better that he did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that he did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that he did it
+spontaneously um turning on the faucet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously um turning on the faucet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously um turning on the faucet
+in his case and letting it pour out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his case and letting it pour out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his case and letting it pour out
+there it doesn't mean that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it doesn't mean that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it doesn't mean that you can't
+also be an intellectual Beethoven for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an intellectual Beethoven for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an intellectual Beethoven for
+instance uh who was you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh who was you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh who was you know in the
+class of of moart but very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of of moart but very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of of moart but very different
+Beethoven invented musical forms and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven invented musical forms and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven invented musical forms and he
+worked worked very hard working out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked worked very hard working out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked worked very hard working out the
+structure and the music musical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the music musical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the music musical analysis
+of what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he was
+doing uh moar didn't mozar just picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh moar didn't mozar just picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh moar didn't mozar just picked
+up ideas that were standard and then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ideas that were standard and then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ideas that were standard and then did
+new Innovative beautiful things with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Innovative beautiful things with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Innovative beautiful things with him
+that nobody was able to do but it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody was able to do but it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody was able to do but it wasn't
+because he was as as thorough an analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was as as thorough an analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was as as thorough an analyst
+of music as Beethoven was there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music as Beethoven was there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music as Beethoven was there were
+different kinds being an analyst doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds being an analyst doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds being an analyst doesn't
+prevent you from being a great composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from being a great composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from being a great composer
+but being a great composer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but being a great composer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but being a great composer doesn't
+require you to be such a great analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to be such a great analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to be such a great analyst
+and this division has recurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this division has recurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this division has recurred
+throughout the history of Music Brahms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the history of Music Brahms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the history of Music Brahms
+was like uh Beethoven uh but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like uh Beethoven uh but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like uh Beethoven uh but other
+people were not uh they they simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not uh they they simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not uh they they simply
+heard sounds and had feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard sounds and had feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard sounds and had feelings and
+learned how to put the two in harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to put the two in harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to put the two in harmony
+and that's all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you need
+um what I getting Beyond Socrates I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I getting Beyond Socrates I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I getting Beyond Socrates I was
+saying is that uh it isn't as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that uh it isn't as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that uh it isn't as if you
+have to know what Socrates knew which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what Socrates knew which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what Socrates knew which
+was that he didn't know anything but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he didn't know anything but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he didn't know anything but he
+knew how to investigate uh to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to investigate uh to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to investigate uh to be a a
+great artist um all you they can those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artist um all you they can those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artist um all you they can those
+those people who are disappointed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who are disappointed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who are disappointed him
+knew how to perform their art and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to perform their art and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to perform their art and maybe
+that's all it is to be to make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is to be to make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is to be to make something
+into work of art you can can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into work of art you can can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into work of art you can can be
+intellectual too but it isn't required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual too but it isn't required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual too but it isn't required
+so uh this is a way of assuring you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a way of assuring you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a way of assuring you that
+you're coming in with the right kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in with the right kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in with the right kind of
+preparation if you feel you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything um should we take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um should we take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um should we take a little
+break in general I become very oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in general I become very oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in general I become very oblivious
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+time time is oblivious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time is oblivious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time is oblivious of
+me um it won't go on forever and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um it won't go on forever and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um it won't go on forever and I want
+to uh so I have to be stopped usually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so I have to be stopped usually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so I have to be stopped usually um
+it occurs to me though this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs to me though this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs to me though this is a good
+point should we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should we take a
+break feel free to make any suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break feel free to make any suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break feel free to make any suggestions
+of that sort that you want or of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort what I want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort what I want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort what I want to do now is
+to go down the reading list with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I don't know whether you have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't know whether you have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't know whether you have had
+time to study the paragraph at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to study the paragraph at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to study the paragraph at the
+bottom that covers most of the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that covers most of the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that covers most of the mechanics
+in the in the course and um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the course and um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the course and um this is the
+time for you to tell me if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for you to tell me if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for you to tell me if there's any
+problem with what you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with what you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with what you read
+there the your attendance is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the your attendance is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the your attendance is is very
+important because I want to work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because I want to work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because I want to work this
+have keep this as a workshop and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have keep this as a workshop and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have keep this as a workshop and you
+can't split in and out if you miss one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't split in and out if you miss one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't split in and out if you miss one
+meeting you're missing the whole week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting you're missing the whole week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting you're missing the whole week
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um just doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just doing the
+reading is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is not
+enough on the other hand I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on the other hand I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on the other hand I'm not going
+to be controlling your reading in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be controlling your reading in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be controlling your reading in the
+sense of giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of giving you
+exams and but I hope that you will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and but I hope that you will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and but I hope that you will do it
+uh preferably before the date that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preferably before the date that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh preferably before the date that it's
+du but if necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du but if necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du but if necessary
+afterwards and then coming honestly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and then coming honestly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and then coming honestly and
+say you haven't done it and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you haven't done it and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you haven't done it and then we'll
+work something out in the hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work something out in the hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work something out in the hope that
+you'll be encouraged to but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be encouraged to but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be encouraged to but I'm not
+going to give you electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shocks the requirements are then this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks the requirements are then this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks the requirements are then this um
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+attendance and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance and the two
+papers the first paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers the first paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers the first paper is
+described the second paper will I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the second paper will I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the second paper will I'll
+explain to you later on and I will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you later on and I will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you later on and I will help
+you in class with both papers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in class with both papers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in class with both papers it's
+something it's part of the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's part of the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's part of the work of the
+class the paper should come naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the paper should come naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the paper should come naturally
+out of you because of what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of you because of what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of you because of what's been
+happening to your mind the way it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to your mind the way it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to your mind the way it's been
+developing that's the function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that's the function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that's the function of this
+CL class not to give you an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL class not to give you an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL class not to give you an awful lot of
+information not to get force you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not to get force you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not to get force you to read
+thousands of pages by Irving singer not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pages by Irving singer not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pages by Irving singer not
+to uh you know enable you to uh talk at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know enable you to uh talk at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know enable you to uh talk at
+cocktail par Aries with a certain degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail par Aries with a certain degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail par Aries with a certain degree
+of sophistication but rather to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication but rather to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication but rather to develop
+your own ideas in your own way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own ideas in your own way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own ideas in your own way and that
+will be a function of how honestly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a function of how honestly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a function of how honestly you
+treat the material and how well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the material and how well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the material and how well we're
+able to make it important for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make it important for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make it important for you so
+don't worry about any preparation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about any preparation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about any preparation or
+lack of preparation that you have now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of preparation that you have now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of preparation that you have now or
+the writing of paper of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing of paper of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing of paper of the
+paper or or the topic for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or or the topic for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or or the topic for the second
+paper we'll work that out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we'll work that out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we'll work that out in
+class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+everyone's read the paragraph now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's read the paragraph now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's read the paragraph now you
+all agree no one's fainting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree no one's fainting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree no one's fainting
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+today I wanted to give the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I wanted to give the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I wanted to give the introduction
+but I also wanted to call your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also wanted to call your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also wanted to call your attention
+to marriage same sex and opposite sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to marriage same sex and opposite sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to marriage same sex and opposite sex
+because that's not something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not something you can
+buy um as I told you it will be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy um as I told you it will be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy um as I told you it will be part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+enlargement the well they they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement the well they they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement the well they they don't
+they don't want to call it enlarg ment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to call it enlarg ment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to call it enlarg ment
+for good reason uh the expansion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good reason uh the expansion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good reason uh the expansion the
+Expanded Edition of uh the book sex a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expanded Edition of uh the book sex a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expanded Edition of uh the book sex a
+philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+prer which will come out um um next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prer which will come out um um next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prer which will come out um um next next
+month in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month in
+October and which you now have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and which you now have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and which you now have you have
+the page proofs the final page proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page proofs the final page proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page proofs the final page proofs
+and the reason I wanted to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I wanted to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I wanted to start with
+that is because it has such a mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um it's something that is very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's something that is very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's something that is very close
+to my heart the way like all parents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my heart the way like all parents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my heart the way like all parents the
+youngest one the mother's the baby of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest one the mother's the baby of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest one the mother's the baby of
+the family is what's loved best um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is what's loved best um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is what's loved best um
+something I just finished it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just finished it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just finished it's very
+recent and but more than that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent and but more than that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent and but more than that in
+relation to what we were saying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to what we were saying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to what we were saying in the
+first half of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of today's
+meeting uh it doesn't deal with subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting uh it doesn't deal with subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting uh it doesn't deal with subject
+in a way that fits into anyone academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that fits into anyone academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that fits into anyone academic
+Pursuit and the and the Way It Was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit and the and the Way It Was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit and the and the Way It Was
+Written is very relevant through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Written is very relevant through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Written is very relevant through what
+this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the issue was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the issue was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the issue was
+alive 6 months ago especially not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive 6 months ago especially not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive 6 months ago especially not very
+long maybe a year but that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long maybe a year but that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long maybe a year but that's a real
+active issue for the whole country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active issue for the whole country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active issue for the whole country
+fairly recently and so I was is interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently and so I was is interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently and so I was is interest
+in that the way I would be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the way I would be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the way I would be interested in
+uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important
+events uh and then it occurred to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh and then it occurred to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh and then it occurred to me
+here I've devoted my whole life to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've devoted my whole life to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've devoted my whole life to
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+love and sex and married love um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and sex and married love um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and sex and married love um
+uh there must be some way in which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there must be some way in which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there must be some way in which I can
+contribute there must be something I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute there must be something I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute there must be something I can
+do and that I can do as a philosopher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that I can do as a philosopher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that I can do as a philosopher of
+the rare sort that exist because hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rare sort that exist because hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rare sort that exist because hardly
+anyone in philosophy does much with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in philosophy does much with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in philosophy does much with
+these with love and sex and and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with love and sex and and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with love and sex and and the rest
+uh why aren't I doing that what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why aren't I doing that what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why aren't I doing that what would
+John Dewey be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing I don't know if any of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I don't know if any of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I don't know if any of you have
+heard of John rolls have you well John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of John rolls have you well John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of John rolls have you well John
+rolls was a very close friend of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls was a very close friend of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls was a very close friend of mine
+for about 50 years until he died and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 50 years until he died and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 50 years until he died and I
+at a time when I had power at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when I had power at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when I had power at MIT
+single-handedly almost through is hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-handedly almost through is hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-handedly almost through is hardly
+anybody here I had I appointed him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here I had I appointed him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here I had I appointed him to
+MIT he was here for 2 years before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he was here for 2 years before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he was here for 2 years before he
+went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to
+Harvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvin
+um and he's always been to me a model an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's always been to me a model an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's always been to me a model an
+older brother of A Sort that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older brother of A Sort that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older brother of A Sort that I would
+look up to for sheer honesty and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up to for sheer honesty and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up to for sheer honesty and and
+strength of purpose and so I said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of purpose and so I said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of purpose and so I said what
+would Jack be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Jack be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Jack be
+doing and then it occurred to me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then it occurred to me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then it occurred to me what
+would Jack be doing jack would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Jack be doing jack would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Jack be doing jack would be doing
+exactly what he did when he wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what he did when he wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what he did when he wrote a
+chapter in The One book for which he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in The One book for which he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in The One book for which he's
+most famous a theory of Justice you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous a theory of Justice you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous a theory of Justice you some
+of you have read him but you or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have read him but you or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have read him but you or you
+haven't read it but you know about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read it but you know about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read it but you know about it
+that was his first book um in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his first book um in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his first book um in which uh
+chapter in which he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in which he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in which he talks
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um um segregation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South and if you study that chapter as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South and if you study that chapter as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South and if you study that chapter as I
+did when it came out I read every word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did when it came out I read every word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did when it came out I read every word
+of the book and talked with him and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book and talked with him and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book and talked with him and I
+think I may have startled him but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I may have startled him but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I may have startled him but he
+didn't contradict me I said You Know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contradict me I said You Know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contradict me I said You Know
+Jack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack in
+that excellent chapter you don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent chapter you don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent chapter you don't say
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+more than Martin Luther King does in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than Martin Luther King does in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than Martin Luther King does in the
+famous letter from Birmingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous letter from Birmingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous letter from Birmingham
+Jail but what you do is that you present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jail but what you do is that you present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jail but what you do is that you present
+it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way
+that dignifies it philosophically in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dignifies it philosophically in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dignifies it philosophically in a
+way that struct gives it a structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that struct gives it a structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that struct gives it a structure and
+gives it a kind of um place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a kind of um place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a kind of um place in
+philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+thought that King's letter doesn't now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that King's letter doesn't now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that King's letter doesn't now
+it's interesting King was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting King was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting King was a graduate
+student in philosophy and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in philosophy and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in philosophy and the and
+theology I guess but also in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology I guess but also in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology I guess but also in philosophy
+at pu um that's where he studied uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pu um that's where he studied uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pu um that's where he studied uh and
+so he it is as if he didn't have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he it is as if he didn't have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he it is as if he didn't have uh
+origins in philosophy but by that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in philosophy but by that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in philosophy but by that time
+he was not a philosopher he was a man of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not a philosopher he was a man of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not a philosopher he was a man of
+action um and what Jack was doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um and what Jack was doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um and what Jack was doing there
+I thought was just what philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought was just what philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought was just what philosophers
+should do which is involve themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do which is involve themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do which is involve themselves in
+Practical issues but do so from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical issues but do so from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical issues but do so from the
+point of view of this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of this special
+expertise that John Ros one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise that John Ros one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise that John Ros one of the best
+there is and or was uh had uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and or was uh had uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and or was uh had uh and that
+other people would not have so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people would not have so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people would not have so it
+occurred to me why shouldn't I be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me why shouldn't I be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me why shouldn't I be doing
+that with sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with sex and
+love I had never seen any great problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I had never seen any great problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I had never seen any great problems
+about homosexuality and wrote very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homosexuality and wrote very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homosexuality and wrote very
+little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about
+it um I had I have had uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I had I have had uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I had I have had uh several
+friends who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who were
+homosexual and um it was just a taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um it was just a taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um it was just a taste
+that they had they knew I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had they knew I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had they knew I was not
+homosexual I knew they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual I knew they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual I knew they were
+homosexual and um our friendship was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um our friendship was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um our friendship was
+established on other lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on other lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on other lines
+entirely but in a sense I knew that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but in a sense I knew that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but in a sense I knew that this
+was a big problem and I sympathized with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big problem and I sympathized with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big problem and I sympathized with
+him but I never had I never saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but I never had I never saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but I never had I never saw anything
+to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+about there was one man uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there was one man uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there was one man uh I don't know
+if he comes into any of your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he comes into any of your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he comes into any of your reading
+Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell
+vanoli who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanoli who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanoli who
+um wrote a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wrote a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wrote a book called
+The you'll see this is a going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The you'll see this is a going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The you'll see this is a going to be a
+little lengthy this story but you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lengthy this story but you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lengthy this story but you there
+is a the you'll see the point um get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the you'll see the point um get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the you'll see the point um get the
+um sex without love a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sex without love a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sex without love a philosophical
+exploration I think that was the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration I think that was the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration I think that was the title
+of it and at the end of it he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and at the end of it he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and at the end of it he had a
+chapter called four philosophers of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter called four philosophers of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter called four philosophers of love
+I think there were yeah four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were yeah four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were yeah four
+Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato
+Freud SRA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud SRA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud SRA and
+singer if you could believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer if you could believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer if you could believe
+that uh and in the uh comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and in the uh comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and in the uh comments on
+singer the book came out 20 years ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer the book came out 20 years ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer the book came out 20 years ago so
+it was not my later work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not my later work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not my later work
+um he um made uh criticisms and attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he um made uh criticisms and attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he um made uh criticisms and attacked
+me which is all right um and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which is all right um and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which is all right um and then in the
+third volume of my Trilogy the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third volume of my Trilogy the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third volume of my Trilogy the nature of
+love I spent 10 or 15 pages responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I spent 10 or 15 pages responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I spent 10 or 15 pages responding
+to his attack so it was very very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his attack so it was very very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his attack so it was very very useful
+thereafter there was um a 3-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter there was um a 3-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter there was um a 3-day
+Symposium on my work um and that ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium on my work um and that ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium on my work um and that ended
+up in a book called The the nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a book called The the nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a book called The the nature and
+pursuit of love the philosophy of Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love the philosophy of Irving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love the philosophy of Irving
+singer edited by something else with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer edited by something else with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer edited by something else with all
+the 20 papers 25 papers that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 papers 25 papers that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 papers 25 papers that were
+written no 25 papers but only 20 got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written no 25 papers but only 20 got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written no 25 papers but only 20 got up
+got into the volume and in my reply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the volume and in my reply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the volume and in my reply to
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+critics I had a reply to Van O's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+paper which in and in his paper he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which in and in his paper he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which in and in his paper he was
+responding to my critique you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to my critique you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to my critique you get the
+idea there was this Ricochet first he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there was this Ricochet first he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there was this Ricochet first he
+attacked me I replied then he attacks my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked me I replied then he attacks my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked me I replied then he attacks my
+reply and then there I attacked his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply and then there I attacked his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply and then there I attacked his
+reply right and it was all it was fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply right and it was all it was fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply right and it was all it was fine
+the point is I didn't have any idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I didn't have any idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I didn't have any idea that
+he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was
+homosexual but at some point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual but at some point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual but at some point um
+he um said I said to him what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um said I said to him what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um said I said to him what are you
+doing and he said I'm I'm writing a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and he said I'm I'm writing a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and he said I'm I'm writing a book
+about in uh on the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in uh on the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in uh on the philosophy of
+homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual
+love and it occurred me really that's i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and it occurred me really that's i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and it occurred me really that's i'
+never read anything like that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read anything like that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read anything like that before
+what is homos what is the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is homos what is the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is homos what is the philosophy of
+homosexual love as opposed to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual love as opposed to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual love as opposed to anything
+else but it occurred to me if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but it occurred to me if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but it occurred to me if you are
+homosexual and I gathered then that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and I gathered then that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and I gathered then that he
+was and then it was open between us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then it was open between us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then it was open between us
+that's just right that's just the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just right that's just the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just right that's just the thing
+he should be writing about as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be writing about as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be writing about as a
+homosexual what the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual what the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual what the philosophical
+problems are and so I really encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are and so I really encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are and so I really encouraged
+and told him I'm eager to see that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told him I'm eager to see that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and told him I'm eager to see that but I
+myself had never done anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself had never done anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself had never done anything about
+anything about that um it just wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that um it just wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that um it just wasn't a
+live issue for me any various well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live issue for me any various well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live issue for me any various well
+little things came came out but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things came came out but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things came came out but nothing
+much and so the reason I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so the reason I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so the reason I wanted to do
+this was to see how from my point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was to see how from my point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was to see how from my point of
+view as my kind of philosopher with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as my kind of philosopher with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view as my kind of philosopher with my
+knowledge of philosophy of love and sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of philosophy of love and sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of philosophy of love and sex
+I could contribute to the um Nationwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could contribute to the um Nationwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could contribute to the um Nationwide
+furor and and not as well as John Dewey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furor and and not as well as John Dewey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furor and and not as well as John Dewey
+not as well as John rolls but doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as well as John rolls but doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as well as John rolls but doing the
+best I could um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could um
+now if you start with this you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you start with this you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you start with this you won't be
+prepared for everything of mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for everything of mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for everything of mind that
+you're going to be reading but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading but I think
+it'll be a good place for you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a good place for you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a good place for you to start
+and I'm eager to spend as much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm eager to spend as much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm eager to spend as much time on
+it as possible it's just that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as possible it's just that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as possible it's just that uh I
+didn't leave a separate week for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave a separate week for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave a separate week for it and
+so what I finally thought was I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I finally thought was I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I finally thought was I give you
+the the copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the copy
+today and tomorrow we can I mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow we can I mean I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow we can I mean I mean
+a week from today we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week from today we can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week from today we can talk about it
+together with the first 43 pages of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the first 43 pages of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the first 43 pages of The
+Pursuit Of Love now Veronica doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love now Veronica doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love now Veronica doesn't
+have to read that so maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read that so maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read that so maybe um
+oh you should give a presentation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you should give a presentation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you should give a presentation that
+was something I want would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something I want would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something I want would you like to
+give presentations or would you rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give presentations or would you rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give presentations or would you rather
+not sometimes people do prefer not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sometimes people do prefer not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sometimes people do prefer not to
+sometimes they don't mind sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they don't mind sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they don't mind sometimes they
+like it the advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it the advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it the advantage of the
+presentation is that it keeps me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is that it keeps me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is that it keeps me from
+dominating too much because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating too much because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating too much because I've
+written 2500 3,000 pages on these Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written 2500 3,000 pages on these Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written 2500 3,000 pages on these Pro
+topics or related topics and I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics or related topics and I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics or related topics and I can just
+go on until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on until
+I've you know bored Bor you to death I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've you know bored Bor you to death I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've you know bored Bor you to death I
+can do that quicker too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so would you like to take over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so would you like to take over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so would you like to take over with
+by having the presentations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having the presentations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having the presentations or
+not a presentation wouldn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a presentation wouldn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a presentation wouldn't have to be
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+out it's nothing you'd be graded on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's nothing you'd be graded on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's nothing you'd be graded on it
+would be part of the seminar Workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be part of the seminar Workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be part of the seminar Workshop
+atmosphere but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but it would
+focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+discussions that the the class could all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that the the class could all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that the the class could all
+develop further in the past when I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop further in the past when I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop further in the past when I've
+done it uh most then in the evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it uh most then in the evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it uh most then in the evaluations
+students seem like it or didn't complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students seem like it or didn't complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students seem like it or didn't complain
+but one said I didn't want didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one said I didn't want didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one said I didn't want didn't like
+that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+presentations because they encouraged me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations because they encouraged me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations because they encouraged me
+not to do the reading no that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do the reading no that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do the reading no that's not the
+idea the idea is for you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the idea is for you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the idea is for you to do the
+reading and then pick up on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then pick up on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then pick up on something
+that one person who has devoted him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one person who has devoted him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one person who has devoted him or
+herself to that work's reading uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself to that work's reading uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself to that work's reading uh will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+calling attention to from your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to from your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to from your point of
+view rather than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view rather than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view rather than from
+mine should we try it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine should we try it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine should we try it at
+least if so I recommend Veron I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if so I recommend Veron I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if so I recommend Veron I I
+recommend Veronica because you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend Veronica because you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend Veronica because you the
+others are expected to read uh the pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are expected to read uh the pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are expected to read uh the pages
+of The Pursuit Of Love which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Pursuit Of Love which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Pursuit Of Love which are not
+hard to read and they're not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read and they're not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read and they're not too
+numerous so it's not too much to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous so it's not too much to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous so it's not too much to read
+both them and U same sex the marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both them and U same sex the marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both them and U same sex the marriage
+thing but okay should we do that M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but okay should we do that M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but okay should we do that M so
+just kind of more of a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of more of a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of more of a discussion
+leading what you should do no let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading what you should do no let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading what you should do no let me
+tell you don't feel that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you don't feel that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you don't feel that you have to
+summarize it so for everyone who's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it so for everyone who's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it so for everyone who's never
+done the reading because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the reading because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the reading because they had
+problem sets what you do is single out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets what you do is single out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets what you do is single out
+things that look to you especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that look to you especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that look to you especially
+interesting and important and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important and develop
+your own ideas as much as possible along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own ideas as much as possible along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own ideas as much as possible along
+those lines so that other people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines so that other people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines so that other people can
+attack you can can make not choking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack you can can make not choking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack you can can make not choking
+you're all very polite with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all very polite with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all very polite with each other
+but uh other people can chime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help um before going any further maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um before going any further maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um before going any further maybe I
+should just quickly give you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just quickly give you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just quickly give you an idea of
+what I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh I make it clear that I'm writing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I make it clear that I'm writing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I make it clear that I'm writing not
+as a partisan or a critic but as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosopher as I said I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher as I said I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher as I said I have
+friends um some of them very famous who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um some of them very famous who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um some of them very famous who
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+won't name drop uh who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't name drop uh who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't name drop uh who were
+homosexual and um but I've had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um but I've had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um but I've had many
+friends who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are not
+homosexual and um it's not as if I'm am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um it's not as if I'm am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and um it's not as if I'm am
+obligated to defend either side and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to defend either side and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to defend either side and I'm
+not homosexual but I don't feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not homosexual but I don't feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not homosexual but I don't feel that
+that enables me to that alone enables me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables me to that alone enables me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables me to that alone enables me
+to decide whether um same-sex marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether um same-sex marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether um same-sex marriages
+should be banned or permitted as a civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be banned or permitted as a civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be banned or permitted as a civil
+right it but so it has to be as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it but so it has to be as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it but so it has to be as a
+philosopher that I'm talking but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher that I'm talking but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher that I'm talking but a
+pluralist philosoph which which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralist philosoph which which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralist philosoph which which means
+that I don't come into a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't come into a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't come into a discussion
+assuming that there's a right way and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's a right way and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's a right way and a
+wrong way and I Know It And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way and I Know It And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way and I Know It And so it's
+attempt to be sympathetic on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to be sympathetic on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to be sympathetic on both sides
+but but with definite ideas of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but with definite ideas of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but with definite ideas of my own
+and so I make suggestions and end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I make suggestions and end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I make suggestions and end up
+with recommendations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with recommendations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with recommendations and
+conclusions but in the process uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but in the process uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but in the process uh there
+is a quite a Welter of argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quite a Welter of argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quite a Welter of argument and
+factual data that many people might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual data that many people might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual data that many people might not
+have access to and that the newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to and that the newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to and that the newspapers
+never deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never deal with
+properly uh so I I provide that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly uh so I I provide that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly uh so I I provide that you'll
+see you'll see how often I'm slipping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you'll see how often I'm slipping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you'll see how often I'm slipping in
+things that might not know and yet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might not know and yet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might not know and yet and
+others don't talk about but that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others don't talk about but that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others don't talk about but that are
+relevant and also I talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and also I talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and also I talk about a little
+about the way in which the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which the history of
+philosophy has completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy has completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy has completely
+ignored questions of this sort in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored questions of this sort in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored questions of this sort in fact
+every all everyone did until very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every all everyone did until very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every all everyone did until very
+recently um and that it's only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and that it's only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and that it's only in the
+last I don't know how many years is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last I don't know how many years is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last I don't know how many years is 15
+or 20 years that anything that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years that anything that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years that anything that could be
+called a homosexual right that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a homosexual right that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a homosexual right that is a
+right to be a homos sexual uh has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be a homos sexual uh has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be a homos sexual uh has been
+accepted in American Juris Prudence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in American Juris Prudence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in American Juris Prudence
+before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that
+homosexuality in most States was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality in most States was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality in most States was on the
+the law books as criminal to behave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law books as criminal to behave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law books as criminal to behave that
+way is enough reason legally at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is enough reason legally at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is enough reason legally at least
+for people to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to be uh
+imprisoned in which case everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisoned in which case everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisoned in which case everybody else
+would behave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would behave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would behave that
+way on them against their will but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on them against their will but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on them against their will but you
+got the idea that this was a crime until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea that this was a crime until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea that this was a crime until
+very recently there were all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently there were all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently there were all sorts of
+things in sex that were criminal uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in sex that were criminal uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in sex that were criminal uh a
+husband and wife engaging in um anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and wife engaging in um anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and wife engaging in um anal
+intercourse would be breaking the laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse would be breaking the laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse would be breaking the laws
+of Massachusetts until maybe it was five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts until maybe it was five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts until maybe it was five
+years ago very recently and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago very recently and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago very recently and everybody
+knew about it and laughed at it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it and laughed at it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it and laughed at it it was
+absurd um even if couples never engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd um even if couples never engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd um even if couples never engaged
+in such Behavior the idea that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such Behavior the idea that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such Behavior the idea that this
+should be on the law books was simply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on the law books was simply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on the law books was simply an
+absurdity um then recently it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity um then recently it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity um then recently it was all
+changed I'm pretty sure that's not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I'm pretty sure that's not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I'm pretty sure that's not on
+the law books anymore and a great many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law books anymore and a great many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law books anymore and a great many
+things like that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that even
+adultery U was illegal in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adultery U was illegal in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adultery U was illegal in this country
+until recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until recently
+misation is still on the law books of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misation is still on the law books of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misation is still on the law books of
+some states it was uh considered a crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states it was uh considered a crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states it was uh considered a crime
+after the Civil War or maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Civil War or maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Civil War or maybe a little
+before the Civil War even uh for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Civil War even uh for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Civil War even uh for there
+to be marriages between blacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be marriages between blacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be marriages between blacks and
+whites and certainly um sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites and certainly um sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites and certainly um sexual
+intercourse the the whites abused their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse the the whites abused their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse the the whites abused their
+slaves and but still might there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and but still might there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and but still might there
+probably was a law about sexual behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was a law about sexual behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was a law about sexual behavior
+certainly against U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly against U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly against U
+intermarriage um the laws still exist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermarriage um the laws still exist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermarriage um the laws still exist I
+there was recently a case about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was recently a case about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was recently a case about that but
+they're applied differently misation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applied differently misation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applied differently misation is
+used to mean something different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to mean something different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to mean something different but
+that's what originally meant and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what originally meant and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what originally meant and of
+course all of that's been changed so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all of that's been changed so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all of that's been changed so the
+in your lifetime which you think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lifetime which you think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lifetime which you think of as
+being eternity because you didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being eternity because you didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being eternity because you didn't know
+anything you haven't had any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you haven't had any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you haven't had any other
+experience the world is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the world is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the world is very different
+in these areas than it ever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these areas than it ever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these areas than it ever was
+before all right so that's in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right so that's in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right so that's in order to
+make my contribution I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my contribution I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my contribution I talk about the
+history of philosophy and history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy and history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy and history of the
+philosophy of Love uh on the basis of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of Love uh on the basis of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of Love uh on the basis of my
+expertise and try to show how recent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and try to show how recent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and try to show how recent all
+of this is in terms of the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is in terms of the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is in terms of the present
+problems that this country is facing ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that this country is facing ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that this country is facing ill
+ill prepared the way history always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill prepared the way history always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill prepared the way history always is
+history doesn't happen in school books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history doesn't happen in school books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history doesn't happen in school books
+so that uh people for have 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh people for have 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh people for have 10-year
+conferences to decide whether to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences to decide whether to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences to decide whether to have a
+nuclear war um it Happ if it's if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war um it Happ if it's if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war um it Happ if it's if it
+happens it happens all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens all of a sudden
+because there the Japanese uh look as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the Japanese uh look as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the Japanese uh look as if
+they might fight to the death and Truman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might fight to the death and Truman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might fight to the death and Truman
+has to make a decision and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make a decision and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make a decision and that's how
+history make is happens that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history make is happens that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history make is happens that's the
+dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima
+um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that
+um what what was I say history isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what was I say history isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what was I say history isn't
+made as you think you're what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as you think you're what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as you think you're what you're
+experiencing is a very tiny segment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing is a very tiny segment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing is a very tiny segment of
+time in human nature but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in human nature but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in human nature but at least
+knowing about history will give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about history will give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about history will give you some
+um point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point of
+Leverage okay I think maybe that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage okay I think maybe that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage okay I think maybe that's all I
+should say about that now does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say about that now does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say about that now does anybody
+want say anything about that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want say anything about that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want say anything about that all right
+after that I asked you to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I asked you to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I asked you to read the
+pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of
+love because it's one of my more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love because it's one of my more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love because it's one of my more
+readable books and I get fan mails uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable books and I get fan mails uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable books and I get fan mails uh
+from people who think it's um something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people who think it's um something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people who think it's um something
+they like um but I don't think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like um but I don't think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like um but I don't think of it as
+my most important book uh it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my most important book uh it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my most important book uh it's useful
+and and I think you'll won't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think you'll won't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think you'll won't have any
+trouble understanding it it was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble understanding it it was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble understanding it it was written
+after I had written um my the trilogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I had written um my the trilogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I had written um my the trilogy
+for which I think I'm best well known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which I think I'm best well known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which I think I'm best well known in
+academic circles the trilogy is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic circles the trilogy is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic circles the trilogy is called
+the nature of love and the first volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love and the first volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love and the first volume
+is the nature of Love courtly um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nature of Love courtly um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nature of Love courtly um um
+Plato to Luther second is nature of Love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to Luther second is nature of Love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to Luther second is nature of Love
+courtly and romantic the third volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtly and romantic the third volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtly and romantic the third volume is
+the nature of love the modern world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love the modern world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love the modern world you
+can get a an idea of the breakdown uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a an idea of the breakdown uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a an idea of the breakdown uh I
+don't want to say too much about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say too much about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say too much about it it's
+1,400 pages long alog together and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,400 pages long alog together and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,400 pages long alog together and came
+out in three volumes go well over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in three volumes go well over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in three volumes go well over a
+period of time but also it's too long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time but also it's too long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time but also it's too long to
+bring out in one volume and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out in one volume and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out in one volume and that is
+something nobody had ever done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nobody had ever done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nobody had ever done before
+and I gather nobody has ever done since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather nobody has ever done since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather nobody has ever done since
+and it's the sort of thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the sort of thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the sort of thing that people
+who have never had anything by me may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have never had anything by me may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have never had anything by me may
+say oh yeah serving singer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh yeah serving singer you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh yeah serving singer you know
+they've heard the name for that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've heard the name for that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've heard the name for that uh I
+didn't see any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any way
+of introducing it into the chorus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing it into the chorus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing it into the chorus it
+would really make it a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really make it a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really make it a different kind of
+chorus but having written that I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus but having written that I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus but having written that I then
+felt I wanted to do something that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt I wanted to do something that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt I wanted to do something that would
+be more popular more closer to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more popular more closer to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more popular more closer to what
+Ordinary People would get from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ordinary People would get from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ordinary People would get from a
+philosopher and that was the pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and that was the pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and that was the pursuit of
+love and it talks a little about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and it talks a little about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and it talks a little about some of
+the themes in the nature of love too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the themes in the nature of love too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the themes in the nature of love too so
+you'll get a little of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a little of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a little of that
+sophistication um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication um
+the nature of love I mean The Pursuit Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love I mean The Pursuit Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love I mean The Pursuit Of
+Love um came out after I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um came out after I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um came out after I had
+written another book that also was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written another book that also was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written another book that also was
+reaching out for what I thought most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out for what I thought most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out for what I thought most
+people are desperately interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are desperately interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are desperately interested in and
+that is the meaning of life that book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the meaning of life that book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the meaning of life that book um
+came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+199 one or two I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199 one or two I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+199 one or two I can't remember
+uh the title was meaning in life colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the title was meaning in life colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the title was meaning in life colon
+the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of
+value it uh when The Pursuit Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it uh when The Pursuit Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it uh when The Pursuit Of
+Love did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love did
+well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the
+Publishers agreed to publish a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publishers agreed to publish a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publishers agreed to publish a third
+book that I thought of as the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I thought of as the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I thought of as the third
+volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a
+Trilogy and to reprint the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trilogy and to reprint the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trilogy and to reprint the creation of
+volume is the first volume so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the first volume so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the first volume so there are
+two trilogies one is on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trilogies one is on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trilogies one is on the nature of
+Love is the nature of love and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love is the nature of love and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love is the nature of love and the other
+is called uh meaning and life and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called uh meaning and life and volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called uh meaning and life and volume
+one of meaning and life is the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of meaning and life is the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of meaning and life is the creation
+of value volume two is I they then made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value volume two is I they then made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value volume two is I they then made
+uh the pursuit of love and then volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pursuit of love and then volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pursuit of love and then volume
+three is called the harmony of Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is called the harmony of Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is called the harmony of Nature
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+spirit philosophically I think nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit philosophically I think nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit philosophically I think nature of
+Harmony of spirit was the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of spirit was the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of spirit was the most important
+philosophical book that I've written up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical book that I've written up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical book that I've written up
+to date but there again I couldn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date but there again I couldn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date but there again I couldn't ask
+you to read it any of you who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read it any of you who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read it any of you who want to
+might write your second paper on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write your second paper on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write your second paper on that
+but something can come in and we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something can come in and we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something can come in and we you
+might pick it up but um that's how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick it up but um that's how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick it up but um that's how that
+that's why I thought I'd begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I thought I'd begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I thought I'd begin with the
+pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of
+Love um at the same time I also didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um at the same time I also didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um at the same time I also didn't
+want to limit the course just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to limit the course just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to limit the course just to
+philosophy I wanted it to deal with ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I wanted it to deal with ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I wanted it to deal with ph
+philosophical sources quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical sources quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical sources quasi
+philosophical sources on love uh a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical sources on love uh a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical sources on love uh a great
+deal that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's been
+written um and done in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um and done in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um and done in terms of the
+concept of love was done by artists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of love was done by artists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of love was done by artists and
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+writers and since I don't make any sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers and since I don't make any sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers and since I don't make any sharp
+distinctions between philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between philosophy and
+literature uh or or in general any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh or or in general any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh or or in general any of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+humanities um my kind of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities um my kind of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities um my kind of philosophy
+covers all of them um philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all of them um philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all of them um philosophy of
+mathematics I know nothing about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics I know nothing about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics I know nothing about but
+that's a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different kind
+of approach to the world philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach to the world philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach to the world philosophy of
+science I know a little about and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I know a little about and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I know a little about and I've
+written about it at the end of a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it at the end of a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it at the end of a another
+recent book but I'm I'm not trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book but I'm I'm not trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book but I'm I'm not trained in
+science I don't have the aptitude I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I don't have the aptitude I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I don't have the aptitude I
+don't have the patience I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the patience I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the patience I don't have the
+brains uh and therefore I can't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh and therefore I can't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh and therefore I can't write
+about philosophy science but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about philosophy science but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about philosophy science but in the
+humanities I think I've written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities I think I've written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities I think I've written about
+most of the subjects about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the subjects about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the subjects about
+literature two or three books on film um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature two or three books on film um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature two or three books on film um
+on uh um Fine Arts and and in Aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh um Fine Arts and and in Aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh um Fine Arts and and in Aesthetics
+philosophical Aesthetics um so I so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical Aesthetics um so I so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical Aesthetics um so I so in
+doing even the philosophy of love in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even the philosophy of love in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even the philosophy of love in the
+trilogy I talk a lot about um literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy I talk a lot about um literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy I talk a lot about um literary
+figures there's a 70 page chapter on Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures there's a 70 page chapter on Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures there's a 70 page chapter on Pro
+there all all sorts of literary F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all all sorts of literary F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all all sorts of literary F
+figures that come into that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that come into that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that come into that and I
+thought that would and there's a a 30 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that would and there's a a 30 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that would and there's a a 30 I
+think it a 25 or 30 page on nature who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it a 25 or 30 page on nature who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it a 25 or 30 page on nature who
+is a kind of literary philosopher like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of literary philosopher like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of literary philosopher like
+me so I thought your reading nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I thought your reading nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I thought your reading nature
+would be a great experience for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a great experience for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a great experience for you
+particularly since uh there is an opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly since uh there is an opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly since uh there is an opera
+by the U great man that n knew uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the U great man that n knew uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the U great man that n knew uh
+Richard Vagner the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Vagner the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Vagner the uh
+composer of the German composer and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of the German composer and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer of the German composer and his
+Opera Tristan unoda is all about love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera Tristan unoda is all about love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera Tristan unoda is all about love
+and was written after uh Vagner had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was written after uh Vagner had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was written after uh Vagner had
+discovered the writings of schopenhauer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the writings of schopenhauer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the writings of schopenhauer
+whom I mention in the marriage thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I mention in the marriage thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I mention in the marriage thing
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+um and schopenhauer was the god of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and schopenhauer was the god of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and schopenhauer was the god of
+nature now n in his later life went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature now n in his later life went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature now n in his later life went
+beyond note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond note
+schopenhauer uh Vagner was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer uh Vagner was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer uh Vagner was not a
+philosopher but there is that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher but there is that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher but there is that whole
+complex of schopenhauer n Vagner on love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of schopenhauer n Vagner on love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of schopenhauer n Vagner on love
+that is very fascinating I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very fascinating I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very fascinating I'll give you
+uh a lecture on Shop's philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lecture on Shop's philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lecture on Shop's philosophy and
+but I thought it would help for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it would help for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it would help for you to
+read nature and for us to watch in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read nature and for us to watch in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read nature and for us to watch in class
+uh excerpts from vogner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excerpts from vogner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excerpts from vogner's
+Opera so that's what we'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera so that's what we'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera so that's what we'll do that
+week um oh I'm sorry before that U there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um oh I'm sorry before that U there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um oh I'm sorry before that U there
+is the courtly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the courtly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the courtly
+love myth of Tristan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love myth of Tristan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love myth of Tristan and
+esult uh Tristan and the Z olda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esult uh Tristan and the Z olda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esult uh Tristan and the Z olda of
+Vagner uh is a 19th century variation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagner uh is a 19th century variation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagner uh is a 19th century variation on
+that uh because there were been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because there were been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because there were been been
+literally hundreds of variations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally hundreds of variations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally hundreds of variations of the
+Tristan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tristan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tristan and the
+story uh and in the 19th century a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh and in the 19th century a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh and in the 19th century a
+compilation of the medieval versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation of the medieval versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation of the medieval versions of
+four or five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five the
+versions was made by a great French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions was made by a great French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions was made by a great French
+scholar uh named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar uh named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar uh named
+beier and it is a very readable novel he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beier and it is a very readable novel he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beier and it is a very readable novel he
+does a marvelous job of stitching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a marvelous job of stitching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a marvelous job of stitching the
+pieces together and making it into as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together and making it into as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together and making it into as
+readable modern novel as you'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable modern novel as you'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable modern novel as you'll ever
+find students in previous years have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find students in previous years have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find students in previous years have
+thanked me for getting them to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanked me for getting them to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanked me for getting them to read this
+wonderful novel but it's in the medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful novel but it's in the medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful novel but it's in the medieval
+context uh you Vagner there's the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh you Vagner there's the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh you Vagner there's the 19th
+century Concept in the midst of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Concept in the midst of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Concept in the midst of high
+Romanticism and so the two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanticism and so the two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanticism and so the two are
+significantly different in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different in the second
+volume of the nature of Love Trilogy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the nature of Love Trilogy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the nature of Love Trilogy I
+there's a chapter called oh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chapter called oh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chapter called oh there's a
+whole 200 Pages called courtly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole 200 Pages called courtly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole 200 Pages called courtly and
+romantic or from courtly to romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic or from courtly to romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic or from courtly to romantic
+something yeah the title of the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah the title of the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah the title of the book is
+nature of Love courtly and romantic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Love courtly and romantic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Love courtly and romantic that
+200 Page segment is from courtly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 Page segment is from courtly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 Page segment is from courtly to
+romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+and I try to show how different courtly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to show how different courtly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to show how different courtly
+love is from romantic love and trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is from romantic love and trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is from romantic love and trace the
+history of it uh and analyze it from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of it uh and analyze it from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of it uh and analyze it from my
+own point of view um so that seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own point of view um so that seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own point of view um so that seemed like
+a good thing for you to become immersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing for you to become immersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing for you to become immersed
+in um immediately after uh the pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um immediately after uh the pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um immediately after uh the pursuit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+love but uh there's also another myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but uh there's also another myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but uh there's also another myth of
+love that's very important and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that's very important and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that's very important and that's
+the myth of Don Juan that um Demetri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of Don Juan that um Demetri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of Don Juan that um Demetri
+knows because he mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows because he mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows because he mentioned uh
+puskins Don Juan um do you do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puskins Don Juan um do you do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puskins Don Juan um do you do you know
+you must know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must know
+Eugen and what's the point about eug oen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugen and what's the point about eug oen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugen and what's the point about eug oen
+the great op made into a great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great op made into a great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great op made into a great and
+wonderful Opera by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Opera by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Opera by
+chikosi that you might not know um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chikosi that you might not know um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chikosi that you might not know um but
+what what is the point about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the point about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the point about the
+character of Eugene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onagan he is a DA one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onagan he is a DA one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onagan he is a DA one
+if you see him that way then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see him that way then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see him that way then everything
+falls into place here's a Don Juan who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into place here's a Don Juan who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into place here's a Don Juan who
+encounters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a
+beautiful virtuous wonderful young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful virtuous wonderful young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful virtuous wonderful young
+girl who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl who
+resists who was ready to throw herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resists who was ready to throw herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resists who was ready to throw herself
+at his feet but uh he he wouldn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his feet but uh he he wouldn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his feet but uh he he wouldn't count
+as a conquest for him so he rejects her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conquest for him so he rejects her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conquest for him so he rejects her
+and then she develops to a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she develops to a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she develops to a level of
+superiority Beyond him and he's a Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority Beyond him and he's a Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority Beyond him and he's a Don
+Juan who for the first time in his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan who for the first time in his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan who for the first time in his life
+falls in love with her but by that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in love with her but by that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in love with her but by that time
+she's married and strong healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's married and strong healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's married and strong healthy
+Virtuous Woman married to an old much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virtuous Woman married to an old much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virtuous Woman married to an old much
+older man whom she's devoted to and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older man whom she's devoted to and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older man whom she's devoted to and she
+rejects the Don Juan and the the ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects the Don Juan and the the ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects the Don Juan and the the ending
+is ambiguous in chaikovsky it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous in chaikovsky it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous in chaikovsky it's not
+clear whether onen who's out of his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether onen who's out of his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whether onen who's out of his mind
+in despair goes out and kills himself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in despair goes out and kills himself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in despair goes out and kills himself or
+whether he's doomed to suffer Forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he's doomed to suffer Forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he's doomed to suffer Forever
+After from having fall fallen in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After from having fall fallen in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After from having fall fallen in love
+after being a dawn Juan I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being a dawn Juan I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being a dawn Juan I don't remember
+what Pushkin sending is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pushkin sending is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pushkin sending is do
+you what happens to Ean after taana has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to Ean after taana has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to Ean after taana has
+at the end repelled him uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end repelled him uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end repelled him uh I don't think
+I think he leaves it off like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he leaves it off like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he leaves it off like that in
+fact you know theer he should leave life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know theer he should leave life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know theer he should leave life
+without finished uh no he leaves it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finished uh no he leaves it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finished uh no he leaves it kind
+of Unfinished in a sense and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Unfinished in a sense and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Unfinished in a sense and the last
+line I I have trouble hearing it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I I have trouble hearing it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I I have trouble hearing it go
+ahead he he leaves it unfinished at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead he he leaves it unfinished at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead he he leaves it unfinished at that
+point after Onan goes and and declares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after Onan goes and and declares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after Onan goes and and declares
+his love for now that's in chovsky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his love for now that's in chovsky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his love for now that's in chovsky and
+in in in Pushkin yes it's also ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in Pushkin yes it's also ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in Pushkin yes it's also ambiguous
+yes okay um now that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay um now that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay um now that's what I would
+expect um you'd all love that Opera it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um you'd all love that Opera it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um you'd all love that Opera it's
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+it's very romantic and it's shikovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very romantic and it's shikovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very romantic and it's shikovski
+music that everybody loves and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that everybody loves and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that everybody loves and it's a
+very good opera in manyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good opera in manyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good opera in manyways
+um I can't remember whether you told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't remember whether you told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't remember whether you told me
+that you were born in Russia didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were born in Russia didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were born in Russia didn't you
+grew up with pushin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with pushin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with pushin and
+chovi uh no I grew up here I came I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chovi uh no I grew up here I came I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chovi uh no I grew up here I came I came
+here when I was seven but I was I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I was seven but I was I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I was seven but I was I was in
+St Petersburg two years ago when I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Petersburg two years ago when I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Petersburg two years ago when I saw
+the the the Opera there although I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Opera there although I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Opera there although I think
+I think the the novel by pushin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the the novel by pushin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the the novel by pushin it's
+still much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still much
+better um is throughout the Opera I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um is throughout the Opera I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um is throughout the Opera I kept
+on wanting to just go and read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book okay let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay let's go on
+um George Bernard Shaw picks up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um George Bernard Shaw picks up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um George Bernard Shaw picks up on the
+dawn Juan oh no before that uh the mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn Juan oh no before that uh the mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn Juan oh no before that uh the mo
+molier version of Da Juan is so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molier version of Da Juan is so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molier version of Da Juan is so one of
+the most famous and it's still performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous and it's still performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous and it's still performed
+in English translation I Cambridge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English translation I Cambridge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English translation I Cambridge and
+all over it's very uh successful and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over it's very uh successful and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over it's very uh successful and a
+very great play with all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great play with all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great play with all sorts of
+interesting philosophical Concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting philosophical Concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting philosophical Concepts that
+I would like to see what you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see what you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see what you think about
+Dawn one is about is the myth about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn one is about is the myth about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn one is about is the myth about the
+man who doesn't love and maybe can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who doesn't love and maybe can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who doesn't love and maybe can't
+love but he's very handsome he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but he's very handsome he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but he's very handsome he's very
+glamorous and he believes in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous and he believes in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous and he believes in uh
+scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring
+with women um he has a in most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with women um he has a in most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with women um he has a in most of the
+versions he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions he has a
+servant in um in well yeah the servant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant in um in well yeah the servant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant in um in well yeah the servant's
+name is scel in Mozart's version Donavan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is scel in Mozart's version Donavan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is scel in Mozart's version Donavan
+the Great opera the Opera that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great opera the Opera that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great opera the Opera that many
+people consider the greatest Opera ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider the greatest Opera ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider the greatest Opera ever
+written um the servants it's in Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um the servants it's in Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um the servants it's in Italian
+and the servants name is leeloo and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the servants name is leeloo and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the servants name is leeloo and the
+the servant lepell scandel whatever his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the servant lepell scandel whatever his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the servant lepell scandel whatever his
+name is keeps a catalog he of the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is keeps a catalog he of the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is keeps a catalog he of the women
+uh that Don Juan has seduced there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that Don Juan has seduced there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that Don Juan has seduced there's a
+very famous ARA uh of leelo's do any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous ARA uh of leelo's do any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous ARA uh of leelo's do any of
+you know any of this Opera stuff um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any of this Opera stuff um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any of this Opera stuff um it
+uh it's they call the ARA ARA Del catalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's they call the ARA ARA Del catalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's they call the ARA ARA Del catalo
+the catalog ARA and lepo lepell in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog ARA and lepo lepell in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog ARA and lepo lepell in order
+to get rid of one of the um women that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of one of the um women that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of one of the um women that
+Don Juan is seduced and abandon who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don Juan is seduced and abandon who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don Juan is seduced and abandon who is
+out of her mind and Tra tracking him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of her mind and Tra tracking him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of her mind and Tra tracking him
+down uh he shows her the catalog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh he shows her the catalog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh he shows her the catalog and
+sometimes on stage there's a long scroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes on stage there's a long scroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes on stage there's a long scroll
+that goes all the way down sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes all the way down sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes all the way down sometimes
+this a it's a book um in the Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a it's a book um in the Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a it's a book um in the Italian
+it's quo Libro it's a book and he opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quo Libro it's a book and he opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quo Libro it's a book and he opens
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh
+ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+son uh 7 00 in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son uh 7 00 in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son uh 7 00 in in
+U in in Italy uh 500 in Germany I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in in Italy uh 500 in Germany I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in in Italy uh 500 in Germany I forget
+the exact score and uh 100 in turkey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact score and uh 100 in turkey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact score and uh 100 in turkey and
+so he goes through the catalog but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he goes through the catalog but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he goes through the catalog but then
+what it's most famous for is the refrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's most famous for is the refrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's most famous for is the refrain
+ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma
+in because it takes place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because it takes place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because it takes place in
+Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ma that's the the language is Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma that's the the language is Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma that's the the language is Italian
+but it takes place in Seville in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes place in Seville in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes place in Seville in in
+Spain but in Spain there are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain but in Spain there are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain but in Spain there are already
+a,3 okay so that's Don Juan um but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,3 okay so that's Don Juan um but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,3 okay so that's Don Juan um but he
+never chose the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never chose the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never chose the ability to
+love uh either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh either in the
+original uh play by Tio um Tio De Molina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh play by Tio um Tio De Molina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh play by Tio um Tio De Molina
+um uh which is called alur sevilia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which is called alur sevilia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which is called alur sevilia the
+trickster of sevil or oh yeah so know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickster of sevil or oh yeah so know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickster of sevil or oh yeah so know
+the Spanish or in molier or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish or in molier or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spanish or in molier or in
+in Mozart he never falls in love himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mozart he never falls in love himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mozart he never falls in love himself
+and so that's what's interesting a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's interesting a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's interesting a man
+who knows about love who can charm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about love who can charm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows about love who can charm the
+birds out of the trees he's such so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds out of the trees he's such so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds out of the trees he's such so
+handsome so Charming so poetic and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome so Charming so poetic and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome so Charming so poetic and so
+successful and there I've known men like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and there I've known men like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and there I've known men like
+that and U one in fact who was an oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and U one in fact who was an oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and U one in fact who was an oper
+an opera star at the Metropolitan who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opera star at the Metropolitan who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opera star at the Metropolitan who
+came to dinner one one lunch one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to dinner one one lunch one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to dinner one one lunch one time
+and just looking at him you know the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just looking at him you know the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just looking at him you know the way
+he he knew how to dress the way he moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knew how to dress the way he moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knew how to dress the way he moved
+the everything about I could say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everything about I could say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everything about I could say why
+wouldn't every woman he ever met fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't every woman he ever met fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't every woman he ever met fall in
+love with him and no and no nobody acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with him and no and no nobody acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with him and no and no nobody acts
+that way toward me it's a special it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way toward me it's a special it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way toward me it's a special it's a
+special talent that some men have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent that some men have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent that some men have and
+that all men Envy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all men Envy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all men Envy
+Carrie Grant would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie Grant would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie Grant would be an example of
+somebody who could have captivated women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who could have captivated women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who could have captivated women
+that way and everybody envied that uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and everybody envied that uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and everybody envied that uh so
+that's the myth of Don Juan uh the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the myth of Don Juan uh the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the myth of Don Juan uh the myth
+of Tristan and isolda is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tristan and isolda is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tristan and isolda is very different
+there you have the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have the greatest
+Warrior um who falls in love with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrior um who falls in love with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrior um who falls in love with the
+greatest beauty the greatest the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest beauty the greatest the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest beauty the greatest the woman
+who's the greatest beauty the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the greatest beauty the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the greatest beauty the trouble is
+that she's already married to his uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's already married to his uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's already married to his uncle
+and in fact uh because he is the hero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh because he is the hero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh because he is the hero of
+the realm the his uncle's devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm the his uncle's devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm the his uncle's devoted
+Lieutenant he goes in search of a wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lieutenant he goes in search of a wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lieutenant he goes in search of a wife
+for her and brings back this one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her and brings back this one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her and brings back this one who
+thinks he wants her for himself so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks he wants her for himself so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks he wants her for himself so in
+some versions she wants to kill him um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions she wants to kill him um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions she wants to kill him um
+but they drink a love po potion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they drink a love po potion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they drink a love po potion and then
+they they're through they're you their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're through they're you their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're through they're you their
+lives are over they can't separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives are over they can't separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives are over they can't separate
+they're madly in love with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're madly in love with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're madly in love with each other
+and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a
+tragedy they commit adultery I it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy they commit adultery I it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy they commit adultery I it's all
+fully sexual no question about isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sexual no question about isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully sexual no question about isn't
+just mooning and spooning um it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mooning and spooning um it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mooning and spooning um it's an
+adulterous relationship and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulterous relationship and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulterous relationship and uh
+everybody's out to destroy them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's out to destroy them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's out to destroy them and then
+they it's a tragic ending um that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's a tragic ending um that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's a tragic ending um that's very
+different there you have true love but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there you have true love but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there you have true love but
+between the wrong people and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wrong people and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wrong people and because of
+uh some artificial stimulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some artificial stimulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some artificial stimulant
+the the correct love would be for her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct love would be for her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct love would be for her to
+come back and love her husband that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and love her husband that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and love her husband that's
+from the point of view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the
+medieval views about married love uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval views about married love uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval views about married love uh the
+church sanctioned relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church sanctioned relationship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church sanctioned relationship is
+against adultery and the the uh Ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against adultery and the the uh Ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against adultery and the the uh Ten
+Commandments are against adultery um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments are against adultery um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments are against adultery um but
+that is true love and so they get all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true love and so they get all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true love and so they get all of
+the philosophical questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical questions about that
+and it goes on for hundreds of years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes on for hundreds of years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes on for hundreds of years the
+Triston myth had about 500 versions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triston myth had about 500 versions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triston myth had about 500 versions in
+the Middle Ages alone and then Vagner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle Ages alone and then Vagner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle Ages alone and then Vagner
+comes on the scene and Vagner doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the scene and Vagner doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on the scene and Vagner doesn't
+believe in marriage at all and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in marriage at all and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in marriage at all and at that
+time was miserably and uh married to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was miserably and uh married to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was miserably and uh married to a
+woman he hated and having some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman he hated and having some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman he hated and having some kind of
+relationship with a woman for whom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with a woman for whom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with a woman for whom he
+wrote Triston and he sold it uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote Triston and he sold it uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote Triston and he sold it uh and so
+it's a different point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different point of view
+entirely it still exists there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely it still exists there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely it still exists there are
+movies nowadays in which you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies nowadays in which you get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies nowadays in which you get uh
+versions of of the Triston myth and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of of the Triston myth and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of of the Triston myth and some
+in which you get the versions of the Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you get the versions of the Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you get the versions of the Don
+Juan myth which also has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan myth which also has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan myth which also has had
+hundreds really five or 600 versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds really five or 600 versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds really five or 600 versions
+some of them uh the greatest works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them uh the greatest works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them uh the greatest works of
+art in the Western World so I wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art in the Western World so I wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art in the Western World so I wanted you
+to experience this from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience this from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience this from the point of
+view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+philosophy in art literature and music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in art literature and music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in art literature and music
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+merely philosophizing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely philosophizing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely philosophizing about
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+now uh in the case of the philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh in the case of the philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh in the case of the philosophy
+about love it's always uh based on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about love it's always uh based on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about love it's always uh based on my
+books and that's unfortunate there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and that's unfortunate there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and that's unfortunate there you
+could have I could have assigned an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I could have assigned an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I could have assigned an
+anthology but I didn't think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthology but I didn't think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthology but I didn't think it would be
+as um as useful and of course um uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um as useful and of course um uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um as useful and of course um uh I
+don't agree with anybody else so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree with anybody else so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree with anybody else so why
+should you read but that no you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you read but that no you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you read but that no you can do
+that and that would be excellent outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that would be excellent outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that would be excellent outside
+reading for your for your second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for your for your second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for your for your second paper
+and I will advise you about it um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will advise you about it um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will advise you about it um the
+third person other than the that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person other than the that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person other than the that you
+read of the of the three people of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read of the of the three people of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read of the of the three people of the
+three or four people uh is George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four people uh is George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four people uh is George
+Bernard Shaw you all know about him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernard Shaw you all know about him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernard Shaw you all know about him the
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+playright uh he has a uh one of nabe his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playright uh he has a uh one of nabe his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playright uh he has a uh one of nabe his
+most philosophical Works called Man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophical Works called Man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophical Works called Man and
+Superman uh in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman uh in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman uh in which there
+is um a very long scene that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a very long scene that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a very long scene that happens in
+uh one of the U in the second act in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the U in the second act in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the U in the second act in one
+of the places uh in North Africa that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the places uh in North Africa that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the places uh in North Africa that
+the action takes place and it is a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action takes place and it is a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action takes place and it is a dream
+scene uh Dreamt by the main character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh Dreamt by the main character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh Dreamt by the main character
+whose English name is John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose English name is John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose English name is John
+Tanner and he is Shaw's version of Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner and he is Shaw's version of Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner and he is Shaw's version of Don
+Juan because in Spanish Don Juan's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan because in Spanish Don Juan's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan because in Spanish Don Juan's name
+was Juan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Juan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Juan
+Torio so Juan Being John tardio becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torio so Juan Being John tardio becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torio so Juan Being John tardio becomes
+Tanner and what's interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner and what's interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner and what's interesting is that
+it's a view of Don Juan unlike any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a view of Don Juan unlike any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a view of Don Juan unlike any other
+and Brilliant and witty and filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Brilliant and witty and filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Brilliant and witty and filled with
+great philosophical insights that Shaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great philosophical insights that Shaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great philosophical insights that Shaw
+had and put into the preface so there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and put into the preface so there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and put into the preface so there I
+want you to read the preface and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to read the preface and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to read the preface and I want
+you to read the one uh scene in act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read the one uh scene in act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read the one uh scene in act
+three um if you read the whole book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um if you read the whole book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um if you read the whole book but
+you read the the U play you will enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the the U play you will enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the the U play you will enjoy
+that immensely it's often put on um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immensely it's often put on um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immensely it's often put on um in
+Cambridge and other places it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and other places it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and other places it's very
+much worth reading but I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worth reading but I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worth reading but I didn't want to
+burden you with too much reading all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden you with too much reading all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden you with too much reading all at
+once all right uh maybe if the somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once all right uh maybe if the somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once all right uh maybe if the somebody
+one of you gives a presentation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you gives a presentation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you gives a presentation you
+could do the reading of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the reading of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the reading of that and then
+introduce that to into your remarks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that to into your remarks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that to into your remarks if
+you don't mind but we'll we'll work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't mind but we'll we'll work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't mind but we'll we'll work out
+our procedure from week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our procedure from week to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our procedure from week to
+week all right then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right then after
+that um I had to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I had to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I had to choose
+among the eight or nine or 10 books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the eight or nine or 10 books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the eight or nine or 10 books that
+I've written that are really on love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written that are really on love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written that are really on love and
+I chose this recent one Explorations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose this recent one Explorations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose this recent one Explorations in
+love and sex which came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2001 because it has in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 because it has in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 because it has in it
+um material in the philosophy of film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um material in the philosophy of film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um material in the philosophy of film of
+uh of love that I thought you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of love that I thought you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of love that I thought you would get
+something out of the first week you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of the first week you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of the first week you read
+a 60 page or 70 Pages whatever it is 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 60 page or 70 Pages whatever it is 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 60 page or 70 Pages whatever it is 62
+page um thing which uh is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page um thing which uh is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page um thing which uh is related to
+that conf on my work that I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conf on my work that I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conf on my work that I told you
+about um let me say a little about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um let me say a little about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um let me say a little about that
+um the conference took place in Brock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the conference took place in Brock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the conference took place in Brock
+University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in
+Canada which I had never heard of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada which I had never heard of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada which I had never heard of but
+some I got a phone call and he said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I got a phone call and he said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I got a phone call and he said I'm
+uh calling I'm a professor of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calling I'm a professor of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calling I'm a professor of philosophy
+at Brock University I didn't know who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brock University I didn't know who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brock University I didn't know who he
+was I didn't never knew didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I didn't never knew didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I didn't never knew didn't know
+Canada didn't know what that was do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada didn't know what that was do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada didn't know what that was do any
+of you know Brock ever heard of it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know Brock ever heard of it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know Brock ever heard of it it's
+in Ottawa um it's a big provincial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ottawa um it's a big provincial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ottawa um it's a big provincial
+University uh big department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh big department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh big department of
+philosophy and we would like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and we would like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and we would like to have a
+3-day Symposium on your uh Trilogy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-day Symposium on your uh Trilogy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-day Symposium on your uh Trilogy on
+love uh do you do you would you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh do you do you would you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love uh do you do you would you agree
+and I said would I agree you do me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said would I agree you do me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said would I agree you do me an
+honor why shouldn't I agree and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor why shouldn't I agree and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor why shouldn't I agree and he said
+we we couldn't pay you much money and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we couldn't pay you much money and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we couldn't pay you much money and I
+said but look you're doing me such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but look you're doing me such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but look you're doing me such an
+honor why do you worry about the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor why do you worry about the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor why do you worry about the money
+he said but what we could do if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said but what we could do if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said but what we could do if you're
+willing is invite you to give a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing is invite you to give a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing is invite you to give a couple
+of lectures and we'll pay you for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures and we'll pay you for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures and we'll pay you for that
+and I said sure I'll be happy to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said sure I'll be happy to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said sure I'll be happy to do that
+and they paid me very well right royally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they paid me very well right royally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they paid me very well right royally
+not royally but handsomely they paid me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not royally but handsomely they paid me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not royally but handsomely they paid me
+well and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one of those
+lectures ended up in the pursuit of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ended up in the pursuit of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ended up in the pursuit of love
+so it all came you know I used it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it all came you know I used it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it all came you know I used it all
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+that that would be day before day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be day before day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be day before day I
+forget what of the 3day tril uh 3-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what of the 3day tril uh 3-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what of the 3day tril uh 3-day
+Symposium and I was said fine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium and I was said fine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium and I was said fine I'm
+delighted I'm honored it took place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted I'm honored it took place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted I'm honored it took place in
+19 about I don't remember exactly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+19890 1989 19890 I can't remember oh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19890 1989 19890 I can't remember oh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19890 1989 19890 I can't remember oh or
+1991 I think it was in any event um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 I think it was in any event um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 I think it was in any event um I
+said fine I'll be happy and I went there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said fine I'll be happy and I went there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said fine I'll be happy and I went there
+and had a good time it's right where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a good time it's right where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a good time it's right where the
+the uh town is St Catherine which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh town is St Catherine which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh town is St Catherine which is on
+the Canadian side of Niagara Falls if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Canadian side of Niagara Falls if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Canadian side of Niagara Falls if
+any of you have thought of going over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have thought of going over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have thought of going over in
+a barrel that would be place to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel that would be place to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel that would be place to do it
+um and what happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happened was
+that 25 people were invited to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 25 people were invited to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 25 people were invited to give
+papers but not me I didn't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but not me I didn't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but not me I didn't have to do
+anything but I'd agreed to give these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but I'd agreed to give these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but I'd agreed to give these
+extra public lectures large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra public lectures large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra public lectures large
+audience but not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but not part of the
+Symposium but to be sure I could hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium but to be sure I could hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium but to be sure I could hear
+everything I sat up in the first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I sat up in the first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I sat up in the first second
+row no I think it was the first row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row no I think it was the first row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row no I think it was the first row and
+I took off my shoes and put my feet on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took off my shoes and put my feet on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took off my shoes and put my feet on a
+chair in front of me and relaxed and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in front of me and relaxed and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in front of me and relaxed and had
+a good time and then uh after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time and then uh after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good time and then uh after the first
+paper I made I wanted to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I made I wanted to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I made I wanted to make a
+comment and so they of course let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment and so they of course let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment and so they of course let me
+talk and ever after that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and ever after that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and ever after that they
+immediately turned to me so I was giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately turned to me so I was giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately turned to me so I was giving
+a running comment on these papers that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running comment on these papers that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running comment on these papers that I
+never read had heard for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read had heard for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never read had heard for the first time
+and enjoyed the experience you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoyed the experience you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoyed the experience you know it
+was an ego trip here they are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an ego trip here they are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an ego trip here they are talking
+about My Philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about My Philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about My Philosophy
+um uh and as it developed I said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and as it developed I said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and as it developed I said to
+myself look don't act like a great man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself look don't act like a great man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself look don't act like a great man
+they're treating you very specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're treating you very specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're treating you very specially
+don't uh you know be a showof don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh you know be a showof don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh you know be a showof don't do
+the usual thing that happens in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual thing that happens in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual thing that happens in all
+philosophy meetings I've ever been at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy meetings I've ever been at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy meetings I've ever been at
+where somebody either tears the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somebody either tears the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somebody either tears the other
+person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to
+shreds or else shows off by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shreds or else shows off by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shreds or else shows off by you know
+showing how much better you are or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how much better you are or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how much better you are or how
+how much scholarship how much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much scholarship how much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much scholarship how much you know
+that nobody else knows don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody else knows don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody else knows don't do anything
+like that for once in your life Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for once in your life Irving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that for once in your life Irving
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+selfless these are people who are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfless these are people who are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfless these are people who are trying
+to work out their own problems see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out their own problems see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out their own problems see how
+can be of help to them and I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of help to them and I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of help to them and I did that
+whether people attacked me or didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people attacked me or didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people attacked me or didn't
+attack me I in a kind of Socratic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack me I in a kind of Socratic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack me I in a kind of Socratic way
+try to get them to develop their ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to develop their ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them to develop their ideas
+and say well you know what if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well you know what if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well you know what if you said
+they and it turned into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and it turned into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and it turned into a little
+conversation of this or Symposium and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation of this or Symposium and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation of this or Symposium and I
+felt very good about that very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt very good about that very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt very good about that very good
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+um um all right then at the end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um all right then at the end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um all right then at the end there
+was a publisher there and he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a publisher there and he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a publisher there and he said he
+would like to bring out all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to bring out all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to bring out all of the
+papers would I be willing to um write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers would I be willing to um write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers would I be willing to um write a
+reply and I said well I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply and I said well I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply and I said well I don't know I
+have to see I don't I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see I don't I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see I don't I don't know what
+what what I can say I have to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I can say I have to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I can say I have to see what
+people write uh I was also very tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write uh I was also very tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write uh I was also very tired
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+exhilarated um but I didn't promise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarated um but I didn't promise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarated um but I didn't promise it
+all right then the editors got together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then the editors got together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then the editors got together
+finally a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a bunch
+of very big stack of papers and U I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very big stack of papers and U I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very big stack of papers and U I had
+at that time I was having other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time I was having other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time I was having other problems
+in my life and about to go to Spain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life and about to go to Spain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life and about to go to Spain and
+I said um I can't I think you'd better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said um I can't I think you'd better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said um I can't I think you'd better
+just bring it out without me um I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring it out without me um I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring it out without me um I bring
+it out or not that's for you to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out or not that's for you to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out or not that's for you to decide
+but don't count on me I I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't count on me I I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't count on me I I don't think I
+can add anything and so don't don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add anything and so don't don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add anything and so don't don't even
+send it to me I don't care bring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to me I don't care bring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to me I don't care bring you
+know just publish it um I don't know whe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just publish it um I don't know whe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just publish it um I don't know whe
+they ever applied to that but I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever applied to that but I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever applied to that but I got to
+Spain where um I stayed in the Palace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain where um I stayed in the Palace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain where um I stayed in the Palace of
+an MIT student former student of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT student former student of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT student former student of mine
+who was a member of one of the elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a member of one of the elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a member of one of the elite
+Spanish families and whose mother had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish families and whose mother had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish families and whose mother had
+bought a 16th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a 16th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a 16th century
+Palace that she turned into a five-star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace that she turned into a five-star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace that she turned into a five-star
+hotel and uh they put me up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and uh they put me up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and uh they put me up in a
+magnificent room as their guest and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent room as their guest and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent room as their guest and uh I
+uh we had agreed I would stay for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had agreed I would stay for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had agreed I would stay for a
+month uh and it was a wonderful month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month uh and it was a wonderful month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month uh and it was a wonderful month
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+was very comfortably settled in when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very comfortably settled in when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very comfortably settled in when I
+got in the mail this great big stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the mail this great big stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the mail this great big stack of
+things and or maybe it what no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and or maybe it what no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and or maybe it what no it
+arrived just before I left America and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived just before I left America and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived just before I left America and I
+took it with me but I had and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it with me but I had and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it with me but I had and I didn't
+think I would do anything they I they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would do anything they I they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would do anything they I they
+didn't comment on what I had said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't comment on what I had said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't comment on what I had said they
+just sent it to me and then said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sent it to me and then said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sent it to me and then said you
+know we really would like to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we really would like to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we really would like to have your
+comments but I told him I don't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments but I told him I don't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments but I told him I don't expect
+it so I but I took it with me um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I but I took it with me um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I but I took it with me um and
+then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I got
+intrigued and um started writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued and um started writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued and um started writing out
+comments and by the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and by the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and by the end of that
+month or maybe the month after when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or maybe the month after when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or maybe the month after when I
+came back to America I had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back to America I had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back to America I had written
+20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000
+words and that be that became part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and that be that became part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and that be that became part of
+the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book
+and I gave it the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gave it the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gave it the title of
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh reply to my friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reply to my friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reply to my friendly
+commentators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators
+and no a no a comment a reply my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no a no a comment a reply my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no a no a comment a reply my
+friendly critics and commentators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly critics and commentators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly critics and commentators that
+was the title of it and that book was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the title of it and that book was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the title of it and that book was
+published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+then I had other things and I decide why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I had other things and I decide why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I had other things and I decide why
+don't I just take it out of there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I just take it out of there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I just take it out of there and
+put it into this other book and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into this other book and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into this other book and that's
+what I'm asking you to start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking you to start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking you to start out with
+that's the reading from 105 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading from 105 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading from 105 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Explorations in love and sex it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Explorations in love and sex it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Explorations in love and sex it
+has a paragraph explaining what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a paragraph explaining what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a paragraph explaining what's going
+on uh but I think I changed I did change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh but I think I changed I did change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh but I think I changed I did change
+the title to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title to uh
+um I think Bolen appraisal Revisited I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think Bolen appraisal Revisited I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think Bolen appraisal Revisited I
+forget just the title that I have in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget just the title that I have in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget just the title that I have in any
+event that's that's what you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that's that's what you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that's that's what you'll be
+reading and I thought it would be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I thought it would be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I thought it would be useful
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+because in answering the critics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in answering the critics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in answering the critics I
+discuss many of most of the major points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss many of most of the major points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss many of most of the major points
+in the trilogy the nature of love so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trilogy the nature of love so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trilogy the nature of love so you
+don't have to read it or you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to read it or you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to read it or you can if you
+want but this way you'll get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but this way you'll get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but this way you'll get a lot of
+that together with the fact that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together with the fact that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together with the fact that um
+where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my
+I better do are you you want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better do are you you want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better do are you you want to get a
+drink of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink of
+water huh yeah I've just been up since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water huh yeah I've just been up since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water huh yeah I've just been up since
+pardon no it's nothing wrong in you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon no it's nothing wrong in you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon no it's nothing wrong in you're
+dozing off I am astounded that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozing off I am astounded that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozing off I am astounded that you you
+have such a long day as it is but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such a long day as it is but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such a long day as it is but the
+thing to do is not to feel ashamed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is not to feel ashamed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is not to feel ashamed not
+to feel embarrassed but go and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel embarrassed but go and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel embarrassed but go and get a
+drink of war and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink of war and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink of war and come
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+um and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+uh one reason I was able to get involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one reason I was able to get involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one reason I was able to get involved
+in this was because my thinking had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this was because my thinking had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this was because my thinking had
+changed a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a great
+deal since the writing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal since the writing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal since the writing of the
+trilogy and some of that had come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy and some of that had come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy and some of that had come out
+when I was sitting with my be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was sitting with my be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was sitting with my be my
+stocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocking
+foot feet on the chair in front of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot feet on the chair in front of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot feet on the chair in front of me
+talking to these people about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to these people about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to these people about their
+papers but then I found it s very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but then I found it s very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but then I found it s very
+stimulating I I got new ideas that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating I I got new ideas that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating I I got new ideas that's the
+great thing about being attacked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about being attacked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about being attacked and
+criticized if you're lucky if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized if you're lucky if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized if you're lucky if you got
+people who are not vicious but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not vicious but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not vicious but who
+really know how to criticize you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to criticize you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to criticize you it's
+very very flattering because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very flattering because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very flattering because it means
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are taking your ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are taking your ideas that
+seriously and they're revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and they're revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and they're revealing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and their ideas even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and their ideas even though
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't realize it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't realize it and if you
+learn how to respond to that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to respond to that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to respond to that you will
+develop a whole new body of ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a whole new body of ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a whole new body of ideas that
+takes you out of your own selfishness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of your own selfishness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of your own selfishness
+and that whole process became for me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole process became for me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole process became for me uh
+paradigmatic of what the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigmatic of what the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigmatic of what the nature of
+creativity is creativity is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is creativity is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is creativity is that that's
+why I teach that's why I teach the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I teach that's why I teach the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I teach that's why I teach the way I
+do with you that's why I teach at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with you that's why I teach at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with you that's why I teach at MIT
+because at MIT I have these brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at MIT I have these brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at MIT I have these brilliant
+people I can talk to and develop my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I can talk to and develop my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I can talk to and develop my
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+with even if I'm only talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even if I'm only talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even if I'm only talking and
+they're listening but I learn just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listening but I learn just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listening but I learn just by
+being able to talk to you the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to talk to you the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to talk to you the way I
+do um and that that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and that that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and that that that was the
+experience I had in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I had in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I had in uh
+the palace in Spain this wonderful uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palace in Spain this wonderful uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palace in Spain this wonderful uh I
+mentored him and he became a son to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentored him and he became a son to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentored him and he became a son to me
+and and he he's married a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he's married a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he's married a couple of
+years ago had a had a baby and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago had a had a baby and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago had a had a baby and I think
+of myself as a grandfather through him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself as a grandfather through him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself as a grandfather through him
+as if he really were my son and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if he really were my son and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if he really were my son and we're
+have a very very good filial parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very good filial parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very good filial parental
+relationship and now with his wife whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and now with his wife whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and now with his wife whom
+I've met when they came over to America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've met when they came over to America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've met when they came over to America
+um what the experience was that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the experience was that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the experience was that I had
+access to a region of my mind that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a region of my mind that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a region of my mind that I
+didn't know existed that I could work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know existed that I could work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know existed that I could work at
+in response to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to these other
+people partly by making sense out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people partly by making sense out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people partly by making sense out of
+what they made said an attempt to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they made said an attempt to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they made said an attempt to do it
+better than they could and partly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they could and partly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they could and partly by
+having to re-examine and discover what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to re-examine and discover what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to re-examine and discover what I
+really thought and what I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought and what I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought and what I should be
+doing so there's I in some ways I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so there's I in some ways I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so there's I in some ways I think
+of that as my best Pur philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as my best Pur philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as my best Pur philosophical
+writing because I'm dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing because I'm dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing because I'm dealing with
+ideas in this responsive way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in this responsive way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in this responsive way that
+defines the history of philosophy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the history of philosophy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the history of philosophy that's
+what all there is in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all there is in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all there is in the history of
+philosophy um somebody's saying uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um somebody's saying uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um somebody's saying uh some
+idiotic thing and it's catching hold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiotic thing and it's catching hold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiotic thing and it's catching hold and
+other people attacking him and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people attacking him and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people attacking him and then uh
+historians analyzing it and the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians analyzing it and the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians analyzing it and the later
+generations inheriting it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations inheriting it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations inheriting it and then
+that's philosophy that's the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's philosophy that's the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's philosophy that's the history of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy well that was what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy well that was what I was
+trying to do what I thought I did um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do what I thought I did um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do what I thought I did um and
+that's what I thought you might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought you might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought you might like
+reading partly to get a feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading partly to get a feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading partly to get a feeling of
+philosophy uh more thoroughly from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh more thoroughly from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh more thoroughly from what
+you get from the pursuit of love and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the pursuit of love and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the pursuit of love and um
+and also um learning about content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um learning about content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um learning about content of
+the nature of love and how my later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love and how my later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of love and how my later
+thinking developed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking developed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking developed out of
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+in this in the explorations of love I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the explorations of love I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the explorations of love I
+also uh put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh put two
+articles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles um
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Kant who is the great great perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant who is the great great perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant who is the great great perhaps the
+greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest
+philosopher um in the modern world of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher um in the modern world of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher um in the modern world of an
+astoundingly great Genius of the 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly great Genius of the 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly great Genius of the 18th
+and early 19th centuries uh who and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early 19th centuries uh who and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early 19th centuries uh who and who
+been rediscovered and his schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rediscovered and his schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rediscovered and his schools of
+philosophy particularly here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy particularly here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy particularly here in
+Cambridge at Harvard and at MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge at Harvard and at MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge at Harvard and at MIT but
+elsewhere too uh partly because of uh RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere too uh partly because of uh RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere too uh partly because of uh RS
+who is instrumental in this RS and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is instrumental in this RS and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is instrumental in this RS and I
+differ because rolls is fundamentally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ because rolls is fundamentally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ because rolls is fundamentally a
+Conan and I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan and I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan and I am
+anti-can so we we're fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-can so we we're fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-can so we we're fundamentally
+different in that way but apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that way but apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in that way but apart from the
+fact that he is a great philosopher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he is a great philosopher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he is a great philosopher and
+I'm not uh we're very close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not uh we're very close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not uh we're very close to each
+other in many other ways um in any event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in many other ways um in any event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in many other ways um in any event
+uh the first chapter is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first chapter is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first chapter is called the
+morality of sex colon Contra Kant Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality of sex colon Contra Kant Kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality of sex colon Contra Kant Kant
+writes about uh in the philosophy of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about uh in the philosophy of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about uh in the philosophy of sex
+and I discuss that and attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I discuss that and attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I discuss that and attack
+him um you'll get an idea of kuse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um you'll get an idea of kuse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um you'll get an idea of kuse in
+what you're going to be reading for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to be reading for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to be reading for next
+week because he comes in very briefly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week because he comes in very briefly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week because he comes in very briefly in
+the same-sex marriage business uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same-sex marriage business uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same-sex marriage business uh and
+the second one is called uh the morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is called uh the morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is called uh the morality
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+compassion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion
+Contra Kant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra Kant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra Kant and
+schopenhauer schopenhauer whom you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer schopenhauer whom you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer schopenhauer whom you don't
+know anything about yet but I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about yet but I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about yet but I'll give
+you a leure on him um but I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a leure on him um but I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a leure on him um but I mentioned
+him he he uh revered Kant but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he he uh revered Kant but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he he uh revered Kant but uh in
+ethics in particular he was anti-an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in particular he was anti-an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in particular he was anti-an and
+wrote a whole book attacking Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a whole book attacking Kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a whole book attacking Kant
+the the book is called the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the book is called the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the book is called the basis of
+morality uh K defined ethics in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality uh K defined ethics in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality uh K defined ethics in terms of
+Duty uh in terms of respect for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty uh in terms of respect for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty uh in terms of respect for another
+person as a person but all but that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a person but all but that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a person but all but that both
+of these ideas being very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas being very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas being very high
+abstract U Notions whereas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract U Notions whereas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract U Notions whereas and
+rationalistic Notions because H was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalistic Notions because H was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalistic Notions because H was the
+greatest of all rationalists whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest of all rationalists whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest of all rationalists whereas
+schopenhauer said the whole point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer said the whole point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer said the whole point about
+ethics is that it's a matter of feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is that it's a matter of feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is that it's a matter of feeling
+for people care about each other it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people care about each other it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people care about each other it's a
+matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of
+compassion if you don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion if you don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion if you don't feel
+compassionate you can't be ethical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassionate you can't be ethical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassionate you can't be ethical about
+anybody else the nature of Ethics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else the nature of Ethics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else the nature of Ethics is
+based on two things one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on two things one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on two things one of which is
+compassion the other which is justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion the other which is justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion the other which is justice
+justice is negative it tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is negative it tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is negative it tells you what
+you shouldn't do but compassion tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't do but compassion tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't do but compassion tells
+you what you should do and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you should do and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you should do and what you can
+do that is ethical so the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is ethical so the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is ethical so the basis of
+Ethics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethics is
+compassion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion
+and Kant says very little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kant says very little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kant says very little about
+compassion and uh it amused me though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and uh it amused me though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and uh it amused me though
+somehow infuriated me that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow infuriated me that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow infuriated me that with the
+really very Advanced conent scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very Advanced conent scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very Advanced conent scholarship
+that exists nowadays in America and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists nowadays in America and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists nowadays in America and in
+England nobody writes about Kant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England nobody writes about Kant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England nobody writes about Kant on
+compassion and I've talked with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and I've talked with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and I've talked with some of
+the people have written uh very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people have written uh very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people have written uh very good
+books on K with that I've read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on K with that I've read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on K with that I've read about
+whom I say whom should I write about K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I say whom should I write about K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I say whom should I write about K
+on who whom should I read on Kon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who whom should I read on Kon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who whom should I read on Kon
+compassion when I was working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion when I was working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion when I was working on this
+and they didn't know what I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what I was talking
+about and they hadn't read Shan and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they hadn't read Shan and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they hadn't read Shan and they
+didn't didn't know so I felt that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't know so I felt that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't know so I felt that's an
+opportunity and that's what I put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and that's what I put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and that's what I put into
+this essay uh called the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essay uh called the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essay uh called the nature of
+compassion uh Contra Kant because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion uh Contra Kant because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion uh Contra Kant because I
+disagree with Kant and Contra and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with Kant and Contra and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with Kant and Contra and and
+shopen AR because I disagree with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopen AR because I disagree with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopen AR because I disagree with him
+too in ways that you'll discover now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too in ways that you'll discover now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too in ways that you'll discover now
+that'll again again give you a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll again again give you a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll again again give you a kind of
+contemporary liveliness to this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary liveliness to this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary liveliness to this whole
+subject rather than the the scope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject rather than the the scope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject rather than the the scope of the
+history of philosophy that goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy that goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy that goes into the
+trilogy which is magnificent and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy which is magnificent and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy which is magnificent and I love
+loved spending 15 or 20 years working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved spending 15 or 20 years working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved spending 15 or 20 years working on
+that but that's history and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's history and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's history and and this
+will give you something that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something that might be
+closer to your world um though romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to your world um though romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to your world um though romantic
+love I think is very much alive in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I think is very much alive in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I think is very much alive in any
+your world all right and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your world all right and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your world all right and then um
+I forget what the latter of those later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what the latter of those later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what the latter of those later
+pages are from 47 to 104 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages are from 47 to 104 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages are from 47 to 104 and
+217 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+217 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+217 to
+24 um there are other writings of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 um there are other writings of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 um there are other writings of mine
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh on the philosophy of sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+love so that's what that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love so that's what that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love so that's what that's what this is
+about um we don't have much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um we don't have much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um we don't have much time
+so let me turn things over to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn things over to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn things over to you in
+terms of any questions or any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of any questions or any comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of any questions or any comments
+or any uh developments that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any uh developments that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any uh developments that you want to
+start making as the term goes on you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making as the term goes on you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making as the term goes on you'll
+be making more and more I hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making more and more I hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making more and more I hope and
+taking over more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking over more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking over more and
+more because the crucial thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because the crucial thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because the crucial thing is not
+what I say but what you develop in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say but what you develop in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say but what you develop in your
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind do you know U medieval art do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind do you know U medieval art do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind do you know U medieval art do you
+know oh this comes you'll be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh this comes you'll be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh this comes you'll be reading
+about this come I use this image in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this come I use this image in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this come I use this image in The
+Pursuit Of Love um St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love um St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit Of Love um St
+Sebastian you know who St Sebastian you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian you know who St Sebastian you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian you know who St Sebastian you
+were well you have a Catholic origin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well you have a Catholic origin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well you have a Catholic origin you
+should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+know he he um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he he um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he he um was
+martyred by being tied to a stake or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martyred by being tied to a stake or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martyred by being tied to a stake or a
+pillar and archers shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar and archers shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar and archers shot
+arrows into his body is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows into his body is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows into his body is that what you
+were going to say were you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to say were you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to say were you were saying
+Veronica I was thinking he was set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veronica I was thinking he was set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veronica I was thinking he was set on
+fire um it it's a favorite theme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire um it it's a favorite theme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire um it it's a favorite theme in
+medieval and Renaissance painting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval and Renaissance painting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval and Renaissance painting to
+show this naked man with a loin cloth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this naked man with a loin cloth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this naked man with a loin cloth uh
+being tied having been tied to a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being tied having been tied to a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being tied having been tied to a uh a
+post and archers sh shooting into him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post and archers sh shooting into him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post and archers sh shooting into him
+right well what I I I think I say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what I I I think I say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what I I I think I say there
+is that it seems to me the real role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it seems to me the real role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it seems to me the real role of
+the philosopher or the writer is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher or the writer is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher or the writer is is to
+be an Archer to be not the Archer to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an Archer to be not the Archer to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an Archer to be not the Archer to be
+St Sebastian who is whom people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Sebastian who is whom people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Sebastian who is whom people are
+criticizing and attack that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing and attack that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing and attack that and I
+interpret this is not just St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this is not just St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this is not just St
+Sebastian's martyrdom but also his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian's martyrdom but also his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian's martyrdom but also his
+saintliness because his eyes are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saintliness because his eyes are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saintliness because his eyes are always
+rolling towards heaven and he accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling towards heaven and he accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling towards heaven and he accepts
+this he acquiesces is and his being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he acquiesces is and his being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he acquiesces is and his being
+dying because of his faith in God uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because of his faith in God uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because of his faith in God uh and
+so that's his saintliness well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's his saintliness well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's his saintliness well the
+saintliness of a teacher and that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saintliness of a teacher and that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saintliness of a teacher and that now
+this is how I got into it is to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I got into it is to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I got into it is to be here
+to present myself in all my nudity my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present myself in all my nudity my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present myself in all my nudity my
+ideas in all their nudity and for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in all their nudity and for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in all their nudity and for you to
+attack them in any way that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack them in any way that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack them in any way that will
+strengthen your your archery whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen your your archery whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen your your archery whatever
+that might be so uh uh attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me um but if you're going to attack me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um but if you're going to attack me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um but if you're going to attack me
+you ought to sit next time sit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to sit next time sit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to sit next time sit right
+across from me because I have you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from me because I have you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from me because I have you're the
+only one I'm having trouble hearing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I'm having trouble hearing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one I'm having trouble hearing I'll
+speak up so you okay can you shout at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up so you okay can you shout at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up so you okay can you shout at me
+imagine you're on the stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're on the stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're on the stage and
+declaiming so I I guess you can stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaiming so I I guess you can stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaiming so I I guess you can stand up
+and start to to question you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start to to question you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start to to question you should get
+some sense of already better what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of already better what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of already better what you
+believe about some questions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe about some questions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe about some questions so the
+first one I have is what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one I have is what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one I have is what do you think
+about sex how do you understand what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sex how do you understand what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sex how do you understand what do
+I think about sex yeah how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about sex yeah how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about sex yeah how do you
+understand it I are you remind me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it I are you remind me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it I are you remind me of
+that uh remark of um um WC Fields the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh remark of um um WC Fields the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh remark of um um WC Fields the
+comedian in the maybe it's beyond past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian in the maybe it's beyond past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian in the maybe it's beyond past
+year he was a famous comedian in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he was a famous comedian in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he was a famous comedian in the
+1930s uh and he had a red nose and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh and he had a red nose and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh and he had a red nose and it
+was obviously drunker and made comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was obviously drunker and made comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was obviously drunker and made comments
+like this one uh in one of his movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one uh in one of his movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one uh in one of his movies
+what do you uh what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you uh what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you uh what do you think about
+children and he says on toast I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and he says on toast I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and he says on toast I love
+them I'd love them I like them very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'd love them I like them very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'd love them I like them very much
+for breakfast I like them very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breakfast I like them very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breakfast I like them very much for
+breakfast on toast particularly on toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast on toast particularly on toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast on toast particularly on toast
+okay that's something like that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's something like that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's something like that I like
+them very much on on for breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very much on on for breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very much on on for breakfast
+particularly on toast now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on toast now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on toast now about
+sex I don't know is that the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex I don't know is that the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex I don't know is that the kind of
+answer you want I like it when it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you want I like it when it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you want I like it when it's good
+I don't like it it's when it's bad I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like it it's when it's bad I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like it it's when it's bad I'm a
+philosopher I'm not a I'm not a Stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher I'm not a I'm not a Stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher I'm not a I'm not a Stripes
+artist okay I guess this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist okay I guess this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist okay I guess this is this is the
+problem in my mind uh I all all in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in my mind uh I all all in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in my mind uh I all all in favor
+of sex what perhaps one way that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex what perhaps one way that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex what perhaps one way that it's
+that it's presented is in in Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's presented is in in Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's presented is in in Genesis
+when uh when man gains knowledge of Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when man gains knowledge of Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when man gains knowledge of Good
+and Evil and the first thing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Evil and the first thing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Evil and the first thing that he
+does is covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is covers
+himself um he covers himself because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um he covers himself because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um he covers himself because he
+realizes he is naked and he's ashamed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes he is naked and he's ashamed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes he is naked and he's ashamed of
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+nudity and the question for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudity and the question for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudity and the question for a
+philosopher is why is nudity so shameful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher is why is nudity so shameful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher is why is nudity so shameful
+why would God think that being naked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would God think that being naked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would God think that being naked is
+so shameful and why would where did Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shameful and why would where did Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shameful and why would where did Adam
+get that idea the other creatures
+
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+get that idea the other creatures
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+
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+get that idea the other creatures
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+
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+
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+
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+leaves you know they were naked why his
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+being there in the Garden of Eden which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+animals are telling jokes to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are telling jokes to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are telling jokes to each other
+in a friendly way um it's just it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a friendly way um it's just it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a friendly way um it's just it's one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart alec the the serpent who makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart alec the the serpent who makes
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+
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+ 
+
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+not wearing a fig Leaf either why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wearing a fig Leaf either why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real conundrum there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about
+sex uh St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex uh St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex uh St
+Augustine discusses this with a great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine discusses this with a great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine discusses this with a great um
+um Catholic philosopher and Mystic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Catholic philosopher and Mystic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Catholic philosopher and Mystic and
+whose confessions are wonderful reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+and whose book books particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose book books particularly the
+city uh this city of God um uh is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh this city of God um uh is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh this city of God um uh is you
+know very important book in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very important book in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very important book in the history
+of Theology and the history of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Theology and the history of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Theology and the history of thought
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything St Augustine
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um when um Adam and Eve were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when um Adam and Eve were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when um Adam and Eve were in the
+garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they had sex because that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had sex because that's part of
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+though we don't know what the reason was
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we don't know what the reason was
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+
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+uh but they didn't do it because they
+ 
+
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+uh but they didn't do it because they
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+drive they just did it because that you
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+
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+
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+know that was what you do with those
+ 
+
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+know that was what you do with those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+orians which is a little ridiculous and
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+
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+then after the
+ 
+
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+then after the
+fall when they became ashamed of their
+
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+fall when they became ashamed of their
+ 
+
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+fall when they became ashamed of their
+nudity then sex became taboo because
+
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+nudity then sex became taboo because
+ 
+
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+nudity then sex became taboo because
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+
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+they had discovered as a result of
+ 
+
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+eating of the Apple um they had
+
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+eating of the Apple um they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating of the Apple um they had
+knowledge of Good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and
+Evil and they learn that sex is evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil and they learn that sex is evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil and they learn that sex is evil
+now there again one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there again one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there again one can
+say it's it's um you know incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's it's um you know incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's it's um you know incredible
+that in the Garden of Eden they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ashamed of being
+naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked
+but why would it be evil to be naked why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why would it be evil to be naked why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why would it be evil to be naked why
+would it be evil to have sex how can sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be evil to have sex how can sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be evil to have sex how can sex
+be
+
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+be
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+
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+be
+evil that however has been the
+
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+evil that however has been the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil that however has been the
+traditional view of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional view of all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional view of all
+Christians Catholic Church Protestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians Catholic Church Protestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians Catholic Church Protestant
+church uh many fundamentalists nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh many fundamentalists nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh many fundamentalists nowadays
+many people think that sex by its very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people think that sex by its very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people think that sex by its very
+nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is
+sinful and that was the view that Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful and that was the view that Kant
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful and that was the view that Kant
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+
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+grew up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+with and he went far beyond his um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and he went far beyond his um
+Protestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant
+Origins as a philosopher but he retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins as a philosopher but he retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins as a philosopher but he retained
+that that sex is somehow inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sex is somehow inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sex is somehow inherently
+sinful the problem that see Kant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful the problem that see Kant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful the problem that see Kant is
+really a very great man uh do you mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very great man uh do you mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very great man uh do you mind
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+
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+
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+
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+but maybe talking about k a little with
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+
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+
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+help Kant wrote what may be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help Kant wrote what may be the most
+important book of the modern world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important book of the modern world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important book of the modern world
+called uh the critique of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the critique of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the critique of pure
+reason it's an attack on what reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's an attack on what reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's an attack on what reason
+which is the faculty that dayart and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the faculty that dayart and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the faculty that dayart and the
+history of philosophy thought could
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of philosophy thought could
+solve all the problems about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the problems about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the problems about the
+universe the metaphysic through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the metaphysic through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the metaphysic through the
+metaphysics that reason that access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics that reason that access to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics that reason that access to
+which itself was a view that went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself was a view that went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself was a view that went back
+to Plato um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Plato um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Plato um and
+Kant coming after uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant coming after uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant coming after uh
+the early beginnings of Romanticism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early beginnings of Romanticism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early beginnings of Romanticism in
+the end of the 18th century he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the 18th century he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the 18th century he thought
+there was something different the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something different the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something different the reason
+maybe was not that important he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe was not that important he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe was not that important he was he
+was a great admirer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great admirer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great admirer of
+rouso from whom he was very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rouso from whom he was very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rouso from whom he was very different
+but he admired Riso and his book is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he admired Riso and his book is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he admired Riso and his book is an
+attempt to show that reason can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show that reason can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show that reason can't really
+solve any problems it's a critique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any problems it's a critique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any problems it's a critique of
+pure reason deductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure reason deductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure reason deductive
+reason having gone through that he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason having gone through that he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason having gone through that he then
+had to reconstruct all of our thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to reconstruct all of our thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to reconstruct all of our thinking
+and that took two more great books the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that took two more great books the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that took two more great books the
+critique of practical reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of practical reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of practical reason the
+critique critique of judgment but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique critique of judgment but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique critique of judgment but in
+critique of pure reason he starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reason he starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reason he starts out
+with a fundamental question is how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fundamental question is how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fundamental question is how is it
+possible for there to be the world now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for there to be the world now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for there to be the world now
+think what kind of question this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what kind of question this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what kind of question this is and
+it's it's really staggeringly profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really staggeringly profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really staggeringly profound
+question that only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that only a
+very pure and perfect intellect mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pure and perfect intellect mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pure and perfect intellect mind
+like Hans could possibly entertain how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Hans could possibly entertain how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Hans could possibly entertain how
+is it possibly the world you mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possibly the world you mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possibly the world you mean maybe
+it could be impossible what is he mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be impossible what is he mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be impossible what is he mean
+by that and then out comes this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that and then out comes this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that and then out comes this very
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+systematic structure that is is a beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic structure that is is a beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic structure that is is a beauty
+for that kind for the right kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind for the right kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind for the right kind of
+philosopher read I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher read I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher read I mentioned this
+because on sex and you'll be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on sex and you'll be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on sex and you'll be reading
+this in my chapter or you can jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my chapter or you can jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my chapter or you can jump
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+says all the all the great poets and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all the all the great poets and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all the all the great poets and all
+many philosophers in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers in the history of
+philosophy of Love have said that sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of Love have said that sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of Love have said that sexual
+love is is a beautiful thing and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is is a beautiful thing and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is is a beautiful thing and a
+wonderful thing and maybe even the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing and maybe even the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing and maybe even the only
+moral thing but how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing but how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing but how is it
+possible not only for to be good but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible not only for to be good but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible not only for to be good but for
+there to be such a thing as sexual love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be such a thing as sexual love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be such a thing as sexual love
+without a contradiction it's how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a contradiction it's how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a contradiction it's how is it
+logically possible for there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible for there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible for there to be
+anything that could be called sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that could be called sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that could be called sexual
+love why because love means being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love why because love means being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love why because love means being
+concerned about another person it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about another person it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about another person it's what
+in other works of his he calls human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other works of his he calls human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other works of his he calls human
+love treating another as as a person as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love treating another as as a person as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love treating another as as a person as
+an end as feeling respect for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end as feeling respect for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end as feeling respect for that
+person as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a person
+which I think is a very profound Insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is a very profound Insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is a very profound Insight
+which for me is the beginning of wisdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is the beginning of wisdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is the beginning of wisdom
+all wisdom and ethical philosophy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wisdom and ethical philosophy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wisdom and ethical philosophy it's
+something I believe in my heart and soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I believe in my heart and soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I believe in my heart and soul
+and is very close to the nature of My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is very close to the nature of My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is very close to the nature of My
+Religion whatever it is the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Religion whatever it is the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Religion whatever it is the or the
+content of whatever religion I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of whatever religion I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of whatever religion I may have
+to treat another person as a person um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat another person as a person um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat another person as a person um
+all persons doesn't matter you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all persons doesn't matter you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all persons doesn't matter you know all
+the way we differentiate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we differentiate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we differentiate among
+persons that's what love is is love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons that's what love is is love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons that's what love is is love is
+the capacity to care about the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to care about the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to care about the welfare
+of another person which all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another person which all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another person which all of which
+needs great deal of analysis but you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs great deal of analysis but you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs great deal of analysis but you got
+the idea sex however is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea sex however is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea sex however is an
+appetite it's like eating a chicken you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite it's like eating a chicken you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite it's like eating a chicken you
+don't eat chickens for the good of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat chickens for the good of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat chickens for the good of the
+chicken you know when you put your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken you know when you put your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken you know when you put your hand
+in the refrigerator you're not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the refrigerator you're not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the refrigerator you're not thinking
+how can I benefit that creature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I benefit that creature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I benefit that creature that's
+there cooked and Frozen it's been put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cooked and Frozen it's been put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cooked and Frozen it's been put
+there uh because you somebody foresaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh because you somebody foresaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh because you somebody foresaw
+that you would want to make use of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would want to make use of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would want to make use of it
+for a selfish purpose and that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a selfish purpose and that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a selfish purpose and that we take
+for granted we don't consider it immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted we don't consider it immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted we don't consider it immoral
+somehow uh it's perfectly proper to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh it's perfectly proper to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh it's perfectly proper to kill
+chickens and to eat them why well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens and to eat them why well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens and to eat them why well we
+couldn't survive otherwise vegetarians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't survive otherwise vegetarians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't survive otherwise vegetarians
+might not want to but then they kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not want to but then they kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not want to but then they kill
+vegetables or uproot them or they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables or uproot them or they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables or uproot them or they do
+something or else they die of die of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or else they die of die of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or else they die of die of
+starvation and and uh if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation and and uh if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation and and uh if they have
+children that may be immoral in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that may be immoral in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that may be immoral in itself
+and so on so it's not natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's not natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's not natural and
+inevitable and I make a big fuss about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable and I make a big fuss about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable and I make a big fuss about
+it that we are all inherently selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we are all inherently selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we are all inherently selfish
+it's a part of our being to be selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of our being to be selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of our being to be selfish
+and nothing to be ashamed of you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to be ashamed of you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to be ashamed of you whether
+you're wearing a fig leaf or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing a fig leaf or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing a fig leaf or
+not uh acting out of yourself for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh acting out of yourself for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh acting out of yourself for
+yourself is normal and natural it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is normal and natural it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is normal and natural it may
+not constitute to the kind of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constitute to the kind of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constitute to the kind of love
+you're interested in what human love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in what human love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in what human love
+because that may involve another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that may involve another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that may involve another person
+but um it's selfish to want to use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's selfish to want to use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's selfish to want to use other
+persons for your own good and Kant says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons for your own good and Kant says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons for your own good and Kant says
+that's just what sex is and sex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what sex is and sex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what sex is and sex is
+nothing else sex is an appetite like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else sex is an appetite like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else sex is an appetite like
+hunger in which you're going to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger in which you're going to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger in which you're going to use some
+else usually a living thing even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else usually a living thing even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else usually a living thing even if it's
+only a vegetable as a commodity for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a vegetable as a commodity for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a vegetable as a commodity for your
+own benefit your own selfish benefit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own benefit your own selfish benefit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own benefit your own selfish benefit so
+if a man and he always talks from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man and he always talks from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man and he always talks from the
+man's point of view if a man lusts after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's point of view if a man lusts after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's point of view if a man lusts after
+a woman he wants to use her to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman he wants to use her to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman he wants to use her to satisfy
+his sexual desire once he's used her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sexual desire once he's used her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sexual desire once he's used her
+it's like sucking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sucking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sucking a
+lemon or sucking a lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemon or sucking a lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemon or sucking a lemon
+dry it's an interesting image I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry it's an interesting image I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry it's an interesting image I don't
+want to pursue that but it's it's lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pursue that but it's it's lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pursue that but it's it's lemon
+have uh sucked he doesn't even say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sucked he doesn't even say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sucked he doesn't even say
+squeeze I think he says sucking a lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze I think he says sucking a lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze I think he says sucking a lemon
+dry and then you throw it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and then you throw it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and then you throw it away and
+people can't be treated that way another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't be treated that way another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't be treated that way another
+person is a person therefore sex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is a person therefore sex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is a person therefore sex is
+inherently immoral immoral not immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently immoral immoral not immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently immoral immoral not immoral
+and and if one acts on it one is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if one acts on it one is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if one acts on it one is doing
+something that is evil it's a sinful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is evil it's a sinful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is evil it's a sinful
+sinful though he he doesn't want to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful though he he doesn't want to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinful though he he doesn't want to rely
+on religion he wants to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on religion he wants to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on religion he wants to construct
+religion out of Ethics it's uh it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion out of Ethics it's uh it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion out of Ethics it's uh it's um
+evil whereas love is a great good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil whereas love is a great good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil whereas love is a great good we
+admire people who are loving uh love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admire people who are loving uh love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admire people who are loving uh love is
+one of the great good things in life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great good things in life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great good things in life and
+therefore we have in the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have in the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have in the concept of
+sexual love a contradiction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual love a contradiction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual love a contradiction in
+terms either you lust after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms either you lust after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms either you lust after another
+person and it's all sex or notice tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it's all sex or notice tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it's all sex or notice tone
+of voice cuz we use the lower register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voice cuz we use the lower register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voice cuz we use the lower register
+sex you know it's sex which means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex you know it's sex which means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex you know it's sex which means is
+it's meaningless it's physiological it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meaningless it's physiological it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meaningless it's physiological it's
+satisfying a drive an instinct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying a drive an instinct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying a drive an instinct a
+hormonal impulse has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal impulse has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal impulse has nothing to do with
+love nothing to do with the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love nothing to do with the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love nothing to do with the other person
+even the sort of uh forgive me for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sort of uh forgive me for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sort of uh forgive me for even
+quoting it the uh male statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting it the uh male statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoting it the uh male statement that
+recurs in all sort of variations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs in all sort of variations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs in all sort of variations all
+women are alike in the dark right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are alike in the dark right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are alike in the dark right
+uh it's vulgar and disgusting but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's vulgar and disgusting but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's vulgar and disgusting but it's a
+reflection of the idea that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the idea that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the idea that they're
+there for the sexual use of the male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the sexual use of the male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the sexual use of the male and
+in fact there is the institution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is the institution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is the institution of
+prostitution in which millions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitution in which millions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitution in which millions and
+millions of women have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of women have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of women have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+subjugated sometimes willingly but in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjugated sometimes willingly but in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjugated sometimes willingly but in an
+economic situation and social situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic situation and social situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic situation and social situation
+in which they had no choice so that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they had no choice so that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they had no choice so that even
+if they willing ly did it and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they willing ly did it and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they willing ly did it and maybe
+didn't even suffer because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even suffer because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even suffer because they didn't
+take it seriously or for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it seriously or for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it seriously or for whatever reason
+or became richer than their johnes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or became richer than their johnes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or became richer than their johnes they
+did it willingly but even then they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it willingly but even then they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it willingly but even then they did
+it in a situation that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a situation that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a situation that they didn't
+themselves choose and now when women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves choose and now when women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves choose and now when women
+have a choice they clearly don't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice they clearly don't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice they clearly don't want it
+the way they were willing to submit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were willing to submit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were willing to submit to
+it before anyhow in that Civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before anyhow in that Civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before anyhow in that Civilization
+women were there to be used K viw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women were there to be used K viw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women were there to be used K viw is
+enlightened liberated and he says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened liberated and he says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened liberated and he says if
+that is what sex is sex is evil and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what sex is sex is evil and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what sex is sex is evil and so
+how can there be sexual love and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can there be sexual love and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can there be sexual love and yet
+that's what all the poets talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what all the poets talk about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what all the poets talk about now
+it takes a great genius in philosophy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a great genius in philosophy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a great genius in philosophy to
+approach the problem in that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem in that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem in that way and
+then he works at it and reaches his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he works at it and reaches his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he works at it and reaches his
+resolution I can tell you the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I can tell you the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I can tell you the conclusion
+if you want or I can leave you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want or I can leave you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want or I can leave you in
+suspense uh and what he ends up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense uh and what he ends up with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense uh and what he ends up with is
+to me for me an absurd solution so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for me an absurd solution so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for me an absurd solution so I
+attack him on those grounds but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack him on those grounds but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack him on those grounds but the
+formation of the problem is brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the problem is brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the problem is brilliant
+and wonderful and I'm happy to have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful and I'm happy to have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful and I'm happy to have had
+access to this kant's mind even uh in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this kant's mind even uh in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this kant's mind even uh in my
+kind of attack and most people hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attack and most people hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attack and most people hardly
+anybody would nowadays would agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would nowadays would agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would nowadays would agree with
+kant's conclusions but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimulating so it's about 5:00 so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating so it's about 5:00 so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating so it's about 5:00 so uh you
+tell me at the beginning of next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me at the beginning of next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me at the beginning of next class
+whether you want to hear about con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to hear about con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to hear about con
+conclusion whether you've been dying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion whether you've been dying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion whether you've been dying of
+suspense or else you you have to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense or else you you have to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense or else you you have to get my
+book and and I apologize because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and and I apologize because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and and I apologize because it's
+still in paperback in hard cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in paperback in hard cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in paperback in hard cover the
+paperback is coming out but hasn't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback is coming out but hasn't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback is coming out but hasn't yet
+and so it costs some money uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it costs some money uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it costs some money uh it's
+probably on reserve anyhow I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on reserve anyhow I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on reserve anyhow I apologize
+for the cost of it if you turn to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cost of it if you turn to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cost of it if you turn to that
+chapter in expirations love and sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in expirations love and sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in expirations love and sex
+you'll see what his view is and what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what his view is and what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what his view is and what my
+contrary view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary view
+is okay then I'll see and tell me you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay then I'll see and tell me you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay then I'll see and tell me you'll
+all be here next week okay now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be here next week okay now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be here next week okay now I have to
+sign the form for some of you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the form for some of you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the form for some of you at
+least the rest of you have enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the rest of you have enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the rest of you have enrolled
+except forward toet great and if as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except forward toet great and if as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except forward toet great and if as I
+said um anyone who you know would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um anyone who you know would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um anyone who you know would be
+willing to treat the rest of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to treat the rest of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to treat the rest of the course
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome but be on time and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome but be on time and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome but be on time and in this
+room here him him and her him or her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room here him him and her him or her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room here him him and her him or her and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4TCnYYpZxEc.txt b/4TCnYYpZxEc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e86da33e0df7c290711e81a6f310b2e6d14c636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4TCnYYpZxEc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1898 @@
+So today we are going to talk
+about another process of lumping
+
+or another process of
+discretization what will lead to
+
+the digital abstraction.
+So today's lecture is titled
+
+"Go Digital".
+So let me begin with a usual
+
+review.
+And so in the first lecture we
+
+started out by looking at
+elements and lumping them.
+
+For example,
+we took an element and said for
+
+the purpose of analyzing
+electrical properties let's lump
+
+this element into a single
+lumped value called a resistor,
+
+R.
+And this led to the lumped
+
+circuit abstraction.
+The lumped circuit abstraction
+
+says let's take these elements,
+connect them with wires and
+
+analyze the properties of these
+using a sort of analysis
+
+technique.
+
+So a set of a methods.
+We've looked at the KVL,
+
+KCL method.
+Another example of a method we
+
+looked at was the node method.
+And of this category there is
+
+one method you should remember,
+which you can apply to every
+
+single circuit and it will
+simply work, is the node method.
+
+For linear circuits other
+methods also apply,
+
+and these include
+superposition,
+
+Thevenin method,
+and in recitation or in your
+
+course notes you would have
+looked at the Norton method.
+
+So that's what we did so far.
+So this is a toolkit.
+
+So now you have a utility belt
+with a bunch of tools in it,
+
+and you can draw from those
+tools.
+
+And, just like any good
+carpenter, you know,
+
+the carpenter has to cut a
+piece of wood.
+
+He could use a chisel.
+He could use a saw.
+
+He could use an electric saw.
+And the reason you pay
+
+carpenters $80 an hour in the
+Boston region is because they
+
+know which tool to use for what
+job.
+
+So what we'll learn today is,
+so this was one process of
+
+discretization.
+We discretized matter.
+
+This gave us the discipline
+here that we decided to follow,
+
+lumped matter discipline,
+that moved us from Maxwell's
+
+equations into this new
+playground called EECS.
+
+Where all elements looked like
+these rinky-dinky little values
+
+like resistors and voltage
+sources and so on.
+
+What we'll do today,
+if that wasn't simple enough,
+
+let's simplify our lives even
+further.
+
+What we're going to do is lump
+some more.
+
+So what else can we lump?
+We've lumped matter,
+
+so all matter is taken care of.
+So what can we lump to make
+
+life even easier?
+When in doubt,
+
+if things are complicated,
+discretize it or lump it,
+
+right?
+So what do you think?
+
+What we will do today is lump
+signal values.
+
+So we'll just deal with lumped
+values.
+
+And this will lead to the
+digital abstraction.
+
+And the related reading is
+Chapter 5 of the course notes.
+
+So before we do this kind of
+lumping, let me motivate why we
+
+do this.
+One reason is to simplify our
+
+lives, but there is no need to
+just go around simplifying
+
+things just because we can.
+Let's try to see if there are
+
+other reasons motivating the
+digital abstraction.
+
+So what I would like to start
+with is a simple example of a
+
+analog processing circuit that
+you should now be able to
+
+analyze.
+So I'm going to be motivating
+
+digital.
+So let's start with an analog
+
+circuit that looks like this,
+two resistors,
+
+R1 and R2.
+And what I'm going to do is
+
+apply a voltage source here,
+V1, apply another one here,
+
+V2, and make this connection.
+And let me call this voltage V
+
+nought and call this my output.
+This voltage with respect to
+
+ground node, rather than drawing
+this wire here,
+
+I often times draw a ground
+here and simply throw ground
+
+wherever I want.
+This symbol simply refers to
+
+the fact that the other terminal
+is taken at the ground node.
+
+So here is my V nought.
+Now, let's go and analyze this
+
+and see what it gives us.
+In this example,
+
+V1 and V2 may be outputs of two
+sensors, maybe heat sensors or
+
+something like that.
+This is a heat sensor on that
+
+side of the room and this is a
+heat sensor on this side of the
+
+room.
+And I pass their signals
+
+through two resistors and I look
+at the voltage there.
+
+So by now you should be able to
+write the answer V nought,
+
+or the value V nought almost by
+inspection.
+
+Just to show you,
+let me use superposition.
+
+When you see multiple sources,
+the first thing you should
+
+think about is can I use
+superposition to simplify my
+
+life?
+And let me do that.
+
+V nought here is the sum of two
+voltages, one due to V1 acting
+
+alone and one due to V2 acting
+alone.
+
+So what's the voltage here due
+to V1 acting alone?
+
+To find out that I short this
+voltage, I zero out this voltage
+
+and look at the effect of V1.
+So the effect of V1,
+
+if this were shorted out,
+is simply V1 x R2 / R1 + R2.
+
+This is now a voltage divider,
+right?
+
+A voltage V applied across two
+resistors and the output taken
+
+across one resistor.
+So that's this value.
+
+Then I could do the second
+part.
+
+To look at the effect of V2,
+what I will do is short this
+
+voltage and look at the effect
+of this.
+
+Now, this voltage is across
+this resistor divider.
+
+And so I get R1 / (R1 + R2)
+here.
+
+So you'll notice that for
+something like this,
+
+if I had applied KVL and KCL of
+the node method I would have
+
+gotten a bunch of equations,
+but here I wrote it just by
+
+inspection.
+You should be able to look at
+
+circuit patterns like this and
+write the answers down very
+
+quickly.
+Let's say if I chose R1 to be
+
+equal to R2 then V nought would
+simply be (V1 + V2) / 2.
+
+So if these two values were
+equal, I simply get the output,
+
+the average of the two
+voltages.
+
+So this guy is an adder
+circuit.
+
+It adds up these two voltages.
+But more precisely it's an
+
+averaging circuit.
+It takes two voltages and gives
+
+me the average value.
+Now, if you have two sensors in
+
+the room, you might think of why
+you want to take that average
+
+value to control the temperature
+of the room.
+
+But suffice it to say that V
+nought is the average of the two
+
+values.
+So let me show you a quick demo
+
+of this example and then look at
+what the problems are with this
+
+example.
+So let's say,
+
+as one example,
+I applied a square wave at V1,
+
+which is the top curve,
+the green curve,
+
+and I applied a triangular wave
+at V2, that's the second one.
+
+As you expect,
+the output is going to be the
+
+sum of the two voltages scaled
+appropriately.
+
+So notice that I have a square
+wave with a superimposed
+
+triangular wave on top.
+And I can play around.
+
+What I could do is change the
+amplitude of my wave form here.
+
+And, as you notice,
+the amplitude of the output
+
+component also changes
+accordingly.
+
+So this is one simple example
+of an adder circuit,
+
+and the two wave forms get
+summed up and I get the output.
+
+So I'll switch to Page 3.
+Let me just draw a little
+
+sketch for you here.
+Here, what I showed you was I
+
+had a triangular wave coming on
+one of these inputs and I had a
+
+square wave on the other one,
+and the output looks something
+
+like this.
+
+OK?
+No surprise here.
+
+This is a simple analog signal
+processing circuit which gives
+
+me the average of two wave
+forms.
+
+Now, let me do the following.
+Often times I may need to look
+
+at this value some distance
+away.
+
+So let's say this person here
+wants to look at the value.
+
+So I bring this wire here.
+And I also bring the ground
+
+connection and I look at it.
+I look at this value here.
+
+And when I have a long wire I
+can get noise added onto the
+
+circuit.
+So let's say a bunch of noise
+
+gets added into the signal
+there.
+
+And what I end up seeing here
+is not something that looks like
+
+this but something that looks
+like that.
+
+That's not unusual.
+And the problem with this is
+
+now when I look at this,
+if I'm looking to distinguish
+
+between, say,
+a 3.9 and a 3.8,
+
+it's really hard to do that
+because my noise is overwhelming
+
+my signal.
+I have a real problem,
+
+a real problem here.
+Noise is a fact of life.
+
+So what do we do?
+This is so fundamental.
+
+Large bodies of courses in
+electrical engineering are
+
+devoted to how do I carefully
+analyze signals in the presence
+
+of noise?
+You'll take courses in speech
+
+processing that look at clever
+techniques to recognize speech
+
+in the presence of noise and so
+on and so forth.
+
+One technique we adopt that
+we'll talk about here,
+
+which is fundamental to EECS,
+is using the digital
+
+abstraction.
+Let me show you how it can
+
+really help with the noise
+problem.
+
+So the idea is value lumping or
+value discretization.
+
+Much like we lumped matter,
+we've discretized matter into
+
+discrete chunks,
+let's discretize value into two
+
+chunks.
+Let's simply say that now I'm
+
+going to deal with two values
+and I can, say,
+
+call them high,
+low.
+
+I have a bunch of choices here.
+I may call it 5 volts and 0
+
+volts.
+I may call it true and false.
+
+What I'm doing is I'm just
+restricting my universe to deal
+
+with just two values,
+zero and one.
+
+This is like dealing with a
+number system with only two
+
+digits.
+And these are zero and one.
+
+So what I've now done is I'm
+saying that rather than dealing
+
+with all possible continuous
+values, 0.1, 3.9999 recurring
+
+and so on and so forth,
+what I'm going to do is simply
+
+deal with a high and a low.
+Dealing with this whole
+
+continuum of numbers is really
+complicated.
+
+Let me simplify my life and
+just postulate that I am going
+
+to be looking at high and low.
+Whenever I see something I'll
+
+look at it and say high or low,
+is it black or white,
+
+period.
+There's no choice here,
+
+just two individual values.
+So that sounds simple,
+
+and nice and so on,
+but what's the point?
+
+What do we get by doing that?
+Let's take our example.
+
+Let's take what might be a
+digital system.
+
+Let's take a digital system and
+let's say I have a sender.
+
+Much like I sent a signal value
+a long distance,
+
+let me have a sender,
+and I have a ground as well and
+
+here is a receiver.
+This symbol simply says that
+
+both of them share a ground
+wire.
+
+So the sender and a receiver.
+And what I'm interested in
+
+doing, the sender is interested
+in sending a signal to the
+
+receiver.
+And in the digital system,
+
+the way I would send a digital
+signal is all I can use is ones
+
+and zeros, OK?
+So let's say the sender sends
+
+something like this.
+The sender wants to send a
+
+value.
+This is my time axis and this
+
+is 2.5 volts,
+this is 0 volts and this is 5
+
+volts.
+My sender has some agreement
+
+with the receiver and says I'm
+just going to be sending to you
+
+low values and high values.
+And this signal here would
+
+correspond to "0" "1" "0".
+It's a symbol.
+
+That's why I have input zero in
+quotes there.
+
+We'll go into this in much more
+detail later,
+
+but for now suffice it to say
+that I'm sending a set of
+
+signals here "0" "1" "0".
+This simplistic scheme will not
+
+work in many situations but go
+along with this for a few
+
+seconds.
+So I send the signal sequence
+
+"0" "1" "0" out here.
+And notice that there is a high
+
+and a low.
+And the agreement the sender
+
+and the receiver have is that,
+look, if you see a value that's
+
+higher than 2.5 volts that's a
+high.
+
+If you see a value below 2.5
+volts in the wire that's a low.
+
+And I'm going to send a 0 volt
+and a 5 volt from here.
+
+So now at the sending site
+let's say I don't have any noise
+
+in this system.
+Let's say this is my Vn,
+
+some noise being added.
+And let's say Vn is 0.
+
+Then in that case I will
+receive exactly what is sent "0"
+
+"0" 5, 2.5, 0 volts.
+And this is time.
+
+Nothing fancy here,
+right?
+
+My receiver receives a "0" "1"
+"0".
+
+Now, the beauty of this is that
+now suppose I were to impose
+
+noise much like I had noise out
+there and Vn was not 0.
+
+Rather Vn was some noise
+voltage, let's say 0.2 volts
+
+peak to peak.
+Let's say that simply got
+
+superposed on the signal.
+In which case what do I get?
+
+What I end up here with is a
+signal that looks like this.
+
+So the receiver gets that
+signal because a noise is added
+
+into my signal and that's what I
+get.
+
+But guess what?
+No problem.
+
+The receiver says oh,
+yeah, this is a 0 because the
+
+values are less than 2.5,
+this is a 1 and this is a 0.
+
+"0" "1" "0".
+So here my receiver was able to
+
+receive the signal and correctly
+interpret it without any
+
+problems.
+So because I used this value
+
+discretization and because I had
+this agreement with the
+
+receiver, I had better noise
+immunity.
+
+Consequently,
+I had what is called a noise
+
+margin.
+Noise margin says how much
+
+noise can I tolerate?
+And in this situation,
+
+because the sender sends 5
+volts and 0 volts,
+
+the 5 volts can creep all the
+way down to 2.5,
+
+I'll still be OK.
+Similarly, 0 could go all the
+
+way up to 2.5,
+I'd still be OK.
+
+So in this case I have a noise
+margin of 2.5 volts for a 1 and
+
+similarly 2.5 volts for a 0,
+because there are 2.5 volts
+
+between a 0 volt and 2.5.
+So notice that I have a nice
+
+little noise margin here,
+which simply is the English
+
+meaning of the term there is a
+margin for noise.
+
+And even though I can change
+the signal value by up to 2.5
+
+volts, the receiver will still
+correctly interpret the signal.
+
+So I've decided to discretize
+values into highs and lows.
+
+And because of that,
+if all I wanted to do in life
+
+is send highs and lows I can
+send them very effectively.
+
+There are many complications,
+but if all I care about is
+
+sending highs and lows I can
+send it with a lot of tolerance
+
+to noise.
+So many of you are saying but
+
+what about this,
+but what about that?
+
+There are lots of buts here.
+And let's take a look at some
+
+of them.
+If you look up there.
+
+What I ended up doing was
+creating a design space that
+
+looked like this.
+This is on Page 6.
+
+What I did was I said with a
+range of values from 0 to 5,
+
+what I'm going to do is at 2.5
+I drew a line and I said as a
+
+sender if you wanted to send a 0
+then you would send a value
+
+here.
+And if you wanted to send a 1
+
+you would send a value here.
+Similarly, for a receiver.
+
+And if the sender sent a value
+all the way up in 5 volts that
+
+was the best thing,
+but technically the sender
+
+could send any value between 2.5
+and 5.
+
+And if there was no noise then
+the receiver could correctly
+
+interpret a 1 if it was above
+this and 0 if it was below this.
+
+The problem with this approach
+really is that if I allow the
+
+sender to send any value above
+2.5 all the way to 5 then there
+
+really is no noise margin in
+this situation.
+
+OK?
+Because if I allowed the sender
+
+to send any value between 2.5
+and 5 then what if I have a
+
+value 2.5 for a 1?
+Then I may end up getting very
+
+little noise margin on the other
+side.
+
+Worse yet, what if I get a
+value 2.5?
+
+That's a much worse situation.
+What if the receiver receives a
+
+value of 2.5?
+Now what?
+
+What does the receiver do?
+The receiver cannot tell
+
+whether it's a 1 or a 0.
+The receiver gets hopelessly
+
+confused.
+So to deal with that,
+
+I'm going to fix this,
+what I'm going to do is the
+
+following.
+Switch to Page 7.
+
+What I'll do here is to prevent
+the receiver from getting
+
+confused, if the receiver saw
+2.5, what I'm going to do is
+
+define what is called "no man's
+land".
+
+I'm going to define the region
+of my voltage space called the
+
+forbidden region.
+And what I'm going to do is,
+
+say, let's say I defined it as
+2 volts, 3 volts and 5 volts,
+
+0, 2, 3 and 5.
+With my forbidden region,
+
+if I have a sender then I tell
+the sender you can send any
+
+value between 3 and 5 for a 1.
+And you can send any value
+
+between 2 and 0 for a 0.
+To send the symbol 0,
+
+I can send any voltage between
+0 and 2, and similarly for 1.
+
+At the receiving side,
+if I see any value between 3
+
+and 5, I read that as a 0,
+and any value between 0 and 2 I
+
+read that as 2 volts.
+So I may label this value VH
+
+and label this threshold VL,
+so there's a high threshold and
+
+a low threshold.
+So this solves one problem.
+
+Now the receiver can never see
+a value in the forbidden region.
+
+Now, I can stand her and
+pontificate and say,
+
+oops, that's a forbidden
+region, thou shalt not go there.
+
+But what if I get some noise
+and a value goes in there?
+
+In real systems values may
+enter there.
+
+But what I'm saying,
+so this is the beauty of using
+
+a discipline.
+Let me use my playground
+
+analogy.
+This is my playground.
+
+We got into this playground
+using the discrete matter of
+
+discipline, the playground of
+EECS, but in that playground
+
+some region of that playground
+deals with just high and low
+
+values.
+I further restrict the
+
+playground and I say I'm only
+going to focus on that
+
+playground in which all signal
+values have a forbidden region.
+
+All senders and receivers
+adhere to a forbidden region.
+
+And if there is any signal in
+this space, in the forbidden
+
+space then my behavior is
+undefined.
+
+I don't care.
+You want to go there?
+
+Sure.
+I don't know what's going to
+
+happen to you.
+Now, we're engineers,
+
+right?
+So we've disciplined ourselves
+
+to play in this playground.
+It's like I tell my 9-year-old,
+
+don't go there,
+right?
+
+And of course he wants to go
+there.
+
+He says what will happen if I
+go there?
+
+And the answer here will be
+undefined, OK?
+
+Something really bad could
+happen to you.
+
+I don't know what it is but
+something really bad,
+
+you know, a lightening bolt or
+who knows what,
+
+but something really bad.
+And you as a designer of a
+
+circuit can, let's say you were
+Intel.
+
+Intel designs its chips.
+And let's say Intel decides to
+
+play in this playground and
+there is a forbidden region.
+
+So Intel says oh,
+it's really easy for me if in
+
+the forbidden region the chip
+simply burns up and catches
+
+fire, we'll sell more chips.
+That's fine.
+
+Whatever you want.
+The key here is that all I'm
+
+saying is that I am going to
+discipline myself into playing
+
+in this playground and that's
+where I will define my rules,
+
+and you stay within the
+boundaries and all the rules
+
+will apply.
+It's called a "discipline."
+
+You're disciplining yourselves
+to stay within it.
+
+There's no logic to it.
+It's just a discipline.
+
+Just do it and you'll be OK.
+When we look at practical
+
+circuits and so on,
+we have to address the issue of
+
+what happens when things go in
+there.
+
+But let's postpone that
+discussion.
+
+For now I've solved one of my
+problems, which is,
+
+the previous problem was what
+does a receiver do if it saw a
+
+2.5?
+Now it can't see a 2.5.
+
+But then the receiver asks,
+Agarwal, but what if I see a
+
+2.5?
+I can tell the receiver you can
+
+do whatever you want to do.
+You can stomp it.
+
+You can squish it.
+You can burn it.
+
+You can chuck it.
+Whatever you want.
+
+It's up to you.
+Do whatever you want.
+
+You won't see a value.
+If you do, do whatever you
+
+want.
+It's undefined.
+
+That works.
+So you, as the receiver
+
+designer can do whatever you
+want when you see a 2.5.
+
+You can say yeah,
+I'll just put out a 1 if I see
+
+a 2.5 or a 2.6.
+I'll just do something.
+
+No one cares.
+So this is pretty good.
+
+This is pretty good.
+We still have a problem,
+
+though.
+Do people see the problem here?
+
+This still doesn't quite work.
+If Intel did this,
+
+instead of your laptops failing
+and blue-screening every hour
+
+they'd be doing it every
+millisecond.
+
+So the problem is this
+discipline have allowed the
+
+sender to send any value between
+3 and 5 as a 1.
+
+And any value between 3 and 5
+at the receiver is treated as a
+
+1.
+Do you see where the problem
+
+is?
+Yes?
+
+The sender sends a 1.99 and the
+noise pumps it into forbidden
+
+region.
+Exactly.
+
+So the sender says it's
+legitimate, I'm Intel.
+
+They've told me stick to 0 and
+2.
+
+And Intel parts will be sending
+to values between 0 and 2.
+
+And Motorola parts,
+which are receivers,
+
+you know they have to receive 0
+and 2.
+
+So Intel can send the value,
+2.
+
+They can because it's 1.9 out
+of 2.
+
+It's legal.
+This way I can make really
+
+cheap parts.
+But now the problem is that
+
+even the smallest amount of
+noise will bump it into the
+
+forbidden region,
+and so therefore this one has a
+
+problem.
+And the problem is that this
+
+one offers zero noise margin.
+There is no noise margin.
+
+There is no margin for noise in
+the discipline.
+
+All right, back to the drawing
+board, folks.
+
+Switch to Page 8.
+Let's get rid of all this stuff
+
+and go back to the drawing
+board.
+
+OK, so what do we do now?
+How about the following?
+
+How, about as before I say,
+as a receiver,
+
+if you see a value between 3
+and 5 you treat that as a 1 and
+
+a value between 0 and 2 you
+treat that as a 0.
+
+No difference.
+So as a receiver same as
+
+before.
+But now what I do is I hold the
+
+sender to tougher standards.
+I hold the feet of the sender
+
+to the fire and say you have to
+adhere to tougher standards.
+
+So what I'm going to do is hold
+the sender to tougher standards,
+
+maybe four walls.
+That is tell the sender that if
+
+you want to send to 0 or a 1,
+for a 1 you have to send a
+
+value between 4 and 5,
+and for a 0 a value between 0
+
+and 1.
+Sender is now held to tougher
+
+standards.
+This is what my chart looks
+
+like.
+So now I do have some noise
+
+margin.
+Can someone tell me what is the
+
+noise margin here for a 1?
+1 volt.
+
+And the reason is that the
+lowest voltage a sender can send
+
+is 4 volts, OK?
+If the 4 leaks down to 2.99
+
+that's in the forbidden region,
+I'm in trouble.
+
+2.99.
+This is my forbidden region
+
+here.
+And 2.99 is in the forbidden
+
+region.
+I'm in trouble.
+
+So notice that the lowest value
+that the receiver can receive is
+
+3 volts.
+So if I sent the 4 and sent
+
+this over a long cable to you,
+the value can be beaten up by
+
+noise to such an extent that you
+may begin receiving 3s but
+
+nothing lower than a 3.
+So this is a noise margin,
+
+1 volt.
+Similarly, for a 0 the noise
+
+margin is also 1 volt.
+So let me label these.
+
+There are four important
+thresholds here.
+
+This threshold is called VOL.
+V output low.
+
+These have special meanings.
+This threshold here is called
+
+VOH, V output high.
+This threshold here is called V
+
+input high and this threshold
+here is called V input low.
+
+So VOH simply says that senders
+must send voltages higher than
+
+VOH.
+Receivers must receive values
+
+higher than VIH as a 1.
+So these four thresholds
+
+together give you your
+threshold.
+
+For the sender gets 2.5,
+what does sender do?
+
+It could do that.
+So, in that case,
+
+you can do that.
+If all you want to do is have
+
+one value here then what you
+have is an infinitesimal value
+
+here for the forbidden region.
+That's fine.
+
+It's up to you to design it
+that way.
+
+You can.
+But it turns out that when you
+
+design circuits,
+when we see some examples in
+
+the next lecture it turns out to
+be fairly practical and easy to
+
+do it this way.
+But, again, these are design
+
+choices.
+If I'm Intel,
+
+Intel wants all its parts to
+work together.
+
+So parts that follow a common
+discipline can work together,
+
+right?
+Because senders will send
+
+values, receivers will receive
+these values here,
+
+so it will simply work.
+So the noise margin for a 1
+
+here is simply VOH minus VIH and
+the noise margin for a 0 is VIL
+
+minus VOL.
+VIL minus VOL is the noise
+
+margin for a 0.
+So what do we have here?
+
+What we have here is a
+discipline that we've agreed to
+
+follow where senders are held to
+a tough standard and receivers
+
+are held to a different standard
+so that I allow myself some
+
+margin for error.
+And it's up to you as a
+
+designer to choose ranges for
+the forbidden region.
+
+Now, you may say that I want to
+make my forbidden region as
+
+small as possible.
+But you will see in practical
+
+circuits it's very hard to
+achieve that.
+
+Practical devices that you get,
+they have a natural region that
+
+gets very, very hard to break
+apart, and that tends to
+
+establish what that region looks
+like.
+
+So to continue with an example
+here, I may have the following
+
+voltage wave form for a sender.
+So I have some sender,
+
+I have a sender here.
+
+I have VOL, VIL,
+VIH, VOH and some other high
+
+voltage.
+And then, as a sender,
+
+if I want to send a "0" "1" "0"
+then I send a 0.
+
+I have to be within this band.
+And then for a 1 I have to be
+
+within this band.
+So this is an example of,
+
+say, "0" "1" "0" "1".
+And at the receiver --
+
+Let's have VOL,
+VIL, VIH, VOH.
+
+So at the receiver,
+I interpret any signal below
+
+VIL as a 0.
+So I may get some signal that
+
+looks like this.
+
+And I'll still interpret that
+as a "0" "1" "0" "1".
+
+So to summarize here,
+this discipline that forms the
+
+foundations of digital systems
+is called "a static discipline".
+
+The static discipline says if
+inputs meet input thresholds --
+
+So if an input to a digital
+system meets the input
+
+thresholds then outputs will
+meet, or the digital system
+
+should ensure that the outputs
+--
+
+Output thresholds.
+So this means that if I have a
+
+system like this then if I give
+it good inputs.
+
+And by giving it good inputs I
+mean for 1s I have signal values
+
+that are greater than VIH and
+for 0s signal values which are
+
+less than VIL.
+These are valid inputs.
+
+So if my inputs are valid,
+that is below VIL for a 0 and
+
+above VIH for a 1 then this
+digital system D will produce
+
+corresponding outputs that
+follow output thresholds.
+
+For a 1 it will produce outputs
+that are greater than VOH and if
+
+it needs to produce a 0 it will
+produce outputs that are less
+
+than VOL.
+So notice that there is this
+
+tough requirement in digital
+systems that for the inputs,
+
+I should recognize as a 1
+anything higher than a VIH.
+
+But if I want to produce a 1,
+I have to produce a tough 1
+
+like a 4-volt 1.
+So there is a discipline that
+
+all my digital systems must
+follow, and that discipline is
+
+called a static discipline.
+So static discipline encodes
+
+the thresholds,
+encodes four thresholds that
+
+all digital systems must follow
+so that they can talk to each
+
+other.
+So if Intel and Motorola want
+
+to make parts that are
+compatible with,
+
+say, Pentium 4 devices then
+they will all talk over the
+
+phone or something and agree on
+a static discipline.
+
+We will say that,
+all right, all my peripherals
+
+will follow a static discipline
+with the following volted
+
+thresholds.
+And this way parts made by
+
+different manufacturers can
+interoperate and still provide
+
+immunity to noise.
+Yes.
+
+Question?
+
+Absolutely.
+There are many constraints on
+
+how you as a designer choose the
+noise margin.
+
+As a designer you want to make
+your noise margin as large as
+
+possible.
+The larger the noise margin the
+
+better you can tolerate noise
+which is why,
+
+how many people have heard of
+some devices called rad hard
+
+devices, radiation hard devices?
+Some of you have.
+
+There are a bunch of devices.
+Different manufacturers make
+
+different kinds of devices for
+different markets.
+
+For consumer markets they use
+parts which may have relatively
+
+poor noise margins because
+consumers can tolerate more
+
+faults.
+But if you're building devices
+
+for, say, the medical industry
+or for spaceships and so on,
+
+you need to be held to a much,
+much tougher standard.
+
+So for those devices you may
+end up having much,
+
+much tighter bands in which you
+have to operate so you have a
+
+tougher noise margin.
+So that leads us to,
+
+given these sort of voltage
+thresholds, we now move into the
+
+digital world.
+And in the digital world we can
+
+build a bunch of digital
+devices.
+
+The first device we will look
+at is called a combinational
+
+gate.
+
+A combinational gate is a
+device that adheres to the
+
+static discipline,
+Page 11, and this is a device
+
+whose outputs are a function of
+inputs alone.
+
+So I can build little boxes
+which take some inputs,
+
+produces an output where the
+outputs are a function of the
+
+existing inputs.
+And this kind of a device is
+
+called a combinational gate.
+And I can analyze such devices
+
+for the kinds of things that I
+would like to do.
+
+Before I go into the kinds of
+devices I'd like to build,
+
+let's spend a few minutes
+talking about how to process
+
+signals.
+How to process digital signals,
+
+Page 10.
+So notice that you have two
+
+values, 0 and a 1.
+So devices like my
+
+combinational gate,
+for example,
+
+can only deal with 0s and 1s.
+So I have to come up with some
+
+kind of a mathematics or some
+kind of a set of processing that
+
+can work with 0,1 values.
+So 0,1 map completely natural
+
+to the logic true and false.
+So I can borrow from logic and
+
+use true and false to do my
+processing of signals.
+
+So if all I care about is
+processing logic values,
+
+0s and 1s, trues and falses
+then that's all I need.
+
+I can also use numbers.
+How do I represent a number?
+
+3.9 which is 0s and 1s.
+It turns out that this is a
+
+whole field in itself.
+You'll hear more about this in
+
+recitation.
+Let me also point you to the
+
+last section of the course
+notes, Chapter 5.6 I believe,
+
+that talks about how to
+represent numbers.
+
+The basic insight is much like
+you can represent arbitrary long
+
+numbers with the digits 0
+through 9 in the same way,
+
+but concatenating digits you
+can represent arbitrary long
+
+numbers with 0-1-1-1-0-0 and so
+on.
+
+So you can have a whole
+sequence of digits and you can
+
+build a binary number system.
+So you can read A&L Section
+
+5.6, I believe.
+It's the last section for
+
+numbers.
+And you will also discuss this
+
+in your recitation tomorrow.
+Let me spend some more time
+
+talking about Boolean logic,
+two-valued logic,
+
+and how to process these
+systems.
+
+So one way of processing it is
+using logic statements of the
+
+following form.
+If X is true and Y is true then
+
+Z is true, else is Z false.
+So this is a logic statement.
+
+It says if X is true and Y is
+true then Z is true,
+
+else Z is false.
+So I can process this with 0s
+
+and 1s, trues and falses.
+And I do this all the time so I
+
+have a succinct notation for
+this.
+
+I express this as Z is X anded
+with Y.
+
+X and Y is Z.
+So Z is true if X is true and Y
+
+is true.
+A shorthand notation for this
+
+is just a dot.
+And a circuit notation for this
+
+is called an "AND gate".
+That's a little circuit.
+
+I haven't told you what's
+inside it.
+
+It's an abstract little device
+called an AND gate which takes
+
+two inputs, produces one output
+Z where the output is related to
+
+the inputs in the following
+manner.
+
+That's a little device called
+an AND gate.
+
+I could also represent logic in
+truth tables.
+
+And truth tables simply
+enumerate all the values and the
+
+corresponding outputs.
+Inputs can be 0-0-0-1-1-0 or
+
+1-1.
+For an AND system output is 1,
+
+only if both are ones,
+it's a 0 otherwise.
+
+So that's a truth table for AND
+gate.
+
+So from 0s and 1s we deal with
+logic and we create devices like
+
+the AND gate to process digital
+signals.
+
+And what we will do is look at
+a whole bunch of little symbols
+
+like this, like the AND gate to
+process our input signals.
+
+And these devices might look
+like other functions like OR
+
+gates and so on.
+Let me show you a quick demo.
+
+What I'm going to show you is a
+signal feeding an AND gate.
+
+And one signal is going to look
+like this, and my signal Y is
+
+going to look like this.
+So you expect a processed
+
+output.
+So 1-0-1-0-1-0-1.
+
+And the output is simply going
+to be --
+
+This is my time axis going this
+way.
+
+It is going to be an AND-ing of
+these two signal values like so.
+
+What I'm also going to show you
+is I'm going to superimpose
+
+noise on this wire.
+I'm going to superimpose noise
+
+on the wire, and what I want you
+to observe is the output of this
+
+digital gate.
+The output will stay exactly
+
+like this, even though I impose
+noise.
+
+The ultimate test.
+So stay right there.
+
+Let's do this demo.
+Give me a couple of seconds.
+
+If you look at the signal up
+there, look at the middle wave
+
+form, and I'm imposing let's
+have a digital system in a noisy
+
+environment like a lumberyard,
+for example,
+
+or chopping a bunch of trees in
+my backyard and building digital
+
+systems on the side.
+And if I have my buddies
+
+revving up chainsaws
+superimposing noise on my second
+
+input, but look at the output.
+And just to show that I'm not
+
+bluffing here,
+what I'll do is I'll pass the
+
+noise through and make the noise
+larger.
+
+And you'll notice that when the
+noise begins to surpass the
+
+noise margins the output begins
+to go berserk.
+
+Watch.
+Can you increase it gradually?
+
+Notice that as I put in a lot
+more noise then the output
+
+begins to go berserk,
+but as long as my input is
+
+within the noise margin my
+output stays perfectly stable.
+
+So that's the "Intro to Digital
+Systems".
+
+You'll see numbers in
+recitation.
+
+And we'll see you at lecture on
+Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4fQAlD5wZKA.txt b/4fQAlD5wZKA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..632bfbf8623826b4c7d114d341eebf4626083ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4fQAlD5wZKA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures 27 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 27 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 27 and
+28 uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 uh which
+will complete the discussion of wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will complete the discussion of wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will complete the discussion of wavelets
+this this idea and and especially in 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea and and especially in 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea and and especially in 28
+their applications in Signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their applications in Signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their applications in Signal processing
+image processing um so this uh outlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing um so this uh outlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing um so this uh outlines
+the lecture as usual uh I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as usual uh I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as usual uh I'm in
+continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time
+today um so wavelets are functions up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so wavelets are functions up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so wavelets are functions up to
+now uh we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we've been talking about
+vectors uh input signals was a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh input signals was a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh input signals was a sequence
+of samples which it is in reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples which it is in reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples which it is in reality and
+the key was the filters now like maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key was the filters now like maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key was the filters now like maybe a
+fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+start with the idea of multi-resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the idea of multi-resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the idea of multi-resolution
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+functions and that will lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that will lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that will lead us
+to the key functions which are fee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the key functions which are fee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the key functions which are fee the
+scaling function and W which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling function and W which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling function and W which is the
+wavelet so that's our goal but but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet so that's our goal but but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet so that's our goal but but uh
+I'll be uh like as I say a fresh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be uh like as I say a fresh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be uh like as I say a fresh start
+on in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in continuous
+time before I start could I just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before I start could I just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before I start could I just mention
+what I maybe haven't mentioned the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I maybe haven't mentioned the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I maybe haven't mentioned the uh
+course web page for the course 18 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course web page for the course 18 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course web page for the course 18 which
+is math number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is math number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is math number
+085 actually it's a full year course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 actually it's a full year course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+085 actually it's a full year course
+1808 5 and 086 out of the applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1808 5 and 086 out of the applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1808 5 and 086 out of the applied math
+book and then I should also mention uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and then I should also mention uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and then I should also mention uh
+the the course number for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course number for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course number for uh the
+wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets
+course which uh probably doesn't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which uh probably doesn't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which uh probably doesn't start
+that way so I won't try to get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so I won't try to get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so I won't try to get its
+course uh web page right uh but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh web page right uh but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh web page right uh but what I
+wanted to say was this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say was this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say was this uh
+page uh which is maintained by who ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh which is maintained by who ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh which is maintained by who ever
+whoever is teaching the course at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever is teaching the course at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever is teaching the course at that
+semester and uh next fall it'll be me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and uh next fall it'll be me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and uh next fall it'll be me
+again uh includes quite a few old exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh includes quite a few old exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh includes quite a few old exams
+now I don't know who wants old exams but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know who wants old exams but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know who wants old exams but
+uh uh uh everyone to his own taste so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh everyone to his own taste so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh everyone to his own taste so
+there might be a high demand for old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a high demand for old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a high demand for old
+exams and in case there is I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and in case there is I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and in case there is I found
+um an old exam that somebody else friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an old exam that somebody else friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an old exam that somebody else friend
+of mine had given when he taught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine had given when he taught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine had given when he taught the
+course and uh he particularly he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh he particularly he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh he particularly he's a
+great teacher and he particularly called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great teacher and he particularly called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great teacher and he particularly called
+my attention to the last two problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention to the last two problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention to the last two problems on
+his exam so what I did this week was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his exam so what I did this week was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his exam so what I did this week was
+make a copy make copies of that last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy make copies of that last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy make copies of that last uh
+couple of problems on that final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems on that final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems on that final exam
+just thinking you might like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking you might like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking you might like to take
+them home and and uh have fun uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them home and and uh have fun uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them home and and uh have fun uh I I
+don't know the answers myself so I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answers myself so I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answers myself so I'd be
+happy to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to to uh
+um uh with any discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with any discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with any discussion
+actually those particular questions go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those particular questions go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those particular questions go
+back to calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to calculus of
+variations um so that would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations um so that would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations um so that would be like
+review of a month ago here we are today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of a month ago here we are today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of a month ago here we are today
+with low pass and high pass filters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low pass and high pass filters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low pass and high pass filters but
+now making a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now making a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now making a fresh
+start okay so the here's the idea then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay so the here's the idea then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay so the here's the idea then
+of multi-resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi-resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi-resolution
+you know what the I mean I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the I mean I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the I mean I don't know
+that's sort of a created word I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a created word I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a created word I suppose
+but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very
+inw that's seeing seeing a function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inw that's seeing seeing a function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inw that's seeing seeing a function at
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+scales and in a way that reflects what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and in a way that reflects what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and in a way that reflects what
+our ears do and what our eyes do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ears do and what our eyes do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ears do and what our eyes do and
+what our minds probably do that is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our minds probably do that is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our minds probably do that is if I
+look at a scene like this I first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a scene like this I first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a scene like this I first of all
+take in the whole picture but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in the whole picture but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in the whole picture but then I
+focus on a person and then on uh face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a person and then on uh face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a person and then on uh face
+and so on we we just narrow we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we we just narrow we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we we just narrow we just
+change scales okay so the idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change scales okay so the idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change scales okay so the idea in
+multi-resolution is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-resolution is that I
+have a space of functions v0 so so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a space of functions v0 so so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a space of functions v0 so so these
+are will be spaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are will be spaces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are will be spaces of
+functions and I'll say what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'll say what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'll say what that means
+again and and let's call the first space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and and let's call the first space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and and let's call the first space
+v0 and then there's going to be a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and then there's going to be a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and then there's going to be a space
+a bigger space that contains VZ Z so V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger space that contains VZ Z so V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger space that contains VZ Z so V1
+and then of course after that will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course after that will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course after that will come
+a V2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V2 and so
+on and that symbol means that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that symbol means that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that symbol means that this is
+like the coarser space functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the coarser space functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the coarser space functions that
+are that are at the co scale so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are at the co scale so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are at the co scale so this is
+course course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course course
+scale finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale finer
+scale even finer scale and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale even finer scale and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale even finer scale and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the idea is that as we have finer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that as we have finer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that as we have finer and
+finer scales we capture more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer scales we capture more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer scales we capture more and more of
+the function so that sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so that sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so that sort of in the
+limit we've got all functions so the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit we've got all functions so the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit we've got all functions so the UN
+so the union of all these VJs would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the union of all these VJs would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the union of all these VJs would be
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+Space all functions that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space all functions that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space all functions that we're trying to
+capture uh and in many applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture uh and in many applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture uh and in many applications
+that's the that's we have to I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's we have to I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's we have to I haven't
+said what the whole Space is so I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what the whole Space is so I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what the whole Space is so I better
+do it uh usually we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh usually we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh usually we're thinking about
+functions with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with finite
+energy that's the space that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's the space that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's the space that's often
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+L2 finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 finite
+energy the energy of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy of course is the
+integral of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared okay should be finite that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay should be finite that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay should be finite that's the
+famous Hilbert space that it's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Hilbert space that it's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Hilbert space that it's the sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+appropriate infinite dimensional version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate infinite dimensional version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate infinite dimensional version
+of ordinary two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary two-dimensional
+three-dimensional four dimensional as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional four dimensional as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional four dimensional as
+the dimension goes up um you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension goes up um you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension goes up um you have more
+and more components and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more components and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more components and this is the
+space that has infinit many components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that has infinit many components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that has infinit many components
+but otherwise behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise behaves
+like three-dimensional space it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three-dimensional space it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three-dimensional space it's got
+angles it's got dot products it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles it's got dot products it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles it's got dot products it's got
+lengths that's the length squared so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths that's the length squared so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths that's the length squared so on
+anyway it's the functions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's the functions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's the functions that we
+usually consider and we're building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually consider and we're building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually consider and we're building up
+to those from this space v0 Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those from this space v0 Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those from this space v0 Okay
+now what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's in
+v0 okay that's actually that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 okay that's actually that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 okay that's actually that's the key
+Point what's our our space going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's our our space going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's our our space going to be
+our space is going v0 the the basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space is going v0 the the basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space is going v0 the the basis is
+going to be the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the basis
+meaning let me not even use it word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning let me not even use it word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning let me not even use it word
+basis course space is going to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis course space is going to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis course space is going to be all
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+of and that's what of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and that's what of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and that's what of a particular
+function so this is like this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is like this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is like this function
+is a key to everything and F I use T as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key to everything and F I use T as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key to everything and F I use T as
+the variable I could use x and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shifts so that's that's what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts so that's that's what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts so that's that's what's in the
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+v0 what's in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 what's in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 what's in the space
+V1 well you can guess it'll be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+of what will be you maybe just guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what will be you maybe just guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what will be you maybe just guessing
+it's like good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like good to
+anticipate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate because
+it connects then what do you think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects then what do you think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects then what do you think if
+this is the finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the finer
+space we're looking at functions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we're looking at functions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we're looking at functions on a
+finer scale and we're this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer scale and we're this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer scale and we're this is
+octave uh multi-resolution so the poers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave uh multi-resolution so the poers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave uh multi-resolution so the poers
+of two come in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two come in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two come in so the
+functions that give this space are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that give this space are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that give this space are the
+same fee but with the finer SC scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fee but with the finer SC scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fee but with the finer SC scale
+shifted by two uh dilated by two refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two uh dilated by two refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two uh dilated by two refined
+by two whatever is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two whatever is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two whatever is the good
+verb and uh the key is that refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and uh the key is that refinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and uh the key is that refinement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um many many papers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um many many papers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um many many papers about
+wavelets we'll begin with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets we'll begin with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets we'll begin with these
+assumptions that Mala I think was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that Mala I think was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that Mala I think was the
+first to write down so let me put his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to write down so let me put his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to write down so let me put his
+name up here Stefan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name up here Stefan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name up here Stefan
+Mala they often what I'm hoping to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mala they often what I'm hoping to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mala they often what I'm hoping to do is
+like save you the trouble of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like save you the trouble of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like save you the trouble of going
+through the assumptions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the assumptions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the assumptions this is
+essentially what's going on we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's going on we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's going on we have a
+sequence of more and more refined spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of more and more refined spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of more and more refined spaces
+and we have a function with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a function with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a function with its
+translates that spans V 0 and then scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates that spans V 0 and then scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates that spans V 0 and then scale
+two here the scale would be four then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here the scale would be four then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here the scale would be four then
+the scale would be 8 it would be F of8 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale would be 8 it would be F of8 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale would be 8 it would be F of8 T
+minus and it shifts and and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and it shifts and and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and it shifts and and everybody
+recognizes if I look at F of 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes if I look at F of 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes if I look at F of 2T
+that squeezes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeezes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeezes the
+function by a factor of two so it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a factor of two so it so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a factor of two so it so uh
+of course the the the model problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the the model problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the the model problem the
+the easiest example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest example is
+har where F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har where F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har where F of
+T is the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the Box
+function and then we said what's v0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we said what's v0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we said what's v0 we
+we described v0 last time if if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described v0 last time if if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described v0 last time if if this is
+the Box function on the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box function on the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box function on the interval
+01 I heard it described yesterday as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 I heard it described yesterday as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 I heard it described yesterday as the
+Box Car function so maybe that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box Car function so maybe that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box Car function so maybe that's also a
+useful word what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful word what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful word what's in
+v0 take that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 take that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 take that function
+take all its shifts integer shifts take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all its shifts integer shifts take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all its shifts integer shifts take
+all their combinations and what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their combinations and what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their combinations and what have you
+got step step functions right peie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got step step functions right peie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got step step functions right peie wise
+constant so peie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so peie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so peie wise
+constant on unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervals on unit intervals and now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on unit intervals and now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on unit intervals and now let
+me ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask about
+V1 so we draw we drew those pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so we draw we drew those pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 so we draw we drew those pictures
+just just a constant on every interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a constant on every interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a constant on every interval
+but a jump between okay what about V1 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a jump between okay what about V1 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a jump between okay what about V1 V
+of two what's the graph of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two what's the graph of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two what's the graph of f of
+2T it's of course the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T it's of course the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T it's of course the same thing but
+only going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half and what's in the space V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and what's in the space V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and what's in the space V1
+then if I take all combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take all combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take all combinations of those
+guys and their shifts that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and their shifts that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and their shifts that's what I
+meant all all combinations of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant all all combinations of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant all all combinations of this and
+all its its uh half integer shifts I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its its uh half integer shifts I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its its uh half integer shifts I'll
+again get peie wise constants but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get peie wise constants but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get peie wise constants but the
+pieces will be half a half a unit long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces will be half a half a unit long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces will be half a half a unit long
+so this is pie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pie wise
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+on on can I say half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on can I say half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on can I say half
+intervals and you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and you could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and you could imagine that
+then the next one would be peie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one would be peie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one would be peie wise
+constant on quarter intervals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on quarter intervals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on quarter intervals and then
+any smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smooth
+function any whole any function in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function any whole any function in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function any whole any function in our
+whole space like whatever like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space like whatever like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space like whatever like that
+could get approximated first of all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get approximated first of all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get approximated first of all by
+something on unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on unit
+intervals and then I could do better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and then I could do better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and then I could do better on
+the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half
+intervals probably bring it down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals probably bring it down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals probably bring it down a
+little stop that one there and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stop that one there and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stop that one there and then I
+could do better on quarter intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better on quarter intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better on quarter intervals and
+I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+in the limit as the scale gets finer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit as the scale gets finer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit as the scale gets finer and
+finer I'd get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer I'd get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer I'd get the
+function okay so are you restricting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so are you restricting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so are you restricting the
+values of k um to be integers yeah K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of k um to be integers yeah K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of k um to be integers yeah K
+should be integers these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be integers these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be integers these are all
+integers minus infinity or k equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers minus infinity or k equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers minus infinity or k equal 0
+plus or minus one plus or minus two Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one plus or minus two Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one plus or minus two Etc
+yeah and and I'm working on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and I'm working on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and I'm working on the whole
+line here I'm not uh for for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here I'm not uh for for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here I'm not uh for for my
+functions second one k can be half also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions second one k can be half also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions second one k can be half also
+yes uh no I think I always have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh no I think I always have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh no I think I always have to take
+a look it it's I if if I could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look it it's I if if I could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look it it's I if if I could write it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+two two uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two uh two
+times that so you could say yeah then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that so you could say yeah then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that so you could say yeah then
+this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be
+1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2
+right let let me just draw a fee of 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let let me just draw a fee of 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let let me just draw a fee of 2T
+minus one just to be so 2T minus K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one just to be so 2T minus K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one just to be so 2T minus K is
+what we're allowing and let me draw draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're allowing and let me draw draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're allowing and let me draw draw
+F of 2T and below it which I did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 2T and below it which I did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 2T and below it which I did and
+below it let me draw V of 2T minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it let me draw V of 2T minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it let me draw V of 2T minus1
+where does that sit just so we see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that sit just so we see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that sit just so we see when
+the that that one at first glance looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that one at first glance looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that one at first glance looks
+like we're shifting at a unit interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're shifting at a unit interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're shifting at a unit interval
+but then because it's 2 T minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because it's 2 T minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because it's 2 T minus one
+where does Fe of 2T minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does Fe of 2T minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does Fe of 2T minus one
+sit I'm I'm claiming it sits right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit I'm I'm claiming it sits right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit I'm I'm claiming it sits right here
+right next to it that it's a shift of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to it that it's a shift of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to it that it's a shift of a
+half because you see when T is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because you see when T is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half because you see when T is a half
+this thing will be zero and the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be zero and the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be zero and the function
+will be starting and when T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be starting and when T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be starting and when T is
+one this will be one and the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this will be one and the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this will be one and the function
+will be ending so so yeah so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ending so so yeah so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ending so so yeah so that this
+this dotted guy here is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotted guy here is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotted guy here is is this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+yeah so it comes out right yeah yes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it comes out right yeah yes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it comes out right yeah yes just
+combinations uh well well okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations uh well well okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations uh well well okay that's a
+fine point or a finite Point uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine point or a finite Point uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine point or a finite Point uh yes
+um maybe I should allow infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations but but but keep them keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations but but but keep them keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations but but but keep them keep
+them with finite energy so the so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with finite energy so the so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with finite energy so the so they
+tail off at Infinity it's uh yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail off at Infinity it's uh yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail off at Infinity it's uh yeah it's
+uh of course our in our focus is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course our in our focus is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course our in our focus is sort of
+on a function on a finite interval but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a function on a finite interval but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a function on a finite interval but
+if we want to be in these spaces and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to be in these spaces and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to be in these spaces and get
+all these functions on the whole line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these functions on the whole line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these functions on the whole line
+then probably I better let Let There Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably I better let Let There Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably I better let Let There Be
+infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many
+combinations infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations infinitely
+many uh terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh terms in the
+combination was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes ah you have hit on the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah you have hit on the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah you have hit on the central
+question that's it that's the key but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's it that's the key but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's it that's the key but so
+the the this looked a little innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this looked a little innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this looked a little innocent
+here this saying v0 should be contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this saying v0 should be contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this saying v0 should be contained
+in V1 but it it was it's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V1 but it it was it's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V1 but it it was it's the key to
+everything because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because it means
+that this first guy in particular fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this first guy in particular fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this first guy in particular fft
+which is our like Champion member of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our like Champion member of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our like Champion member of V
+Zer because all the others are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer because all the others are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer because all the others are just
+shifts of it this first guy is also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts of it this first guy is also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts of it this first guy is also in
+V1 but the whole Space is so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 but the whole Space is so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 but the whole Space is so in
+particular are are are in person is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular are are are in person is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular are are are in person is f of
+T is is in V1 and now if it's in V1 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is is in V1 and now if it's in V1 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is is in V1 and now if it's in V1 it
+means it's supposed to be a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's supposed to be a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's supposed to be a combination
+of these guys so that's the key so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys so that's the key so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys so that's the key so that
+v0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 leads to it leads immediately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 leads to it leads immediately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 leads to it leads immediately to the
+fact that F of T is supposed to be in V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that F of T is supposed to be in V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that F of T is supposed to be in V1
+and what's in V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's in V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's in V1
+combinations with some coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations with some coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations with some coefficients and
+I'm going to call them h of K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call them h of K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call them h of K of the
+basis functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that
+that I'm I'm uh jumping the gun you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm uh jumping the gun you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm uh jumping the gun you
+could say or leading the witness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say or leading the witness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say or leading the witness or
+whatever by uh using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever by uh using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever by uh using the
+uh notation H for the coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notation H for the coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notation H for the coefficients in
+fact I'll you going go even further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'll you going go even further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'll you going go even further and
+call them H Zer of K so you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them H Zer of K so you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them H Zer of K so you have no
+doubt that what those so the There's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that what those so the There's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that what those so the There's the
+link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this setup of a bunch of spaces with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup of a bunch of spaces with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup of a bunch of spaces with a
+basis and the previous discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and the previous discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and the previous discussion of
+filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+particularly H zeros so the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly H zeros so the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly H zeros so the so the
+answer was definitely yes that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was definitely yes that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was definitely yes that in this
+this is you could say the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you could say the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you could say the classical
+wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+2000 2001 in the new century there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2001 in the new century there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 2001 in the new century there's
+like you might try to you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might try to you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might try to you might find
+this somewhat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somewhat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somewhat uh
+restrictive and you might be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive and you might be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive and you might be trying to
+create wavelets on spheres because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create wavelets on spheres because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create wavelets on spheres because you
+wanted to represent the GE potential as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to represent the GE potential as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to represent the GE potential as
+a combination of wavelets or wavelets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of wavelets or wavelets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of wavelets or wavelets on
+surfaces because you work for Pixar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces because you work for Pixar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces because you work for Pixar and
+they're modeling uh say in Toy Story or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're modeling uh say in Toy Story or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're modeling uh say in Toy Story or
+other uh I mean that's become a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh I mean that's become a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh I mean that's become a big
+application now of computerated geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application now of computerated geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application now of computerated geometry
+and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh
+uh on and surfaces are involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on and surfaces are involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on and surfaces are involved but
+that's like second generation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like second generation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like second generation this is
+the place to to start and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to to start and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to to start and this is the
+equation to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to start
+with this uh it says that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh it says that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh it says that the function
+our function f of T is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function f of T is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function f of T is a combination of
+f of 2T minus K and of course you saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 2T minus K and of course you saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 2T minus K and of course you saw it
+happen here and the coefficients were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here and the coefficients were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here and the coefficients were
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+one the coefficients were since the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the coefficients were since the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the coefficients were since the full
+box is OB which is somewhere here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is OB which is somewhere here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is OB which is somewhere here is
+obviously one of this half box box plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of this half box box plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of this half box box plus
+one of this half box so the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this half box so the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this half box so the coefficients
+are one and one in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and one in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and one in that particular
+example of course that's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of course that's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of course that's the easiest
+example so th this Fe of 2T then Fe of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so th this Fe of 2T then Fe of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so th this Fe of 2T then Fe of t
+i don't I can erase it and and and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't I can erase it and and and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't I can erase it and and and put
+the equation because we remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation because we remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation because we remember it's
+the Box F of T is then F of 2T plus v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box F of T is then F of 2T plus v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box F of T is then F of 2T plus v of
+2T minus one in that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T minus one in that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T minus one in that example
+our example so the coefficients would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example so the coefficients would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example so the coefficients would be
+one and one oh and if we wanted to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one oh and if we wanted to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one oh and if we wanted to stick
+to our earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our earlier
+convention that the coefficients add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the coefficients add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the coefficients add up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one well one and one add up to two so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well one and one add up to two so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well one and one add up to two so we
+re we I'll I left space here to insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re we I'll I left space here to insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re we I'll I left space here to insert a
+two so that I could stay with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that I could stay with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that I could stay with my
+convention that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the
+coefficients uh low pass coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh low pass coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh low pass coefficients
+add to one that's convention and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to one that's convention and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to one that's convention and not
+everybody does that okay so the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that okay so the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that okay so the beauty
+is the beauty is that if if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the beauty is that if if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the beauty is that if if we have a
+function with which solves this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with which solves this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with which solves this equation
+with some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some numbers
+h0 that's that would be called This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 that's that would be called This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 that's that would be called This is
+often called the refinement equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the refinement equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the refinement equation
+this is the ref refinement equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ref refinement equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ref refinement equation or
+the book calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book calls it
+the dilation equation so both words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dilation equation so both words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dilation equation so both words
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+use and that function so most functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and that function so most functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and that function so most functions
+won't satisfy such an equation most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't satisfy such an equation most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't satisfy such an equation most
+functions have fight well oh I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have fight well oh I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have fight well oh I I think I
+left last time with the question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left last time with the question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left last time with the question of the
+Hat function does it solve such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function does it solve such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function does it solve such an
+equation and I think I probably implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I think I probably implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I think I probably implied
+with uh my uh the way I said it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh my uh the way I said it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh my uh the way I said it that it
+did so let's get that example up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so let's get that example up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so let's get that example up there
+up here two the second case would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here two the second case would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here two the second case would be the
+Hat function which is on an interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function which is on an interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat function which is on an interval of
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+two which suggests that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which suggests that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which suggests that I'm going to
+need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three
+coefficients you'll see that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you'll see that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you'll see that uh the
+number of coefficients is matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coefficients is matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coefficients is matches the
+number of uh Z of numbers zero one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh Z of numbers zero one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh Z of numbers zero one and
+two so three coefficients and I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so three coefficients and I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so three coefficients and I think I
+asked what they were how could I express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what they were how could I express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what they were how could I express
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+hat let me blacken it let me yellow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat let me blacken it let me yellow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat let me blacken it let me yellow it
+in how could I express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how could I express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how could I express this
+hat as a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat as a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat as a combination
+of how much of of of of a half of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much of of of of a half of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much of of of of a half of a
+hat half of a hat shifted and half of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat half of a hat shifted and half of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat half of a hat shifted and half of a
+hat shifted once more do do you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat shifted once more do do you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat shifted once more do do you see what
+that I could get out of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could get out of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could get out of those three
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+hats by combining them with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats by combining them with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats by combining them with the right
+coefficients I could get the big hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I could get the big hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I could get the big hat
+what would be the coefficients then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the coefficients then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the coefficients then so
+for this one this is then the Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this is then the Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this is then the Hat
+example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the
+Hat F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat F of
+T is what combination of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is what combination of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is what combination of small
+hats one two one one two one is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats one two one one two one is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats one two one one two one is exactly
+right one of this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy two of the second guy which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy two of the second guy which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy two of the second guy which will
+reach up that far and then one of the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach up that far and then one of the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach up that far and then one of the 3
+right and so if I wanted to take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if I wanted to take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if I wanted to take the two
+out so so so I have Fe of 2T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so so so I have Fe of 2T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so so so I have Fe of 2T the
+Hat two Fe of 2 T minus one the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat two Fe of 2 T minus one the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat two Fe of 2 T minus one the middle
+hat and Fe of 2T minus 2 the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and Fe of 2T minus 2 the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and Fe of 2T minus 2 the right hand
+half those coefficients add to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half those coefficients add to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half those coefficients add to four
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've I've got that factor two out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've got that factor two out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've got that factor two out there
+so my coefficient so my H KN what's my H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my coefficient so my H KN what's my H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my coefficient so my H KN what's my H
+KN of K then for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of K then for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of K then for this
+one well it's supposed to add to one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well it's supposed to add to one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well it's supposed to add to one I
+guess I can figure it out it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I can figure it out it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I can figure it out it has to be
+one quarter one half one one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter one half one one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter one half one one quarter
+right to be to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be to be
+uh so what am I doing am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what am I doing am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what am I doing am I doing
+something dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dumb
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+no okay May oh this this it was one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay May oh this this it was one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay May oh this this it was one to
+one in proportion but this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in proportion but this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in proportion but this this was
+really I only want the what I drew there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I only want the what I drew there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I only want the what I drew there
+only had height one2 so I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had height one2 so I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had height one2 so I should have
+had a 1 half there and a one2 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 1 half there and a one2 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a 1 half there and a one2 there
+that's the that's the thing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the thing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the thing that's the
+thing and then when I take the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then when I take the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then when I take the factor
+two away I'm I'm down to one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two away I'm I'm down to one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two away I'm I'm down to one quarter
+one2 one quart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay but the main point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the main point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the main point is
+this that I could consider this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I could consider this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I could consider this equation
+for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other
+coefficients and for those I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and for those I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and for those I'm not going
+to have any Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solution if I take these coefficients H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution if I take these coefficients H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution if I take these coefficients H
+KN of K some other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of K some other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of K some other set of
+numbers I'm not going to have a a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm not going to have a a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm not going to have a a simple
+picture and in fact I may not even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and in fact I may not even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and in fact I may not even have
+a solution at all so really the this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution at all so really the this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution at all so really the this has
+become the most important equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the most important equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the most important equation in
+wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+theory is there a solution so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is there a solution so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is there a solution so let me
+just put put is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution at all maybe I'll put at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at all maybe I'll put at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at all maybe I'll put at
+all that that would be a first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that that would be a first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that that would be a first question
+not not an easy question then would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not an easy question then would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not an easy question then would come
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh
+well formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it how smooth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it how many now I have to mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how many now I have to mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how many now I have to mention a
+topic that's of of importance uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's of of importance uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's of of importance uh how
+many which pols can it reproduce it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many which pols can it reproduce it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many which pols can it reproduce it's
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+approximation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power that's
+and I have to explain what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to explain what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to explain what that is
+questions that I want to know about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I want to know about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I want to know about my
+function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+my and my space that comes from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and my space that comes from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and my space that comes from that
+function so these are the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so these are the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so these are the questions
+these are the questions is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the questions is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the questions is there a
+solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at
+all what's the what is it how smooth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what's the what is it how smooth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what's the what is it how smooth is
+it how what good is it that's really and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how what good is it that's really and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how what good is it that's really and
+all answers have to come from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all answers have to come from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all answers have to come from these
+numbers because that's they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because that's they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because that's they all
+answers in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in terms
+of H not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K that's that's where we are that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's that's where we are that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's that's where we are that's the
+that's the posing the problem of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the posing the problem of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the posing the problem of uh the
+analysis problem of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem of for
+wavelets well I haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets well I haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets well I haven't actually
+mentioned the word wavelet so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the word wavelet so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the word wavelet so I'll
+mention that in in now in a moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in in now in a moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in in now in a moment um
+but just to repeat that this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to repeat that this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to repeat that this equation
+has constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant
+coefficients it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's
+linear but it's got two time scales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but it's got two time scales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but it's got two time scales and
+that makes it so different from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so different from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so different from other
+equations that it didn't get studied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that it didn't get studied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that it didn't get studied for
+years for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for
+centuries amazing yes could there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries amazing yes could there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries amazing yes could there be
+more than could there be more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than could there be more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than could there be more than one
+solution right uniqueness right another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right uniqueness right another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right uniqueness right another
+question it turns out that question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it turns out that question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it turns out that question well
+certainly if Fe is a solution so is 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if Fe is a solution so is 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if Fe is a solution so is 25
+times V because just we have that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V because just we have that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V because just we have that we
+have that so we would have to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so we would have to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so we would have to normalize
+it by they say the integral of Fe should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by they say the integral of Fe should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by they say the integral of Fe should
+be one that's the usual normalization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that's the usual normalization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that's the usual normalization so
+we'll normalize by the integral of Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll normalize by the integral of Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll normalize by the integral of Fe
+DT equal one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equal one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equal one for
+convention and then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and then it is
+unique effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique effectively
+unique and we'll have a formula for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and we'll have a formula for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and we'll have a formula for it
+so in a way that's or like our one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way that's or like our one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way that's or like our one way
+to prove uniqueness is to get a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove uniqueness is to get a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove uniqueness is to get a formula
+for it it won't be the most explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it won't be the most explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it won't be the most explicit
+simple formula in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula in the
+world and in fact it won't be a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and in fact it won't be a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and in fact it won't be a formula
+that we would actually use to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would actually use to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would actually use to find the
+values of f of T probably we would and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of f of T probably we would and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of f of T probably we would and
+it won't be a formula that we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be a formula that we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be a formula that we'll find
+very convenient to answer these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to answer these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to answer these other
+questions but it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but it will be a
+formula for the for the solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the for the solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the for the solution so
+that's like One Direction is to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like One Direction is to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like One Direction is to find a
+formula so here are some of the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so here are some of the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so here are some of the answers
+here are some of the answers solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some of the answers solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some of the answers solution at
+all and the answer is is not always not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the answer is is not always not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the answer is is not always not
+by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and the
+formula well we'll actually the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula well we'll actually the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula well we'll actually the formula
+will be for the 48 transform of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be for the 48 transform of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be for the 48 transform of the of
+the of of of fee we're we're if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of of fee we're we're if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of of fee we're we're if we go
+into 48 transform space we got a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 48 transform space we got a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 48 transform space we got a better
+shot at this equation if we go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at this equation if we go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at this equation if we go into
+frequency into the frequency domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency into the frequency domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency into the frequency domain and
+it turns out to be an infinite product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be an infinite product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be an infinite product
+so you can see why that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see why that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see why that's not the
+world's most convenient form to get a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most convenient form to get a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most convenient form to get a to
+get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+function Sol I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Sol I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Sol I mean
+I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember I that's right I remember okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I that's right I remember okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I that's right I remember okay
+now so the input is now the hes you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the input is now the hes you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the input is now the hes you give
+me some hes that add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some hes that add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some hes that add to
+one I say okay those hes add to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I say okay those hes add to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I say okay those hes add to one
+that's a low pass filter it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a low pass filter it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a low pass filter it's got a
+chance is there a solution with your hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance is there a solution with your hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance is there a solution with your hes
+now why don't we just do a example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so um and I'll finish later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so um and I'll finish later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so um and I'll finish later this
+uh that that solution but to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that solution but to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that solution but to come back
+to your so this is the fun question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your so this is the fun question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your so this is the fun question in
+the subject you give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject you give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject you give me some
+hes and how do we decide if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes and how do we decide if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes and how do we decide if there is a
+solution at all I mean a solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at all I mean a solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at all I mean a solution that's
+anywhere decent like a solution that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere decent like a solution that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere decent like a solution that has
+finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy
+how oh let me tell you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how oh let me tell you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how oh let me tell you one
+case so I'll I'll Now erase the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I'll I'll Now erase the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I'll I'll Now erase the outline
+and because we're well into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're well into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're well into the
+lecture except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture except
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm uh well most fees there won't be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh well most fees there won't be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh well most fees there won't be an
+H because most function if you just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H because most function if you just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H because most function if you just give
+me a function fee if you happen to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a function fee if you happen to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a function fee if you happen to give
+me the hat function I smile because boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the hat function I smile because boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the hat function I smile because boy
+I know the H but if you give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the H but if you give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the H but if you give me some
+other function or even the Hat function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function or even the Hat function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function or even the Hat function
+on some you know lopsided hat function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some you know lopsided hat function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some you know lopsided hat function
+or practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or practically
+anything uh there wouldn't be an H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh there wouldn't be an H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh there wouldn't be an H so
+really it's more this it usually goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's more this it usually goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's more this it usually goes in
+this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order
+well I mean it's it's like and but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean it's it's like and but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean it's it's like and but we
+want to know the answers to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the answers to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the answers to these
+questions we want to know here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we want to know here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we want to know here's what we
+ultimately want to know what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately want to know what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately want to know what what is a
+good H what's a good filter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good H what's a good filter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good H what's a good filter to
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+and we would like it to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like it to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like it to be symmetric
+that would be a good property to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good property to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good property to
+have we would like it to produce a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we would like it to produce a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we would like it to produce a nice
+solution in fact we would like it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact we would like it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact we would like it to
+produce a smooth reasonably smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a smooth reasonably smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a smooth reasonably smooth
+solution we would like that solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we would like that solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we would like that solution to
+be useful be to have this approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful be to have this approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful be to have this approximating
+power because what do we plan to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because what do we plan to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because what do we plan to do with
+the with the function we we hope that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the function we we hope that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the function we we hope that so
+here's what we hope we hope that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we hope we hope that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we hope we hope that this
+space v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space v0
+captures quite successfully our signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures quite successfully our signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures quite successfully our signal
+we're in continuous time now so captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in continuous time now so captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in continuous time now so captures
+a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical
+signal of course if it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of course if it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of course if it's a really
+difficult signal to capture then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult signal to capture then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult signal to capture then it's
+we're going to need more of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need more of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need more of the details
+but what we hope is that we hope we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we hope is that we hope we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we hope is that we hope we we
+hope to choose 80 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to choose 80 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to choose 80 so that
+so that our we can say it in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that our we can say it in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that our we can say it in many ways
+in continuous time I could say I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time I could say I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time I could say I hope to
+choose h0 so that these give a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose h0 so that these give a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose h0 so that these give a really
+good approximation to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to my
+signal they might be try to match my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal they might be try to match my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal they might be try to match my
+signal well actually you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal well actually you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal well actually you're you're
+specifying the H the function fee raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the H the function fee raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the H the function fee raises
+the tricky question that's really never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky question that's really never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky question that's really never
+got resolved suppose we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got resolved suppose we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got resolved suppose we wanted to
+suppose our the signal we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose our the signal we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose our the signal we're looking for
+for is like a tank or something shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is like a tank or something shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is like a tank or something shape of
+a tank okay so you might say well match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tank okay so you might say well match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tank okay so you might say well match
+that choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choose
+fee to look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee to look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee to look like a
+tank and then uh it'll be then by you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and then uh it'll be then by you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and then uh it'll be then by you by
+using these functions as as our basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these functions as as our basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these functions as as our basis
+we'll we'll we'll capture a tank if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll capture a tank if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll capture a tank if it's
+there but the the shape of a tank I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the the shape of a tank I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the the shape of a tank I I
+have no idea what hes would give such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what hes would give such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what hes would give such a
+thing so somehow that direction hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so somehow that direction hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so somehow that direction hasn't
+been very fruitful we we more likely ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very fruitful we we more likely ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very fruitful we we more likely ask
+what hes give good approximation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hes give good approximation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hes give good approximation to a
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+shapes good approximation to reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes good approximation to reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes good approximation to reasonable
+shapes and then fine we say great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and then fine we say great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and then fine we say great
+so these are all great good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all great good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all great good questions
+I'm I'm happy to have more yeah Bob some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm happy to have more yeah Bob some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm happy to have more yeah Bob some
+reason why has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beite these H's or the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beite these H's or the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beite these H's or the function
+fe uh let's see well first of all if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe uh let's see well first of all if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe uh let's see well first of all if the
+hes are finite the Fe will automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes are finite the Fe will automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes are finite the Fe will automatically
+be finite in fact the length is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite in fact the length is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite in fact the length is just
+matches if I've got three hes as I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches if I've got three hes as I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches if I've got three hes as I did
+in this example the the uh fee will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example the the uh fee will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example the the uh fee will go
+from zero to two and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to two and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to two and that's kind of
+first surprise about the solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surprise about the solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surprise about the solutions to
+this equation that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that they
+do have finite length and then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have finite length and then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have finite length and then become
+zero mean the solutions of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean the solutions of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean the solutions of differential
+equations you know they go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you know they go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you know they go up
+exponentially or they Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially or they Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially or they Decay
+exponentially but they don't cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially but they don't cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially but they don't cut off
+that's uh that's only possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's only possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's only possible because
+we have these two scales in here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two scales in here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two scales in here so that
+uh somehow so depending on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow so depending on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow so depending on the number of
+terms so K will go from zero to n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so K will go from zero to n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so K will go from zero to n then
+our function will also go from zero to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function will also go from zero to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function will also go from zero to n
+that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+neat so um I I guess then the answer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so um I I guess then the answer do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so um I I guess then the answer do
+we don't have to stay with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to stay with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to stay with finite
+length I mean but that cost the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I mean but that cost the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I mean but that cost the finite
+length functions corresponds to finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length functions corresponds to finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length functions corresponds to finite
+length filters and and is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length filters and and is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length filters and and is sort of the
+natural starting place oh but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural starting place oh but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural starting place oh but then I
+have you know papers keep coming in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know papers keep coming in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know papers keep coming in of
+constructions that break out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that break out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that break out of this
+mold and say well let's use infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold and say well let's use infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold and say well let's use infinite
+length filters and get get have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length filters and get get have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length filters and get get have more
+freedom in the function yeah it's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in the function yeah it's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in the function yeah it's uh uh
+let me just mention one other example oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention one other example oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention one other example oh
+I was going to mention two two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to mention two two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to mention two two or three
+other examples okay here here's a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples okay here here's a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples okay here here's a neat
+here's a challenge suppose I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a challenge suppose I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a challenge suppose I look at
+this particular dilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation that's just the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's just the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's just the that
+one okay what's the filter that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what's the filter that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what's the filter that goes
+with it what's the H knot the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it what's the H knot the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it what's the H knot the what are
+the coefficients that you're seeing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that you're seeing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that you're seeing on
+the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side
+there well there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well there's only one
+coefficient and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and it's
+one right and then that factor two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then that factor two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then that factor two is
+the two that I okay so there is a a lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that I okay so there is a a lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that I okay so there is a a lazy
+that's called The Lazy filter it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called The Lazy filter it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called The Lazy filter it doesn't
+do anything at all it just uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity right if I if I The Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right if I if I The Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right if I if I The Matrix is
+the Matrix of ones on the diagonal if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of ones on the diagonal if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of ones on the diagonal if I
+do the convolution nothing happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the convolution nothing happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the convolution nothing happens now
+tell me what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's
+the scaling function that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling function that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling function that's the right
+name for f of T is scaling function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for f of T is scaling function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for f of T is scaling function I
+don't think I've written that down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've written that down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've written that down here
+let me these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me these are
+scaling not not especially brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling not not especially brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling not not especially brilliant
+name but anyway right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but anyway right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but anyway right
+name uh anybody know what function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh anybody know what function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh anybody know what function
+solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves
+that a Delta equation does yeah a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Delta equation does yeah a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Delta equation does yeah a Delta
+equation does which I was like news to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does which I was like news to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does which I was like news to
+me so F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so F of
+T is Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is Delta of
+T that's that's kind of fun I I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's that's kind of fun I I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's that's kind of fun I I never
+really thought about Delta of 2T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought about Delta of 2T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought about Delta of 2T or
+something and and maybe we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and maybe we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and maybe we should think
+about this a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a minute
+um oh why why whoever said Delta of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh why why whoever said Delta of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh why why whoever said Delta of T
+why how did well I won't ask how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how did well I won't ask how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how did well I won't ask how you
+came up with it but let's just see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it but let's just see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it but let's just see that
+it's true how do you how do you so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true how do you how do you so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true how do you how do you so we're
+claiming that we're claiming that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that we're claiming that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that we're claiming that Delta
+of 2 Delta of T is two Delta of 2T and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 Delta of T is two Delta of 2T and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 Delta of T is two Delta of 2T and I
+would like to know what the heck does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know what the heck does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know what the heck does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mean it's certainly clear that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's certainly clear that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's certainly clear that both
+sides are zero away from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are zero away from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are zero away from the origin
+clear totally clear and it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear totally clear and it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear totally clear and it's clear that
+they both blow up at the origin somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both blow up at the origin somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both blow up at the origin somehow
+whatever the Delta thing means but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the Delta thing means but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the Delta thing means but what
+does how could what does it mean why how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how could what does it mean why how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how could what does it mean why how
+do I know there's a factor two in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know there's a factor two in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know there's a factor two in there
+and what's what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's what's going
+on I could take limits yes it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I could take limits yes it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I could take limits yes it has the
+same area that's true yeah that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area that's true yeah that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area that's true yeah that's that's
+maybe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the
+the the key Insight that if I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key Insight that if I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key Insight that if I integrate
+if I everybody knows that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I everybody knows that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I everybody knows that the integral
+of the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Delta function
+is one and then now suppose I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and then now suppose I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and then now suppose I integrate
+to Delta 2T do I really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta 2T do I really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta 2T do I really get
+one out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of that
+integral change variables right let new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral change variables right let new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral change variables right let new
+variable let U be 2T so U is 2T and du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable let U be 2T so U is 2T and du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable let U be 2T so U is 2T and du
+is 2dt you see how that two paid off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2dt you see how that two paid off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2dt you see how that two paid off
+okay and that's one so the areas are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's one so the areas are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's one so the areas are the
+same so that's sort of why that Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so that's sort of why that Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so that's sort of why that Factor
+two is in there and more generally since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is in there and more generally since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is in there and more generally since
+I'm into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm into this
+qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu
+somewhat um direct question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat um direct question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat um direct question here
+um so the areas match of the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the areas match of the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the areas match of the two sides
+but the the full match would be to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the full match would be to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the full match would be to check
+that that the only way you really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the only way you really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the only way you really know
+what a Delta function is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Delta function is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Delta function is because it
+isn't really a function is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a function is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a function is that you know
+what it does to a smooth smooth function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does to a smooth smooth function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does to a smooth smooth function
+and what does it do to a smooth function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it do to a smooth function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it do to a smooth function
+if you if you take a smooth function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you take a smooth function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you take a smooth function and
+you multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by
+this direct and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct and you
+integrate this is really the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this is really the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this is really the definition
+of the direct and you get what F of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direct and you get what F of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direct and you get what F of zero
+right okay so that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's really the
+definition I I shouldn't but I will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I I shouldn't but I will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I I shouldn't but I will put
+that okay now so that if this is all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now so that if this is all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now so that if this is all is
+same then we should check that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then we should check that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then we should check that it gives
+the same definition so I I should take F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same definition so I I should take F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same definition so I I should take F
+of T and multiply by this strange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and multiply by this strange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and multiply by this strange thing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+integrate and now do I really get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and now do I really get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and now do I really get the
+same F of zero because then I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same F of zero because then I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same F of zero because then I would say
+sure they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they are the
+same um why do I get well what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um why do I get well what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um why do I get well what am I
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+here same CH change of variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same CH change of variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same CH change of variables right
+let 2 t v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let 2 t v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let 2 t v
+u 2dt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 2dt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 2dt is
+Du and of course T is U over 2 so looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du and of course T is U over 2 so looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du and of course T is U over 2 so looks
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+different but it's now I'm taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it's now I'm taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it's now I'm taking this
+function I'm multiplying by Delta I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm multiplying by Delta I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm multiplying by Delta I'm
+integrating and what do I get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and what do I get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and what do I get out of
+that I again get this I get the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I again get this I get the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I again get this I get the value of
+this thing at U equals z which is f of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at U equals z which is f of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at U equals z which is f of Z
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+deal so the two sides gave me the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so the two sides gave me the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so the two sides gave me the right
+thing okay well so there is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay well so there is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay well so there is I have
+successfully solved one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully solved one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully solved one more
+um refinement equation one more very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refinement equation one more very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refinement equation one more very
+very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special
+case uh so we tackle another one let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh so we tackle another one let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh so we tackle another one let me
+let me uh tackle one more that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh tackle one more that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh tackle one more that I know
+the answer to so I'll I'll erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to so I'll I'll erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to so I'll I'll erase this
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+Delta I'm going to write up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'm going to write up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'm going to write up a new
+special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um yeah my my coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um yeah my my coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um yeah my my coefficients are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 14
+641 all over 16 to add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+641 all over 16 to add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+641 all over 16 to add up to
+one so my I don't have Delta anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so my I don't have Delta anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so my I don't have Delta anymore
+it's V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's V of
+T so I I'm okay if I erase this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I I'm okay if I erase this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I I'm okay if I erase this this
+example and make space for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right this is the next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right this is the next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right this is the next example
+so the coefficient are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coefficient are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coefficient are
+14641 which is really it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14641 which is really it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14641 which is really it's the
+convolution of one 2 one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself well one 121 over four I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well one 121 over four I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well one 121 over four I guess it
+was the convolution of 121 with 121
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the convolution of 121 with 121
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the convolution of 121 with 121
+would be 14641 H how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 14641 H how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 14641 H how do I know
+that well I'm multiplying pols with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'm multiplying pols with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'm multiplying pols with
+coefficient one two one squaring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one two one squaring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one two one squaring it
+because this one has the same one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one has the same one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one has the same one two
+one and then you know if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you know if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you know if I remember
+those binomial numbers or Pascal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those binomial numbers or Pascal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those binomial numbers or Pascal's
+triangle or something I'm seeing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or something I'm seeing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or something I'm seeing those
+numbers so F of T then it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so F of T then it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so F of T then it turns out that
+if I look at the equations it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the equations it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the equations it would be
+the convolution of the Hat with the hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution of the Hat with the hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution of the Hat with the hat
+if I'm if I know the solution for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm if I know the solution for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm if I know the solution for that
+and the solution for that then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution for that then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution for that then if I
+convolve the coefficients you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve the coefficients you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve the coefficients you could just
+check that that I convolve the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that I convolve the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that I convolve the solution
+so what is the Hat convolve with a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Hat convolve with a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Hat convolve with a hat
+first of all tell me how far it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stretches how far does the hat convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches how far does the hat convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches how far does the hat convolved
+with a hat stretch remember the Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hat stretch remember the Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hat stretch remember the Hat
+we've already got up here it stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got up here it stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got up here it stretches
+from zero to two now where will hat if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to two now where will hat if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to two now where will hat if I
+involve that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve that with
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+uh it'll go to four right it'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll go to four right it'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll go to four right it'll go to
+four 0 1 2 three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 0 1 2 three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 0 1 2 three and
+four and any idea what what it will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and any idea what what it will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and any idea what what it will look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+now let me just say that's doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me just say that's doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me just say that's doing a
+convolution in your head is not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in your head is not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in your head is not a lot of
+fun especially when the function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun especially when the function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun especially when the function has
+different parts and you would have to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts and you would have to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts and you would have to in
+the in in the convolution integral you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the convolution integral you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the convolution integral you'd
+have to you'd have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you'd have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you'd have to keep track of
+which part you were in and actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part you were in and actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part you were in and actually it's
+going to produce four different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce four different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce four different parts
+here well let me say what it is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let me say what it is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let me say what it is it's the
+cubic spline it's the cubic spline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic spline it's the cubic spline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic spline it's the cubic spline but
+why we you would have think for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we you would have think for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we you would have think for a bit
+but it's the spline go then it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the spline go then it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the spline go then it changes
+to some other cubic then it changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other cubic then it changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other cubic then it changes to
+some other cubic and then changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cubic and then changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cubic and then changes to
+some other cubic and uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cubic and uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cubic and uh and it's
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+zero and if this fact that it has finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if this fact that it has finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if this fact that it has finite
+length is pretty neat uh again yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is pretty neat uh again yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is pretty neat uh again yeah so
+that's a very important function and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important function and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important function and of
+course was discussed long before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was discussed long before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was discussed long before the
+word wavelet ever got thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word wavelet ever got thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word wavelet ever got thought of
+um and nobody paid any special attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and nobody paid any special attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and nobody paid any special attention
+or even probably noticed that it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even probably noticed that it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even probably noticed that it that
+that function solved one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function solved one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function solved one of these
+refinement equations with nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers but uh now of course we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but uh now of course we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but uh now of course we do
+notice that this we think hey yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this we think hey yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this we think hey yes the
+spline is a is a solution to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline is a is a solution to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline is a is a solution to this this
+equation with this with this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with this with this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with this with this very very
+special important lowth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special important lowth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special important lowth
+filter so there's another example so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so there's another example so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so there's another example so all
+the so there's a family of examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so there's a family of examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so there's a family of examples in
+other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+box hat quadratic spline cubic spline on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box hat quadratic spline cubic spline on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box hat quadratic spline cubic spline on
+up that uh we can do exactly and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that uh we can do exactly and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that uh we can do exactly and that is
+about the limit of Exact Solutions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the limit of Exact Solutions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the limit of Exact Solutions I
+know yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Les
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Les
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Les
+well I just waved my hand and said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just waved my hand and said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just waved my hand and said that
+would will work uh it I'd have to I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would will work uh it I'd have to I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would will work uh it I'd have to I'd
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+uh I'd have to I would have to erase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd have to I would have to erase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd have to I would have to erase and
+make space just to to do that but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make space just to to do that but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make space just to to do that but let me
+I leave that as an exercise this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave that as an exercise this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave that as an exercise this is a
+professor's uh privilege right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's uh privilege right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's uh privilege right so
+suppose I have one Lopez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have one Lopez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have one Lopez
+filter and and the function Fe of T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and and the function Fe of T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and and the function Fe of T that
+corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+and then just to make the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to make the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to make the exercise
+simple I'll keep the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'll keep the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I'll keep the same
+coefficients giving the same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients giving the same function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients giving the same function
+and then I'll ask what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll ask what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll ask what about the
+coefficients that come from convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that come from convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that come from convolution
+of this and my claim is that the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and my claim is that the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and my claim is that the result
+would come from convolution of the fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come from convolution of the fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come from convolution of the fee
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+itself so I I'm not answering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so I I'm not answering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so I I'm not answering your
+question I'm I'm asking it back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm I'm asking it back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm I'm asking it back to you
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the no symmetry isn't built into this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no symmetry isn't built into this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no symmetry isn't built into this at
+all uh oh it's built into these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh oh it's built into these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh oh it's built into these examples
+but uh I'm not making any assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm not making any assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm not making any assumption
+about symmetry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's right that's right and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's right that's right and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's right that's right and maybe I
+I'll give a a way you might tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give a a way you might tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give a a way you might tackle the
+proof first you could I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof first you could I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof first you could I'm pretty sure
+you could do the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the proof
+directly in the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in the time domain
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+probably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for
+convolution you're better off to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you're better off to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you're better off to get in
+the other domain right do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other domain right do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other domain right do it in
+frequency domain where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain where it's a
+multiplication so let let's just see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so let let's just see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so let let's just see how
+I would get into frequency domain yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get into frequency domain yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get into frequency domain yeah
+okay good thinking all right so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good thinking all right so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good thinking all right so I could
+finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this
+formula which would be the formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which would be the formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which would be the formula in
+the frequency domain okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain okay so let me
+finish it uh this is an infinite product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it uh this is an infinite product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it uh this is an infinite product
+well who needs infinite products but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who needs infinite products but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who needs infinite products but
+that's what it is of I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is of I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is of I'm in the
+frequency domain so you will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain so you will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain so you will not be
+surprised to see the function that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see the function that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see the function that we
+called Capital H of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Capital H of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Capital H of Omega
+appear right you remember what Capital H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear right you remember what Capital H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear right you remember what Capital H
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+was it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was the
+function in of Omega which had these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in of Omega which had these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in of Omega which had these as
+its coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coefficients
+so Capital H of Omega you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the
+coefficients times e to the minus J you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times e to the minus J you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times e to the minus J you
+see I'm I'm using J today J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm I'm using J today J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm I'm using J today J Omega
+K that that the the the the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that that the the the the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that that the the the the finite
+series it's just a polinomial because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's just a polinomial because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's just a polinomial because we
+assumed we're thinking here of firir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed we're thinking here of firir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed we're thinking here of firir
+filters you remember that h of Omega now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters you remember that h of Omega now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters you remember that h of Omega now
+h of Omega the the thing is when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of Omega the the thing is when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of Omega the the thing is when I take
+the when I go into the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when I go into the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when I go into the frequency domain
+I've got two frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two frequency
+scales if if the if the trans for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales if if the if the trans for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales if if the if the trans for a
+transform of this gives me fat of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this gives me fat of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this gives me fat of Omega
+the 4A transform of this will involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform of this will involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform of this will involve
+fat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of
+what anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anybody
+know it won't be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it won't be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it won't be two
+Omega because somehow it flips the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because somehow it flips the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because somehow it flips the other
+way around and it will be fat of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and it will be fat of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and it will be fat of Omega
+over two yeah yeah and we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two yeah yeah and we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two yeah yeah and we could we could
+patiently do that and of course the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently do that and of course the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently do that and of course the book
+does it and so Omega over two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and so Omega over two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and so Omega over two and then
+and then okay let me say it in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then okay let me say it in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then okay let me say it in words
+without writing it down but I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without writing it down but I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without writing it down but I'm willing
+to write it down when I take the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it down when I take the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it down when I take the 4A
+transform that oh I'll I'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that oh I'll I'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that oh I'll I'll write down
+yeah sure I'll write down what the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure I'll write down what the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure I'll write down what the 4A
+transform is of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is of that
+equation the for a transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the for a transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the for a transform of this
+equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+fantastic I'll put it in yellow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I'll put it in yellow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I'll put it in yellow to
+highlight it so I'm taking the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight it so I'm taking the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight it so I'm taking the 4A
+transform so I get Fe had of Omega on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I get Fe had of Omega on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I get Fe had of Omega on
+the left and what I get on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and what I get on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and what I get on the right
+which is is I'll just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is I'll just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is I'll just write down the
+neat answer it's h this very H at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat answer it's h this very H at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat answer it's h this very H at Omega
+over two fat of Omega over two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two fat of Omega over two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two fat of Omega over two and the
+factor two disappears also isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor two disappears also isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor two disappears also isn't that
+neat that in in the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain well this was a convolution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain well this was a convolution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain well this was a convolution right
+this was a this was really a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a this was really a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a this was really a convolution
+followed by a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a change of
+scale and of course in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and of course in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and of course in the frequency
+domain it becomes a multiplication with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it becomes a multiplication with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it becomes a multiplication with
+a change of scale change in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of scale change in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of scale change in the opposite
+direction if it was 2T there it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if it was 2T there it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if it was 2T there it'll be
+Omega over two here I I I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over two here I I I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over two here I I I I really
+recommend that that's now that here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that that's now that here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that that's now that here's a
+serious suggested exercise is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious suggested exercise is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious suggested exercise is to take
+the for it's just terrific practice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for it's just terrific practice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for it's just terrific practice to
+take the for transform of that and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the for transform of that and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the for transform of that and see
+that you get that so do you see that fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get that so do you see that fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get that so do you see that fat
+of Omega of Omega every time we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega of Omega every time we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega of Omega every time we then
+then then let's take one more step this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then let's take one more step this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then let's take one more step this
+would be h of Omega over two now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be h of Omega over two now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be h of Omega over two now what
+could I substitute for fat of Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two using the
+same just recursively it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same just recursively it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same just recursively it would
+be h of Omega over 4 time V hat of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be h of Omega over 4 time V hat of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be h of Omega over 4 time V hat of Omega
+over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let me pause a second because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me pause a second because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me pause a second because it's
+is so neat that that works so nice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so neat that that works so nice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so neat that that works so nice in
+the frequency domain but there that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain but there that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain but there that it's
+nice but it's not like self-evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but it's not like self-evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but it's not like self-evident
+because there's still this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's still this change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's still this change of
+scale and then of course I carry on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and then of course I carry on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and then of course I carry on and
+then I get an H of Omega over 2 * h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get an H of Omega over 2 * h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get an H of Omega over 2 * h of
+Omega 4 * h of Omega over 8 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 4 * h of Omega over 8 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 4 * h of Omega over 8 and you can
+see that in the limit I'm getting this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in the limit I'm getting this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in the limit I'm getting this h
+of Omega over 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega over 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega over 2 to the
+J that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula oh what happened to this guy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula oh what happened to this guy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula oh what happened to this guy at
+the tail end okay it it was yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail end okay it it was yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail end okay it it was yeah good
+question so it became it it goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so it became it it goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so it became it it goes away
+some it goes to one why does it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it goes to one why does it go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it goes to one why does it go to
+one yeah so there should be a fee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah so there should be a fee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah so there should be a fee of
+Omega over so I'm claiming that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over so I'm claiming that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over so I'm claiming that this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy it no it goes to Fe hat at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it no it goes to Fe hat at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it no it goes to Fe hat at zero
+right because I keep dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I keep dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I keep dividing by
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+every this this is approaching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every this this is approaching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every this this is approaching that
+factor that's that's on the tail end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's that's on the tail end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's that's on the tail end so
+once I've got about 77 terms in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've got about 77 terms in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've got about 77 terms in that
+product I've got fee over 2 to the 77th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I've got fee over 2 to the 77th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I've got fee over 2 to the 77th
+and it's fee of Omega over 2 to the 77th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fee of Omega over 2 to the 77th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fee of Omega over 2 to the 77th
+so it's very near fee of Fe had of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very near fee of Fe had of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very near fee of Fe had of zero
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I don't think so but I don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't think so but I don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't think so but I don't don't
+know quite why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not yeah maybe it's because we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah maybe it's because we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah maybe it's because we're in the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain yeah it's it it Bears checking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see first of all why is fat of zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see first of all why is fat of zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see first of all why is fat of zero one
+because well that's the same as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well that's the same as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well that's the same as our
+little convention here that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little convention here that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little convention here that was that
+that that's we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's we had
+of that's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um so somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so somewhere in
+here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+see I I know it does approach one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I know it does approach one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I know it does approach one but
+uh um I don't know the right explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't know the right explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't know the right explanation
+to give here we're at fat so this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give here we're at fat so this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give here we're at fat so this is if
+I take J terms here then I have so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take J terms here then I have so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take J terms here then I have so I I
+have going along and stopping at two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have going along and stopping at two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have going along and stopping at two to
+the J eventually then this would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J eventually then this would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J eventually then this would be this
+would be fat of Omega for each Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fat of Omega for each Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fat of Omega for each Omega
+yeah for each Omega will this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for each Omega will this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for each Omega will this will
+approach fat of zero so maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach fat of zero so maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach fat of zero so maybe this is
+the point that this gives us an answer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that this gives us an answer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that this gives us an answer a
+good answer for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer for each
+Omega well a good answer in this we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well a good answer in this we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well a good answer in this we got
+an infinite product well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite product well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite product well that's not
+world's easiest answer answer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's easiest answer answer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's easiest answer answer and then
+if we wanted to ask the question what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to ask the question what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to ask the question what's
+fee you then I'd have an inverse for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee you then I'd have an inverse for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee you then I'd have an inverse for a
+transform still to do and uh be lucky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform still to do and uh be lucky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform still to do and uh be lucky to
+be able to do that so you you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that so you you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that so you you can see
+that it's extremely lucky to get a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's extremely lucky to get a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's extremely lucky to get a few
+to get to have an explicit solution not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to have an explicit solution not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to have an explicit solution not
+going to happen often and maybe what led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen often and maybe what led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen often and maybe what led
+us to the question is this form would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the question is this form would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the question is this form would
+give you a a a way to tackle my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a a a way to tackle my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a a a way to tackle my uh
+little convolution question you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little convolution question you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little convolution question you remember
+what what was the question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was the question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was the question that we
+started with that that if I had if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that that if I had if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that that if I had if I had
+the fee which solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee which solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee which solves this
+equation then now if I convolve H notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then now if I convolve H notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then now if I convolve H notot
+with itself and I look at that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and I look at that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and I look at that equation
+I'm claiming that the answer would be Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming that the answer would be Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming that the answer would be Fe
+involved with itself well we and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with itself well we and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with itself well we and why
+because in the trans in this domain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the trans in this domain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the trans in this domain in
+the in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the frequency
+domain when I convolve this with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when I convolve this with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when I convolve this with itself
+what would it do to Capital H it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it do to Capital H it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it do to Capital H it would
+multiply it by itself right so then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by itself right so then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by itself right so then that
+would be then then I'd have H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be then then I'd have H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be then then I'd have H squared
+and I'd have fat times fat so I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have fat times fat so I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have fat times fat so I'd have
+fat squared in the frequency domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat squared in the frequency domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat squared in the frequency domain and
+when I go back I'd have Fe convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go back I'd have Fe convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go back I'd have Fe convolved
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+itself it's uh it's it's the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's uh it's it's the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's uh it's it's the convolution
+rule that that's coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that's coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that that's coming up
+there but this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but this is a little bit
+tangential to the central well no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential to the central well no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential to the central well no it
+isn't really because the what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really because the what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really because the what we
+discover is we got an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is we got an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is we got an answer
+here at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at each
+Omega so why do I say the solution is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so why do I say the solution is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so why do I say the solution is in
+doubt why do I say not always when I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt why do I say not always when I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt why do I say not always when I've
+produced the answer and it does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced the answer and it does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced the answer and it does this
+product does converge at each for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product does converge at each for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product does converge at each for each
+Omega because the H is if this is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because the H is if this is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because the H is if this is a low
+pass filter so I really need to build in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter so I really need to build in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter so I really need to build in
+this fact that the sum of the H KN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that the sum of the H KN of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that the sum of the H KN of
+K's is one that's that's also part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's is one that's that's also part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's is one that's that's also part of my
+convention then this these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention then this these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention then this these things
+approach one and the and the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one and the and the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one and the and the product is
+converges but so can I ask again I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges but so can I ask again I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges but so can I ask again I got
+an answer why should I say there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer why should I say there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer why should I say there isn't
+always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+yeah that's right it I got an answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it I got an answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it I got an answer for
+each Omega but now if I want to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega but now if I want to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega but now if I want to go back
+and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the
+function well well by the way what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well well by the way what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well well by the way what was
+the answer when for the lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when for the lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when for the lazy
+filter what was fat of Omega for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter what was fat of Omega for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter what was fat of Omega for the
+what was Capital H for the lazy filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Capital H for the lazy filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Capital H for the lazy filter
+remember the lazy filter just had one Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lazy filter just had one Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the lazy filter just had one Co
+efficient which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient which was
+one it's a constant in fact it's one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a constant in fact it's one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a constant in fact it's one so
+I have a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a product of
+ones so I get the answer one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I get the answer one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I get the answer one which is
+exactly right right fat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right right fat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right right fat of
+Omega should be one when Fe is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega should be one when Fe is the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega should be one when Fe is the Delta
+function so that that very lazy case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that that very lazy case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that that very lazy case
+that's a lazy lazy um lecturer too uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lazy lazy um lecturer too uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lazy lazy um lecturer too uh to
+check that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that case
+okay um but no the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but no the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but no the main point
+is you give me a function of Omega here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give me a function of Omega here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give me a function of Omega here
+or we've discovered one but that's by no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we've discovered one but that's by no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we've discovered one but that's by no
+means sure that we can invert that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means sure that we can invert that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means sure that we can invert that and
+get anything decent as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything decent as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything decent as a function of
+T and what is the requirement or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what is the requirement or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what is the requirement or what
+would what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what
+would what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what would be
+a when would I know that yeah I yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when would I know that yeah I yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when would I know that yeah I yes I
+could invert and get a decent fee of T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could invert and get a decent fee of T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could invert and get a decent fee of T I
+mean what how would what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what how would what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what how would what kind of
+property of Fe hat tells me yes there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of Fe hat tells me yes there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of Fe hat tells me yes there is
+an inverse and um a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+um so if fat is identically one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if fat is identically one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if fat is identically one there
+isn't a decent function it's the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a decent function it's the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a decent function it's the Delta
+function if fat is a s a sync function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um a fee and what is it it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a fee and what is it it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a fee and what is it it's the
+Box what's what's up there yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box what's what's up there yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box what's what's up there yeah I mean
+why is a sync function fine I can invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a sync function fine I can invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a sync function fine I can invert
+that and get a box where the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get a box where the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get a box where the constant
+function if I invert that I get a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I invert that I get a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I invert that I get a Delta
+which is not not an okay function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not not an okay function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not not an okay function and
+then all sorts of in between I mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all sorts of in between I mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all sorts of in between I mean of
+course everything's in between so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course everything's in between so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course everything's in between so so let
+me ask that question again what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask that question again what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask that question again what sort of
+for transforms the nice fun the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transforms the nice fun the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transforms the nice fun the good
+functions have so that I say yes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have so that I say yes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have so that I say yes I can
+that comes from a good function and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from a good function and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from a good function and and
+and the and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and there is a
+solution well but those would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well but those would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well but those would be really
+good if F had of Omega is Ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limited as for this as as for the uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited as for this as as for the uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited as for this as as for the uh s
+the like the one that gives me back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the one that gives me back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the one that gives me back the
+Box function great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box function great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box function great
+otherwise sorry no what what is it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise sorry no what what is it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise sorry no what what is it I'm
+not saying the right thing am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I or or am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or or am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or or am
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes let me give my answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes let me give my answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes let me give my answer this
+function if it's if I'm going to be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it's if I'm going to be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it's if I'm going to be if
+it comes from a a good function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from a a good function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from a a good function it
+should decay it should tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should decay it should tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should decay it should tail
+off I mean it can wobble a while but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I mean it can wobble a while but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I mean it can wobble a while but I I
+would like it to tail off and and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it to tail off and and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it to tail off and and and of
+course the bad one is the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bad one is the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bad one is the constant
+function that doesn't tail off that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that doesn't tail off that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that doesn't tail off that that
+leads to Delta which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to Delta which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to Delta which is which
+is off the chart the uh the the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off the chart the uh the the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off the chart the uh the the band
+limited one not only decays but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited one not only decays but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited one not only decays but actually
+dies of course so that leads to um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies of course so that leads to um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies of course so that leads to um that
+leads to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to very
+good functions but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good functions but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good functions but uh
+gaussian what would the gaussian so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian what would the gaussian so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian what would the gaussian so what
+would the gaussian lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the gaussian lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the gaussian lead
+to gaussian right so exteme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gaussian right so exteme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gaussian right so exteme
+still still deser maybe if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still deser maybe if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still deser maybe if that's
+sensationally good and gaussian should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensationally good and gaussian should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensationally good and gaussian should
+qualify as very good and lots of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify as very good and lots of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify as very good and lots of others
+so others anyway you you see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so others anyway you you see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so others anyway you you see what I'm
+saying okay but my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay but my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay but my point is
+again we've got an answer for each Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've got an answer for each Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've got an answer for each Omega
+but we haven't got a very good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't got a very good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't got a very good way to
+tell do do those answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell do do those answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell do do those answers
+Decay as Omega gets large so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay as Omega gets large so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay as Omega gets large so that I can
+do the inverse transform and find a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the inverse transform and find a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the inverse transform and find a nice
+fee Let me Give an example where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee Let me Give an example where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee Let me Give an example where we
+won't have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a nice
+fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well no I it is the solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well no I it is the solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well no I it is the solution but
+it's I wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it wouldn't be in my it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it wouldn't be in my it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it wouldn't be in my it
+wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a
+legal it's not a function a solution I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal it's not a function a solution I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal it's not a function a solution I'm
+proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+right yes that's right that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes that's right that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes that's right that's right so
+the function the solutions that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function the solutions that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function the solutions that I can
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+with are and use I want their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are and use I want their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are and use I want their
+combinations you you you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you you you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you you you give me
+combinations of the Delta function well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the Delta function well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the Delta function well
+boy I want things like hat fun functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy I want things like hat fun functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy I want things like hat fun functions
+and splines and and and I'm willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and splines and and and I'm willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and splines and and and I'm willing to
+accept a few Wiggles but I don't want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a few Wiggles but I don't want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a few Wiggles but I don't want a
+Infinities yeah so that's so the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinities yeah so that's so the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinities yeah so that's so the Delta
+function would be a case that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be a case that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be a case that would be
+an example I would say there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I would say there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I would say there is no
+solution in my in my uh sort of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in my in my uh sort of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in my in my uh sort of standard
+finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy
+space well it's pretty hard to decide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it's pretty hard to decide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it's pretty hard to decide so
+what I guess what I'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I guess what I'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I guess what I'm trying to say is
+some hes give a solution in my finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hes give a solution in my finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hes give a solution in my finite
+energy space others don't let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy space others don't let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy space others don't let me take
+one that surely doesn't because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that surely doesn't because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that surely doesn't because it's
+just sort of fun to to play with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of fun to to play with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of fun to to play with these
+things a little uh suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little uh suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little uh suppose I
+take the here here you go suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the here here you go suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the here here you go suppose I take
+this equation F of T now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation F of T now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation F of T now I'm going to
+get the coefficients to add to two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coefficients to add to two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coefficients to add to two so
+suppose I took 3 Fe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I took 3 Fe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I took 3 Fe of
+2T minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T minus 1
+V of 2T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I claim that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I claim that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I claim that that
+choice so I guess my filter H then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so I guess my filter H then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so I guess my filter H then is
+what H KN here is three halves and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H KN here is three halves and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H KN here is three halves and minus
+a half and they add to one and looks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and they add to one and looks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and they add to one and looks you
+know sort of half okay what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of half okay what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of half okay what would the
+what would the graph of Capital H look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the graph of Capital H look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the graph of Capital H look
+like for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for this case
+let's see what is capital H H is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is capital H H is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is capital H H is three
+Hales of one minus a half of e the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales of one minus a half of e the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales of one minus a half of e the minus
+J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just
+like I'm going to claim that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to claim that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to claim that this is a
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+guy but uh just to see first of all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but uh just to see first of all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but uh just to see first of all it
+does go through the point one so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go through the point one so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go through the point one so it's
+like it's okay to consider it anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's okay to consider it anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's okay to consider it anyway but
+then what does it do well I guess at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does it do well I guess at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does it do well I guess at at
+Pi it's uh no good so that I really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's uh no good so that I really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's uh no good so that I really know
+that that that this example is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that this example is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that this example is in
+serious trouble because what is it at Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble because what is it at Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble because what is it at Pi
+at Omega equal Pi this will be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega equal Pi this will be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega equal Pi this will be minus one
+so it'll be uh is it two at pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be uh is it two at pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be uh is it two at pi
+is that is that what's happening here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that what's happening here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that what's happening here it
+doesn't go to zero at Pi at at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero at Pi at at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to zero at Pi at at Omega
+equal Pi this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi this is
+minus1 so I think it's two is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so I think it's two is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so I think it's two is it is it
+is a graph like that well gosh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph like that well gosh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph like that well gosh that's
+that's in serious trouble and now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in serious trouble and now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in serious trouble and now how do
+but how do I come back coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do I come back coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do I come back coming back to
+the equation how do I see that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation how do I see that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation how do I see that I'm
+somehow it should be supported on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it should be supported on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it should be supported on the
+interval 0 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to one
+because I've got two coefficients and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got two coefficients and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got two coefficients and it
+is and it's not a Delta function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's not a Delta function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's not a Delta function but
+it's it's almost as scary I mean somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost as scary I mean somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost as scary I mean somehow
+it's I don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know exactly
+yeah oh okay go with the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product yeah right right that's I at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah right right that's I at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah right right that's I at
+least you're right and I could try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're right and I could try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're right and I could try to go
+with that infinite product and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that infinite product and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that infinite product and it would
+converge it would for each Omega for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it would for each Omega for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it would for each Omega for
+each Omega this will converge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega this will converge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega this will converge because
+this it's there's an Omega over two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's there's an Omega over two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's there's an Omega over two to
+the J here and that's that's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J here and that's that's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J here and that's that's that that
+that gives us good something good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us good something good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us good something good at
+each Omega but if I graph that I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega but if I graph that I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega but if I graph that I have no
+idea none if I graph this thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea none if I graph this thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea none if I graph this thing because
+of course I can't take an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I can't take an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I can't take an infinite
+product in my head to put it mildly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in my head to put it mildly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in my head to put it mildly uh
+but if I so here's my h of Omega here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I so here's my h of Omega here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I so here's my h of Omega here's
+my formula actually if somebody's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula actually if somebody's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula actually if somebody's got a
+computer handy that's sitting idle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer handy that's sitting idle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer handy that's sitting idle uh
+that would be an idea to go with it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an idea to go with it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an idea to go with it uh
+just graph this thing for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graph this thing for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graph this thing for a different
+omegas it it'll be complex admittedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas it it'll be complex admittedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas it it'll be complex admittedly
+but let not you know that's okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let not you know that's okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let not you know that's okay we
+could we got a real and imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we got a real and imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we got a real and imaginary part
+what do you think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+or I took the log that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I took the log that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I took the log that seems like a
+smart idea then I've got to take the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart idea then I've got to take the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart idea then I've got to take the log
+of this guy so all right whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy so all right whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy so all right whatever the
+computer is happy with uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is happy with uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is happy with uh I
+think I don't think it'll be as bad as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think it'll be as bad as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think it'll be as bad as a
+Delta I guess so I think that the H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I guess so I think that the H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I guess so I think that the H of
+that that this F had of Omega won't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this F had of Omega won't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this F had of Omega won't I
+don't expect it to approach a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect it to approach a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect it to approach a constant
+but then nor do I expect it to Decay I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then nor do I expect it to Decay I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then nor do I expect it to Decay I I
+don't know what it does maybe it bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it does maybe it bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it does maybe it bounces
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+anyway there there's no decent function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there there's no decent function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there there's no decent function
+Fe of T how you you could still ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe of T how you you could still ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe of T how you you could still ask how
+am I how why do I think that well partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I how why do I think that well partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I how why do I think that well partly
+I think it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it from
+that yeah maybe I should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah maybe I should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah maybe I should look at
+particular values of Omega like Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular values of Omega like Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular values of Omega like Omega
+equal multiples of Pi I might learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal multiples of Pi I might learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal multiples of Pi I might learn
+something actually that might be a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually that might be a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually that might be a smart
+thing to do let Omega be multiples of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do let Omega be multiples of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do let Omega be multiples of Pi
+and then then oh no it would still still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then oh no it would still still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then oh no it would still still
+be pi over fractions there not too good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pi over fractions there not too good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pi over fractions there not too good
+well oh but somebody is observing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh but somebody is observing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh but somebody is observing that
+all the all the factors would be above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the factors would be above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the factors would be above
+one oh yes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh yes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh yes you're
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+sorry should should I just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry should should I just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry should should I just say that
+again which you you realized before me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which you you realized before me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which you you realized before me
+that H has magnitude bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H has magnitude bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H has magnitude bigger than one
+apparently so apparently fat has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently so apparently fat has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently so apparently fat has
+magnitude bigger than one so which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude bigger than one so which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude bigger than one so which makes
+it look as if be because it's a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look as if be because it's a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look as if be because it's a product
+of things bigger than one so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things bigger than one so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things bigger than one so but
+converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to
+one that's interesting isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ah how let's see that better oh how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah how let's see that better oh how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah how let's see that better oh how I
+mean sorry the factors converge to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sorry the factors converge to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sorry the factors converge to one
+yeah the factors converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the factors converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the factors converge to
+one uh let's see would we be able I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh let's see would we be able I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh let's see would we be able I mean
+here here how you want a little practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here how you want a little practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here how you want a little practice
+on infinite products okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on infinite products okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on infinite products okay what's the
+infinite product of just the numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite product of just the numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite product of just the numbers 1
+plus Omega over 2 to the J I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega over 2 to the J I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega over 2 to the J I don't know
+I figur we ought to be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figur we ought to be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figur we ought to be able to do that
+but I'm not sure there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure there's another
+exercise figure out that infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise figure out that infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise figure out that infinite
+product so that's 1 + Omega over 2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so that's 1 + Omega over 2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so that's 1 + Omega over 2 * 1
+plus Omega over 4 * 1 + Omega over 8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega over 4 * 1 + Omega over 8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega over 4 * 1 + Omega over 8 and
+so forth my my point was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth my my point was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth my my point was that
+this every factor is bigger than one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every factor is bigger than one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every factor is bigger than one but
+the product is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is still
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to make
+me comp okay this times some e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay I'll let that be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude I don't know if it's okay I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude I don't know if it's okay I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude I don't know if it's okay I I
+just I just now now we're out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just now now we're out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just now now we're out of time
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's see if I just took this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see if I just took this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see if I just took this thing
+as it stands without doctoring it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands without doctoring it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands without doctoring it would
+this is like practice on infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice on infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice on infinite
+products which we're all of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which we're all of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which we're all of course
+highly familiar with infinite products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly familiar with infinite products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly familiar with infinite products
+I'm I mean I realized that I hadn't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I mean I realized that I hadn't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I mean I realized that I hadn't seen
+an infinite product since graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite product since graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite product since graduate
+school and when I saw it there it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and when I saw it there it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and when I saw it there it was
+only one day and I thought ah luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one day and I thought ah luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one day and I thought ah luckily
+I'll never see these again and uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never see these again and uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never see these again and uh here
+they are uh but I believe that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh but I believe that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh but I believe that that
+infant product we and let's make omega B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant product we and let's make omega B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant product we and let's make omega B
+one hey let's why should we struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hey let's why should we struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hey let's why should we struggle
+here what's the factor what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the factor what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the factor what's the
+product of one of If I multiply three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of one of If I multiply three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of one of If I multiply three
+Hales by 54s by 9/8 and so forth do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales by 54s by 9/8 and so forth do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales by 54s by 9/8 and so forth do I
+get a finite number in the end all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a finite number in the end all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a finite number in the end all those
+factors are bigger than one but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are bigger than one but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are bigger than one but they're
+approaching one that's what I meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one that's what I meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one that's what I meant to
+say I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do if the if I take the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then right that's right that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right that's right that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right that's right that's a good
+point yeah yeah the good way to yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah yeah the good way to yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah yeah the good way to yeah the
+good way to to analyze infinite product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to to analyze infinite product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to to analyze infinite product
+is take the log good point and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take the log good point and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take the log good point and then we
+have an infinite sum and we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite sum and we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite sum and we know about
+those right right yeah so this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right right yeah so this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right right yeah so this converges
+to some limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some limit
+that uh let's see if I actually multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's see if I actually multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's see if I actually multiply
+these things out well yeah I mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out well yeah I mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out well yeah I mean how
+are we why are we doing this but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we why are we doing this but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we why are we doing this but if I
+took this it would be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this it would be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this it would be 1
++4 + 12 plus 1/8 look at the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
++4 + 12 plus 1/8 look at the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++4 + 12 plus 1/8 look at the beauty of
+that right right when I just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product and now now if I multiply by 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and now now if I multiply by 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and now now if I multiply by 1 +
+1/8 what do I have if I take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 what do I have if I take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 what do I have if I take all the
+terms well I've got a a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well I've got a a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well I've got a a lot of
+terms uh I I'm feeling might be two what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh I I'm feeling might be two what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh I I'm feeling might be two what
+it I don't know not two yeah I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know not two yeah I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know not two yeah I'm I'm
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway back to this great C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway back to this great C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway back to this great C
+example somehow it looks to me like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somehow it looks to me like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somehow it looks to me like the
+U all the factors are larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U all the factors are larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U all the factors are larger than one
+but they're approaching one so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're approaching one so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're approaching one so that the
+infinite product will converge and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite product will converge and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite product will converge and will
+give us some function and that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some function and that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some function and that function
+will be bigger than one maybe not bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than one maybe not bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be bigger than one maybe not bigger
+than two or not bigger than something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or not bigger than something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or not bigger than something
+and it'll wander around and it'll be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll wander around and it'll be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll wander around and it'll be a a
+bad function it won't be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad function it won't be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad function it won't be a function
+it'll be a this would be a case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a this would be a case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a this would be a case of the
+not a not a solution wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not a solution wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not a solution wouldn't have
+finite energy how how do I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy how how do I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy how how do I know it
+wouldn't have finite energy I'll I'll I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have finite energy I'll I'll I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have finite energy I'll I'll I
+promise to stop at without question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to stop at without question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to stop at without question
+suppose I know which I do that fat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I know which I do that fat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I know which I do that fat of
+Omega is somewhere between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is somewhere between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is somewhere between one
+and let's say k how do I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say k how do I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say k how do I know that the
+energy is not that that when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not that that when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not that that when I take the
+inverse transform to get my fee itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform to get my fee itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform to get my fee itself
+how do I know that it hasn't got finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that it hasn't got finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that it hasn't got finite
+energy so that's let me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's let me write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's let me write that down
+again so I I think we would learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I I think we would learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I I think we would learn from
+this that that F hat or its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that F hat or its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that F hat or its
+magnitude was somewhere between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude was somewhere between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude was somewhere between one and
+some number that that would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number that that would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number that that would be that
+would come from some some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come from some some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come from some some number
+K huh what and I claim that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K huh what and I claim that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K huh what and I claim that we know
+we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble that if I have a 48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that if I have a 48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that if I have a 48 transform
+that's in this range I know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this range I know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this range I know the energy
+isn't fine finite in the function so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't fine finite in the function so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't fine finite in the function so I
+know I I have not got a finite Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I have not got a finite Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I have not got a finite Energy
+Solution and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah what's the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what's the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what's the relation between
+energy and a function and energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform they're the same they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform they're the same they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform they're the same they're the
+same right so so the the one thing I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right so so the the one thing I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right so so the the one thing I do
+remember is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the
+integral of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the function
+squared is always the integral of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is always the integral of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is always the integral of its
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+squared with a maybe a two Pi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with a maybe a two Pi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with a maybe a two Pi or
+something okay and what's What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and what's What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and what's What's
+Happening Here with this if my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here with this if my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here with this if my function
+never even goes below one it hasn't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even goes below one it hasn't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even goes below one it hasn't got
+a chance I hasn't got a chance in heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance I hasn't got a chance in heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance I hasn't got a chance in heck
+of being finite so it's infinite and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being finite so it's infinite and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being finite so it's infinite and and
+so then I know the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I know the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I know the energy in the
+function is infinite and it's it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is infinite and it's it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is infinite and it's it would
+be a casee with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a casee with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a casee with no
+solution and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I could
+uh I could try to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could try to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could try to figure out that
+function and I would see it it blew off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I would see it it blew off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I would see it it blew off
+to Infinity at certain points maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity at certain points maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity at certain points maybe not
+at all points that that's the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all points that that's the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all points that that's the beauty of
+these functions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions of these
+fees the fee that solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees the fee that solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees the fee that solves the
+equation it it'll blow up probably at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it it'll blow up probably at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it it'll blow up probably at
+all the at a whole lot of points whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the at a whole lot of points whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the at a whole lot of points whole
+dense set of points it might not blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense set of points it might not blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense set of points it might not blow up
+at other points it's it's just quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at other points it's it's just quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at other points it's it's just quite
+remarkable what um uh what this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable what um uh what this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable what um uh what this equation
+leads us to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to so
+my point here ending this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point here ending this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point here ending this lecture is
+that a very simple choice three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a very simple choice three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a very simple choice three halves
+minus a half can lead us to a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half can lead us to a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half can lead us to a totally
+strange function but of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange function but of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange function but of course that's
+not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what
+the subject is about so can I in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is about so can I in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is about so can I in the in
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+28 come back to sensible functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 come back to sensible functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 come back to sensible functions
+sensible filters where there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible filters where there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible filters where there is a
+solution and ask about how good it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and ask about how good it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and ask about how good it is
+how smooth it is how good it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how smooth it is how good it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how smooth it is how good it is in
+approximation and in applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and in applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and in applications and
+then move ahead to the applications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move ahead to the applications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move ahead to the applications so
+luckily we're electure ahead of schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we're electure ahead of schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we're electure ahead of schedule
+but I'm I do want to uh today to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I do want to uh today to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I do want to uh today to not
+just not just work with this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not just work with this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not just work with this equation
+and I still have to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still have to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still have to tell you about
+wavelets this I've given you the fee but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets this I've given you the fee but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets this I've given you the fee but
+not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+W so that's coming in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's coming in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's coming in the next lecture
+so should we could we start the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should we could we start the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should we could we start the next
+lecture at 3 it's 3:20 now 10 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at 3 it's 3:20 now 10 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at 3 it's 3:20 now 10 minutes or
+15 minutes maybe maybe 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3:35
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4q-jmGrmxKs.txt b/4q-jmGrmxKs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6313f322da6fd1a4a614172382f89e9197d2c0ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4q-jmGrmxKs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right Welcome to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right Welcome to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right Welcome to our
+second lecture on what to do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture on what to do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture on what to do when you
+have an NP hard problem so two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NP hard problem so two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NP hard problem so two lectures
+ago we saw how to prove problem as NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we saw how to prove problem as NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we saw how to prove problem as NP
+hard last lecture we saw uh if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard last lecture we saw uh if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard last lecture we saw uh if you want
+polinomial time uh but you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time uh but you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time uh but you're willing to
+put up with a not perfect solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up with a not perfect solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up with a not perfect solution but
+you want to get within some factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get within some factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get within some factor of
+the best solution that's approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best solution that's approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best solution that's approximation
+algorithms today we're going to do uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms today we're going to do uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms today we're going to do uh a
+different thing called fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing called fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing called fixed parameter
+algorithms these are going to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms these are going to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms these are going to run in
+exponential time in the worst case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time in the worst case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time in the worst case but
+not so bad in a certain sense which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad in a certain sense which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad in a certain sense which we
+will get to in general the theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to in general the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to in general the theme of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+last uh two lectures and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh two lectures and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh two lectures and this
+one is that we'd really like to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that we'd really like to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that we'd really like to solve
+hard problems we'd like to solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems we'd like to solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems we'd like to solve them
+fast uh meaning polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and we would like correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we would like correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we would like correct
+Solutions also known as Exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions okay we'd love to solve NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay we'd love to solve NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay we'd love to solve NP
+hard problems in polinomial time exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems in polinomial time exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems in polinomial time exactly
+but that's not possible unless P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not possible unless P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not possible unless P equals
+NP so pick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so pick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so pick any
+two that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's the general
+idea uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh this is
+a bastardization of a joke which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bastardization of a joke which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bastardization of a joke which is uh
+sleep friends work pick any2 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep friends work pick any2 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep friends work pick any2 that's the
+MIT motto um here in algorithms hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT motto um here in algorithms hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT motto um here in algorithms hard
+fast exact picked any two so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast exact picked any two so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast exact picked any two so most of
+this class is about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is about these two
+polinomial time algorithms give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithms give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithms give you
+exact things that's the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact things that's the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact things that's the class
+P uh last lecture was about hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P uh last lecture was about hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P uh last lecture was about hard
+problems uh we drop exactness we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we drop exactness we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we drop exactness we still
+want polinomial time we still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want polinomial time we still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want polinomial time we still want to
+solve hard problems so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve hard problems so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve hard problems so this is
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+algorithms and what we're doing today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and what we're doing today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and what we're doing today is
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+combination so uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so uh we want
+exact but we're going to sacrifice how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact but we're going to sacrifice how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact but we're going to sacrifice how
+fast things are they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast things are they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast things are they're not going to be
+polinomial time in a strict sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time in a strict sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time in a strict sense but
+it's going to be somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be somewhere in between
+polinomial and exponential this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and exponential this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and exponential this is an
+area called fpt for fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called fpt for fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called fpt for fixed parameter
+tractability uh so what's this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability uh so what's this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability uh so what's this parameter
+business um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business um in
+general the idea is that we we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the idea is that we we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the idea is that we we really
+want an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an exact
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+to an NP hard problem which means it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an NP hard problem which means it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an NP hard problem which means it has
+to take exponential time in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take exponential time in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take exponential time in the worst
+case but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confine the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence uh to something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we actually use parameters all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we actually use parameters all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we actually use parameters all the
+time for example in a graph there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example in a graph there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example in a graph there's two
+typical parameters you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical parameters you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical parameters you think about the
+number of vertices and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and the number of
+edges if you're sorting an array the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges if you're sorting an array the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges if you're sorting an array the the
+usual parameter you think about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual parameter you think about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual parameter you think about is the
+size of the array okay that's all I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the array okay that's all I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the array okay that's all I mean
+a parameter uh in general is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter uh in general is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter uh in general is just some
+uh some kind of size or complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some kind of size or complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some kind of size or complexity
+measure so in general a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so in general a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so in general a
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is going to be uh I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be uh I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be uh I'm going to call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K of X and it should be a non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer and X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and X is the
+input so you're you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so you're you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so you're you're thinking about
+some problem uh like a problem we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem uh like a problem we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem uh like a problem we'll be
+looking at today is vertex cover which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today is vertex cover which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today is vertex cover which
+we saw in last lecture vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in last lecture vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in last lecture vertex cover
+you're given a graph uh and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a graph uh and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a graph uh and based on
+that graph uh we're going to Define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph uh we're going to Define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph uh we're going to Define uh
+some function of that graph so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of that graph so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of that graph so this is
+the input to the problem and K is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the problem and K is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the problem and K is just
+going to be some non- negative integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some non- negative integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some non- negative integer
+which is a function of that input it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of that input it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of that input it's
+just some measure of how tough your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some measure of how tough your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some measure of how tough your
+problem is okay and what we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is okay and what we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is okay and what we would like
+is a running time that is exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a running time that is exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a running time that is exponential in
+K but polinomial in everything else Pol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but polinomial in everything else Pol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but polinomial in everything else Pol
+in the size of the problem in v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of the problem in v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of the problem in v and
+E okay so that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E okay so that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E okay so that's the the
+general uh goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size which we usually call n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter which I'm calling always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which I'm calling always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which I'm calling always going
+to call K in generally you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call K in generally you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call K in generally you could
+consider more parameters but we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider more parameters but we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider more parameters but we're just
+going to think of two uh the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of two uh the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of two uh the size of the
+overall size of the problem and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of the problem and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of the problem and some
+particular parameter that we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameter that we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameter that we look at
+called k um so if you can achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called k um so if you can achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called k um so if you can achieve this
+which we'll call fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call fixed parameter
+tractability I'll Define it formally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability I'll Define it formally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability I'll Define it formally in
+a little bit because there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because there's more than
+one way you might think of defining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you might think of defining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you might think of defining it
+some are right some are wrong um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are right some are wrong um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are right some are wrong um if you
+can achieve this what you get is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve this what you get is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve this what you get is an
+exact algorithm for your problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact algorithm for your problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact algorithm for your problem that
+runs really fast provided K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs really fast provided K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs really fast provided K is
+small so this is sort of a way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so this is sort of a way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so this is sort of a way of saying
+well you know the problem is empty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the problem is empty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the problem is empty hard
+in general but as long as this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but as long as this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but as long as this this
+measure K is reasonably small I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure K is reasonably small I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure K is reasonably small I'm I'm
+still able to solve it really fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still able to solve it really fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still able to solve it really fast so
+it's a way of characterizing kind a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of characterizing kind a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of characterizing kind a wide
+family of uh a big subset of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of uh a big subset of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of uh a big subset of the problem
+that you can solve you know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve you know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve you know that in
+general it's going to you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's going to you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's going to you're going to
+need exponential time but this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need exponential time but this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need exponential time but this gives you
+a measure of how hard your input is may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of how hard your input is may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of how hard your input is may
+not be the only measure may not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the only measure may not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the only measure may not be the
+best one in any sense but if you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one in any sense but if you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one in any sense but if you can if
+you can define a parameter and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define a parameter and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define a parameter and you know
+that in your practical scenarios that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your practical scenarios that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your practical scenarios that
+parameter will be small then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter will be small then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter will be small then you're
+golden then you can actually solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden then you can actually solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden then you can actually solve the
+problem in a reasonable amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a reasonable amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a reasonable amount of time
+and get an exact solution no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an exact solution no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an exact solution no
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+here so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the that's the
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that was a parameter uh we're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a parameter uh we're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a parameter uh we're also going
+to define a parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh this is just a problem plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter okay so we already have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so we already have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so we already have some
+Notions of problems we can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of problems we can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of problems we can take any
+problem that we've looked at before like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we've looked at before like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we've looked at before like
+vertex cover and if we just Define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover and if we just Define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover and if we just Define some
+parameter then we get a parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter then we get a parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter then we get a parameterized
+problem when we put these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when we put these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when we put these things
+together and usually we would write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and usually we would write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and usually we would write it
+as something like oh take this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something like oh take this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something like oh take this problem
+and then consider it with respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then consider it with respect to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then consider it with respect to uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter and in general for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and in general for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and in general for a single
+problem there may be several natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there may be several natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there may be several natural
+parameters that you want to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you want to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you want to care about
+usually there's actually one obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's actually one obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's actually one obvious
+parameter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter uh
+so let's uh do that for vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh do that for vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh do that for vertex
+cover but in general we can talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but in general we can talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but in general we can talk about a
+problem with respect to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with respect to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with respect to different
+parameters and some of them may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and some of them may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and some of them may be
+feasible to solve in this sense some may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to solve in this sense some may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to solve in this sense some may
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+not all right so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all right so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all right so I'm going to
+define a k vertex cover this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a k vertex cover this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a k vertex cover this is almost
+the same as vertex cover just has a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as vertex cover just has a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as vertex cover just has a k
+INF front uh but the K means that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF front uh but the K means that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF front uh but the K means that it's a
+parameterized problem instead of uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized problem instead of uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized problem instead of uh just
+a general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as in vertex cover we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in vertex cover we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in vertex cover we're given a
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G uh and I'm going to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G uh and I'm going to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G uh and I'm going to think of the
+decision version of vertex cover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision version of vertex cover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision version of vertex cover so
+we're given a non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a non-
+negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+K and we want to know is there a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we want to know is there a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we want to know is there a Vertex
+cover of size K let say less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of size K let say less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of size K let say less than or
+equal to K uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K uh is
+there a Vertex cover remember a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a Vertex cover remember a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a Vertex cover remember a Vertex
+cover is a set of vertices that cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is a set of vertices that cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is a set of vertices that cover
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we want the size of s to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we want the size of s to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we want the size of s to be less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K okay so every for every Edge we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so every for every Edge we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so every for every Edge we need
+to choose one of the two end points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose one of the two end points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose one of the two end points we
+want the total number of chosen vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the total number of chosen vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the total number of chosen vertices
+to be at most K uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at most K uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at most K uh and so
+that's a regular decision problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a regular decision problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a regular decision problem but
+for parameterized problem we also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parameterized problem we also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parameterized problem we also want
+to define a parameter function and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a parameter function and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a parameter function and that
+parameter function guess what K most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter function guess what K most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter function guess what K most
+obvious thing given that I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing given that I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing given that I wrote the
+letter K here uh that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter K here uh that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter K here uh that's going to be our
+parameter okay and most problems a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay and most problems a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay and most problems a lot
+of problems especially decision versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems especially decision versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems especially decision versions
+of optimization problems like before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimization problems like before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimization problems like before we
+were minimizing the vertex cover this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were minimizing the vertex cover this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were minimizing the vertex cover this is
+the decision version where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision version where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision version where we want to
+decide whether there's one of size at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether there's one of size at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether there's one of size at
+most K if you can solve this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most K if you can solve this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most K if you can solve this of course
+you can binary search on K like you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can binary search on K like you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can binary search on K like you did
+in your quiz hopefully um so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your quiz hopefully um so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your quiz hopefully um so uh that's
+all good and a lot of problems have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good and a lot of problems have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good and a lot of problems have this
+some non- negative integer floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non- negative integer floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non- negative integer floating
+around and that's the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that's the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that's the kind of the
+obvious choice for the parameter doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious choice for the parameter doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious choice for the parameter doesn't
+have to be the only one but uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the only one but uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the only one but uh today
+we're just going to look at vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at vertex cover
+with this parameterization uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this parameterization uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this parameterization uh in your
+problem set you look at another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you look at another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you look at another problem
+with another uh natural uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another uh natural uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another uh natural uh parameter
+this is usually called the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called the natural
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+but there's no formal definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no formal definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no formal definition of
+natural right that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuition all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition all right so that's the
+setup let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup let's do some
+algorithms uh I guess the first note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh I guess the first note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh I guess the first note is
+that K can actually be small uh nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K can actually be small uh nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K can actually be small uh nice
+example is a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph so you have uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so you have uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so you have uh V
+vertices uh but what's the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh but what's the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh but what's the smallest
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+cover one everyone's holding up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one everyone's holding up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one everyone's holding up one
+finger uh you choose this guy that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger uh you choose this guy that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger uh you choose this guy that in
+the center that covers all the edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that covers all the edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that covers all the edges so
+it can be the K is much smaller than V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be the K is much smaller than V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be the K is much smaller than V
+and our goal here is that uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our goal here is that uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our goal here is that uh we're going
+to get some polinomial dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some polinomial dependence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some polinomial dependence in the
+size of the graph but we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the graph but we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the graph but we're going to get
+an exponential dependence on K now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential dependence on K now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential dependence on K now there
+are many different ways you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different ways you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different ways you could think
+of exponential dependence but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponential dependence but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponential dependence but let's
+start with what would be the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with what would be the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with what would be the really
+obvious Brute Force solution to vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious Brute Force solution to vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious Brute Force solution to vertex
+cover okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover okay I want
+exact uh not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact uh not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact uh not going to be
+clever what's the obvious algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever what's the obvious algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever what's the obvious algorithm to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+com try any combination of K vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com try any combination of K vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com try any combination of K vertices
+see if it's a Vertex cover how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's a Vertex cover how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's a Vertex cover how many
+combinations of K ver vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of K ver vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of K ver vertices are
+there and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K see I'm a little out of practice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K see I'm a little out of practice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K see I'm a little out of practice it's
+been a while uh close off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a while uh close off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a while uh close off by
+one uh so uh try all n choose K I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so uh try all n choose K I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so uh try all n choose K I guess
+V choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V choose
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+subsets of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of K
+vertices if I want wanted to match this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if I want wanted to match this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if I want wanted to match this
+definition exactly I should try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition exactly I should try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition exactly I should try all
+subsets of less than or equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of less than or equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of less than or equal to K
+vertices but hey uh if I if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but hey uh if I if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but hey uh if I if I choose
+fewer than K vertices why not add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than K vertices why not add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than K vertices why not add in a
+few extras until they get up to K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extras until they get up to K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extras until they get up to K so
+it's enough to look at Vose K subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to look at Vose K subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to look at Vose K subsets
+because uh subsets of size exactly K uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh subsets of size exactly K uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh subsets of size exactly K uh
+because that will end up giving the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will end up giving the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will end up giving the same
+answer as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as this
+question okay uh so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each test each of those choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each test each of those choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each test each of those choices for
+coverage so that just means we Loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage so that just means we Loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage so that just means we Loop over
+uh I guess for every vertex in our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess for every vertex in our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess for every vertex in our set
+we Mark all of the incident edges as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Mark all of the incident edges as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Mark all of the incident edges as
+covered and then we go through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and then we go through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and then we go through all the
+edges and see whether everyone got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and see whether everyone got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and see whether everyone got
+marked covered if not we uh reset try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked covered if not we uh reset try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked covered if not we uh reset try
+the next subset okay this is like a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next subset okay this is like a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next subset okay this is like a not
+smart Dynamic program you just guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart Dynamic program you just guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart Dynamic program you just guess
+what the subset is and see if it covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the subset is and see if it covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the subset is and see if it covers
+uh this is how you would prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is how you would prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is how you would prove that this
+problem is in NP right but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in NP right but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in NP right but now we're
+actually making it an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making it an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making it an exponential
+algorithm so what's the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so what's the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so what's the running time of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm yeah e v e * V to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh so that's obviously exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh so that's obviously exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh so that's obviously exponential in
+a certain sense the dependence on e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense the dependence on e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense the dependence on e and
+V is in the bottom which is good uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is in the bottom which is good uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is in the bottom which is good uh and
+the K is in the exponent which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is in the exponent which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is in the exponent which makes
+sense so this is not surprising uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so this is not surprising uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so this is not surprising uh we
+also don't think of it as good we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't think of it as good we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't think of it as good we Define
+this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be
+bad okay in general we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay in general we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay in general we think of a
+running time like n to the F of K where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time like n to the F of K where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time like n to the F of K where
+n is sort of the overall problem size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is sort of the overall problem size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is sort of the overall problem size
+here here n is basically V plus e that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here n is basically V plus e that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here n is basically V plus e that's
+the overall input size for a graph if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall input size for a graph if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall input size for a graph if we
+have a running time uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a running time uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a running time uh where the
+exponent of n depends on K in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of n depends on K in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of n depends on K in a
+non-trivial way we think of that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial way we think of that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial way we think of that as a
+bad running time this is not this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad running time this is not this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad running time this is not this is a
+slow algorithm it's slow because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow algorithm it's slow because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow algorithm it's slow because even
+when k equals 2 if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k equals 2 if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k equals 2 if you have a large
+graph this is probably not something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is probably not something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is probably not something you
+want to run definitely when K is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run definitely when K is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run definitely when K is 10
+you're completely hos this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely hos this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely hos this is very
+impractical and the formal sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical and the formal sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical and the formal sense in
+which it's impractical is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's impractical is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's impractical is that the
+exponent in N uh depends on K in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in N uh depends on K in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in N uh depends on K in general
+um you cannot say so I'd like so the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you cannot say so I'd like so the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you cannot say so I'd like so the I
+mean fix parameter the whole point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fix parameter the whole point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fix parameter the whole point is to
+think of the parameter being fixed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the parameter being fixed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the parameter being fixed like
+a constant okay now if the parameter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant okay now if the parameter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant okay now if the parameter is
+fixed if you think of it as at most 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if you think of it as at most 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if you think of it as at most 100
+then uh indeed this will be at most you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh indeed this will be at most you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh indeed this will be at most you
+know n to the 101 or something so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n to the 101 or something so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n to the 101 or something so it is
+polinomial for any fixed K the catch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for any fixed K the catch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for any fixed K the catch is
+that the the exponent of the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the exponent of the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the exponent of the polinomial
+depends on K as you increase K as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on K as you increase K as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on K as you increase K as you
+increase your bound on K the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your bound on K the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your bound on K the exponent
+increases I can't say that this is an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases I can't say that this is an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases I can't say that this is an N
+squared algorithm for any fixed K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared algorithm for any fixed K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared algorithm for any fixed K okay
+so exponent depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exponent depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exponent depends on
+K that's the bad case so the good case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's the bad case so the good case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's the bad case so the good case
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+Define uh is that the exponent doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh is that the exponent doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh is that the exponent doesn't
+depend on K that may seem like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on K that may seem like a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on K that may seem like a small
+change it is a small change but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it is a small change but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it is a small change but it's a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh it's a small change with a big effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to Define uh let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define uh let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define uh let's say a
+parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem is fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which given how many letters that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which given how many letters that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which given how many letters that is
+we're going to abbreviate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fpt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpt uh
+if uh it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solved in F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in F of
+K times polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay uh because this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because this means that
+uh the exponent here doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything exponent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything exponent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything exponent of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+uh doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+okay so for this definition just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for this definition just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for this definition just to be
+explicit I want the constant here to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit I want the constant here to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit I want the constant here to be
+independent of course it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of course it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of course it should be
+independent of N and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of N and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of N and it should be
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+K uh this can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh this can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh this can be any
+function it's presumably an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's presumably an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's presumably an exponential
+function because this uh if this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because this uh if this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because this uh if this is an
+NP hard problem something's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard problem something's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard problem something's got to be
+exponential this clearly is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this clearly is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this clearly is not
+exponential so it's got to be here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's got to be here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's got to be here so
+this is the sense in which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sense in which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sense in which we're
+exponential in K polom in N but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in K polom in N but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in K polom in N but it's
+much better than this kind of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than this kind of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than this kind of running
+time okay well we can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay well we can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay well we can think about what
+in the sense in which it's much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense in which it's much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense in which it's much better
+once we have an actual algorithm of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have an actual algorithm of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have an actual algorithm of this
+type so let's do let's try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so let's do let's try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so let's do let's try to solve
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+cover in this kind of time I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this kind of time I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this kind of time I claim
+vertex cover is fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover is fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover is fixed parameter
+tractable there is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the algorithm is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithm is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithm is going to look
+familiar very similar to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar very similar to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar very similar to the two
+approximation algorithm that we had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithm that we had last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithm that we had last
+class for vertex cover uh so uh but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for vertex cover uh so uh but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for vertex cover uh so uh but I'm
+going to give it a different name which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a different name which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a different name which
+is bounded search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this algorithm is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this algorithm is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this algorithm is also going to
+feel like dynamic programming or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like dynamic programming or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like dynamic programming or we're
+going to use guessing in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use guessing in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use guessing in general
+exponential algorithms it's natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential algorithms it's natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential algorithms it's natural to
+use guessing but here when I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use guessing but here when I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use guessing but here when I guess I
+have to try all the possibilities here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to try all the possibilities here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to try all the possibilities here
+this was one way of trying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one way of trying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one way of trying all the
+possibilities we're going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we're going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we're going to be a little
+bit more sophisticated in how we try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more sophisticated in how we try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more sophisticated in how we try all
+the possibilities it actually exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities it actually exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities it actually exploits
+the properties of vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of vertex
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+uh first line is just like the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first line is just like the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first line is just like the two
+approximation algorithm look at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithm look at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithm look at any
+Edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph okay uh here it is from U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay uh here it is from U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay uh here it is from U to
+V what do I know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture yeah of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture yeah of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture yeah of those
+has to one of those vertices has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to one of those vertices has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to one of those vertices has to be
+in the cover either U or V or both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cover either U or V or both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cover either U or V or both are
+in s for that edge to be covered now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s for that edge to be covered now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s for that edge to be covered now for
+the two approximation we just put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two approximation we just put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two approximation we just put those
+both in here we can't afford to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in here we can't afford to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in here we can't afford to do that
+because we want an exact solution uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want an exact solution uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want an exact solution uh so
+we'll try both options we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try both options we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try both options we don't know
+which one belongs let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one belongs let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one belongs let's
+guess so we know either U is in s or V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so we know either U is in s or V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so we know either U is in s or V
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+s uh uh don't know which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess uh so I should to be clear mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh so I should to be clear mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh so I should to be clear mention
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+uh so we're going to guess which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to guess which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to guess which means
+we need to try both options uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to try both options uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to try both options uh we're
+going to try uh putting u in and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try uh putting u in and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try uh putting u in and then
+we're going to try putting V in so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try putting V in so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try putting V in so let's
+just see what happens we try that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what happens we try that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what happens we try that so in
+the first guess we say let's put u in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guess we say let's put u in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guess we say let's put u in
+s okay well when if we put u in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay well when if we put u in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay well when if we put u in s
+that means we cover all of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we cover all of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we cover all of the edges
+incident to U so I'd like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to U so I'd like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to U so I'd like to use
+recursion I'd like to simplify my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion I'd like to simplify my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion I'd like to simplify my
+problem get another vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem get another vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem get another vertex cover
+instance so in order to do that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so in order to do that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so in order to do that I'm just
+going to delete you and all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to delete you and all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to delete you and all of its
+incident edges we did a similar thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges we did a similar thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges we did a similar thing in
+the approximation algorithm but for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximation algorithm but for u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximation algorithm but for u
+and v simultaneously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v simultaneously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v simultaneously so
+delete U as incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges now we have a a vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges now we have a a vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges now we have a a vertex cover
+instance uh there's one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh there's one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh there's one other thing
+there's a new graph we have but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new graph we have but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new graph we have but we also
+need to update K because we just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to update K because we just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to update K because we just used
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+those uh we just added something to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh we just added something to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh we just added something to S
+and then we deleted that from the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we deleted that from the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we deleted that from the graph
+which means in our new graph effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in our new graph effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in our new graph effectively
+K has gone down by one okay so I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K has gone down by one okay so I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K has gone down by one okay so I'll say
+decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K now I have a new instance I have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now I have a new instance I have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now I have a new instance I have a new
+graph and a different value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and a different value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and a different value of
+K uh recurse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm uh I would say I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh I would say I'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh I would say I'll call the
+new graph G Prime and the new integer K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new graph G Prime and the new integer K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new graph G Prime and the new integer K
+Prime K Prime equals K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime K Prime equals K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime K Prime equals K minus
+one okay and then uh the second case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and then uh the second case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and then uh the second case is
+do the same thing for V I won't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for V I won't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for V I won't write
+the code exactly the same but I delete V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code exactly the same but I delete V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code exactly the same but I delete V
+in its incident edges I still decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its incident edges I still decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its incident edges I still decrement
+K by one and I recurse and uh then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by one and I recurse and uh then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by one and I recurse and uh then I
+just return the or of these two answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return the or of these two answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return the or of these two answers
+so if this one finds a solution great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this one finds a solution great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this one finds a solution great I
+found a solution to the overall problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a solution to the overall problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a solution to the overall problem
+this one finds a solution great maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one finds a solution great maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one finds a solution great maybe
+both uh return Yes doesn't matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh return Yes doesn't matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh return Yes doesn't matter in
+general I just take the the uh inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I just take the the uh inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I just take the the uh inclusive
+ore of those two Boolean values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore of those two Boolean values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore of those two Boolean values that
+gives me an overall yes no answer to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me an overall yes no answer to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me an overall yes no answer to K
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+cover cool so uh next question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover cool so uh next question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover cool so uh next question is what
+the running time is but you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is but you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is but you can think of
+this as a dynamic program it's just here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a dynamic program it's just here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a dynamic program it's just here
+we recurse and we don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recurse and we don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recurse and we don't bother
+memorizing because in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing because in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing because in general
+memorization will never help us here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization will never help us here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization will never help us here and
+you may have even thought of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have even thought of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have even thought of algorithms
+like this in the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the dynamic programming
+world and we just say well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we just say well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we just say well that's not
+good enough because dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough because dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough because dynamic programming
+we want polinomial time this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want polinomial time this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want polinomial time this is like a
+dynamic program but the running time's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program but the running time's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program but the running time's
+exponential but it turns out it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it turns out it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it turns out it will be
+fixed parameter tractable that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable that's the
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+news let's think about the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh if I draw let's draw a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I draw let's draw a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I draw let's draw a recursion
+tree right this is a Rec this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right this is a Rec this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right this is a Rec this is a
+divide and conquer algorithm in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm in a very
+weak sense uh we start up here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak sense uh we start up here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak sense uh we start up here with
+uh with a problem of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a problem of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a problem of size
+n and a parameter k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a parameter k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a parameter k
+and we make two recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make two recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make two recursive
+calls uh okay we deleted a vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh okay we deleted a vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh okay we deleted a vertex and
+maybe some edges so let's say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some edges so let's say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some edges so let's say we have a
+new problem of size something like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem of size something like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem of size something like n
+minus one but what really saves us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but what really saves us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but what really saves us is
+that K went down by one and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K went down by one and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K went down by one and we have two
+recursive calls each of them K is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls each of them K is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls each of them K is one
+smaller okay and then each of those has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and then each of those has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and then each of those has
+two recursive calls I don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls I don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls I don't really know
+what happens to n it doesn't probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to n it doesn't probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to n it doesn't probably
+doesn't get that much smaller but K goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get that much smaller but K goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get that much smaller but K goes
+down by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by another
+one okay so I'm writing here the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm writing here the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm writing here the size of
+the problems and the parameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems and the parameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems and the parameter of the
+problems nus 2 K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems nus 2 K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems nus 2 K minus
+2 okay uh how much time do I spend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay uh how much time do I spend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay uh how much time do I spend in
+each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+nodes how much work am I doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes how much work am I doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes how much work am I doing uh
+non-recursive work am I doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm yeah
+o e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o e
+right o of E Yeah certainly at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right o of E Yeah certainly at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right o of E Yeah certainly at most
+order e probably also at most order V uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order e probably also at most order V uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order e probably also at most order V uh
+because there's only at most V incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only at most V incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's only at most V incident
+edges to each vertex yeah linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to each vertex yeah linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to each vertex yeah linear time
+doesn't really matter uh how careful we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter uh how careful we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter uh how careful we
+are here um but I will say each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here um but I will say each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here um but I will say each of these
+nodes uh we spend at most uh V let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh we spend at most uh V let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh we spend at most uh V let's say
+order V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order V
+time okay it happened that V went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay it happened that V went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay it happened that V went down
+down by one at each of these levels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by one at each of these levels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by one at each of these levels but
+certainly an upper bound is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an upper bound is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an upper bound is the original
+V in each of these nodes we spend at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in each of these nodes we spend at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in each of these nodes we spend at
+most the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the original
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+uh when does this recursion stop I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when does this recursion stop I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when does this recursion stop I
+didn't write a base case help me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write a base case help me out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write a base case help me out
+what's a good base case for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah when k equals z check if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when k equals z check if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when k equals z check if there are
+any edges when k Z I can't put anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any edges when k Z I can't put anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any edges when k Z I can't put anything
+into my vertex cover so if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my vertex cover so if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my vertex cover so if there are any
+edges they're not going to be covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they're not going to be covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they're not going to be covered
+that's bad news Okay so uh over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad news Okay so uh over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad news Okay so uh over here we
+have uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case uh k equal z uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh k equal z uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh k equal z uh
+check or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check or let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+whether uh size of e is not zero if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh size of e is not zero if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh size of e is not zero if it's
+not zero sorry whether it equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero sorry whether it equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero sorry whether it equals zero
+get it right if it equals zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right if it equals zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right if it equals zero then the
+answer is yes there's a Vertex cover I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes there's a Vertex cover I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes there's a Vertex cover I
+can cover all of those zero edges using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cover all of those zero edges using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cover all of those zero edges using
+zero vertices that's good uh but when e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vertices that's good uh but when e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vertices that's good uh but when e
+does not equal zero there's no way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal zero there's no way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal zero there's no way I can
+cover that nonzero number of edges using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that nonzero number of edges using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that nonzero number of edges using
+zero uh vertices in my vertex cover okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh vertices in my vertex cover okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh vertices in my vertex cover okay
+so that's the base case which means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the base case which means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the base case which means this
+recursion keeps going until we get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion keeps going until we get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion keeps going until we get down
+to k equal 0 we start at K we uh end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equal 0 we start at K we uh end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equal 0 we start at K we uh end up
+with zero so the number of levels here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero so the number of levels here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero so the number of levels here
+is K okay the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K okay the height of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K okay the height of this
+tree this recursion tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this recursion tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this recursion tree is
+K so how many nodes are there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so how many nodes are there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so how many nodes are there are there
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+tree two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so total running time is V * 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so total running time is V * 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so total running time is V * 2 to the
+K I guess I should write two to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I guess I should write two to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I guess I should write two to the K
+times V hey that is exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V hey that is exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V hey that is exactly what I
+wanted I got a function of K namely two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I got a function of K namely two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I got a function of K namely two
+to the k exponential that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k exponential that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k exponential that makes sense
+and I got a polinomial in N uh here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a polinomial in N uh here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a polinomial in N uh here uh
+it's n my the exponent is One V is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n my the exponent is One V is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n my the exponent is One V is at
+most n n is V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n n is V plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n n is V plus
+e wow big Improvement this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e wow big Improvement this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e wow big Improvement this seems
+equally uh simple of an algorithm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally uh simple of an algorithm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally uh simple of an algorithm as
+this one but actually it's runs a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but actually it's runs a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but actually it's runs a lot
+faster okay let me give you a feeling I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay let me give you a feeling I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay let me give you a feeling I
+mean this is what we would call a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we would call a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we would call a linear
+time algorithm for fixed K the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for fixed K the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for fixed K the exponent
+here doesn't depend on K if K is 10 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't depend on K if K is 10 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't depend on K if K is 10 it's
+a linear time algorithm if K is 100 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear time algorithm if K is 100 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear time algorithm if K is 100 it's
+a linear time algorithm K is 100 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear time algorithm K is 100 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear time algorithm K is 100 that
+might be a little bit beyond but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit beyond but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit beyond but we
+could run but you know k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run but you know k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run but you know k equals
+32 40 maybe that would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 40 maybe that would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 40 maybe that would probably be
+reasonable running time in practice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable running time in practice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable running time in practice okay
+that's a lot better than before where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot better than before where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot better than before where
+like k equals 2 or three this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like k equals 2 or three this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like k equals 2 or three this is
+probably unreasonable V is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unreasonable V is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unreasonable V is like a
+billion say big graph uh also from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion say big graph uh also from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion say big graph uh also from a
+theoretical perspective this works even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical perspective this works even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical perspective this works even
+up to k equals log n if k equal log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to k equals log n if k equal log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to k equals log n if k equal log n
+this will be you know n s that's nice k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be you know n s that's nice k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be you know n s that's nice k
+equal 2 log n it's n cubed okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 log n it's n cubed okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 log n it's n cubed okay so it
+you know it grows but uh we can handle k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it grows but uh we can handle k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it grows but uh we can handle k
+equals order log n and this will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals order log n and this will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals order log n and this will still
+be polinomial in general with fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polinomial in general with fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polinomial in general with fixed
+parameter algorithms it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter algorithms it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter algorithms it's not always
+going to be up to log n it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be up to log n it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be up to log n it's going to be
+up to whatever the inverse of this F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to whatever the inverse of this F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to whatever the inverse of this F of
+K is that's where we can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is that's where we can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is that's where we can still be
+polinomial uh so that's nice I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh so that's nice I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh so that's nice I consider
+this a good running time good in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a good running time good in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a good running time good in the
+sense that it is it follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it is it follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it is it follows that
+definition of fixed parameter tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fixed parameter tractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fixed parameter tractable
+so the bounded search tree algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bounded search tree algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bounded search tree algorithm is
+good Brute Force algorithm is bad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Brute Force algorithm is bad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Brute Force algorithm is bad in
+this case BR uh bounded search Tre is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case BR uh bounded search Tre is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case BR uh bounded search Tre is a
+general technique you can use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general technique you can use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general technique you can use it for
+lots of problems uh we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems uh we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems uh we're going to see
+another technique today called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique today called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique today called
+kernelization uh but let's see before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization uh but let's see before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization uh but let's see before I
+get there I want to question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there I want to question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there I want to question this
+definition so this definition is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this definition is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this definition is nice
+it's natural in the sense that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural in the sense that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural in the sense that it gives
+you uh it it distinguishes between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it it distinguishes between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it it distinguishes between the
+exponent of n depending on K and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of n depending on K and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of n depending on K and not
+depending on K which is a natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on K which is a natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on K which is a natural thing
+to do but there's another natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but there's another natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but there's another natural
+definition of uh fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tractability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's vertex
+cover you remember the problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so let's see we have this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's see we have this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's see we have this definition
+which is f of K * polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of K * polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of K * polinomial
+n but I would say the first time I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but I would say the first time I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but I would say the first time I saw
+fixed parameter tractability I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractability I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractability I thought
+well why do you define it that way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why do you define it that way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why do you define it that way I
+mean maybe it would be better to do F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe it would be better to do F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe it would be better to do F of
+K Plus polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N that would be better right that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N that would be better right that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N that would be better right that would
+be faster seems like uh so I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faster seems like uh so I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faster seems like uh so I mean this
+is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice
+that we achieved this bound but could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we achieved this bound but could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we achieved this bound but could we
+hope for this even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for this even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for this even better
+bound okay turns out these Notions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay turns out these Notions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay turns out these Notions are
+identical this is weird the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical this is weird the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical this is weird the first time
+you see it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem uh you can solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh you can solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh you can solve a
+problem in this kind of time if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this kind of time if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this kind of time if and only
+if you can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can solve the
+problem in this kind of time so the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this kind of time so the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this kind of time so the of
+course f is going to change and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course f is going to change and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course f is going to change and why
+don't I label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I label these
+constants so we have C up here and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we have C up here and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we have C up here and some
+C Prime up here but you can solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Prime up here but you can solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Prime up here but you can solve a
+problem in this multiplicative time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this multiplicative time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this multiplicative time if
+and only if you can solve it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if you can solve it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if you can solve it in an
+additive time with a different function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive time with a different function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive time with a different function
+and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different
+constant uh this is actually really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh this is actually really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh this is actually really easy
+to prove longer you think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove longer you think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove longer you think about it the
+more obvious it will be um if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious it will be um if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious it will be um if you have
+an instance of size n with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of size n with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of size n with parameter
+K uh there are two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh there are two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh there are two cases
+uh either n is less than or equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either n is less than or equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either n is less than or equal to F
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+K or uh n is greater than or equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or uh n is greater than or equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or uh n is greater than or equal to F
+of K right well got to be one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K right well got to be one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K right well got to be one of those
+maybe both uh if n is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both uh if n is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both uh if n is less than or equal
+to F of K that means that this running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F of K that means that this running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F of K that means that this running
+time uh F of K time n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh F of K time n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh F of K time n the
+C uh let's see n is at most F of K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh let's see n is at most F of K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh let's see n is at most F of K so
+this is at most F of K to the C+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most F of K to the C+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most F of K to the C+ one
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+right I multiply F of K to the C * F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I multiply F of K to the C * F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I multiply F of K to the C * F of
+K uh when n is greater than F of K then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh when n is greater than F of K then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh when n is greater than F of K then
+I know that this running time F of K * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that this running time F of K * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that this running time F of K * n
+the C well now I know an upper bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C well now I know an upper bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C well now I know an upper bound on
+F of K I know that this thing is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of K I know that this thing is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of K I know that this thing is at most
+n and so this is at most n the C + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so this is at most n the C + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so this is at most n the C + one
+okay so really I have two scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so really I have two scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so really I have two scenarios
+either I'm bounded by some purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I'm bounded by some purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I'm bounded by some purely
+function of K or I'm bounded by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K or I'm bounded by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K or I'm bounded by some
+purely polinomial of n which means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely polinomial of n which means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely polinomial of n which means in
+both cases uh the running time F of K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases uh the running time F of K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases uh the running time F of K *
+n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the
+C uh is bounded above by the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh is bounded above by the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh is bounded above by the max of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+things Max of f of K to the C +1 n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Max of f of K to the C +1 n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Max of f of K to the C +1 n to
+the C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C +
+1 okay and the max is always at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and the max is always at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and the max is always at most the
+sum I'm assuming everything here is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I'm assuming everything here is non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I'm assuming everything here is non-
+negative so I take F of K C + 1 plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I take F of K C + 1 plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I take F of K C + 1 plus n
+the C + 1 boom that is an additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C + 1 boom that is an additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C + 1 boom that is an additive
+function of K Plus polom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K Plus polom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K Plus polom in
+N okay rather trivial uh this a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay rather trivial uh this a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay rather trivial uh this a funny
+area where you think oh this this deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where you think oh this this deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where you think oh this this deep
+question are these things the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are these things the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are these things the same and
+ends up yeah they're the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up yeah they're the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up yeah they're the same for
+obvious reasons uh so for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious reasons uh so for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious reasons uh so for example we
+have this uh linear basically n * 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh linear basically n * 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh linear basically n * 2 to
+the K algorithm if you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K algorithm if you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K algorithm if you apply this
+argument uh you get that this is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh you get that this is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh you get that this is at most
+so this uh n * to the K bound is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh n * to the K bound is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh n * to the K bound is at most
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+n^2 + 4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 + 4 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 + 4 the
+K okay I'm basically just squaring both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay I'm basically just squaring both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay I'm basically just squaring both
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+terms okay probably you prefer this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay probably you prefer this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay probably you prefer this time
+bound but if you really like an additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but if you really like an additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound but if you really like an additive
+time bound the exact same algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bound the exact same algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time bound the exact same algorithm
+satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this
+okay uh so not that exciting uh n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so not that exciting uh n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so not that exciting uh n in
+practice n squ looks like a bad thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice n squ looks like a bad thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice n squ looks like a bad thing so
+you probably prefer this kind of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably prefer this kind of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably prefer this kind of running
+time but there is a sense there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there is a sense there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there is a sense there's a
+quadratic thing going on here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic thing going on here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic thing going on here and that
+we have an n and we have a function of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an n and we have a function of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an n and we have a function of K
+multiplied together okay whatever um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied together okay whatever um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied together okay whatever um all
+right so this justifies the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this justifies the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this justifies the definition
+it's kind of robust to whether I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of robust to whether I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of robust to whether I put a
+dot here or plus so clearly this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here or plus so clearly this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here or plus so clearly this is the
+right definition we're going to use dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right definition we're going to use dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right definition we're going to use dot
+you could also use plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also use plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also use plus
+but all right uh but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right uh but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right uh but there's another
+thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called
+kernelization which in an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization which in an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization which in an intuitive
+sense matches this idea of Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense matches this idea of Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense matches this idea of Plus
+and it also matches an idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also matches an idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also matches an idea that's
+common in practice called pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in practice called pre-processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in practice called pre-processing
+if I have a giant graph and I give I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a giant graph and I give I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a giant graph and I give I'm
+given some number K and I want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some number K and I want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some number K and I want to find a
+Vertex cover well maybe the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex cover well maybe the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex cover well maybe the first thing
+I could do is simplify My Graph maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do is simplify My Graph maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do is simplify My Graph maybe
+there's some parts that are really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some parts that are really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some parts that are really easy
+to solve I should throw those away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve I should throw those away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve I should throw those away
+first uh and that will make my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh and that will make my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh and that will make my problem
+smaller so if I'm going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so if I'm going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so if I'm going to have an
+exponential running time presumably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential running time presumably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential running time presumably I
+want to First make the problem as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First make the problem as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First make the problem as small
+as I can then deal with the one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can then deal with the one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can then deal with the one of these
+algorithms okay so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so we're going to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh first I'm going to tell you about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generically and then we'll do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically and then we'll do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically and then we'll do it for
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover so first uh let me give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so first uh let me give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so first uh let me give you uh
+definition of what we'd like out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what we'd like out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what we'd like out of this
+pre-processing procedure it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing procedure it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing procedure it's going to
+be called a kernelization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called a kernelization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called a kernelization
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+um kernelization algorithm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kernelization algorithm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kernelization algorithm is a
+polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm okay back to polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay back to polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay back to polinomial
+timeland uh it's you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeland uh it's you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeland uh it's you can think of it as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+reduction but you know with NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction but you know with NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction but you know with NP hardness
+we reduce from one problem a to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce from one problem a to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce from one problem a to another
+problem B here we're going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B here we're going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B here we're going to reduce
+from the problem a a to the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the problem a a to the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the problem a a to the same problem
+a it's a self reduction if you will but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a self reduction if you will but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a self reduction if you will but
+the input to the problem is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the problem is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the problem is going to get
+smaller so we're going to convert uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so we're going to convert uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so we're going to convert uh an
+input so this is for a parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so this is for a parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so this is for a parameterized
+problem so an input consists of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so an input consists of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so an input consists of some
+regular input X and a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular input X and a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular input X and a parameter
+K and we want to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we want to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we want to convert it
+into uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+input uh X Prime K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime uh to the same problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh to the same problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh to the same problem okay
+problem is fixed say vertex cover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is fixed say vertex cover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is fixed say vertex cover so
+we're given an arbitrary input this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given an arbitrary input this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given an arbitrary input this
+would be a graph and a number K and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a graph and a number K and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a graph and a number K and we
+want to convert it into an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert it into an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert it into an equivalent
+small input to uh which is another graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small input to uh which is another graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small input to uh which is another graph
+G Prime and another parameter K Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime and another parameter K Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime and another parameter K Prime so
+equivalent means that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent means that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent means that the answer is
+going to be the same okay I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same okay I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same okay I want the
+answer to the problem uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the problem uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the problem uh let's say
+answer of X comma K to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of X comma K to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of X comma K to be equal to the
+answer uh to X Prime and K Prime again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh to X Prime and K Prime again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh to X Prime and K Prime again
+same problem but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem but different
+input uh I'm trying to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh I'm trying to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh I'm trying to be a little
+generic here it could be this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic here it could be this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic here it could be this we're
+going to think here about decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think here about decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think here about decision
+problems but this makes sense even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but this makes sense even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but this makes sense even for
+non-decision problems whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-decision problems whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-decision problems whatever the
+answer is here should be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here should be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here should be the same as the
+answer is here because I want an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here because I want an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here because I want an exact
+solution I want to solve exact exctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I want to solve exact exctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I want to solve exact exctly
+the problem I want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I want to compute this
+answer exactly correctly so if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer exactly correctly so if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer exactly correctly so if I can
+reduce it to some X Prime K Prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some X Prime K Prime with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some X Prime K Prime with
+the same answer well now I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer well now I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer well now I can just
+solve x Prime K Prime so that's good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve x Prime K Prime so that's good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve x Prime K Prime so that's good now
+what does small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does small
+mean I need to Define both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I need to Define both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I need to Define both of these
+small means that the size of X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small means that the size of X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small means that the size of X Prime
+which you might call n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might call n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might call n
+Prime uh should be at most some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh should be at most some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh should be at most some function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+so this is interesting so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting so we started
+with a probably a giant problem X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probably a giant problem X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probably a giant problem X has
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+n and we have a parameter K which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we have a parameter K which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we have a parameter K which we
+presume is relatively small and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume is relatively small and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume is relatively small and we
+convert it into a new input X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a new input X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a new input X Prime
+that's very small its size is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very small its size is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very small its size is a function
+of K no more dependence on n n has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K no more dependence on n n has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K no more dependence on n n has
+disappeared from the problem okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from the problem okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from the problem okay we
+started with something a size n we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with something a size n we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with something a size n we
+produced something whose is function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced something whose is function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced something whose is function of
+K and then okay there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then okay there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then okay there's some other
+parameter K Prime doesn't matter much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter K Prime doesn't matter much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter K Prime doesn't matter much
+what it is it's going to also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's going to also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's going to also be a
+function of K so we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K so we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K so we started with
+something of size n we produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size n we produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size n we produced
+something of size K in polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size K in polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size K in polom
+time wow this is this would be big if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wow this is this would be big if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wow this is this would be big if we
+could do it because we start with giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it because we start with giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it because we start with giant
+problem small K and we kernel it down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem small K and we kernel it down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem small K and we kernel it down so
+here's the picture with this big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture with this big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture with this big thing
+and the intuition is that the hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuition is that the hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuition is that the hardness
+of the problem is just just from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is just just from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is just just from this
+thing of size K but there's no thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of size K but there's no thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of size K but there's no thing of
+size k at least we haven't found it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size k at least we haven't found it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size k at least we haven't found it yet
+right this the the K is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this the the K is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this the the K is the size of the
+vertex cover we're looking for but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover we're looking for but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover we're looking for but we
+don't know where that is it's hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that is it's hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where that is it's hiding
+somewhere in this instance this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this instance this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this instance this is a
+morphous blob size K but somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphous blob size K but somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphous blob size K but somehow
+magically this kernelization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically this kernelization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically this kernelization
+procedure uh produces a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure uh produces a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure uh produces a new problem
+that's only a little bit bigger than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only a little bit bigger than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only a little bit bigger than K
+okay some function of K so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some function of K so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some function of K so we take the
+big problem we make it down to the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem we make it down to the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem we make it down to the small
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+what do you do now you can run any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do now you can run any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do now you can run any
+algorithm you want any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you want any finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you want any finite
+algorithm applied to this instance will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm applied to this instance will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm applied to this instance will
+run in some function of K time doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in some function of K time doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in some function of K time doesn't
+matter as long as it's a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as long as it's a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as long as it's a correct
+algorithm and if your problem is in NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and if your problem is in NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and if your problem is in NP
+uh there is a uh exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a uh exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a uh exponential time
+algorithm you just try all the guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you just try all the guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you just try all the guesses
+so we could use we have two of them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could use we have two of them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could use we have two of them here
+we could run either of these after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could run either of these after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could run either of these after we've
+kernelized uh and we would get an fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized uh and we would get an fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized uh and we would get an fpt
+time and indeed uh the fpt would mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and indeed uh the fpt would mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and indeed uh the fpt would mimic
+this kind of running time we do a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of running time we do a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of running time we do a polom
+amount of pre-processing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pre-processing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pre-processing that's the
+kernelization procedure that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure that's the only
+dependence on N after we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on N after we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on N after we've done that
+the new problem is entirely a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new problem is entirely a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new problem is entirely a function
+of K and then you apply any algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and then you apply any algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and then you apply any algorithm to
+that you'll get an F ofk running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get an F ofk running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get an F ofk running time
+now if we want a good F ofk we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we want a good F ofk we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we want a good F ofk we should
+use the best algorithm we have but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the best algorithm we have but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the best algorithm we have but uh in
+general you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you could use
+anything all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything all
+right so far so good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far so good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far so good um
+uh so we had this theorem that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had this theorem that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had this theorem that product
+is the same as Plus in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as Plus in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as Plus in fact
+kernelization is the same thing so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization is the same thing so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization is the same thing so uh
+these are all the same thing or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the same thing or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the same thing or I guess
+this one is equivalent to F being fbt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is equivalent to F being fbt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is equivalent to F being fbt
+that's the definition of fpt so um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of fpt so um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of fpt so um just
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here a problem is fpt if and only if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a problem is fpt if and only if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a problem is fpt if and only if uh
+it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kernelization this is crazy uh I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization this is crazy uh I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization this is crazy uh I keep
+introducing stronger and stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing stronger and stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing stronger and stronger
+Notions of good and they all turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of good and they all turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of good and they all turn out to
+be the same again gives you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same again gives you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same again gives you a sense of
+robustness of this definition and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness of this definition and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness of this definition and why
+this is a natural thing to study so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural thing to study so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural thing to study so uh
+this sounds crazy how could I put all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds crazy how could I put all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds crazy how could I put all of
+the easy work at the beginning in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy work at the beginning in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy work at the beginning in this
+polinomial time algorithm and then In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm and then In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm and then In
+the End Produce something that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the End Produce something that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the End Produce something that is a
+reasonable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable size
+again this proof is going to be trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this proof is going to be trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this proof is going to be trivial
+I think everything in this field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think everything in this field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think everything in this field is
+either really hard or trivial I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either really hard or trivial I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either really hard or trivial I guess
+that makes sense um so let's first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense um so let's first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense um so let's first so
+I'm just looking at this inequal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at this inequal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at this inequal this
+implication we already did the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication we already did the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication we already did the other
+one uh the easy direction of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the easy direction of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the easy direction of course is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way I didn't even do it in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I didn't even do it in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I didn't even do it in this case if
+I have an additive running time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an additive running time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an additive running time it's
+certainly at most the product assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly at most the product assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly at most the product assuming
+both those numbers are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those numbers are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those numbers are at least
+one okay and again if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and again if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and again if I have a
+kernelization as I said I could run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization as I said I could run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization as I said I could run the
+kernelization algorithm in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization algorithm in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization algorithm in polinomial
+time and then run any finite algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then run any finite algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then run any finite algorithm
+to solve the problem and I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problem and I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problem and I would get
+some f of K running time so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy uh kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh kernel
+eyes and then run any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the
+Kernel kernel is the produced output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel kernel is the produced output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel kernel is the produced output
+uh X Prime K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X Prime K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X Prime K
+Prime okay let's do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay let's do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay let's do the other
+direction this is the interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is the interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is the interesting part
+so suppose I have an algorithm that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have an algorithm that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have an algorithm that runs
+let's say in this running time I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in this running time I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in this running time I claim
+that uh I can turn it into a kernel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I can turn it into a kernel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I can turn it into a kernel and
+the proof is going to look just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is going to look just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is going to look just like
+before okay so there are two cases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so there are two cases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so there are two cases uh
+one is that F of K let's say is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that F of K let's say is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that F of K let's say is less
+than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to
+n um actually I want to do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um actually I want to do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um actually I want to do the other
+case first a little more natural but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first a little more natural but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first a little more natural but it
+doesn't really matter they're both easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter they're both easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter they're both easy
+but for different reasons this the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for different reasons this the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for different reasons this the then
+parts are going to look different uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are going to look different uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are going to look different uh so
+the first case if n is at most F of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case if n is at most F of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case if n is at most F of K
+what do I do in that situation in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do in that situation in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do in that situation in order
+to Kernel this thing of size N I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kernel this thing of size N I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kernel this thing of size N I want to
+Kernel into something of size F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel into something of size F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel into something of size F of
+K nothing I'm done already so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K nothing I'm done already so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K nothing I'm done already so this is
+the already kernelized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's that's
+great um so uh the other case is n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so uh the other case is n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so uh the other case is n is
+Big that's that's the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big that's that's the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big that's that's the more interesting
+case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of
+course n is greater than equal to F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K what happens here well just like last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what happens here well just like last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what happens here well just like last
+time that means that this running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means that this running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means that this running
+time uh F of K is now at most n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh F of K is now at most n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh F of K is now at most n that
+means this running times is at most n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this running times is at most n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this running times is at most n
+the C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C +
+1 right so that means uh the the fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so that means uh the the fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so that means uh the the fpt
+algorithm that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I'm
+given because we're assuming here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given because we're assuming here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given because we're assuming here we're
+given an fpt algorithm we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an fpt algorithm we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an fpt algorithm we want to
+produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a
+kernel in that case that algorithm runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel in that case that algorithm runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel in that case that algorithm runs
+in uh n the C+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh n the C+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh n the C+ one
+time which means I can actually run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which means I can actually run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which means I can actually run it
+that's polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's polinomial
+time okay so over here uh I needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so over here uh I needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so over here uh I needed a
+polinomial Time kernelization algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time kernelization algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time kernelization algorithm
+if it happens that F of K is at most n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it happens that F of K is at most n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it happens that F of K is at most n
+then I can actually run the fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually run the fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually run the fpt
+algorithm and that will be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that will be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and that will be a valid
+kernelization procedure now the fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure now the fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure now the fpt
+algorithm actually solves the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually solves the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually solves the problem
+let's say it says yes or no uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says yes or no uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says yes or no uh whether
+uh the answer to my original question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer to my original question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer to my original question
+the kernelization procedure has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernelization procedure has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernelization procedure has to
+Output an input to the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output an input to the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output an input to the problem so
+uh what I need to add one thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I need to add one thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I need to add one thing here
+which is just output um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+canonical yes or no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accordingly okay if the fbt algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly okay if the fbt algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly okay if the fbt algorithm
+here I'm thinking about decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm thinking about decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm thinking about decision
+problems if the fbt algorithm says yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if the fbt algorithm says yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if the fbt algorithm says yes
+I'm going to uh output one instance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to uh output one instance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to uh output one instance one
+input of the problem where the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the problem where the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the problem where the output is
+yes I know that one exists uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I know that one exists uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I know that one exists uh because
+this algorithm said yes so in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm said yes so in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm said yes so in in a
+constant amount of space I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of space I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of space I'm able to
+write a yes input or in a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a yes input or in a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a yes input or in a constant
+amount of space I write a no input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space I write a no input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space I write a no input so
+the new kernel will have constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new kernel will have constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new kernel will have constant size
+which is smaller than F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than F of
+K okay uh that's it so either I output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay uh that's it so either I output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay uh that's it so either I output
+the same input that I was given or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same input that I was given or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same input that I was given or I
+output something of constant size that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output something of constant size that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output something of constant size that
+encodes a yes or a no so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes a yes or a no so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes a yes or a no so it's kind of
+trivial again um the catch is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial again um the catch is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial again um the catch is that the
+SI the size of the kernel the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI the size of the kernel the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI the size of the kernel the size of
+the output in general here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in general here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in general here is going to
+be exponential in K because F of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential in K because F of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential in K because F of K
+presumably is exponential in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably is exponential in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably is exponential in k
+that's annoying this is what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's annoying this is what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's annoying this is what you might
+call an exponential size kernel so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an exponential size kernel so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an exponential size kernel so an
+interesting question and an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and an exponential
+size kernels are equivalent to fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size kernels are equivalent to fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size kernels are equivalent to fpt
+something that may not be equivalent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that may not be equivalent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that may not be equivalent is
+a polinomial size kernel it' be nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial size kernel it' be nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial size kernel it' be nice if
+I start with something that's polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with something that's polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with something that's polinomial
+in n and I reduce it to something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n and I reduce it to something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n and I reduce it to something that's
+polinomial in K and then I run something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in K and then I run something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in K and then I run something
+you know it's exponential on that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's exponential on that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's exponential on that but it
+will only be singly exponential in K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be singly exponential in K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be singly exponential in K
+hopefully whereas if I use use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully whereas if I use use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully whereas if I use use this
+kernelization procedure if I apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure if I apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization procedure if I apply it to
+vertex cover uh with with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover uh with with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover uh with with one of these
+algorithms I'm going to get a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'm going to get a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'm going to get a new thing
+whose size is exponential in K if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is exponential in K if I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is exponential in K if I run
+this uh one of these Brute Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh one of these Brute Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh one of these Brute Force
+algorithms I'm going to get something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'm going to get something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'm going to get something as
+like doubly exponential in K that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doubly exponential in K that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doubly exponential in K that's not
+so hot uh because I already know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hot uh because I already know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hot uh because I already know how to
+do exponential in K all right uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exponential in K all right uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exponential in K all right uh but
+that's the this is the general idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is the general idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is the general idea of
+kernelization and why uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization and why uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization and why uh it's not
+surprising that you can do it I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that you can do it I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that you can do it I have one
+catch here which is this is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch here which is this is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch here which is this is is an
+algorithm it Compares n to F of K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it Compares n to F of K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it Compares n to F of K in
+order to do this you have to know what K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this you have to know what K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this you have to know what K
+is minor technicality uh if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minor technicality uh if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minor technicality uh if you don't
+know what K is you can basically uh run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what K is you can basically uh run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what K is you can basically uh run
+this algorithm with a timer a stopwatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm with a timer a stopwatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm with a timer a stopwatch
+and if its running time exceeds n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if its running time exceeds n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if its running time exceeds n to the
+C+ one then you know you're not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C+ one then you know you're not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C+ one then you know you're not in this
+case if it finishes within that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if it finishes within that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if it finishes within that time
+bound great you found the answer if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound great you found the answer if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound great you found the answer if it
+doesn't finish uh then you know you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't finish uh then you know you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't finish uh then you know you must
+be in this case and then you just quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this case and then you just quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this case and then you just quit
+and output your original input say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output your original input say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output your original input say I'm
+kernelized done easy okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technicality all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicality all
+right so much for general theory let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so much for general theory let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so much for general theory let's
+go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+uh yeah all of this work I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah all of this work I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah all of this work I want to write
+down over here we have a v * 2 the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm on the one side and uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the one side and uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the one side and uh here we
+have an e b to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an e b to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an e b to the K
+algorithm just want to keep a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm just want to keep a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm just want to keep a running
+we're going to get a faster algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a faster algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a faster algorithm
+than both of those through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kernelization so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelization so I
+claim uh that we can find a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh that we can find a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh that we can find a polinomial
+kernel polinomial size kernel it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel polinomial size kernel it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel polinomial size kernel it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+quadratic uh for vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are hard to find uh and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hard to find uh and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hard to find uh and there's a
+whole research industry for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole research industry for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole research industry for finding
+polinomial kernels um so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial kernels um so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial kernels um so I'm going to
+give you some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some some
+uh methods but they're specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh methods but they're specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh methods but they're specific to
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover so here's the first thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so here's the first thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so here's the first thing this is
+hard to draw so here I have a Vertex U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to draw so here I have a Vertex U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to draw so here I have a Vertex U
+and suppose I have an edge connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I have an edge connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I have an edge connected
+from U to U this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to U this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to U this is called a
+loop what can I do from a Vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what can I do from a Vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what can I do from a Vertex cover
+perspective what can I conclude about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what can I conclude about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what can I conclude about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right you must be in the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you must be in the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you must be in the vertex
+cover uh because this Edge really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh because this Edge really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh because this Edge really only
+has one end point okay so far so easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one end point okay so far so easy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one end point okay so far so easy so
+um what I can do in this case to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I can do in this case to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I can do in this case to say
+okay U is in the vertex cover and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay U is in the vertex cover and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay U is in the vertex cover and then
+uh Delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U uh and it's incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges uh so and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh so and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh so and then we have to
+decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+okay cool seems feels familiar uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool seems feels familiar uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool seems feels familiar uh but in
+this case we there's no guessing we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we there's no guessing we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we there's no guessing we just
+know you must be in the cover all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you must be in the cover all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you must be in the cover all right
+here's another case suppose I have u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case suppose I have u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case suppose I have u and
+v and there are many edges connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and there are many edges connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and there are many edges connecting
+them this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is called a
+multi-edge uh so maybe you just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edge uh so maybe you just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edge uh so maybe you just assume
+your graph is simple but if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph is simple but if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph is simple but if you don't
+assume your graph is simple uh we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume your graph is simple uh we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume your graph is simple uh we might
+have these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kinds of
+situations what can I do in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations what can I do in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations what can I do in this case
+what can I guarantee yeah REM you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I guarantee yeah REM you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I guarantee yeah REM you can
+remove all but one of the edges let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all but one of the edges let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all but one of the edges let's
+just delete all but one if I cover one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delete all but one if I cover one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delete all but one if I cover one
+of them I cover them all easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+peasy see if you can get the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasy see if you can get the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasy see if you can get the other
+rules so delete all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in general we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in general we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in general we're going to have a
+bunch of these kinds of simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these kinds of simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these kinds of simplification
+rules that are guaranteed correct they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are guaranteed correct they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are guaranteed correct they
+don't change the output but magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the output but magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the output but magically
+we're going to end up with something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with something in
+size function of K we haven't done much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size function of K we haven't done much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size function of K we haven't done much
+yet but now we know that the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but now we know that the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but now we know that the graph is
+simple meaning it has no loops and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple meaning it has no loops and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple meaning it has no loops and it
+has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no
+multi-edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edges
+cool all right next thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right next thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right next thing I want to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh a vertex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a vertex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a vertex of
+degree greater than k k is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree greater than k k is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree greater than k k is the current
+value of K so suppose I have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K so suppose I have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K so suppose I have a high
+degree vertex more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertex more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertex more than
+K uh edges outgoing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then yeah must it you must put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah must it you must put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah must it you must put it in the
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh proof by contradiction if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh proof by contradiction if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh proof by contradiction if I
+don't put it in the cover that means all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put it in the cover that means all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put it in the cover that means all
+of these guys are in the cover there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys are in the cover there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys are in the cover there's
+more than K of them and the whole goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than K of them and the whole goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than K of them and the whole goal
+was to find uh a Vertex cover of size at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to find uh a Vertex cover of size at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to find uh a Vertex cover of size at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so you better not put all of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you better not put all of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you better not put all of these in
+your vertex cover because that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vertex cover because that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vertex cover because that's more
+than K so that therefore this one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K so that therefore this one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K so that therefore this one has to
+be in there this is a cool argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there this is a cool argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there this is a cool argument
+simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but
+cool okay uh so any vertex of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay uh so any vertex of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay uh so any vertex of degree
+greater than K must be in the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than K must be in the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than K must be in the vertex
+cover which I was calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover which I was calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover which I was calling
+s okay so delete that vertex and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so delete that vertex and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so delete that vertex and it's
+incident edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges
+decrement okay because we just Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement okay because we just Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement okay because we just Ed
+something okay so just keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so just keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so just keep doing this
+every time I see a vertex of degree more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I see a vertex of degree more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I see a vertex of degree more
+than K delete it decrement K now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K delete it decrement K now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K delete it decrement K now I have
+a new graph and a new value of K look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new graph and a new value of K look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new graph and a new value of K look
+for any vertices whose degree is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertices whose degree is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertices whose degree is more
+than K if I find one delete it repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K if I find one delete it repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K if I find one delete it repeat
+repeat keep repeating until you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat keep repeating until you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat keep repeating until you can't
+anymore how much how much time is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore how much how much time is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore how much how much time is this
+going to take I don't know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I don't know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I don't know most
+quadratic right I look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic right I look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic right I look at all the
+vertices uh look at their degrees uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh look at their degrees uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh look at their degrees uh you
+know I could look over all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could look over all the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could look over all the edges
+increment the degrees uh in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the degrees uh in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the degrees uh in linear time
+I can find whether there's any vertex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find whether there's any vertex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find whether there's any vertex of
+degree more than k then delete it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree more than k then delete it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree more than k then delete it in
+linear time then try again and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time then try again and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time then try again and this will
+happen at most linear time many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at most linear time many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at most linear time many times
+because I can only delete a Vertex once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can only delete a Vertex once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can only delete a Vertex once
+so I delete at most V vertices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I delete at most V vertices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I delete at most V vertices so
+overall running time here is like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall running time here is like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall running time here is like at
+most um you know V *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um you know V *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um you know V *
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial probably if you're clever use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial probably if you're clever use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial probably if you're clever use
+a data structure to M to update degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure to M to update degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure to M to update degrees
+uh you could do this in order V time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could do this in order V time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could do this in order V time but
+uh Let's Not Be Clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Let's Not Be Clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Let's Not Be Clever
+yet all right uh so now after I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet all right uh so now after I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet all right uh so now after I've done
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+reductions I have a graph where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions I have a graph where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions I have a graph where every
+vertex has degree at most K so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has degree at most K so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has degree at most K so it's like
+a bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do I care about a bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about a bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about a bounded degree
+graph um remember I drew this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um remember I drew this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um remember I drew this example
+which was a star graph where n was large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a star graph where n was large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a star graph where n was large
+but K was very small n was n n was V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but K was very small n was n n was V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but K was very small n was n n was V and
+uh K was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K was one
+now star graph is special because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now star graph is special because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now star graph is special because it has
+a very high degree vertex in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high degree vertex in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high degree vertex in general if
+I have a vertex of some degree say k um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a vertex of some degree say k um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a vertex of some degree say k um
+and I put it in the vertex cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put it in the vertex cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put it in the vertex cover it
+covers K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers K
+edges okay so uh each vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay so uh each vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay so uh each vertex in
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+covers at most K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers at most K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers at most K
+edges whatever the degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges whatever the degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges whatever the degree is
+so that means you don't get much bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you don't get much bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you don't get much bang
+for your buck anymore we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your buck anymore we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your buck anymore we've already
+taken care of all the high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of all the high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of all the high degree
+vertices where you get a lot of reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices where you get a lot of reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices where you get a lot of reward
+for putting one vertex in the cover now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting one vertex in the cover now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting one vertex in the cover now
+uh and this is the new value of K it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is the new value of K it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is the new value of K it may
+have decremented from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decremented from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decremented from
+before every vertex that we uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before every vertex that we uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before every vertex that we uh could
+possibly put in the set will only cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly put in the set will only cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly put in the set will only cover
+K edges now we know that we only get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K edges now we know that we only get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K edges now we know that we only get to
+put K more vertices into the set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K more vertices into the set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K more vertices into the set right
+we know uh we're supposing that size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh we're supposing that size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know uh we're supposing that size of
+s is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is at most
+K uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so that
+means that uh the number of edges size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh the number of edges size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh the number of edges size
+of e must be at most K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e must be at most K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e must be at most K
+squ right because every one I put into S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right because every one I put into S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right because every one I put into S
+covers at most K edges all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers at most K edges all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers at most K edges all of them have
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+covered and so uh K * K is k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and so uh K * K is k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and so uh K * K is k
+s huh interesting that means my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s huh interesting that means my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s huh interesting that means my graph is
+small now like catch there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small now like catch there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small now like catch there might be a
+whole bunch vertices that have no edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch vertices that have no edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch vertices that have no edges
+incident to them so I need to delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to them so I need to delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to them so I need to delete
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+vertices say degree zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices okay degree zero vertices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay degree zero vertices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay degree zero vertices you
+really don't want to put those into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to put those into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to put those into your
+vertex cover no point they don't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover no point they don't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover no point they don't cover
+any edges so delete those and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any edges so delete those and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any edges so delete those and now I
+still may not have a direct a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still may not have a direct a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still may not have a direct a connected
+graph but in the worst case I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but in the worst case I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but in the worst case I have a
+matching uh I know the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh I know the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh I know the total number of
+edges is at most k squ that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is at most k squ that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is at most k squ that means the
+total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of
+vertices is at twice that 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is at twice that 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is at twice that 2
+K2 so after all of these operations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 so after all of these operations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 so after all of these operations I
+assumed that s was size at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that s was size at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that s was size at most
+K uh and then if I do all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and then if I do all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and then if I do all of these
+operations um I get a graph with at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations um I get a graph with at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations um I get a graph with at most
+two k squ vertices and at most K squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two k squ vertices and at most K squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two k squ vertices and at most K squ
+edges so the total size of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so the total size of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so the total size of the graph
+which I'm calling n uh n which is size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling n uh n which is size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling n uh n which is size
+of V plus size of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V plus size of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V plus size of E
+is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order
+k^2 3 k^2 and uh I know I assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 3 k^2 and uh I know I assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 3 k^2 and uh I know I assumed that
+there was a Vertex cover of size at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Vertex cover of size at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Vertex cover of size at most
+K throughout this so what I do is I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K throughout this so what I do is I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K throughout this so what I do is I run
+this kernelization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kernelization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kernelization
+algorithm and I see is the graph that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I see is the graph that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I see is the graph that I
+produced size at most 3K s if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced size at most 3K s if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced size at most 3K s if it is
+output it that's a kernelized thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it that's a kernelized thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it that's a kernelized thing
+because it's small if it isn't if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's small if it isn't if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's small if it isn't if the
+graph I've produced is still too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I've produced is still too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I've produced is still too big
+that must mean that this assumption was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that this assumption was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that this assumption was
+wrong which means the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong which means the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong which means the answer to the
+vertex cover problem is no there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover problem is no there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover problem is no there is no
+vertex cover of size at most K and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover of size at most K and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover of size at most K and so
+then I just output a canonical no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just output a canonical no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just output a canonical no
+instance like uh so I mean this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like uh so I mean this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like uh so I mean this is sort
+of outside but if um the newly produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outside but if um the newly produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outside but if um the newly produced
+graph I'll call it uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I'll call it uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I'll call it uh V
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+uh plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus e
+Prime is greater than 3 * k^ 2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is greater than 3 * k^ 2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is greater than 3 * k^ 2 then
+output and here I can actually give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and here I can actually give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and here I can actually give you
+one let's say I'm going to Output the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's say I'm going to Output the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's say I'm going to Output the
+graph which is a single edge with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is a single edge with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is a single edge with two
+vertices and k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and k equals
+zero the answer to vertex cover in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the answer to vertex cover in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the answer to vertex cover in this
+instance is no so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is no so this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is no so this is an example of
+a constant size no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant size no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant size no
+representative so either I get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative so either I get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative so either I get something
+that's small and I output that or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small and I output that or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small and I output that or it's
+big in which case I output this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in which case I output this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in which case I output this thing
+just to say nope can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say nope can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say nope can't be
+done that's chronization so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's chronization so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's chronization so I've
+produced a quadratic size quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a quadratic size quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a quadratic size quadratic in
+K in polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in polom
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+question wow so this is kernelization at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question wow so this is kernelization at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question wow so this is kernelization at
+its finest polinomial kernel polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its finest polinomial kernel polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its finest polinomial kernel polinomial
+time we get it down to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get it down to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get it down to something that
+size polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size polinomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size polinomial in
+K this is how you should if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is how you should if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is how you should if you want to
+solve vertex cover you might as well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve vertex cover you might as well do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve vertex cover you might as well do
+these reductions first because they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reductions first because they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reductions first because they will
+simplify your thing and now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your thing and now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your thing and now if you
+happen to know your vertex cover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know your vertex cover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know your vertex cover is
+small then the graph will be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the graph will be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the graph will be small
+so now we can run either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can run either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can run either of these
+algorithms okay presumably we should run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay presumably we should run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay presumably we should run
+the better one but for fun uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better one but for fun uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better one but for fun uh let's
+analyze both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze both of
+them okay so I want to leave the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I want to leave the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I want to leave the running
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're going to get a faster vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to get a faster vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to get a faster vertex
+cover algorithm from a fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover algorithm from a fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover algorithm from a fixed parameter
+tractability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability
+perspective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a new fpt algorithm two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a new fpt algorithm two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a new fpt algorithm two of them
+first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kernelized ve time again I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized ve time again I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized ve time again I think you can
+get that down to order V uh without too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that down to order V uh without too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that down to order V uh without too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+obvious it's not totally obvious it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious it's not totally obvious it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious it's not totally obvious it's a
+good exercise be a good problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise be a good problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise be a good problem set
+problem but uh it's not on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but uh it's not on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but uh it's not on the problem
+set don't worry uh could be a good final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set don't worry uh could be a good final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set don't worry uh could be a good final
+exam problem I don't know that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problem I don't know that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problem I don't know that probably
+a little long um all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little long um all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little long um all right so now we
+could uh let's say option one let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh let's say option one let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh let's say option one let's use
+the Brute Force algorithm after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the running time of that is e * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the running time of that is e * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the running time of that is e * V
+to the K but now e is K2 and V is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K but now e is K2 and V is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K but now e is K2 and V is also
+order K squ let's not worry about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order K squ let's not worry about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order K squ let's not worry about uh
+actually I do have to worry about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do have to worry about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do have to worry about here
+because it's in the base of an exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the base of an exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the base of an exponent
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+do so we're going to get uh k^ for the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we're going to get uh k^ for the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we're going to get uh k^ for the E
+term and then the V term is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then the V term is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then the V term is going to be
+uh 2 * k^ 2 and then that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * k^ 2 and then that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * k^ 2 and then that's going to be
+raised to the K power okay so simplify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the K power okay so simplify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the K power okay so simplify a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit this is like 2 to the K times uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit this is like 2 to the K times uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit this is like 2 to the K times uh I
+guess K to the 2K okay it's K to the k 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not bad overall running time is VE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not bad overall running time is VE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not bad overall running time is VE
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's a function of K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a function of K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a function of K it's
+exponential um but you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential um but you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential um but you know we have a
+better algorithm we have this V * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm we have this V * 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm we have this V * 2 the
+K running time so we might as well use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K running time so we might as well use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K running time so we might as well use
+that one but the point is once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but the point is once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but the point is once you
+kernelized you can use pretty stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized you can use pretty stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelized you can use pretty stupid
+algorithms and you still get really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and you still get really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and you still get really good
+running times okay we'll get a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times okay we'll get a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times okay we'll get a slightly
+better running time using the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better running time using the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better running time using the bounded
+tree search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we use bounded treesearch we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use bounded treesearch we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use bounded treesearch we have
+v v is 2k^ 2 so here the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v v is 2k^ 2 so here the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v v is 2k^ 2 so here the constant
+doesn't matter because it's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because it's there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because it's there's no
+exponent and then we have time 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then we have time 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then we have time 2 to the
+K so we're going to get a uh k^ 2 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we're going to get a uh k^ 2 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we're going to get a uh k^ 2 * 2
+the K algorithm it's kind of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K algorithm it's kind of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K algorithm it's kind of funny
+symmetry here two and K are swi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry here two and K are swi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry here two and K are swi
+switching roles of course the two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching roles of course the two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching roles of course the two to the
+K is the big term but now it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the big term but now it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the big term but now it's only
+singly exponential in K this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly exponential in K this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly exponential in K this thing is
+like 2 to the K log K this thing is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 to the K log K this thing is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 to the K log K this thing is only
+2 to the K so it's better this is like K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K so it's better this is like K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K so it's better this is like K
+factorial and this is just 2 to the K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is just 2 to the K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is just 2 to the K so
+it's a big Improvement this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big Improvement this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big Improvement this will be a
+much more practical algorithm so we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more practical algorithm so we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more practical algorithm so we run
+the kernelization then we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernelization then we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernelization then we run the
+bounded uh tree search algorithm and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh tree search algorithm and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh tree search algorithm and so
+the total running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time uh is say ve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh is say ve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh is say ve
++ k^2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ k^2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ k^2 to the
+K the story doesn't end here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the story doesn't end here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the story doesn't end here there are
+dozens of papers about how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of papers about how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of papers about how to solve
+vertex cover from fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover from fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover from fixed parameter
+tractability perspective the best one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability perspective the best one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractability perspective the best one so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+uh I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to
+cover but it is based on kernelization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but it is based on kernelization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover but it is based on kernelization
+just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more
+rules uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules uh and you
+get K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get K
+V plus 1 2 74 to the K okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus 1 2 74 to the K okay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus 1 2 74 to the K okay some
+constant better than two but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar that's vertex cover if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar that's vertex cover if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar that's vertex cover if you have
+a Vertex cover instance and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex cover instance and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex cover instance and you know
+that it's going to have a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have a relatively
+small vertex cover these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vertex cover these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vertex cover these are the
+algorithms you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any
+questions this ends our vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this ends our vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this ends our vertex cover
+story uh but the last thing I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh but the last thing I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh but the last thing I want to do
+is connect up these two areas last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connect up these two areas last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connect up these two areas last class
+we talked about approximation algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about approximation algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about approximation algorithms
+this class we talked about fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we talked about fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we talked about fixed
+parameter algorithms they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter algorithms they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter algorithms they are actually
+closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+related uh and so for example we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh and so for example we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh and so for example we will
+get a fixed parameter algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a fixed parameter algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a fixed parameter algorithm
+to uh subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh subset
+sum using what we already had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture so so far today I've basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so so far today I've basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so so far today I've basically
+been talking about decision problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about decision problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about decision problems but
+let's think a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit about
+optimization ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems so uh take your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so uh take your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so uh take your favorite
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+problem like any of the ones from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like any of the ones from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like any of the ones from last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's
+assume uh that the optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh that the optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh that the optimal solution
+value that the thing we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that the thing we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that the thing we're trying to
+optimize minimize or maximize is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize minimize or maximize is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize minimize or maximize is an
+integer assume that opt is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer assume that opt is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer assume that opt is an
+integer okay now uh let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay now uh let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay now uh let's look at the
+decision problem whenever you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem whenever you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem whenever you have an
+optimization problem you can convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem you can convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem you can convert it
+into a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a decision
+problem uh you can convert it into I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh you can convert it into I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh you can convert it into I
+don't know a few uh for example opt less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a few uh for example opt less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a few uh for example opt less
+than or equal to K or opt greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to K or opt greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to K or opt greater than
+or equal to K they're all going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to K they're all going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to K they're all going to turn
+out to work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to work the
+same op equal K would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same op equal K would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same op equal K would also
+work uh now that's a decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh now that's a decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh now that's a decision problem
+but what I want is a parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want is a parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want is a parameterized
+decision problem what should my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem what should my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem what should my
+parameter be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter be K
+okay that's the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+in some sense we're parameterizing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we're parameterizing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we're parameterizing by
+opt but we're adding a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt but we're adding a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt but we're adding a layer of
+indirection we're saying well opts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection we're saying well opts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirection we're saying well opts we
+want to decide whether opt is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decide whether opt is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decide whether opt is less than
+or equal to K question mark and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to K question mark and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to K question mark and let's
+parameterize by K that's similar flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize by K that's similar flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize by K that's similar flavor
+to what we had with vertex cover if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we had with vertex cover if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we had with vertex cover if
+you're thinking of if we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of if we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of if we started with
+minimum vertex cover and converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum vertex cover and converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum vertex cover and converted
+it uh cool here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+this is not going to be as strong as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not going to be as strong as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not going to be as strong as the
+other things we've seen no equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so it's a one-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one-way
+implication uh and I haven't defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication uh and I haven't defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication uh and I haven't defined
+this term yet uh but it's similar to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term yet uh but it's similar to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term yet uh but it's similar to one
+we saw last class uh if the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last class uh if the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last class uh if the optimization
+problem that we started with has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we started with has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we started with has an
+efficient pasas an efficient polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient pasas an efficient polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient pasas an efficient polinomial
+time approximation scheme then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time approximation scheme then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time approximation scheme then the
+decision problem uh you get from here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem uh you get from here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem uh you get from here is
+fixed parameter tractable with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+K okay so what is EP Tas mean it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so what is EP Tas mean it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so what is EP Tas mean it's going
+to look familiar we're going to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look familiar we're going to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look familiar we're going to take an
+arbitrary function of 1 Epsilon times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function of 1 Epsilon times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function of 1 Epsilon times a
+fixed polom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed polom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed polom in
+N so last time uh we talked about pasas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so last time uh we talked about pasas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so last time uh we talked about pasas
+where we could have uh you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could have uh you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could have uh you could have
+something like n to the F of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n to the F of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n to the F of 1 over
+Epsilon I'm going to consider that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I'm going to consider that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I'm going to consider that bad
+as you might imagine from a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine from a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine from a fixed
+parameter tractability perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter tractability perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter tractability perspective
+better uh would be some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh would be some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh would be some function
+possibly exponential of 1 Epsilon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly exponential of 1 Epsilon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly exponential of 1 Epsilon time
+polinomial n this is going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial n this is going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial n this is going to be good
+from a fixed parameter perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a fixed parameter perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a fixed parameter perspective
+although it's about a approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's about a approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's about a approximation
+algorithms not about exact algorithms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms not about exact algorithms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms not about exact algorithms of
+course even better is the FP task we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course even better is the FP task we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course even better is the FP task we saw
+last time uh which is polinomial in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh which is polinomial in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh which is polinomial in one
+over Epsilon times polinomial in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon times polinomial in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon times polinomial in N
+that's ideal if you have an FP test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ideal if you have an FP test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ideal if you have an FP test it
+is also an EP test uh you just remove or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also an EP test uh you just remove or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also an EP test uh you just remove or
+you just add one more stroke to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just add one more stroke to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just add one more stroke to the
+first letter and you get an EP test um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter and you get an EP test um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter and you get an EP test um
+and last class we actually saw an EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last class we actually saw an EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last class we actually saw an EP
+test for subset sum we saw 2 1 Epsilon *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for subset sum we saw 2 1 Epsilon *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for subset sum we saw 2 1 Epsilon *
+n now in fact for that problem there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now in fact for that problem there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now in fact for that problem there's
+an FP task even better but you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FP task even better but you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FP task even better but you you can
+see from last lecture why it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from last lecture why it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from last lecture why it's nice to
+have an exponential dependence on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exponential dependence on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exponential dependence on one
+over Epsilon and what this is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon and what this is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon and what this is saying is
+you can do that as long as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that as long as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that as long as that
+exponential dependence is separated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential dependence is separated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential dependence is separated from
+the N part if it's uh multiplicatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N part if it's uh multiplicatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N part if it's uh multiplicatively
+or additively separated as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or additively separated as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or additively separated as you might
+imagine it's the same thing uh from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's the same thing uh from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's the same thing uh from n
+then we call this an efficient P test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call this an efficient P test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call this an efficient P test
+not fully not quite as good as an FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully not quite as good as an FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully not quite as good as an FP
+test but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but
+close and as long as you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and as long as you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and as long as you have such a
+thing you can convert it into an fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can convert it into an fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can convert it into an fpt
+algor Alm for the decision problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algor Alm for the decision problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algor Alm for the decision problem uh
+the way this is typically used so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is typically used so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is typically used so this
+tells us we get an fbt algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we get an fbt algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us we get an fbt algorithm for
+subset sum uh in fact because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset sum uh in fact because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset sum uh in fact because there's an
+FP Tas we get a pseudo polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP Tas we get a pseudo polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP Tas we get a pseudo polinomial time
+algorithm which is in some sense better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is in some sense better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is in some sense better
+but anyway uh the way this theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh the way this theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh the way this theorem is
+usually used is in the contrapositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually used is in the contrapositive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually used is in the contrapositive
+what this tells us is that if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that if we can
+find a problem that is not fpt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a problem that is not fpt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a problem that is not fpt and
+there's a whole Theory like NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole Theory like NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole Theory like NP
+completeness for showing that problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness for showing that problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness for showing that problems
+are almost certainly not fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost certainly not fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost certainly not fixed parameter
+tractable then we know that there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable then we know that there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable then we know that there is not
+an EP Tas and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an EP Tas and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an EP Tas and this is the
+state-of-the-art for proving that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art for proving that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art for proving that these
+kinds of algorithms do not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of algorithms do not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of algorithms do not exist
+typically you look at it from a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you look at it from a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you look at it from a fixed
+parameter perspective and show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter perspective and show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter perspective and show that
+probably doesn't exist then you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doesn't exist then you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doesn't exist then you get that
+this probably doesn't exist okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably doesn't exist okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably doesn't exist okay let's
+prove this theorem it's again really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem it's again really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem it's again really
+easy but a nice connection between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but a nice connection between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but a nice connection between these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there are two cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are two cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are two cases the
+optimization problem we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem we're thinking
+about could be a minimization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about could be a minimization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about could be a minimization or
+maximization problem let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem let's say it's
+maximization just to be concrete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization just to be concrete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization just to be concrete it
+won't make too much difference but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make too much difference but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make too much difference but it
+will make a tiny difference in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a tiny difference in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a tiny difference in the order
+of or the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the inequality
+directions uh okay so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh okay so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh okay so what we're going
+to do so we're given an EP test and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so we're given an EP test and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so we're given an EP test and we
+want to solve fpt we want an fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve fpt we want an fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve fpt we want an fpt
+algorithm so what do we do uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so what do we do uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so what do we do uh well
+algorithm is going to be to run that EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to be to run that EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to be to run that EP
+test that's sort of the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's sort of the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's sort of the only thing we
+can do now the EP test this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now the EP test this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now the EP test this is an
+approximation scheme it has an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation scheme it has an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation scheme it has an extra
+input which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is
+Epsilon we need to choose Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we need to choose Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we need to choose Epsilon
+because we're not for we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not for we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not for we're trying to
+solve it exactly but there's no Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it exactly but there's no Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it exactly but there's no Epsilon
+in that problem so we got to make one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that problem so we got to make one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that problem so we got to make one up
+let's run the EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t with anyone have good intuition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with anyone have good intuition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with anyone have good intuition what
+should Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tricky we want Epsilon to be small yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky we want Epsilon to be small yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky we want Epsilon to be small yes
+be one one over K is almost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one one over K is almost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one one over K is almost right
+anything less than that will work uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than that will work uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than that will work uh so
+I'll use one over 2K but you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use one over 2K but you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use one over 2K but you know one
+over k+ one would also work uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k+ one would also work uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k+ one would also work uh or
+anything a little bit tin one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a little bit tin one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a little bit tin one over
+K uh yeah one over K plus 001 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh yeah one over K plus 001 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh yeah one over K plus 001 something
+um anything a little bit less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything a little bit less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything a little bit less than one
+over K will turn out to work uh so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K will turn out to work uh so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K will turn out to work uh so why
+so so first of all how much does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first of all how much does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first of all how much does how
+much time does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time does this
+take uh well we were given this running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh well we were given this running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh well we were given this running
+time one over this is 2K so uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one over this is 2K so uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one over this is 2K so uh this is
+going to take F of 2K time times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take F of 2K time times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take F of 2K time times
+polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N okay we need to connect e and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay we need to connect e and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay we need to connect e and K
+because we're given sorry Epsilon and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're given sorry Epsilon and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're given sorry Epsilon and K
+uh because we're given something whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're given something whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're given something whose
+running time depends on Epsilon not K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time depends on Epsilon not K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time depends on Epsilon not K
+now we're setting Epsilon in terms of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're setting Epsilon in terms of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're setting Epsilon in terms of K
+so now the running time is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the running time is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the running time is a function of
+K not Epsilon uh and then times n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K not Epsilon uh and then times n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K not Epsilon uh and then times n so
+this is good this looks like an fpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good this looks like an fpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good this looks like an fpt
+running time I claim we've found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time I claim we've found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time I claim we've found the
+answer okay this is maybe the surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay this is maybe the surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay this is maybe the surprising
+part you had good intuition here uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you had good intuition here uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you had good intuition here uh and
+the the intuition is just that uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intuition is just that uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intuition is just that uh if
+you're this close to Optimal and optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this close to Optimal and optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're this close to Optimal and optimal
+is actually an integer and you found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an integer and you found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an integer and you found an
+integer then uh you're going to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then uh you're going to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then uh you're going to be less
+than one away which means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one away which means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one away which means you're
+actually the same thing okay but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing okay but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing okay but let's
+do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formally uh so we're within a 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally uh so we're within a 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally uh so we're within a 1 plus
+Epsilon Factor I'm going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Factor I'm going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Factor I'm going to call the
+Epsilon part relative error right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon part relative error right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon part relative error right that's
+how much it gets multiplied by opt uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it gets multiplied by opt uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it gets multiplied by opt uh in
+order to compute the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the error
+bound so the relative of error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so the relative of error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so the relative of error is
+Epsilon Epsilon is or I guess is it most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon is or I guess is it most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon is or I guess is it most
+Epsilon Epsilon is 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon is 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon is 1/
+2K which all I'm going to need is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K which all I'm going to need is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K which all I'm going to need is this
+is strictly less than 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so this means if I look at Absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error so in case you're not familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so in case you're not familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so in case you're not familiar
+relative error is I take uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error is I take uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error is I take uh my
+approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+solution uh I subtract off let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh I subtract off let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh I subtract off let's say the
+optimal solution did I get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution did I get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution did I get this right
+this is a maximization problem so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a maximization problem so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a maximization problem so yeah
+my solution is presumably no it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution is presumably no it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution is presumably no it's going
+to be the other way around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the other way around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the other way around for
+maximization problem it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem it's going to be
+the optimal could be bigger than me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal could be bigger than me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal could be bigger than me so I
+take that difference this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that difference this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that difference this is called
+absolute error okay and relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error okay and relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error okay and relative error
+is when I just divide that by opt that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I just divide that by opt that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I just divide that by opt that's
+relative error so uh I have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error so uh I have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error so uh I have this one
+part already so usually you state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part already so usually you state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part already so usually you state in
+terms of 1 plus Epsilon if you state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 1 plus Epsilon if you state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 1 plus Epsilon if you state it
+in terms of relative error the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of relative error the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of relative error the one
+disappears you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears you just get
+the absolute error which is opt minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute error which is opt minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute error which is opt minus
+apx is I take the relative error and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx is I take the relative error and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx is I take the relative error and I
+multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by
+opt okay so relative error is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt okay so relative error is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt okay so relative error is going to
+be less than one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than one if
+opt is uh I guess greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is uh I guess greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is uh I guess greater than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+K I have less than in my notes but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I have less than in my notes but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I have less than in my notes but uh if
+opt is greater than or equal to k then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is greater than or equal to k then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is greater than or equal to k then
+absolute error is is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error is is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error is is less than one
+right hope let's check uh the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hope let's check uh the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hope let's check uh the relative
+error is actually um opt divided by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is actually um opt divided by K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is actually um opt divided by K
+whoops no I got it the wrong way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops no I got it the wrong way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops no I got it the wrong way around
+it's corrected my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's corrected my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's corrected my
+notes okay relative error is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay relative error is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay relative error is this thing
+it's going to be strictly less than opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be strictly less than opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be strictly less than opt
+divid K this thing times opt okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid K this thing times opt okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid K this thing times opt okay so as
+long as opt is less than or equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as opt is less than or equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as opt is less than or equal to K
+this thing will be strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be strictly less than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+that's good absolute error less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good absolute error less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good absolute error less than one
+for an integer means that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an integer means that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an integer means that we actually
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+value have that written down more formly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value have that written down more formly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value have that written down more formly
+uh so let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so if we find an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+values the objective function we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the objective function we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the objective function we're
+trying to maximize let's say uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize let's say uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to maximize let's say uh we
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+uh value less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K uh which it better be if opt is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh which it better be if opt is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh which it better be if opt is less
+than equal to k um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to k um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to k um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is basically doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is basically doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is basically doing the
+computation again in another way uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again in another way uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again in another way uh but
+we had one plus Epsilon Epsilon was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one plus Epsilon Epsilon was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one plus Epsilon Epsilon was
+chosen to be 1 12 one over K uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be 1 12 one over K uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be 1 12 one over K uh and then
+K was the solution value that we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was the solution value that we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K was the solution value that we found
+and so we have this relation between opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this relation between opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this relation between opt
+and the thing um and therefore and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing um and therefore and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing um and therefore and this
+works out to exactly K plus a half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to exactly K plus a half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to exactly K plus a half so
+this is uh again strictly less than k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh again strictly less than k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh again strictly less than k +
+1 and so if we found we assumed that opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so if we found we assumed that opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so if we found we assumed that opt
+was less or equal to K and so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less or equal to K and so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less or equal to K and so now it
+must actually be equal to K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must actually be equal to K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must actually be equal to K because
+there are no integers between K and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no integers between K and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no integers between K and K
+plus a half okay I could probably could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half okay I could probably could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half okay I could probably could
+have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shorter so when we have an EP task we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so when we have an EP task we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so when we have an EP task we
+exactly get an fpt algorithm and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly get an fpt algorithm and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly get an fpt algorithm and that's
+the reverse does not hold there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse does not hold there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse does not hold there are some
+problems that have fpt algorithms but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that have fpt algorithms but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that have fpt algorithms but do
+not have EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have EP
+testes but it's something uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testes but it's something uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testes but it's something uh and it
+connects these two fields and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects these two fields and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects these two fields and that's all
+we'll say about fixed parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say about fixed parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say about fixed parameter
+algorithms any final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms any final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms any final
+questions cool see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4z0294hE9Uk.txt b/4z0294hE9Uk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce4cfda129de48010a8389696404271f25c8b01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4z0294hE9Uk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right hopefully you had the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hopefully you had the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hopefully you had the chance
+to practice the exercises that we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice the exercises that we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice the exercises that we went
+through on the last video and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the last video and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the last video and now we're
+going to start going directly to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start going directly to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start going directly to how to
+import data in R because we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import data in R because we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import data in R because we've been
+working on how to type or create data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how to type or create data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how to type or create data in
+in the script itself but now it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the script itself but now it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the script itself but now it's the
+ter to import data from other sources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter to import data from other sources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter to import data from other sources so
+I'll just erase everything so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just erase everything so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just erase everything so we start
+with a whiteboard so if we click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whiteboard so if we click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whiteboard so if we click
+here we're going to clean everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to clean everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to clean everything
+we've been working with also with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with also with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with also with the
+plots and we can do the same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+console okay so now we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console okay so now we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console okay so now we start with
+everything brand new so first of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything brand new so first of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything brand new so first of all um
+where is the data taken from um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the data taken from um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the data taken from um if you
+type get WT which it means working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type get WT which it means working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type get WT which it means working
+directory um it's going to say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory um it's going to say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory um it's going to say what's
+your working directory that's been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working directory that's been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working directory that's been um
+linked to so in this case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to so in this case I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to so in this case I'm going to
+user senena and desktop and um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user senena and desktop and um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user senena and desktop and um you can
+change this working directory by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this working directory by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this working directory by
+creating set WD and here write a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating set WD and here write a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating set WD and here write a new
+route I'm just going to go with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route I'm just going to go with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route I'm just going to go with the same
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+here and by by default are allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and by by default are allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and by by default are allows you to
+import CSV files um this is the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import CSV files um this is the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import CSV files um this is the command
+you should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should write
+to import commands as a CSV file just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to import commands as a CSV file just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to import commands as a CSV file just
+read. CSV and then your working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read. CSV and then your working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read. CSV and then your working
+directory here um this it works for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory here um this it works for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory here um this it works for my
+laptop but of course you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop but of course you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop but of course you would have to
+change it depending on the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it depending on the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it depending on the location of
+the file you want to import and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file you want to import and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file you want to import and always
+between these commas right there so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these commas right there so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these commas right there so if I
+click on here you see this data has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on here you see this data has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on here you see this data has been
+imported and if I click on it I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported and if I click on it I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported and if I click on it I can
+visualize everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize everything is
+inside um you can try it with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um you can try it with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um you can try it with whatever
+CSV file you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV file you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV file you
+have but what happens if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but what happens if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but what happens if I want to
+import files that are in for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import files that are in for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import files that are in for example um
+Excel format um well for that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel format um well for that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel format um well for that we would
+need a package um in the beginning uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a package um in the beginning uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a package um in the beginning uh of
+the sessions I briefly talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sessions I briefly talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sessions I briefly talked about
+packages when you go to this tab you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages when you go to this tab you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages when you go to this tab you can
+see what packages you have installed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what packages you have installed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what packages you have installed so
+now it's a time to go deeper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a time to go deeper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a time to go deeper with
+packages packages mostly are um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages packages mostly are um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages packages mostly are um an
+accumulation of different functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of different functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of different functions that
+somebody has uploaded into the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has uploaded into the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has uploaded into the r
+interface and you can download that them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and you can download that them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and you can download that them
+using um tools install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um tools install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um tools install
+packages and here you type the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and here you type the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and here you type the name of
+the packages you want to install let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packages you want to install let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packages you want to install let's
+just go with the one that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the one that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with the one that we want to
+install right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install right
+now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one
+install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and okay now it's already installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and okay now it's already installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and okay now it's already installed
+in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our
+system um also another way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um also another way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um also another way to do it
+would be to type install packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to type install packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to type install packages and
+between commas the package name um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between commas the package name um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between commas the package name um so
+that's that works either way and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that works either way and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that works either way and now we
+have to charge this Library into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to charge this Library into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to charge this Library into our
+session so okay the package is installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session so okay the package is installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session so okay the package is installed
+it's in our computer but now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in our computer but now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in our computer but now we have to
+call all these functions into our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all these functions into our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all these functions into our our
+session and to do so we just type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and to do so we just type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and to do so we just type
+library and the package we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and the package we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and the package we want to
+charge so just we do this and now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so just we do this and now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so just we do this and now if we
+go to the packages Leist we should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the packages Leist we should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the packages Leist we should see
+that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xlsx scroll all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see it's clicked it means that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's clicked it means that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's clicked it means that it is
+loaded you could click here and click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded you could click here and click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded you could click here and click
+here and it would it will work exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it would it will work exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it would it will work exactly
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same we've gotten good at installing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we've gotten good at installing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we've gotten good at installing and
+charging packages and I just use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging packages and I just use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging packages and I just use them
+I'm going to charge this file that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to charge this file that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to charge this file that is an
+xlsx file so it's Excel file um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlsx file so it's Excel file um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlsx file so it's Excel file um it
+mimics the function of the read CSV so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics the function of the read CSV so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics the function of the read CSV so
+it's read x x X LS X and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's read x x X LS X and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's read x x X LS X and the same
+functioning so you just put the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning so you just put the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning so you just put the route
+here between commas and it loads itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between commas and it loads itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between commas and it loads itself
+um here the name I'm going to put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the name I'm going to put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the name I'm going to put to
+this database is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this database is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this database is
+T1 oh it says that the file doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 oh it says that the file doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 oh it says that the file doesn't
+exist so that could be because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so that could be because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so that could be because some of
+these parts of the route is not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts of the route is not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts of the route is not well
+written also there's something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also there's something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also there's something important
+that might be handy for you is that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be handy for you is that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be handy for you is that R
+has its own um R format file which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own um R format file which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own um R format file which is
+um. R so it's a very compact way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um. R so it's a very compact way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um. R so it's a very compact way to
+store data and you can also load our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store data and you can also load our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store data and you can also load our
+files by just typing load and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files by just typing load and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files by just typing load and the the
+route you have right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you have right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you have right here
+so I just charge this with r file and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just charge this with r file and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just charge this with r file and I
+have the data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attached okay I just realized that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached okay I just realized that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached okay I just realized that the
+font might be a little bit too small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font might be a little bit too small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font might be a little bit too small so
+I'm just going to make it bigger for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to make it bigger for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to make it bigger for you
+and also I'm going to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I'm going to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I'm going to show you how to
+make the font bigger for your own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the font bigger for your own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the font bigger for your own uh
+purposes so if you click on your command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so if you click on your command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so if you click on your command
+tab here and then you go to the The Sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab here and then you go to the The Sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab here and then you go to the The Sign
+Plus you see that things are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus you see that things are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus you see that things are getting
+bigger and if you're going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and if you're going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and if you're going to go to the
+other way around it just command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around it just command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around it just command and
+minus okay so that could be handy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that could be handy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that could be handy for
+you um and also I'm going to show I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and also I'm going to show I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and also I'm going to show I'm
+going to talk about a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a very interesting
+tool that I offers which is the fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that I offers which is the fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that I offers which is the fine and
+replace tool so if we go here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace tool so if we go here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace tool so if we go here we have
+this magnifying glass you click on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnifying glass you click on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnifying glass you click on it
+and you can type any characters you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can type any characters you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can type any characters you want
+to look for let's say I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for let's say I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for let's say I don't know I
+want to know where I typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+so it's going to guide you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to guide you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to guide you through the
+different places in your script that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in your script that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in your script that
+you've wrote read and also you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've wrote read and also you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've wrote read and also you would be
+able to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replace
+all read things into something else I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all read things into something else I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all read things into something else I'm
+not going to do it now because I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it now because I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it now because I that
+would screw my whole um my whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw my whole um my whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw my whole um my whole whole
+our session but you that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our session but you that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our session but you that is a very
+useful thing to do whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to do whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to do whenever you have
+let's say a variable that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a variable that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a variable that you want to
+change so initially you were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so initially you were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so initially you were working
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+temperature and you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you want to change
+temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for
+precipitation and you can do it all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation and you can do it all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation and you can do it all at
+once in a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a very simple
+way all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right
+that being said also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being said also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being said also
+um I have this organization right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have this organization right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have this organization right here
+in the right so you can follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right so you can follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right so you can follow the
+structure of the the script that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the the script that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the the script that I'm
+having here and I can click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having here and I can click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having here and I can click on the
+different names of where I was so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names of where I was so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names of where I was so I was
+about to rejoin the explanation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to rejoin the explanation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to rejoin the explanation right
+here so this makes it easy to find as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this makes it easy to find as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this makes it easy to find as
+well how do I make things appear here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I make things appear here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I make things appear here I
+just have to put four of these signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to put four of these signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to put four of these signs
+here and four or at the end so let just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and four or at the end so let just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and four or at the end so let just
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now High has appeared right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now High has appeared right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now High has appeared right here so
+is a way that I personally find Easy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way that I personally find Easy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way that I personally find Easy in
+order to have tidy scripts and not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have tidy scripts and not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have tidy scripts and not get
+lost um into all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um into all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um into all this
+code okay let's get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay let's get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay let's get back to the
+exercises um now that we've learned how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises um now that we've learned how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises um now that we've learned how
+to upload data from our computer um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upload data from our computer um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upload data from our computer um I'm
+going to work with this database right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with this database right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with this database right
+here which is the above that I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the above that I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the above that I already
+mentioned um okay first of all what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um okay first of all what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um okay first of all what I
+would like to see is how the data looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see is how the data looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see is how the data looks
+like um we can use this summary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we can use this summary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we can use this summary function
+that we already talked to previously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already talked to previously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already talked to previously um
+this is going to provide me on a glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to provide me on a glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to provide me on a glance
+what's inside this database so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside this database so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside this database so this
+where's the beginning right here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the beginning right here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the beginning right here so in
+each column we're going to have each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column we're going to have each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column we're going to have each
+column name so that's the column name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name so that's the column name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name so that's the column name
+then depending on if the variable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on if the variable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on if the variable it's
+categorical or it's numerical um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical or it's numerical um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical or it's numerical um we're
+going to have different features applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have different features applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have different features applied
+there for example season um it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for example season um it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for example season um it's a it's
+a a character uh but but the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a character uh but but the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a character uh but but the ones that
+are numeric let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numeric let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numeric let's
+say carbon we get the minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say carbon we get the minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say carbon we get the minimum the
+different quantiles the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantiles the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantiles the mean and the
+maximum value and the number of Naas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value and the number of Naas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value and the number of Naas so
+here I have 500 Nas and so forth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have 500 Nas and so forth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have 500 Nas and so forth that's
+going to be applied to to each column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be applied to to each column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be applied to to each column so
+each variable also another way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable also another way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable also another way that we
+can use to um see summary of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to um see summary of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to um see summary of our
+database uh it's the one that's provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh it's the one that's provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh it's the one that's provided
+by this package um so if I just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this package um so if I just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this package um so if I just to
+remind you how to install and charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to install and charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to install and charge
+packages you go right here tools install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages you go right here tools install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages you go right here tools install
+packages and here you type the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and here you type the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and here you type the package
+you want to install and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to install and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to install and
+install um and then to call the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install um and then to call the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install um and then to call the package
+in your session you can do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your session you can do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your session you can do two
+things this Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation and in but if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and in but if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and in but if you don't want
+to charge forever this package in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge forever this package in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge forever this package in your
+session and you just want to use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and you just want to use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and you just want to use it in
+this line code you can use this so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line code you can use this so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line code you can use this so you
+put the name of the package here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the name of the package here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the name of the package here like
+these two signs and then the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two signs and then the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two signs and then the function
+you want to use um R is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use um R is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use um R is going to
+understand that you instantly call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you instantly call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you instantly call that
+package but then you don't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but then you don't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but then you don't want it
+anymore um so I'm just going to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um so I'm just going to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um so I'm just going to see what
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+provides this is a very cool way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this is a very cool way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this is a very cool way to
+approach the data because it offers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the data because it offers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the data because it offers in
+another color whenever we have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color whenever we have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color whenever we have negative
+values and also it provides us of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and also it provides us of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and also it provides us of the
+same information like the mean standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information like the mean standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information like the mean standard
+deviation different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation different
+quantiles and also the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values and this this very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this this very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this this very interesting
+feature which is a histogram of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature which is a histogram of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature which is a histogram of each
+column so we can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so we can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so we can see how the
+distribution of the data looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the data looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the data looks like
+which could be sometimes very handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be sometimes very handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be sometimes very handy
+other ways to approach the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to approach the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to approach the database
+would be to call the headers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to call the headers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to call the headers which is
+the different rows um of the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different rows um of the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different rows um of the data we
+have I'm just going to replace the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'm just going to replace the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'm just going to replace the cars
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+above here we have it so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here we have it so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here we have it so we're going to
+see only the six first rows um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see only the six first rows um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see only the six first rows um just to
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+you how can we check the column names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how can we check the column names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how can we check the column names
+just call names this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call names this is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call names this is all the
+variables that we have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we have in this
+database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+um this is something that is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something that is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something that is also very
+useful which is unique so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful which is unique so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful which is unique so it's going to
+say for example if we have a car a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example if we have a car a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example if we have a car a
+character Associated to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Associated to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Associated to this
+database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+um let's say I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I don't know
+topography what are the topographies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography what are the topographies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography what are the topographies
+that we have so we have bottom slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so we have bottom slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so we have bottom slope and
+top these are the different categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top these are the different categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top these are the different categories
+that we have inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have inside this
+variable this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is something that we
+already talked about which is a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about which is a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about which is a quick
+reminder of Consulting column by column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of Consulting column by column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of Consulting column by column
+so we should go to evolve and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should go to evolve and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should go to evolve and column
+number one here we have the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one here we have the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one here we have the column
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+but we also can call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also can call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also can call the
+things by using the dollar sign this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by using the dollar sign this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by using the dollar sign this is
+the number one it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one it's going to be the
+same and we can individually provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and we can individually provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and we can individually provide a
+histogram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of the
+variables and let's say let's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and let's say let's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and let's say let's just going
+to see how carbon looks like histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how carbon looks like histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how carbon looks like histogram
+the database dollar sign and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database dollar sign and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database dollar sign and the
+column and this is how our dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this is how our dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this is how our dat
+looks like obviously you can also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like obviously you can also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like obviously you can also change
+some of the features of this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the features of this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the features of this of the
+graph this graph you can you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this graph you can you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this graph you can you could even
+like change the different X or Y um Axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like change the different X or Y um Axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like change the different X or Y um Axis
+or you could split the data in more bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could split the data in more bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could split the data in more bars
+um but that's something we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's something we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's something we're going to
+cover in in future videos so following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in in future videos so following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in in future videos so following
+this histogram that we just created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this histogram that we just created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this histogram that we just created
+about carbon we're just going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon we're just going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon we're just going to make a
+subset of the database we have based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the database we have based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the database we have based on
+the amount of carbon so let's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of carbon so let's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of carbon so let's let's say
+we want to say we want to keep the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say we want to keep the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say we want to keep the ones
+that have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have low
+carbon um just subset just change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon um just subset just change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon um just subset just change the
+name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the
+database Right Here and Now inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database Right Here and Now inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database Right Here and Now inside the
+database the variable we want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database the variable we want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database the variable we want to focus
+on and we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we want it to
+be lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than
+50 just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 just go
+ahead and you see that now we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and you see that now we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and you see that now we've created
+another database right here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another database right here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another database right here where
+the the columns are the same but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the columns are the same but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the columns are the same but the
+only difference is that we have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that we have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that we have less
+rows let's obser less observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows let's obser less observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows let's obser less observations and
+if we see how the histogram looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see that now it has changed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that now it has changed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that now it has changed and the
+maximum is 50 and we have all the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is 50 and we have all the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is 50 and we have all the rows
+that have a value uh of carbon below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 okay so um I've already mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 okay so um I've already mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 okay so um I've already mentioned in
+other videos that R itself has a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other videos that R itself has a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other videos that R itself has a library
+of different databases they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different databases they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different databases they're just
+going to go through that and just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that and just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that and just write
+data and parenthesis so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and parenthesis so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and parenthesis so we're going to
+see all the data sets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the data sets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the data sets that are
+includes without installing anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes without installing anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes without installing anything uh
+on the site and I'm going to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site and I'm going to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site and I'm going to pick a
+database called NPK since my field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database called NPK since my field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database called NPK since my field of
+expertise is field Sciences applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise is field Sciences applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise is field Sciences applied to
+plans and climate change um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and climate change um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and climate change um this is a
+database I'm just going to charge it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I'm just going to charge it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I'm just going to charge it so
+you can have an idea how it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an idea how it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an idea how it looks like
+it has different block of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different block of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different block of experiment
+right here and also it indicates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and also it indicates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and also it indicates in
+every row if that block has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row if that block has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row if that block has been
+fertilized with nitrogen with phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilized with nitrogen with phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilized with nitrogen with phosphorus
+or potassium in this case Zero means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or potassium in this case Zero means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or potassium in this case Zero means
+that it hasn't and the one it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't and the one it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't and the one it means that
+it has been fertilized and it records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been fertilized and it records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been fertilized and it records
+the amount of yield that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of yield that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of yield that has been
+produced right after this fertilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced right after this fertilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced right after this fertilization
+so we're going to play a little with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to play a little with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to play a little with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+database um first of all um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um first of all um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um first of all um I'm going to
+create an extra column um to combine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an extra column um to combine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an extra column um to combine uh
+nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
+fertilization at the same time so how am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization at the same time so how am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization at the same time so how am
+I going to do this um well I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to do this um well I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to do this um well I'm just
+going to create directly a column in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create directly a column in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create directly a column in our
+database um now just to remind you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um now just to remind you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um now just to remind you again
+it only has these rows here but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has these rows here but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has these rows here but I'm
+going to create an extra one right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create an extra one right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create an extra one right there
+that it's going to be called all F all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be called all F all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be called all F all
+fertilization so I want to paste the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization so I want to paste the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization so I want to paste the the
+column that includes the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that includes the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that includes the nitrogen
+information the phosphorus information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the phosphorus information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the phosphorus information
+and the pottassium information and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pottassium information and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pottassium information and I'm
+going to separate each one with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate each one with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate each one with this
+symbol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here
+so just going to go ahead run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going to go ahead run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going to go ahead run the
+command and now we've created a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and now we've created a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and now we've created a new
+column here that includes the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here that includes the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here that includes the different
+fertilizations and we can see only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizations and we can see only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizations and we can see only in
+one factor um what has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor um what has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor um what has been the
+different treatments that that yield has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatments that that yield has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatments that that yield has
+been pass through okay just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pass through okay just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pass through okay just going to
+come with a little exercise here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with a little exercise here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with a little exercise here I'm
+asking you if you could subset this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if you could subset this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if you could subset this
+database and taking only the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and taking only the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and taking only the data that
+has been um fertilized with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen so how are you going to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so how are you going to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so how are you going to answer
+this exercise uh first of all let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise uh first of all let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise uh first of all let's just
+go back to the the data and see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the the data and see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the the data and see okay
+nitrogen there's zeros and there's ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen there's zeros and there's ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen there's zeros and there's ones
+and we want the ones that have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the ones that have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the ones that have just the
+number one which means that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one which means that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one which means that they have
+been fertilized so we just make up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fertilized so we just make up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fertilized so we just make up a
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um subset what's the database we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subset what's the database we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subset what's the database we want to
+subset what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable and we want the on that are wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we want the on that are wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we want the on that are wh
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is how we create a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is how we create a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is how we create a subset
+filtering only by the ones that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering only by the ones that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering only by the ones that have
+been nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nitrogen
+fertilized all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilized all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilized all
+right other things that can be useful we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other things that can be useful we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other things that can be useful we
+have the arbine and the cbind which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arbine and the cbind which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arbine and the cbind which
+basically paste vectors into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically paste vectors into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically paste vectors into the
+database U so let's say we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database U so let's say we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database U so let's say we have the
+different columns right here and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns right here and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns right here and we want
+to add an extra one or if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an extra one or if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an extra one or if we have the
+different rows and we want to add uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and we want to add uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and we want to add uh a
+row on the bottom they have to match by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row on the bottom they have to match by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row on the bottom they have to match by
+length but other than that um R is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but other than that um R is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but other than that um R is going
+to accept let just put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept let just put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept let just put that into
+practice um previously we created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um previously we created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um previously we created this
+new column right here just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column right here just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column right here just to remind you
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+okay um but what if we just create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but what if we just create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but what if we just create the
+column on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side okay here you see that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay here you see that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay here you see that we've
+created um a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created um a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created um a vector
+that it includes the same information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it includes the same information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it includes the same information
+that we have previously included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have previously included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have previously included in the
+database and we want to just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we want to just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we want to just use the
+cbind just to combine these two so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbind just to combine these two so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbind just to combine these two so it's
+like that's the new name that I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the new name that I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the new name that I came
+with um apply the function I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um apply the function I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um apply the function I want to
+merge this one here and this one here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge this one here and this one here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge this one here and this one here so
+if they match in size are is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they match in size are is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they match in size are is going to
+allow us to do it and now I have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do it and now I have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do it and now I have this is
+the one that I first created and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I first created and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I first created and this is
+the one that I just added so this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I just added so this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I just added so this is two
+different ways of doing the same thing R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing the same thing R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing the same thing R
+has multiple ways of doing sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple ways of doing sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple ways of doing sometimes the
+same so just pick the one that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so just pick the one that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so just pick the one that works for
+you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7Y3qcKzO_mY.txt b/7Y3qcKzO_mY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e531b4d4767919fd123d2c6fc45d7f779c4af38c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7Y3qcKzO_mY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we continue today or a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we continue today or a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we continue today or a study of
+electromagnetic fields and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields and quantum
+mechanics and particles in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and particles in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and particles in those
+electromagnetic fields so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields so last time we
+described what we must do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described what we must do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described what we must do in order to
+couple a particle to an electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a particle to an electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a particle to an electromagnetic
+field and the rule was at least simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the rule was at least simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the rule was at least simple
+you get the Schrodinger equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the Schrodinger equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the Schrodinger equation and the
+Hamiltonian is now changed into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is now changed into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is now changed into this
+form if you had a free particle you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if you had a free particle you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if you had a free particle you're
+accustomed to have P squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to have P squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to have P squared over 2m
+that has changed and you have a new term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed and you have a new term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed and you have a new term
+with P minus Q over CA squared thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now our task is to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now our task is to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now our task is to understand how
+this is compatible and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compatible and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compatible and what are the
+implications of this changes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this changes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this changes there are
+pretty significant changes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant changes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant changes this
+expression P minus Q over CA is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P minus Q over CA is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P minus Q over CA is what
+used to be just P and that used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be just P and that used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be just P and that used to be
+just the kinetic energy it now looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the kinetic energy it now looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the kinetic energy it now looks a
+little more strange in fact so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more strange in fact so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more strange in fact so in terms
+of electromagnetic potentials we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetic potentials we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetic potentials we know
+that the potentials are not unique there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials are not unique there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials are not unique there
+are this gauge transformations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this gauge transformations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this gauge transformations that
+establish that these are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that these are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that these are completely
+equivalent potentials so two potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent potentials so two potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent potentials so two potentials
+a and Phi and a prime and Phi prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Phi and a prime and Phi prime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Phi and a prime and Phi prime are
+physically equivalent they define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically equivalent they define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically equivalent they define the
+same electromagnetic field if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electromagnetic field if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electromagnetic field if they are
+related in this way we then mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in this way we then mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in this way we then mentioned
+that therefore you have a issue with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore you have a issue with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore you have a issue with a
+Schrodinger equation you would want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation you would want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation you would want the
+physics to remain invariant under gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics to remain invariant under gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics to remain invariant under gauge
+transformations so you could write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations so you could write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations so you could write the
+Schrodinger equation for the new gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for the new gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for the new gauge
+potentials with a prime and Phi prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials with a prime and Phi prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials with a prime and Phi prime
+and you could compare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could compare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could compare with the
+Schrodinger equation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation with the
+potential a and five and you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential a and five and you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential a and five and you could ask
+okay is it solved by the same wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it solved by the same wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it solved by the same wave
+function and the answer is no the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the answer is no the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the answer is no the wave
+function must change but there is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must change but there is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must change but there is a way
+to get one wave function from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one wave function from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one wave function from the other
+here is the formula sorry Prime and sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the formula sorry Prime and sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the formula sorry Prime and sy
+are related by this factor this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related by this factor this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related by this factor this function
+U which is involves exponential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U which is involves exponential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U which is involves exponential of the
+gauge parameter multiplied by a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter multiplied by a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter multiplied by a couple
+of physical constants in including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical constants in including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical constants in including the
+charge Q of the particle now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q of the particle now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q of the particle now we're going
+to use the notation Q all the time many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the notation Q all the time many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the notation Q all the time many
+books put e in there and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books put e in there and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books put e in there and that's the
+charge of the electron and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the electron and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the electron and then you
+always wonder is that e or minus e or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wonder is that e or minus e or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wonder is that e or minus e or
+which sign is it so here Q is the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sign is it so here Q is the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sign is it so here Q is the charge
+of the particle if you have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle if you have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle if you have an electron
+Q is minus e but let's leave it Q open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is minus e but let's leave it Q open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is minus e but let's leave it Q open
+there so you can work with arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can work with arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can work with arbitrary
+charges in any circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in any circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in any circumstance
+so this Hamiltonian is what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Hamiltonian is what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Hamiltonian is what we have to
+understand they want to make a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they want to make a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they want to make a couple
+more comments about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments about what this
+Hamiltonian is and we must think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is and we must think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is and we must think a
+little about the gauge invariance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about the gauge invariance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about the gauge invariance as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there it is Hamiltonian contains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it is Hamiltonian contains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it is Hamiltonian contains this
+term squared so let's just ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term squared so let's just ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term squared so let's just ask ourselves
+what does that term really imply well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that term really imply well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that term really imply well
+there's 1 over 2m so for the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 1 over 2m so for the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 1 over 2m so for the Hamiltonian
+1 over 2m and we have this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2m and we have this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2m and we have this factor
+squared so following the careful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so following the careful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so following the careful things
+were accustomed to do in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accustomed to do in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accustomed to do in quantum
+mechanics I would put PE squared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I would put PE squared here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I would put PE squared here
+minus Q over C P dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q over C P dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q over C P dot
+a minus Q over C a dot P plus Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Q over C a dot P plus Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Q over C a dot P plus Q squared
+over C squared a squared plus Q far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C squared a squared plus Q far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C squared a squared plus Q far
+that's how the Hamiltonian looks but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the Hamiltonian looks but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the Hamiltonian looks but you
+have to be careful here this term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful here this term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful here this term we
+kind of understand what it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand what it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand what it is it's a
+vector potential squared no problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential squared no problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential squared no problem here
+is P squared with we're accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared with we're accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared with we're accustomed to
+that that's a laplacian we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a laplacian we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a laplacian we have two
+terms that could be a little strange a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that could be a little strange a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that could be a little strange a
+dot P were probably it's all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot P were probably it's all clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot P were probably it's all clear
+a is dotted with a vector momentum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is dotted with a vector momentum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is dotted with a vector momentum which
+is an operator is the gradient so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operator is the gradient so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operator is the gradient so that's
+going to differentiate whatever is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differentiate whatever is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differentiate whatever is to
+the right the question is what is P dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the question is what is P dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the question is what is P dot
+a and P dot a must be thought in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and P dot a must be thought in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and P dot a must be thought in the
+operator way that P action everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator way that P action everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator way that P action everything to
+the right including a so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right including a so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right including a so if this
+Hamiltonian is two up to no wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is two up to no wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is two up to no wave
+function that doesn't mean that the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that doesn't mean that the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that doesn't mean that the P
+operator just answered a it adds an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator just answered a it adds an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator just answered a it adds an a
+and everything to the right so P dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you think of it as a derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it as a derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it as a derivative is
+h-bar over I divergence of a plus a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over I divergence of a plus a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over I divergence of a plus a dot
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see this P is H bar over I gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this P is H bar over I gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this P is H bar over I gradient
+but it's acting on everything so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's acting on everything so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's acting on everything so you
+could put upside to the right of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put upside to the right of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put upside to the right of here
+and it without them everything there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it without them everything there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it without them everything there so
+you should maybe in order to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should maybe in order to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should maybe in order to justify
+this equation you should just write H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you should just write H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you should just write H
+bar over I gradient acting on a time's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I gradient acting on a time's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I gradient acting on a time's
+the wave function psi and go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function psi and go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function psi and go through
+this and see that at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see that at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see that at the end of the day
+this p dot with a means act on a but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p dot with a means act on a but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p dot with a means act on a but you
+still have to act on everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to act on everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to act on everything to the
+right so that's this term here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's this term here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's this term here so this
+term is pretty important sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is pretty important sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is pretty important sometimes
+you're a satisfies what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a satisfies what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a satisfies what is called the
+Coulomb gauge in which del dot a is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb gauge in which del dot a is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb gauge in which del dot a is zero
+but in general it doesn't so this helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general it doesn't so this helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general it doesn't so this helps
+clarify what the Hamiltonian really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would be a mistake to say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a mistake to say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a mistake to say that these
+two terms are the same and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are the same and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are the same and it would be
+also a mistake to say that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a mistake to say that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a mistake to say that this thing is
+just the divergence of a both are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the divergence of a both are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the divergence of a both are wrong
+things so this is the whole Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this is the whole Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this is the whole Hamiltonian
+now is P squared over 2m then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is P squared over 2m then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is P squared over 2m then you have
+twice well let's have this term so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice well let's have this term so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice well let's have this term so you
+have plus the I goes to the numerator as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus the I goes to the numerator as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus the I goes to the numerator as
+I h-bar Q over 2m C divergence of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I h-bar Q over 2m C divergence of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I h-bar Q over 2m C divergence of a and
+that's just the divergence of a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the divergence of a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the divergence of a the
+function it's not anymore a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not anymore a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not anymore a differential
+operator it's just acted on it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's just acted on it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's just acted on it then you
+have this term twice so minus Q over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term twice so minus Q over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term twice so minus Q over m
+see a dot P plus this term Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a dot P plus this term Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a dot P plus this term Q squared
+over 2m C squared a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m C squared a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m C squared a squared
+Plus Q Phi so that's the Hamiltonian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Q Phi so that's the Hamiltonian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Q Phi so that's the Hamiltonian of
+let me just make sure I got it right P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure I got it right P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure I got it right P
+squared over 2m plus IQ is yep minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m plus IQ is yep minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m plus IQ is yep minus q
+AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP
+that's right okay so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so this is our
+Hamiltonian if you just want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian if you just want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian if you just want to write it
+very explicitly not it's not generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very explicitly not it's not generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very explicitly not it's not generally
+all that useful to have the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that useful to have the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that useful to have the explicit
+format in some examples there will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format in some examples there will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format in some examples there will be at
+least one example where it is nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one example where it is nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one example where it is nice to
+know and it in fact the H formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it in fact the H formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it in fact the H formula and
+the top of the blackboard IDEs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the blackboard IDEs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the blackboard IDEs
+in a nice way a little bit a complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way a little bit a complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way a little bit a complexity
+of this whole coupling yes yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole coupling yes yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole coupling yes yes this is
+for a scalar particle so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a scalar particle so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a scalar particle so we're we're
+taking a particle without at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a particle without at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a particle without at this moment
+without spin for spin particles there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without spin for spin particles there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without spin for spin particles there
+would be a little extra term sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say a couple more words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say a couple more words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say a couple more words about
+this thing in particular the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in particular the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in particular the gauge
+invariant so we now have seen what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we now have seen what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we now have seen what the
+Hamiltonian is let's think of the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is let's think of the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is let's think of the gauge
+invariance of how could you establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance of how could you establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance of how could you establish
+this gauge invariance so an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gauge invariance so an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gauge invariance so an identity
+that is very useful takes the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very useful takes the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very useful takes the following
+form H bar this differential operator H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form H bar this differential operator H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form H bar this differential operator H
+bar over I gradient the P minus Q over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I gradient the P minus Q over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I gradient the P minus Q over C
+a prime times U and you could put up sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime times U and you could put up sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime times U and you could put up sy
+here if you wished it is in fact equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you wished it is in fact equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you wished it is in fact equal
+to u h-bar over i gradient minus Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u h-bar over i gradient minus Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u h-bar over i gradient minus Q over
+C a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigh okay so I call this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh okay so I call this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh okay so I call this a very
+remarkable identity and look what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable identity and look what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable identity and look what's
+happening here this is useful for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here this is useful for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here this is useful for this
+kind of equation if you have a PI prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation if you have a PI prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equation if you have a PI prime
+which is EWP's I the factor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is EWP's I the factor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is EWP's I the factor you
+interacts very nicely with this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts very nicely with this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts very nicely with this operator
+in fact as you move you from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as you move you from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as you move you from the right
+to the left the gauge potential goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the gauge potential goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the gauge potential goes
+from a prime to a a rather nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a prime to a a rather nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a prime to a a rather nice thing
+about this derivative is as if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this derivative is as if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this derivative is as if this
+derivative had a very special symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative had a very special symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative had a very special symmetry
+property that you can be moved across as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you can be moved across as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you can be moved across as
+if you almost as if you was a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you almost as if you was a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you almost as if you was a constant
+but of course it's not but when you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it's not but when you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it's not but when you move
+it across the only effect is to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across the only effect is to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across the only effect is to change
+the a prime to a so a gauge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime to a so a gauge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime to a so a gauge for
+information on the a that is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the a that is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the a that is the reason
+this derivative equipped with an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative equipped with an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative equipped with an extra
+term is sometimes called a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is sometimes called a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is sometimes called a gauge
+covariant derivative that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative that is it
+transforms nicely under gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms nicely under gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms nicely under gauge
+transformations it does a nice job I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations it does a nice job I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations it does a nice job I
+write this equation because I'm part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation because I'm part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation because I'm part of
+the exercises you will have to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercises you will have to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercises you will have to do you
+will be asked to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to show that this
+statement about gauge transformations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about gauge transformations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about gauge transformations is
+correct that if this equation top holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that if this equation top holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that if this equation top holds
+that bottom equation Falls with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bottom equation Falls with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bottom equation Falls with the
+replacements indicated here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements indicated here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements indicated here and this
+identity makes the task of proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity makes the task of proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity makes the task of proving the
+equation of the gauge invariants very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the gauge invariants very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the gauge invariants very
+simple because you can imagine this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because you can imagine this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because you can imagine this side
+prime put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime put
+oops I and then getting the you out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I and then getting the you out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I and then getting the you out so
+the sigh prime just will become sigh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigh prime just will become sigh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigh prime just will become sigh and
+then you going through these factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you going through these factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you going through these factors and
+simplifying very nicely so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying very nicely so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying very nicely so this is a
+simple equation to show for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation to show for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation to show for example I
+can take the left hand side and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the left hand side and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the left hand side and see what
+happens so the first term you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the first term you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the first term you have a
+grading acting on the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading acting on the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading acting on the product of two
+functions and that's just the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's just the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's just the gradient
+acting on each so eight over I gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on each so eight over I gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on each so eight over I gradient
+of U times I plus u H over I gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U times I plus u H over I gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U times I plus u H over I gradient of
+sigh that's the first term the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh that's the first term the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh that's the first term the second
+term is minus Q over C a times u p--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is minus Q over C a times u p--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is minus Q over C a times u p--
+side because a prime is a plus gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because a prime is a plus gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because a prime is a plus gradient
+of lambda so then I have minus Q over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda so then I have minus Q over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda so then I have minus Q over C
+gradient of lambda u side so I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of lambda u side so I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of lambda u side so I wrote the
+first line now we can take the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line now we can take the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line now we can take the gradient
+of U U is here when we take the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U U is here when we take the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U U is here when we take the gradient
+of U what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U what do we get
+H bar over I down gradient of U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over I down gradient of U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over I down gradient of U you
+differentiate exponential so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate exponential so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate exponential so you take
+the gradient of what is in the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of what is in the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of what is in the exponent
+so it's I Q over H Bar C gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I Q over H Bar C gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I Q over H Bar C gradient of
+lambda times u itself because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times u itself because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times u itself because you're
+differentiating an exponential times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating an exponential times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating an exponential times I
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+all these other terms I'll couple this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other terms I'll couple this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other terms I'll couple this
+term let me these two terms here R + u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term let me these two terms here R + u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term let me these two terms here R + u
+h-bar over I gradient of SCI minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over I gradient of SCI minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over I gradient of SCI minus Q
+over see you and a commute because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over see you and a commute because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over see you and a commute because a is
+a function of X and T and U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X and T and U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X and T and U is a
+function of lambda which is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of lambda which is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of lambda which is also a
+function of X and T so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and T so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and T so there's no
+momenta here these two things commute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta here these two things commute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta here these two things commute so
+you can move to the left a sigh -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move to the left a sigh -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move to the left a sigh -
+disturb and if we've done the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb and if we've done the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb and if we've done the arithmetic
+right the first and last term should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first and last term should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first and last term should
+cancel and they do the I cancel the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and they do the I cancel the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and they do the I cancel the H
+bar cancels the sku over C times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar cancels the sku over C times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar cancels the sku over C times that
+and there's - that term so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's - that term so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's - that term so these two
+cancel and this is precisely the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and this is precisely the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and this is precisely the right
+hand side so this covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so this covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so this covariant derivative
+is very nice there's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very nice there's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very nice there's there's something
+about the Schrodinger equation of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Schrodinger equation of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Schrodinger equation of course
+that in a sense it's all made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense it's all made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense it's all made of
+covariant derivatives let's let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives let's let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives let's let's look
+at that so any version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so any version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so any version of the
+Schrodinger equation here is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation here is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation here is the typical
+version of the Schrodinger equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Schrodinger equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Schrodinger equation so
+recall that the vector potential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the vector potential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the vector potential in
+general can be thought as a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general can be thought as a four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general can be thought as a four vector
+you may or may not have seen this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may not have seen this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may not have seen this in
+electrodynamics but it's just like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics but it's just like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics but it's just like time
+and X form a four vector the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X form a four vector the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X form a four vector the scalar
+potential and the vector potential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the vector potential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the vector potential form
+a four vector so the four vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four vector so the four vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four vector so the four vector with
+index mu zero one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index mu zero one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index mu zero one two three
+from this and then if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and then if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and then if you look at the
+showing the equation what do we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the equation what do we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the equation what do we have we
+have IH bar deep sigh DT minus Q Phi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IH bar deep sigh DT minus Q Phi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IH bar deep sigh DT minus Q Phi I
+bring in the last term on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the last term on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the last term on the right hand
+side to the left so it's minus Q times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the left so it's minus Q times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the left so it's minus Q times
+Phi which is a minus a zero side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi which is a minus a zero side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi which is a minus a zero side is
+equal to 1 over 2m this guru I h h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2m this guru I h h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2m this guru I h h bar
+over i gradient minus Q over C a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over i gradient minus Q over C a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over i gradient minus Q over C a squared
+on side and now look at this it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on side and now look at this it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on side and now look at this it can be
+written as follows - see us times H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as follows - see us times H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as follows - see us times H over
+I 1 over V over D of CT minus Q over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 1 over V over D of CT minus Q over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 1 over V over D of CT minus Q over C
+ain't not sy equal the same thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't not sy equal the same thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't not sy equal the same thing on the
+right hand side so I've rewritten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so I've rewritten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so I've rewritten the
+left hand side in a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side in a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side in a slightly different
+way all the terms so I put an extra C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all the terms so I put an extra C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all the terms so I put an extra C
+Dow this be the CT I've canceled the see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow this be the CT I've canceled the see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow this be the CT I've canceled the see
+the H bar that I wanted the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H bar that I wanted the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H bar that I wanted the denominator
+and now this all looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this all looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this all looks like this
+covariant derivative look at this cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative look at this cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative look at this cover
+under H over I D DX minus Q over C a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under H over I D DX minus Q over C a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under H over I D DX minus Q over C a and
+here it is 8 over IV vx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is 8 over IV vx0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is 8 over IV vx0
+zeroth component of the car is minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth component of the car is minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth component of the car is minus Q
+over C a not so the whole Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C a not so the whole Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C a not so the whole Schrodinger
+equation it's built with this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's built with this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's built with this funny
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+eggs minus the vector potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs minus the vector potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs minus the vector potential at
+dinner net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner net
+these are the covariant derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the covariant derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the covariant derivatives
+these are nice operators you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nice operators you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nice operators you see the
+operator P is always called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator P is always called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator P is always called the
+canonical momentum canonical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum canonical momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum canonical momentum
+and this canonical momentum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this canonical momentum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this canonical momentum is a
+momentum such as X with P if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum such as X with P if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum such as X with P if you put the
+hardest I h-bar but this canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest I h-bar but this canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest I h-bar but this canonical
+momentum P is not mass times velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P is not mass times velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P is not mass times velocity
+not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all
+this canonical momentum is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this canonical momentum is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this canonical momentum is a little
+unintuitive it's the one that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive it's the one that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive it's the one that generates
+translation the one that is mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation the one that is mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation the one that is mass times
+velocity is really this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is really this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is really this whole
+combination this mass times velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this mass times velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this mass times velocity
+because if its mass times velocity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if its mass times velocity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if its mass times velocity this
+term 1 over 2 m times mass squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 1 over 2 m times mass squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 1 over 2 m times mass squared times
+velocity squared that gives you kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared that gives you kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared that gives you kinetic
+energy so we have to beware that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we have to beware that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we have to beware that the
+canonical momentum is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum is not necessarily
+the simplest most intuitive object
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8FtCg_bbdW0.txt b/8FtCg_bbdW0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..758f3664f15f34dbd96deb0fb157d4439c13c743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8FtCg_bbdW0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements we have come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we have come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we have come to the
+end of our little journey where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our little journey where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our little journey where we
+wanted to explore the origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to explore the origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to explore the origin of the
+chemical elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I hope you enjoyed it and I hope I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you enjoyed it and I hope I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you enjoyed it and I hope I could
+help you to understand that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand that this is
+actually not just one origin it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just one origin it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just one origin it's a
+whole process and it's a process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process and it's a process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process and it's a process that's
+still going on so let's summarize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on so let's summarize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on so let's summarize what
+we covered well we talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered well we talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered well we talked a lot about
+fusion and neutron capture processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and neutron capture processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and neutron capture processes
+that create all the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create all the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create all the elements in the
+first place we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we talked a little bit about
+where that happens maybe in the cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that happens maybe in the cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that happens maybe in the cause of
+stars as well as in supernovae and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars as well as in supernovae and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars as well as in supernovae and the
+neutron star mergers and if once these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron star mergers and if once these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron star mergers and if once these
+elements are created they can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are created they can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are created they can then be
+observed and they contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and they contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and they contribute to the
+chemical evolution of the universe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical evolution of the universe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical evolution of the universe if
+they are produced in the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are produced in the early universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are produced in the early universe
+then we can see them in the other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see them in the other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see them in the other stuff
+so if produced in the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if produced in the early universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if produced in the early universe
+then we have this chance of observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this chance of observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this chance of observing
+clean signatures today that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean signatures today that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean signatures today that is not
+possible anymore because chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible anymore because chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible anymore because chemical
+evolution has moved on too far it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution has moved on too far it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution has moved on too far it's too
+messy today and so we use the most metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy today and so we use the most metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy today and so we use the most metal
+posters in order to detect these clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters in order to detect these clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters in order to detect these clean
+signatures and to work with nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and to work with nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and to work with nuclear
+physicists to understand how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists to understand how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists to understand how these
+processes exactly work and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes exactly work and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes exactly work and in what
+Astrophysical sites that might occur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Astrophysical sites that might occur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Astrophysical sites that might occur so
+here we have the oldest stars and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the oldest stars and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the oldest stars and one
+reason why we can infer that these stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we can infer that these stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we can infer that these stars
+must be very old because if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be very old because if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be very old because if there
+weren't we wouldn't get these very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't we wouldn't get these very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't we wouldn't get these very clean
+signatures that were only present at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures that were only present at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures that were only present at the
+earliest times now the very fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest times now the very fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest times now the very fortunate
+coincidence for us is that these all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence for us is that these all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence for us is that these all the
+stars actually found in the Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars actually found in the Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars actually found in the Milky Way
+today so they are fairly local objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so they are fairly local objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so they are fairly local objects
+and that is a great advantage over very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a great advantage over very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a great advantage over very
+distant galaxies that are also often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant galaxies that are also often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant galaxies that are also often
+used to study the early universe we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to study the early universe we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to study the early universe we we
+find them in the Milky Way but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them in the Milky Way but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them in the Milky Way but we need
+the kind of data of course to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of data of course to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of data of course to do a
+chemical analysis and we do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical analysis and we do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical analysis and we do that with
+spectroscopic observations and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic observations and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic observations and we use
+the world's largest telescopes for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because only they can give us the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only they can give us the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only they can give us the kind
+of data quality that we need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality that we need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality that we need in order to
+measure these tiny little absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these tiny little absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these tiny little absorption
+lines that tell us about the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that tell us about the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that tell us about the composition
+of all the different elements across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different elements across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different elements across the
+periodic table and then finally if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and then finally if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and then finally if we
+put this all together we can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this all together we can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this all together we can determine
+the chemical composition of our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical composition of our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical composition of our old
+stars and actually we can do so not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and actually we can do so not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and actually we can do so not just
+of all stars but of stars and a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all stars but of stars and a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all stars but of stars and a variety
+of Ages a variety of metal contents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ages a variety of metal contents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ages a variety of metal contents and
+that helps us to piece together how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us to piece together how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us to piece together how the
+amount of each metal actually changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of each metal actually changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of each metal actually changed
+with time and that's that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and that's that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and that's that's a very
+exciting prospect so that's chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting prospect so that's chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting prospect so that's chemical
+evolution and as I mentioned before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and as I mentioned before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and as I mentioned before this
+is an ongoing process much of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ongoing process much of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ongoing process much of all the
+elements are still being produced right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are still being produced right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are still being produced right
+now there's probably a supernova going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's probably a supernova going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's probably a supernova going
+off right now as we speak somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right now as we speak somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right now as we speak somewhere in
+the universe where more elements have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe where more elements have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe where more elements have
+been created and so the chemical makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created and so the chemical makeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created and so the chemical makeup
+of the universe is changed again so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is changed again so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is changed again so it's
+continuously changing process and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously changing process and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously changing process and that
+brings us to the end so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us to the end so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us to the end so this is really
+all the star stuff that we are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the star stuff that we are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the star stuff that we are made of
+and well the origin is not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well the origin is not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well the origin is not entirely
+stars but also stellar remnants as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars but also stellar remnants as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars but also stellar remnants as I
+mentioned supernovae and neutron star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned supernovae and neutron star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned supernovae and neutron star
+marriages should be included in that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages should be included in that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages should be included in that but
+yeah that that is really our our cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that is really our our cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that is really our our cosmic
+origin and as humans it lays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and as humans it lays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and as humans it lays in the
+cosmos in the cosmic objects in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos in the cosmic objects in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos in the cosmic objects in a
+variety of them and it takes a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of them and it takes a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of them and it takes a whole
+bunch of processes in order to unravel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of processes in order to unravel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of processes in order to unravel
+that stat all those Stardust secrets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stat all those Stardust secrets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stat all those Stardust secrets and
+one last thing I wanted to mention doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing I wanted to mention doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing I wanted to mention doing
+this kind of work with all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work with all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work with all the different
+elements have shown pretty clearly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have shown pretty clearly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements have shown pretty clearly that
+carbon is not only the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is not only the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is not only the most important
+elements for us humans because all life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for us humans because all life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for us humans because all life
+forms are carbon-based it actually turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are carbon-based it actually turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are carbon-based it actually turns
+out it's also the most important element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's also the most important element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's also the most important element
+in the universe because at that early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe because at that early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe because at that early
+time it needed the carbon to help for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it needed the carbon to help for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it needed the carbon to help for
+the gas to come together to form small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas to come together to form small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas to come together to form small
+stars and small structures and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and small structures and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and small structures and so I
+think carbon really plays the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carbon really plays the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carbon really plays the most
+fundamental role in the universe that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role in the universe that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role in the universe that we
+can think of because it helps stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of because it helps stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of because it helps stuff for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+and galaxy formation and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and galaxy formation and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and galaxy formation and ultimately
+planet formation and formation of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8WhNaFsFC8I.txt b/8WhNaFsFC8I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6bea0eaa5b1872edbd041043c255ee648352475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8WhNaFsFC8I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19384 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the quizzes are not meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quizzes are not meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quizzes are not meant to be
+difficult they're mostly meant to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult they're mostly meant to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult they're mostly meant to be to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+provide some incentives for you to a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some incentives for you to a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some incentives for you to a uh
+keep up with the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the class
+b um to do the readings see to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um to do the readings see to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um to do the readings see to come to
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+uh are they actually a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are they actually a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are they actually a commitment device
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in general either quizzes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general either quizzes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general either quizzes uh
+commitment device or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device or not
+by the definition that we had why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition that we had why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition that we had why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but i guess um one condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i guess um one condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i guess um one condition that
+we have in the commitment devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the commitment devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the commitment devices and
+that's more like a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like a question of
+definition it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's like
+it's chosen by the agent to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chosen by the agent to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chosen by the agent to actually
+engage in this and i guess you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in this and i guess you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in this and i guess you don't
+have the choice so in some sense if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice so in some sense if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice so in some sense if i
+offer to you to choose quizzes versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to you to choose quizzes versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to you to choose quizzes versus
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and you could particularly only do worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could particularly only do worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could particularly only do worse
+by doing the quizzes that could offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the quizzes that could offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the quizzes that could offer
+you the choice either you had always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the choice either you had always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the choice either you had always
+five in the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in the quizzes
+or you can opt in to saying you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can opt in to saying you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can opt in to saying you do the
+quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes
+then you know you're choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you're choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you're choosing the
+quizzes would very much be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes would very much be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes would very much be in a
+commitment device but if i sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device but if i sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device but if i sort of just
+impose it on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it on you
+then strictly speaking it is it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then strictly speaking it is it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then strictly speaking it is it is not
+even though it sort of functions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it sort of functions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it sort of functions in the
+exact same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same way
+as if you had uh chosen it um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you had uh chosen it um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you had uh chosen it um okay
+mostly we are discussing empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we are discussing empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we are discussing empirical
+questions um uh related to hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um uh related to hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um uh related to hyperbolic
+requisite hyperbolic discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite hyperbolic discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite hyperbolic discounting
+i want to have a short intermezzo very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to have a short intermezzo very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to have a short intermezzo very
+briefly about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about sort of
+telling you about how to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about how to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about how to solve problems
+with quite the hyperbolic discounting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quite the hyperbolic discounting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quite the hyperbolic discounting in
+part because that's relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because that's relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because that's relevant to the
+problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+i already talked with you briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already talked with you briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already talked with you briefly about
+sort of how do you deal with like fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you deal with like fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you deal with like fully
+naive agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive agents
+how do you deal with fully sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with fully sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with fully sophisticated
+agents in some sense it's fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in some sense it's fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in some sense it's fairly simple
+in these two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two cases
+in part because these are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because these are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because these are special
+extreme cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases
+now the third case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third case is what do you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third case is what do you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third case is what do you do when
+you have a partially naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a partially naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a partially naive
+decision maker and that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker and that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker and that's a little
+trickier and we tend to not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier and we tend to not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier and we tend to not have
+um that many problems related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that many problems related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that many problems related to
+partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially
+decision makers of course in part it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers of course in part it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers of course in part it's
+like a little tricky to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little tricky to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little tricky to do
+so essentially what you do is you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what you do is you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what you do is you kind
+of do the same as you do for the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do the same as you do for the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do the same as you do for the fully
+sophisticated decision maker you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated decision maker you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated decision maker you
+do start by doing backwards induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start by doing backwards induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start by doing backwards induction
+you essentially solve for what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially solve for what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially solve for what does the
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+think they're gonna do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're gonna do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're gonna do in the future
+right for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i'm speechless uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm speechless uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm speechless uh
+for that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for that what you do is um you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that what you do is um you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that what you do is um you you
+use people's beta hat um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use people's beta hat um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use people's beta hat um and
+the hat is essentially what the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat is essentially what the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat is essentially what the person
+believes they will do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes they will do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes they will do in the future
+and then essentially solve using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially solve using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially solve using
+backward seduction what the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward seduction what the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward seduction what the person
+thinks they will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they will do
+this is the exact same thing as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exact same thing as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exact same thing as you do
+for a fully sophisticated person except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fully sophisticated person except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fully sophisticated person except
+for that you're using now people's beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you're using now people's beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you're using now people's beta
+hat as opposed to people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat as opposed to people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat as opposed to people's
+actual beta the difference is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual beta the difference is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual beta the difference is of course
+it's always the beta hat it just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the beta hat it just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the beta hat it just happens
+to be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for the
+sophisticated person that the beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated person that the beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated person that the beta hat
+actually is the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the beta
+right so then you do essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then you do essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then you do essentially you
+start at the end you do backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the end you do backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the end you do backwards
+induction you go back in time work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction you go back in time work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction you go back in time work
+yourself since it's period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself since it's period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself since it's period two
+so then the person using their beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person using their beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person using their beta hat
+knows what they're gonna do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they're gonna do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they're gonna do in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+thinks they knows what they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they knows what they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they knows what they're gonna
+view in the future starting in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in the future starting in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in the future starting in the next
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+then you're gonna start solving for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna start solving for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna start solving for the
+first period like what is the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period like what is the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period like what is the person
+actually gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna do
+for that what you need is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that what you need is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that what you need is like the
+person's actual beta because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's actual beta because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's actual beta because that's
+essentially what determines people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what determines people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what determines people's
+actual choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual choices
+um and then you go to the next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you go to the next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you go to the next period
+and do exactly the same thing again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do exactly the same thing again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do exactly the same thing again you
+do sort of backwards induction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of backwards induction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of backwards induction you
+already have solved that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have solved that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have solved that from the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+uh uh step but then essentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh step but then essentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh step but then essentially in
+period two then the person actually uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two then the person actually uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two then the person actually uses
+again their actual beta for making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again their actual beta for making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again their actual beta for making their
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+right so the beta hats are guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the beta hats are guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the beta hats are guiding
+people's beliefs about what they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs about what they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs about what they think
+they will do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do in the future
+but then you have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to go back and
+actually look at like what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at like what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at like what does the
+person actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person actually do
+and that often uh uh differs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that often uh uh differs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that often uh uh differs in
+particular when you get to like period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when you get to like period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when you get to like period
+two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+uh uh in the future uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the future uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the future uh
+uh as i speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as i speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as i speak
+um the second thing i wanted to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second thing i wanted to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second thing i wanted to say is
+and this is mostly relevant for problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is mostly relevant for problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is mostly relevant for problem
+set too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set too
+um so far we have essentially looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so far we have essentially looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so far we have essentially looked at
+continuous choices right it's like going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous choices right it's like going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous choices right it's like going
+to a movie versus not or at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a movie versus not or at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a movie versus not or at some point
+you have like one movie that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like one movie that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like one movie that you can go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+which essentially sort of following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially sort of following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially sort of following the
+donahue raven papers and examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donahue raven papers and examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donahue raven papers and examples
+you have one problem set you need to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one problem set you need to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one problem set you need to at
+some point it's essentially a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it's essentially a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it's essentially a discrete
+choice do you do it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice do you do it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice do you do it or
+do you not do it of course many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you not do it of course many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you not do it of course many choices
+in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life
+are exactly like that like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly like that like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly like that like essentially
+uh when do you do the problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when do you do the problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when do you do the problem sets and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+um but other choices in life are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but other choices in life are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but other choices in life are
+continuous consumption savings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous consumption savings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous consumption savings or
+continuous choices right it's about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous choices right it's about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous choices right it's about like
+how much do you eat how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you eat how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you eat how much do you
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+and so on and so forth and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and sort of the
+canonical thing to do in economics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical thing to do in economics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical thing to do in economics or
+consumption savings choices right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption savings choices right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption savings choices right you
+have some amount of money you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some amount of money you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some amount of money you think
+about like how much would you consume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how much would you consume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like how much would you consume in
+this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period
+how much should you save there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much should you save there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much should you save there's an
+interest rate you're going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you're going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you're going to get more
+money than in the future if you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than in the future if you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than in the future if you save
+more and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so on and so forth
+um the same principles here apply as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same principles here apply as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same principles here apply as
+well except for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except for now it's
+you're not sort of comparing discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sort of comparing discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sort of comparing discrete
+choices but now you do essentially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but now you do essentially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but now you do essentially for
+sort of conditions the same what like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conditions the same what like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conditions the same what like
+would you do in any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do in any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do in any uh
+optimization problem as you would do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem as you would do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem as you would do in
+uh 1401 or any sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1401 or any sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1401 or any sort of uh
+into a micro class where essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a micro class where essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a micro class where essentially you
+you you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you um
+optimize uh uh using first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh uh using first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh uh using first order
+conditions etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions etc
+uh subject to some some budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subject to some some budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subject to some some budget
+constraint um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um
+in the recitation you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation you get some
+additional guidance how to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional guidance how to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional guidance how to do that and
+particularly um the tas will walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um the tas will walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um the tas will walk you
+through a previous problem from like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a previous problem from like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a previous problem from like a
+few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago
+that essentially sort of doing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially sort of doing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially sort of doing exactly
+that i just want to sort of flag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just want to sort of flag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just want to sort of flag this
+you're not surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not surprised
+uh this is essentially sort of 1401 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is essentially sort of 1401 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is essentially sort of 1401 uh
+basics that we discussed in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics that we discussed in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics that we discussed in the first
+presentation there's also some handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation there's also some handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation there's also some handout
+on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like
+some refreshers for that but that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some refreshers for that but that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some refreshers for that but that'll
+come as well but the same principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as well but the same principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as well but the same principle
+supply here that's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply here that's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply here that's exactly the same
+thing as we do here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we do here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we do here in the
+in the other choices that people make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other choices that people make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other choices that people make um
+except for now we have essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for now we have essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for now we have essentially uh
+continuous choices any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so then we're going to
+talk about other applications um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about other applications um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about other applications um
+starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+credit card uh teaser arrays or credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh teaser arrays or credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card uh teaser arrays or credit
+card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card
+behavior this is an old paper by ausubel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior this is an old paper by ausubel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior this is an old paper by ausubel
+and bino you can have many concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bino you can have many concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bino you can have many concerns
+about it but in some sense it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but in some sense it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but in some sense it sort of
+nicely illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely illustrates
+a very simple uh uh behaviors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple uh uh behaviors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple uh uh behaviors that are
+very nicely fitting into sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely fitting into sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely fitting into sort of the
+quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic
+discounting model so this is um evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model so this is um evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model so this is um evidence
+from using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using uh
+real-world credit card usage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world credit card usage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world credit card usage so
+essentially there's a company who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a company who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a company who has a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+uh data on credit card usages and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data on credit card usages and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data on credit card usages and as you
+might be aware credit card companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be aware credit card companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be aware credit card companies
+send out all sorts of mailers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out all sorts of mailers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out all sorts of mailers about
+getting people to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to sign up
+for a credit card in particular once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a credit card in particular once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a credit card in particular once
+you're sort of out of school and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of out of school and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of out of school and have a
+gainfully employed you get all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gainfully employed you get all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gainfully employed you get all sorts of
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+mailings and so on asking you to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings and so on asking you to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings and so on asking you to sign up
+for credit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit cards
+um now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now
+um in this particular example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this particular example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this particular example the
+company um mailed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um mailed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um mailed out
+uh randomized credit card offers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomized credit card offers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomized credit card offers of the
+following types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following types
+there was like a standard credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like a standard credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like a standard credit card
+offer which was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer which was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer which was um
+a 6.9 interest rate for six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 6.9 interest rate for six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 6.9 interest rate for six months
+and 16 afterwards so there's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16 afterwards so there's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16 afterwards so there's already
+sort of in some sense a teaser rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense a teaser rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in some sense a teaser rate
+built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in
+in the sense of like it's starting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like it's starting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like it's starting to be
+looks like it's really cheap you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's really cheap you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's really cheap you might
+sort of think oh i'm gonna just borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think oh i'm gonna just borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think oh i'm gonna just borrow
+for like a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a few
+um a month and then you know eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a month and then you know eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a month and then you know eventually
+it gets more expensive the hope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets more expensive the hope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets more expensive the hope of the
+company of course is that you keep sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of course is that you keep sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of course is that you keep sort
+of borrowing from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of borrowing from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of borrowing from them
+once it actually gets more expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it actually gets more expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it actually gets more expensive and
+then there's sort of two randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's sort of two randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's sort of two randomized
+conditions there's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions there's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions there's the um
+what they call the teaser deal which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the teaser deal which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the teaser deal which is
+um 4.9 percent followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4.9 percent followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4.9 percent followed by
+uh 16 and then there's what they call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 16 and then there's what they call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 16 and then there's what they call a
+post teaser deal which is 6.9 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post teaser deal which is 6.9 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post teaser deal which is 6.9 percent
+followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by
+four percent right notice that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent right notice that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent right notice that like if
+you sort of borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of borrow
+like a given amount for like quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a given amount for like quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a given amount for like quite a
+while um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um uh
+and that these two conditions are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these two conditions are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these two conditions are pretty
+much similar depending a little bit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much similar depending a little bit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much similar depending a little bit how
+long you borrow if you sort of borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you borrow if you sort of borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you borrow if you sort of borrow
+for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something
+like a year then it's all about similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year then it's all about similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year then it's all about similar
+the same if you borrow for more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you borrow for more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you borrow for more than a
+year then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year then you know
+option three is probably better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option three is probably better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option three is probably better than
+option two for you for a given amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two for you for a given amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two for you for a given amount
+that you borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you borrow
+right so but what the company then has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but what the company then has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but what the company then has
+is response rate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is response rate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is response rate um
+and people's 21 month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's 21 month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's 21 month
+borrowing history for individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing history for individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing history for individuals who
+take up the card now these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the card now these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the card now these are kind of
+selected so you want to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected so you want to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected so you want to be a little bit
+careful how to interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful how to interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful how to interpret that
+but sort of the response rates surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of the response rates surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of the response rates surely
+are uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh
+the right thing to look at because it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to look at because it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to look at because it'd
+be randomized across people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be randomized across people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be randomized across people who got
+which letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which letter
+what they find is that the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that the um the
+response is about 2.5 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is about 2.5 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is about 2.5 points
+times larger the increase and take up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times larger the increase and take up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times larger the increase and take up in
+the second group relative to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second group relative to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second group relative to the third
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+now given subsequent borrowing behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given subsequent borrowing behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given subsequent borrowing behavior
+and that's kind of like endogenous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of like endogenous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of like endogenous you
+want to be a little bit careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit careful with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but essentially if you look at people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially if you look at people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially if you look at people's
+behavior uh the latter is a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh the latter is a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh the latter is a much better
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh a deal right so you'd much rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a deal right so you'd much rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a deal right so you'd much rather
+have as i said you might rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as i said you might rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as i said you might rather have
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um deal number three uh compared to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deal number three uh compared to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deal number three uh compared to deal
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+in particular if you like borrow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you like borrow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you like borrow for
+like say two years like a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say two years like a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say two years like a thousand
+dollars you're going to pay much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you're going to pay much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you're going to pay much more
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+in deal number two compared to number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deal number two compared to number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deal number two compared to number
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+yes now how do we think about this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now how do we think about this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now how do we think about this from
+the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model
+how do we explain this behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly so let me just repeat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so let me just repeat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so let me just repeat what
+you what you said so you said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you said so you said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you said so you said you know
+people think they will not borrow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think they will not borrow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think they will not borrow in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+they're like i'm going to borrow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like i'm going to borrow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like i'm going to borrow for a
+while i'm going to borrow for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i'm going to borrow for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i'm going to borrow for a few
+months i just need some money right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months i just need some money right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months i just need some money right now
+in the future surely i'll be patient i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future surely i'll be patient i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future surely i'll be patient i
+pay everything back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay everything back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay everything back um
+and so no it doesn't really matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no it doesn't really matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no it doesn't really matter what
+the interest rate is after six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is after six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is after six months
+uh therefore i'm just going to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therefore i'm just going to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therefore i'm just going to optimize
+according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+the uh six months period that i see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh six months period that i see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh six months period that i see the
+you know the third deal is uh uh cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the third deal is uh uh cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the third deal is uh uh cheaper
+than the second so let me just pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the second so let me just pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the second so let me just pick that
+and then so the surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so the surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so the surprise
+people actually then keep borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually then keep borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually then keep borrowing and
+uh it ends up being a lot more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it ends up being a lot more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it ends up being a lot more expensive
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+it is that's exactly right that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's exactly right that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's exactly right that's what i
+have here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here um
+as well now if people are sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now if people are sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now if people are sophisticated
+why would they choose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would they choose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would they choose um
+option two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there's sort of the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's sort of the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's sort of the idea that
+essentially if you don't like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you don't like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you don't like your
+future self to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future self to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future self to borrow
+you might want to actually choose a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to actually choose a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to actually choose a high
+interest rate sort of could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate sort of could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate sort of could
+to protect you from doing that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect you from doing that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect you from doing that now
+that's a very sophisticated sort of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very sophisticated sort of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very sophisticated sort of type
+of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior
+my guess is at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is at the end of the day
+that'll not be particularly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll not be particularly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll not be particularly um
+successful because at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because at the end of the day
+the two percent different is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two percent different is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two percent different is probably
+not making a huge difference but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a huge difference but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a huge difference but in
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+the data is sort of consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is sort of consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is sort of consistent with that
+we cannot rule this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot rule this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot rule this out
+um now there's other issues with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's other issues with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's other issues with like
+substitution to other cards and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution to other cards and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution to other cards and so on so
+you might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of
+you might that might backfire in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might that might backfire in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might that might backfire in various
+other ways but in principle at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways but in principle at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways but in principle at least you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um uh that's exactly right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's exactly right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's exactly right now
+what evidence can we collect to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what evidence can we collect to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what evidence can we collect to separate
+these stories if so i show you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories if so i show you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories if so i show you these
+data from the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the paper
+from uh that they have now i can't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that they have now i can't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that they have now i can't as
+i'm telling you i'm can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you i'm can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you i'm can't really
+disentangle these stories because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle these stories because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle these stories because
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+other data available but what other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data available but what other data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data available but what other data
+would you want to know or would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to know or would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to know or would you like
+to collect to sort of disentangle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect to sort of disentangle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect to sort of disentangle from
+these two stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two stories
+or disentangle these two stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people yes borrowing so you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes borrowing so you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes borrowing so you could look
+at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their
+borrowing behavior and then what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing behavior and then what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing behavior and then what would
+you conclude or what data what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes i think that's something i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think that's something i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think that's something i think
+it's a little inconclusive in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little inconclusive in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little inconclusive in some sense
+but yes i think that's that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes i think that's that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes i think that's that's right
+um what else can we collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so if you ask people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so if you ask people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so if you ask people like
+what do you think you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you're going to do
+that would be helpful and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be helpful and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be helpful and then you know
+in some ways it will also be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it will also be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it will also be nice to
+have some form of like demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some form of like demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some form of like demand for
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+we don't quite have this here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't quite have this here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't quite have this here because
+there's sort of neither of these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of neither of these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of neither of these options
+is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+uh dominated right you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dominated right you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dominated right you could sort of
+tell stories either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories either way
+but once you have um a dominated option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you have um a dominated option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you have um a dominated option
+the naive person would not pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive person would not pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive person would not pick that
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+i think it's also right that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's also right that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's also right that like
+looking at sort of people's borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of people's borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of people's borrowing
+behavior we can also learn from that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can also learn from that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can also learn from that in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+it can't be that like you keep sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that like you keep sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that like you keep sort of
+uh doing stuff that's bad for you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing stuff that's bad for you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing stuff that's bad for you if
+you're really sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really sophisticated
+um uh but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but sort of
+sorry so two things i think that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so two things i think that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so two things i think that are
+uh uh you can sort of click collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can sort of click collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can sort of click collect
+potentially collect clear-cut evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially collect clear-cut evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially collect clear-cut evidence
+to real stuff out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real stuff out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real stuff out is
+one uh collect beliefs about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh collect beliefs about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh collect beliefs about for
+following uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh
+boring behavior so there's one very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring behavior so there's one very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring behavior so there's one very nice
+paper recent paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper recent paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper recent paper by
+uh hunt alcott and uh dmitry chabinsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hunt alcott and uh dmitry chabinsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hunt alcott and uh dmitry chabinsky
+and and co-authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and co-authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and co-authors
+that looks at payday borrowers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at payday borrowers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at payday borrowers this is
+like payday lending at really extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payday lending at really extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payday lending at really extremely
+high interest rates where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates where people
+essentially borrow against their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially borrow against their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially borrow against their future
+paycheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck
+and they keep doing this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they keep doing this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they keep doing this over and over
+again and what they do there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and what they do there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and what they do there they
+actually elicit people's beliefs and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually elicit people's beliefs and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually elicit people's beliefs and say
+um what do you think is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you think is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you think is the probability
+that you're gonna borrow again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna borrow again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna borrow again
+you can ask that many people several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask that many people several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask that many people several
+people and then essentially just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then essentially just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then essentially just look at
+like what's what are the actual beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what are the actual beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's what are the actual beliefs
+uh sorry about the actual uh borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry about the actual uh borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry about the actual uh borrowing
+rates about what fraction of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates about what fraction of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates about what fraction of people are
+actually borrowing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually borrowing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually borrowing again
+compared to like the perceived fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the perceived fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the perceived fraction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what they find in fact is payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find in fact is payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find in fact is payday
+borrowers seem to be quite sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers seem to be quite sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers seem to be quite sophisticated
+so these are people who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who like
+actually no i'm gonna like borrow again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no i'm gonna like borrow again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no i'm gonna like borrow again
+in like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like um uh
+uh uh two weeks from now and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh two weeks from now and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh two weeks from now and so on and
+then i'm gonna roll it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna roll it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna roll it over and over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+now they also find that um that is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also find that um that is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also find that um that is more
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+uh among repeat borrowers so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among repeat borrowers so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among repeat borrowers so like
+somebody who has like rolled us over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has like rolled us over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has like rolled us over
+five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times
+they actually don't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually don't have a lot of
+illusions of like uh uh what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusions of like uh uh what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusions of like uh uh what they're
+gonna do in the future they know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do in the future they know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do in the future they know they're
+gonna roll it over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna roll it over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna roll it over again
+when you look at people who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at people who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at people who are like
+first time or second time borrowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time or second time borrowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time or second time borrowers
+things are different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different uh
+there people tend to think i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people tend to think i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people tend to think i'm going to
+do this only once or twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this only once or twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this only once or twice
+and then you know they sort of surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know they sort of surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know they sort of surprise
+themselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um
+by borrowing and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by borrowing and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by borrowing and that's sort of
+consistent with some story of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with some story of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with some story of learning
+and isn't so like they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't so like they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't so like they don't
+necessarily they can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily they can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily they can't really
+necessarily nail that but i think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily nail that but i think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily nail that but i think they
+find essentially that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find essentially that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find essentially that
+or they interpret their evidence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they interpret their evidence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they interpret their evidence as
+people do seem to be uh learning over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do seem to be uh learning over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do seem to be uh learning over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um they also offer some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also offer some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also offer some form of
+commitment device essentially they offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device essentially they offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device essentially they offer
+them to say if you don't borrow again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to say if you don't borrow again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to say if you don't borrow again
+um uh uh you know uh uh we'll pay you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh you know uh uh we'll pay you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh you know uh uh we'll pay you a
+hundred dollars or like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars or like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars or like uh
+versions of that or like you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that or like you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that or like you have to pay
+or you can forego money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can forego money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can forego money
+if you uh not borrow if commit to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh not borrow if commit to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh not borrow if commit to not
+borrowing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing again
+um they also find some uh evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also find some uh evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also find some uh evidence of
+that sort of suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of suggesting that
+again these payday borrowers seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these payday borrowers seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these payday borrowers seem to be
+quite uh sophisticated now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh sophisticated now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh sophisticated now that's
+of course the different type of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the different type of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the different type of sample
+um a different type of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different type of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different type of population
+so you know credit card people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know credit card people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know credit card people
+particularly who get credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly who get credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly who get credit card
+mailings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings
+in particular people who just started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people who just started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people who just started
+their jobs and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jobs and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their jobs and so on and so forth
+might be uh not as sophisticated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh not as sophisticated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh not as sophisticated now
+if you're a credit card company what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a credit card company what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a credit card company what
+would you do how would you react to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do how would you react to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do how would you react to that
+kind of behavior suppose you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior suppose you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior suppose you believe
+what i showed you earlier the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you earlier the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you earlier the evidence
+that i just showed you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just showed you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just showed you about
+from the ausubil paper in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ausubil paper in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ausubil paper in terms of like
+people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be
+either naive or sophisticated quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either naive or sophisticated quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either naive or sophisticated quasi
+hyperbolic discounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounters
+what do you do as a credit card company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do as a credit card company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do as a credit card company
+whom do you target and how do you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes perhaps you could map some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes perhaps you could map some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes perhaps you could map some kind of
+characteristic of the person maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the person maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the person maybe
+demographics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics like
+education or socioeconomic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or socioeconomic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or socioeconomic uh
+characteristics with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics with
+possible naive slash sophisticated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible naive slash sophisticated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible naive slash sophisticated and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+almost christ well not quite involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost christ well not quite involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost christ well not quite involved
+i want to target each person based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to target each person based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to target each person based on
+those characteristics so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characteristics so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characteristics so the
+sophisticated person would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated person would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated person would have
+the lower uh teaser ratio than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower uh teaser ratio than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower uh teaser ratio than the
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+interest rate towards the end and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate towards the end and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate towards the end and you
+could do the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same for
+those who are nice right exactly so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are nice right exactly so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are nice right exactly so what
+you kind of want to know is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to know is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to know is in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+you want to know who who are the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who who are the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who who are the naive
+peace people who are the people that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace people who are the people that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace people who are the people that we
+can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can essentially
+exploit right because the naive person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit right because the naive person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit right because the naive person
+is the person who's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the person who's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the person who's going to be the
+person who who signs up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who who signs up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who who signs up
+and then ends up paying really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ends up paying really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ends up paying really high
+interest rates surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates surprisingly
+so you can essentially uh figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can essentially uh figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can essentially uh figure out
+some ways of making a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways of making a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways of making a lot of money
+from them the exponential discount or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them the exponential discount or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them the exponential discount or so
+even the sophisticated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sophisticated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sophisticated people
+they will not be helpful for you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be helpful for you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be helpful for you because
+either they both just essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they both just essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they both just essentially just
+optimize in some sense they use sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize in some sense they use sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize in some sense they use sort of
+some offers they get some bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some offers they get some bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some offers they get some bonus
+points or whatever for like signing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or whatever for like signing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or whatever for like signing up
+in the first place and then essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place and then essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place and then essentially
+just drop the card or not use it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop the card or not use it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop the card or not use it anymore
+even the sophisticated person you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sophisticated person you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the sophisticated person you can't
+really exploit that much because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploit that much because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploit that much because like
+if you call the sophisticated person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call the sophisticated person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call the sophisticated person
+would sort of understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of understand that
+and then would just not sign up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then would just not sign up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then would just not sign up in the
+first place right and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place right and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place right and this is kind of
+the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to
+what lauren just said uh about like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lauren just said uh about like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lauren just said uh about like if
+somebody if you can make a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if you can make a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if you can make a lot of money
+from that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that person
+it can't be that that person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that that person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that that person is
+perfectly sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sophisticated
+because then otherwise the person would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then otherwise the person would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then otherwise the person would
+never sort of sign up in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of sign up in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of sign up in the first place
+now um credit card companies exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um credit card companies exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um credit card companies exactly
+there's some evidence at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some evidence at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some evidence at least that
+credit card companies do exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies do exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card companies do exactly what
+you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said
+which essentially is so they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is so they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is so they don't have
+a lot of information of people that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information of people that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information of people that they
+actually mail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mail to
+the one thing that they have is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that they have is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that they have is sort of
+zip code uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code uh
+level information very often about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level information very often about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level information very often about like
+education and some other characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and some other characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and some other characteristics
+from some other data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other data sets
+so there's a very nice paper by um rue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very nice paper by um rue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very nice paper by um rue
+and shore antoinette schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shore antoinette schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shore antoinette schwarz
+at sloan um at mit um that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sloan um at mit um that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sloan um at mit um that looks at
+analyze like detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze like detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze like detailed
+detailed data set of like mailed credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed data set of like mailed credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed data set of like mailed credit
+card offers so they essentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card offers so they essentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card offers so they essentially are
+people who are paid to collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are paid to collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are paid to collect all the
+mailings that they get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings that they get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailings that they get from
+different companies and just collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies and just collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies and just collect
+them and sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and sort of uh
+uh have them analyzed and there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have them analyzed and there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have them analyzed and there's a sort
+of a data set doing that exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a data set doing that exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a data set doing that exactly that
+and so what did what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what did what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what did what they did is they
+analyzed this data set specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed this data set specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed this data set specifically
+and looked at um how some of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at um how some of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at um how some of the details
+of these offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these offers
+relate to things like education zip code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to things like education zip code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to things like education zip code
+so you could look at sort of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could look at sort of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could look at sort of education
+level data like who are where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data like who are where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data like who are where
+do the highly educated people live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the highly educated people live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the highly educated people live and
+where where do other people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where do other people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where do other people live
+and what they find is that education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that education
+levels are systematically related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are systematically related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are systematically related to
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+backloaded and hidden fees um teasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backloaded and hidden fees um teasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backloaded and hidden fees um teasers
+or like stuff that's like written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like stuff that's like written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like stuff that's like written in
+small font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small font
+having more photos color print and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having more photos color print and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having more photos color print and so on
+and so forth essentially a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth essentially a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth essentially a bunch of
+stuff that's trying to trick people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's trying to trick people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's trying to trick people
+into um uh uh sort of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um uh uh sort of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um uh uh sort of things that are
+bad for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for them
+so what the credit card companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the credit card companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the credit card companies are
+doing they essentially sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they essentially sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they essentially sort of say
+here's some stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some stuff that
+is exploiting uh potentially uh naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exploiting uh potentially uh naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exploiting uh potentially uh naive
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+no you'd only want to send that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you'd only want to send that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you'd only want to send that kind of
+stuff to uh naive people are mostly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to uh naive people are mostly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to uh naive people are mostly to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to naive or or less sophisticated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naive or or less sophisticated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naive or or less sophisticated uh
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+the reason being that like a it's costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like a it's costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like a it's costly
+to do it so if you send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so if you send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so if you send it to
+you know um people who are exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um people who are exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um people who are exponential
+discounters who are sophisticated you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounters who are sophisticated you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounters who are sophisticated you're
+just wasting money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasting money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasting money
+or you know they might actually exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know they might actually exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know they might actually exploit
+sort of your offer by sort of optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your offer by sort of optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your offer by sort of optimizing
+and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+getting good deals out of it in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good deals out of it in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good deals out of it in in some
+ways so what you kind of want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so what you kind of want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so what you kind of want to do is
+you want to focus on the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to focus on the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to focus on the naive
+customers and sort of exploit them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and sort of exploit them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and sort of exploit them as
+much as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can
+now actually it's not that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually it's not that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually it's not that you want to
+exploit them as much as you can there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them as much as you can there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them as much as you can there
+are some constraints what are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some constraints what are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some constraints what are sort of
+the constraints here what is the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints here what is the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints here what is the credit
+card company in some ways worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company in some ways worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card company in some ways worried about
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so that this is a pretty cynical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that this is a pretty cynical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that this is a pretty cynical
+view of the world but i think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the world but i think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the world but i think it's a
+pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty um
+correct one in some ways which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one in some ways which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one in some ways which is the
+credit card company wants to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card company wants to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card company wants to exploit
+people but only to the extent that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but only to the extent that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but only to the extent that they
+can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+repay the last thing the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repay the last thing the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repay the last thing the credit card
+company wants is for people to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants is for people to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants is for people to default
+not because the credit card company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the credit card company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the credit card company
+actually cares about the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cares about the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cares about the people who
+might default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might default
+but rather because the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because the credit card
+company has then trouble actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has then trouble actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has then trouble actually
+getting their money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their money um
+back right so there's essentially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right so there's essentially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right so there's essentially like
+some form of like a participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of like a participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of like a participation
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+and so what um uh rue and sure find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what um uh rue and sure find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what um uh rue and sure find is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+at times and there's maybe this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times and there's maybe this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times and there's maybe this is like
+suggestive evidence but it's pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive evidence but it's pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive evidence but it's pretty um
+neat in some way at times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat in some way at times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat in some way at times when
+unemployment insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment insurance
+um uh uh uh sort of from the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh sort of from the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh sort of from the government
+uh increase so essentially as more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increase so essentially as more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increase so essentially as more as
+more people have like more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people have like more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people have like more money
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+a lot of these fees etc are tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these fees etc are tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these fees etc are tend to be
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+and so one way to interpret that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one way to interpret that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one way to interpret that is
+essentially there's a participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a participation
+constraint if you want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if you want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if you want an
+optimization problem is to say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem is to say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem is to say you know
+they try to exploit the customers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to exploit the customers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to exploit the customers but
+like it's subject to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's subject to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's subject to like
+the constraint that the person doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint that the person doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint that the person doesn't
+default or just doesn't use the offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or just doesn't use the offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or just doesn't use the offers
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+now that participation constraint gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that participation constraint gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that participation constraint gets
+sort of relaxed because you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relaxed because you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relaxed because you know now
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people like due to unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like due to unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like due to unemployment and
+other types of insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have more money available so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money available so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money available so essentially
+you can exploit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can exploit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can exploit them
+more this is sort of like a pattern i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is sort of like a pattern i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is sort of like a pattern i
+think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's
+general that's general for many uh cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's general for many uh cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's general for many uh cases
+i think when you for example think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think when you for example think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think when you for example think about
+like gyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gyms
+you might sort of say well people choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of say well people choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of say well people choose
+in gyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gyms
+the offers that gyms give to people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offers that gyms give to people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offers that gyms give to people uh
+in a way they are meant to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way they are meant to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way they are meant to exploit
+customers or do you really want what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers or do you really want what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers or do you really want what i
+showed you last time is you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last time is you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last time is you really want
+to offer people like these like okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer people like these like okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer people like these like okay you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+monthly fees or whatever like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly fees or whatever like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly fees or whatever like you want
+people to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up
+but then actually not show up very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then actually not show up very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then actually not show up very much
+to your gym because you know then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your gym because you know then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your gym because you know then you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you don't have a certain capacity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a certain capacity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a certain capacity you
+don't hit your gym capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit your gym capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit your gym capacity
+but you know some people might then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know some people might then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know some people might then say
+well why not just ask people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why not just ask people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why not just ask people like
+to give them even more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them even more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them even more and more
+expensive contracts that they sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive contracts that they sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive contracts that they sign up
+so they really sort of to screw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they really sort of to screw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they really sort of to screw them
+over uh more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh more and more
+the problem is like there's again like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is like there's again like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is like there's again like a
+participation constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation constraint
+if the person sort of realizes i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person sort of realizes i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person sort of realizes i'm
+spending way too much money on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending way too much money on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending way too much money on this
+and i'm not actually going to the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not actually going to the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not actually going to the gym
+ever the person is just going to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever the person is just going to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever the person is just going to quit
+right so you kind of want a days out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you kind of want a days out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you kind of want a days out of
+this game where essentially you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game where essentially you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game where essentially you want
+your customer to be engaged you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer to be engaged you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer to be engaged you want
+your customer to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer to sort of
+come back sometimes and feel good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back sometimes and feel good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back sometimes and feel good about
+going to the gym sometimes and not feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the gym sometimes and not feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the gym sometimes and not feel
+terrible about not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible about not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible about not coming
+so that's why attention the the gyms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why attention the the gyms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why attention the the gyms and
+other companies are always trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies are always trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies are always trying to be
+very motivating we choose the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very motivating we choose the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very motivating we choose the best
+contract for you we're trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract for you we're trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract for you we're trying to help
+you with this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with this and that
+but really it's sort of in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really it's sort of in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really it's sort of in some sense
+making the appearance of trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the appearance of trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the appearance of trying to help
+the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers
+keeping them happy while you can exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping them happy while you can exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping them happy while you can exploit
+them at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same time
+now that's a very cynical view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very cynical view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very cynical view of the
+world and i'm sure there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and i'm sure there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and i'm sure there are some
+companies who actually care about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who actually care about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who actually care about their
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+but in some sense i think it can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense i think it can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense i think it can explain
+quite a few patterns that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few patterns that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few patterns that we see
+in the world any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then next is um and this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then next is um and this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then next is um and this is sort
+of like again like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like again like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like again like a
+um almost like a classic paper now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost like a classic paper now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost like a classic paper now
+because it's been quite a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been quite a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been quite a while ago
+uh it's a paper by nava ashraf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a paper by nava ashraf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a paper by nava ashraf and
+colleagues in the philippines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in the philippines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in the philippines
+these are clients of a philippine bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are clients of a philippine bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are clients of a philippine bank
+and they are randomized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are randomized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are randomized uh
+to um uh be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh be uh
+into three different groups to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different groups to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different groups to be
+receiving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving uh
+three different or kinds of uh savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different or kinds of uh savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different or kinds of uh savings
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+the first one is essentially like um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is essentially like um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is essentially like um a
+very simple or sorry the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple or sorry the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple or sorry the first one
+number three is like a control treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is like a control treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is like a control treatment
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+standard savings account here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard savings account here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard savings account here's an
+account that you can open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that you can open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that you can open and
+uh you're going to get some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to get some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to get some uh some
+interest rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for
+uh saving in this account the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saving in this account the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saving in this account the second one
+is like a marketing treatment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a marketing treatment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a marketing treatment which
+essentially is encouraging people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is encouraging people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is encouraging people to
+sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up
+uh otherwise it's like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise it's like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh otherwise it's like the same
+essentially saying like trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying like trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying like trying to get
+people to to to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to to do it
+uh number one and this is i guess sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one and this is i guess sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one and this is i guess sort
+of the the treatment of interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the treatment of interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the treatment of interest is
+what's called the seed treatment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the seed treatment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the seed treatment which
+is uh encouraging people to sign up plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh encouraging people to sign up plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh encouraging people to sign up plus
+a commitment offer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment offer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment offer which is
+clients can restrict their access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can restrict their access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can restrict their access to the
+deposits upon opening the account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits upon opening the account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits upon opening the account
+so what you can essentially do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can essentially do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can essentially do is you
+can set some goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set some goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set some goals
+these goals are either date based or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goals are either date based or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goals are either date based or
+amount based so you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount based so you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount based so you can say
+i want to save a thousand dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to save a thousand dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to save a thousand dollars or
+like some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some amount
+and until i've reached that amount i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until i've reached that amount i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until i've reached that amount i
+cannot withdraw any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot withdraw any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot withdraw any money
+alternatively you can say i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively you can say i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively you can say i would like
+to save until my husband's or my wife's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save until my husband's or my wife's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save until my husband's or my wife's
+a birthday or some other child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a birthday or some other child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a birthday or some other child's
+graduation or whatever you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation or whatever you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation or whatever you want to say
+for christmas etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for christmas etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for christmas etc
+and only then we can uh i will draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then we can uh i will draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then we can uh i will draw the
+money as you can see most people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as you can see most people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as you can see most people seem to
+be choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be choosing
+um sort of date-based types of gold but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of date-based types of gold but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of date-based types of gold but
+others also have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others also have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others also have um
+amount based you can see about 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount based you can see about 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount based you can see about 70
+here date based and 30 are uh amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here date based and 30 are uh amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here date based and 30 are uh amount
+based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based
+now what they find is a there's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they find is a there's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they find is a there's quite a
+bit of take up of this account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of take up of this account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of take up of this account
+and again like when you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like when you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like when you think about this
+like there's not a good reason to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not a good reason to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not a good reason to to
+to take up this account unless you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take up this account unless you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take up this account unless you want
+to sort of restrict your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of restrict your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of restrict your
+um your future self so there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your future self so there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your future self so there's sort of
+some demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demand
+some evidence of demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence of demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence of demand for commitment
+second offering this kind of account uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second offering this kind of account uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second offering this kind of account uh
+increases people's savings so on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases people's savings so on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases people's savings so on average
+people save more i'm going to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people save more i'm going to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people save more i'm going to tell you a
+little bit about the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the distribution of
+that is actually everybody better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually everybody better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually everybody better off
+from doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that
+but on average people do save more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on average people do save more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on average people do save more so
+essentially it's kind of similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's kind of similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's kind of similar to the
+evidence that i showed you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that i showed you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that i showed you earlier
+commitment devices at least on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices at least on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices at least on average
+can improve outcomes or affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve outcomes or affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve outcomes or affect
+outcomes in some way and then number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in some way and then number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in some way and then number
+three um and that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um and that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um and that's a little bit
+suggestive but essentially saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive but essentially saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive but essentially saying like
+if you sort of look at money now versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of look at money now versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of look at money now versus
+later question that i showed you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later question that i showed you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later question that i showed you earlier
+in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+they actually do predict uh commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do predict uh commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do predict uh commitment
+take up consistent with some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up consistent with some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up consistent with some form of
+like uh this is really about uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this is really about uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this is really about uh time
+preferences as opposed to maybe other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as opposed to maybe other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as opposed to maybe other
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+demand effect social desirability buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand effect social desirability buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand effect social desirability buyers
+essentially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like
+customers maybe just wanting to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers maybe just wanting to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers maybe just wanting to make the
+bank happy in some way because they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank happy in some way because they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank happy in some way because they feel
+compelled to do it because they get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled to do it because they get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelled to do it because they get like
+some marketing treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marketing treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marketing treatment
+and a particularly strong one any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particularly strong one any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particularly strong one any
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is uh i think it's uh taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is uh i think it's uh taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is uh i think it's uh taking it
+i think it's taking up and putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's taking up and putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's taking up and putting some
+money in it yeah i think the take-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in it yeah i think the take-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in it yeah i think the take-up
+is put in like once you put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in like once you put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in like once you put in some
+money it's counted as using the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's counted as using the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's counted as using the or
+taking up the account otherwise it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up the account otherwise it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up the account otherwise it would
+be like yeah that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like yeah that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like yeah that's not
+not really anything essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really anything essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really anything essentially
+restricting your choices in some way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting your choices in some way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting your choices in some way by
+putting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in some
+some money into this account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so next to some work that i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next to some work that i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next to some work that i've done
+in india on alcohol consumption and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india on alcohol consumption and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india on alcohol consumption and sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this is a very common issue among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common issue among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common issue among
+low-income workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income workers
+in south india and tamonado and kerala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in south india and tamonado and kerala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in south india and tamonado and kerala
+and other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places
+it's also an issue in other countries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an issue in other countries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an issue in other countries in
+uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uganda
+and so on so there's large fractions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there's large fractions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there's large fractions of
+low-income workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income workers
+drink a large amount of alcohol often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a large amount of alcohol often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a large amount of alcohol often
+daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+what do i mean by that they drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that they drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that they drink
+something like five six standard drinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like five six standard drinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like five six standard drinks
+um per day what's the standard drinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um per day what's the standard drinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um per day what's the standard drinks
+it's like a small a beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a small a beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a small a beer
+or like a shot of liquor so five things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a shot of liquor so five things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a shot of liquor so five things
+six standard rings are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six standard rings are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six standard rings are a lot of
+alcohol now they also spend a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol now they also spend a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol now they also spend a large
+amount of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of their
+money of the income on alcohol on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money of the income on alcohol on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money of the income on alcohol on the
+order of magnitude of 20 30 40 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of 20 30 40 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of 20 30 40 percent
+so think of these as like families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of these as like families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of these as like families of
+five or six um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six um
+uh sorry families of uh four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry families of uh four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry families of uh four or five
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+uh what they earn is something like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they earn is something like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they earn is something like 300
+400 rupees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 rupees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 rupees
+per day that's usually often the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day that's usually often the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day that's usually often the family
+income some earn a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income some earn a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income some earn a little bit more
+that's something like five six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like five six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like five six seven
+dollars per day and often they spend one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per day and often they spend one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per day and often they spend one
+or two dollars on alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two dollars on alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two dollars on alcohol
+right and so um when you now ask people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um when you now ask people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so um when you now ask people
+when you ask women when you ask men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask women when you ask men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask women when you ask men
+about like you know how does alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like you know how does alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like you know how does alcohol
+affect your lives you get sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your lives you get sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your lives you get sort of this
+uniform response of people saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform response of people saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform response of people saying like
+well only if only liquor stores closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only if only liquor stores closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only if only liquor stores closed
+my life would be so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life would be so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life would be so much better
+um you know i would love for liquor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i would love for liquor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i would love for liquor
+prices to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices to be higher
+and you know i would like to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i would like to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i would like to find some
+way to reduce my drinking but i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reduce my drinking but i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reduce my drinking but i have
+trouble uh doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh doing so
+when you now ask people like okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you now ask people like okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you now ask people like okay now
+you would like to reduce your drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to reduce your drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to reduce your drinking
+it would be great for you the liquor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be great for you the liquor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be great for you the liquor
+stores because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores because
+why is it difficult for you to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it difficult for you to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it difficult for you to reduce
+your drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drinking
+the common response is also a addiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common response is also a addiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common response is also a addiction
+which makes things tricky anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes things tricky anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes things tricky anyway
+but b um they say people say they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b um they say people say they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b um they say people say they have
+physical pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain
+and so the physical pain from work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the physical pain from work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the physical pain from work
+particularly these are people with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly these are people with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly these are people with very
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+levels of education so often they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of education so often they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of education so often they're
+literate and so on so it's very hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literate and so on so it's very hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literate and so on so it's very hard for
+them to get any desk job or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get any desk job or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get any desk job or the like
+so what instead they um have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what instead they um have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what instead they um have to do is
+essentially do physical labor hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do physical labor hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do physical labor hard
+physical labor these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical labor these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical labor these are like
+construction workers rickshaw drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction workers rickshaw drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction workers rickshaw drivers
+uh sewage workers and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sewage workers and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sewage workers and so on and so forth
+this is really hard work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really hard work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really hard work
+and uh they tend to have then lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they tend to have then lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they tend to have then lots of
+physical pain uh from their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain uh from their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain uh from their work
+now why is it that then like the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it that then like the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it that then like the pain
+exacerbates potentially people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbates potentially people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbates potentially people's
+self-control problems why is that making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems why is that making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems why is that making
+things worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what you're saying essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying essentially
+is there's uh uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's uh uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's uh uh you can do
+self-medicating physical pain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-medicating physical pain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-medicating physical pain in
+addition to maybe some other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to maybe some other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to maybe some other reasons
+social reasons and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social reasons and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social reasons and so on
+it turns out in these kind of in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in these kind of in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in these kind of in this
+setting at least specifically people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting at least specifically people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting at least specifically people
+tend to not drink so much for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not drink so much for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not drink so much for social
+reasons there's like some social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there's like some social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there's like some social
+function there's like funerals or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's like funerals or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's like funerals or other
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+festivals with people where lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals with people where lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals with people where lots of
+people drink but they're drinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people drink but they're drinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people drink but they're drinking a
+particular mixture of drivers is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mixture of drivers is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mixture of drivers is often
+like people drink on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people drink on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people drink on their own
+essentially to numb their pain in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to numb their pain in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to numb their pain in some
+ways now when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways now when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways now when you think about like
+self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+uh often where self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often where self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often where self-control problems
+arrive if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive if you
+arise is when you have short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise is when you have short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise is when you have short-run
+benefits and long-run costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and long-run costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and long-run costs
+right essentially that's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially that's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially that's sort of like
+the consumption good that people over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption good that people over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption good that people over
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+now when you think about like physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you think about like physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you think about like physical
+pain what does physical pain do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain what does physical pain do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain what does physical pain do it
+it very much increases the short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very much increases the short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very much increases the short-run
+benefits of drinking while keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of drinking while keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of drinking while keeping
+long-run costs or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run costs or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run costs or anything else
+uh constant but in sort of if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constant but in sort of if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constant but in sort of if you think
+about like you have lots of short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like you have lots of short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like you have lots of short-run
+benefits now of drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits now of drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits now of drinking
+because there's lots of pain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of pain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of pain that
+alcohol helps numbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol helps numbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol helps numbing
+and alcohol is a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol is a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol is a very powerful
+anesthetic as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthetic as it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthetic as it turns out
+so then essentially it sort of increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then essentially it sort of increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then essentially it sort of increases
+the short-run benefits and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run benefits and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-run benefits and that's sort
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+short-run desire to to drink and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run desire to to drink and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run desire to to drink and then
+any long-run costs about like health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any long-run costs about like health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any long-run costs about like health and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+are very much in the future uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much in the future uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much in the future uh uh and
+that's where essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where essentially the
+self-control problem potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem potentially
+arises um now people not only drink a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises um now people not only drink a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises um now people not only drink a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+um overall in in chennai and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall in in chennai and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall in in chennai and and
+surrounding areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding areas
+but they drink also quite a bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they drink also quite a bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they drink also quite a bit in
+particular rickshaw drivers during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rickshaw drivers during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rickshaw drivers during the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+so what i was doing there is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i was doing there is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i was doing there is essentially
+just randomly or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomly or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomly or like
+walking around in chennai or or alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in chennai or or alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in chennai or or alright
+would do that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that i'm
+walking around in chennai and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in chennai and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in chennai and just
+breathalyzing people more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzing people more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzing people more or less
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+offering them essentially would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering them essentially would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering them essentially would you like
+to do a breathalyzer test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a breathalyzer test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a breathalyzer test and
+for some small amount regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount regardless of the
+result is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is and
+about half of these rickshaw drivers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of these rickshaw drivers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of these rickshaw drivers and
+these are all cycle rickshaws so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all cycle rickshaws so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all cycle rickshaws so they
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's not particularly dangerous to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly dangerous to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly dangerous to do
+that but about half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but about half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but about half of them
+are showing positive breathalyzer stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing positive breathalyzer stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing positive breathalyzer stores
+essentially half of them at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially half of them at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially half of them at least
+somewhat enumerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat enumerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat enumerated
+about 20 25 percent are or are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 25 percent are or are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 25 percent are or are pretty
+drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk
+sort of as in like their blood alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as in like their blood alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as in like their blood alcohol
+content is about point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is about point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is about point
+uh 0.1 or higher which is you know above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.1 or higher which is you know above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.1 or higher which is you know above
+the u.s legal driving limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s legal driving limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s legal driving limit
+overall now this is during the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now this is during the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now this is during the regular
+work hours these are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hours these are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hours these are people who are
+actually at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at work
+now then sort of seeing that and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then sort of seeing that and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then sort of seeing that and sort of
+having people report about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people report about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people report about their
+self-control problem i was answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem i was answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem i was answered
+wondering okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering okay now
+what kinds of commitment devices could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of commitment devices could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of commitment devices could
+we perhaps perhaps offer to people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perhaps perhaps offer to people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perhaps perhaps offer to people to
+reuse the drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the drinking
+given that they tend to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they tend to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they tend to report
+self-control problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems or
+physical pain or self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain or self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pain or self-control problems
+related to physical pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to physical pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to physical pain
+are a key issue and sort of preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a key issue and sort of preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a key issue and sort of preventing
+them from reducing their drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from reducing their drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from reducing their drinking
+if they desire to do so of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they desire to do so of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they desire to do so of course what
+what could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we could essentially exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we could essentially exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we could essentially exactly so
+you could essentially say i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could essentially say i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could essentially say i'm going to
+try and find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find you
+i'm going to call you sometimes randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call you sometimes randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call you sometimes randomly
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you get some reward if you're sober so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some reward if you're sober so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some reward if you're sober so
+essentially incentivizing people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially incentivizing people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially incentivizing people to be
+sober that's exactly right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober that's exactly right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober that's exactly right you could
+do that now is that a so what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now is that a so what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now is that a so what would it
+be a commitment device what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a commitment device what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a commitment device what
+would like a commitment device for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like a commitment device for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like a commitment device for that
+look like so what you just mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so what you just mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so what you just mentioned is
+essentially just providing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just providing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just providing people
+incentives incentivizing them and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives incentivizing them and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives incentivizing them and that
+could truly work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could truly work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could truly work
+uh how would i sort of show that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how would i sort of show that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how would i sort of show that these
+are in fact self-control problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact self-control problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact self-control problems or
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+quasi-hyperbolic or or similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right essentially you have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially you have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially you have to give
+people choices and some poise choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choices and some poise choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choices and some poise choices
+are potentially dominated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are potentially dominated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are potentially dominated so
+what does that mean i'm giving you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean i'm giving you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean i'm giving you some
+choices here's i'm you can choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here's i'm you can choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here's i'm you can choose to
+either receive the incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either receive the incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either receive the incentives
+and you only receive these incentives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only receive these incentives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only receive these incentives if
+you're sober alternatively i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sober alternatively i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sober alternatively i'm going to
+just pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pay you
+some amount and that amount ideally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount and that amount ideally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount and that amount ideally is
+like higher than the amount that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher than the amount that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher than the amount that you
+could get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get from
+these incentives now then if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives now then if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives now then if you choose
+the incentives what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives what does that mean
+essentially that means you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means you want to
+increase your future prices of drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your future prices of drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your future prices of drinking
+that would be essentially demand for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be essentially demand for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be essentially demand for a
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+now the other thing we could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other thing we could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other thing we could potentially
+do is what i showed you earlier which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is what i showed you earlier which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is what i showed you earlier which is
+the drug that's called ant abuse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug that's called ant abuse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug that's called ant abuse which
+essentially is a drug that you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a drug that you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a drug that you can take
+to prevent yourself from being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent yourself from being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent yourself from being able to
+metabolize alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize alcohol
+i was actually thinking about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was actually thinking about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was actually thinking about that for
+quite a while um the reason why i wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while um the reason why i wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while um the reason why i wasn't
+doing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that was
+um the tricky part here is that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tricky part here is that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tricky part here is that once you
+actually start drinking while you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start drinking while you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start drinking while you're on
+this drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug
+that's very dangerous and uh so now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very dangerous and uh so now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very dangerous and uh so now in
+particular if you have been drinking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you have been drinking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you have been drinking for
+quite a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while
+withdrawal symptoms related to alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal symptoms related to alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal symptoms related to alcohol
+are very dangerous so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dangerous so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dangerous so if
+you have been drinking alcohol for 10 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have been drinking alcohol for 10 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have been drinking alcohol for 10 20
+years like many of the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like many of the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like many of the people in the
+sample have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample have
+now abruptly reducing your drinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now abruptly reducing your drinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now abruptly reducing your drinking is
+dangerous because you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because you can essentially
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+what's called the lyrum tremors tremens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the lyrum tremors tremens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the lyrum tremors tremens
+like very sort of severe self-contra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very sort of severe self-contra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very sort of severe self-contra
+uh very severe um withdrawal symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very severe um withdrawal symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very severe um withdrawal symptoms
+that could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could even
+uh you could even die from that now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could even die from that now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could even die from that now one
+thing you can do is when you get like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is when you get like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is when you get like uh
+withdrawal symptoms you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal symptoms you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal symptoms you can actually
+start drinking and that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drinking and that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drinking and that helps
+now the problem is like when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is like when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is like when you have
+taken antibiotics you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken antibiotics you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken antibiotics you can't do that
+so essentially there's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially there's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially there's sort of the
+issues and then you get this alcohol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then you get this alcohol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then you get this alcohol and
+abuse rela uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse rela uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse rela uh
+reaction which is really bad so it ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which is really bad so it ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which is really bad so it ended
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+not doing that for various ethical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing that for various ethical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing that for various ethical and
+other reasons but what i did do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons but what i did do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons but what i did do is
+essentially give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give people
+the option of dominated choices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of dominated choices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of dominated choices so
+so what does the experiment look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the experiment look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the experiment look like
+it's a three-week field experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three-week field experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three-week field experiment with
+with the rickshaw drivers uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rickshaw drivers uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rickshaw drivers uh in in
+chennai we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chennai we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chennai we
+um didn't sort of do the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um didn't sort of do the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um didn't sort of do the random
+breathalyzing in the sort of field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzing in the sort of field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzing in the sort of field in
+part because that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because that was really
+it's really hard to actually find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to actually find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to actually find people
+if they're sort of roaming around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're sort of roaming around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're sort of roaming around on the
+rickshaw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickshaw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickshaw and
+everybody has their phone or answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has their phone or answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has their phone or answers
+their phone and so on so instead we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone and so on so instead we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone and so on so instead we ask
+people to come to the study office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to come to the study office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to come to the study office
+between six and p.m six and ten pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and p.m six and ten pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and p.m six and ten pm
+every day it's between six and ten pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it's between six and ten pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it's between six and ten pm
+because breathalyzer tests can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because breathalyzer tests can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because breathalyzer tests can tell you
+about drinking during the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about drinking during the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about drinking during the previous
+something like six to ten hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like six to ten hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like six to ten hours
+right so if i if you breathalyze me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i if you breathalyze me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i if you breathalyze me now
+what you can tell us what i have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can tell us what i have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can tell us what i have been
+drinking in the last let's say eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking in the last let's say eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking in the last let's say eight
+hours or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or something
+you cannot really tell what i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really tell what i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really tell what i've been
+drinking yesterday right so if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking yesterday right so if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking yesterday right so if we did
+the breathalyzer test in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breathalyzer test in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breathalyzer test in the morning
+that would not be particularly helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not be particularly helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not be particularly helpful
+because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+really it can't tell you very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it can't tell you very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it can't tell you very much about
+the drinking on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drinking on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drinking on the previous
+day and then uh we provided financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then uh we provided financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then uh we provided financial
+incentives for sobriety for a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for sobriety for a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for sobriety for a subset of
+individuals what do these financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals what do these financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals what do these financial
+incentives look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives look like
+they look very simple and sometimes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very simple and sometimes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very simple and sometimes very
+similar to what you just suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you just suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you just suggested
+so option a or these are the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so option a or these are the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so option a or these are the financial
+incentives are people are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are people are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are people are given
+60 rupees which is about a dollar just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 rupees which is about a dollar just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 rupees which is about a dollar just
+for showing up so just come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing up so just come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing up so just come to the
+office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+and show up do a breathalyzer test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show up do a breathalyzer test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show up do a breathalyzer test and
+do some survey questions and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some survey questions and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some survey questions and you get
+like a dollar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dollar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dollar for
+doing that and then if your breathalyzer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and then if your breathalyzer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and then if your breathalyzer
+score is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is zero
+you get another dollar 120 rupees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another dollar 120 rupees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get another dollar 120 rupees
+that's essentially the incentives for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the incentives for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the incentives for uh
+sobriety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobriety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobriety
+now option b and sort of this is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now option b and sort of this is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now option b and sort of this is people
+were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given
+choices for that option b was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for that option b was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for that option b was there was
+like three different versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three different versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three different versions of that
+the first one is where option b was 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is where option b was 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is where option b was 90
+rupees which essentially is come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees which essentially is come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees which essentially is come to the
+office and you can choose to get 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and you can choose to get 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and you can choose to get 90
+rupees just come to the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees just come to the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees just come to the office
+whenever you show up you get 90 rupees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you show up you get 90 rupees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you show up you get 90 rupees
+regardless of what your breathalyzer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what your breathalyzer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what your breathalyzer
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+is you are breathalyzed but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are breathalyzed but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are breathalyzed but it doesn't
+matter what your score is for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what your score is for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what your score is for your
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+now when you choose the incentives over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you choose the incentives over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you choose the incentives over
+option b is that a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is that a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is that a commitment device
+or how do we think about this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how do we think about this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how do we think about this choice
+what do we learn from that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me give you an example of
+a person who might choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who might choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who might choose this
+suppose there's a person who is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a person who is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a person who is actually
+mostly sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sober
+as an exponential discounter and wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exponential discounter and wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exponential discounter and wants
+to be drunk just once a week so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be drunk just once a week so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be drunk just once a week so these
+are sorry these are choices for six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sorry these are choices for six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sorry these are choices for six days
+for like the following week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the following week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the following week
+so the person is perfectly rational the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is perfectly rational the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is perfectly rational the
+person has perfect foresights and knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has perfect foresights and knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has perfect foresights and knows
+that they're going to be drunk once next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be drunk once next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be drunk once next
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+and they're going to choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to choose option a
+right because they think it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they think it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they think it's a great
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+and so they actually don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually don't want any
+commitment the only reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment the only reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment the only reason why they
+choose that is because the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that is because the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that is because the expected
+value of the money that they will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the money that they will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the money that they will get
+will be higher if they are at least half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be higher if they are at least half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be higher if they are at least half
+of the time sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time sober
+right so so so that choice in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so so that choice in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so so that choice in fact is
+not a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a commitment device
+however um moving towards like choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um moving towards like choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um moving towards like choices
+two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three
+now we get into like territory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get into like territory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get into like territory of
+dominated contracts that in fact are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated contracts that in fact are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated contracts that in fact are
+commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+so the key part here is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key part here is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key part here is that when you
+now look at the second choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the second choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the second choice
+um when you choose now option a or row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you choose now option a or row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you choose now option a or row
+option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+you can actually only do worse right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually only do worse right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually only do worse right the
+only reason why you choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason why you choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason why you choose option a
+is because you want to have incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you want to have incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you want to have incentives
+now you risk showing up drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you risk showing up drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you risk showing up drunk
+on some days in which case you get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some days in which case you get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some days in which case you get less
+money but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the
+the benefit of that now is that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of that now is that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of that now is that now you
+have these incentives so essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these incentives so essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these incentives so essentially you
+want incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want incentives
+but what you take into account is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you take into account is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you take into account is that
+potentially if you don't show up sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if you don't show up sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if you don't show up sober
+all the time you might lose some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you might lose some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you might lose some money
+so these we this kind of contract or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these we this kind of contract or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these we this kind of contract or
+this type of choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of choice
+we call like a weekly dominated uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call like a weekly dominated uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call like a weekly dominated uh a
+contract contractor choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract contractor choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract contractor choice
+in terms of study payments so if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of study payments so if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of study payments so if people
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+option a in the second choice that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a in the second choice that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a in the second choice that is
+some demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demand for commitment
+now when i look at the third choice now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i look at the third choice now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when i look at the third choice now
+option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+is like strictly dominated right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like strictly dominated right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like strictly dominated right so now
+if you choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose option a
+uh you you will do worse for sure um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you will do worse for sure um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you will do worse for sure um in
+terms of how much you will be paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how much you will be paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how much you will be paid
+right you every day you get like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you every day you get like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you every day you get like 30
+rupees which is about 10 of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees which is about 10 of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupees which is about 10 of people's
+daily incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incomes
+every day you get 30 rupees less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you get 30 rupees less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day you get 30 rupees less
+and the benefit again is like incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefit again is like incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefit again is like incentives
+um for sobriety so if you want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sobriety so if you want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sobriety so if you want to choose
+these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives
+that'll be costly for you for sure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be costly for you for sure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be costly for you for sure um
+and now you have to sort of weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have to sort of weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have to sort of weigh
+whether you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you uh
+like those or not so um what i find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those or not so um what i find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those or not so um what i find is
+and what you see here is essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is essentially um
+the fraction of people choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people choosing
+incentives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for
+choice one two and three so in black you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice one two and three so in black you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice one two and three so in black you
+see choice one which is a 90 rupees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see choice one which is a 90 rupees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see choice one which is a 90 rupees
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+uh and dark blue you see um uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and dark blue you see um uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and dark blue you see um uh uh uh the
+120 rupees choice you saw the weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 rupees choice you saw the weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 rupees choice you saw the weekly
+dominated choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated choices
+and then you see an uh in light blue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see an uh in light blue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see an uh in light blue the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+150 rupees um choices these are this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 rupees um choices these are this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 rupees um choices these are this uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+strictly dominated choices and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly dominated choices and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly dominated choices and there's
+like three weeks and we will do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three weeks and we will do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three weeks and we will do this so
+each week they choose for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week they choose for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week they choose for the following
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+uh what incentives do you like to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what incentives do you like to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what incentives do you like to set
+themselves for the next uh six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves for the next uh six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves for the next uh six days
+okay so these are the three uh options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the three uh options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the three uh options
+again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh
+and uh you see the choices over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you see the choices over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you see the choices over time so
+what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find
+is or what i find is that in fact quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or what i find is that in fact quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or what i find is that in fact quite
+a few people about half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people about half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people about half of the
+individuals choose the incentives when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals choose the incentives when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals choose the incentives when
+they're weakly dominated which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weakly dominated which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weakly dominated which is sort
+of some evidence of demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some evidence of demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some evidence of demand for
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+but perhaps more strikingly about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps more strikingly about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps more strikingly about a
+third of individuals choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of individuals choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of individuals choose the
+incentives when they're strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives when they're strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives when they're strictly
+dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated
+so these are people who are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are people who are willing to
+to forego three times in a row like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forego three times in a row like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forego three times in a row like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+not just once but like in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just once but like in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just once but like in the second
+week and also in the third week and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and also in the third week and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and also in the third week and if
+anything the fraction of people choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the fraction of people choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the fraction of people choosing
+these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives
+goes up over time people are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up over time people are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up over time people are willing to
+choose these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these incentives
+and willing to give up about 10 of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and willing to give up about 10 of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and willing to give up about 10 of their
+daily incomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily incomes uh
+for like an entire week uh to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like an entire week uh to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like an entire week uh to receive
+incentives to be sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be sober
+so that's very strong evidence of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very strong evidence of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very strong evidence of um
+demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment
+now what we also find is when you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we also find is when you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we also find is when you sort
+of randomize just the incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomize just the incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomize just the incentives
+themselves um uh for some people versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um uh for some people versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um uh for some people versus
+unconditional payments overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional payments overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional payments overall
+these incentives are in fact successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives are in fact successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives are in fact successful
+and reducing people's day drinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing people's day drinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing people's day drinking so
+people actually show up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually show up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually show up more
+um uh sober um when they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sober um when they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sober um when they receive
+incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives
+however as you might have expected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you might have expected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you might have expected as
+well the problem is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the problem is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the problem is like
+the the breathalyzer incentivizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the breathalyzer incentivizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the breathalyzer incentivizes the
+during the day like the time before 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day like the time before 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day like the time before 6
+and 10 p.m before people come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 p.m before people come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 p.m before people come to the
+study office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study office
+it is not incentivizing sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not incentivizing sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not incentivizing sort of the the
+time after this in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after this in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after this in the evening
+and as you sort of this is some work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you sort of this is some work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you sort of this is some work by
+you know homestay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know homestay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know homestay if you
+have multitasking at sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitasking at sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitasking at sort of different
+times of the day or different actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the day or different actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the day or different actions
+that you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take
+if you incentivize one thing what often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you incentivize one thing what often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you incentivize one thing what often
+happens people follow these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens people follow these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens people follow these incentives
+but then they sort of substitute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they sort of substitute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they sort of substitute to
+other things in their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in their life
+so then what in fact happens that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what in fact happens that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what in fact happens that people
+overall people's overall drinking does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall people's overall drinking does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall people's overall drinking does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+decrease very much so while people seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease very much so while people seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease very much so while people seem
+to have quite a bit of demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have quite a bit of demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have quite a bit of demand for
+these incentives in fact you know um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives in fact you know um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incentives in fact you know um it
+is helpful for increasing their daytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helpful for increasing their daytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helpful for increasing their daytime
+sobriety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobriety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobriety
+but not helpful for decreasing their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not helpful for decreasing their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not helpful for decreasing their um
+overall drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall drinking
+so then i was looking at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i was looking at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i was looking at sort of the
+impact of that treatment in a sense like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of that treatment in a sense like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of that treatment in a sense like
+now people are sober more sober during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people are sober more sober during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people are sober more sober during
+the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day
+in fact somewhat surprisingly i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact somewhat surprisingly i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact somewhat surprisingly i find
+very little evidence on labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little evidence on labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little evidence on labor market
+outcomes it's not actually people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's not actually people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's not actually people are
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+better but i do find people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but i do find people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but i do find people make
+different savings decisions people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different savings decisions people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different savings decisions people are
+willing to save a lot more um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to save a lot more um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to save a lot more um when
+they're sober even when you take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sober even when you take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sober even when you take into
+account that they also might have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that they also might have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that they also might have more
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+overall at least money more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall at least money more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall at least money more money
+available yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so i spent quite a bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so i spent quite a bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so i spent quite a bit of time
+thinking about demand effects and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about demand effects and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about demand effects and sort
+of making sure that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making sure that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making sure that people are
+sometimes people in this setting um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people in this setting um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people in this setting um have
+much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+uh concerns about what other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concerns about what other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concerns about what other people
+think when they drink they're very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they drink they're very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they drink they're very happy
+to tell you yesterday i drank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you yesterday i drank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you yesterday i drank
+uh a six six strings uh they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a six six strings uh they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a six six strings uh they're also
+very happy to tell you like yesterday i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to tell you like yesterday i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to tell you like yesterday i
+spent a third of my income on alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a third of my income on alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a third of my income on alcohol
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+people are very open about this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very open about this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very open about this so it's
+not like people misreport in surveys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like people misreport in surveys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like people misreport in surveys and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+um people's reported drinking is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people's reported drinking is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people's reported drinking is also
+very much like consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like consistent with the
+actual breathalyzer score so if you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual breathalyzer score so if you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual breathalyzer score so if you sort
+of match that up in terms of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of match that up in terms of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of match that up in terms of how much
+have you been drinking today versus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been drinking today versus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been drinking today versus what
+the breathalyzer score says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breathalyzer score says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breathalyzer score says
+that seems consistent as well now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems consistent as well now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems consistent as well now there
+are some studies looking at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some studies looking at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some studies looking at sort of
+social desirability bias and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social desirability bias and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social desirability bias and demand
+effects and often what you find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and often what you find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and often what you find is that
+when choices are not incentivized when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when choices are not incentivized when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when choices are not incentivized when
+they have very weak incentives there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very weak incentives there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very weak incentives there is
+often evidence for for demand effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often evidence for for demand effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often evidence for for demand effect and
+social desirability bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social desirability bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social desirability bias
+but when you make things very costly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you make things very costly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you make things very costly in
+a sense of like this is a very costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of like this is a very costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of like this is a very costly
+thing for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to do
+to just make the experimenter happy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just make the experimenter happy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just make the experimenter happy we
+spend a lot of time essentially being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time essentially being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time essentially being
+very clear about like you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear about like you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear about like you can do
+whatever you want and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want and so on and so forth
+and what we tend to find is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we tend to find is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we tend to find is that in the
+first few days people seem slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few days people seem slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few days people seem slightly
+uncomfortable in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable in this
+there's more to the study but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to the study but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to the study but there's
+like a baseline period of about a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baseline period of about a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baseline period of about a week
+in the first few days people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first few days people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first few days people seem to be
+slightly uncomfortable of being drunk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uncomfortable of being drunk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uncomfortable of being drunk in
+the office and so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office and so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office and so on and so forth and
+sort of breathaly having positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of breathaly having positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of breathaly having positive
+breathalyzer scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzer scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathalyzer scores
+uh that goes away very quickly so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that goes away very quickly so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that goes away very quickly so people
+are very happy to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very happy to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very happy to show up
+as drunk as they uh they are so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as drunk as they uh they are so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as drunk as they uh they are so i think
+overall i would you know think if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall i would you know think if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall i would you know think if this
+is one choice and you're like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one choice and you're like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one choice and you're like maybe
+people are making mistakes or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are making mistakes or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are making mistakes or people
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+want to make you happy you know once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make you happy you know once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make you happy you know once you
+make that choice once for a whole week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that choice once for a whole week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that choice once for a whole week
+you get essentially a lot less money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get essentially a lot less money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get essentially a lot less money
+than you would get otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would get otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would get otherwise
+you make that choice again again you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that choice again again you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that choice again again you get
+like for a whole week a lot less money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a whole week a lot less money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a whole week a lot less money
+than you would otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would otherwise
+and then people choose it yet again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people choose it yet again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people choose it yet again so
+like you know while i can't entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know while i can't entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know while i can't entirely
+rule out this explanation uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out this explanation uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out this explanation uh there's a
+discussion of that in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that in the paper
+but i can't rule out this entirely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can't rule out this entirely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can't rule out this entirely it
+seems unlikely at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems unlikely at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems unlikely at least in the
+second and third choice given that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third choice given that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third choice given that it's
+really really costly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really costly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really costly um
+for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the second question is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second question is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the second question is like
+okay now why are people making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why are people making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why are people making these
+choices so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so one
+uh broad question is like okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broad question is like okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broad question is like okay uh
+so when talking to people a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when talking to people a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when talking to people a lot of
+people would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say well
+um they would come be like oh last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they would come be like oh last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they would come be like oh last week
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it was really difficult and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really difficult and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really difficult and didn't
+really succeed and so on and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really succeed and so on and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really succeed and so on and then they
+were like from tomorrow onwards things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like from tomorrow onwards things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like from tomorrow onwards things
+will be different so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different so there's lots of
+people who in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who in fact
+seem naive in the sense of like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem naive in the sense of like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem naive in the sense of like they
+really think going forward they will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think going forward they will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think going forward they will um
+they will change their behavior often i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change their behavior often i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will change their behavior often i
+think what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what they are
+reasonably clear about is how often they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably clear about is how often they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably clear about is how often they
+will actually be sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be sober
+um going forward what they have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going forward what they have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going forward what they have trouble
+with is essentially predicting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is essentially predicting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is essentially predicting their
+behavior later in the day so they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior later in the day so they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior later in the day so they seem
+to think like okay tomorrow i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think like okay tomorrow i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think like okay tomorrow i'm not
+going to drink and then i'm also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drink and then i'm also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drink and then i'm also going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+not going to drink at nights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to drink at nights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to drink at nights that
+doesn't seem to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to change
+now there's a second explanation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a second explanation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a second explanation that's
+also in the paper and discussed in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the paper and discussed in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the paper and discussed in more
+detail that i can't really necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that i can't really necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that i can't really necessarily
+rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out
+there are actually some benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually some benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually some benefits of
+reducing people's drinking these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing people's drinking these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing people's drinking these are all
+kind of like small benefits but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like small benefits but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like small benefits but they
+actually sort of add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of add up
+so one part of that is savings people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one part of that is savings people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one part of that is savings people
+save a lot more money they get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot more money they get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot more money they get more
+interest from saving that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from saving that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from saving that's actually
+quite a bit of money that they make from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money that they make from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money that they make from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so they potentially make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they potentially make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they potentially make better
+decisions second they have like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions second they have like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions second they have like so
+while it's not significant people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's not significant people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's not significant people have
+somewhat higher um earnings people also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat higher um earnings people also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat higher um earnings people also
+have somewhat reduced costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somewhat reduced costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somewhat reduced costs of
+drinking and so on so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking and so on so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking and so on so there's some
+essentially evidence of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially evidence of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially evidence of like
+several benefits that in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several benefits that in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several benefits that in the order of
+magnitude are like 5-10 rupees per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude are like 5-10 rupees per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude are like 5-10 rupees per day
+so when you have like somewhat increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have like somewhat increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have like somewhat increased
+earnings somewhat reduced expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings somewhat reduced expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings somewhat reduced expenditures
+and alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol
+increased savings and then on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased savings and then on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased savings and then on top of
+that people would also tell you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would also tell you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would also tell you they
+like to be what they say like a sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be what they say like a sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be what they say like a sober
+man is all men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is all men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is all men
+they like to be a sober man and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to be a sober man and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to be a sober man and sort of
+have some value of actually sobriety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some value of actually sobriety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some value of actually sobriety
+um during the day so i think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during the day so i think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during the day so i think it's a
+mixture my guess is we've had to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture my guess is we've had to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture my guess is we've had to best
+explain the evidence that we have it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the evidence that we have it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the evidence that we have it's a
+mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+there actually being some evidence of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually being some evidence of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually being some evidence of um
+benefits of being sober that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of being sober that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of being sober that you can
+weigh against like 30 rupees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh against like 30 rupees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh against like 30 rupees
+a a loss of lost uh foregone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a loss of lost uh foregone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a loss of lost uh foregone uh
+benefits from the study uh and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the study uh and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the study uh and there's
+also some naivete in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some naivete in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some naivete in a sense of
+people's there are people's beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's there are people's beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's there are people's beliefs
+about wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wanting to
+drink glass also um in the evening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink glass also um in the evening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink glass also um in the evening and
+that's just not necessarily working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not necessarily working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not necessarily working out
+i want to say another comment to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say another comment to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say another comment to this
+which is when you see people choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you see people choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you see people choosing
+commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+that fail you can't necessarily rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fail you can't necessarily rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fail you can't necessarily rule out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people are reasonably sophisticated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are reasonably sophisticated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are reasonably sophisticated the
+reason being like for example if i were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason being like for example if i were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason being like for example if i were
+a smoker that smoked a lot and the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smoker that smoked a lot and the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smoker that smoked a lot and the value
+of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me
+stopping to smoke is really high suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping to smoke is really high suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping to smoke is really high suppose
+i think you know if i just could stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know if i just could stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know if i just could stop
+smoking i would live like five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking i would live like five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking i would live like five years
+longer that's a huge value in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that's a huge value in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that's a huge value in terms of
+like the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the benefits
+if somebody came to me and said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody came to me and said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody came to me and said there's
+a commitment device with a one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device with a one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device with a one percent
+chance it's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it's going to work
+would you like to buy it and it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy it and it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy it and it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might actually choose this commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might actually choose this commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might actually choose this commitment
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+because it's sort of the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the expected value
+of that is actually higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is actually higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is actually higher
+even if like 99 of the cases i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if like 99 of the cases i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if like 99 of the cases i'm
+actually going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to fail
+so then you looking at the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you looking at the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you looking at the data you
+might say look these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say look these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say look these people are
+essentially making a bunch of mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making a bunch of mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making a bunch of mistakes
+but i think from their perspective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think from their perspective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think from their perspective it's
+rather they have been drinking for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they have been drinking for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they have been drinking for so
+long they struggle with this and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they struggle with this and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they struggle with this and they
+try to reduce their drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reduce their drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reduce their drinking
+there is a chance that maybe this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a chance that maybe this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a chance that maybe this will
+work maybe it will not so let me really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work maybe it will not so let me really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work maybe it will not so let me really
+try and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and do this
+and see unfortunately as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see unfortunately as it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see unfortunately as it turns out
+it's in fact not successful at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact not successful at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact not successful at least
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+when it comes to their um uh drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to their um uh drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to their um uh drinking
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+okay um second speaking of smoking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um second speaking of smoking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um second speaking of smoking uh
+has a second paper on commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a second paper on commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a second paper on commitment devices
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+related to sort of addictive products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to sort of addictive products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to sort of addictive products
+this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+a voluntary commitment product for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voluntary commitment product for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voluntary commitment product for
+smoking cessation smokers are offered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking cessation smokers are offered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking cessation smokers are offered a
+non-standard savings account this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard savings account this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard savings account this is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+setting as in the philippines where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting as in the philippines where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting as in the philippines where uh
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+clients of a bank these are smokers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients of a bank these are smokers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients of a bank these are smokers so
+like selecting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like selecting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like selecting on
+actually somebody being a smoker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somebody being a smoker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somebody being a smoker and
+they are offered a the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are offered a the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are offered a the following
+commitment device you can deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device you can deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device you can deposit
+funds for six months uh and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds for six months uh and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds for six months uh and then you can
+take a urine test for uh nicotine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a urine test for uh nicotine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a urine test for uh nicotine and
+coutine which apparently tests pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coutine which apparently tests pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coutine which apparently tests pretty
+well whether you have been drinking who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whether you have been drinking who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whether you have been drinking who
+have been sorry not been smoking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sorry not been smoking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sorry not been smoking for the
+last uh week or so or a bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh week or so or a bit longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh week or so or a bit longer
+if you pass you get the money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass you get the money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass you get the money back
+that's in your account if you fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your account if you fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in your account if you fail
+the money is gone essentially now do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money is gone essentially now do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money is gone essentially now do we
+think is this a good commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this a good commitment contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this a good commitment contract
+or do we like this or not or how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do we like this or not or how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do we like this or not or how do we
+think about this commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so exactly you could lose quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so exactly you could lose quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so exactly you could lose quite
+a bit of money and make people quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of money and make people quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of money and make people quite
+unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+but do we think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do we think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do we think you know
+is this actually suppose you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this actually suppose you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this actually suppose you were
+sophisticated would you sign up or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated would you sign up or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated would you sign up or or
+how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+how would you behave like suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you behave like suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you behave like suppose i
+offered you the contract you have it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered you the contract you have it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered you the contract you have it now
+what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you put money in it but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you put money in it but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you put money in it but i think
+so one key part here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one key part here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one key part here is that
+the actual quitting only occurs until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual quitting only occurs until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual quitting only occurs until
+like six months from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six months from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six months from now
+right is to say like it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is to say like it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is to say like it's sort of a
+little bit of a funny thing in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a funny thing in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a funny thing in the sense
+of saying like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying like look
+you really want to quit smoking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to quit smoking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to quit smoking it's
+like in six months from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in six months from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in six months from now
+now you already have lots of long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you already have lots of long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you already have lots of long run
+benefits uh sorry lots of long run costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits uh sorry lots of long run costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits uh sorry lots of long run costs
+of like smoking which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like smoking which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like smoking which is you know
+lung cancer like other health issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer like other health issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer like other health issues and
+so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth
+now i'm sort of adding some of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm sort of adding some of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm sort of adding some of like a
+long run incentives in like six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run incentives in like six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run incentives in like six months
+from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+which is a little bit far away so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit far away so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit far away so what
+it sort of needs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of needs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of needs is
+it's sort of in a way you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of in a way you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of in a way you would not
+start quitting to smoke right away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start quitting to smoke right away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start quitting to smoke right away you
+would say well in five months from now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well in five months from now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well in five months from now i
+can sort of stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of stop
+and now of course you can then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course you can then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course you can then sort of
+build your own commitment device by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own commitment device by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own commitment device by
+putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting
+a in a lot of money and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a lot of money and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a lot of money and then sort of
+really ramping up these incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ramping up these incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ramping up these incentives
+but in some sense what you kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense what you kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense what you kind of want
+is a commitment device that like i sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a commitment device that like i sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a commitment device that like i sign
+up for it i'm like really excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for it i'm like really excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for it i'm like really excited to
+stop smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking
+and now you want to sort of provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to sort of provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to sort of provide
+incentives almost like right away to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives almost like right away to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives almost like right away to
+to get people going but instead it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people going but instead it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people going but instead it's
+sort of this commitment device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this commitment device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this commitment device that
+requires quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires quite a bit of
+sophistication in a sense of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication in a sense of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication in a sense of saying like
+now i know that in like six months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know that in like six months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know that in like six months from
+now i want to stop smoking i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to stop smoking i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to stop smoking i kind of
+don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to
+stop smoking right now i can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking right now i can always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking right now i can always do
+it tomorrow because people like to delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tomorrow because people like to delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tomorrow because people like to delay
+depending on how they are and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they are and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they are and so on and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know i can see lots of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can see lots of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can see lots of people and
+saying oh yeah in three months from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh yeah in three months from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh yeah in three months from now
+i'm gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do it
+and then i'm gonna put in some money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm gonna put in some money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm gonna put in some money and
+so on but they end up not doing it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but they end up not doing it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but they end up not doing it uh
+eventually it turns out in empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it turns out in empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it turns out in empirically
+it works like reasonably well in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works like reasonably well in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works like reasonably well in a sense
+there's like 10 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like 10 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like 10 percent of
+pickup like 10 of people actually put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup like 10 of people actually put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup like 10 of people actually put in
+some money there is also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money there is also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money there is also like
+um an impact on smoking of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an impact on smoking of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an impact on smoking of three
+percentage point that sounds kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point that sounds kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point that sounds kind of
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+uh but you know that's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know that's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know that's actually pretty
+sizable in terms of like getting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizable in terms of like getting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizable in terms of like getting people
+to stop smoking is pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop smoking is pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop smoking is pretty hard
+they also these effects persist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also these effects persist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also these effects persist and
+surprise tests like 12 months later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise tests like 12 months later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise tests like 12 months later so
+when you sort of surprise people later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sort of surprise people later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sort of surprise people later
+and sort of say hey surprise he's a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of say hey surprise he's a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of say hey surprise he's a test
+uh uh you get some money for doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you get some money for doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you get some money for doing it
+turns out that like people who got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that like people who got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that like people who got this
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+uh offered this commitment uh uh smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offered this commitment uh uh smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offered this commitment uh uh smoking
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+contract or product are in fact less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or product are in fact less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or product are in fact less
+likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+to smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke
+okay now a second question or related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now a second question or related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now a second question or related to
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+if people are um unhappy about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are um unhappy about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are um unhappy about their
+smoking in the future if people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking in the future if people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking in the future if people would
+like to reduce their futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to reduce their futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to reduce their futures
+future smoking there's sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future smoking there's sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future smoking there's sort of some
+arguments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that
+taxes can be some form of not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes can be some form of not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes can be some form of not quite
+commitment devices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices but
+ways in which you could reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could reduce your
+smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking
+so the rickshaw drivers in chennai would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rickshaw drivers in chennai would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rickshaw drivers in chennai would
+sort of tell me i would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell me i would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell me i would love to
+for alcohol prices to be more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alcohol prices to be more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alcohol prices to be more expensive
+because that would sort of help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would sort of help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would sort of help me
+reduce my drinking so if they could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce my drinking so if they could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce my drinking so if they could sort
+of set prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set prices
+quite a few people would say i would set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people would say i would set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people would say i would set
+prices really high so that would help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices really high so that would help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices really high so that would help me
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+my drinking so if people could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drinking so if people could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drinking so if people could choose
+their own prices and if they would set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own prices and if they would set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own prices and if they would set
+high prices that would be essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices that would be essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices that would be essentially a
+form of a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a commitment device
+to reduce your uh smoking or drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your uh smoking or drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your uh smoking or drinking
+so um when you look at smokers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you look at smokers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you look at smokers there's
+lots of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who
+say they would like to quit about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they would like to quit about eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they would like to quit about eight
+out of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten
+u.s smokers say that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s smokers say that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s smokers say that if you have a
+friend to smoke you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to smoke you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to smoke you you will
+get those common patterns as lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those common patterns as lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those common patterns as lots of
+people say i would love to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say i would love to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say i would love to quit
+lots of quit attempts that often are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of quit attempts that often are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of quit attempts that often are not
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+now one way you can sort of reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way you can sort of reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way you can sort of reduce
+smoking potentially is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking potentially is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking potentially is or
+accomplish your goal is to say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish your goal is to say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish your goal is to say like
+prices might be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices might be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices might be higher
+again like uh higher prices essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like uh higher prices essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like uh higher prices essentially
+that sort of like hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like hot
+the law of demand like you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of demand like you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of demand like you know uh
+prices go up people smoke less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go up people smoke less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go up people smoke less
+and that's true for smoking drinking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true for smoking drinking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true for smoking drinking as
+well and so that that might help curb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so that that might help curb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so that that might help curb
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+uh self-control problems now one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh self-control problems now one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh self-control problems now one simple
+question that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that um
+john gruber who's in the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john gruber who's in the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john gruber who's in the economics
+department and senator mulanathan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and senator mulanathan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and senator mulanathan uh
+we're asking is like well once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is like well once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is like well once we
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+taxes now smoker is actually happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes now smoker is actually happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes now smoker is actually happier
+right and so if it's true that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it's true that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it's true that people
+have self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have self-control problems
+people um uh people might be happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh people might be happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh people might be happier
+because it helps them essentially reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it helps them essentially reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it helps them essentially reduce
+their smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their smoking
+it helps them deal with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps them deal with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps them deal with their
+self-control problems um you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems um you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems um you could even
+say like once prices become infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like once prices become infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like once prices become infinitely
+expensive as long as people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as long as people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as long as people can't
+substitute in certain ways or got around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in certain ways or got around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in certain ways or got around
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+these sort of um rules they might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of um rules they might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of um rules they might even
+be happy about banning smoking because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy about banning smoking because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy about banning smoking because
+that would be the simplest way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the simplest way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the simplest way of
+getting rid of their smoking habit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of their smoking habit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of their smoking habit if
+they really want to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to do so
+now um ruber and mulanathan have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um ruber and mulanathan have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um ruber and mulanathan have like an
+empirical test of this in the west and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical test of this in the west and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical test of this in the west and
+canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+and uh in fact when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in fact when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in fact when you look at the
+division over time higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division over time higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division over time higher
+cigarette taxes are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette taxes are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette taxes are associated with
+higher self-reported well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher self-reported well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher self-reported well-being
+in particular among those who are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular among those who are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular among those who are likely
+smokers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers right
+now you could also say well other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could also say well other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could also say well other people
+are happier as well but that's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happier as well but that's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happier as well but that's not that
+interesting because you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because you know there's
+externalities from smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities from smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities from smoking
+and if you are not a smoker you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are not a smoker you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are not a smoker you should
+be happy about smoking taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy about smoking taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy about smoking taxes
+a because they're going to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because they're going to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because they're going to reduce your
+externalities people are going to smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities people are going to smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities people are going to smoke
+less in your face and you might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in your face and you might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in your face and you might sort of
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+uh second there's going to be revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second there's going to be revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second there's going to be revenues
+from taxation you're also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from taxation you're also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from taxation you're also going to be
+very happy if other people pay higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy if other people pay higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy if other people pay higher
+taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+right so but what they do is they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but what they do is they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but what they do is they look
+at essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at essentially uh
+households particularly that are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households particularly that are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households particularly that are likely
+smokers and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers and sort of
+that helps then sort of identify um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps then sort of identify um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps then sort of identify um or
+that's a much more interesting result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much more interesting result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much more interesting result
+than like households who are non-smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like households who are non-smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like households who are non-smokers
+there's some caveat that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some caveat that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some caveat that some of the
+respondents might be spouses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents might be spouses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents might be spouses of the
+actual smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual smokers
+again that's sort of in some sense less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's sort of in some sense less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's sort of in some sense less
+interesting from the uh sort of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from the uh sort of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from the uh sort of beta
+delta perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta perspective
+because you know if a husband or wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if a husband or wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if a husband or wife
+wants to get their spouse to smoke glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get their spouse to smoke glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get their spouse to smoke glass
+they might be quite happy about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be quite happy about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be quite happy about it
+but it's more like because the spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more like because the spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more like because the spouse
+thinks the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the uh
+their husband or wife have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husband or wife have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husband or wife have a
+self-control problem as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem as opposed to
+they have one uh themselves or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one uh themselves or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one uh themselves or it could
+be even like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even like for
+lack of self-control problems could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control problems could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control problems could just
+be the husband like smoking the wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the husband like smoking the wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the husband like smoking the wife
+does not if prices go up uh the husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not if prices go up uh the husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not if prices go up uh the husband
+might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still
+smoke less and the wife might be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke less and the wife might be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke less and the wife might be happy
+or the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way around
+and nothing to do with self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to do with self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to do with self-control
+problem just like if prices go up people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just like if prices go up people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just like if prices go up people
+consume stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume stuff
+less to be clear such effects are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to be clear such effects are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to be clear such effects are not
+possible and not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and not consistent
+with sort of exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of exponential discounting
+because you have an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an exponential
+discounter you would either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounter you would either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounter you would either
+smoke because you like smoking or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke because you like smoking or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke because you like smoking or you
+would not smoke there's no scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not smoke there's no scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not smoke there's no scenario in
+which you are smoking but you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are smoking but you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are smoking but you really
+would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+to quit if you would like to quit and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quit if you would like to quit and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quit if you would like to quit and if
+it's worth for you to quit you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth for you to quit you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth for you to quit you would
+actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+so you would not be happy about higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would not be happy about higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would not be happy about higher
+prices the same way as you would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the same way as you would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the same way as you would not be
+happy about higher prices for apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about higher prices for apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about higher prices for apple and
+apples and bananas people don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and bananas people don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and bananas people don't like
+high prices because essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices because essentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices because essentially they
+have to pay more and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay more and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay more and that sort of
+reduces their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces their
+budget any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um yes so one i think you're bringing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so one i think you're bringing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so one i think you're bringing up
+a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good point
+which is um often uh a big discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um often uh a big discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um often uh a big discussion
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh so-called like sin taxes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so-called like sin taxes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so-called like sin taxes which is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uh uh uh taxes on either cigarettes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh taxes on either cigarettes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh taxes on either cigarettes on
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+alcohol on uh sodas and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol on uh sodas and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol on uh sodas and so on
+uh so there's different um objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's different um objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's different um objectives
+often one is essentially helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often one is essentially helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often one is essentially helping people
+who are potentially have self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are potentially have self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are potentially have self-control
+problems second there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems second there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems second there's sort of
+redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+redistribution as a as a sort of goal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution as a as a sort of goal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution as a as a sort of goal or
+like a problem in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a problem in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a problem in some sense
+and that's the same case in in india in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same case in in india in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same case in in india in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+if you increase alcohol prices in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase alcohol prices in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase alcohol prices in india
+on the one hand people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand people would
+drink less but the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink less but the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink less but the elasticity of
+drinking tends to be fairly low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking tends to be fairly low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking tends to be fairly low
+meaning that like if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that like if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that like if you increase the
+price of alcohol or cigarettes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of alcohol or cigarettes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of alcohol or cigarettes or the
+like by one percent usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like by one percent usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like by one percent usually
+uh the consumption only reduces by less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the consumption only reduces by less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the consumption only reduces by less
+than one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one percent
+which means that overall expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that overall expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that overall expenditures
+while people actually drink or smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people actually drink or smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people actually drink or smoke
+less overall expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less overall expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less overall expenditure
+expenditures actually go up right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures actually go up right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures actually go up right and so
+if you're worried about the poor then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about the poor then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about the poor then in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+a they tend to uh consume these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they tend to uh consume these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they tend to uh consume these types of
+goods more when it comes to smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods more when it comes to smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods more when it comes to smoking
+drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking
+but also sodas in particular in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also sodas in particular in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also sodas in particular in the in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+when you're worried then about uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're worried then about uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're worried then about uh sort
+of increasing uh taxes and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing uh taxes and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing uh taxes and then sort of
+expenditures and then essentially having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures and then essentially having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures and then essentially having
+a particular high burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular high burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular high burden
+uh among the poor so then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among the poor so then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among the poor so then uh
+there's questions on how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions on how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions on how to deal with
+that so one potential uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one potential uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one potential uh um
+way to do this would be sort of in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this would be sort of in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this would be sort of in some
+sense to refund then the taxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to refund then the taxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to refund then the taxes that
+actually incurred in particular then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incurred in particular then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incurred in particular then in
+some form of transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of transfers
+that's often not necessarily feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often not necessarily feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often not necessarily feasible
+but exactly that's that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly that's that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly that's that's exactly the
+problem when you think about like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you think about like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you think about like for
+example soda taxes there's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example soda taxes there's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example soda taxes there's a very nice
+paper by dimitri tabinski on hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by dimitri tabinski on hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by dimitri tabinski on hunt
+alcohol and so on i can add this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and so on i can add this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and so on i can add this to the
+to the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides
+uh that essentially looking exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that essentially looking exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that essentially looking exactly that
+in the us uh when you think about soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us uh when you think about soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us uh when you think about soda
+taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+how do you deal with like two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with like two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you deal with like two different
+objectives one is uh helping people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives one is uh helping people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives one is uh helping people to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+consume less sodas if they desire to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume less sodas if they desire to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume less sodas if they desire to do
+so um and second kind of redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and second kind of redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and second kind of redistribution
+dealing with the fact that the burden is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the fact that the burden is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the fact that the burden is
+particularly high among the poor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high among the poor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high among the poor in
+terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like
+how much money to pay you kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money to pay you kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money to pay you kind of want
+it to be the opposite you want like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the opposite you want like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the opposite you want like the
+rich to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to people
+pay more taxes uh rather than the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more taxes uh rather than the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more taxes uh rather than the poor
+and some of these taxes do the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these taxes do the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these taxes do the opposite
+and then there's a question like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a question like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a question like how do
+you weigh these two objectives and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weigh these two objectives and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weigh these two objectives and how
+do you can maybe undo some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can maybe undo some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can maybe undo some of the
+effects that you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think these are like simple uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think these are like simple uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think these are like simple uh uh uh
+these are just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just simple
+surveys like about people's happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys like about people's happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys like about people's happiness
+and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+is that your question or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your question or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your question or no
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i think this is just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i think this is just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i think this is just trying to
+predict it using uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it using uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it using uh using
+uh um their demographics so i think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um their demographics so i think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um their demographics so i think they
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+so that one of the key this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of the key this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one of the key this is the key
+weakness of the study is like two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of the study is like two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness of the study is like two things
+they just do not have data on like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do not have data on like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do not have data on like does
+the respondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respondent
+actually smoke so they only know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smoke so they only know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smoke so they only know like
+essentially household characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially household characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially household characteristics
+how rich are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich are they
+and so on and so forth from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth from like
+essentially a bunch of survey questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a bunch of survey questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a bunch of survey questions
+but there's no actual question uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no actual question uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no actual question uh of
+like do you smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you smoke
+or not and so that's why in part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so that's why in part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so that's why in part this
+paper in fact is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in fact is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in fact is not
+published in the top journal the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the top journal the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the top journal the reason
+being that exactly that's the issue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that exactly that's the issue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that exactly that's the issue like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um you don't actually know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't actually know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't actually know whether the
+person smokes b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person smokes b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person smokes b
+it could be that it's a spouse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it's a spouse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that it's a spouse of a
+smoker that's that's answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoker that's that's answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoker that's that's answering the
+question so we kind of know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so we kind of know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so we kind of know that the
+propensity of that household to smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity of that household to smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity of that household to smoke
+from like other data sets when we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like other data sets when we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like other data sets when we try to
+just predict smoking using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just predict smoking using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just predict smoking using these
+demographics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics
+is high but we don't actually know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high but we don't actually know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high but we don't actually know when
+the specific cases are people smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific cases are people smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific cases are people smoking
+which makes it sort of vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it sort of vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it sort of vulnerable to
+these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of
+concerns yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns yeah
+okay let me um talk briefly about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me um talk briefly about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me um talk briefly about a
+fertilizer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer and then
+summarize a little bit the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a little bit the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a little bit the evidence that
+we saw so this is a paper by esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw so this is a paper by esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw so this is a paper by esther
+duflo and michael kramer who recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duflo and michael kramer who recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duflo and michael kramer who recently
+won the nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the nobel prize
+in economics uh esther floyd's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics uh esther floyd's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics uh esther floyd's in the
+economics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department
+at mit as well michael kramer is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit as well michael kramer is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit as well michael kramer is at
+harvard it's a people with john robinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard it's a people with john robinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard it's a people with john robinson
+um from 2011 in the ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from 2011 in the ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from 2011 in the ar
+um what this paper looks at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this paper looks at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this paper looks at is
+fertilizer used in western kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer used in western kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer used in western kenya
+and sort of this is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of this is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of this is one of these
+technologies and developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and developing countries
+where there's quite a bit of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's quite a bit of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's quite a bit of evidence
+and people think the returns to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people think the returns to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people think the returns to using
+fertilizer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer are
+high right that's a thing that farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right that's a thing that farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right that's a thing that farmers
+could use essentially would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use essentially would increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use essentially would increase
+your yields the returns are on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yields the returns are on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yields the returns are on the order
+of magnitude of like 50 100 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude of like 50 100 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude of like 50 100 percent
+uh often over the course of like a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often over the course of like a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often over the course of like a few
+months so it's a really highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so it's a really highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so it's a really highly
+profitable profitable type of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable profitable type of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable profitable type of investment
+it's also like a divisible investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like a divisible investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like a divisible investment
+it's not like a cow or like a tractor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a cow or like a tractor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a cow or like a tractor or
+something where you have to save a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you have to save a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you have to save a lot
+of money to actually buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money to actually buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money to actually buy it
+this is a thing where you can buy like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing where you can buy like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing where you can buy like a
+kilo or five kilos whatever fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo or five kilos whatever fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo or five kilos whatever fertilizer
+you can lose like very small amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose like very small amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose like very small amounts of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of money and sort of then start saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and sort of then start saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and sort of then start saving
+and if the returns are really that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the returns are really that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the returns are really that high
+you know people should just using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people should just using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people should just using it
+then become richer um over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become richer um over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become richer um over time
+now uh there's a persistent sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh there's a persistent sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh there's a persistent sort of
+finding that fertilizer used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that fertilizer used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that fertilizer used in
+particular in sub-saharan africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in sub-saharan africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in sub-saharan africa
+tends to be low including in western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be low including in western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be low including in western
+kenya in the area of this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya in the area of this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya in the area of this study
+now one explanation that people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one explanation that people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one explanation that people often
+say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that
+farmers would like to purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers would like to purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers would like to purchase
+fertilizer when you ask them around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer when you ask them around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer when you ask them around the
+time of harvest which is when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of harvest which is when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of harvest which is when they have
+a lot of money so these harvest cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money so these harvest cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money so these harvest cycles
+farmers like a farm maize in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers like a farm maize in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers like a farm maize in this area
+when you ask them around the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them around the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask them around the time of
+harvest when people have lots of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest when people have lots of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest when people have lots of money
+and ask them about their plans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask them about their plans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask them about their plans to
+purchase fertilizer they would say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase fertilizer they would say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase fertilizer they would say oh
+yeah i'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'd love to
+purchase fertilizer it's great and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase fertilizer it's great and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase fertilizer it's great and so on
+and so forth but then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but then uh
+lots of stuff comes up lots of expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff comes up lots of expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff comes up lots of expenses
+pile up school fees and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up school fees and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up school fees and like
+friends ask for money and like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends ask for money and like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends ask for money and like you know
+other festivals and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other festivals and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other festivals and so on and so forth
+so then when the actual new season comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when the actual new season comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when the actual new season comes
+when the planting time or the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the planting time or the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the planting time or the top
+dressing time comes when the maze is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing time comes when the maze is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing time comes when the maze is a
+little bit higher and you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and you're supposed to
+add fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add fertilizer
+to your maids then people don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your maids then people don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your maids then people don't have any
+money left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money left
+now one way to overcome this issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way to overcome this issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one way to overcome this issue is
+essentially the best kind of commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the best kind of commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the best kind of commitment
+in some sense is to just sort of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is to just sort of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is to just sort of do the
+thing that you're planning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're planning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're planning to do
+and that's exactly kind of what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly kind of what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly kind of what they're
+doing this experiment so what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this experiment so what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this experiment so what they're
+doing is they vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they vary the
+timing of the purchase decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the purchase decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the purchase decision and
+offer people time limited discounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer people time limited discounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer people time limited discounts
+around the time of harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of harvest
+so around the time of harvest they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the time of harvest they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the time of harvest they give
+like a very small discount and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very small discount and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very small discount and say
+you can essentially buy fertilizer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially buy fertilizer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially buy fertilizer and
+that's going to be delivered to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be delivered to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be delivered to you
+around the time of harvest but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of harvest but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of harvest but you have
+to buy it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it right now
+and they get these different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get these different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get these different forms of
+discounts but essentially the discounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts but essentially the discounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts but essentially the discounts
+tend to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be small
+and the key part here is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key part here is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key part here is that these
+discounts are time-limited as in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts are time-limited as in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts are time-limited as in like
+it's only around the time of harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only around the time of harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only around the time of harvest
+so you can only do it right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can only do it right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can only do it right now you
+cannot procrastinate in any way and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot procrastinate in any way and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot procrastinate in any way and say
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+next week or in two weeks or three weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week or in two weeks or three weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week or in two weeks or three weeks
+from now i'm gonna do it and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now i'm gonna do it and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now i'm gonna do it and so that's
+essentially a form of a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a form of a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a form of a commitment
+device in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in the sense of like
+in some ways the best commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the best commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the best commitment device
+so if you want something to get done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want something to get done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want something to get done you
+can just do it and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it and then you're
+essentially done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially done
+so people do these early purchases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people do these early purchases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people do these early purchases of
+fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer
+and nobody sort of resells it or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody sort of resells it or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody sort of resells it or they're
+like that's just another thing people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just another thing people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just another thing people do
+in principle they could obviously do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle they could obviously do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle they could obviously do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but that's tends to be not the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's tends to be not the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's tends to be not the case and
+what they find in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find in this and
+they find very large effects of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find very large effects of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find very large effects of this uh
+type of commitment device or the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of commitment device or the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of commitment device or the early
+purchase option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase option
+even when the discount is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the discount is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the discount is very small
+very minor often it's just like delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor often it's just like delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very minor often it's just like delivery
+to people's homes from the fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people's homes from the fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people's homes from the fertilizer
+store which is not very hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store which is not very hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store which is not very hard to do
+so even when this discount is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when this discount is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when this discount is relatively
+small there's large effects on people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there's large effects on people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there's large effects on people's
+fertilizer use and the effects are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer use and the effects are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer use and the effects are much
+larger than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than like
+offering people discounts around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering people discounts around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering people discounts around the
+time of planting so they have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of planting so they have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of planting so they have another
+condition where they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where they say
+around the time of planting when it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of planting when it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of planting when it when
+when the time comes to actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes to actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes to actually use
+fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer
+they have a 50 discount around that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a 50 discount around that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a 50 discount around that time
+but essentially that discount almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially that discount almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially that discount almost
+does nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing
+the reason being that when people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that when people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that when people have
+run out of money it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of money it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of money it doesn't matter what
+disco what the price is you catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disco what the price is you catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disco what the price is you catch
+can't buy any fertilizer because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't buy any fertilizer because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't buy any fertilizer because you're
+sort of cash constrained and can't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cash constrained and can't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cash constrained and can't buy
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+now that's a very interesting finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very interesting finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very interesting finding
+and part for policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part for policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part for policy
+because there's also quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's also quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's also quite a bit of
+concerns about over adoption about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about over adoption about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about over adoption about
+fertilizer subsidies being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer subsidies being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer subsidies being very
+expensive and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and so on and so forth
+and now when you provide time limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you provide time limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you provide time limited
+discounts around the time of harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts around the time of harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts around the time of harvest
+that are very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very small
+you can potentially essentially not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially essentially not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially essentially not
+spend a lot of money have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of money have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of money have large
+increases in fertilizer use among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in fertilizer use among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in fertilizer use among the
+people who have self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have self-control problems
+among the people who would actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the people who would actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the people who would actually like
+to use fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use fertilizer
+if instead you provide discounts around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead you provide discounts around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead you provide discounts around
+the time of planting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of planting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of planting
+or 50 or higher a that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 50 or higher a that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 50 or higher a that's really
+expensive to do and governments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do and governments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do and governments in
+particular in in western kenya and kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in in western kenya and kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in in western kenya and kenya
+or sub-saharan africa in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sub-saharan africa in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sub-saharan africa in general
+tend to not have a lot of money so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not have a lot of money so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not have a lot of money so it's
+a very expensive thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very expensive thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very expensive thing to do
+plus you're also distorting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you're also distorting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you're also distorting a lot of
+decisions among exponential discounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions among exponential discounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions among exponential discounters
+right what you're doing is now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you're doing is now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you're doing is now i'm
+giving you i'm making fertilizer much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you i'm making fertilizer much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you i'm making fertilizer much
+cheaper for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for you
+if you don't have a self-control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a self-control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a self-control problem
+to start with you're going to overuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you're going to overuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with you're going to overuse
+fertilizer because now essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer because now essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer because now essentially a
+fertilizer is like artificially cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer is like artificially cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer is like artificially cheap
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+essentially so you push some people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so you push some people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so you push some people to
+overuse fertilizer using an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overuse fertilizer using an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overuse fertilizer using an actual
+discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+around the time of planting instead what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of planting instead what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of planting instead what
+this policy does essentially gives like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy does essentially gives like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy does essentially gives like
+very small discounts that are very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small discounts that are very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small discounts that are very cheap
+and it only affects or mostly affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only affects or mostly affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only affects or mostly affects
+people with self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with self-control problems
+those are the people who essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people who essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people who essentially
+would sort of procrastinate buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of procrastinate buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of procrastinate buying
+fertilizer they buy it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer they buy it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer they buy it right now
+they don't spend a lot of money on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't spend a lot of money on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't spend a lot of money on it
+and you could have potentially large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have potentially large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have potentially large
+effects as they have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as they have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as they have shown
+in this paper any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper any questions on this
+yeah do they do a part where they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do they do a part where they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do they do a part where they show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+partners become more sophisticated no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners become more sophisticated no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners become more sophisticated no
+they do they do not they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they do not they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they do not they have
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+one-shot decisions for farmers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-shot decisions for farmers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-shot decisions for farmers and uh
+they sort of have some effects over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have some effects over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have some effects over the
+course of several seasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of several seasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of several seasons but
+it's essentially not the same choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially not the same choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially not the same choices
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so this in some sense an early paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this in some sense an early paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this in some sense an early paper
+that doesn't quite sort of uh look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't quite sort of uh look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't quite sort of uh look into
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+some of the work on like sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work on like sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work on like sophistication
+and navitate sort of comes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and navitate sort of comes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and navitate sort of comes a little
+later okay so let me briefly summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so let me briefly summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so let me briefly summarize
+and talk a little bit about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk a little bit about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk a little bit about people
+failing when it comes to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing when it comes to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing when it comes to using
+commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+so i have shown you several examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have shown you several examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have shown you several examples and
+quite a few more examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few more examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few more examples of
+demand for commitment and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment and different
+research studies these are all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies these are all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies these are all like
+research studies that people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies that people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies that people have done
+one way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other
+often there's a significant share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a significant share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a significant share of
+people who demand commitment one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who demand commitment one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who demand commitment one way or
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+that sort of says there's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of says there's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of says there's a significant
+share of people who struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of people who struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of people who struggle with
+self-control problems in some way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems in some way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems in some way and
+they also are at least partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are at least partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are at least partially
+sophisticated because they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated because they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated because they sort of
+understand it and demand commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and demand commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and demand commitment
+now there's also like a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also like a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also like a very high
+variation variation in the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation variation in the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation variation in the fraction of
+people demanding commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people demanding commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people demanding commitment
+in some places it's very high as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some places it's very high as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some places it's very high as i
+showed you in the alcohol examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in the alcohol examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in the alcohol examples and
+then some other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some other examples
+um that i haven't necessarily shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i haven't necessarily shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that i haven't necessarily shown you
+uh and other examples like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other examples like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other examples like for example
+in the smoking example and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the smoking example and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the smoking example and so on
+demand for commitment tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment tends to be
+actually um quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um quite low
+so now why is that well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why is that well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why is that well we don't
+actually know necessarily there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know necessarily there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know necessarily there's a few
+sort of um explanations that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um explanations that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um explanations that people have
+uh one of them is uncertainty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of them is uncertainty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of them is uncertainty people
+might sort of be really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of be really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of be really worried about
+the risk so if you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk so if you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk so if you have lots of
+uncertainty in your life if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your life if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your life if you don't
+know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether
+next month you're going to be smoking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month you're going to be smoking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month you're going to be smoking or
+not or you might have really really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or you might have really really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or you might have really really you
+might have really stressful months next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have really stressful months next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have really stressful months next
+month and you don't probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and you don't probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and you don't probably know
+whether that's going to be stressful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's going to be stressful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's going to be stressful or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+you might not want to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to choose a
+commitment device because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device because it's very
+costly for you potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for you potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for you potentially
+because you might start smoking again or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might start smoking again or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might start smoking again or
+do other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other things
+for reasons that are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that are not necessarily
+related to self-control it's just out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to self-control it's just out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to self-control it's just out of
+your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control
+similarly for example in the data entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for example in the data entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for example in the data entry
+example that i showed you people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that i showed you people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that i showed you people might
+not choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not choose
+to have a positive target because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a positive target because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a positive target because
+they're really worried about like risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really worried about like risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really worried about like risk
+and in particular one characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular one characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular one characteristic
+that was very much predictive of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very much predictive of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very much predictive of whether
+people choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose uh
+these commitment devices whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commitment devices whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commitment devices whether they
+have kids the reason being that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kids the reason being that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kids the reason being that like the
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+they might be sick they might have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be sick they might have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be sick they might have like
+really bad nights and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad nights and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad nights and so on and so forth
+and uh uh so that sort of increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so that sort of increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so that sort of increases the
+risk of like data entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of like data entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of like data entry
+productivity uh uh in the future so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity uh uh in the future so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity uh uh in the future so one
+uh part is like uncertainty a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part is like uncertainty a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part is like uncertainty a second
+part is naivete partial naivety can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is naivete partial naivety can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is naivete partial naivety can get
+people to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to not
+uh purchase or demand certain commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchase or demand certain commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchase or demand certain commitment
+devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+and ivt might vary quite a bit across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ivt might vary quite a bit across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ivt might vary quite a bit across
+settings right it might be that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings right it might be that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings right it might be that like
+um you might just be like a first-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might just be like a first-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might just be like a first-time
+customer or first-time user of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or first-time user of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer or first-time user of either
+payday loans or of drinking and smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans or of drinking and smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans or of drinking and smoking
+and so on you might be quite naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you might be quite naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you might be quite naive
+in contrast in my setting in chennai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast in my setting in chennai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast in my setting in chennai
+when i looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i looked at
+drinkers there are people i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinkers there are people i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinkers there are people i've been
+drinking for many many years in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking for many many years in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking for many many years in some
+sense they're not as naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they're not as naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they're not as naive
+about their drinking at least overall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their drinking at least overall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their drinking at least overall um
+another aspect is experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect is experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect is experience with
+commitment devices and this is what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and this is what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and this is what your
+question was about kind of like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was about kind of like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was about kind of like when you
+provide people commitment devices maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide people commitment devices maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide people commitment devices maybe
+it needs to require some learning over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to require some learning over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to require some learning over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and again like if you look at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like if you look at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again like if you look at different
+settings people have different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings people have different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings people have different types of
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+overall we don't know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall we don't know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall we don't know the answer to
+these questions in a sense we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in a sense we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in a sense we don't
+actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know
+exactly what's going on and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on and why is
+demand for commitment quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment quite different
+across settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across settings
+a second question that we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second question that we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second question that we don't really
+know is like well so there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is like well so there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is like well so there are these
+research studies that sort of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies that sort of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research studies that sort of look at
+like commitment devices and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commitment devices and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commitment devices and say okay
+commitment devices at least in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices at least in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices at least in theory
+should help some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help some people
+um but we see actually very few uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we see actually very few uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we see actually very few uh real
+world examples that actually help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world examples that actually help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world examples that actually help
+um you know yesterday you mentioned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know yesterday you mentioned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know yesterday you mentioned some
+of them that seem to be at least helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that seem to be at least helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them that seem to be at least helpful
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for some of you by the way if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you by the way if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you by the way if you could
+email me those um i i'd like to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email me those um i i'd like to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email me those um i i'd like to collect
+them and and report back to david lipson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and report back to david lipson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and report back to david lipson
+who sort of says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of says you know
+uncertainty is the issue um uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is the issue um uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is the issue um uh but
+we don't haven't really figured out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't haven't really figured out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't haven't really figured out in
+some sense if if commitment devices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense if if commitment devices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense if if commitment devices were
+really that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that great
+you know you would think that it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you would think that it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you would think that it really
+would take off there would be a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take off there would be a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take off there would be a company
+would really make a lot of money with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really make a lot of money with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really make a lot of money with
+with using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using them
+there are some companies that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some companies that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some companies that we see in
+the world but it's not really it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but it's not really it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but it's not really it can't
+really say it has really fully taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it has really fully taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it has really fully taken off
+perhaps some companies related to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some companies related to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some companies related to like
+cell phone usage or computer uses and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone usage or computer uses and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone usage or computer uses and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+but it's not as sort of prevalent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as sort of prevalent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as sort of prevalent and
+widely used as we we might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used as we we might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used as we we might expect
+given the sort of the theory literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the sort of the theory literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the sort of the theory literature
+that we have now one important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have now one important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have now one important part
+that's that's really sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really sort of another
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+uh contributor to depressed demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contributor to depressed demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contributor to depressed demand for
+commitment is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment is that people
+uh might not only be naive in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might not only be naive in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might not only be naive in the sense
+that like they might not understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like they might not understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like they might not understand
+the value of commitment devices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of commitment devices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of commitment devices and then
+that might sort of prevent them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sort of prevent them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might sort of prevent them from
+taking them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them up
+but even conditional on demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even conditional on demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even conditional on demanding
+commitment they might fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment they might fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment they might fail
+right and sort of there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sort of there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sort of there's a couple of
+examples here for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here for example in the
+uh philippines savings accounts example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh philippines savings accounts example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh philippines savings accounts example
+that i showed you the seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you the seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you the seed
+commitment savings account and john has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment savings account and john has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment savings account and john has
+a very nice paper that shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice paper that shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice paper that shows that
+in fact when you look at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you look at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you look at the same
+setting a similar experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a similar experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a similar experiment
+offering people this commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering people this commitment contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering people this commitment contract
+has positive effects on people saving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive effects on people saving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive effects on people saving so
+people do actually save more on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do actually save more on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do actually save more on average
+compared to a control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a control group
+however there's also a pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's also a pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's also a pretty large
+fraction of people who fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people who fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people who fail
+uh in reaching their goals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in reaching their goals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in reaching their goals and then
+often they have to pay some penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they have to pay some penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they have to pay some penalty
+for doing that now that's really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that now that's really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that now that's really bad
+marketing for your product right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for your product right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for your product right if you
+think about like selling this product if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like selling this product if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like selling this product if
+you sort of like have half of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like have half of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like have half of your
+customers are really unhappy about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are really unhappy about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are really unhappy about it
+that's going to be very tricky to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be very tricky to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be very tricky to do so
+there's lots of questions about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of questions about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of questions about how to
+best design commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best design commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best design commitment devices
+how can we perhaps target customers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we perhaps target customers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we perhaps target customers who
+might not fail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not fail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not fail and
+perhaps design them differently for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps design them differently for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps design them differently for
+different people but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people but we haven't
+necessarily figured out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily figured out how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily figured out how to do that
+uh liangbai and gautam rao have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh liangbai and gautam rao have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh liangbai and gautam rao have a
+similar and co-authors have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and co-authors have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and co-authors have a similar
+example in of a health commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in of a health commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in of a health commitment
+product in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in india
+where essentially they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially they try to
+incentivize people to uh go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize people to uh go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize people to uh go to
+hypertension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension
+uh doctor visits to get like checkups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doctor visits to get like checkups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doctor visits to get like checkups
+for their hypertension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their hypertension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their hypertension
+lots of people say they would like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people say they would like to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people say they would like to go
+and so on and so forth you offer them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth you offer them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth you offer them
+commitment devices to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices to essentially
+provide themselves incentives to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide themselves incentives to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide themselves incentives to go
+pretty few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty few
+people actually sign up in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually sign up in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually sign up in the first
+place which is also consistent with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is also consistent with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is also consistent with some
+form of naivete and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of naivete and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of naivete and so on and so forth
+but even among the people who sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even among the people who sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even among the people who sign up
+lots of people actually fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people actually fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people actually fail
+so you end up having people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up having people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up having people who
+essentially set themselves incentives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially set themselves incentives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially set themselves incentives to
+go to the doctor they're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor they're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor they're willing to pay
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+going in the future or setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the future or setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the future or setting
+themselves incentives to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves incentives to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves incentives to go to the
+doctor in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor in the future
+and then they have these incentives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have these incentives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have these incentives and
+then the incentives are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the incentives are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the incentives are actually not
+successful and they end up not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and they end up not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and they end up not going
+again that's sort of very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's sort of very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's sort of very much
+consistent with partial surface partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with partial surface partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with partial surface partial
+uh with with naivete or at least partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with naivete or at least partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with naivete or at least partial
+naivety or partial sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivety or partial sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivety or partial sophistication
+um uh and sort of there's many questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and sort of there's many questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and sort of there's many questions
+now about like if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about like if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about like if that's the case
+how do we um design better commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we um design better commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we um design better commitment
+devices that work for more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that work for more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that work for more people
+that are more successful for people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more successful for people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more successful for people and
+how do we avoid that some people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we avoid that some people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we avoid that some people sort of
+sign up for them when they in fact are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for them when they in fact are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for them when they in fact are
+doing worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse
+because again like that's really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again like that's really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again like that's really bad
+marketing for your product and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for your product and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing for your product and of course
+it's bad for the people um uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad for the people um uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad for the people um uh who are
+doing worse they would be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse they would be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing worse they would be essentially
+better off if they had never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off if they had never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off if they had never been
+uh offered this a device at least um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offered this a device at least um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offered this a device at least um
+exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+now are any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are any questions on this
+okay so then very briefly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then very briefly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then very briefly there's a
+second view that you might have is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second view that you might have is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second view that you might have is to
+say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe
+commitment devices are just not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices are just not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices are just not that
+helpful in some sense we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in some sense we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in some sense we have not
+figured out how to do this companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do this companies
+have had lots of time to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had lots of time to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had lots of time to figure this out
+researchers have not figured this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have not figured this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have not figured this out in
+a sense of like well we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of like well we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of like well we have lots of
+evidence of demand for commitment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of demand for commitment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of demand for commitment in
+terms of like people wanting commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like people wanting commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like people wanting commitment
+devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+we have actually not that much evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually not that much evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually not that much evidence
+of commitment devices being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commitment devices being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commitment devices being like
+useful in the real world in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the real world in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the real world in the sense of
+like persistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like persistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like persistently
+uh showing that um they make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing that um they make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing that um they make things
+better there are some examples to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are some examples to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there are some examples to be
+clear for example the data example data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for example the data example data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for example the data example data
+entry example does show that like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry example does show that like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry example does show that like people
+are more productive at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more productive at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more productive at work
+and probably employers should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably employers should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably employers should do that
+but another view would be like well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another view would be like well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another view would be like well if
+commitment devices are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices are not really
+helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+so think of commitment devices as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of commitment devices as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of commitment devices as a way
+of providing people some choice options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of providing people some choice options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of providing people some choice options
+for given self-control problems or given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for given self-control problems or given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for given self-control problems or given
+ivt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivt
+now there's different things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's different things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's different things you could
+do you could do some things like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you could do some things like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you could do some things like in
+terms of like trying to address people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like trying to address people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like trying to address people's
+ivt and the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivt and the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivt and the problems that
+ask you a little bit to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a little bit to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a little bit to think about that
+how do you actually get people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually get people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually get people to be
+uh less naive if that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less naive if that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less naive if that's sort of the
+process demand for commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process demand for commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process demand for commitment
+another way to say is you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say is you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say is you could try to
+essentially try to reduce people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially try to reduce people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially try to reduce people's
+present bias or get at the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or get at the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or get at the sources of
+people's present bias overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's present bias overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's present bias overall
+there's different ways and we have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ways and we have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ways and we have only
+started so thinking about it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so thinking about it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so thinking about it or
+coming up with some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with some potential
+explanations but for example one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations but for example one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations but for example one thing
+uh a paper that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a paper that we have
+on on sleep finds that when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on sleep finds that when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on sleep finds that when people are
+napping in the afternoon which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napping in the afternoon which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napping in the afternoon which you know
+some of you do also in my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you do also in my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you do also in my class
+um that um reduces your present bias and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um reduces your present bias and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um reduces your present bias and
+and will afford tasks and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will afford tasks and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will afford tasks and also uh
+savings so that's to say perhaps sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so that's to say perhaps sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so that's to say perhaps sleep
+perhaps alcohol consumption perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps alcohol consumption perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps alcohol consumption perhaps
+other sort of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of factors
+might affect people's present bias so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect people's present bias so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect people's present bias so if
+we could sort of understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of understand these
+underlying factors and if you could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors and if you could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors and if you could sort
+of tackle them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tackle them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tackle them
+that would be another way of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another way of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another way of getting
+around potentially self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around potentially self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around potentially self-control problems
+causing trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing trouble
+by sort of getting uh at the root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of getting uh at the root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of getting uh at the root of
+this particular issue if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular issue if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular issue if you think
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+an issue overall there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue overall there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue overall there's some other
+research that i find quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that i find quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that i find quite interesting
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+uh sort of the idea that you can present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the idea that you can present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the idea that you can present
+bias is very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is very much like
+related to attention in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to attention in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to attention in the sense that
+people pay too much attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay too much attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay too much attention to the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+compared to the future so now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the future so now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the future so now if you
+could sort of make the future more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of make the future more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of make the future more
+salient in certain ways if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient in certain ways if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient in certain ways if you could
+make people think more about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people think more about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people think more about the future
+how things will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things will be like
+they might sort of behave more patiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might sort of behave more patiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might sort of behave more patiently
+so hal hirschfield has like a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hal hirschfield has like a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hal hirschfield has like a series of
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+um and this hershey is the guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this hershey is the guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this hershey is the guy on the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+the picture that you see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that you see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that you see who
+used sort of like computer software to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used sort of like computer software to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used sort of like computer software to
+make people look older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people look older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people look older
+so on the right of the screen you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the right of the screen you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the right of the screen you see
+how horseshoed like uh i don't know 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how horseshoed like uh i don't know 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how horseshoed like uh i don't know 40
+years older or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years older or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years older or something
+and so what they did is they try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they did is they try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they did is they try to show
+people essentially pictures of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially pictures of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially pictures of their
+older selves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older selves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older selves
+and this is how you're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how you're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how you're going to look
+like in 40 50 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 40 50 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 40 50 years from now
+and you know then think about how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then think about how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then think about how things
+might be like in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like in terms of like
+um your health and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your health and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your health and so on and so forth
+and then get people to make savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get people to make savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get people to make savings
+choices and there's some evidence at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and there's some evidence at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and there's some evidence at
+least that's sort of increasing people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's sort of increasing people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's sort of increasing people's
+focus and attention to the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and attention to the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and attention to the future
+might actually make them uh more patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make them uh more patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make them uh more patient
+and there's quite a bit of work people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's quite a bit of work people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's quite a bit of work people
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+trying to do that um right now so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that um right now so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that um right now so um
+just to give you a brief summary i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a brief summary i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a brief summary i think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i said already almost everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said already almost everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said already almost everything that's
+to be said exponential discounting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said exponential discounting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said exponential discounting is
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+workhorse model of modern economics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model of modern economics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workhorse model of modern economics it's
+extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important
+and just to be clear it's helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to be clear it's helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to be clear it's helpful for
+many applications and it's been a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications and it's been a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications and it's been a very
+successful models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful models
+there's some limitations and some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some limitations and some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some limitations and some things
+that we cannot explain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cannot explain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cannot explain so
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting or some
+forms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of this
+different discounting models might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discounting models might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discounting models might be
+able to improve uh the predictability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to improve uh the predictability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to improve uh the predictability
+of our models commitment devices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our models commitment devices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our models commitment devices in
+particular may help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular may help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular may help
+with improve outcomes but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with improve outcomes but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with improve outcomes but we haven't
+quite figured out how to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite figured out how to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite figured out how to make them
+actually most useful for the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most useful for the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most useful for the world
+there's lots of work research going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of work research going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of work research going on
+in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area
+next week we're going to talk about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to talk about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to talk about risk
+preferences in particular i'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in particular i'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in particular i'd like you
+to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read
+the paper by raymond and thaler 2001. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by raymond and thaler 2001. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by raymond and thaler 2001. in
+recitation this week there will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week there will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week there will be more
+in time preferences in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time preferences in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time preferences in particular
+related to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to uh
+the next problem set um and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem set um and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem set um and then sort of
+an introduction to risk preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to risk preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to risk preferences
+if you uh don't remember what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh don't remember what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh don't remember what this
+preferences are you should very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are you should very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are you should very much
+come to recitation and get a refresher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to recitation and get a refresher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to recitation and get a refresher
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8yaRt24qA1M.txt b/8yaRt24qA1M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e03443087efe1c8dc0fac95db813701dc4eeb630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8yaRt24qA1M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the context of the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the problem of
+estimating the unknown bias of a coin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the unknown bias of a coin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the unknown bias of a coin we
+encountered this distribution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this distribution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this distribution which is
+known as a beta distribution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a beta distribution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a beta distribution it's a
+probability density for a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for a random
+variable theta that takes values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta that takes values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta that takes values in the
+interval from zero to one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from zero to one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from zero to one so this
+formula is valid for Thetas in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid for Thetas in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid for Thetas in this
+range and K here is a non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and K here is a non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and K here is a non-negative
+integer now this coefficient here DN k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer now this coefficient here DN k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer now this coefficient here DN k
+is a normalizing constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalizing constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalizing constant which is
+needed so that this is a legitimate PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so that this is a legitimate PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so that this is a legitimate PDF
+that it integrates to one and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to one and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to one and so in
+particular D needs to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular D needs to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular D needs to be equal to the
+integral of what we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of what we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of what we have in the
+numerator this is the choice that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator this is the choice that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator this is the choice that makes
+this whole expression integrate to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole expression integrate to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole expression integrate to one
+and this integral is calculated and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integral is calculated and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integral is calculated and can
+be found to be equal to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found to be equal to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found to be equal to this particular
+expression how do we derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression how do we derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression how do we derive this
+expression one way is to carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one way is to carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one way is to carry out the
+long exercise in calculus we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long exercise in calculus we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long exercise in calculus we have this
+integral here you might either expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here you might either expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here you might either expand it
+and then integrate and collect terms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate and collect terms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate and collect terms or
+you could try to demonstrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to demonstrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to demonstrate this
+equality by applying integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality by applying integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality by applying integration by
+parts but this is complicated is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts but this is complicated is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts but this is complicated is there
+some simple way of arguing and deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple way of arguing and deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple way of arguing and deriving
+this expression we will see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we will see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we will see that there
+is a very simple probabilistic argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple probabilistic argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple probabilistic argument
+for deriving this equality what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deriving this equality what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deriving this equality what we will
+actually derive is this same equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive is this same equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive is this same equality
+but in slightly different notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in slightly different notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in slightly different notation
+instead of K we will use alpha instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of K we will use alpha instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of K we will use alpha instead
+of n minus K we will use beta so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus K we will use beta so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus K we will use beta so here we
+have alpha factorial times beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha factorial times beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha factorial times beta
+factorial in the denominator we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in the denominator we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in the denominator we have the
+sum of these two coefficients plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two coefficients plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two coefficients plus one
+so this corresponds to alpha plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponds to alpha plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponds to alpha plus beta
+plus one factorial this is what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one factorial this is what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one factorial this is what we want
+to demonstrate what we will do will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate what we will do will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate what we will do will be
+to consider the following setting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the following setting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the following setting we
+start with alpha plus beta plus one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with alpha plus beta plus one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with alpha plus beta plus one that
+many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in
+abandoned random variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned random variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned random variables that are
+uniform on the unit interval and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform on the unit interval and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform on the unit interval and we will
+consider the following event and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following event and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following event and its
+probability this is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is the probability that
+these random variables happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables happen to be
+ordered in some particular order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in some particular order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in some particular order
+let us call this event a so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us call this event a so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us call this event a so this is the
+probability of a now this probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a now this probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a now this probability is
+not hard to calculate we have alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to calculate we have alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to calculate we have alpha plus
+beta plus 1 random variables independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus 1 random variables independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus 1 random variables independent
+identically distributed by symmetry any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed by symmetry any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed by symmetry any
+particular way of ordering these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way of ordering these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way of ordering these random
+variables is equally likely how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is equally likely how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is equally likely how many
+ways are there to order alpha plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to order alpha plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to order alpha plus beta
+plus 1 random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 random variables
+it's the factorial of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the factorial of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the factorial of the number of
+items that we are trying to order we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that we are trying to order we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that we are trying to order we are
+talking about the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the probability of a
+particular permutation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular permutation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular permutation so this
+probability is equal to 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to 1 over the
+number of permutations of alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of alpha plus
+beta plus 1 objects so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus 1 objects so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plus 1 objects so this is one
+expression for the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the probability of this
+event a now we're going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a now we're going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a now we're going to calculate
+this probability in a different way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability in a different way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability in a different way what
+we will do is we are going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do is we are going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do is we are going to apply the
+total probability theorem we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem we're going to
+condition on Z we are going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on Z we are going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on Z we are going to calculate
+the conditional probability of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of a given
+that Z takes a specific value and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z takes a specific value and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z takes a specific value and then
+weigh those probabilities according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh those probabilities according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh those probabilities according to
+the probability density of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density of the random
+variable Z so this is just the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z so this is just the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z so this is just the total
+probability theorem applied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem applied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem applied to this
+particular context and now to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular context and now to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular context and now to make
+progress what we will need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress what we will need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress what we will need to do is to
+find this conditional probability we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this conditional probability we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this conditional probability we fix
+a constant little theta and we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant little theta and we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant little theta and we want the
+probability that this event happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this event happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this event happens
+what is this event it is the event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this event it is the event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this event it is the event that
+all of the exes fall inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the exes fall inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the exes fall inside this
+interval all the Y's fall inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval all the Y's fall inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval all the Y's fall inside this
+interval and furthermore the exes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and furthermore the exes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and furthermore the exes are
+sorted and the Y's are sorted so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted and the Y's are sorted so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted and the Y's are sorted so let us
+write this out needs the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out needs the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out needs the probability
+that all of the exes happen to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the exes happen to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the exes happen to be less
+than theta all the Y's happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than theta all the Y's happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than theta all the Y's happen to be
+bigger than theta and also not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than theta and also not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than theta and also not just that
+but the X's are sorted and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the X's are sorted and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the X's are sorted and furthermore
+the Y's are sorted as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly if I give you the value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if I give you the value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if I give you the value of theta
+so that Z is equal to theta for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Z is equal to theta for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Z is equal to theta for this
+event to happen we must have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to happen we must have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to happen we must have all these
+events here happened as well so now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events here happened as well so now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events here happened as well so now let
+us try to calculate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us try to calculate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us try to calculate the probability of
+this event we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event we're going to use the
+multiplication rule first take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule first take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule first take the
+probability of this event and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event and then the
+conditional probability of that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the X's and the Y's are independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's and the Y's are independent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's and the Y's are independent so
+we can take the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the probability of this
+event and then multiply with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and then multiply with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and then multiply with the
+probability of this event involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event involving the
+Y's how about the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's how about the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's how about the probability of this
+event that all of the X's are less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that all of the X's are less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that all of the X's are less than
+theta since the X's are independent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta since the X's are independent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta since the X's are independent this
+is going to be equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the probability
+that X 1 is less than theta what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X 1 is less than theta what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X 1 is less than theta what is this
+probability since X 1 is uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability since X 1 is uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability since X 1 is uniform on the
+unit interval and this is theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval and this is theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval and this is theta the
+probability of falling in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling in this interval
+is equal to theta times the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to theta times the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to theta times the probability
+that X 2 is less than theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X 2 is less than theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X 2 is less than theta this
+probability is again theta and so on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is again theta and so on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is again theta and so on we
+have alpha many terms of that kind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha many terms of that kind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha many terms of that kind so
+this probability that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability that all of these
+random verbs are less than theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random verbs are less than theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random verbs are less than theta is
+equal to theta to the power of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta to the power of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta to the power of alpha
+similarly about the Y's for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly about the Y's for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly about the Y's for any
+particular y the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y the probability that it
+falls in this interval is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this interval is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this interval is equal to the
+length of this interval which is 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this interval which is 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this interval which is 1 minus
+theta this is the probability for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta this is the probability for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta this is the probability for each
+one of the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Y's
+there's beta many Y's the Y's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's beta many Y's the Y's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's beta many Y's the Y's are
+independent so the probability that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the probability that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the probability that all
+of them fall in this interval is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them fall in this interval is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them fall in this interval is going
+to be this number to the power of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose that I told you that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that I told you that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that I told you that all the
+X's are less than theta and then I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are less than theta and then I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are less than theta and then I asked
+you given this information what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you given this information what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you given this information what is the
+probability that the X's that you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the X's that you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the X's that you got
+are arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged in
+particular order now because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order now because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order now because of the
+complete symmetry of the problem even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete symmetry of the problem even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete symmetry of the problem even if
+I tell you that all the axes fall inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that all the axes fall inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that all the axes fall inside
+this interval any order of the axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval any order of the axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval any order of the axis is
+equally likely so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely so the probability of
+this particular order is going to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular order is going to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular order is going to be 1
+over the number of possible orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of possible orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of possible orderings
+how many ways are there that alpha items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways are there that alpha items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways are there that alpha items
+can be ordered there are alpha factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be ordered there are alpha factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be ordered there are alpha factorial
+possible orderings so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orderings so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orderings so the probability
+that I obtain one particular ordering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I obtain one particular ordering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I obtain one particular ordering is
+1 over alpha factorial and similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over alpha factorial and similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over alpha factorial and similarly if
+I tell you that the Y's all fell in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that the Y's all fell in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that the Y's all fell in this
+interval by symmetry the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by symmetry the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by symmetry the probability of
+a particular order is going to be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular order is going to be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular order is going to be 1 over
+the possible number of orders which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible number of orders which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible number of orders which is
+beta factorial all right so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta factorial all right so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta factorial all right so we have this
+conditional probability and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability and now we can
+go back to this formula and substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this formula and substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this formula and substitute
+and what we obtain is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we obtain is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we obtain is the integral of
+this expression theta to the alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression theta to the alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression theta to the alpha 1
+minus theta beta 1 over alpha factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus theta beta 1 over alpha factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus theta beta 1 over alpha factorial
+times 1 over beta factorial then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over beta factorial then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over beta factorial then we have
+the density of Z but since G is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of Z but since G is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of Z but since G is uniform
+the density is equal to 1 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density is equal to 1 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density is equal to 1 and then we
+have a factor of D theta so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a factor of D theta so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a factor of D theta so what have we
+achieved we calculated the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved we calculated the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved we calculated the probability
+of the event a in two different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the event a in two different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the event a in two different ways and
+we got two seemingly different answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two seemingly different answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two seemingly different answers
+but these two answers have to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two answers have to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two answers have to agree
+therefore this expression is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this expression is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this expression is equal to
+that expression and now if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression and now if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression and now if you take this
+factor 1 over alpha factorial times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 over alpha factorial times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 over alpha factorial times 1
+over beta factorial and send it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta factorial and send it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over beta factorial and send it to the
+other side of the equation what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the equation what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the equation what we
+obtain is exactly the formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is exactly the formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is exactly the formula that we
+wished to derive this example is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wished to derive this example is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wished to derive this example is an
+instance of the following there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the following there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the following there are
+certain formulas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain formulas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain formulas in
+that are somewhat complicated to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somewhat complicated to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are somewhat complicated to derive
+and their derivations using for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their derivations using for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their derivations using for example
+calculus are quite unintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus are quite unintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus are quite unintuitive
+but once you interpret the various terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you interpret the various terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you interpret the various terms
+that appear in such relation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in such relation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in such relation in a
+probabilistic way you can sometimes find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic way you can sometimes find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic way you can sometimes find
+very easy derivations and explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy derivations and explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy derivations and explanations
+why such a formula has to be true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AlT3zLxcHmw.txt b/AlT3zLxcHmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ad512a00b9a0fbf1674befe9f5ca4c867936db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AlT3zLxcHmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider the problem of using voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the problem of using voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the problem of using voltages
+to represent the information in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the information in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the information in a
+black-and-white image each X comma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black-and-white image each X comma Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black-and-white image each X comma Y
+point in the image has an Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the image has an Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the image has an Associated
+intensity black is the weakest intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity black is the weakest intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity black is the weakest intensity
+and white the strongest an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white the strongest an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white the strongest an obvious
+voltage based representation would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage based representation would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage based representation would be to
+encode the intensity as a voltage say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the intensity as a voltage say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the intensity as a voltage say
+zero volts for black one vote for white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero volts for black one vote for white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero volts for black one vote for white
+and some intermediate voltage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some intermediate voltage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some intermediate voltage for
+intensities in between first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in between first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities in between first question
+how much information is there at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information is there at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information is there at each
+point in the image the answer depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the image the answer depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the image the answer depends on
+how well we can distinguish intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well we can distinguish intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well we can distinguish intensities
+or in our case voltages if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our case voltages if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our case voltages if we can
+distinguish arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish arbitrarily small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish arbitrarily small
+differences then there is potentially an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences then there is potentially an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences then there is potentially an
+infinite amount of information in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of information in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of information in each
+point of the image but as engineers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the image but as engineers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the image but as engineers we
+suspect there's a lower bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect there's a lower bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect there's a lower bound on the
+size of differences we can detect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of differences we can detect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of differences we can detect to
+represent the same amount of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the same amount of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the same amount of information
+that can be represented with n bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be represented with n bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be represented with n bits we
+need to be able to distinguish a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to distinguish a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to distinguish a total
+of two to the n voltages in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two to the n voltages in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two to the n voltages in the range of
+0 volts to 1 volt for example for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 volts to 1 volt for example for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 volts to 1 volt for example for n
+equal to we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to we need to be able to
+distinguish between four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between four possible
+voltages that doesn't seem too hard an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that doesn't seem too hard an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that doesn't seem too hard an
+inexpensive voltmeter would let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive voltmeter would let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive voltmeter would let us
+easily distinguish between zero volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily distinguish between zero volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily distinguish between zero volts
+one-third volts 2/3 volts and 1 volt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third volts 2/3 volts and 1 volt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third volts 2/3 volts and 1 volt in
+theory and can be arbitrarily large in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and can be arbitrarily large in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and can be arbitrarily large in
+practice we know it would be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we know it would be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we know it would be quite
+challenging to make measurements with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to make measurements with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to make measurements with
+say a precision of 1 millionth of a volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a precision of 1 millionth of a volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a precision of 1 millionth of a volt
+and probably next to impossible if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably next to impossible if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably next to impossible if we
+wanted a precision of one billionth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a precision of one billionth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a precision of one billionth of a
+volt not only would the equipments start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt not only would the equipments start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt not only would the equipments start
+to get very expensive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get very expensive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get very expensive and the
+measurements very time-consuming but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements very time-consuming but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements very time-consuming but we
+discover that phenomenon like thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that phenomenon like thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that phenomenon like thermal
+noise would confuse what we mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise would confuse what we mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise would confuse what we mean by the
+instantaneous voltage at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous voltage at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous voltage at a particular
+time so our ability to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so our ability to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so our ability to encode
+information using voltages will clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using voltages will clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using voltages will clearly
+be constrained by our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constrained by our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constrained by our ability to
+reliably and quickly distinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and quickly distinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and quickly distinguish the
+voltage at a particular time to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage at a particular time to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage at a particular time to complete
+our project of representing a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project of representing a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project of representing a complete
+image we'll scan the image in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image we'll scan the image in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image we'll scan the image in some
+prescribed raster order left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed raster order left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed raster order left to right
+top to bottom converting intensities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom converting intensities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom converting intensities to
+voltages as we go in this way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages as we go in this way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages as we go in this way we can
+convert the image into a time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the image into a time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the image into a time varying
+sequence of voltages this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of voltages this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of voltages this is how the
+original tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original tell
+visions worked the picture was encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions worked the picture was encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions worked the picture was encoded
+as a voltage waveform that vary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a voltage waveform that vary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a voltage waveform that vary between
+the representation for black and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation for black and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation for black and that
+for white actually the range of voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for white actually the range of voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for white actually the range of voltages
+was expanded to allow the signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expanded to allow the signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expanded to allow the signal to
+specify the end of the horizontal scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the end of the horizontal scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the end of the horizontal scan
+and the end of an image the so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of an image the so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of an image the so called
+sinc signals we call this a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinc signals we call this a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinc signals we call this a continuous
+waveform to indicate that it can take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform to indicate that it can take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform to indicate that it can take on
+any value in the specified range at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value in the specified range at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value in the specified range at a
+particular point in time now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in time now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in time now let's see
+what happens when we try to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we try to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we try to build a
+system to process this signal we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to process this signal we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to process this signal we'll
+create a system using two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a system using two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a system using two simple
+processing blocks the copy block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing blocks the copy block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing blocks the copy block
+reproduces on its output whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces on its output whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces on its output whatever
+voltage appears on its input the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage appears on its input the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage appears on its input the output
+of a copy block looks the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a copy block looks the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a copy block looks the same as the
+original image the inverting block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image the inverting block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image the inverting block
+produces the voltage of 1 minus V when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the voltage of 1 minus V when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the voltage of 1 minus V when
+the input voltage is V in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage is V in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage is V in other words
+white is converted to black and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is converted to black and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is converted to black and vice
+versa we get the negative of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa we get the negative of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa we get the negative of the input
+image after passing it through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image after passing it through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image after passing it through an
+inverting block why have processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting block why have processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting block why have processing
+blocks using prepackaged blocks is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks using prepackaged blocks is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks using prepackaged blocks is a
+common way of building large circuits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way of building large circuits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way of building large circuits we
+can assemble a system by connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assemble a system by connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assemble a system by connecting the
+blocks one to another and reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one to another and reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one to another and reason about
+the behavior of the resulting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the resulting system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the resulting system
+without having to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to understand the
+internal details of each block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal details of each block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal details of each block the
+prepackaged functionality offered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepackaged functionality offered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepackaged functionality offered by the
+blocks makes them easy to use without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks makes them easy to use without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks makes them easy to use without
+having to be an expert analog engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be an expert analog engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to be an expert analog engineer
+moreover we would expect to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we would expect to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we would expect to be able to
+wire up the blocks in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire up the blocks in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire up the blocks in different
+configurations when building different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations when building different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations when building different
+systems and be able to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and be able to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and be able to predict the
+behavior of each system based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of each system based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of each system based on the
+behavior of each block this would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of each block this would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of each block this would allow
+us to build systems like Tinkertoys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to build systems like Tinkertoys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to build systems like Tinkertoys
+simply by hooking one block to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by hooking one block to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by hooking one block to another
+even a programmer who doesn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a programmer who doesn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a programmer who doesn't understand
+the electrical details could expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical details could expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical details could expect to
+build systems that perform some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems that perform some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems that perform some
+particular processing task the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular processing task the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular processing task the whole
+idea is that there's a guarantee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that there's a guarantee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that there's a guarantee of
+predictable behavior if the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable behavior if the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable behavior if the components
+work and we hook them up a bang whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we hook them up a bang whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we hook them up a bang whatever
+the rules are for connecting blocks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are for connecting blocks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are for connecting blocks we
+would expect the system to work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the system to work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the system to work as
+intended so let's build a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended so let's build a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended so let's build a system with
+our copy and inverting blocks here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our copy and inverting blocks here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our copy and inverting blocks here's an
+image processing system using a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing system using a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing system using a few
+instances of each block what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of each block what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of each block what do we
+expect the output image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the output image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the output image
+like well the copy blocks don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the copy blocks don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the copy blocks don't change
+the image and there are an even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and there are an even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and there are an even number
+of inverting blocks so in theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inverting blocks so in theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inverting blocks so in theory the
+output image should be identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output image should be identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output image should be identical to the
+input image but in reality the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input image but in reality the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input image but in reality the output
+image isn't a perfect copy of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image isn't a perfect copy of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image isn't a perfect copy of the input
+is slightly fuzzy the intensities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly fuzzy the intensities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly fuzzy the intensities are
+slightly off and it looks like sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off and it looks like sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off and it looks like sharp
+changes in intensity have been smoothed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in intensity have been smoothed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in intensity have been smoothed
+out creating a blurry reproduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out creating a blurry reproduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out creating a blurry reproduction of
+the original what went wrong why doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original what went wrong why doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original what went wrong why doesn't
+theory match reality perhaps the copy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory match reality perhaps the copy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory match reality perhaps the copy in
+inverting blocks don't work correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting blocks don't work correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting blocks don't work correctly
+that's almost certainly true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost certainly true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost certainly true in the
+sense that they don't precisely obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they don't precisely obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they don't precisely obey the
+mathematical description of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of their
+behavior small manufacturing variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior small manufacturing variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior small manufacturing variations
+and differing environmental conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differing environmental conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differing environmental conditions
+will cause each instance of the copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause each instance of the copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause each instance of the copy
+block to produce not fievel's 4v volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block to produce not fievel's 4v volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block to produce not fievel's 4v volt
+input but the plus epsilon bolts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but the plus epsilon bolts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but the plus epsilon bolts where
+epsilon represents the amount of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon represents the amount of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon represents the amount of error
+introduced during processing ditto for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced during processing ditto for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced during processing ditto for
+the inverting block the difficulty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting block the difficulty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting block the difficulty is
+that in our continuous value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our continuous value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our continuous value
+representation of intensity V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of intensity V plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of intensity V plus
+epsilon is a perfectly correct output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is a perfectly correct output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is a perfectly correct output
+value just not for a V volt input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value just not for a V volt input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value just not for a V volt input in
+other words we can't tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we can't tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we can't tell the difference
+between a slightly corrupted signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a slightly corrupted signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a slightly corrupted signal and
+a perfectly valid signal for a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly valid signal for a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly valid signal for a slightly
+different image more importantly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different image more importantly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different image more importantly and
+this is the real killer the errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real killer the errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real killer the errors
+accumulate as the encoded image passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate as the encoded image passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate as the encoded image passes
+through the system of copy and inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system of copy and inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system of copy and inverting
+blocks the larger the system the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the larger the system the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the larger the system the larger
+the amount of accumulated processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of accumulated processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of accumulated processing
+error this doesn't seem so good it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this doesn't seem so good it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this doesn't seem so good it would
+be awkward to say the least if we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awkward to say the least if we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awkward to say the least if we had to
+have rules about how many computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules about how many computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules about how many computations
+could be performed on encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be performed on encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be performed on encoded
+information before the results became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before the results became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before the results became
+too corrupted to be usable you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too corrupted to be usable you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too corrupted to be usable you would be
+correct if you thought this meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if you thought this meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if you thought this meant that
+the theory we used to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we used to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we used to describe the
+operation of our system was imperfect we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of our system was imperfect we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of our system was imperfect we
+need a very complicated theory indeed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very complicated theory indeed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very complicated theory indeed to
+capture all the possible ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture all the possible ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture all the possible ways in which
+the output signal could differ from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal could differ from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal could differ from its
+expected value those of us who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value those of us who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value those of us who are
+mathematically minded might complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded might complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded might complain
+that reality is imperfect this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reality is imperfect this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reality is imperfect this is going
+a bit far though reality is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit far though reality is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit far though reality is what it is
+and as engineers we need to build our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as engineers we need to build our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as engineers we need to build our
+systems to operate reliably in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to operate reliably in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to operate reliably in the real
+world so perhaps the real problem lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so perhaps the real problem lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so perhaps the real problem lies
+in how we chose to engineer the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we chose to engineer the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we chose to engineer the system
+in fact all of the above are true noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of the above are true noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of the above are true noise
+and inaccuracy are inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inaccuracy are inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inaccuracy are inevitable
+we can't reliably reproduce infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't reliably reproduce infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't reliably reproduce infinite
+information we must design our system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we must design our system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we must design our system to
+tolerate some amount of error if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate some amount of error if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate some amount of error if it is
+to process information reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process information reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process information reliably
+basically we need to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we need to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we need to find a way to
+notice that errors have been introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that errors have been introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that errors have been introduced
+by a processing step and restore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a processing step and restore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a processing step and restore the
+correct value before the errors have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value before the errors have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value before the errors have a
+chance to accumulate how to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to accumulate how to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to accumulate how to do that is
+our next topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B7hVxCmfPtM.txt b/B7hVxCmfPtM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c29257dab029d3978125fa7e8cce5b76a4188ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B7hVxCmfPtM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2325 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: One of the cutest
+little data structures
+
+that was ever invented
+is called the heap.
+
+And we're going to use
+the heap as an example
+
+implementation of
+a priority queue.
+
+And we'll also use heaps to
+build a sorting algorithm,
+
+called heap sort,
+that is very, very
+
+different from either
+insertion sort or merge sort.
+
+And it has some nice properties
+that neither insertions sort
+
+nor merge sort have.
+
+But what I want to
+do is get started
+
+with motivating the
+heap data structure,
+
+regardless of whether you're
+interested in sorting or not.
+
+So the notion of a
+priority queue, I think,
+
+makes intuitive
+sense to all of you.
+
+It's essentially
+a structure that
+
+implements a set S of elements.
+
+And each of these elements
+is associated with the key.
+
+And as you can imagine, a
+priority queue is something
+
+where you queue
+up for something,
+
+you want to buy something,
+you want to sell something.
+
+You have certain
+priorities assigned to you,
+
+and you want to pick the maximum
+priority or the min priority.
+
+You want to be able to
+delete it from the queue.
+
+You want to be able to insert
+things into this queue.
+
+You want to be able to change
+priorities in the queue.
+
+So all of these operations
+are interesting operations
+
+that should run fast, and
+for some definition of fast.
+
+Obviously we are interested
+in the asymptotic complexity
+
+definition of fast.
+
+In that case, we'll be saying
+does this operation run
+
+an order n time, order
+log n time, et cetera.
+
+So in general, I think
+for the next few lectures,
+
+you're going to see a
+specification of data structure
+
+in terms of the operations
+that the data structure should
+
+perform.
+
+And those of you who have
+taken six double O five,
+
+you'll see that it's basically
+an abstract data type that's
+
+associated with
+these operations.
+
+So it's a spec for the
+abstract data type.
+
+In six double O
+five, you had really
+
+spent a lot of time on
+asymptotic complexity,
+
+or the efficiency of operations
+on the abstract data type.
+
+Here, in double O six,
+you'll specify this ADT,
+
+and specify the set of
+operations or methods
+
+in the ADT.
+
+And we'll talk about whether
+these are order end complexity
+
+log end complexity, and compare
+and contrast different ADTs.
+
+So today's ADT is a heap.
+
+And what is the
+set of operations
+
+that we'd like to perform
+on a priority queue?
+
+So we can use that to motivate
+the development of the heap.
+
+And those are, insert s x.
+
+So you have a set of
+elements s, and you
+
+want to be able to insert
+element x into set s.
+
+You want to be able
+to do max of s, which
+
+is return the element of
+s with the largest key.
+
+And different from
+max of s is extract
+
+max of x, which not only returns
+the element with the largest
+
+key, but also removes it from s.
+
+So you have a queue, and
+the person in the queue
+
+was serviced, or the element
+in the queue was serviced,
+
+and then removed from the queue.
+
+And finally you can
+imagine changing
+
+the priority of a particular
+element x in the set s.
+
+And this priority,
+there's an associated key
+
+as we have up there
+with each element.
+
+And that key is called a k.
+
+And increase key s x k would
+increase the value of x's key
+
+to the new value k.
+
+And k could correspond to,
+it's just called increase.
+
+Most of the time, you're
+increasing the value
+
+in maybe a particular
+application.
+
+You could have suddenly
+a decrease key,
+
+and you would have to know
+what the previous value was.
+
+And is just a matter
+of exactly what
+
+operation you want to perform.
+
+You could call it update, or
+increment, whatever you like.
+
+I'm going to spend most
+of the time here talking
+
+about how you maintain a
+rep invariant of this data
+
+structure called the heap,
+that allows you to do
+
+these operations in
+an efficient way.
+
+And we'll talk about
+what the efficiency is,
+
+and we'll try to analyze the
+efficiency of these algorithms
+
+that we put up.
+
+So let's talk about a heap.
+
+A heap is an implementation
+of a priority queue.
+
+It's amazingly and
+array structure,
+
+except that you're
+visualizing this array
+
+as a nearly complete
+binary tree.
+
+And what does that mean exactly?
+
+Well, the best way
+to understand that
+
+is by looking at an example.
+
+We got 10 here, so.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
+
+So here's my array
+of 10 elements.
+
+And the elements are
+16, 14, 10, 8, 7.
+
+So some set of elements
+that are in random order,
+
+clearly not sorted, and
+I'm looking at the indices,
+
+and I'm looking at the elements.
+
+I'm going to visualize this as
+a nearly complete binary tree.
+
+Is not a full binary
+tree, because I only
+
+have 10 elements
+in it, and it would
+
+have to have 15 elements to
+be a complete binary tree.
+
+And we want to be able to do
+the general case of an arbitrary
+
+size array, and so that's why
+we have nearly complete here.
+
+So what does it mean to
+visualize this as a tree?
+
+Well, index one is
+the root of the tree,
+
+and that item is
+the value is 16.
+
+And what I have are indices
+2 and 3 are the children,
+
+and 4, 5, 6, and 7 are
+the children of 2 and 3.
+
+And 8, 9, and 10 are
+the children of 4 and 5,
+
+in this case.
+
+And so that's the
+picture you want
+
+to keep in your head for
+the rest of this lecture.
+
+Any time you see
+an array, and you
+
+say we're going to be
+looking at the heap
+
+representation of the array,
+the picture on the right
+
+tells you what the
+heap looks like.
+
+And so that I'm not going
+to fill in all of these.
+
+You can, but I'll do a couple.
+
+So you have 10 here,
+and 8, 7, et cetera.
+
+So that's a heap structure.
+
+So what's nice about
+this heap structure,
+
+is that you'll have tree
+representation of an array,
+
+and that lets you do a
+bunch of interesting things.
+
+What do you get out
+of this visualization?
+
+Well, the root of the
+tree is the first element
+
+corresponding to i equals 1.
+
+The parent of i is i over 2.
+
+The left child of i is 2i.
+
+And the right child
+of i is 2i plus 1.
+
+So that's essentially what
+this mapping corresponds to.
+
+Now on top of that, this is
+just what a heap corresponds to.
+
+We're going to have
+particular types of heaps
+
+that we'll call
+max-heaps and min-heaps.
+
+And as you can imagine,
+max-heaps and min-heaps
+
+have additional properties
+on top of the basic
+
+keep structures.
+
+So this is essentially
+a definition of a heap.
+
+Now I'm going to define what
+the max-heap property is.
+
+And the max-heap property
+says that the key of a node
+
+is greater than or equal to
+the keys of its children.
+
+OK, that's it.
+
+It's obviously
+recursive, in the sense
+
+that you have to have this true
+for every node in the tree.
+
+And when you get down to
+the leaves of the tree,
+
+they're not children
+corresponding to the leaves,
+
+So that's a trivial property.
+
+But at higher levels, you're
+going to have children,
+
+and you have to check that.
+
+So if you look at
+this example here,
+
+maybe I should fill
+this whole thing out.
+
+A have eight and seven
+here, and six would be nine.
+
+And I have three over here,
+and then two, four, one.
+
+So we can look at this
+and check whether it
+
+has the max-heap
+property or not.
+
+Does it have the
+max-heap property?
+
+This heap?
+
+Yeah.
+
+All you have to do is
+look at these nodes.
+
+one, two, three indices,
+index four, five, six, but you
+
+don't have to look
+at six and seven,
+
+because they don't
+have any children.
+
+But you could shop
+with five here,
+
+and you look at the
+children, and there you go.
+
+To the parent is greater
+than or equal to either
+
+of its children, or its only
+child, in the case of node
+
+five.
+
+And so you have the
+max-heap property.
+
+So fairly
+straightforward property.
+
+And you can imagine defining
+the min-heap property
+
+in an equivalent way.
+
+Just replace the greater
+than or equal to,
+
+with less than or equal to.
+
+So right off the
+bat, what operation
+
+is going to be trivially
+performed on a max-heap?
+
+This is kind of
+trivial question.
+
+Yep.
+
+Just finding the
+biggest element.
+
+Exactly right.
+
+The max operation.
+
+Now, what about extract max?
+
+Is that trivially
+performed on a max-heap?
+
+No.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+When you say, max is
+trivially performed,
+
+what it means is that
+you can return the max,
+
+you can find the maximum
+element, or a maximum element,
+
+and you obviously
+don't modify the heap.
+
+And the heap stays the same,
+so it stays a max-heap.
+
+In general, when we talk
+about data structures,
+
+and this goes back to
+rep invariance, which
+
+I've mentioned
+already, you typically
+
+want to maintain
+this rep invariant.
+
+And so the rep invariant of our
+data structure, in this case,
+
+is a max-heap property.
+
+OK.
+
+So we want to maintain
+the max-heap property
+
+as we modify the heat.
+
+So if you go from
+one heap to another,
+
+you start at the max-heap, you
+want to end with the max-heap.
+
+It makes perfect sense,
+because in one of the simplest
+
+things that you want to
+do in a priority queue,
+
+is you want to be able to
+create a priority queue,
+
+and you want to be able to run
+extract max on the priority
+
+queue, over and over.
+
+And what that means, is that
+you take the max element, you
+
+delete it, take the next
+max element, delete it,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+And there you go.
+
+It's a bit of a
+preview here, but you
+
+could imagine that if
+you did that, you would
+
+get a sorted list of
+elements in decreasing order.
+
+So you see the
+connection to sorting,
+
+because you could imagine
+that once we have this heap
+
+structure, and we can maintain
+the max-heap property,
+
+that we could continually
+run extract max on it.
+
+And if you could build extract
+max in an efficient way,
+
+you might have a fantastic
+sorting algorithm.
+
+So, the big question
+that really remains,
+
+is how do we maintain
+the max-heap property
+
+as we modify the heap?
+
+And the other question,
+which I haven't answered
+
+is-- this array that turns
+out it was a max-heap,
+
+but it's quite
+possible that I have
+
+a trivial example of an array.
+
+In fact, let me make this one.
+
+That is not a max-heap.
+
+It's not a max-heap, it's
+not a min-heap, it's neither.
+
+Right? it's just a heap.
+
+So if I just
+transform, or visualize
+
+I should say, this array as a
+heap, I don't have a max-heap,
+
+I don't have a min-heap.
+
+So if I'm very interested
+in sorting, and I am,
+
+there's this
+another thing that's
+
+sort of missing here
+that we have to work on,
+
+which is how are we going
+to build a max-heap out
+
+of an initially unsorted array.
+
+Which may or may not
+turn into a max-heap.
+
+This trivially happened to
+be exactly the right thing,
+
+because I picked it, and
+it turned into a max-heap
+
+just by visualizing it.
+
+But it's quite
+possible that you have
+
+arrays that are input to
+your sorting algorithm that
+
+look like that.
+
+OK, so let's dive
+into heap operations.
+
+I'm going to have spend
+some time describing to you
+
+a bunch of different methods
+that you would call on a heap.
+
+And all of these
+methods are going
+
+to have to maintain
+our representation
+
+invariant of the
+max-heap property.
+
+So what are the heap
+operations that we
+
+have to implement and
+analyze the complexity for?
+
+Well, we're going to
+have build-max-heap
+
+which produces a max-heap
+from an arbitrary or unordered
+
+array.
+
+So somehow I got to turn
+this into, for example,
+
+four, two, one.
+
+Which is in effect,
+sorting this array.
+
+Or changing the order.
+
+Maybe not fully sorting
+it, but changing the order.
+
+So that's what I have to
+do, and build-max-heap
+
+is going to have to do that.
+
+In order to do build-max-heap,
+the first procedure
+
+that I'm going to describe to
+you, is called max-heapify.
+
+Heapify.
+
+Sounds a little
+strange, but I guess
+
+you can -ify pretty
+much anything.
+
+So you correct a
+single violation
+
+of the heap property in a
+subtree, a subtree's root.
+
+And I'll explain what I mean
+by that in just a minute.
+
+So max-heapify is the
+fundamental operation
+
+that we have to understand here.
+
+And we're going to
+use it over and over.
+
+What it does, is
+take something that
+
+is not a heap, not a max-heap.
+
+When I say not a
+heap from now on,
+
+pretend that I'm
+saying not a max-heap.
+
+We're only going to be
+talking about max-heaps
+
+for the rest of this lecture.
+
+What max-heapify does,
+is take something
+
+that is not quite a max-heap.
+
+It can't take
+anything arbitrary.
+
+It's going to take
+something where there's
+
+a single violation of
+the max-heap property
+
+at some subtree of this
+heap that is given to you,
+
+and there's a single
+violation of that.
+
+And it's going to fix that.
+
+And we need to be able
+to do this recursively
+
+at different levels
+to go build a max-heap
+
+from an unordered array.
+
+Then once you have
+that, you can do
+
+all sorts of things like insert
+and extract max, and heap sort,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So let's take a look at
+max-heapify using an example.
+
+I'm not going to write
+pseudocode for max-heapify.
+
+I'll run through an example, and
+the pseudocode is in the notes.
+
+The big assumption,
+and you think
+
+of this as a precondition,
+for running max-heapify,
+
+is the trees rooted at left
+i and right i are max-heaps.
+
+So max-heapify is going
+to look like a comma i.
+
+a is simply the array,
+and i is the index.
+
+Max-heapify is
+willing to, you're
+
+allowed to crash and
+not do anything useful
+
+if this precondition is
+violated in max-heapify.
+
+But if the precondition is
+true, then what you have to do
+
+is, you have to return
+a max-heap correcting
+
+this violation.
+
+That's the contract.
+
+So let's take a
+look at an example.
+
+I think what I want to
+do is start over here.
+
+I want you to see all
+of the steps here.
+
+So we'll take a simple
+example, and we'll
+
+run through max-heapify.
+
+And let's take a
+look at 16, four--
+
+I'm just going to draw the
+indices for this first example,
+
+and then I won't bother.
+
+So there you go.
+
+Is this a max-heap?
+
+No.
+
+Because right here,
+I've got a problem.
+
+4 is less than 14, therefore
+I have a violation.
+
+And so, if you look at the
+call max-heapify A comma 2,
+
+this is an index 2,
+and all you have to do
+
+is to look at this subtree.
+
+And what you need to
+be satisfied in order
+
+to run max-heapify, is that the
+subtrees of nodes index two,
+
+which is this four
+node, are max-heaps.
+
+And if you go look below, you
+see that this is a max-heap
+
+and that's a max-heap.
+
+Most of the time,
+by the way, you
+
+will be sort of
+working bottom up,
+
+and that's why this is
+going to make sense.
+
+This will all work
+out, because leaves
+
+are by definition max-heaps.
+
+Because you don't have
+to check anything.
+
+When you put two
+leaves together,
+
+and you want to create a tree
+like that, or a heap like that,
+
+then you run max-heapify.
+
+And then when you have a
+couple different max-heaps,
+
+and you want to
+put them together
+
+to make it a bigger max-heap,
+you'd have run max-heapify.
+
+So that's the way
+it's going to work.
+
+So you want to do a
+max-heapify A comma 2.
+
+One of the things that's
+going to be important,
+
+not in this example, but
+when we get to sorting,
+
+is that we want to know what
+the size of the heap is.
+
+And in this case,
+the heap size is 10.
+
+So, what does max-heapify do?
+
+Well, all max-heapify does
+is exchanges elements.
+
+And so, if you looked at
+the code for max-heapify,
+
+and you walked through it,
+this is what it would do.
+
+You're going to
+look at 4 and 14,
+
+and it's going to
+say, OK, I'm going
+
+to look at both my children.
+
+And I'm going to go ahead and
+exchange with the bigger child.
+
+So I'm going to
+exchange AA[2] with AA[4].
+
+And what that would do is,
+take this, make this 4,
+
+and make this 14.
+
+And that would be step one.
+
+And then when you
+get to this point,
+
+recursively, you'd realize
+that the max-heap property
+
+at this level is violated.
+
+And so you would go ahead and
+call max-heapify A comma 4.
+
+And when that happens,
+that call happens,
+
+you're going to look at the
+two children corresponding
+
+to this little subtree
+there, and you're
+
+going to do the exchange.
+
+You're going to have
+8 here and 4 here.
+
+So you would exchange
+AA[4] with AA[8].
+
+And now you're done, so
+there's no more calls.
+
+So, fairly straightforward.
+
+It's actually not any more
+complicated than this.
+
+There may be many steps.
+
+What might happen is that you'd
+have to go all the way down
+
+to the leaves.
+
+And in this case, you
+went a couple of steps,
+
+and then you got to stop.
+
+But obviously, you
+could have a large heap,
+
+and it could take
+a bunch of time.
+
+So, what is the
+complexity of max-heapify?
+
+Anybody?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Back there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ultimately,
+potentially,
+
+if the tree is
+totally upside down,
+
+you could potentially switch
+every node to make it order in.
+
+PROFESSOR: Every node
+to make it order in.
+
+Everybody, anybody.
+
+Do you have a different answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+Why is it log n.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because I think
+the worst case scenario,
+
+all of your-- the
+worst case scenario you
+
+would have [INAUDIBLE]
+on the left-hand side,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] right-hand side.
+
+And it would be skewed.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're
+arguing that the solution
+
+to the recurrence gives you
+a logarithmic complexity.
+
+Alright.
+
+Not quite.
+
+There's an easier
+way of arguing this.
+
+this Yeah.
+
+Back there.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So what is the complexity?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Log n.
+
+Great.
+
+Excellent.
+
+Definitely worth a cushion.
+
+Missed you by that much.
+
+AUDIENCE: Thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's pretty
+soft, by the way.
+
+Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So, if I hit somebody,
+they get a cushion.
+
+OK.
+
+That's exactly right.
+
+Thanks for that description.
+
+So, first off, there's
+two important aspects
+
+to this argument.
+
+The first thing is,
+that we're visualizing
+
+this is a nearly
+complete binary tree.
+
+It is not an unbalanced tree.
+
+Alright?
+
+We'll talk about unbalanced
+trees and balanced trees
+
+in the next couple of lectures.
+
+But the visualization of a heap
+is a nearly complete binary
+
+tree.
+
+And, in fact, if
+you had 15 elements,
+
+it would be a
+perfect binary tree.
+
+So the good news is, that the
+height of this visualization
+
+tree is bounded by log n.
+
+That's the good news.
+
+And you want to
+exploit that good news
+
+by creating algorithms
+that go level by level.
+
+If you can do that, you're going
+to have logarithmic complexity
+
+algorithms.
+
+So that was one aspect of it.
+
+The other aspect of it,
+is the key assumption
+
+that we're making, with
+respect to build-max-heap,
+
+that there was a
+single violation.
+
+It is true that the answer that
+was given that was order n,
+
+would be a problem.
+
+I could set it up so that's
+actually the right answer,
+
+if I did not have this
+assumption-- where
+
+do I have that here-- assume
+that the trees rooted at left i
+
+and right i are max-heaps.
+
+So maybe that's what
+you were thinking.
+
+But this is a key assumption.
+
+This is going back
+and like making
+
+connections between classes.
+
+This is a precondition
+that makes
+
+the algorithm more efficient.
+
+Makes the implementation easier.
+
+And this precondition
+essentially
+
+says that you have to just go
+down and do a number of steps,
+
+that's the number of levels in
+the tree, which is logarithmic.
+
+So that's the story here
+with the max-heapify.
+
+It's order log n, in
+terms of complexity.
+
+That's the number of
+steps that you have.
+
+And it's a basic building block
+for all of the other algorithms
+
+that we look at for the rest
+of this lecture, and in section
+
+tomorrow.
+
+Let's talk about how you
+would take max-heapify and use
+
+it to do build-max-heap.
+
+So the first step
+now, let's say that we
+
+want to go and get a
+nice sorting algorithm.
+
+We don't like insertion sort,
+we don't like merge sort.
+
+We'd like to get a
+heap-based sorting algorithm.
+
+One of the things that
+we need to do, as I said,
+
+is to take an unordered
+array, and turn it
+
+into a max-heap, which is
+a non-trivial thing to do.
+
+And once we do that, we can
+do this extract-max deal
+
+to sort the array.
+
+So the first step is, we
+want to convert an array A 1
+
+through n into a max-heap.
+
+And the key word
+here is max-heap,
+
+because every array can
+be visualized as a heap.
+
+And I am going write the
+pseudocode for build-max-heap,
+
+because it's just
+two lines of code.
+
+And that's about the limit
+of a size of a program
+
+I can really understand,
+or explain, I should say.
+
+And this is what it looks like.
+
+Alright.
+
+that's it.
+
+Build-max-heap says go from
+i equals n, by 2, down to 1.
+
+Max-heapify A of i.
+
+So someone explain to me why
+I can start with n over 2,
+
+and why I'm going down to 1.
+
+Yep.
+
+I saw you first.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Leaves are good.
+
+Leaves are good.
+
+I'll let you go on in a second.
+
+Leaves are good, because if you
+look at elements A of n over 2,
+
+plus 1 through n,
+are all leaves.
+
+That's a good observation.
+
+And this is true for any array.
+
+It doesn't matter what n is.
+
+Doesn't have the power of
+2, or 2 [INAUDIBLE] minus 1,
+
+or anything like that.
+
+And leaves a good,
+because they automatically
+
+satisfy the backseat property.
+
+Continue.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK. [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's exactly right.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+I won't hit anybody here.
+
+So that's it.
+
+The reason this works,
+is because you're
+
+calling max-heapify
+multiple times,
+
+but every time you call it,
+you satisfy the precondition.
+
+And the leaves are
+automatically max-heaps.
+
+Then you start with n over 2.
+
+You are going to see two
+leaves as your children
+
+for the n over 2 node, right?
+
+I mean, just pick
+an example here.
+
+Our 2 is an A of 5, right?
+
+You're out here.
+
+In this case, depending
+on the value of n,
+
+you may have either two
+children, or just one child.
+
+And you have one child.
+
+But regardless of
+that, that's going
+
+to be a max-heap,
+because it's a leaf.
+
+And so you'll have
+two leaves, and you
+
+need to put them together.
+
+And that's a fairly
+straightforward process
+
+of attaching the
+leaves together.
+
+You might have to do a swap,
+based on what the element is.
+
+One operation and you
+get a little small tree,
+
+that's a max-heap.
+
+And then you do a
+bunch of other things
+
+that all work on leaves,
+because n over 2 minus 1
+
+is probably also
+going to have leaves
+
+as it's children, given
+the large value of n.
+
+There will be a
+bunch of things where
+
+you work on these level
+one nodes, if you will,
+
+that all have
+leaves as children.
+
+And then you work on
+the level two nodes,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+And as I said before,
+you're working your way up,
+
+and you're only
+working with max-heaps
+
+as your left child
+and your right child.
+
+That make sense?
+
+If you do that, and this
+is a fairly straightforward
+
+question, if you do
+a straightforward
+
+analysis of this, what is the
+complexity of build-max-heap?
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's order.
+
+Order n log n.
+
+Now, this is through
+a simple analysis.
+
+Now I'm going to
+give you a chance
+
+to tell me if you can
+do better than that.
+
+Or not.
+
+In terms of analysis.
+
+It's a subtle question.
+
+It's a subtle question,
+that I'm asking.
+
+I'm saying, this is
+the algorithm, alright?
+
+I don't want you to
+change the algorithm,
+
+but I want you to
+change your analysis.
+
+The analysis that
+you just did was,
+
+you said, I got
+[INAUDIBLE] n steps here,
+
+because it's n by 2 steps.
+
+Looks like each of the
+steps is taking log n time.
+
+So that's n log n.
+
+And I was careful.
+
+I put big O here.
+
+OK?
+
+Because that's an upper bond.
+
+So that's a valid answer.
+
+Can you do better?
+
+Can you do a better
+analysis-- and I'll
+
+let you go first-- can you do
+a better analysis that somehow
+
+gives me better complexity?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think you
+bring it to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How?
+
+AUDIENCE: So each node get a
+maximum of two [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So, for some n, there will be a
+constant number of comparisons
+
+to max-heapify that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's hard to explain.
+
+You're on the right track.
+
+Absolutely on the right track.
+
+So it turns out that,
+and I'll do this,
+
+it's going to take
+a few minutes here,
+
+because I write some things out.
+
+You have to sum up a bunch of
+arithmetic series, and so on.
+
+So it's a bit unfair to have
+to speak out the answer,
+
+but the correct
+answer, in fact, is
+
+that this is order n complexity.
+
+This algorithm
+that I put up here,
+
+if you do a careful
+analysis of it,
+
+you can get order n out of it.
+
+And we'll do this
+careful analysis.
+
+And I'll tell you
+why it's order n,
+
+in terms of a hand
+wavy argument.
+
+A hand wavy argument is
+that you're doing basically,
+
+obviously no work
+for the leaves.
+
+But you're not
+even counting that,
+
+because you're
+starting with n over 2.
+
+But when you look at
+the n over 2 node,
+
+it's essentially one
+operation, or two operations,
+
+in whichever way you
+count, to build max-heap.
+
+And so for that
+first level of nodes,
+
+it's exactly one operation.
+
+The first level that
+are above the leaves.
+
+For the next level, you may
+be doing two operations.
+
+And so there is an
+increase in operations
+
+as you get higher and higher up.
+
+But there are fewer
+and fewer nodes as you
+
+at higher and higher up, right?
+
+Because there's only one node
+that is the highest level node.
+
+The root node.
+
+That node has logarithmic
+number of operations,
+
+but it's only one node.
+
+The ones down on the bottom
+have a constant number
+
+of operations.
+
+So I'll put all of this
+down, and hopefully you'll
+
+be convinced by the time
+we've done some math here,
+
+or some arithmetic here, but
+you can quantify what I just
+
+said fairly easily,
+as long as you're
+
+careful about the counting
+that we have to do.
+
+So this is really,
+truly counting.
+
+Analysis has a lot
+to do with counting.
+
+And we're just being more
+careful with the counting,
+
+as opposed to this
+straightforward argument that
+
+wasn't particularly
+careful with the counting.
+
+So let's take a look at
+exactly this algorithm.
+
+And I want to make
+an observation.
+
+Which is what I just did,
+but I'd like to write it out.
+
+Where we say, max-heapify
+takes constant time
+
+for nodes that are one
+level above leaves.
+
+And, in general,
+order L time for nodes
+
+that are L levels
+above the leaves.
+
+That's observation number one.
+
+Observation number
+two is that we
+
+have n over 4 nodes
+that, give or take one,
+
+depending on the value of n.
+
+I don't want to get hung
+up on floors and ceilings.
+
+And in any case,
+we're eventually
+
+going to get an
+asymptotic result,
+
+so we don't have to
+worry about that.
+
+But we have n over four nodes
+with level one, n over 8
+
+with level two.
+
+And 1 node with log
+n, sort of the log n
+
+level, which is the root.
+
+So this is decrease in
+terms of nodes as the work
+
+that you're doing increases.
+
+And that's the careful
+accounting that we have to do.
+
+And so all I have to do now
+to prove to you that this
+
+is actually an
+order and algorithm,
+
+is to write a little
+summation that sums up
+
+all of the work across
+these different levels.
+
+And so the total amount
+of work in the 4 loop
+
+can be summed as n divided
+by 4, times 1, times c.
+
+So this sum, I have
+one level here,
+
+and I'm going to do some
+constant amount of work
+
+for that one level.
+
+So I'm just going
+to put c out there,
+
+because eventually I can
+take away the c, right?
+
+That's the beauty
+of asymptotics.
+
+So we don't need to
+argue about how much work
+
+is done at that one
+level, how many swaps,
+
+et cetera, et cetera.
+
+But the fact is that
+these n over four nodes
+
+are one level above the leaves.
+
+That's what's key.
+
+And then I have n over 8 times
+2c, plus n over 16 times 3c,
+
+plus 1 times log of n c.
+
+I've essentially written
+in an arithmetic expression
+
+exactly what I have
+observed on the board above.
+
+Stop me if you have questions.
+
+Now I'm going to set--
+just to try and make
+
+this a little easier to
+look at, and easy to reason
+
+about-- I'm going to set
+n over 4 to 2 raised to k,
+
+and I'm going to simplify.
+
+I'm just pulling
+out certain things,
+
+and this thing is going
+to translate to c times 2
+
+raised to k, times 1,
+divided by 2 raised to 0,
+
+2 divided by 2 raised to 1,
+3 divided by 2 raised to 2,
+
+et cetera, k plus 1
+divided by 2 raised to k.
+
+Now, if that was
+confusing, raise your hand,
+
+but it's essentially identical
+given the substitution and sort
+
+of just applying the
+distributive law.
+
+And the reason I did
+this, is because I
+
+wanted you to see the arithmetic
+expression that's in here.
+
+Now we do know that 2 raised
+to k is n over four, of course.
+
+But if you look at this
+expression that's inside here,
+
+what is this expression?
+
+Anyone?
+
+Can you bound this expression?
+
+Someone?
+
+For the cushion.
+
+Remember your arithmetic
+series from wherever it was.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You know better than I. I guess
+you took those courses more
+
+recently, but what
+happens with that?
+
+Those of you who
+have calculators,
+
+I mean, you could plug
+that in, and answer that.
+
+No one?
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You know that it's
+going to merge to two.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's exactly
+what I was looking for.
+
+Essentially, well, it's not
+quite two, because you have a 1
+
+here, and you have a 1 here,
+but you're exactly right.
+
+I mean, two is good.
+
+It's asymptotic,
+I mean, come on.
+
+I'm not going to complain
+about two versus three, right?
+
+So the point is it's
+bounded by a constant.
+
+It's bounded by a constant.
+
+This is a convergent series
+and it's bounded by a constant.
+
+And we can argue about
+what the constant is.
+
+It's less than three.
+
+And it doesn't matter
+of k goes to infinity.
+
+And you want k to
+go to infinity,
+
+but it doesn't matter if
+k is small or k is large,
+
+this is bounded by a constant.
+
+And that's the key observation.
+
+What do we have left?
+
+What do we have left?
+
+We have a constant there.
+
+We have a c, which
+is a constant,
+
+and we have a 2 raised
+to k, which is really n.
+
+So there you go.
+
+There you have your
+theta n complexity.
+
+Now I can say theta n,
+because I know it's theta n.
+
+But big O of n, theta
+n, that's what it is.
+
+So that's what I'd say
+is subtle analysis.
+
+Clearly a little more
+complicated than anything
+
+we've done so far, and let me
+see if there are questions.
+
+How many people got this?
+
+I did too.
+
+Someone who didn't get
+it, ask a question.
+
+What didn't you get?
+
+What step would you
+like me to repeat here?
+
+Any particular step?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This thing here?
+
+Right here?
+
+OK, so you're not convinced
+that this expression
+
+got translated to
+this expression.
+
+So let me try and convince
+you of that, alright?
+
+So let's take a look
+at each of the terms.
+
+n by 4 is 2 raised to k.
+
+I'm just looking at
+this term and this term.
+
+n by 4 is 2 raised to k.
+
+c is c.
+
+And I just wrote 1 as 1 divided
+by 2 raised to 0, which is 1.
+
+And the reason I
+want you to do this,
+
+is because I want to show you an
+expression where in some sense,
+
+this is the term that is the
+summation for your expression.
+
+If we just replace this,
+you can write this out
+
+as i equals 0 through k, I plus
+1 divided by 2 raised to i.
+
+That is the symbolic
+form of this expression,
+
+which came from here.
+
+And then the argument
+was made that this
+
+is a convergent series and
+is bounded by a constant.
+
+That make sense?
+
+Good.
+
+So that's pretty neat, right?
+
+I mean, you have the same
+algorithm and, whala,
+
+it suddenly got more efficient.
+
+Doesn't always happen,
+but that tells you
+
+that you have to have
+some care in doing
+
+your analysis, because what
+really happened here, was you
+
+did a rudimentary analysis.
+
+You said, this was order
+log n, big O log n,
+
+and you said this was theta
+n, and you ended up with this.
+
+But in reality, it's
+actually a faster algorithm.
+
+So that's the good news.
+
+Build-max-heap can be
+done in order n time.
+
+Now in the time that I
+have left, it turns out,
+
+we are essentially all
+the way to heaps sort.
+
+Because all we
+have to do is use,
+
+once we have
+build-max-heap, I'll
+
+just write out the
+code for heap sort,
+
+and you can take a look
+at examples in the notes.
+
+The pseudocode, I should
+say, for heap sort.
+
+And it looks like this.
+
+The first step that you
+do is you build max-heap
+
+from the unordered array.
+
+Then you find the
+maximum element AA[1].
+
+All of this I've
+said multiple times.
+
+Now the key step is, you
+could do extract max,
+
+but one nice way
+of handling this,
+
+is to swap the elements
+AA[n] with AA[1].
+
+Let me write this
+out and explain
+
+exactly what that means.
+
+Now the maximum element is
+at the end of the array.
+
+When you do the swap.
+
+That's the one step
+that I will have
+
+to spend another minute on.
+
+Now we discard node
+n from the heap,
+
+simply by decrementing
+heap size.
+
+So the heap becomes
+n minus 1 in size
+
+from n in the first iteration.
+
+Now the new root after the
+swap may violate max-heap,
+
+we'll call it the
+max-heap property,
+
+but the children are max-heaps.
+
+So that's the one node that
+can possibly violate it.
+
+So what that means, is we can
+run max-heapify to fix this.
+
+And that's it .
+
+Once you do that, you
+go back to that step.
+
+So what's happened here exactly?
+
+Well this part we spent
+a bunch of time on.
+
+element is the maximum
+element, so you grab that.
+
+And you know that's
+a maximum element.
+
+One way of doing it is to
+use extract max, but rather
+
+than doing extract max, which
+I haven't explained to you,
+
+you could imagine
+that you go off
+
+and you swap the top element
+with the bottom element,
+
+and then you discard it.
+
+So here's a trivial
+example, where
+
+let's say I had 4, 2, and
+1, which is a max-heap.
+
+What would happen is you'd
+say, I'm going to take 4
+
+and I'm going swap it with 1.
+
+And so you have, 1, 2, and 4.
+
+Now four used to be AA[1], and
+that's the maximum element,
+
+and I'm just going to
+delete it from the heap,
+
+which means I'm going to end up
+with a heap that looks like--
+
+a heap, not a max-heap--
+that looks like this.
+
+And I write down 4 here.
+
+4 is the first element
+in my sorted array.
+
+Now I look at 1 and
+2, and 1 and 2 there's
+
+obviously not a max-heap.
+
+But I can run max-- I know
+the child is a max-heap,
+
+so I can run
+max-heapify on this.
+
+And what this turns
+into is 2 and 1.
+
+And at this point, I know
+that the max is the root,
+
+because I've run max-heapify
+and I take 2 out,
+
+and after this, it
+becomes trivial.
+
+But that's the
+general algorithm.
+
+So this whole thing
+takes order n log n time,
+
+because even though
+build-max-heap
+
+is order n and max
+element is constant time,
+
+swapping the elements
+is constant time.
+
+But running max-heapify
+is order log n time,
+
+and you have n steps.
+
+So you have an order
+n log n algorithm.
+
+But the first step
+was order n, which
+
+is what we spent a
+bunch of time on.
+
+So I'll show you
+examples in the notes,
+
+and that will get
+covered again in section.
+
+I'll stick around for questions.
+
+See you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D-9R7zfUTWw.txt b/D-9R7zfUTWw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a18ce00144b4603bc8504dc258c42267a9de2e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D-9R7zfUTWw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+This is a story of D2Hawkeye,
+a medical data mining
+
+company located in
+Waltham, Massachusetts.
+
+The company was founded by Chris
+Kryder, a medical doctor who
+
+was an MIT physician
+in the 1990s.
+
+The company was founded in 2001.
+
+I have been in the board
+of this company since 2002.
+
+The company combines
+expert knowledge
+
+and databases with analytics
+to improve quality and course
+
+management in health care.
+
+The company was located
+in Waltham, Massachusetts.
+
+It grew very fast and was sold
+to Verisk Analytics in 2009.
+
+The overall process that
+D2Hawkeye uses is as follows.
+
+It starts with
+medical claims that
+
+consist of diagnoses,
+procedures, and drugs.
+
+These medical claims
+are then processed
+
+via process of aggregation,
+cleaning, and normalization.
+
+This data then enters
+secure databases
+
+on which predictive
+models are applied.
+
+The output of predictive
+models are specific reports
+
+that give insight to
+the various questions
+
+that D2Hawkeye
+aspires to answer.
+
+The company tries to improve
+health care case management.
+
+Specifically, it tries to
+identify high-risk patients,
+
+work with patients to manage
+treatment and associated costs,
+
+and arrange specialist care.
+
+Medical costs, of course,
+is a serious matter
+
+both for the patient as
+well as the provider.
+
+Being able to predict this
+cost is an important problem
+
+that interests both the patients
+as well as the providers.
+
+The overall goal of
+D2Hawkeye is to improve
+
+the quality of cost predictions.
+
+D2Hawkeye had many
+different types of clients.
+
+The most important were
+third party administrators
+
+of medical claims.
+
+Third party administrators
+are companies
+
+hired by the employer who manage
+the claims of the employees.
+
+Now the type of clients were
+case management companies,
+
+benefits consultants,
+and health plans.
+
+The company grew and by 2009,
+it analyzed monthly millions
+
+of people through the
+analytic platform it built.
+
+This corresponded to
+thousands of employers
+
+that were processed monthly.
+
+To analyze the data,
+the company used
+
+what we call a
+pre-analytics approach.
+
+This was based on the human
+judgment of physicians
+
+who manually analyze patient
+histories and developed
+
+medical rules.
+
+Of course, this
+involved human judgment,
+
+utilized a limited
+set of data, it
+
+was often costly, and
+somewhat inefficient.
+
+The key question we
+analyze in this lecture
+
+is "Can we use
+analytics instead?"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DUKQ2SogFf8.txt b/DUKQ2SogFf8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8eef41dcfafb30989fbbe0bac62a4c91cd70e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DUKQ2SogFf8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industrial processes are highly energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes are highly energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes are highly energy
+intensive and currently account for 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and currently account for 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and currently account for 1/3
+of global energy use CO2 emissions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global energy use CO2 emissions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global energy use CO2 emissions from
+industri 3 have increased about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industri 3 have increased about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industri 3 have increased about
+0.6% from 2012 to 2013 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6% from 2012 to 2013 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6% from 2012 to 2013 this is
+equivalent to adding 27 million cars on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to adding 27 million cars on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to adding 27 million cars on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+road how can industry remain competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road how can industry remain competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road how can industry remain competitive
+and commercially viable without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commercially viable without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commercially viable without
+jeopardizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizing the
+environment one of the promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment one of the promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment one of the promising
+solution is the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is the implementation of
+industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+symbiosis in this teaching module I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis in this teaching module I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis in this teaching module I'll
+present an industrial symbiosis case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present an industrial symbiosis case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present an industrial symbiosis case
+study in Naya iscandar Malaysia what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Naya iscandar Malaysia what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in Naya iscandar Malaysia what is
+industrial symbiosis the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis the concept of
+industrial symbiosis comes from natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis comes from natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis comes from natural
+EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC
+ecosystems let's take a look at a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems let's take a look at a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems let's take a look at a simple
+example in nature there is no such thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in nature there is no such thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in nature there is no such thing
+as garbage outputs become inputs for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as garbage outputs become inputs for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as garbage outputs become inputs for a
+different part of the ecosystem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the ecosystem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the ecosystem a
+Falling Leaf decomposes into soy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falling Leaf decomposes into soy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falling Leaf decomposes into soy
+nutrients which then allows tree to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients which then allows tree to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients which then allows tree to grow
+in other words waste has become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words waste has become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words waste has become a
+resource and the process is repeated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource and the process is repeated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource and the process is repeated in
+a close ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close ecological
+system the same principle is applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the same principle is applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the same principle is applied in
+industrial symbiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis
+industrial symbiosis is an Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis is an Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis is an Innovative
+concept where the byproduct or output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept where the byproduct or output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept where the byproduct or output of
+one company can become the raw material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company can become the raw material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company can become the raw material
+of another company by creating a Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another company by creating a Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another company by creating a Clos
+cycle of wayte to resources between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of wayte to resources between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of wayte to resources between
+companies it involves exchanges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies it involves exchanges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies it involves exchanges of
+byproduct water and energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct water and energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct water and energy between
+companies more than 170 successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies more than 170 successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies more than 170 successful
+industrial symbiosis can be found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis can be found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis can be found in the
+world such as colomo semiosis Park in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world such as colomo semiosis Park in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world such as colomo semiosis Park in
+Denmark kawasi Echo industrial park in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark kawasi Echo industrial park in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark kawasi Echo industrial park in
+Japan smart Park in Texas USA alen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan smart Park in Texas USA alen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan smart Park in Texas USA alen in
+Korea suzu industrial park in China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea suzu industrial park in China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea suzu industrial park in China and
+green Industrial Park in nus jaaya in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Industrial Park in nus jaaya in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Industrial Park in nus jaaya in
+Malaysia industrial symbis is put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia industrial symbis is put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia industrial symbis is put into
+practice in iscandar Malaysia located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in iscandar Malaysia located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in iscandar Malaysia located in
+southern Peninsula Malaysia in a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Peninsula Malaysia in a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Peninsula Malaysia in a complex
+known as the Southern Industrial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Southern Industrial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Southern Industrial and
+logistic cluster located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic cluster located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic cluster located
+inaya industrial s meres in Naya is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaya industrial s meres in Naya is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaya industrial s meres in Naya is
+built as a network of cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built as a network of cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built as a network of cooperation
+between four biotech companies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four biotech companies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four biotech companies the
+companies exchange materials byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies exchange materials byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies exchange materials byproduct
+or energy with each other for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy with each other for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy with each other for example
+one utr company bio XEL rad is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one utr company bio XEL rad is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one utr company bio XEL rad is using
+palm oil waste as fuel to generate steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm oil waste as fuel to generate steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm oil waste as fuel to generate steam
+that is supplied to nearby Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is supplied to nearby Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is supplied to nearby Industries
+Industrial Waste generated from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Waste generated from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Waste generated from other
+companies will also be sent to the biox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies will also be sent to the biox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies will also be sent to the biox
+was water treatment facilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was water treatment facilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was water treatment facilities for
+further processing to produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further processing to produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further processing to produce an
+alternative fuel called biog gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuel called biog gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuel called biog gas the
+biogas generated can then be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogas generated can then be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogas generated can then be used as a
+renewable energy source to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source to generate
+steam or electricity to supply back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam or electricity to supply back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam or electricity to supply back to
+the industrial area nearby the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial area nearby the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial area nearby the waste
+left after this process is then sold as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after this process is then sold as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after this process is then sold as
+fertilizer as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer as you can see the
+visualization clearly shows the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization clearly shows the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization clearly shows the main
+concept of industrial symbiosis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of industrial symbiosis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of industrial symbiosis which is
+utilization of one company by product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of one company by product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of one company by product
+energy or water as raw material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or water as raw material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or water as raw material for
+another company has been implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company has been implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company has been implemented in
+Naya how can industrial symbiosis reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naya how can industrial symbiosis reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naya how can industrial symbiosis reduce
+emissions and generate economic benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and generate economic benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and generate economic benefits
+or in other words what is the advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words what is the advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words what is the advantages
+of industrial symbiosis there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial symbiosis there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial symbiosis there are
+multiple advantages of industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple advantages of industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple advantages of industrial
+symbiosis first this practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis first this practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis first this practice
+significantly reduces the volume of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduces the volume of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduces the volume of w
+being disposed in land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being disposed in land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being disposed in land
+Fields second the cost of raw material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields second the cost of raw material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields second the cost of raw material
+and waste treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waste treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waste treatment is
+reduced third raw material energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced third raw material energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced third raw material energy and
+water are conserved because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water are conserved because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water are conserved because the
+byproduct or are turned into raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct or are turned into raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct or are turned into raw
+material energy is recovered and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material energy is recovered and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material energy is recovered and water
+is reused fourth industrial syis also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reused fourth industrial syis also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reused fourth industrial syis also
+leads to reduction in fuel consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to reduction in fuel consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to reduction in fuel consumption
+and transportation cost due to Shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation cost due to Shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation cost due to Shorter
+Transportation distances for byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation distances for byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation distances for byproduct
+always to the industry as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to the industry as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to the industry as a result
+industrial simulis could produce fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simulis could produce fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simulis could produce fever
+Transportation related emissions an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation related emissions an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation related emissions an
+example of successful industrial simis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of successful industrial simis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of successful industrial simis
+is colon it is the world's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is colon it is the world's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is colon it is the world's first
+industrial simis site and has been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simis site and has been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simis site and has been in
+operation for more than 30 years it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for more than 30 years it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for more than 30 years it has
+achieved significant environmental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved significant environmental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved significant environmental and
+economic returns through integrating 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic returns through integrating 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic returns through integrating 30
+companies colok has reduced about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies colok has reduced about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies colok has reduced about
+160,000 tons of CO2 emissions and see 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160,000 tons of CO2 emissions and see 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160,000 tons of CO2 emissions and see 3
+million M cube of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million M cube of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million M cube of
+water the process also save more than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the process also save more than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the process also save more than 1
+million us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million us
+annually all due to recycling and reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually all due to recycling and reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually all due to recycling and reuse
+of industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial
+byproducts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts in
+comparison industrial syis inaya has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison industrial syis inaya has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison industrial syis inaya has
+only been operating since 2009 and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been operating since 2009 and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been operating since 2009 and is
+still at its infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at its infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at its infant
+stage however given the benefit at colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage however given the benefit at colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage however given the benefit at colum
+industrial symbiosis inaya in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis inaya in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis inaya in the long
+run could be a very promising strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run could be a very promising strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run could be a very promising strategy
+to help reduce carbon emissions by 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help reduce carbon emissions by 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help reduce carbon emissions by 50%
+in the iscandar region by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the iscandar region by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the iscandar region by
+20125 this is in line with the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20125 this is in line with the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20125 this is in line with the action
+plans in the low carbon Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans in the low carbon Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans in the low carbon Society
+blueprint for iscandar Malaysia as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for iscandar Malaysia as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for iscandar Malaysia as we
+all know um our prime minister was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know um our prime minister was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know um our prime minister was
+launched low carbons blueprints in 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched low carbons blueprints in 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched low carbons blueprints in 2012
+so could you please explain what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you please explain what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could you please explain what is the
+initiative inside low carbon Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative inside low carbon Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative inside low carbon Society
+blueprint for iscandal Malia yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for iscandal Malia yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for iscandal Malia yeah I
+believe we are talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we are talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we are talking about this
+blueprint the low carbon Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint the low carbon Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint the low carbon Society
+blueprint that actually give the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint that actually give the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint that actually give the 12
+action framework for how iscandal Mia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action framework for how iscandal Mia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action framework for how iscandal Mia
+should drive and it's actually cover our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should drive and it's actually cover our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should drive and it's actually cover our
+three main core component economy social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main core component economy social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main core component economy social
+and also environment and this 12 action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also environment and this 12 action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also environment and this 12 action
+plan is actually looking at how each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is actually looking at how each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is actually looking at how each of
+us can actually working together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us can actually working together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us can actually working together to
+actually drive this initiative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive this initiative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive this initiative in
+isand successful implement ation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isand successful implement ation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isand successful implement ation of
+industrial syes will not happen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial syes will not happen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial syes will not happen by
+accident several challenges need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident several challenges need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident several challenges need to be
+overcome for the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome for the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome for the development of
+industrial symbis inaya to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbis inaya to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbis inaya to become a
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+model first issue is related to logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model first issue is related to logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model first issue is related to logistic
+Factor there are four palm oil Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor there are four palm oil Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor there are four palm oil Mills
+within 20 to 40 kilomet in escanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 to 40 kilomet in escanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 to 40 kilomet in escanda
+Malaysia these Mills are a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia these Mills are a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia these Mills are a potential
+supply of waste to the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of waste to the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of waste to the industrial
+park this long distance however will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park this long distance however will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park this long distance however will
+require large storage in industrial P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require large storage in industrial P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require large storage in industrial P to
+ensure the continuous supply of palm oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the continuous supply of palm oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the continuous supply of palm oil
+waste thus it is recommended to site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste thus it is recommended to site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste thus it is recommended to site
+Industrial symes in an area adjacent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial symes in an area adjacent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial symes in an area adjacent or
+close to the source of waste such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the source of waste such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the source of waste such as
+palm oil Mills to minimize the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm oil Mills to minimize the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm oil Mills to minimize the cost of
+Transportation as well as reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation as well as reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation as well as reduce the
+size of storage needed for palm oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of storage needed for palm oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of storage needed for palm oil
+waste second a major challenge concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste second a major challenge concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste second a major challenge concerns
+laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and
+regulations the national Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the national Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the national Green
+Technology policy and a fit in tarff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology policy and a fit in tarff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology policy and a fit in tarff
+were established in 2009 and 2011 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were established in 2009 and 2011 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were established in 2009 and 2011 to
+promote sustainable development for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote sustainable development for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote sustainable development for
+industry in Malaysia however there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in Malaysia however there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in Malaysia however there are
+no specific regulation or policies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no specific regulation or policies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no specific regulation or policies to
+encourage industry to form symbiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage industry to form symbiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage industry to form symbiotic
+linkages in Japan for example the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages in Japan for example the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages in Japan for example the sound
+material cycle Society was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material cycle Society was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material cycle Society was
+formed it consists of various Recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed it consists of various Recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed it consists of various Recycling
+and green purchasing laws to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green purchasing laws to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green purchasing laws to support the
+trading and selling of weight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading and selling of weight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading and selling of weight for
+industry inside and outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry inside and outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry inside and outside the
+industrial park this initiative will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial park this initiative will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial park this initiative will
+create sufficient and comparatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create sufficient and comparatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create sufficient and comparatively
+cheaper ways to use as raw material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper ways to use as raw material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper ways to use as raw material for
+industry in addition to the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in addition to the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in addition to the lack of
+appropriate policy lack of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate policy lack of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate policy lack of financial
+support is also one of the barriers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is also one of the barriers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is also one of the barriers that
+hinder the development of a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinder the development of a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinder the development of a more complex
+industrial symbiosis Park inaya in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis Park inaya in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis Park inaya in Japan
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+$227 million us were alloc ated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$227 million us were alloc ated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$227 million us were alloc ated by the
+government to build new recycling plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to build new recycling plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to build new recycling plants
+in Kawasaki eot town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kawasaki eot town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kawasaki eot town in
+1997 in Malaysia the sustainable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 in Malaysia the sustainable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 in Malaysia the sustainable energy
+Development Authority provides Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Authority provides Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Authority provides Financial
+incentive in the form of feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive in the form of feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive in the form of feeding
+tariffs however this incentive are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs however this incentive are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs however this incentive are only
+beneficial for palm oil industrial park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for palm oil industrial park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for palm oil industrial park
+because they have no cost for waste or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have no cost for waste or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have no cost for waste or
+transportation in addition to the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in addition to the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in addition to the factor
+that I have just highlighted the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have just highlighted the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have just highlighted the concept
+of industrial symbiosis in nusajaya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial symbiosis in nusajaya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial symbiosis in nusajaya
+can be extended to Urban symbiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extended to Urban symbiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extended to Urban symbiosis
+similar to the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the system in
+colomo special planning factor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colomo special planning factor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colomo special planning factor which is
+the distance between industrial park and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between industrial park and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between industrial park and
+residential area and strong linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential area and strong linkages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential area and strong linkages
+between state and local development have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between state and local development have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between state and local development have
+contributed to this integrated effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to this integrated effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to this integrated effort
+the sustainable supply of waste could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sustainable supply of waste could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sustainable supply of waste could be
+generated from this effort since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from this effort since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from this effort since
+municipal waste could also become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal waste could also become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal waste could also become a
+source of raw material for industry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of raw material for industry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of raw material for industry in
+return the municipality also benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the municipality also benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the municipality also benefits
+from this initiative since the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initiative since the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initiative since the energy
+generated by industrial symbiosis will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by industrial symbiosis will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by industrial symbiosis will
+be supplied to the municipality thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be supplied to the municipality thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be supplied to the municipality thus
+reducing the municipality heavy Reliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the municipality heavy Reliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the municipality heavy Reliance
+on fossil fuel what can be learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fossil fuel what can be learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fossil fuel what can be learned from
+industrial symbiosis in Naya and how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis in Naya and how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial symbiosis in Naya and how can
+it be duplicated elsewhere the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be duplicated elsewhere the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be duplicated elsewhere the case of
+industrial simis in Naya provides a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simis in Naya provides a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial simis in Naya provides a good
+lessons to accelerate the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to accelerate the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to accelerate the development of
+industrial sosis in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sosis in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sosis in developing countries
+the primary elements that are necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary elements that are necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary elements that are necessary
+to support the successful implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support the successful implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support the successful implementation
+of industrial simulis in other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial simulis in other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrial simulis in other countries
+are first availability of renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first availability of renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first availability of renewable
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+source second distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source second distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source second distance from the
+renewable energy source to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source to the
+industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+par third a strong Regulatory and legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par third a strong Regulatory and legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par third a strong Regulatory and legal
+structure around climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure around climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure around climate change
+mitigations fourth Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigations fourth Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigations fourth Financial
+incentives fifth strong linkage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives fifth strong linkage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives fifth strong linkage between
+national state and local development to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national state and local development to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national state and local development to
+encourage integrated industrial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage integrated industrial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage integrated industrial and
+urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+symbiosis last but not least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis last but not least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiosis last but not least this
+initiative would not be possible without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative would not be possible without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative would not be possible without
+strong commitment from industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong commitment from industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong commitment from industry and
+stakeholders towards sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders towards sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders towards sustainable
+development as we come to the end can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as we come to the end can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as we come to the end can
+industry safe the environment while also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry safe the environment while also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry safe the environment while also
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+competitive the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive the answer is
+simple theing ways to resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theing ways to resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theing ways to resource
+by implementing industrial symbiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DZ7jt1F8KKw.txt b/DZ7jt1F8KKw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..609717a4d6ef3e08ca8a7d08f41c46adb6255f09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DZ7jt1F8KKw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13856 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we begin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we begin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we begin a
+topic dear to my heartart it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic dear to my heartart it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic dear to my heartart it's a problem
+that's still pretty open but I've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still pretty open but I've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still pretty open but I've worked
+on a lot Dynamic optimality central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot Dynamic optimality central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot Dynamic optimality central
+question here is is there one binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is is there one binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is is there one binary
+search tree that's at least as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree that's at least as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree that's at least as good as
+all other binary search trees is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other binary search trees is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other binary search trees is there
+one binary search tree to rule them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one binary search tree to rule them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one binary search tree to rule them all
+uh it's kind of a fundamental question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's kind of a fundamental question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's kind of a fundamental question
+goes back to the 80s uh it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the 80s uh it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the 80s uh it's in
+particular SP trees which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular SP trees which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular SP trees which you have
+probably seen before we'll review them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen before we'll review them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen before we'll review them
+briefly here uh and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly here uh and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly here uh and there's a lot of
+Technology built up which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology built up which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology built up which we'll talk
+about this lecture and next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture and next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture and next lecture
+about how to tackle this problem uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to tackle this problem uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to tackle this problem uh it's
+still active area of research so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh before I get to well the the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I get to well the the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I get to well the the central
+question here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+best binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree it's it's a natural question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's it's a natural question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's it's a natural question
+because we use binary search trees all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use binary search trees all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use binary search trees all
+the time already in this class probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time already in this class probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time already in this class probably
+every lecture we've used a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture we've used a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture we've used a binary search
+tree for something um and we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for something um and we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for something um and we all know
+how to do uh order log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do uh order log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do uh order log
+in um you Balan minary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees and the question becomes is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and the question becomes is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and the question becomes is this
+the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do uh to make this more formal of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh to make this more formal of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh to make this more formal of a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well yeah I want to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I want to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I want to Define
+binary search tree as a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree as a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree as a model of
+computation okay we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay we've talked about
+Pointer Machine model binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pointer Machine model binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pointer Machine model binary search tree
+model is a more restricted version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a more restricted version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a more restricted version of
+pointer machine so it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine so it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine so it's less than
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine just so it's clear what the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine just so it's clear what the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine just so it's clear what the name
+of this game is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game is uh we
+require the data to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stored in a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in a binary search
+tree as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keys and then we allow basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me make sure I get the right list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can follow pointers and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow pointers and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow pointers and we're going
+to assume our BST has left left child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume our BST has left left child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume our BST has left left child
+pointers right child pointers and parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers right child pointers and parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers right child pointers and parent
+pointers you can do each of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers you can do each of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers you can do each of these in
+constant time and then the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then the interesting
+one interesting thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing you can do is
+rotate a node and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay
+so sure you've seen rotations before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is my node X and I do rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is my node X and I do rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is my node X and I do rotate
+X that's going to be my definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's going to be my definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's going to be my definition of
+rotation X moves to the root it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation X moves to the root it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation X moves to the root it's in
+this case because X was to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because X was to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because X was to the right of
+its parent it remains now to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parent it remains now to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parent it remains now to the right
+of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+uh what now becomes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child these sub trees come along for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child these sub trees come along for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child these sub trees come along for the
+ride this preserves the binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride this preserves the binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride this preserves the binary search
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+property and you could get back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and you could get back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and you could get back by
+rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay by this definition of rotate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay by this definition of rotate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay by this definition of rotate we
+don't need to distinguish between left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to distinguish between left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to distinguish between left
+and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right
+rotations uh we always name the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations uh we always name the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations uh we always name the child
+and parent is well defined that's who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parent is well defined that's who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parent is well defined that's who we
+rotate with so it's just uh flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate with so it's just uh flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate with so it's just uh flipping
+this Edge uh so these are the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge uh so these are the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge uh so these are the operations
+you can do and in this model the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and in this model the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and in this model the really
+the only thing you can do is a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is a search
+suppose I want to search for a key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to search for a key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to search for a key uh
+the model is to do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is to do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is to do a search
+uh I start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I start at the
+root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the
+tree of the binary search tree I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the binary search tree I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the binary search tree I can do
+these walks I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these walks I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these walks I can do
+rotations and uh I must visit if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and uh I must visit if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and uh I must visit if I'm
+going to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search for
+X must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X must
+visit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the
+node with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equal to
+X and we're going to assume throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we're going to assume throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we're going to assume throughout
+these lectures that searches are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures that searches are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures that searches are always
+successful you're only searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you're only searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you're only searching for
+keys that are in the tree doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are in the tree doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are in the tree doesn't make
+that much of a difference if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of a difference if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of a difference if you're
+searching for keys that are not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for keys that are not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for keys that are not in the
+tree think of it as searching for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree think of it as searching for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree think of it as searching for the
+predecessor or the successor not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor or the successor not a big
+deal and so for Simplicity we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and so for Simplicity we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and so for Simplicity we're just
+going to assume successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume successful
+searches uh we're also going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh we're also going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh we're also going to assume
+no instrutions and deletions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instrutions and deletions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instrutions and deletions in this
+model because they just make Pro problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because they just make Pro problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because they just make Pro problem
+a little Messier some papers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Messier some papers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Messier some papers have
+considered insertions and deletions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered insertions and deletions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered insertions and deletions and
+to the large extent things just work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the large extent things just work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the large extent things just work so
+uh we're going to focus on searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to focus on searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to focus on searches
+searches is interesting enough for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches is interesting enough for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches is interesting enough for this
+problem suppose I have n items now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suppose I have n items now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suppose I have n items now the
+model's clear I store them in a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model's clear I store them in a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model's clear I store them in a binary
+search tree these are the only things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree these are the only things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree these are the only things
+I'm allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+uh could I imagine beating log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could I imagine beating log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could I imagine beating log
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+well no in the worst case this is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no in the worst case this is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no in the worst case this is best
+possible in the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why uh because your tree has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because your tree has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because your tree has to have
+depth at least log in if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth at least log in if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth at least log in if you're going to
+store end things in if and it's binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store end things in if and it's binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store end things in if and it's binary
+so your adversary could always be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your adversary could always be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your adversary could always be could
+always just look at your tree and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just look at your tree and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just look at your tree and say oh
+I'm going to pick anybody who's at log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pick anybody who's at log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pick anybody who's at log n
+depth or lower and if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth or lower and if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth or lower and if you're going to
+start at the root and walk left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the root and walk left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the root and walk left and
+right to get there you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to get there you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to get there you're going to have
+to pay log end time every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay log end time every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay log end time every
+single every single operation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single every single operation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single every single operation so
+actually there's a lot of sequences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of sequences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of sequences in
+fact most sequences you take an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most sequences you take an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most sequences you take an average
+sequence this will be the case but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this will be the case but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this will be the case but uh
+we'll see formal ways to prove that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see formal ways to prove that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see formal ways to prove that next
+class but easy aary argument tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but easy aary argument tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but easy aary argument tells you
+you need to go down log n in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case but that's the worst case uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but that's the worst case uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but that's the worst case uh the
+name of the game in Dynamic optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game in Dynamic optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game in Dynamic optimality
+is to consider every case separately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to consider every case separately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to consider every case separately and
+do as well as you can all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as you can all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as you can all the time in
+general the answer to this question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the answer to this question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the answer to this question is
+the is log n best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is log n best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is log n best possible
+depends on the access sequence depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the access sequence depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the access sequence depends
+on what you're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for so let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so let's say uh
+we're to make things a little clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to make things a little clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to make things a little clean
+let's assume that the keys we're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the keys we're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the keys we're storing
+is are the numbers integers one up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the numbers integers one up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the numbers integers one up to n
+so in particular there's n of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular there's n of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular there's n of them and
+really we just care about their order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we just care about their order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we just care about their order so
+I'm going to relabel them to be one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to relabel them to be one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to relabel them to be one up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+n and say we search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for X1 first then we search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 first then we search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 first then we search for
+X2 and so on up to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and so on up to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and so on up to x
+m so these indices are time basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so these indices are time basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so these indices are time basically
+over time and you can plot this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and you can plot this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and you can plot this if you
+like here's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's time
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+space So at the first time unit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space So at the first time unit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space So at the first time unit we
+search at X1 then some other place then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search at X1 then some other place then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search at X1 then some other place then
+some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+place we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can have
+repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+whatever okay some search sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay some search sequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay some search sequences are
+going to be slow they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be slow they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be slow they're going to
+require log and time per access in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require log and time per access in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require log and time per access in
+particular if I always if the adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I always if the adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I always if the adversary
+chooses XI to be the deepest node in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses XI to be the deepest node in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses XI to be the deepest node in the
+tree repeatedly but some search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree repeatedly but some search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree repeatedly but some search
+sequences are going to be fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+suggestions if you don't have the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions if you don't have the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions if you don't have the notes
+in front of you of X sequences that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you of X sequences that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you of X sequences that we
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+in less than log n time per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than log n time per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than log n time per operation
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+constant there's a lot of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there's a lot of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant there's a lot of possible
+answers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think yeah and divid two n divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah and divid two n divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah and divid two n divided by
+two uh what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh what do you mean
+mean like that's going to be the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like that's going to be the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like that's going to be the median
+oh if you're searching for the median in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you're searching for the median in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you're searching for the median in
+a perfectly balanced tree yeah uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly balanced tree yeah uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly balanced tree yeah uh that's
+true so if you're always searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you're always searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you're always searching for
+the root of the tree in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the tree in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the tree in particular
+that's going to be good um that's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be good um that's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be good um that's hard
+to that depends on the tree though I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that depends on the tree though I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that depends on the tree though I'd
+like a particular access sequence that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a particular access sequence that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a particular access sequence that I
+can always serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always serve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always serve as
+well with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with some
+tree in order walk in order walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in order walk in order walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in order walk in order walk
+yeah good so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so this is
+uh has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a
+name sequential access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property if you want to access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you want to access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you want to access the
+elements in order so 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in order so 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in order so 1 through
+n this should only cost constant amorti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because for any tree you can do an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for any tree you can do an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for any tree you can do an in
+order walk in linear time and so per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order walk in linear time and so per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order walk in linear time and so per
+search if you're careful about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search if you're careful about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search if you're careful about how you
+do this uh now this is not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh now this is not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh now this is not totally
+obvious in the model that I've set up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in the model that I've set up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in the model that I've set up uh
+because I said search always starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said search always starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said search always starts at
+the root if you let your search start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root if you let your search start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root if you let your search start
+where you left off then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you left off then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you left off then you can
+definitely do this uh it turns out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do this uh it turns out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do this uh it turns out you
+can assume this or not it doesn't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume this or not it doesn't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume this or not it doesn't make a
+difference this maybe a fun exercise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this maybe a fun exercise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this maybe a fun exercise but
+if you can essentially re-root the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can essentially re-root the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can essentially re-root the tree
+to be wherever you left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wherever you left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wherever you left
+off not going to prove that here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not going to prove that here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not going to prove that here okay
+but in particular some trees have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular some trees have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular some trees have this
+property uh some don't I mean if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh some don't I mean if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh some don't I mean if you use
+a red black tree and you search for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red black tree and you search for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red black tree and you search for one
+then search for two then search for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then search for two then search for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then search for two then search for n
+you're not going to get constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get constant
+advertised because it doesn't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised because it doesn't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised because it doesn't realize
+this is happening but if you're clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening but if you're clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening but if you're clever
+of course this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this can be
+achieved uh easy way to see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved uh easy way to see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved uh easy way to see how to
+achieve it is uh this is your binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it is uh this is your binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve it is uh this is your binary
+search tree you access one then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree you access one then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree you access one then you do a
+rotation with the right child of one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with the right child of one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with the right child of one so
+then you have this biner search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this biner search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this biner search
+tree and then you access two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then you access two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then you access two and then
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+rotation this is basically a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this is basically a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this is basically a way to make
+a a deck you know view a use a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a deck you know view a use a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a deck you know view a use a link
+simulate a link list in a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a link list in a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a link list in a binary search
+tree okay so it definitely can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so it definitely can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so it definitely can be done
+by some binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some binary search
+tree a stronger version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree a stronger version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree a stronger version of the
+sequential access property is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access property is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access property is a little
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+is dynamic finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dynamic finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dynamic finger
+property this is something that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is something that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is something that should
+hold for every access sequence and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for every access sequence and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for every access sequence and it
+gives you a measure of how expensive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a measure of how expensive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a measure of how expensive an
+access sequence is so we're doing X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access sequence is so we're doing X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access sequence is so we're doing X1 X2
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM
+and we say if if we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say if if we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say if if we measure
+the key distance between our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key distance between our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key distance between our current
+axis XI and the previous axis x i minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis XI and the previous axis x i minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis XI and the previous axis x i minus
+one if that equals k then ideally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if that equals k then ideally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if that equals k then ideally we
+should be able to do log K amortise per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation so in the worst case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so in the worst case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so in the worst case this is
+going to be log n but if if I look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log n but if if I look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log n but if if I look at my
+SpaceTime diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime diagram
+here if for example if I do sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if for example if I do sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if for example if I do sequential
+axis then this number is always one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then this number is always one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then this number is always one and
+so I get constant time uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get constant time uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get constant time uh if I
+do something like this where my spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this where my spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this where my spatial
+distance is not changing too much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is not changing too much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is not changing too much and
+this is the reason I number the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason I number the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason I number the keys
+like this what I really mean is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this what I really mean is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this what I really mean is in the
+sorted or of the keys how do the ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted or of the keys how do the ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted or of the keys how do the ranks
+differ but if I number the keys 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ but if I number the keys 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ but if I number the keys 1
+through n that's just their absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n that's just their absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n that's just their absolute
+difference so anything like this Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so anything like this Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so anything like this Dynamic
+finger property tells you you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger property tells you you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger property tells you you're doing
+well Dynamic finger property can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Dynamic finger property can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Dynamic finger property can be
+achieved by a binary search tree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a binary search tree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a binary search tree but
+it's quite difficult as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite difficult as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite difficult as you might
+imagine or it's difficult let's say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine or it's difficult let's say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine or it's difficult let's say not
+not necessarily super hard uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily super hard uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily super hard uh if you
+don't need to do it in a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do it in a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do it in a binary search
+Tre model an easy way to do it is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre model an easy way to do it is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre model an easy way to do it is with
+what's called a level link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a level link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a level link
+tree so a level link tree looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a level link tree looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a level link tree looks like
+this and I add pointers between adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I add pointers between adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I add pointers between adjacent
+nodes in the same level this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the same level this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the same level this is a
+pointer machine data structure it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine data structure it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine data structure it's not
+a binary search tree because binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search tree because binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search tree because binary
+search trees we only allowed to do walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees we only allowed to do walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees we only allowed to do walk
+left walk right walk parent but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left walk right walk parent but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left walk right walk parent but it's an
+easy way to do Dynamic finger you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do Dynamic finger you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do Dynamic finger you start
+from somewhere you basically uh walk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere you basically uh walk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere you basically uh walk up
+to the right level move over walk back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right level move over walk back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right level move over walk back
+down uh and you can you can do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and you can you can do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and you can you can do a search
+for XI from XI minus one relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XI from XI minus one relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for XI from XI minus one relatively
+quickly it turns out this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it turns out this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it turns out this can be
+simulated by a binary search tree but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated by a binary search tree but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated by a binary search tree but we
+won't go into it here lots of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into it here lots of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into it here lots of fun
+puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles
+here uh let's move on to some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties so next property is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so next property is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so next property is called
+the St the entropy property or entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St the entropy property or entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St the entropy property or entropy
+bound uh and it says if key K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh and it says if key K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh and it says if key K
+appears uh P subk fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time then I'd like to achieve a bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy PK log 1 over PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy PK log 1 over PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy PK log 1 over PK
+per operation this is everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per operation this is everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per operation this is everything here
+today will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amortized uh so if you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized uh so if you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized uh so if you haven't seen
+entropy that's the definition uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that's the definition uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that's the definition uh it's
+the entropy of this distribution we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of this distribution we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of this distribution we're
+thinking these of these as probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking these of these as probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking these of these as probabilities
+although they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they're not really
+probabilities uh there uh because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh there uh because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh there uh because this
+is over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over a
+particular uh sample we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh sample we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh sample we have this
+sequence X1 to XM there's no Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X1 to XM there's no Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X1 to XM there's no Randomness
+here but we just measure what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we just measure what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we just measure what is the
+fraction what is sort of The observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction what is sort of The observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction what is sort of The observed
+probability for each of these XIs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each of these XIs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each of these XIs and
+then just say what is the uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just say what is the uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just say what is the uh what is the
+entropy of that distribution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that distribution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that distribution in the
+worst case it's log n if say everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case it's log n if say everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case it's log n if say everybody's
+equally likely everyone's accessed once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely everyone's accessed once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely everyone's accessed once
+or the same number of times but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same number of times but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same number of times but if it's
+highly skewed like if only one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly skewed like if only one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly skewed like if only one element
+is accessed the entropy will be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed the entropy will be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed the entropy will be constant
+for a small number of elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of elements are
+accessed entropy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed entropy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed entropy will be
+constant uh so this can be achieved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh so this can be achieved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh so this can be achieved and
+in fact if you disallow rotations so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you disallow rotations so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you disallow rotations so if
+I change the model to forbid rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the model to forbid rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the model to forbid rotations
+all I get to do is set up some binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I get to do is set up some binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I get to do is set up some binary
+search tree and then I have to walk left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then I have to walk left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then I have to walk left
+walk right walk parent from in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk right walk parent from in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk right walk parent from in that
+binary search tree to do this so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree to do this so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree to do this so if I
+get to see the XIs then I get to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the XIs then I get to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the XIs then I get to build a
+b binary search tree one binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b binary search tree one binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b binary search tree one binary search
+tree this is what's called the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is what's called the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is what's called the static
+optimal when you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal when you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal when you're not allowed to
+change the tree as you're doing searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tree as you're doing searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tree as you're doing searches
+entropy is the best bound you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the best bound you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the best bound you can get
+and roughly speaking key K appears at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly speaking key K appears at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly speaking key K appears at
+height or depth log 1 over PK in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height or depth log 1 over PK in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height or depth log 1 over PK in the
+tree maybe plus one and you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree maybe plus one and you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree maybe plus one and you can show
+there's always a tree where every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a tree where every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a tree where every node
+um ends up at depth log one over PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ends up at depth log one over PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ends up at depth log one over PK
+again not hard but we won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not hard but we won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not hard but we won't do it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay uh related property it's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh related property it's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh related property it's called The
+Working set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property little little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property little little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property little little bit harder to
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each search we do XI we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each search we do XI we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each search we do XI we're going to
+see when that's some key when was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when that's some key when was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when that's some key when was the
+last time that key was accessed so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that key was accessed so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that key was accessed so in
+our SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram we have some access at time I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we have some access at time I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we have some access at time I we
+want to look backwards in time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look backwards in time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look backwards in time to the
+last time that key was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that key was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that key was
+accessed say that was uh well some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed say that was uh well some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed say that was uh well some other
+time J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time J
+and in this interval we want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this interval we want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this interval we want to know how
+many distinct keys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many distinct keys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many distinct keys were
+accessed so uh it's at most IUS J but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed so uh it's at most IUS J but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed so uh it's at most IUS J but
+maybe there were some repeated aises we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were some repeated aises we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were some repeated aises we
+only count those as one so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only count those as one so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only count those as one so how many
+different keys were accessed during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different keys were accessed during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different keys were accessed during that
+time interval claim is we only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval claim is we only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval claim is we only have to
+pay log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay log of
+that so what this means what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what this means what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what this means what this
+implies is in particular if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is in particular if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is in particular if you're only
+accessing say k different elements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing say k different elements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing say k different elements at
+all and you ignore all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you ignore all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you ignore all the other
+elements then you only pay log K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then you only pay log K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then you only pay log K per
+operation that's why it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's why it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's why it's sort of a
+working set if you're focusing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set if you're focusing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set if you're focusing your
+attention on K elements for a while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on K elements for a while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on K elements for a while you
+only pay log K but in general for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay log K but in general for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay log K but in general for any
+AIS sequence you can compute what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS sequence you can compute what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS sequence you can compute what is the
+working set cost which is you sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set cost which is you sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working set cost which is you sum over
+all the I's of log TI that is your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the I's of log TI that is your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the I's of log TI that is your total
+cost for the ACC sequence divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for the ACC sequence divide by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for the ACC sequence divide by n
+that's the amortised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amortised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the amortised
+cost okay uh that's another nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay uh that's another nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay uh that's another nice
+property not so obvious is that working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not so obvious is that working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not so obvious is that working
+set implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set implies
+the entropy bound so this is a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy bound so this is a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy bound so this is a stronger
+property uh I guess Dynamic finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh I guess Dynamic finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh I guess Dynamic finger
+implies sequential access but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies sequential access but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies sequential access but there's no
+relation between working set and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between working set and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between working set and dynamic
+finger in fact they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger in fact they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger in fact they're kind of
+transposes of each other working set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of each other working set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of each other working set is
+about if you access a key that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you access a key that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you access a key that was
+accessed recently then it's fast Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed recently then it's fast Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed recently then it's fast Dynamic
+finger is saying if you access a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is saying if you access a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is saying if you access a key
+that is close in space to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is close in space to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is close in space to the previous
+access so here we're looking at a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so here we're looking at a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so here we're looking at a key
+and basically in the very previous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically in the very previous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically in the very previous time
+step we're looking at how far away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're looking at how far away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're looking at how far away it
+was vertically here we're looking at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was vertically here we're looking at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was vertically here we're looking at how
+far away it was horizontally so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away it was horizontally so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away it was horizontally so they're
+almost du of each other be nice if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost du of each other be nice if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost du of each other be nice if you
+could have one property that included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one property that included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one property that included
+both Dynamic finger and working set I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Dynamic finger and working set I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Dynamic finger and working set I
+should mention again this is not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention again this is not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention again this is not obvious
+how to do it with a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it with a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it with a binary search tree
+but it can be done leave it at that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be done leave it at that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be done leave it at that uh
+we'll we'll see eventually some trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see eventually some trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see eventually some trees
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it for now I just want to cover what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for now I just want to cover what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for now I just want to cover what are
+the conceivable goals we should aim for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceivable goals we should aim for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceivable goals we should aim for
+log n is too easy so we need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is too easy so we need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is too easy so we need more
+challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+goals uh so the next property it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals uh so the next property it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals uh so the next property it was
+introduced this is we're getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this is we're getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this is we're getting into
+more recent territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called the unified property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called the unified property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called the unified property
+natural name and it tries to unify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural name and it tries to unify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural name and it tries to unify
+Dynamic finger with working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic finger with working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic finger with working
+set and the rough idea is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the rough idea is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the rough idea is that if you
+access a key that was that is close in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a key that was that is close in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a key that was that is close in
+space to a key that was accessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a key that was accessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a key that was accessed
+recently in time then your access should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in time then your access should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in time then your access should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+fast so here's the formal statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the unified bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the unified bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the unified bound
+um draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um draw a
+picture so here we're accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here we're accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here we're accessing
+XI time I uh sorry j change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI time I uh sorry j change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI time I uh sorry j change of
+notation time J we want to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation time J we want to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation time J we want to evaluate the
+cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of
+XJ and we're basically going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ and we're basically going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ and we're basically going to look
+in I guess one way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I guess one way to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I guess one way to think of it is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cone 90° cone where these These are 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone 90° cone where these These are 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone 90° cone where these These are 45°
+angles and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and if there's
+something you know look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know look at the first
+thing that you hit in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you hit in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you hit in that
+cone is that the right way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone is that the right way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone is that the right way to think of
+it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe
+not it's like you're growing a box it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's like you're growing a box it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's like you're growing a box it's
+probably more accurate and you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more accurate and you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more accurate and you find the
+first key that you hit in the Box it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first key that you hit in the Box it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first key that you hit in the Box it's a
+little more subtle than that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more subtle than that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more subtle than that because
+we're only counting distinct keys but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only counting distinct keys but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only counting distinct keys but
+let's say you find this key and this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you find this key and this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you find this key and this key
+is good because uh it's temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good because uh it's temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good because uh it's temporal
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+time is only this big its spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is only this big its spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is only this big its spatial
+distance is only this big what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is only this big what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is only this big what we're
+going to pay is log of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay is log of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay is log of the sum of the
+spatial distance and the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distance and the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial distance and the temporal
+distance and temporal distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and temporal distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and temporal distance is
+measured as the number of distinct Keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured as the number of distinct Keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured as the number of distinct Keys
+accessed in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval so as long as there is some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so as long as there is some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so as long as there is some key
+in the recent past that is close in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent past that is close in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent past that is close in
+space you take the Min over all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you take the Min over all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you take the Min over all such
+Keys magically a unified structure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys magically a unified structure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys magically a unified structure has
+to find what is the most recent close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what is the most recent close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what is the most recent close
+item and search from there and Achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and search from there and Achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and search from there and Achieve
+log of that there's a plus two just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that there's a plus two just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that there's a plus two just to
+make sure if these things are zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure if these things are zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure if these things are zero you
+still get a constant always have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a constant always have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a constant always have to pay
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+time okay so that's unified property uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's unified property uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's unified property uh
+fairly natural generalization of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural generalization of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural generalization of dynamic
+finger and working set you could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and working set you could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and working set you could change
+this plus to a product or a Max doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus to a product or a Max doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus to a product or a Max doesn't
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+difference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um
+yeah sadly we don't know whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sadly we don't know whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sadly we don't know whether there
+is any biner search tree that achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any biner search tree that achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any biner search tree that achieves
+the unified property what we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unified property what we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unified property what we know is
+that this can be done this property can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can be done this property can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can be done this property can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieved by a pointer machine data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a pointer machine data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a pointer machine data
+structure which is more powerful than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is more powerful than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is more powerful than a
+binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+uh but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't
+know whether it's possible to achieve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's possible to achieve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's possible to achieve by
+a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search
+tree best bound so far is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree best bound so far is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree best bound so far is that you can
+achieve this bound plus log log n so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this bound plus log log n so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this bound plus log log n so as
+long as this never gets too small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this never gets too small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this never gets too small as
+long as this quantity never gets smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this quantity never gets smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this quantity never gets smaller
+than log n then this thing will be log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log n then this thing will be log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log n then this thing will be log
+log n and it's fine but in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n and it's fine but in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n and it's fine but in particular if
+this is constant then it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is constant then it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is constant then it's only
+achieving log log n so it's not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving log log n so it's not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving log log n so it's not there's
+an additive log Logan per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive log Logan per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive log Logan per operation
+loss that's the best binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss that's the best binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss that's the best binary search
+Unified binary search tree know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is all good uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all good uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all good uh and this is
+sort of where the what we call analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where the what we call analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where the what we call analytic
+bounds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds here
+ends uh there are various attempts to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends uh there are various attempts to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends uh there are various attempts to in
+general we want to characterize what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we want to characterize what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we want to characterize what is
+the optimal thing we could hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal thing we could hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal thing we could hope
+for uh when can we do better than log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh when can we do better than log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh when can we do better than log n
+these are all specific cases where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all specific cases where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all specific cases where we
+can do better than log n but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better than log n but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better than log n but it's not a
+complete characterization they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete characterization they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete characterization they're
+sequences that have large unified bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that have large unified bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that have large unified bound
+but um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um have
+no um yet they can be accessed more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um yet they can be accessed more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um yet they can be accessed more
+quickly by the optimal binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly by the optimal binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly by the optimal binary search
+tree and so while it be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so while it be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so while it be nice to
+characterize as some clean algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize as some clean algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize as some clean algebraic
+whatever uh most of the work be beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh most of the work be beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh most of the work be beyond
+what I've told you about here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you about here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you about here is just
+trying to figure out what opt is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what opt is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what opt is instead
+of trying to write it down try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to write it down try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to write it down try to
+compute it instead of trying to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it instead of trying to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it instead of trying to define
+something that happens to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens to match the
+optimal let's just go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal let's just go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal let's just go for
+optimal and this is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal and this is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal and this is the notion of
+dynamic optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in modern terminology this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in modern terminology this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in modern terminology this would be
+called constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competitive but the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive but the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive but the paper that
+introduced Dynamic optimality preceded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced Dynamic optimality preceded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced Dynamic optimality preceded
+competitive analysis so has another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive analysis so has another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive analysis so has another name
+what we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd
+like is that the total cost of all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that the total cost of all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that the total cost of all your
+axises so this is like amortise cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises so this is like amortise cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises so this is like amortise cost is
+within a constant factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of the
+optimal what's the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal what's the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal what's the optimal
+this is the over all binary search trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the over all binary search trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the over all binary search trees
+I mean to be precise I should talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to be precise I should talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to be precise I should talk about
+binary search tree algorithms meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree algorithms meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree algorithms meaning
+you specify somehow how to do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specify somehow how to do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specify somehow how to do a search
+and it may involve rotations and walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may involve rotations and walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may involve rotations and walks
+so you know it could be red black tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it could be red black tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it could be red black tree
+could be an AVL tree could be a BB Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an AVL tree could be a BB Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an AVL tree could be a BB Alpha
+tree anything that can be implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree anything that can be implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree anything that can be implemented in
+this way those are all kind of boring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way those are all kind of boring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way those are all kind of boring uh
+more sophisticated something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated something like a
+Spate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate
+tree ideally uh you take the Min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all Min over all binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Min over all binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Min over all binary search tree
+algorithms of the cost of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms of the cost of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms of the cost of that
+algorithm on that access sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on that access sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on that access sequence
+X and you want the total cost of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you want the total cost of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you want the total cost of your
+algorithm on X to be within a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on X to be within a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on X to be within a constant
+factor of the optimal algorithm on X X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of the optimal algorithm on X X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of the optimal algorithm on X X
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+vector uh so this is what you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh so this is what you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh so this is what you call the
+offline optimal because here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline optimal because here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline optimal because here you
+basically get to choose the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get to choose the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get to choose the binary
+search tree algorithm to be customized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree algorithm to be customized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree algorithm to be customized
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+X and yet somehow you want to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and yet somehow you want to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and yet somehow you want to achieve
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+optimality uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality uh open
+question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible and of course we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and of course we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and of course we're only
+interested in online Solutions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in online Solutions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in online Solutions so you
+you want to build a binary search fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build a binary search fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build a binary search fee
+that doesn't know the future doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't know the future doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't know the future doesn't
+know what accesses are to come but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what accesses are to come but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what accesses are to come but it
+has to be within a constant factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be within a constant factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be within a constant factor of
+the offline solution that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offline solution that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offline solution that does
+know we don't know whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know whether this is
+possible another interesting question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible another interesting question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible another interesting question is
+whether it's possible for a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine because say for the unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine because say for the unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine because say for the unified
+property we know how to get it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we know how to get it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we know how to get it for a
+pointer machine uh and there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine uh and there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer machine uh and there's two
+versions of this question you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this question you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this question you can
+consider is there a pointer machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is there a pointer machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is there a pointer machine that
+matches the optimal binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the optimal binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the optimal binary search tree
+we could ask is there a pointer machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask is there a pointer machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask is there a pointer machine
+that matches the optimal pointer machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches the optimal pointer machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches the optimal pointer machine
+that's a little less defined although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little less defined although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little less defined although
+there's some I have some ideas on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some I have some ideas on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some I have some ideas on how to
+define that problem maybe we'll work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that problem maybe we'll work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that problem maybe we'll work on
+it uh but all versions of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but all versions of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but all versions of this problem
+are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open
+basically so this may seem rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so this may seem rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so this may seem rather
+depressing what else am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing what else am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing what else am I going to do
+for a lecture and a half uh but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lecture and a half uh but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lecture and a half uh but actually
+there's a lot of study of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of study of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of study of this problem
+and we do know some good things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do know some good things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do know some good things for
+example we can get uh log log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can get uh log log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can get uh log log and
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so not within a constant Factor but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not within a constant Factor but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not within a constant Factor but we
+can get within a log log n factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get within a log log n factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get within a log log n factor of the
+optimal so that's pretty good uh an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so that's pretty good uh an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so that's pretty good uh an easy
+result is to get log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is to get log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is to get log n
+competitive any balance biner search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive any balance biner search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive any balance biner search
+tree is log end competitive because best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is log end competitive because best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is log end competitive because best
+case you could hope for is constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you could hope for is constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you could hope for is constant the
+worst case you can hope for is log n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case you can hope for is log n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case you can hope for is log n so
+we're always within a log Factor but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always within a log Factor but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always within a log Factor but we
+can do exponentially better we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do exponentially better we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do exponentially better we'll do
+that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next
+class before we go there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before we go there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before we go there uh
+I want to tell you about two structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about two structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about two structures
+two binary search trees that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binary search trees that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binary search trees that we
+conjecture are dynamically optimal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture are dynamically optimal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture are dynamically optimal but
+we can't prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first one the classic one is Spate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one the classic one is Spate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one the classic one is Spate
+trees I don't want to spend too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I don't want to spend too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I don't want to spend too much
+time on SP trees but just to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on SP trees but just to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on SP trees but just to let you
+know what they are if you don't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are if you don't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are if you don't already
+know uh if you want to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you want to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you want to search for
+X you search for X you do binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you search for X you do binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you search for X you do binary search
+for X in the tree you locate X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X in the tree you locate X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X in the tree you locate X and then
+you uh SP trees always move x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh SP trees always move x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh SP trees always move x to the
+root so this is what we call a self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so this is what we call a self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so this is what we call a self-
+adjusting tree it changes the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting tree it changes the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting tree it changes the structure
+of the tree as you do searches not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree as you do searches not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree as you do searches not just
+when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and there are two
+cases if you look at X and its parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you look at X and its parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you look at X and its parent
+and it's grandparent if they're oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's grandparent if they're oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's grandparent if they're oriented
+the same way so here it's two left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way so here it's two left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way so here it's two left
+pointers could be two right pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers could be two right pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers could be two right pointers
+then you flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you flip
+them so we uh rotate Y and then rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we uh rotate Y and then rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we uh rotate Y and then rotate
+X so it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so it's in this
+model and we get uh XYZ in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we get uh XYZ in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we get uh XYZ in the other
+order there pretty much only one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order there pretty much only one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order there pretty much only one way to
+move x to the root in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move x to the root in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move x to the root in that
+picture uh then the other case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh then the other case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh then the other case is the
+zigzag case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag case
+y w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x so here the two parent pointers are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so here the two parent pointers are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so here the two parent pointers are in
+different directions one's left one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions one's left one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions one's left one's
+right there's a symmetric picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a symmetric picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a symmetric picture in
+this case we rotate in the other order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we rotate in the other order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we rotate in the other order
+so we rotate X and then we rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and in that case you get looks nice x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and in that case you get looks nice x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and in that case you get looks nice x
+w y and the sub trees hanging off I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w y and the sub trees hanging off I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w y and the sub trees hanging off I'm
+not labeling the sub trees but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeling the sub trees but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not labeling the sub trees but they have
+to be labeled in the same order left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be labeled in the same order left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be labeled in the same order left to
+right okay this is play trees you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay this is play trees you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay this is play trees you do
+this uh for x x is the thing you search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for x x is the thing you search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for x x is the thing you search
+for now X is up here then you repeat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now X is up here then you repeat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now X is up here then you repeat you
+look at its two parents it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its two parents it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its two parents it's one of
+these two cases you do the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases you do the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases you do the appropriate
+two rotations until X is either the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rotations until X is either the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rotations until X is either the root
+and you're done or it's one child from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done or it's one child from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done or it's one child from
+the root and then you do one rotation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and then you do one rotation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and then you do one rotation to
+make it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the
+root uh seems simple enough it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh seems simple enough it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh seems simple enough it's
+slightly more sophisticated than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more sophisticated than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more sophisticated than an
+algorithm known as move to root which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm known as move to root which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm known as move to root which is
+just rotate X rotate X rotate X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotate X rotate X rotate X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotate X rotate X rotate X which
+would eventually propagate it up move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would eventually propagate it up move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would eventually propagate it up move to
+root is a really bad algorithm you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is a really bad algorithm you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is a really bad algorithm you can
+show it's can be factor of square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's can be factor of square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's can be factor of square root
+of n can be square Ro of n per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n can be square Ro of n per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n can be square Ro of n per operation
+if you're unlucky uh SP trees are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're unlucky uh SP trees are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're unlucky uh SP trees are always
+at most log and amortised per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most log and amortised per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most log and amortised per operation
+although that's not at all obvious rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not at all obvious rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not at all obvious rough
+intuition is if you look at the path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is if you look at the path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is if you look at the path the
+root to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to X
+path half of the nodes at most half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path half of the nodes at most half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path half of the nodes at most half of
+the nodes go down when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes go down when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes go down when
+you so why is that uh here see y stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so why is that uh here see y stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so why is that uh here see y stays
+at the same level Z goes down but X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same level Z goes down but X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same level Z goes down but X goes
+up uh here W stays at the same level X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh here W stays at the same level X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh here W stays at the same level X
+goes up y goes down by One X goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up y goes down by One X goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up y goes down by One X goes up by
+two so you might call that a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you might call that a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you might call that a net
+Improvement but in general you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement but in general you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement but in general you don't
+mess up the path too much half the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the path too much half the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the path too much half the items
+stay where they are and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where they are and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where they are and so it's
+something like you're bisecting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you're bisecting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you're bisecting if you
+repeatedly search for X well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly search for X well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly search for X well not
+repeatedly searching for X but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly searching for X but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly searching for X but if you
+repeatedly search for things on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly search for things on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly search for things on that
+path you're kind of cutting the path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path you're kind of cutting the path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path you're kind of cutting the path in
+half repeatedly so kind of logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half repeatedly so kind of logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half repeatedly so kind of logarithmic
+it's very vague argument um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very vague argument um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very vague argument um and in
+advanced algorithms it's proved why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced algorithms it's proved why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced algorithms it's proved why this
+is Log and amorti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh rotate X rotate X I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh rotate X rotate X I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh rotate X rotate X I think
+you're right yeah y would go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right yeah y would go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right yeah y would go somewhere
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+thanks yeah so here it looks like move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah so here it looks like move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah so here it looks like move
+move to root here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to root here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to root here it
+doesn't good uh and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't good uh and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't good uh and there's lots of
+things known about Splat trees so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things known about Splat trees so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things known about Splat trees so for
+example they satisfy the sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they satisfy the sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they satisfy the sequential
+access property there's an entire paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access property there's an entire paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access property there's an entire paper
+combinator on 1985 Tarin I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinator on 1985 Tarin I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinator on 1985 Tarin I believe
+proving Spate trees have sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving Spate trees have sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving Spate trees have sequential
+access property not at all obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access property not at all obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access property not at all obvious but
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+true um they have the working set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um they have the working set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um they have the working set
+property and therefore they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and therefore they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and therefore they have the
+entropy property that's in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy property that's in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy property that's in the original
+SP tree paper it's not that hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP tree paper it's not that hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP tree paper it's not that hard to
+prove once you prove log n a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove once you prove log n a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove once you prove log n a little bit
+more effort you can prove the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort you can prove the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort you can prove the working
+set property won't do it here um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set property won't do it here um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set property won't do it here um it's a
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+amortization uh SP trees also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization uh SP trees also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization uh SP trees also have the
+Dynamic finger property this is a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic finger property this is a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic finger property this is a series
+of two papers over 100 pages long very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two papers over 100 pages long very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two papers over 100 pages long very
+difficult to prove in general split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove in general split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove in general split
+trees are are hard to work with because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are are hard to work with because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are are hard to work with because
+it's hard to keep track of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to keep track of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to keep track of what's going
+on you can Define potential functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can Define potential functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can Define potential functions
+and that will prove this and with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will prove this and with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will prove this and with a lot
+of effort it will prove this uh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort it will prove this uh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort it will prove this uh we don't
+know whether Spate trees satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether Spate trees satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether Spate trees satisfy the
+unified property and more to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified property and more to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified property and more to the point
+we don't know whether Spate trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know whether Spate trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know whether Spate trees are
+dynamically optimal this is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically optimal this is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically optimal this is the big
+question and in the original SP tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and in the original SP tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and in the original SP tree
+paper it asked this question are SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it asked this question are SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it asked this question are SP
+trees dynamically optimal still open I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees dynamically optimal still open I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees dynamically optimal still open I
+wish I knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I knew the
+answer uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't so what the rest of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so what the rest of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so what the rest of today's
+lecture is going to be about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is going to be about is a
+geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+view which I've kind of been hinting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which I've kind of been hinting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which I've kind of been hinting at
+with this picture but it's there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this picture but it's there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this picture but it's there's more
+to it than just plot the points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it than just plot the points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it than just plot the points of
+searches uh there's a way not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh there's a way not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches uh there's a way not only to
+see what the searches are but to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the searches are but to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the searches are but to see
+what the binary search tree algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the binary search tree algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the binary search tree algorithm
+is so at this point binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so at this point binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so at this point binary search tree
+algorithms are kind of abstract ract I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are kind of abstract ract I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are kind of abstract ract I
+mean we've kind of drawn pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've kind of drawn pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've kind of drawn pictures and
+how to do specific cases you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do specific cases you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do specific cases you know how
+red black trees or something work uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red black trees or something work uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red black trees or something work uh but
+you know it's complicated to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's complicated to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's complicated to write down
+one of these algorithms how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these algorithms how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these algorithms how would we
+think about all of them how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all of them how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all of them how would we
+think about the optimal One turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the optimal One turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the optimal One turns out
+there's a geometric view in which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a geometric view in which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a geometric view in which it's
+actually very easy to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to see what the
+algorithm is but it takes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is but it takes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is but it takes a little bit
+of work to prove that it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to prove that it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to prove that it's the right
+thing and it suggests a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it suggests a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it suggests a totally
+obvious offline optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious offline optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious offline optimal
+algorithm which we don't know is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which we don't know is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which we don't know is optimal
+but we think is offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think is offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think is offline
+optimal it's like the obvious thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's like the obvious thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's like the obvious thing to
+do uh which we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh which we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh which we'll get
+to and we can actually make it online so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and we can actually make it online so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and we can actually make it online so
+this is this gives us a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives us a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives us a binary search
+tree that is so obviously optimal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that is so obviously optimal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that is so obviously optimal where
+Spate trees is kind of vaguely feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate trees is kind of vaguely feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate trees is kind of vaguely feels
+good this is really obvious yet we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is really obvious yet we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is really obvious yet we can't
+prove it so it's like we're one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it so it's like we're one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it so it's like we're one step
+closer but not quite there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going so this geometric View was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so this geometric View was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so this geometric View was the
+topic of Dion Harmon's PhD thesis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of Dion Harmon's PhD thesis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of Dion Harmon's PhD thesis here
+at MIT and it's also with John iono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and it's also with John iono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and it's also with John iono
+Daniel Kane who was an undergrad here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel Kane who was an undergrad here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel Kane who was an undergrad here
+and Mii patrascu who was an undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mii patrascu who was an undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mii patrascu who was an undergrad
+and a PhD here uh was published uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a PhD here uh was published uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a PhD here uh was published uh three
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+2009 so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 so here's the
+idea access sequence this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea access sequence this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea access sequence this is the
+sequence of searches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of searches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of searches you
+do that's uh very easy you just map it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's uh very easy you just map it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's uh very easy you just map it
+to the set of points uh where I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of points uh where I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of points uh where I guess
+I'm going to switch things on you sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to switch things on you sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to switch things on you sorry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that x-axis is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-axis is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-axis is going to be
+space y AIS is going to be time and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space y AIS is going to be time and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space y AIS is going to be time and I'm
+going to look at a specific example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sort of pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of pin
+wheel four axises at the first time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel four axises at the first time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel four axises at the first time we
+access key3 then we access key 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key3 then we access key 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key3 then we access key 1 then
+key 4 then key2 okay this we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key 4 then key2 okay this we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key 4 then key2 okay this we've been
+drawing this picture throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture throughout the
+lecture now the interesting part is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now the interesting part is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture now the interesting part is if
+you look at a binary search tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a binary search tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a binary search tree that
+actually accesses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accesses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accesses these
+elements here's the exciting part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here's the exciting part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here's the exciting part we're
+going to map this to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touched during a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched during a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched during a search
+during each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search okay this is the fun part uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search okay this is the fun part uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search okay this is the fun part uh so
+what is touched mean I erased the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is touched mean I erased the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is touched mean I erased the model
+uh but in general with binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in general with binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in general with binary search
+tree we only have one pointer into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we only have one pointer into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we only have one pointer into the
+tree it starts at the root it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it starts at the root it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it starts at the root it can go
+left it can go right it can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it can go right it can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it can go right it can go to the
+parent every node that gets visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent every node that gets visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent every node that gets visited
+during it can do rotations every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during it can do rotations every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during it can do rotations every node
+that gets visited by walking that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets visited by walking that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets visited by walking that that's
+what I call a touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call a touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call a touched
+Noe just look at all of them so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noe just look at all of them so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noe just look at all of them so for
+example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture get a
+color suppose maybe we're lucky and key3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color suppose maybe we're lucky and key3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color suppose maybe we're lucky and key3
+is at the root so that's the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the root so that's the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the root so that's the only thing
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+touch uh if that's the case when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch uh if that's the case when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch uh if that's the case when I
+access one it's definitely not the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access one it's definitely not the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access one it's definitely not the root
+so in particular I definitely have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular I definitely have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular I definitely have to
+have touched that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have touched that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have touched that node
+um and I'm just going to fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm just going to fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm just going to fill in a
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+choice I happen to know this is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I happen to know this is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I happen to know this is a valid
+binary search tree uh not so obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree uh not so obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree uh not so obvious but
+you can find one I'm using here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find one I'm using here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find one I'm using here the
+greedy algorithm actually I'm cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm actually I'm cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm actually I'm cheating
+uh we'll get to what that is uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to what that is uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to what that is uh but in
+general some point sets like this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general some point sets like this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general some point sets like this point
+set are not valid there's no binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are not valid there's no binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are not valid there's no binary
+search fee that has this touch pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search fee that has this touch pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search fee that has this touch pattern
+you just can't jump around tell teleport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't jump around tell teleport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't jump around tell teleport
+without getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting
+somewhere uh but this one is valid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh but this one is valid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh but this one is valid so
+which ones are valid oh sorry I need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are valid oh sorry I need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are valid oh sorry I need one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+Point uh instead that which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh instead that which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh instead that which ones are
+valid which ones are invalid how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid which ones are invalid how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid which ones are invalid how did I
+know that that was invalid and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that was invalid and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that was invalid and now this
+one is valid well there's the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is valid well there's the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is valid well there's the theorem
+tell you then it will then what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you then it will then what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you then it will then what I was
+just doing there would become clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to know when is point set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know when is point set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know when is point set a
+valid BST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+execution and I claim it is if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution and I claim it is if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution and I claim it is if and only
+if in every rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span
+by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points not on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points not on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points not on a
+common horizontal or vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line in every rectangle there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so let me draw a picture uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let me draw a picture uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let me draw a picture uh I have
+some point set we'll look at this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point set we'll look at this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point set we'll look at this one in
+a moment uh and general I look take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment uh and general I look take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment uh and general I look take any
+two points that are not horizontally or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points that are not horizontally or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points that are not horizontally or
+vertically aligned that spans a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically aligned that spans a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically aligned that spans a
+rectangle in other words the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle in other words the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle in other words the rectangle
+with those two is opposite Corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those two is opposite Corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those two is opposite Corners
+there's got to be another point in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be another point in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be another point in there
+somewhere could be on the boundary could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere could be on the boundary could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere could be on the boundary could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+interior okay in fact you can pump this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior okay in fact you can pump this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior okay in fact you can pump this
+a little bit so once I find some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so once I find some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so once I find some point
+let's say on the interior then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on the interior then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on the interior then my
+picture looks like this maybe I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks like this maybe I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks like this maybe I'll just
+draw it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it as a
+circle uh well here's another rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle uh well here's another rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle uh well here's another rectangle
+that one has to have a point inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to have a point inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to have a point inside it
+here's another rectangle that one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another rectangle that one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another rectangle that one has to
+have a point inside it you could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point inside it you could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point inside it you could keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+until uh you know maybe I put one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh you know maybe I put one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh you know maybe I put one here
+maybe I put one here okay if I update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put one here okay if I update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put one here okay if I update
+the picture then I still have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture then I still have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture then I still have a little
+rectangle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle like
+that little rectangle like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little rectangle like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little rectangle like that a
+rectangle like this at this point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle like this at this point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle like this at this point this
+point is no longer involved in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is no longer involved in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is no longer involved in any
+rectangles essentially because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles essentially because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles essentially because uh
+there's no rectangle between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rectangle between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rectangle between these two
+points because they're horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because they're horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because they're horizontally
+aligned uh I could finish this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned uh I could finish this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned uh I could finish this off
+finally by uh adding points let's say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally by uh adding points let's say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally by uh adding points let's say at
+the corners once I add points at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners once I add points at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners once I add points at the
+corners this will be satisfied we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners this will be satisfied we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners this will be satisfied we call
+this property uh Arbury satisfied got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property uh Arbury satisfied got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property uh Arbury satisfied got to
+look up the spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the spelling
+Aral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aral
+satisfaction Aral means having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction Aral means having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction Aral means having to do
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+tree okay so this is saying that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so this is saying that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so this is saying that point
+set is tree like if it has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is tree like if it has this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is tree like if it has this property
+okay this picture is getting a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this picture is getting a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this picture is getting a little
+messy but if I have any monotone path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but if I have any monotone path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but if I have any monotone path
+like this uh this is satisfied if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh this is satisfied if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh this is satisfied if you
+look at any rectangle say this one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any rectangle say this one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any rectangle say this one it
+has points other points in it okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has points other points in it okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has points other points in it okay if I
+look at I don't know this one it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I don't know this one it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I don't know this one it has
+another point in it if but look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in it if but look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in it if but look at this
+one that one doesn't count because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that one doesn't count because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that one doesn't count because it's
+just a vertical line so it has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vertical line so it has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vertical line so it has to have
+nonzero area you look at any two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero area you look at any two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero area you look at any two points
+this one and this one they span a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one they span a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one they span a
+rectangle there's another point in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle there's another point in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle there's another point in there
+so monotone paths are good this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so monotone paths are good this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so monotone paths are good this point
+set if I drew it correctly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set if I drew it correctly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set if I drew it correctly is
+good I look at any rectangle here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I look at any rectangle here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I look at any rectangle here it's
+got another point in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes some practice to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some practice to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some practice to be able to see
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+rectangles uh but check it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles uh but check it eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles uh but check it eventually
+this one's good this one's obviously bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's good this one's obviously bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's good this one's obviously bad
+has lots of re we call these empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of re we call these empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of re we call these empty
+rectangles unsatisfied rectangles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles unsatisfied rectangles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles unsatisfied rectangles that
+have no extra points in them so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no extra points in them so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no extra points in them so this is
+a valid BST execution this is not let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid BST execution this is not let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid BST execution this is not let's
+prove this theorem it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem it's actually not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the consequence of the theorem is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of the theorem is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of the theorem is it
+tells us what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what we need to
+do we are given a point set like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we are given a point set like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we are given a point set like this we
+want a point set like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a point set like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a point set like
+this uh we we can Define the cost of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we we can Define the cost of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we we can Define the cost of a
+binary search tree to be how many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree to be how many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree to be how many nodes
+does it touch that's within a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it touch that's within a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it touch that's within a constant
+factor of how many operations you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of how many operations you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of how many operations you do if
+you don't want to it's pointless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to it's pointless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to it's pointless to
+touch a node more than a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch a node more than a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch a node more than a constant number
+of times you can prove that so really we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you can prove that so really we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you can prove that so really we
+just care about how many nodes uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about how many nodes uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about how many nodes uh get
+touched and so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched and so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched and so what we want to do is
+find a minimum superset of this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a minimum superset of this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a minimum superset of this point
+set that is satisfied we're given a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that is satisfied we're given a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that is satisfied we're given a set
+which represents our axis sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents our axis sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents our axis sequence that
+is not satisfied we need to act we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not satisfied we need to act we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not satisfied we need to act we need
+to touch those points that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch those points that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch those points that's the
+definition of search uh and now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of search uh and now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of search uh and now we just
+like to also touch some other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to also touch some other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to also touch some other points
+that make it satisfied this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it satisfied this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it satisfied this is a
+geometric interpretation of dynamic opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation of dynamic opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation of dynamic opt
+can you find the offline optimal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you find the offline optimal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you find the offline optimal is
+what's the minimum number of points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum number of points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum number of points to
+add in order to make your point set arly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in order to make your point set arly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in order to make your point set arly
+satisfied we don't know whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied we don't know whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied we don't know whether that
+problem is NP hard probably it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard probably it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard probably it is we
+don't know how to compute it we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to compute it we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to compute it we don't
+know how to find a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to find a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to find a constant Factor
+approximation unfortunately yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation unfortunately yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation unfortunately yeah um
+so this is for an access sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for an access sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for an access sequence so
+every time corresponds to just SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time corresponds to just SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time corresponds to just SE
+seeking like one individual thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking like one individual thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking like one individual thing the
+treat right okay yeah so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat right okay yeah so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat right okay yeah so the the the
+input there's a unique uh thing a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there's a unique uh thing a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there's a unique uh thing a key
+that gets accessed at each time so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets accessed at each time so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets accessed at each time so if
+you draw any horizontal line in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw any horizontal line in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw any horizontal line in the in
+the input Point set there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input Point set there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input Point set there's only one
+point in each horizontal line there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in each horizontal line there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in each horizontal line there can
+be multiple points in each vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiple points in each vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiple points in each vertical line
+uh which would mean that key gets access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which would mean that key gets access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which would mean that key gets access
+more than one time that's the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one time that's the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one time that's the obvious
+interpretation in terms of binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation in terms of binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation in terms of binary search
+treat turns out you don't need to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat turns out you don't need to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat turns out you don't need to assume
+either of those things you could allow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those things you could allow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those things you could allow a
+sort of multi-arch where I say during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-arch where I say during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-arch where I say during
+this round you have to access key 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this round you have to access key 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this round you have to access key 5 and
+key 7even don't care in what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key 7even don't care in what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key 7even don't care in what order
+whereas normally I say you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas normally I say you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas normally I say you have to
+access key 5 then you have to access key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key 5 then you have to access key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key 5 then you have to access key
+7 you could do a multi-arch where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 you could do a multi-arch where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 you could do a multi-arch where
+there's multiple points in a single row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple points in a single row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple points in a single row
+all of the things I'll say work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things I'll say work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things I'll say work it
+doesn't really make a difference as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make a difference as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make a difference as the
+claim you could also assume that no key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim you could also assume that no key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim you could also assume that no key
+is accessed more than once so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed more than once so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed more than once so then
+there's only one those would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one those would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one those would be the
+opposite extreme you can assume there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme you can assume there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme you can assume there's
+only one key per column that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one key per column that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one key per column that turns out
+not to make much difference if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make much difference if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make much difference if there's
+multiple keys in the same position just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple keys in the same position just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple keys in the same position just
+spread them out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread them out a little
+and you'll get roughly the same cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get roughly the same cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get roughly the same cost so
+good question uh but in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question uh but in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question uh but in the natural
+interpretation is one per row multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is one per row multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is one per row multiple
+per column but it doesn't neither one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this becomes the problem go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this becomes the problem go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this becomes the problem go from
+this to this with a minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this with a minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this with a minimum number of
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+points uh we do know a log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh we do know a log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh we do know a log log n
+approximation to that problem that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to that problem that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to that problem that's the
+best we know uh they C you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we know uh they C you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we know uh they C you just take
+take this binary search tree and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this binary search tree and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this binary search tree and and
+apply this trans this transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this trans this transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this trans this transformation and
+it tells you if you have a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you if you have a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you if you have a binary search
+tree you can turn it into a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you can turn it into a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you can turn it into a way to
+satisfy a point set but this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy a point set but this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy a point set but this is actually
+the best approximation algorithm we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approximation algorithm we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approximation algorithm we know
+but as you'll see the the geometric view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you'll see the the geometric view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you'll see the the geometric view
+offers a lot of insight gives us a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a lot of insight gives us a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a lot of insight gives us a lot
+of power and in some sense we use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and in some sense we use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and in some sense we use it to
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so let's prove the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's two directions we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two directions we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two directions we'll start
+with the easy direction if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy direction if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy direction if you have a
+binary search tree then it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree then it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree then it must be
+arbily satisfied then we'll have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbily satisfied then we'll have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbily satisfied then we'll have to do
+the reverse actually build a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse actually build a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse actually build a binary
+search tree out of a point set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree out of a point set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree out of a point set that's
+kind of the the harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the harder
+step so let's say we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so let's say we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so let's say we have two
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+uh let's say this is at time I we access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say this is at time I we access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say this is at time I we access
+key X and this one is at time J we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key X and this one is at time J we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key X and this one is at time J we
+access key y let's suppose Y is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key y let's suppose Y is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access key y let's suppose Y is greater
+than x there's a symmetric picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x there's a symmetric picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x there's a symmetric picture we
+want to argue that there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that there's some other
+point in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle okay uh here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle okay uh here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle okay uh here's the
+plan let a be the lowest common ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan let a be the lowest common ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan let a be the lowest common ancestor
+of X and Y X is a key Y is a key they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y X is a key Y is a key they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y X is a key Y is a key they
+are nodes in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nodes in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nodes in the tree
+this is a changing quantity as the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a changing quantity as the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a changing quantity as the tree
+Wiggles around does rotations the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles around does rotations the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles around does rotations the least
+common ancestor changes but at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor changes but at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor changes but at every
+time uh there is it has some least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh there is it has some least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh there is it has some least
+common ancestor might be X might be y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor might be X might be y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor might be X might be y
+might be some other node okay I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some other node okay I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some other node okay I want to
+look at a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before uh X is touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I or I guess I right before time I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or I guess I right before time I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or I guess I right before time I would
+be the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phrasing so we're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasing so we're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasing so we're at this
+moment I want to know does a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x if a does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if a does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if a does not equal
+x then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then
+I'm going to use the point a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the point a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the point a comma
+I okay least common ancestor has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay least common ancestor has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay least common ancestor has the
+property that X is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that X is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that X is less than or equal to
+a is less than or equal to Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than or equal to Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than or equal to Y right
+common ancestor Le common ancestor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor Le common ancestor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestor Le common ancestor will
+be between X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be between X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be between X and
+Y and we also know that it's an ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we also know that it's an ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we also know that it's an ancestor
+of X and it's an ancestor of Y so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and it's an ancestor of Y so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and it's an ancestor of Y so if
+you're going to touch X you must touch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to touch X you must touch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to touch X you must touch a
+if you're going to touch y you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to touch y you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to touch y you must
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+a so a comma I is going to be some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a comma I is going to be some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a comma I is going to be some point
+here which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is what we
+need except if a equals x sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need except if a equals x sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need except if a equals x sorry
+uh what the heck did I do transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the heck did I do transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the heck did I do transposed
+again okay this is time I time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay this is time I time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay this is time I time
+J X Y sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J X Y sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J X Y sorry about
+that okay here's time I here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay here's time I here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay here's time I here is
+a so if a does not equal x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if a does not equal x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if a does not equal x
+we we know at time I we must access all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know at time I we must access all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know at time I we must access all
+ancestors of we must touch all ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of we must touch all ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors of we must touch all ancestors
+of X before we touch X therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X before we touch X therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X before we touch X therefore this is
+a point and we're done unless a equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point and we're done unless a equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point and we're done unless a equals x
+at this time because then it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time because then it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time because then it's the same
+point we didn't get a third point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we didn't get a third point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we didn't get a third point we
+always need to find some different point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to find some different point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to find some different point
+other than these two okay so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than these two okay so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than these two okay so that would
+be good uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good uh we
+can so it must actually be that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so it must actually be that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so it must actually be that at this
+time at time I a is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at time I a is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at time I a is right
+here let's then look at time J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same deal at time J here's y that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal at time J here's y that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal at time J here's y that gets
+accessed we must also access a now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed we must also access a now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed we must also access a now it
+could be it's equal to y or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's equal to y or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's equal to y or it could be
+somewhere else could be here or could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else could be here or could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else could be here or could be
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+here uh in those cases we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in those cases we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in those cases we're
+happy but this one also could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but this one also could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but this one also could have been
+at the corner uh other the case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner uh other the case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner uh other the case we're
+not happy is when b equals x sorry uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy is when b equals x sorry uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy is when b equals x sorry uh a
+equal y getting my letters mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal y getting my letters mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal y getting my letters mixed
+up as long as a does not equal y then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as long as a does not equal y then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as long as a does not equal y then we
+can use the point a comma J that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the point a comma J that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the point a comma J that must be
+these are always in your execution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are always in your execution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are always in your execution and
+if a does not equal y then we that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a does not equal y then we that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a does not equal y then we that's a
+third point and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third point and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third point and we're
+done so we're left with one more case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so we're left with one more case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so we're left with one more case
+which is that at time I a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that at time I a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that at time I a is
+here a and at time J A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a and at time J A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a and at time J A is
+here question is what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here question is what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here question is what happened in
+between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a
+changed for a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed for a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed for a to
+change something in here has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something in here has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something in here has to get
+rotated that's the claim I mean here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated that's the claim I mean here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated that's the claim I mean here's
+here's the picture you have a actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture you have a actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture you have a actually
+picture is at the beginning a is X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is at the beginning a is X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is at the beginning a is X so
+here we have X and then Y is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have X and then Y is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have X and then Y is an
+ancestor sorry Y is a descendant of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor sorry Y is a descendant of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor sorry Y is a descendant of X
+because this is a and then somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a and then somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a and then somehow we
+have to transition to the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transition to the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transition to the reverse
+picture which is that Y is the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which is that Y is the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which is that Y is the least
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ancestor X and for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor X and for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor X and for this to
+happen uh somebody here has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh somebody here has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh somebody here has to get
+rotated I guess in particular X at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated I guess in particular X at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated I guess in particular X at some
+point x had to overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x had to overtake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x had to overtake
+y had to be moved up so at some point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y had to be moved up so at some point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y had to be moved up so at some point x
+was rotated and that would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rotated and that would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rotated and that would correspond to
+a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so
+else X is must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotated at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated at some
+time K where uh K is between I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J and if we set it up right I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and if we set it up right I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and if we set it up right I guess
+because here a was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here a was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here a was still
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+um and here a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here a is
+why then it must be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between maybe like this would be what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between maybe like this would be what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between maybe like this would be what we
+want and so then we use the point uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so then we use the point uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so then we use the point uh K
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is that more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear this was the easy case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this was the easy case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this was the easy case
+uh I guess it depends what you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess it depends what you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess it depends what you consider
+easy here we're just we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here we're just we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here we're just we're given a
+search tree and the short version is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and the short version is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and the short version is
+look at the Le least common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Le least common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Le least common
+ancestor it's got to move around at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor it's got to move around at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor it's got to move around at some
+point uh or not either way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh or not either way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh or not either way you're
+happy so the least common ancestor gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so the least common ancestor gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so the least common ancestor gives
+you the points you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the points you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the points you care
+about so for that we just needed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so for that we just needed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so for that we just needed the
+least common ancestor idea for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common ancestor idea for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common ancestor idea for the other
+direction if we're given a point set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if we're given a point set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if we're given a point set
+that corresponds to that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to that has this
+satisfaction property we have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction property we have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction property we have to somehow
+build from scratch a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build from scratch a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build from scratch a binary search tree
+how the heck are we going to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the heck are we going to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the heck are we going to build a
+binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well with treeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction treap is a portamento of tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction treap is a portamento of tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction treap is a portamento of tree
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Heap underline it correctly tree Heap uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap underline it correctly tree Heap uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap underline it correctly tree Heap uh
+so it's simultaneously a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's simultaneously a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's simultaneously a binary search
+tree and a Min Heap in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and a Min Heap in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and a Min Heap in this
+case it's a binary search tree because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a binary search tree because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a binary search tree because
+it has to be it's a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be it's a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be it's a binary search tree
+on the keys it's going to be Heap on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the keys it's going to be Heap on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the keys it's going to be Heap on a
+different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of
+values uh so minary search tree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh so minary search tree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh so minary search tree on the
+keys and it's um Heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered Min Heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bordered by next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access I didn't say I was going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access I didn't say I was going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access I didn't say I was going to give
+you an online algorithm this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an online algorithm this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an online algorithm this is an
+offline algorithm so it it looks if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline algorithm so it it looks if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline algorithm so it it looks if I
+look at a key and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a key and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a key and it's going to be
+accessed next it better be at the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed next it better be at the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed next it better be at the root
+next access will always be at the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next access will always be at the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next access will always be at the root
+if you're Heap ordered if you're a Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Heap ordered if you're a Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Heap ordered if you're a Min
+Heap by next access this is great that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap by next access this is great that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap by next access this is great that
+means the thing you're searching for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the thing you're searching for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the thing you're searching for is
+always at the root and it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at the root and it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at the root and it's basically
+free to touch but you may choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to touch but you may choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to touch but you may choose to
+touch other nodes in fact we're told how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch other nodes in fact we're told how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch other nodes in fact we're told how
+to touch nodes right we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch nodes right we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch nodes right we're given a
+pattern it says well at this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it says well at this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it says well at this time you
+have you will touch this node this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you will touch this node this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you will touch this node this node
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+node by that definition this one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node by that definition this one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node by that definition this one will be
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+root uh but you're going to touch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh but you're going to touch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh but you're going to touch these
+nodes and possibly you could rotate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and possibly you could rotate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and possibly you could rotate them
+change the tree you'll have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tree you'll have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tree you'll have to actually
+because next access time is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next access time is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next access time is constantly
+changing as soon as you access an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as soon as you access an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as soon as you access an item
+its next access goes to sometime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its next access goes to sometime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its next access goes to sometime in the
+future possibly infinity and so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future possibly infinity and so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future possibly infinity and so you'd
+like to start pushing it down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree so what we need to do is show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so what we need to do is show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so what we need to do is show that
+we can maintain it's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can maintain it's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can maintain it's always going to be
+a binary search tree because we only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search tree because we only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search tree because we only do
+rotations we have to somehow use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations we have to somehow use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations we have to somehow use
+rotations to maintain this Heap order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property and only touch the nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and only touch the nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and only touch the nodes that
+we're supposed to touch that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to touch that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to touch that's the
+challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so I should mention this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should mention this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should mention this is not a
+uniquely defined tree usually troops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely defined tree usually troops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely defined tree usually troops are
+unique if you specify a key order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique if you specify a key order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique if you specify a key order and
+you specify Heap order there's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specify Heap order there's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specify Heap order there's exactly
+one tree that satisfies both of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tree that satisfies both of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tree that satisfies both of them uh
+but here it's not quite unique because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's not quite unique because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's not quite unique because
+the next access time there are many keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next access time there are many keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next access time there are many keys
+that are going sorry next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touch next touch time uh so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch next touch time uh so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch next touch time uh so for example
+at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment
+uh all three of these nodes are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all three of these nodes are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all three of these nodes are going to
+be accessed at at the same time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed at at the same time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed at at the same time and so
+you don't know or you I'm not specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know or you I'm not specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know or you I'm not specifying
+how they're supposed to be heat boarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're supposed to be heat boarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're supposed to be heat boarded
+in the tree just break ties arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree just break ties arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree just break ties arbitrarily
+it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a time
+I when we reach that time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when we reach that time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when we reach that time I
+the nodes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes to
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+form a connected sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root because according to Heap border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root because according to Heap border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root because according to Heap border
+they're all they all want to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they all want to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they all want to be at the
+root and so we break ties arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so we break ties arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so we break ties arbitrarily
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+uh you know all the nodes that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know all the nodes that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know all the nodes that we're
+supposed to touch live and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to touch live and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to touch live and some
+connected sub tree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root S sorry some connected sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root S sorry some connected sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root S sorry some connected sub tree
+containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the
+root okay everything down here has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay everything down here has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay everything down here has a
+later next touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later next touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later next touch
+time and so they're below by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so they're below by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so they're below by definition
+of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat
+border okay now one of these is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border okay now one of these is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border okay now one of these is the one
+we actually want to access but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually want to access but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually want to access but we need
+to touch all of them so touch all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch all of them so touch all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch all of them so touch all of
+them you know navigate walk left right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know navigate walk left right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know navigate walk left right
+whatever the big question is what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the big question is what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the big question is what should
+we change this tree into I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change this tree into I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change this tree into I'd like to
+uh change into some other top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change into some other top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change into some other top
+structure I can't touch anything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can't touch anything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I can't touch anything down
+here I'm only allowed to touch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm only allowed to touch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm only allowed to touch these
+points only want to rotate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points only want to rotate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points only want to rotate these
+somehow there's a convenient theorem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there's a convenient theorem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow there's a convenient theorem if
+you have one tree and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one tree and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one tree and you want to
+converted into another you can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into another you can always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into another you can always do
+it in a linear number of rotations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a linear number of rotations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a linear number of rotations so
+rotations are basically free in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations are basically free in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations are basically free in this
+model it's just about uh how many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's just about uh how many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's just about uh how many nodes
+We Touch we're told which nodes to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Touch we're told which nodes to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Touch we're told which nodes to touch
+we want to somehow rearrange them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to somehow rearrange them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to somehow rearrange them to
+restore this Heap order property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore this Heap order property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore this Heap order property right
+as soon as we touch all these noes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we touch all these noes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we touch all these noes their
+next touch time will be sometime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time will be sometime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time will be sometime in the
+future we need to rearrange the tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we need to rearrange the tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we need to rearrange the tree to
+still be Heap Ed by that new next touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay uh here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I mean there's only one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean there's only one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean there's only one thing to
+do rearrange those nodes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rearrange those nodes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rearrange those nodes in this
+connected sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected sub
+tree to be a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trep by the new next touch time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trep by the new next touch time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trep by the new next touch time these
+are the only nodes that get a new next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only nodes that get a new next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only nodes that get a new next
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so it's more or less unique how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's more or less unique how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's more or less unique how to
+rearrange them do that now the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them do that now the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them do that now the hard part
+is to argue that the whole thing is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to argue that the whole thing is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to argue that the whole thing is now
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trep why was it enough to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trep why was it enough to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trep why was it enough to only
+modify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify these
+nodes maybe you set one of these noes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes maybe you set one of these noes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes maybe you set one of these noes to
+have a very large next touch time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very large next touch time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very large next touch time so
+it's got to be really deep down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be really deep down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be really deep down there
+and you can't afford to push it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't afford to push it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't afford to push it down
+deep because you're not allowed to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep because you're not allowed to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep because you're not allowed to touch
+any of these nodes looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these nodes looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these nodes looks
+worrisome but turns out it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there were a
+failure picture would be like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure picture would be like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure picture would be like this we
+rearrange these nodes perfectly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange these nodes perfectly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange these nodes perfectly in
+particular let's look at some node X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's look at some node X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's look at some node X
+that has a child y that was not touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a child y that was not touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a child y that was not touched
+so X was touched all of its ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X was touched all of its ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X was touched all of its ancestors
+were touched but y was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were touched but y was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were touched but y was not
+touched so we know that the next ACT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched so we know that the next ACT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched so we know that the next ACT
+next touch time of X is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time of X is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time of X is greater than or
+equal to the next touch time of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the next touch time of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the next touch time of its
+parent of its ancestor up to the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of its ancestor up to the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of its ancestor up to the root
+the worry would be that the next touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worry would be that the next touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worry would be that the next touch
+time of X is greater than the next touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of X is greater than the next touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of X is greater than the next touch
+time of Y so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+Touch of X is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touch of X is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touch of X is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+next Touch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of
+Y this would be a problem because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y this would be a problem because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y this would be a problem because then
+you would not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap
+so claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get an unsatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle based on X and his next touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle based on X and his next touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle based on X and his next touch
+time and Y in its next touch time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and Y in its next touch time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and Y in its next touch time so
+let's draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the
+picture here's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's time
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+space I'm going to assume by symmetry X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm going to assume by symmetry X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm going to assume by symmetry X
+is to the left of Y and key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the left of Y and key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the left of Y and key
+space and now we're supposing the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now we're supposing the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now we're supposing the next
+touch time of Y is earlier than the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch time of Y is earlier than the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch time of Y is earlier than the next
+touch time of X so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch time of X so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch time of X so it looks
+like this this is next touch time of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is next touch time of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is next touch time of X
+this is next touch time of Y and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is next touch time of Y and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is next touch time of Y and I claim
+that there are no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no other
+points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+here that would be a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be a contradiction
+because we assume that the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfied all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied all
+right to prove this I need to uh go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prove this I need to uh go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prove this I need to uh go back
+a little bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to the
+definition over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here there are actually a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are actually a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are actually a couple
+different ways to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about
+satisfaction um which as getting at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction um which as getting at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction um which as getting at here
+but I didn't solidify so he said okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't solidify so he said okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't solidify so he said okay if
+you have two points and there and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two points and there and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two points and there and that
+rectangle satisfied there's some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle satisfied there's some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle satisfied there's some point
+possibly in the interior in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly in the interior in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly in the interior in that
+rectangle but if it's interior then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle but if it's interior then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle but if it's interior then I
+can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep
+going if I keep going in the end I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going if I keep going in the end I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going if I keep going in the end I can
+conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+that not only is this rectangle non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only is this rectangle non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only is this rectangle non
+empty but there has to be a point on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty but there has to be a point on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty but there has to be a point on one
+of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two
+sides because if I choose any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides because if I choose any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides because if I choose any other
+point I get a smaller rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I get a smaller rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I get a smaller rectangle
+eventually I have to get one on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I have to get one on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I have to get one on one of
+those two sides could be at the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sides could be at the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two sides could be at the corner
+or this corner but one of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this corner but one of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this corner but one of those two
+sides has to have a point on it also one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides has to have a point on it also one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides has to have a point on it also one
+of these two sides has to have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sides has to have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sides has to have a point
+on it it could be both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it could be both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it could be both of these
+constraints are set met at once by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are set met at once by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are set met at once by
+having one point in the corner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one point in the corner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one point in the corner but
+that's a somewhat stronger formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a somewhat stronger formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a somewhat stronger formulation
+but equivalent formulation of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equivalent formulation of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equivalent formulation of this of
+the satisfaction property so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satisfaction property so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satisfaction property so in
+particular over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular over
+here uh it should be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it should be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it should be the case that
+there's a point either here or here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point either here or here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point either here or here and
+there should be a point either here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a point either here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a point either here or
+here I claim that one of those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+violated you think I know this stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated you think I know this stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated you think I know this stuff I
+wrote the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the paper
+but uh it's all these subtle details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's all these subtle details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's all these subtle details
+easy to get wrong uh I think what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get wrong uh I think what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get wrong uh I think what I want
+to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now which is the moment we're drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is the moment we're drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is the moment we're drawing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+diagram versus the next touch time of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram versus the next touch time of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram versus the next touch time of Y
+sorry so this is X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so this is X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so this is X comma
+Now that's what my diagram looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's what my diagram looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's what my diagram looks like
+there so I think that's what I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I think that's what I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I think that's what I mean so
+ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what we
+learn what we know is the next access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what we know is the next access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what we know is the next access to
+X is sometime in the future that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is sometime in the future that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is sometime in the future that's
+that's we're told here next X next Touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're told here next X next Touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're told here next X next Touch
+of X is greater than next Touch of Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is greater than next Touch of Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is greater than next Touch of Y so
+next Touch of X is up here which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of X is up here which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of X is up here which means
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+empty okay if that's empty this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty okay if that's empty this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty okay if that's empty this better
+not be empty right that's what we claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be empty right that's what we claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be empty right that's what we claim
+one of these two has to have a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two has to have a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two has to have a point in
+it this one's empty so this better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this one's empty so this better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this one's empty so this better not
+be empty but I claim this is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empty but I claim this is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empty but I claim this is empty
+suppose it's not suppose it is EMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's not suppose it is EMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's not suppose it is EMP
+suppose it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's not
+empty wait no one are the yeah suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty wait no one are the yeah suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty wait no one are the yeah suppose
+it's not empty should be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not empty should be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not empty should be the correct
+scenario look at the leftmost point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario look at the leftmost point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario look at the leftmost point in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy it's a point between X and Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's a point between X and Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's a point between X and Y in
+terms of key value so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of key value so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of key value so in this
+picture where could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where could it
+be where are the points between X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where are the points between X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where are the points between X and Y
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+diagram uh they have to be in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh they have to be in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh they have to be in the left
+sub tree of Y right the only points in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of Y right the only points in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of Y right the only points in a
+binary search If X and Y are if Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search If X and Y are if Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search If X and Y are if Y is a
+child of X the only points in the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of X the only points in the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of X the only points in the binary
+search Tre they between X and Y are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Tre they between X and Y are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Tre they between X and Y are the
+left sub tree of Y or there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree of Y or there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree of Y or there's a
+symmetric case but in this picture left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case but in this picture left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case but in this picture left
+sub tree of Y but I put an X here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of Y but I put an X here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of Y but I put an X here that
+means that whoever we're looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that whoever we're looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that whoever we're looking at some
+point between X and Y has to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between X and Y has to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between X and Y has to be in this
+top tree contradiction done okay if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top tree contradiction done okay if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top tree contradiction done okay if this
+guy's in there then y was also in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's in there then y was also in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's in there then y was also in there
+which meant there was a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant there was a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant there was a point
+here uh and that's what we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and that's what we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and that's what we're assuming
+did not happen this was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not happen this was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not happen this was supposed to be
+an interface between inside the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface between inside the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interface between inside the set of
+touched nodes and outside the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched nodes and outside the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched nodes and outside the set of
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+nodes so there can't be any points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so there can't be any points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so there can't be any points in
+here which means this is empty which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means this is empty which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means this is empty which
+means you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you weren't
+satisfied okay maybe I should write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay maybe I should write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay maybe I should write down
+the words to go with that argument but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words to go with that argument but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words to go with that argument but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is
+empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+uh by next Touch of X being greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by next Touch of X being greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by next Touch of X being greater than
+next Touch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Touch of
+Y and this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and this part is
+empty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty uh
+else or it's empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because any key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is in the left subtree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y uh which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imply if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touched then so is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched then so is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched then so is is
+y but y cannot be touched by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but y cannot be touched by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but y cannot be touched by
+assumption so that's the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so that's the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so that's the end of that
+proof a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof a little bit
+longer but hopefully it's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but hopefully it's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but hopefully it's pretty clear
+at this point question can there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point question can there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point question can there be
+something like desc of an Ancor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y uh would so you say it could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh would so you say it could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh would so you say it could be in
+between here it could be a descendant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here it could be a descendant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here it could be a descendant of
+X but ancestor y but we're assuming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but ancestor y but we're assuming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but ancestor y but we're assuming here
+that this was a child relation y was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a child relation y was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a child relation y was a
+child of X this was a I didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of X this was a I didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of X this was a I didn't say that
+at the beginning want to claim it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning want to claim it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning want to claim it's a
+global treap if it's not a global treap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global treap if it's not a global treap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global treap if it's not a global treap
+there's there's some Edge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some Edge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some Edge that's
+violated that does not have the heat P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated that does not have the heat P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated that does not have the heat P
+property so assuming this was an edge X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so assuming this was an edge X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so assuming this was an edge X
+is okay it was in the local treap why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it was in the local treap why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it was in the local treap why
+somehow is going to be bad because its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is going to be bad because its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is going to be bad because its
+next touch time was should be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time was should be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next touch time was should be higher
+should be above other question so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be above other question so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be above other question so that
+Sly line you drew and all the all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sly line you drew and all the all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sly line you drew and all the all and
+like everything in that sube rout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything in that sube rout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everything in that sube rout that
+gets taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken
+to like the picture on the right is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like the picture on the right is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like the picture on the right is also
+the right but after change these two sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but after change these two sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but after change these two sub
+trees have the same set of nodes they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees have the same set of nodes they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees have the same set of nodes they've
+just been rotated somehow okay but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been rotated somehow okay but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been rotated somehow okay but then
+how do you but didn't we change the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you but didn't we change the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you but didn't we change the next
+tou times of all the there so how how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tou times of all the there so how how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tou times of all the there so how how do
+you know the is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+uh by this argument so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by this argument so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by this argument so the question is
+say what after we do this we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what after we do this we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what after we do this we make
+something rude which is going the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rude which is going the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rude which is going the root
+is going to be among all the nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be among all the nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be among all the nodes that
+just got touched now who is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got touched now who is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got touched now who is going to be
+touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched
+next that's who we put at the root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's who we put at the root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's who we put at the root and
+the claim is that is globally the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that is globally the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that is globally the node
+that will be touched next Why by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be touched next Why by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be touched next Why by this
+argument uh if there were if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh if there were if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh if there were if there were
+some other node down here that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other node down here that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other node down here that has a
+smaller next access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller next access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller next access
+time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh but we know it was Heap ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh but we know it was Heap ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh but we know it was Heap ordered
+before so all of these guys are Heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so all of these guys are Heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so all of these guys are Heap
+ordered so this guy would then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered so this guy would then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered so this guy would then have the
+minimum and then we look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and then we look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and then we look at that
+interface and the claim is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the claim is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the claim is by the
+satisfaction property actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction property actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction property actually this
+point should have been in the set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should have been in the set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should have been in the set so
+what this tells you is the guy that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells you is the guy that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells you is the guy that has
+to be accessed next in particular must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accessed next in particular must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accessed next in particular must
+be in your set must be touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now kind of magical well actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of magical well actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of magical well actually it's
+because they're tie breaking I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're tie breaking I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're tie breaking I think
+that this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this works
+out anyway another question um so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway another question um so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway another question um so like
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're yeah we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yeah we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're yeah we're doing this
+transformation of the top tree into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the top tree into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the top tree into the
+local Tree by rotations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mentioned right so we're staying within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned right so we're staying within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned right so we're staying within
+the binary search tree model and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search tree model and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search tree model and in
+particular then we stay a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular then we stay a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular then we stay a binary search
+tree so we can't mess things up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so we can't mess things up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so we can't mess things up and
+there's a nice theorem that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice theorem that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice theorem that if you have
+two binary search trees on the same Keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binary search trees on the same Keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two binary search trees on the same Keys
+there's a way to get there with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to get there with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to get there with a linear
+number of rotates so that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rotates so that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rotates so that's for
+free so our new cost model is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so our new cost model is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so our new cost model is just to
+count points the cost of this access is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count points the cost of this access is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count points the cost of this access is
+one the cost of this access is 2 2 3 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the cost of this access is 2 2 3 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the cost of this access is 2 2 3 if
+we just count how many nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just count how many nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just count how many nodes are
+touched then the cost of the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched then the cost of the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched then the cost of the binary
+search tree is equal to the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree is equal to the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree is equal to the cost of the
+minimum satisfied superet of your points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum satisfied superet of your points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum satisfied superet of your points
+so this is the problem now sadly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the problem now sadly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the problem now sadly we
+don't know how to solve the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to solve the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to solve the problem but
+uh we do know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do know some
+things uh I don't think I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I don't think I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I don't think I'll go through
+an example of this it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this it's not very
+exciting you could run through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting you could run through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting you could run through this
+picture and see how the binary cry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and see how the binary cry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and see how the binary cry
+changes actually the binary cry won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes actually the binary cry won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes actually the binary cry won't
+change at all here so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at all here so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at all here so it's a little
+anticlimactic of an example you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticlimactic of an example you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticlimactic of an example you can see
+it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+notes uh I want to get to the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh I want to get to the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh I want to get to the greedy
+algorithm so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to
+imagine your points are added one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your points are added one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your points are added one at a
+time bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so I'm going to do the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I'm going to do the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I'm going to do the same example
+example first we add this point that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first we add this point that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first we add this point that's a
+satisfied set done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied set done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied set done in
+general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh
+add necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as the uh
+search okay there's nothing to add here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search okay there's nothing to add here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search okay there's nothing to add here
+next point we add is over here got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next point we add is over here got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next point we add is over here got the
+orientation correct yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation correct yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation correct yeah so this is
+three this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is
+one is this satisfied no there's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this satisfied no there's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this satisfied no there's a bad
+rectangle here there's two obvious ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle here there's two obvious ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle here there's two obvious ways
+to satisfy the rectangle I could add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the rectangle I could add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the rectangle I could add a
+point here or I could add a point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here or I could add a point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here or I could add a point here
+I'm going to add a point here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add a point here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add a point here because
+that's the row this is current time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the row this is current time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the row this is current time okay
+it's like a sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a sweep line
+algorithm we go up uh next point is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we go up uh next point is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we go up uh next point is over
+here next position of the sweep line now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next position of the sweep line now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next position of the sweep line now
+there's a bad rectangle we fix it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bad rectangle we fix it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bad rectangle we fix it by
+adding this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this point
+uh now we're good all rectangles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're good all rectangles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're good all rectangles are
+satisfied uh next level is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied uh next level is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied uh next level is there's a
+point here now there's two bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here now there's two bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here now there's two bad
+rectangles this one so I've got to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles this one so I've got to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles this one so I've got to add a
+point here and this one so I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and this one so I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and this one so I've got to
+add a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're
+good and that should be what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that should be what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that should be what I did
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yep so that's how I found that point set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's how I found that point set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's how I found that point set
+and in general claim is this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general claim is this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general claim is this is a good
+algorithm it seems in fact pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it seems in fact pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it seems in fact pretty
+obvious uh there was a choice of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh there was a choice of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh there was a choice of course
+we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+satisfy this corner or this corner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this corner or this corner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this corner or this corner or
+you know some monotone path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some monotone path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some monotone path in
+between but the claim would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but the claim would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but the claim would be that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah doesn't make as that big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah doesn't make as that big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah doesn't make as that big a
+difference doing things later is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference doing things later is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference doing things later is always
+better it's kind of a lazy property or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's kind of a lazy property or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's kind of a lazy property or
+you could think of this uh originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of this uh originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of this uh originally
+actually this algorithm goes back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this algorithm goes back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this algorithm goes back in
+land and in Tree Land if you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and in Tree Land if you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and in Tree Land if you follow
+through this reduction which we did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this reduction which we did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this reduction which we did you
+know if you convert this into a Tre what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you convert this into a Tre what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you convert this into a Tre what
+this is saying is look you search for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is look you search for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is look you search for an
+item you follow a path take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item you follow a path take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item you follow a path take all the
+nodes on the path that you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes on the path that you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes on the path that you follow
+rearrange them optimally for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them optimally for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them optimally for the future
+build a heap based on the next access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a heap based on the next access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a heap based on the next access
+time next touch time whenever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next touch time whenever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next touch time whenever that
+happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to
+be next access time actually in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next access time actually in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next access time actually in that
+case that is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is equivalent to this
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that seems like the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like the right thing to do
+offline you visit your item you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline you visit your item you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline you visit your item you do the
+minimum amount you have to do which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum amount you have to do which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum amount you have to do which is
+following the search path you rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the search path you rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the search path you rearrange
+those items to be optimal for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items to be optimal for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those items to be optimal for the future
+it's an offline algorithm seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an offline algorithm seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an offline algorithm seems like a
+really good one the only thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good one the only thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good one the only thing it's
+missing out on is maybe you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on is maybe you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on is maybe you should go
+off the path and bring other guys closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the path and bring other guys closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the path and bring other guys closer
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+route but if you believe which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route but if you believe which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route but if you believe which we don't
+know how to prove if you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to prove if you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to prove if you believe that
+there's no it doesn't really buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it doesn't really buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it doesn't really buy you
+anything to go off the path now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to go off the path now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to go off the path now you can
+always do it later then this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do it later then this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do it later then this algorithm
+is optimal offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is optimal offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is optimal offline
+and in terms of the point set it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of the point set it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of the point set it's in
+the point set view it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point set view it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point set view it's kind of nice
+because it almost looks online right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it almost looks online right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it almost looks online right you
+only have to look at each time and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to look at each time and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to look at each time and add
+the points at that time that are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at that time that are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at that time that are useful
+in terms of the past you only had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the past you only had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the past you only had to
+satisfy the rectangles of the past so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the rectangles of the past so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the rectangles of the past so
+this is where things get interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get interesting
+because in terms of a tree view with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in terms of a tree view with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in terms of a tree view with
+this transformation this this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation this this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation this this looks like
+an offline tree because it needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offline tree because it needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offline tree because it needs to know
+the future and it does if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and it does if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and it does if you want to
+build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a
+heap okay but if you look at it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap okay but if you look at it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap okay but if you look at it in the
+geometric View suddenly it looks online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric View suddenly it looks online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric View suddenly it looks online
+because you're only looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only looking at the
+points and all the points you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and all the points you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and all the points you've
+accessed in the past so in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed in the past so in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed in the past so in fact there's
+a way to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online this is where things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online this is where things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online this is where things get
+interesting there's a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there's a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there's a transformation
+that if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an
+online satisfying Point set meaning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online satisfying Point set meaning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online satisfying Point set meaning you
+can decide what points to add based only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide what points to add based only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide what points to add based only
+on the past not on the future it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the past not on the future it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the past not on the future it's a
+fancier version of this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier version of this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier version of this transformation
+you get an actual online binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an actual online binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an actual online binary search
+tree so this this algorithm goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this this algorithm goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this this algorithm goes back to
+the 90s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s I
+think actually 88 it's in a thesis 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually 88 it's in a thesis 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually 88 it's in a thesis 1988
+it was rediscovered by my PhD adviser uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was rediscovered by my PhD adviser uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was rediscovered by my PhD adviser uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2000 it's totally natural algorithm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 it's totally natural algorithm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 it's totally natural algorithm but
+they thought it was an offline algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it was an offline algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it was an offline algorithm
+with this view it's an online algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this view it's an online algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this view it's an online algorithm
+let me quickly convince you or sketch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me quickly convince you or sketch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me quickly convince you or sketch to
+you how we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how we make this
+online so we do this the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so we do this the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so we do this the same
+thing except we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heapify because we don't know the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heapify because we don't know the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heapify because we don't know the next
+access times but we know whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access times but we know whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access times but we know whatever we
+touch you know it's some connected subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch you know it's some connected subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch you know it's some connected subt
+tree of the root we we know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the root we we know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the root we we know what we
+touch We Touch whatever greedy tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch We Touch whatever greedy tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch We Touch whatever greedy tells us
+to touch you know we'll touch all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch you know we'll touch all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch you know we'll touch all these
+guys or whatever how do we rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys or whatever how do we rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys or whatever how do we rearrange
+them we don't rearrange them we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we don't rearrange them we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we don't rearrange them we store
+them into something called a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree split tree has the feature it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree split tree has the feature it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree split tree has the feature it's a
+tree finary search tree and if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree finary search tree and if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree finary search tree and if you ask
+for some item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some item
+x uh you can move x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh you can move x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh you can move x to the
+root so then you have a left sub tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so then you have a left sub tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so then you have a left sub tree of
+X right sub tree of X and then delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right sub tree of X and then delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right sub tree of X and then delete
+X and now you're left with things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now you're left with things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now you're left with things that
+are less than x and things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than x and things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than x and things that are
+greater than x sorry greater than x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x sorry greater than x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x sorry greater than x and
+you can do all this in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all this in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all this in constant
+amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time this is what we need if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is what we need if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is what we need if you think
+about here I'm going to take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here I'm going to take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here I'm going to take all these
+items that were touched throw them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that were touched throw them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that were touched throw them into
+a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split
+tree my resulting structure will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree my resulting structure will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree my resulting structure will be a
+tree of split trees so think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of split trees so think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of split trees so think of it as
+when I touch all these items I just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I touch all these items I just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I touch all these items I just sort
+of throw them all in the root but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throw them all in the root but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throw them all in the root but that
+root is represented by a split tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is represented by a split tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is represented by a split tree and
+then hanging off here there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hanging off here there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hanging off here there are other
+split trees which may have several keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split trees which may have several keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split trees which may have several keys
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+them when I do when I now touch a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I do when I now touch a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I do when I now touch a node
+you can show that if you know if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that if you know if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that if you know if I'm
+trying to touch some node here I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to touch some node here I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to touch some node here I can't
+just magically touch a node here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just magically touch a node here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just magically touch a node here I've
+got to I had to followed in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to I had to followed in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to I had to followed in the actual
+tree whatever the optimal tree is I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree whatever the optimal tree is I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree whatever the optimal tree is I had
+to follow some route to leave path so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow some route to leave path so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow some route to leave path so in
+fact the predecessor and successor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the predecessor and successor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the predecessor and successor here
+had to have been touched before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have been touched before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have been touched before I
+touched this one which means I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched this one which means I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched this one which means I'm going
+to split those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split those
+nodes so um when I actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so um when I actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so um when I actually this
+basically lazy evaluation when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lazy evaluation when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lazy evaluation when I
+actually access something in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually access something in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually access something in here that
+means I want to pull it to the root I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I want to pull it to the root I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I want to pull it to the root I
+wanted to pretend that it was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pretend that it was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to pretend that it was at the
+root that's what the trep would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root that's what the trep would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root that's what the trep would have
+done so basically pull it up be a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so basically pull it up be a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so basically pull it up be a root
+split because now uh now there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split because now uh now there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split because now uh now there's two
+structures left where I don't know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures left where I don't know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures left where I don't know their
+orders but I know that this item was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders but I know that this item was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders but I know that this item was
+first and so I end up with I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so I end up with I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so I end up with I don't
+actually remove it but I remove it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove it but I remove it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove it but I remove it from
+the split trees so I make it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the split trees so I make it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the split trees so I make it look like
+this and here's the guy where I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's the guy where I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's the guy where I wanted
+to access something okay so I split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access something okay so I split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access something okay so I split this
+root into two split trees and I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root into two split trees and I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root into two split trees and I have an
+individual node up here if I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual node up here if I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual node up here if I can do this
+in constant amortize time it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant amortize time it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant amortize time it's as if
+this node was at the root in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node was at the root in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node was at the root in the first
+place and so I Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so I Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so I Sim
+this perfect Tre order but using a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect Tre order but using a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfect Tre order but using a data
+structure split trees which can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure split trees which can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure split trees which can actually
+be solved how do you solve split trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved how do you solve split trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved how do you solve split trees
+you just do the obvious thing um more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do the obvious thing um more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do the obvious thing um more or
+less ideas is you know red black trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ideas is you know red black trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ideas is you know red black trees
+take your favorite balance spin resarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your favorite balance spin resarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your favorite balance spin resarch
+tree red black trees uh work fine um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree red black trees uh work fine um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree red black trees uh work fine um if
+you're given a node you can split there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a node you can split there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a node you can split there
+you basically just carve it in half how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically just carve it in half how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically just carve it in half how
+much does it cost to split well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does it cost to split well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does it cost to split well if
+you're a little bit clever me go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bit clever me go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bit clever me go to a
+board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of
+cleverness uh the one thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness uh the one thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness uh the one thing we have to
+optimize for is what if you're splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for is what if you're splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for is what if you're splitting
+like right here very close to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right here very close to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right here very close to the left
+if you're clever you'll you'll search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're clever you'll you'll search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're clever you'll you'll search
+from here and cut off this part in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and cut off this part in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and cut off this part in time
+basically proportional to the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically proportional to the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically proportional to the height of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+tree okay this you might get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay this you might get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay this you might get some
+propagation up here but that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation up here but that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation up here but that's very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+amortised okay on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised okay on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised okay on the other hand if you
+search over here you'd like to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over here you'd like to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search over here you'd like to spend
+only time proportional to this so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time proportional to this so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time proportional to this so in
+general uh if you just search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh if you just search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh if you just search in
+parallel here you can split in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel here you can split in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel here you can split in let's say
+this has size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has size
+N1 and the rest has size N2 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and the rest has size N2 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 and the rest has size N2 you can
+split in order log the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in order log the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in order log the
+Min of N1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of N1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of N1 and
+N2 and you can show that if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and you can show that if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and you can show that if you just
+that's straightforward splitting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's straightforward splitting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's straightforward splitting that's
+really easy to do you can show that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do you can show that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do you can show that that
+implies constant amortised because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies constant amortised because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies constant amortised because
+either you're cutting off a very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're cutting off a very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're cutting off a very little
+nibble and the cost is small or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble and the cost is small or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble and the cost is small or you're
+cutting things more or less in half but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting things more or less in half but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting things more or less in half but
+that can't happen very much then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't happen very much then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't happen very much then you
+charge to the fact that n log n is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the fact that n log n is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the fact that n log n is going
+down by one and overall you get a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by one and overall you get a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by one and overall you get a linear
+cost to splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes it's an amortization now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's an amortization now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's an amortization now the
+trouble is this is not a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is this is not a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is this is not a binary search
+tree how in the heck do I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree how in the heck do I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree how in the heck do I have two
+pointers that in parallel search well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers that in parallel search well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers that in parallel search well
+you have to take these two halves of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take these two halves of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take these two halves of the
+tree and interleave them to make them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and interleave them to make them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and interleave them to make them a
+binary Searcher it's kind of awkward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary Searcher it's kind of awkward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary Searcher it's kind of awkward but
+just put it mesh it all together fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it mesh it all together fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it mesh it all together fold it
+in half basically and turn it upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half basically and turn it upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half basically and turn it upside
+down then you got a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you got a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you got a binary search tree
+so there's some messy stuff there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some messy stuff there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some messy stuff there but
+that's just a handwavy argument that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a handwavy argument that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a handwavy argument that you
+can make greedy online next class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make greedy online next class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make greedy online next class we'll
+talk about lower bounds which almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about lower bounds which almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about lower bounds which almost
+prove that greedy is optimal but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that greedy is optimal but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that greedy is optimal but not
+quite
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dqx56lZ_icg.txt b/Dqx56lZ_icg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f19e93791d073e907d71205dcc7d11737107138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dqx56lZ_icg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're constantly asking how long we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly asking how long we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly asking how long we have
+to wait for things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for things and
+uh in the context of probability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the context of probability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the context of probability theory
+it turns into the technical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into the technical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into the technical question
+called the expected time to failure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the expected time to failure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the expected time to failure or
+the mean time to failure some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean time to failure some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean time to failure some examples
+might be that an insurance company wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that an insurance company wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that an insurance company wants
+to know for a given policyholder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know for a given policyholder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know for a given policyholder the
+expected time before that policyholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time before that policyholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time before that policyholder
+dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies
+uh a mechanical engineer wants to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mechanical engineer wants to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mechanical engineer wants to know
+the expected time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time before
+a button that's being pushed once per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button that's being pushed once per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button that's being pushed once per
+second is expected to fail and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is expected to fail and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is expected to fail and i want to
+know when the part that my body shop has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when the part that my body shop has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when the part that my body shop has
+been waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been waiting for
+is expected to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to come in
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the meantime to failure problem we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime to failure problem we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime to failure problem we can
+formalize in terms of flipping coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize in terms of flipping coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize in terms of flipping coins
+so we're going to flip a coin until a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to flip a coin until a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to flip a coin until a
+head comes up and we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head comes up and we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head comes up and we're going to think
+of a head as being a failure and a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head as being a failure and a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head as being a failure and a tail
+is a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a success
+so let's assume the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume the probability of
+getting a head the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head the probability of
+failure is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is p
+again this is not a fair coin it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a fair coin it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a fair coin it's a
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+coin that may be biased in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that may be biased in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that may be biased in either
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and let's let f be the number of flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let f be the number of flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let f be the number of flips
+until the first head comes up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first head comes up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first head comes up the the
+number of flips until the first failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until the first failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until the first failure
+and if we're counting as flips is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're counting as flips is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're counting as flips is time
+it's the time to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time to fail
+so what we'd like to know is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to know is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to know is what's the
+expectation of f what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f what's the
+expected number of flips before a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of flips before a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of flips before a head
+comes up well let's do some in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up well let's do some in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up well let's do some in order to
+calculate that expectation we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that expectation we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that expectation we need to
+know some probabilities so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some probabilities so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some probabilities so what's the
+probability that f equals one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f equals one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f equals one well
+that's the same as saying that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that that's
+getting ahead on the first flip it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ahead on the first flip it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ahead on the first flip it's the
+probability until you get an h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability until you get an h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability until you get an h
+uh that you get just an h on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you get just an h on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you get just an h on the first
+flip and that has probability p okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and that has probability p okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and that has probability p okay
+what's the probability that f equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that f equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that f equals two
+well that's the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the probability that you
+flip a tail and then a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a tail and then a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a tail and then a head
+and that has probability q times p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has probability q times p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has probability q times p
+because we're assuming the flips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming the flips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming the flips are
+independent so it's the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so it's the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so it's the probability of a
+tail which is q times the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail which is q times the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail which is q times the probability of
+a head which is p similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head which is p similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head which is p similarly the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+f equals 3 is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals 3 is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals 3 is the same as the
+probability of flipping tail tail head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of flipping tail tail head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of flipping tail tail head
+and it's q squared p and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's q squared p and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's q squared p and of course
+the uh probability density function of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh probability density function of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh probability density function of f
+the number of steps until you'd flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps until you'd flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps until you'd flip
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+at n the probability that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n the probability that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n the probability that you have to
+flip uh n times before you get the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh n times before you get the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh n times before you get the first
+head is q to the n minus 1 p by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is q to the n minus 1 p by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is q to the n minus 1 p by the way
+a random variable with whose probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable with whose probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable with whose probability
+density function has is is this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function has is is this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function has is is this value is
+called a geometric distribution they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a geometric distribution they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a geometric distribution they
+come up all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time
+all right so what's the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the formula for the
+expectation of f it's simply of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f it's simply of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f it's simply of course
+by definition it's the expect it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition it's the expect it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition it's the expect it's the
+sum over all the possible values of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the possible values of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the possible values of f
+which in this case are integers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are integers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are integers n
+greater than zero of n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero of n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero of n times the
+probability that f equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f equals n
+we figured out that the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out that the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out that the probability that
+f equals n is q to the n minus 1 times p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals n is q to the n minus 1 times p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals n is q to the n minus 1 times p
+and now i'm going to observe that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to observe that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to observe that we
+really do know how to evaluate this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do know how to evaluate this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do know how to evaluate this sum
+easily enough i'm going to factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily enough i'm going to factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily enough i'm going to factor out
+the p and it becomes a sum over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and it becomes a sum over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and it becomes a sum over n
+greater than 0 of q to the n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 of q to the n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 of q to the n minus 1
+times n and then i can simplify matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n and then i can simplify matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n and then i can simplify matters
+if i replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i replace
+n by n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by n minus 1
+and then i get a q to the n power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i get a q to the n power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i get a q to the n power so
+this is equivalent to p times the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to p times the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to p times the sum
+over n greater than equal to zero of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n greater than equal to zero of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n greater than equal to zero of n
+plus one q to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one q to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one q to the n
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+is a familiar generating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a familiar generating function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a familiar generating function
+it's simply equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply equal to
+uh one over 1 minus q squared as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over 1 minus q squared as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over 1 minus q squared as we've
+seen already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already
+so in short the expectation of f is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short the expectation of f is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short the expectation of f is p
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+1 over the square of 1 minus q well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the square of 1 minus q well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the square of 1 minus q well
+so let's pull them together there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pull them together there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pull them together there of
+course 1 minus q is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 1 minus q is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 1 minus q is p
+so it's p times one over p squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's p times one over p squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's p times one over p squared or
+one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over p
+and we get this really very clean answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get this really very clean answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get this really very clean answer
+the expected number of flips before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of flips before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of flips before you
+get ahead is one over the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ahead is one over the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ahead is one over the probability of
+a head so for example with a fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head so for example with a fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a head so for example with a fair coin
+where p is a half the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p is a half the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p is a half the expected number of
+flips until you get the first head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips until you get the first head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips until you get the first head is
+two it's one over a half if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's one over a half if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's one over a half if you had a
+biased coin where the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased coin where the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased coin where the probability of
+getting a head was uh one and three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head was uh one and three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head was uh one and three one
+third then in fact uh the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third then in fact uh the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third then in fact uh the expected
+number of flips until you got ahead was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until you got ahead was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until you got ahead was
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um that's a nice clean answer but we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a nice clean answer but we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a nice clean answer but we got
+it in this way that doesn't really give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way that doesn't really give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way that doesn't really give
+much intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at another naive way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at another naive way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at another naive way to
+derive the expected time to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the expected time to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the expected time to the first
+head without having to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head without having to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head without having to worry about
+generating functions and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating functions and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating functions and all that
+sophisticated stuff about series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated stuff about series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated stuff about series which
+is easy to forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to forget
+so let's look at the outcome tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the outcome tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the outcome tree that
+describes this experiment of flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this experiment of flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this experiment of flipping
+until you get the first head so starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the first head so starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the first head so starting
+at the root uh with probability p you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root uh with probability p you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the root uh with probability p you
+flip ahead immediately and you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip ahead immediately and you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip ahead immediately and you stop
+or with probability q you flip a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with probability q you flip a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with probability q you flip a tail
+and then with probability p you finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with probability p you finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with probability p you finally
+flip the head and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the head and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the head and stop
+uh if you haven't flipped the head he by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you haven't flipped the head he by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you haven't flipped the head he by
+the end of the first second step then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the first second step then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the first second step then
+that is a possibility that you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a possibility that you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a possibility that you with
+probability q flip to tail and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability q flip to tail and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability q flip to tail and then
+there's a possibility that you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that you stop
+after the third step with a head and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the third step with a head and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the third step with a head and so
+on that's how this tree goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the looking at the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looking at the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looking at the structure of this
+tree it's an infinite tree but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's an infinite tree but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's an infinite tree but it's very
+repetitive in fact if we call the tree b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive in fact if we call the tree b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive in fact if we call the tree b
+then what we're seeing is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're seeing is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're seeing is that this
+whole subtree is a copy of b so now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole subtree is a copy of b so now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole subtree is a copy of b so now i
+have a nice recursive but very finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice recursive but very finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice recursive but very finite
+description of this whole infinite tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this whole infinite tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this whole infinite tree
+b is a tree that has a left branch of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a tree that has a left branch of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a tree that has a left branch of p
+that uh that ends in a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that ends in a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that ends in a leaf
+or a right branch with probability q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right branch with probability q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right branch with probability q
+followed by a repeat of the tree b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a repeat of the tree b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a repeat of the tree b
+so now i can apply total expectation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i can apply total expectation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i can apply total expectation to
+find the expectation of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expectation of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expectation of f
+f is the expected number of steps i make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the expected number of steps i make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the expected number of steps i make
+in this tree until i finally make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree until i finally make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree until i finally make the
+left branch to an h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch to an h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch to an h
+how do i figure out what the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i figure out what the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i figure out what the expected
+time in the tree is until i make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the tree is until i make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the tree is until i make that
+left branch of flipping ahead finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch of flipping ahead finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch of flipping ahead finally
+well using total expectation what i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well using total expectation what i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well using total expectation what i can
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+branch on whether or not the first flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on whether or not the first flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on whether or not the first flip
+is ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ahead
+so the expectation of f according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation of f according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation of f according to
+total probability a total expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability a total expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability a total expectation is
+going to be the expectation of f given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the expectation of f given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the expectation of f given
+that the first flip is ahead times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first flip is ahead times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first flip is ahead times the
+probability p that it is ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p that it is ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p that it is ahead
+and the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it's the expectation of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expectation of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expectation of f
+given that the first flip is a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first flip is a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first flip is a tail
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+q the probability that the first flip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q the probability that the first flip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q the probability that the first flip is
+a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail
+well let's look at well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at well first of all
+let's look at this term what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this term what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this term what is the
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+number of flips until you get a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until you get a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips until you get a head
+given that you've got a head well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you've got a head well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you've got a head well it's
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+so this term is easily taken care of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is easily taken care of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is easily taken care of we
+understand that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that one
+what about this term this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this term this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this term this is the
+expected number of flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of flips
+until you get the first tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the first tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the first tail
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry it's the it's the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's the it's the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's the it's the expected number
+of flips until you get the first head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flips until you get the first head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flips until you get the first head
+given that your first step was a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that your first step was a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that your first step was a tail
+well what that means is that we are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what that means is that we are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what that means is that we are here
+after the tail and we're asking what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the tail and we're asking what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the tail and we're asking what's
+the expectation of f the number of flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f the number of flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f the number of flips
+that you get starting at b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get starting at b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get starting at b
+when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do
+one flip that takes you to the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flip that takes you to the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flip that takes you to the start of
+b again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b again
+and the answer is obviously 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is obviously 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is obviously 1 plus
+the expected number of flips in b which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of flips in b which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of flips in b which
+is expected expectation of f in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected expectation of f in short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected expectation of f in short
+this term the expectation of f given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the expectation of f given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the expectation of f given
+that the first flip is a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first flip is a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first flip is a t
+is a tail is simply 1 plus the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tail is simply 1 plus the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tail is simply 1 plus the expected
+number of flips that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of flips that we're trying to
+figure out now look at this i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out now look at this i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out now look at this i have a
+very simple arithmetic formula now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple arithmetic formula now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple arithmetic formula now
+expectation of f is 1 times p plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f is 1 times p plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f is 1 times p plus 1
+plus f times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f times q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f times q
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+and now i can solve for e of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can solve for e of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can solve for e of f
+well just taking a quick look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just taking a quick look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just taking a quick look at this
+this is going to be q this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be q this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be q this is going to
+yield a q term and p plus q is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield a q term and p plus q is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield a q term and p plus q is 1 and
+this is going to be q times e of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be q times e of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be q times e of f
+and there's an e of f there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an e of f there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an e of f there
+if i pull the e of f over i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i pull the e of f over i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i pull the e of f over i'm going to
+do a little arithmetic i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little arithmetic i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little arithmetic i'm going to
+leave the rest to you and realize again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the rest to you and realize again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the rest to you and realize again
+that the answer is what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is what we had before
+the expectation of f is equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f is equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f is equal to 1 over
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+so let's do one more almost silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do one more almost silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do one more almost silly
+example for fun to remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for fun to remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for fun to remember what the
+significance of one over p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of one over p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of one over p is
+uh suppose i'm thinking about the stace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose i'm thinking about the stace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose i'm thinking about the stace
+space station mirror now it's spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space station mirror now it's spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space station mirror now it's spinning
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+uh and there's a lot of garbage out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a lot of garbage out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a lot of garbage out
+there that it's likely to hit a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it's likely to hit a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it's likely to hit a lot of
+space junk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space junk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space junk and
+suppose that based on our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that based on our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that based on our previous
+statistics and and estimations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and estimations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and estimations of the
+small sort of small stuff that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sort of small stuff that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sort of small stuff that has been
+hitting near that it could survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting near that it could survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting near that it could survive
+that we estimate that there's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we estimate that there's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we estimate that there's about a
+150 000 chance that in any given hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 000 chance that in any given hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 000 chance that in any given hour
+it's going to run into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run into some
+intolerable uh collision with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerable uh collision with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerable uh collision with a with
+space junk or a meteor that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space junk or a meteor that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space junk or a meteor that's going to
+destroy it so suppose the space station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it so suppose the space station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it so suppose the space station
+mir has a 150 000 chance of destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mir has a 150 000 chance of destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mir has a 150 000 chance of destruction
+in any given hour so how many hours do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any given hour so how many hours do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any given hour so how many hours do
+we expect until destruction well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect until destruction well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect until destruction well it's
+one over a hundred and fifty thousand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred and fifty thousand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a hundred and fifty thousand or
+a hundred and fifty thousand hours which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and fifty thousand hours which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and fifty thousand hours which
+tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so much facility space station examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much facility space station examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much facility space station examples
+let's wrap up with an intuitive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's wrap up with an intuitive argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's wrap up with an intuitive argument
+that could be made rigorous but i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be made rigorous but i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be made rigorous but i'm not
+going to because i think it's clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to because i think it's clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to because i think it's clearer
+just left in this informal way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left in this informal way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left in this informal way that
+makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+intuitive why you would expect that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive why you would expect that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive why you would expect that of
+course the expected time to failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the expected time to failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the expected time to failure is
+one over the probability of failing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the probability of failing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the probability of failing on a
+given flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given flip
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+how many failures do you expect in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many failures do you expect in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many failures do you expect in one
+try well by definition it's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try well by definition it's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try well by definition it's the uh
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+getting a head on the first flip it's p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head on the first flip it's p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a head on the first flip it's p
+okay now if you flip n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you flip n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you flip n times
+you expect to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to get
+n times as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times as many
+failures as you'd expect in one try so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures as you'd expect in one try so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures as you'd expect in one try so
+the expected number of fails in n tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of fails in n tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of fails in n tries
+is n times p that's an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n times p that's an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n times p that's an intuitive
+argument in fact it's the rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in fact it's the rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in fact it's the rigorously
+correct argument remember that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct argument remember that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct argument remember that if we
+flip n times we're counting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip n times we're counting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip n times we're counting the number
+of heads in n flips that's a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads in n flips that's a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads in n flips that's a binomial
+distribution we already figured out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we already figured out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we already figured out in a
+couple of ways that its expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways that its expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways that its expectation is
+np but never mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np but never mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np but never mind that
+it's just sort of i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of i think it's
+intuitively clear that if you expect p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively clear that if you expect p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively clear that if you expect p
+heads in one try and you do n tries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in one try and you do n tries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in one try and you do n tries that
+are all independent you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all independent you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all independent you're going to
+expect to get n times p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get n times p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get n times p
+failures okay or heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures okay or heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures okay or heads
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what's the expected number of tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected number of tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected number of tries
+between failures well if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between failures well if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between failures well if you think about
+that i've done n tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've done n tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've done n tries
+and i've got np failures so if i divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've got np failures so if i divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've got np failures so if i divide
+the number of tries by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of tries by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of tries by the number of
+failures that by definition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures that by definition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures that by definition is the
+average time between the failures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time between the failures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time between the failures it's
+the expected time to a failure so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time to a failure so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time to a failure so i
+divide the number of tries by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the number of tries by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the number of tries by the number
+of fails which by definition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fails which by definition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fails which by definition is the
+average number of tries between failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of tries between failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of tries between failures
+and it's equal to n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to n over
+np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+which is equal to one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to one over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to one over p
+and that's an argument that i hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an argument that i hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an argument that i hope you
+will remember
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EqAYRo4wXxY.txt b/EqAYRo4wXxY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..002f67a68f27279a9c5e7b95c6d98a87e8d78755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EqAYRo4wXxY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14224 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu our uh investigation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu our uh investigation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu our uh investigation of
+stochastic gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent
+um this time we'll be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this time we'll be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this time we'll be talking about the
+stochastic policy interpretation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy interpretation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy interpretation and I
+have some examples well a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples well a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples well a very simple
+sort of system example but a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system example but a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system example but a whole bunch
+of different ways of looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different ways of looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different ways of looking like
+fooling with it in policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooling with it in policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooling with it in policy
+parameterizations that hopefully give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations that hopefully give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations that hopefully give
+you some feel for uh for how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some feel for uh for how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some feel for uh for how to actually
+go about using this if you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about using this if you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about using this if you want to use
+in your project or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I gave a little introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave a little introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave a little introduction to
+uh the idea of a stochastic policy last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea of a stochastic policy last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea of a stochastic policy last
+time um but this time I'll give a maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um but this time I'll give a maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um but this time I'll give a maybe
+a little review of the things and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little review of the things and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little review of the things and also a
+sketch of the algorithm I think someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of the algorithm I think someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of the algorithm I think someone
+asked Joe asked for pseudo code um get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Joe asked for pseudo code um get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Joe asked for pseudo code um get a
+feel of the process you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel of the process you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel of the process you need to go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so uh you're just in of words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you're just in of words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh you're just in of words this is
+the process I'll just make us get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process I'll just make us get right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process I'll just make us get right
+into it um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it um um
+set Alpha and again there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Alpha and again there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Alpha and again there's a bunch of
+ways of actually implementing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of actually implementing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of actually implementing this and
+going through the details of it but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the details of it but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the details of it but this
+is a very simple way and easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple way and easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple way and easy to
+understand and most of the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and most of the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and most of the other uh
+other forms are pretty clearly derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms are pretty clearly derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms are pretty clearly derived
+from this but you can sort of tweak it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this but you can sort of tweak it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this but you can sort of tweak it
+maybe to get a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to get a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to get a little bit better
+performance or fill in the details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or fill in the details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or fill in the details in
+different ways but so set Alpha to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but so set Alpha to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but so set Alpha to an
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess wow sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wow sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wow sorry
+so this is what you start your policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you start your policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you start your policy
+off as uh you can start as zero as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as uh you can start as zero as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as uh you can start as zero as a
+bunch of random numbers and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random numbers and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of random numbers and this can
+affect your result a lot actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your result a lot actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your result a lot actually um
+good initial guesses will obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good initial guesses will obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good initial guesses will obviously
+converge faster but also they can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge faster but also they can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge faster but also they can be in
+bit different Basin of Attraction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Basin of Attraction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Basin of Attraction for
+different local Minima so it also makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different local Minima so it also makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different local Minima so it also makes
+sense sometimes to run it several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sometimes to run it several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sometimes to run it several times
+from different initial guesses and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different initial guesses and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different initial guesses and just
+see where it goes and if they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it goes and if they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it goes and if they all
+convert to the same thing that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to the same thing that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to the same thing that means
+you're at least in a a local Minima that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at least in a a local Minima that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at least in a a local Minima that
+has a large base of Attraction while if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large base of Attraction while if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large base of Attraction while if
+they go to very different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to very different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to very different things that
+means that you sort of have a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you sort of have a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you sort of have a local
+minimum problem and you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem and you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem and you can take the
+minimum of All Those runs or you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of All Those runs or you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of All Those runs or you can try
+to investigate exactly uh why I keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate exactly uh why I keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate exactly uh why I keep on
+getting stuck but so the initial guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck but so the initial guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck but so the initial guess
+isn't just like come with the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just like come with the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just like come with the best thing
+you can it also means sort of map out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it also means sort of map out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it also means sort of map out
+the space of policy parameters somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of policy parameters somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of policy parameters somewhat
+so that when you get stuck in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you get stuck in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you get stuck in a local
+Minima you have some confidence about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima you have some confidence about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima you have some confidence about
+how good that policy really is um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good that policy really is um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good that policy really is um so
+then this is again you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is again you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is again you don't have to do
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+run uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy Pi Alpha so this is the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Pi Alpha so this is the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Pi Alpha so this is the policy
+with your parameter set of your Alpha um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your parameter set of your Alpha um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your parameter set of your Alpha um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the
+cost as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baseline all right so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline all right so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline all right so that gives you
+your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first
+Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+see have a do y Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have a do y Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have a do y Loop
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+Z so if you remember before maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if you remember before maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if you remember before maybe I
+should uh sketch this first I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh sketch this first I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh sketch this first I'm going to
+fill both these boards with the sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill both these boards with the sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill both these boards with the sketch
+um Z is the noise you add to your policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Z is the noise you add to your policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Z is the noise you add to your policy
+so when you're searching that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're searching that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're searching that's the uh
+when you sample right that's the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sample right that's the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sample right that's the vector
+you add I'll I'll write out the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add I'll I'll write out the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add I'll I'll write out the details
+of it over there so draw your noise z um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it over there so draw your noise z um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it over there so draw your noise z um
+from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now
+yesterday we talked about the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we talked about the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we talked about the example of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gaussian that's a common one but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian that's a common one but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian that's a common one but there's
+number of other ways and actually today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other ways and actually today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other ways and actually today
+today we'll talk about uh a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about uh a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about uh a different
+distribution and sort of why you'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and sort of why you'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and sort of why you'd want
+to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+with uh Pi Alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Pi Alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Pi Alpha plus
+Z right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right
+so this is sort of when we're evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of when we're evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of when we're evaluating
+how well that policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does and then we'll say We'll store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and then we'll say We'll store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and then we'll say We'll store this
+and what do I have uh store this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I have uh store this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I have uh store this is just
+we'll store it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll store it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll store it in
+J all right um now we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update rule that we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update rule that we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update rule that we were talking about
+so Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alpha
+gets um Alpha Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+Ada J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada J minus
+B all right B is our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so J minus
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+z right and then update your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baseline now you can can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline now you can can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline now you can can do
+this with uh a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run where you run your new policy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run where you run your new policy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run where you run your new policy um
+that's sort of the more expensive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the more expensive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the more expensive way
+but you can have confidence in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have confidence in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have confidence in that
+Baseline as long as it's not too random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline as long as it's not too random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline as long as it's not too random
+when you evaluate the system um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaluate the system um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaluate the system um you
+could do a decaying average you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a decaying average you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a decaying average you could
+have for example b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example b
+gets .2 times your J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets .2 times your J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets .2 times your J
++8 times your old
+
+ align:start position:0%
++8 times your old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++8 times your old
+Baseline right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline right
+and so in this one is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this one is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this one is sort of an
+exponentially decaying average where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying average where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying average where I
+take my new one smooth it out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my new one smooth it out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my new one smooth it out by
+averaging with the previous one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging with the previous one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging with the previous one and then
+as you if you think about what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you if you think about what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you if you think about what this does
+um sort of every uh every measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of every uh every measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of every uh every measurement
+gets sort of exponentially decayed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sort of exponentially decayed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sort of exponentially decayed away
+in its significance um as you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its significance um as you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its significance um as you go through
+time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you
+update and then you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and then you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and then you can do this
+while not converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many times you can just do a four Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you can just do a four Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you can just do a four Loop
+too and you can just run it for 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and you can just run it for 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and you can just run it for 100
+iterations or several hundred iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations or several hundred iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations or several hundred iterations
+and see whether or not it looks to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether or not it looks to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether or not it looks to have
+converged that's what I often do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged that's what I often do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged that's what I often do but
+this is really what I guess what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what I guess what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what I guess what you're
+doing it's just the for Loop and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's just the for Loop and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's just the for Loop and stuff
+is sometimes easier and it prevents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes easier and it prevents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes easier and it prevents you
+from getting stuck where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting stuck where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting stuck where your
+convergence conditions never met you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence conditions never met you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence conditions never met you
+have to control C so um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to control C so um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to control C so um right so
+hopefully that this is clear enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that this is clear enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that this is clear enough that
+if you wanted to implement this uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to implement this uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to implement this uh you
+could go do it and try it for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go do it and try it for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go do it and try it for your
+project if that's what you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if that's what you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if that's what you're interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh sorry this is ETC there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry this is ETC there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry this is ETC there's
+different ways you could update your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you could update your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you could update your
+Baseline you could do it with a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you could do it with a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you could do it with a yeah
+sorry um I mean these are two common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um I mean these are two common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um I mean these are two common
+ones I mean these are the two that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean these are the two that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean these are the two that I
+usually use are these but um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use are these but um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use are these but um you could
+have critics and stuff like that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have critics and stuff like that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have critics and stuff like that too
+where you have more complicated updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have more complicated updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have more complicated updates
+for having a more complicated Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a more complicated Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a more complicated Baseline
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when should you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we'll just say stochastic gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll just say stochastic gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll just say stochastic gradient
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+sent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent all
+right well it's important to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's important to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's important to remember
+one that in never is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better then true gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ENT so if it's cheap to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT so if it's cheap to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT so if it's cheap to evaluate the
+true gradient you can follow that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient you can follow that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient you can follow that true
+gradient down and you in pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient down and you in pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient down and you in pretty good
+shape now the fact that this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape now the fact that this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape now the fact that this random
+maybe gives you some robustness to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe gives you some robustness to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe gives you some robustness to very
+tiny local Minima but you could add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny local Minima but you could add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny local Minima but you could add that
+in your gradient descent too if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your gradient descent too if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your gradient descent too if you're
+just to bounce yourself around a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to bounce yourself around a bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to bounce yourself around a bit um
+so stochastic gradient descent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stochastic gradient descent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stochastic gradient descent if you
+have an easy way to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an easy way to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an easy way to compute the
+gradients you can do gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients you can do gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients you can do gradient descent
+using those or you can even do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those or you can even do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those or you can even do something
+like Snot or some high order method so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snot or some high order method so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snot or some high order method so
+if it's easy to compute the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's easy to compute the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's easy to compute the gradients
+exactly it doesn't necessarily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it doesn't necessarily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it doesn't necessarily make
+sense to use stochastic stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to use stochastic stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to use stochastic stochastic
+gradient descent if those gradients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent if those gradients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent if those gradients are
+impossible to compute or extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to compute or extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to compute or extremely
+expensive to compute um then it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to compute um then it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to compute um then it can make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+um then also um if you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameterization it can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can be quite
+efficient um again like I guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um again like I guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um again like I guess this
+isn't a prerequisite because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a prerequisite because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a prerequisite because it will
+work will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions and just sort of like uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and just sort of like uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and just sort of like uh and
+naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameterizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations
+wow maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow maybe just
+naive pams but it'll be really slow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive pams but it'll be really slow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive pams but it'll be really slow or
+it often is but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it often is but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it often is but is
+slow and it can get stuck in local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Minima so if you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so if you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so if you have a good
+parameterization it can be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can be much more
+reasonable to use this an example is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to use this an example is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to use this an example is in
+our lab we have this glider they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab we have this glider they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab we have this glider they're
+trying to perch so we launch out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to perch so we launch out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to perch so we launch out of this
+catapult it flies through executes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catapult it flies through executes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catapult it flies through executes a
+maneuver and then tries to catch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver and then tries to catch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver and then tries to catch this
+line right now in that case if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right now in that case if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right now in that case if you're
+parameterization were the kind of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization were the kind of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization were the kind of open
+loop tapes we previously used where just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop tapes we previously used where just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop tapes we previously used where just
+you know what elevator angle do you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what elevator angle do you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what elevator angle do you try
+to Servo to that could be a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Servo to that could be a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Servo to that could be a bad
+parameterization it's very Co it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it's very Co it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it's very Co it's going
+to demand sort of rough things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand sort of rough things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand sort of rough things and so
+trying to do learning on that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do learning on that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do learning on that could be
+very slow especially because an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow especially because an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow especially because an
+evaluation is so expensive so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is so expensive so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is so expensive so if we have
+if we can come with a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can come with a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can come with a good
+parameterization though suddenly becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization though suddenly becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization though suddenly becomes
+reasonable to do this if we can knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to do this if we can knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to do this if we can knock
+down to five parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to five parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to five parameters that
+parameterize a very sort of Nice Class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize a very sort of Nice Class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize a very sort of Nice Class
+of policies now maybe we don't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policies now maybe we don't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policies now maybe we don't need that
+much data and we can actually get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data and we can actually get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data and we can actually get it
+just by launching it so if we can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by launching it so if we can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by launching it so if we can come
+up with that good parameterization doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with that good parameterization doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with that good parameterization doing
+this should work yeah what if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should work yeah what if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should work yeah what if you had a
+good estimate your trory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate your trory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate your trory
+should a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should a lot
+of um well I mean if you can start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um well I mean if you can start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um well I mean if you can start with
+a good initial guess which maybe means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good initial guess which maybe means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good initial guess which maybe means
+that you converge reasonably quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you converge reasonably quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you converge reasonably quickly but
+the thing is that the learning is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that the learning is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that the learning is going
+to struggle to get a lot of improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to struggle to get a lot of improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to struggle to get a lot of improvement
+like it could get it'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could get it'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could get it'll get some
+improvement I'll show in these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I'll show in these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I'll show in these examples
+you can have ugly parameterizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have ugly parameterizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have ugly parameterizations and
+it'll still learn a bit but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still learn a bit but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still learn a bit but the problem
+is that you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you like
+if you parameterize in this open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you parameterize in this open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you parameterize in this open loop
+tape right so let's say we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape right so let's say we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape right so let's say we have some
+really nice smooth trajectory like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice smooth trajectory like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice smooth trajectory like
+this and we parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we parameterize
+it is this all clear I'm this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this all clear I'm this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this all clear I'm this is sort of
+off in a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in a tangent
+um but this is just sort of about bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is just sort of about bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is just sort of about bad
+parameterizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations
+um yeah so do you want me to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so do you want me to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so do you want me to go through
+all this first and I can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this first and I can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this first and I can talk about the
+points in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microphone I believe I have a microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I believe I have a microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I believe I have a microphone
+that yeah okay all right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay all right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay all right thank
+you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right
+um all right so we're all are we all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we're all are we all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we're all are we all on
+board here or are we yeah okay good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here or are we yeah okay good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here or are we yeah okay good yeah
+this is sort of a disorganized so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameterize by setting all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize by setting all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize by setting all these
+numbers right so you have a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right so you have a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right so you have a nice smooth
+trajectory that's the kind of stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that's the kind of stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that's the kind of stuff you
+want now if you parameterize it by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now if you parameterize it by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now if you parameterize it by each
+one of these numbers stochastic cre sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these numbers stochastic cre sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these numbers stochastic cre sent
+when it bounces around is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it bounces around is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it bounces around is going to be
+like okay send this guy up a bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay send this guy up a bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay send this guy up a bit this
+guy down a bit these two guys up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down a bit these two guys up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down a bit these two guys up this
+guy down this guy down up this guy prac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down this guy down up this guy prac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down this guy down up this guy prac
+in the same place you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place you know something
+like that and you're going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you're going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you're going to get some
+PR policy like this right now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR policy like this right now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR policy like this right now your
+physical system is going to smooth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system is going to smooth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system is going to smooth that
+out it's going to filter it right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's going to filter it right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's going to filter it right you're
+not going to execute something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to execute something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to execute something like that
+necessarily but it's very unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but it's very unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but it's very unlikely that
+that's the right kind of policy right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right kind of policy right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right kind of policy right I
+mean it's very sort of fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's very sort of fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's very sort of fine
+grain doesn't necessarily make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain doesn't necessarily make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain doesn't necessarily make sense so
+if you assume you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you assume you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you assume you're going to have
+something smooth it's nice to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smooth it's nice to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smooth it's nice to you
+something that's going to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to be sort of
+always relatively smooth like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always relatively smooth like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always relatively smooth like if you
+were to use fewer points to parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use fewer points to parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use fewer points to parameterize
+a spline that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spline that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spline that could be a
+win so that's what I mean by a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so that's what I mean by a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so that's what I mean by a good
+parameterization is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is something that
+ideally captur the kind of behaviors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally captur the kind of behaviors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally captur the kind of behaviors you
+want in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system also uh yeah so I think the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also uh yeah so I think the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also uh yeah so I think the main
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+don't well this is not the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't well this is not the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't well this is not the main point
+this is a big point that I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big point that I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big point that I think a lot
+of people tend to do and I can be guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people tend to do and I can be guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people tend to do and I can be guilty
+of myself is don't discard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back prop through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+rtrl it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spped many times because you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spped many times because you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spped many times because you can see how
+simple this update is that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this update is that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this update is that it's very
+tempting just to be like okay well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting just to be like okay well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting just to be like okay well I'll
+put this Loop in run it and I'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this Loop in run it and I'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this Loop in run it and I'll be in
+good shape right I mean because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape right I mean because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape right I mean because it's
+it's trivial to write that code I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial to write that code I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial to write that code I you
+can see with the mudo code here so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see with the mudo code here so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see with the mudo code here so when
+you're working on your project if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on your project if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on your project if you're
+like oh well I want to optimize I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh well I want to optimize I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh well I want to optimize I'll
+just throw this on there bam I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw this on there bam I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw this on there bam I mean
+it'll take you 30 minutes to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take you 30 minutes to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take you 30 minutes to get that
+code running but you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code running but you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code running but you know maybe you
+think back prop to to is more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back prop to to is more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back prop to to is more confusing
+you have to go interet those ad joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go interet those ad joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go interet those ad joint
+equations and stuff like that but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and stuff like that but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and stuff like that but these
+give you the true gradient if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the true gradient if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the true gradient if your
+gradients are cheap doing this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients are cheap doing this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients are cheap doing this can be a
+win I mean you can get a better policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I mean you can get a better policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I mean you can get a better policy
+you can solve it a lot faster you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it a lot faster you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it a lot faster you can
+check richer classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check richer classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check richer classes of
+parameterizations because it will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations because it will solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations because it will solve
+them so quickly so when you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so quickly so when you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so quickly so when you're thinking
+about okay we're trying to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay we're trying to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay we're trying to solve this
+problem and you have your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you have your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you have your project
+don't choose this without being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choose this without being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choose this without being very
+conscious that it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious that it has a lot of
+limitations and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and there's a lot of
+Alternatives which could be better so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives which could be better so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives which could be better so I
+first think are there are there very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think are there are there very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think are there are there very
+solid sort of things you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid sort of things you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid sort of things you can do with
+these using snop to converge nicely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these using snop to converge nicely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these using snop to converge nicely if
+you can't if you don't have a good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't if you don't have a good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't if you don't have a good model
+if your system is too complicated UMAS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your system is too complicated UMAS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your system is too complicated UMAS a
+great inent maybe it's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inent maybe it's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great inent maybe it's what you
+want all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right
+so that's sort of a discussion coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a discussion coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a discussion coming
+back from Tuesday on uh when to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Tuesday on uh when to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Tuesday on uh when to do these
+things and also hopefully code that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and also hopefully code that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and also hopefully code that now
+that you have it in your notes now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it in your notes now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it in your notes now that
+you have it in your notes um you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it in your notes um you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it in your notes um you'll be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+uh you be able to implement this pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you be able to implement this pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you be able to implement this pretty
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+so now getting on to the new stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now getting on to the new stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now getting on to the new stuff for
+today um talking about stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um talking about stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um talking about stochastic
+policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular we talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we talking about a
+certain class of these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain class of these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain class of these kind of
+algorithms um reinforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms all right and uh I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right and uh I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right and uh I think that
+the these are introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Williams and he's at North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams and he's at North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams and he's at North
+Eastern I think in paper 92 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern I think in paper 92 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern I think in paper 92 or
+something um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um so
+once again uh trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh trying
+to pass across the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass across the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass across the idea of the
+stochastic policy so this interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy so this interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy so this interpretation
+is very different um we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different um we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different um we're not going to
+do the linearization we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the linearization we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the linearization we're not going to
+assume we have this nominal policy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have this nominal policy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have this nominal policy we
+sample and try something else we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and try something else we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and try something else we're
+going to assume that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that we have some
+distribution of policy oh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of policy oh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of policy oh our
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy see is a uh is a distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy see is a uh is a distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy see is a uh is a distribution so
+what we can think about it is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can think about it is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can think about it is is we
+parameterize our distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize our distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize our distribution with
+Alpha our policy then has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha our policy then has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha our policy then has some
+stochasticity to it which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity to it which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity to it which is going to
+give us what used to be our our Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us what used to be our our Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us what used to be our our Alpha
+plus Z right so we don't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z right so we don't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z right so we don't think about
+this is this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is not a
+sample this is s the output of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this is s the output of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this is s the output of our
+policy this is how we represent our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy this is how we represent our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy this is how we represent our
+policy not as the nominal action but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy not as the nominal action but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy not as the nominal action but as
+some parameterization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameterization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameterization of the
+behavior all right so this would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior all right so this would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior all right so this would be for
+example if I were to you know play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I were to you know play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I were to you know play a
+game where I was flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where I was flipping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where I was flipping a
+and I bet on something it could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bet on something it could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bet on something it could be like
+okay my parameter here is the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my parameter here is the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my parameter here is the percentage
+of times I'm going to bet money you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I'm going to bet money you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I'm going to bet money you know
+on comeing up heads or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on comeing up heads or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on comeing up heads or something like
+that I mean doesn't make sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean doesn't make sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean doesn't make sense because
+you're expect to Value anything or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expect to Value anything or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expect to Value anything or zero
+or Net Zero if you're playing a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Net Zero if you're playing a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Net Zero if you're playing a fair
+game but the point is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but the point is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but the point is that it's
+something like this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this is the probability
+of me doing this and so here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me doing this and so here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me doing this and so here we're going
+to think about this as the mean of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as the mean of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as the mean of a
+bunch of gaussians so our policy is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gaussians so our policy is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gaussians so our policy is do
+all these actions with the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these actions with the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these actions with the probabilities
+described by multivaried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by multivaried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by multivaried
+gaussian with means described by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian with means described by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian with means described by this
+Vector all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay yeah the output you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah the output you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah the output you just have
+Alpha plus Z is that policy just to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus Z is that policy just to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus Z is that policy just to add
+noise to your parameters um I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to your parameters um I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to your parameters um I mean the
+these that's these are the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that's these are the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that's these are the two different
+interpretations right so I mean it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations right so I mean it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations right so I mean it is
+effectively doing that I mean over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing that I mean over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing that I mean over here
+where we have our nominal thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have our nominal thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have our nominal thing and then
+we add this uh we add this noise right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add this uh we add this noise right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add this uh we add this noise right
+then we have our nominal po we add noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have our nominal po we add noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have our nominal po we add noise
+with distribution like this but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distribution like this but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distribution like this but this one
+what we have is we again have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is we again have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is we again have this is
+parameterizing a distribution and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing a distribution and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing a distribution and our
+policy is to do these things with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is to do these things with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is to do these things with this
+probability right and you said that Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right and you said that Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right and you said that Al
+is the mean for us it's the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for us it's the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for us it's the mean of
+these gaussians but you could parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gaussians but you could parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gaussians but you could parameters
+it any way you wanted you could have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any way you wanted you could have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any way you wanted you could have uh
+I mean you could have a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could have a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could have a policy
+parameterized by if you have discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by if you have discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by if you have discrete
+actions it could be the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it could be the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it could be the probability of
+all these actions and force them to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these actions and force them to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these actions and force them to sum
+up to one it could be uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one it could be uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one it could be uh some
+parameterization of a PDF or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of a PDF or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of a PDF or something
+like that so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so we're going to talk about
+it in a limited case and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a limited case and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a limited case and I think that
+thinking about that way at least for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that way at least for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that way at least for me
+is easier to think about where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier to think about where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier to think about where we're
+going but remember that's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but remember that's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but remember that's a lot more
+General that this is just parameterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General that this is just parameterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General that this is just parameterizing
+some distribution of actions and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution of actions and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution of actions and so it
+could be something very general um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something very general um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something very general um but
+for if you're having trouble putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're having trouble putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're having trouble putting
+your head around what all that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head around what all that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head around what all that means you
+can think about it just like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it just like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it just like this is
+just describing the means of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describing the means of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describing the means of a bunch of
+gaussians and then our policy is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians and then our policy is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians and then our policy is do
+these actions with the polic with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions with the polic with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions with the polic with the
+probability described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability described by
+that does that make sense I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense I think that
+this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort
+of I feel like I'm running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I feel like I'm running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I feel like I'm running around
+circles here all right I just want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles here all right I just want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles here all right I just want to be
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+so in that case it doesn't make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case it doesn't make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case it doesn't make sense to
+say so this goes through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+produces cost J right but now J is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces cost J right but now J is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces cost J right but now J is a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable all right so no longer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable all right so no longer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable all right so no longer makes
+sense to say you know what is J for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say you know what is J for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say you know what is J for this
+PO policy because running that policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO policy because running that policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO policy because running that policy is
+going to produce all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce all sorts of different
+JS right so when you evaluate the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS right so when you evaluate the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS right so when you evaluate the policy
+I mean it you could have a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it you could have a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it you could have a question of
+what is the right way do you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right way do you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right way do you should you
+do the Min of J should you do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Min of J should you do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Min of J should you do you know
+what is the worst J it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the worst J it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the worst J it's going to
+produce or what is the maximum J it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce or what is the maximum J it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce or what is the maximum J it's
+going to produce well the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce well the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce well the thing that
+people generally choose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally choose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally choose in
+the in this world is well not Earth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this world is well not Earth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this world is well not Earth but
+our discipline um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discipline um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discipline um is
+you want to look at the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at the expected
+value of J right and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J right and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J right and so this is a
+philosophical decision to some degree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical decision to some degree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical decision to some degree I
+think Russ may have talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Russ may have talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Russ may have talked about this a
+bit but when you're on airliner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but when you're on airliner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but when you're on airliner you
+probably want to look at the Min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to look at the Min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to look at the Min of
+J um when you're building a gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um when you're building a gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um when you're building a gambling
+robot maybe you do want the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot maybe you do want the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot maybe you do want the expected
+value of J assum you have a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J assum you have a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J assum you have a lot of money
+right um but so this is a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but so this is a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but so this is a philosophical
+decision but it's analytically tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but it's analytically tractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but it's analytically tractable
+and it makes sense in many cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense in many cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense in many cases so
+again like Russ always says animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like Russ always says animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like Russ always says animals
+aren't doing like robust control I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing like robust control I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing like robust control I mean
+if they were we wouldn't be sprinting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were we wouldn't be sprinting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were we wouldn't be sprinting
+around and jumping and doing gymnastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and jumping and doing gymnastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and jumping and doing gymnastic
+well some people wouldn't be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some people wouldn't be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some people wouldn't be doing
+gymnastics I'm probably not doing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gymnastics I'm probably not doing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gymnastics I'm probably not doing them
+anyway but my expected value of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but my expected value of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but my expected value of trying
+to do gymnastics would not be high I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do gymnastics would not be high I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do gymnastics would not be high I can
+guarantee that much all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that much all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that much all right so so
+we're going to look at is our stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is our stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is our stochastic
+GRE sent now since we can't just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRE sent now since we can't just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRE sent now since we can't just follow
+DJ d alpha we're going to have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ d alpha we're going to have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ d alpha we're going to have to look
+at D expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at D expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at D expected
+value of j d alpha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of j d alpha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of j d alpha right
+so this is now our metric and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now our metric and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now our metric and so we have
+to look at the gradient of that expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the gradient of that expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the gradient of that expected
+value now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the definition of the
+expected value right we can call uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value right we can call uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value right we can call uh I'm
+going to call this sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this sort of like the
+policy parameters that you're running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy parameters that you're running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy parameters that you're running on
+under this uh this trial I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh this trial I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh this trial I'm going to
+call it beta and attempt to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it beta and attempt to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it beta and attempt to be as
+unoriginal as possible so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoriginal as possible so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoriginal as possible so we're going to
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta so the expected value for J we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so the expected value for J we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so the expected value for J we want
+to integrate over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate over all
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+um and your expected value is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your expected value is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your expected value is going to
+be uh where am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here sorry I've got an air in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry I've got an air in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry I've got an air in my
+notes so J of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so J of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so J of B
+beta probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta right so this is just definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so this is just definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so this is just definition of
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now if you push uh the DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you push uh the DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you push uh the DD
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through yeah sorry if you push DD Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through for a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for a beta
+right what you're going to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J of
+beta is not a function of alpha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is not a function of alpha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is not a function of alpha right
+we're saying like beta up here written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying like beta up here written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying like beta up here written
+up here is a function of alpha I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is a function of alpha I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is a function of alpha I mean
+that's how we've derived it but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we've derived it but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we've derived it but remember
+that beta is just the actions you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is just the actions you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta is just the actions you've
+chosen from your distribution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen from your distribution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen from your distribution so if you
+look at running your system with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at running your system with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at running your system with these
+parameters that's not a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that's not a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that's not a random variable
+that is that is just your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is just your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is just your number
+right so the thing that though is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the thing that though is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the thing that though is the
+probability of getting beta right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting beta right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting beta right that's
+this is the function this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function this distribution
+so this is what depends on Alpha all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now this is where a bit of cleverness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is where a bit of cleverness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is where a bit of cleverness
+comes in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in um
+you can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this a integral over beta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this a integral over beta J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this a integral over beta J
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+um P so again the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um P so again the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um P so again the distribution
+beta then d d alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta then d d alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta then d d alpha of
+Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of
+P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of
+beta D beta right so this is just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta D beta right so this is just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta D beta right so this is just saying
+when you take the deriv your natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the deriv your natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the deriv your natural log
+you're going to cancel out this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to cancel out this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to cancel out this one
+right you'll get the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'll get the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'll get the derivative of the
+one inside does that make sense when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inside does that make sense when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inside does that make sense when you
+do a chain roll on this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a chain roll on this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a chain roll on this you're going to
+get 1 over P beta d p beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 over P beta d p beta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 over P beta d p beta d
+alpha right so this is sort of the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha right so this is sort of the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha right so this is sort of the trick
+that you need so you just have see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need so you just have see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need so you just have see
+this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess I can erase the pseudo code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that
+um if you look at that expression over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at that expression over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at that expression over
+there what you can see is that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what you can see is that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what you can see is that is the
+same as the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the expected
+value right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right of
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+Ln P beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln P beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln P beta
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+right so because we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because we're integrating
+overall beta probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall beta probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall beta probability of
+beta right so that's the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so that's the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so that's the expected value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+means that if we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we can make
+this our update right if we can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our update right if we can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our update right if we can like
+yeah if we can make effectively this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we can make effectively this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we can make effectively this our
+update then the expected value of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update then the expected value of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update then the expected value of our
+update is equal to the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update is equal to the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update is equal to the expected value
+well the derivative the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative the expected value
+of our performance with respect to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our performance with respect to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our performance with respect to our
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+parameterization do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization do you
+see now that's sort of cool because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now that's sort of cool because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now that's sort of cool because this
+seems like sort of a complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like sort of a complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like sort of a complicated thing
+the deriv your expected value respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deriv your expected value respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deriv your expected value respect to
+your uh policies all things say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh policies all things say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh policies all things say it's
+this big random thing over a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big random thing over a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big random thing over a very
+complicated J like a general J we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated J like a general J we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated J like a general J we
+haven't assumed anything about J we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't assumed anything about J we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't assumed anything about J we
+didn't do a linearization we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a linearization we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a linearization we didn't do
+anything like that right so J is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that right so J is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that right so J is still
+however General you want it to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however General you want it to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however General you want it to be it's
+not local anything the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not local anything the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not local anything the derivative of
+this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+Alpha we can make this our update we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha we can make this our update we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha we can make this our update we
+file that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that
+derivative so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so that's pretty
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the question is we have um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is we have um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is we have um you
+know what is this update look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this update look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this update look like in
+practice this is kind of an ugly term um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this is kind of an ugly term um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this is kind of an ugly term um
+so what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when
+we actually try to uh do an update like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually try to uh do an update like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually try to uh do an update like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we can write this as our update we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can write this as our update we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can write this as our update we
+want in the direction of the gra it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the direction of the gra it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the direction of the gra it's
+going to be Delta Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Delta Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Delta Alpha
+again now we want a learning rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now we want a learning rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now we want a learning rate
+because this is again sort of a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is again sort of a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is again sort of a gradient
+following thing so generally there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing so generally there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing so generally there you
+want some sort of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some sort of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some sort of learning
+rate and you're just going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and you're just going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and you're just going to do a
+gradient descent um then you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent um then you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent um then you can make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+J of beta which again now we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of beta which again now we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of beta which again now we can write
+this as Alpha plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right and then something uh represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then something uh represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then something uh represent
+that dln d alpha P beta so we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dln d alpha P beta so we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dln d alpha P beta so we'll call
+that e right we'll say that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e right we'll say that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e right we'll say that's called the
+eligibility I think that term may come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility I think that term may come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility I think that term may come
+from neural networks but you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neural networks but you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neural networks but you can think
+of it as this eligibility captures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as this eligibility captures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as this eligibility captures um
+how much how sensitive each parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how sensitive each parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how sensitive each parameter
+should be to an update so um let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to an update so um let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to an update so um let's say
+we have 10 alphas and the eligibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 10 alphas and the eligibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 10 alphas and the eligibility
+for one of those Alphas is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of those Alphas is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of those Alphas is very high
+that means that if we do well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if we do well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if we do well that
+eligibility should get much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility should get much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility should get much you know
+should go much more in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go much more in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go much more in that direction
+um the eligibility is sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the eligibility is sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the eligibility is sort of just
+capturing the weights of how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the weights of how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the weights of how much you
+think each parameter is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think each parameter is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think each parameter is responsible for
+affecting that output right so a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting that output right so a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting that output right so a big
+eligibility on a parameter means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility on a parameter means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility on a parameter means that
+that parameter is going to move a lot if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter is going to move a lot if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter is going to move a lot if
+the eligibility is small it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eligibility is small it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eligibility is small it's not going
+to move much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move much at
+all okay um do that make sense so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay um do that make sense so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay um do that make sense so that's
+the way to think about the elgibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about the elgibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about the elgibility
+all right so just capturing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just capturing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just capturing what we
+expect the significance to be yeah is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the significance to be yeah is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the significance to be yeah is it
+the quantity inside the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside the expected value
+brackets or is it the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or is it the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or is it the expected
+value um it's this it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um it's this it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um it's this it's just this
+quantity it's not the expected value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's not the expected value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's not the expected value we
+want our update to be this inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our update to be this inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our update to be this inside the
+expected value then the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value then the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value then the expected value
+of our update is the gradient right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our update is the gradient right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our update is the gradient right so
+it's it's just the quantity inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just the quantity inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just the quantity inside
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think when I when I I remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think when I when I I remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think when I when I I remember when
+I first learned this Russ was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first learned this Russ was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first learned this Russ was talking
+about the elgibility and I had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the elgibility and I had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the elgibility and I had no idea
+how to interpret it and if you still are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret it and if you still are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret it and if you still are
+confused about it I can try to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about it I can try to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about it I can try to describe
+it in more detail maybe with a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in more detail maybe with a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in more detail maybe with a picture
+or something like that if you'd like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that if you'd like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that if you'd like do
+people think they have a good idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think they have a good idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think they have a good idea of
+what the eligibility means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eligibility means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eligibility means
+intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great pardon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pardon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pardon I
+know just how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how do you
+I'm going to go through how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through how you
+calculate it right now um because EU see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it right now um because EU see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it right now um because EU see
+is I mean it's it's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean it's it's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean it's it's going to be this
+it's going to depend on what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on what our
+distribution is so I said if we po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is so I said if we po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is so I said if we po
+parameterize our policy by the means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize our policy by the means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize our policy by the means of
+a bunch of Gans algeb is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Gans algeb is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Gans algeb is going to be one
+thing if you parameterize it as a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you parameterize it as a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you parameterize it as a bunch
+of Bui variables or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bui variables or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bui variables or something like that
+it's going to be different right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be different right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be different right so it
+depends on the kind of distribution your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the kind of distribution your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the kind of distribution your
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so alha isn't the means of BU of G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alha isn't the means of BU of G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alha isn't the means of BU of G and
+what do z mean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z it's a alpha plus Z is the it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z it's a alpha plus Z is the it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z it's a alpha plus Z is the it's always
+the action you take sort of like the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action you take sort of like the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action you take sort of like the um
+I actually had some notes on this the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had some notes on this the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had some notes on this the uh
+if you think about it let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it let's say that
+your um the way you represented your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um the way you represented your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um the way you represented your
+controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+yeah so there's some subtle differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some subtle differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some subtle differences
+here but yeah I think it's worth going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but yeah I think it's worth going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but yeah I think it's worth going
+through to maybe so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to maybe so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to maybe so let's say I
+parameterize my controller by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize my controller by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize my controller by three
+numbers um like a gain on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um like a gain on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um like a gain on
+position a gain on the speed and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a gain on the speed and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a gain on the speed and an
+integral term so this is a p ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral term so this is a p ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral term so this is a p ID
+controller right so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right so this is something
+that most of you I think are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you I think are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you I think are probably
+familiar with so this is a a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with so this is a a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with so this is a a very simple
+parameterization of a policy right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of a policy right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of a policy right now
+this is how we control it now but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we control it now but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we control it now but the
+thing is that this is sort of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is sort of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this is sort of what the
+actions are so this would be a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are so this would be a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are so this would be a beta
+would be one of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one of these and
+Alpha I mean and and this terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I mean and and this terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I mean and and this terminology
+isn't necessarily standard I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessarily standard I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessarily standard I think the
+alpha and ZR my Beta I just came up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and ZR my Beta I just came up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and ZR my Beta I just came up when
+I was trying to make these notes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to make these notes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to make these notes so I
+could have a simple term to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a simple term to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a simple term to write down
+in all these Expressions um but so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these Expressions um but so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these Expressions um but so this
+is your beta this is the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your beta this is the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your beta this is the the thing
+you're running your system under right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running your system under right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running your system under right
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+Alpha is the same size as that but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the same size as that but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the same size as that but what
+it is is is parameterizations for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is is parameterizations for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is is parameterizations for some
+distribution of how you select these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of how you select these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of how you select these all
+right so in a gaan I mean here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in a gaan I mean here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in a gaan I mean here's a
+simple I I gave you a simple one a beri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I I gave you a simple one a beri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I I gave you a simple one a beri
+distribution this could be let's say KP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this could be let's say KP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this could be let's say KP
+was either uh one or five then my alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was either uh one or five then my alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was either uh one or five then my alpha
+1 could be the probability of picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 could be the probability of picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 could be the probability of picking
+one and then the probability of picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the probability of picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the probability of picking
+five is 1 minus alpha 1 so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is 1 minus alpha 1 so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is 1 minus alpha 1 so in this case
+it's a specific evaluation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specific evaluation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specific evaluation of your
+stochastic polic this is a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic polic this is a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic polic this is a specific
+evaluation this is the parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation this is the parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation this is the parameterization
+that defines the distribution so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines the distribution so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines the distribution so once
+you tell me Alpha I can tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me Alpha I can tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me Alpha I can tell you the
+probability of getting any any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting any any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting any any of these
+right but when I run it I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when I run it I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when I run it I have these
+numbers in there so this is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in there so this is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in there so this is sort of like
+a sample for my distribution and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample for my distribution and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample for my distribution and this is
+what I actually get the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense
+yeah all right and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right and so if you look at
+this minus this that's the noise we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus this that's the noise we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus this that's the noise we talk
+about in the other interpretation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the system we trying to solve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the system we trying to solve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the system we trying to solve is
+not is not F like how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not F like how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not F like how do you how do you
+decide that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that like
+when oh how do you yeah so that is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oh how do you yeah so that is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oh how do you yeah so that is we're
+thinking about this this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this this is another
+thing I note on um we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I note on um we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I note on um we're thinking about
+this in the context of Trials so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the context of Trials so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the context of Trials so you you
+run the system under a trial right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the system under a trial right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the system under a trial right um
+and then you evaluate the cost what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you evaluate the cost what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you evaluate the cost what if
+your system is just running constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system is just running constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system is just running constantly
+right um well you can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well you can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well you can think about a
+short period of time as a TR you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time as a TR you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time as a TR you could
+run it for a while um you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it for a while um you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it for a while um you can look at
+discounted cost where you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted cost where you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted cost where you and then
+there's also the I think the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the I think the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the I think the average
+cost or average reward formulation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or average reward formulation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or average reward formulation where
+you can look at how long what reward do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at how long what reward do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at how long what reward do
+you expect to get running it off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to get running it off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to get running it off to
+Infinity like what sort of reward rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity like what sort of reward rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity like what sort of reward rate
+um I think about it right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think about it right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think about it right now in the
+context of let's just say we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of let's just say we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of let's just say we can do a
+trial of something um and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial of something um and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial of something um and if you want to
+worry about what happens if the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what happens if the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what happens if the system
+is constantly running there's ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly running there's ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly running there's ways you
+can still still do like a trial and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still still do like a trial and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still still do like a trial and then
+you can keep track of an eligibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep track of an eligibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep track of an eligibility
+Trace which is different than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace which is different than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace which is different than this
+eligibility sorry I shouldn't that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility sorry I shouldn't that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility sorry I shouldn't that's
+that's a confusing thing um what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a confusing thing um what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a confusing thing um what you can
+do is if you're running constantly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is if you're running constantly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is if you're running constantly you
+can just sort of keep iterating um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just sort of keep iterating um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just sort of keep iterating um and
+take into account this sort of coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account this sort of coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account this sort of coupling
+reward because you can imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward because you can imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward because you can imagine you know
+it's sort of like if I study for my test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like if I study for my test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like if I study for my test
+tonight I didn't have a good night but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I didn't have a good night but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I didn't have a good night but I
+did well my test tomorrow so I was happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did well my test tomorrow so I was happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did well my test tomorrow so I was happy
+and so it's sort of like then my action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of like then my action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of like then my action
+didn't give me an immediate reward get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give me an immediate reward get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give me an immediate reward get
+me rewarded later that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewarded later that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewarded later that's sort of the
+delayed reward problem which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed reward problem which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed reward problem which is very
+common um and there are ways of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um and there are ways of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common um and there are ways of dealing
+with this here where you can still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this here where you can still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this here where you can still just
+look at your AC crewing award like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your AC crewing award like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your AC crewing award like right
+now and you can still sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you can still sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you can still sort of give
+yourself reward for do doing good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself reward for do doing good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself reward for do doing good things
+in the past you can still handle that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you can still handle that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you can still handle that um
+so that I mean that is a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I mean that is a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I mean that is a good question
+and there's a number of ways to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a number of ways to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a number of ways to deal
+with this but right now let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but right now let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but right now let's just think
+about execute a trial all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about execute a trial all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about execute a trial all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um right so then our e here again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so then our e here again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so then our e here again to
+make it uh look like what we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh look like what we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh look like what we want it to
+look like to make it well you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like to make it well you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like to make it well you know that
+tells us exactly what our e is so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us exactly what our e is so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us exactly what our e is so we can
+write it as this vector DD alpha 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as this vector DD alpha 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as this vector DD alpha 1 of
+Ln um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln um
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+beta um and this beta is still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta um and this beta is still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta um and this beta is still you know
+the Spector but the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spector but the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spector but the probability of that
+is a scalar right so this El of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar right so this El of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar right so this El of this
+probability is just a scaler and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just a scaler and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just a scaler and and
+that's our entire thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our entire thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our entire thing here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then let's say again this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let's say again this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let's say again this is where
+the distribution you choose comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution you choose comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution you choose comes into
+play let's say that we chose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play let's say that we chose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play let's say that we chose our
+distribution to be um a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to be um a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to be um a bunch of
+gaussians all the different parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians all the different parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians all the different parameters
+IID right um well the noise IID but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID right um well the noise IID but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID right um well the noise IID but
+we'll just think about them as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just think about them as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just think about them as all
+independent with the same Sigma so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with the same Sigma so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with the same Sigma so the
+probability of getting a beta because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a beta because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a beta because
+they're all independent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all independent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all independent is the
+product over all our different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over all our different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over all our different
+parameters 1 / < TK 2 piun Sigma squ all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 1 / < TK 2 piun Sigma squ all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 1 / < TK 2 piun Sigma squ all
+this is going to cramp it if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to cramp it if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to cramp it if I do that
+so I think I have the opposite problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I have the opposite problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I have the opposite problem
+of anyone else I write way too big video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anyone else I write way too big video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anyone else I write way too big video
+people will be happy um so just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be happy um so just let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be happy um so just let me
+squish it in here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish it in here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish it in here all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+probability of beta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of beta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of beta is equal
+to the product over all my different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product over all my different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product over all my different
+parameters of one over well you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of one over well you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of one over well you know the
+gassian distribution it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right so if you give me a beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so if you give me a beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so if you give me a beta and
+I have the alpha I can tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the alpha I can tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the alpha I can tell you the
+probability of us picking that beta all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of us picking that beta all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of us picking that beta all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so our Ln so the natural log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well then I mean the log allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I mean the log allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I mean the log allows you to
+turn this product into a sum um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this product into a sum um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this product into a sum um and
+you'll get the sum over I = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n now we can take this derivative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now we can take this derivative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now we can take this derivative this
+is a constant that won't show up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant that won't show up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant that won't show up and
+we'll just have the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have the derivative of
+uh there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the derivative now of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the derivative now of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the derivative now of this
+we'll get rid of this this one is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get rid of this this one is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get rid of this this one is simple
+to do now it's just a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now it's just a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now it's just a product
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+Ln P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta d alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta d alpha
+oh I didn't do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals so beta IUS Alpha I over Sigma s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so beta IUS Alpha I over Sigma s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so beta IUS Alpha I over Sigma s
+now if you remember how we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember how we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember how we talked about
+it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being yeah need to be eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is our
+eligibility Z over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility Z over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility Z over Sigma
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+now what does that mean our update is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now hopefully this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hopefully this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hopefully this looks
+familiar my voice is struggling today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar my voice is struggling today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar my voice is struggling today
+I'm going to come in next time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come in next time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come in next time talking
+like this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this great
+so this is our update does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our update does this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our update does this look
+familiar back y actually let me yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar back y actually let me yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar back y actually let me yeah I
+guess does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+familiar is this a no it does not look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is this a no it does not look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is this a no it does not look
+at all familiar or is this a yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all familiar or is this a yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all familiar or is this a yes it
+looks so familiar I don't want to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so familiar I don't want to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so familiar I don't want to waste
+my time and embarrass myself by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time and embarrass myself by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time and embarrass myself by saying
+it does it does right it's the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it does right it's the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it does right it's the exact
+same update right now this one we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same update right now this one we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same update right now this one we don't
+have a Baseline and we have Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Baseline and we have Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Baseline and we have Sigma
+squar but that Sigma square is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar but that Sigma square is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar but that Sigma square is just a
+scalar and we already said baseline or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and we already said baseline or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and we already said baseline or
+no Bas on whatever you want doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Bas on whatever you want doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Bas on whatever you want doesn't
+affect it right now is that true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect it right now is that true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect it right now is that true for
+this case it didn't affect the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it didn't affect the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it didn't affect the other one
+this one it also does if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it also does if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it also does if you think about
+your reward as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reward as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reward as
+uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see
+yeah right if you think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right if you think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right if you think about your
+reward as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward as one
+everywhere then your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere then your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere then your um
+derivative let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see yeah where is this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay yeah all right so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right so if this is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+right then our derivative expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then our derivative expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then our derivative expected value
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero that means that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means that the expected
+value Delta Alpha over here has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Delta Alpha over here has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Delta Alpha over here has to be
+zero because it's equal to that expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's equal to that expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's equal to that expected
+value that means the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that means the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that means the expected value of
+our eligibility is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eligibility is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eligibility is zero
+right so the expected value of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the expected value of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the expected value of the of
+the eligibility is Al is always zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eligibility is Al is always zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eligibility is Al is always zero so
+that means that some constant in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that some constant in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that some constant in there
+is not going to affect it right when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to affect it right when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to affect it right when we
+do this expected value when we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this expected value when we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this expected value when we put in
+our Baseline that's not going to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Baseline that's not going to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Baseline that's not going to that's
+going to turn into zero because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn into zero because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn into zero because the
+expected value of e is zero the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of e is zero the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of e is zero the exact
+same thing we had previously right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we had previously right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we had previously right and
+you can see this the case for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this the case for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this the case for this
+specific example of Zed value of Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example of Zed value of Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example of Zed value of Z is
+zero again so it's not going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again so it's not going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again so it's not going to affect
+the direction of our update and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of our update and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of our update and
+expectation so yes you can do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so yes you can do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so yes you can do anything
+like this with eligibilities you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with eligibilities you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with eligibilities you can
+still use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use a
+baseline right so that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline right so that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline right so that this is really
+the exact same update that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's pretty
+cool but update that we originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but update that we originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but update that we originally
+interpreted as locally following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as locally following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as locally following the
+gradient is also following the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is also following the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is also following the true
+gradient not some sort of like local but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient not some sort of like local but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient not some sort of like local but
+the true gradient of the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true gradient of the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true gradient of the expected value
+of the performance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance that
+policy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy all
+right so if you have some really ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have some really ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have some really ugly
+value function you throw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function you throw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function you throw this
+distribution on top of it and you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on top of it and you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on top of it and you move
+it around it's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around it's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around it's going to be some
+uh I mean it's it's gonna follow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean it's it's gonna follow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean it's it's gonna follow in the
+direction of like true Improvement there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of like true Improvement there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of like true Improvement there
+and then a little test case I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a little test case I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a little test case I remember
+when I was trying to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was trying to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was trying to think about
+interpreting these things back uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these things back uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these things back uh when
+we were originally doing some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were originally doing some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were originally doing some of this
+analysis on the signal noise ratio um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on the signal noise ratio um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on the signal noise ratio um if
+you think that you have like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you have like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you have like a little
+cusp on uh like if you have a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp on uh like if you have a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp on uh like if you have a value
+function has a little Plateau on it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a little Plateau on it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a little Plateau on it um
+this I can write this on a fixed board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can write this on a fixed board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can write this on a fixed board
+because it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not going to
+stay if you think you have a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay if you think you have a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay if you think you have a value
+function that's like sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's like sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's like sitting around
+here this this is my drawing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this this is my drawing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this this is my drawing is going to
+be too unclear but here we'll do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too unclear but here we'll do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too unclear but here we'll do it in
+1D if you have like a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this
+right you sit here you'll follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you sit here you'll follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you sit here you'll follow the
+local true gradient if it's very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local true gradient if it's very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local true gradient if it's very small
+the other one says that you'll follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one says that you'll follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one says that you'll follow
+that local you'll follow the gradient no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that local you'll follow the gradient no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that local you'll follow the gradient no
+matter how big it is so what it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big it is so what it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big it is so what it's sort
+of doing when you have this gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing when you have this gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing when you have this gan
+is it Smooths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Smooths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Smooths
+out Kinks and stuff like this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Kinks and stuff like this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Kinks and stuff like this in your
+policy right because you think like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy right because you think like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy right because you think like my
+local analysis says okay well I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local analysis says okay well I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local analysis says okay well I just get
+local enough that these little kinks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local enough that these little kinks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local enough that these little kinks in
+my value function aren't a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my value function aren't a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my value function aren't a problem
+anymore but here we said we didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but here we said we didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but here we said we didn't say
+anything it was local we said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was local we said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was local we said it was
+Global and so it's following this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and so it's following this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and so it's following this
+gradient even if we have ugly stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient even if we have ugly stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient even if we have ugly stuff in
+our value function the reason is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our value function the reason is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our value function the reason is is
+because this distribution sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this distribution sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this distribution sort of
+Smooths that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smooths that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smooths that stuff
+out and now we able to follow it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and now we able to follow it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and now we able to follow it so that
+gradient is still well defined it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is still well defined it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is still well defined it takes
+the stuff and Smooths it into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff and Smooths it into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff and Smooths it into something
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's just
+the this big sort of difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this big sort of difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this big sort of difference in
+interpretation right here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation right here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation right here there's the
+one where this local analysis and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where this local analysis and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where this local analysis and it
+follows the local true gradient but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the local true gradient but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the local true gradient but only
+locally and then we have the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and then we have the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and then we have the other one
+where follows even you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where follows even you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where follows even you know it's not
+it's not a it doesn't require small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a it doesn't require small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a it doesn't require small
+Sigma and everything like that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and everything like that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and everything like that anymore
+it'll follow the expected the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll follow the expected the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll follow the expected the value the
+true gradient of the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient of the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient of the expected value of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+reward that's too big of a mouthful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward that's too big of a mouthful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward that's too big of a mouthful for
+it to be cleared just by saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be cleared just by saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be cleared just by saying it
+but these are the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the two different
+interpretations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right
+good is basically the policy oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is basically the policy oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is basically the policy oh yeah
+yeah yes I'll draw this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes I'll draw this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes I'll draw this better
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here is sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is sort of our
+Alpha so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so our
+reward here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward here we have
+our high function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high function
+our policy is taking actions with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+right that's our policy so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's our policy so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's our policy so you can see
+that this even though there's a kink in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this even though there's a kink in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this even though there's a kink in
+it as it moves that over a bit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as it moves that over a bit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as it moves that over a bit it's
+going to this is varying smoothly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this is varying smoothly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this is varying smoothly so
+even though this is a this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is a this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is a this is a little
+disconnect like that this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect like that this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect like that this is going to
+slide over still smoothly right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide over still smoothly right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide over still smoothly right so the
+gradient is always going to be nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is always going to be nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is always going to be nicely
+well defined everything and this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined everything and this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined everything and this also
+goes out to Infinity so even if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out to Infinity so even if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out to Infinity so even if there's
+some ugly thing way out there you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ugly thing way out there you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ugly thing way out there you're
+never going to like suddenly go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to like suddenly go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to like suddenly go and
+start seeing it when you never saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing it when you never saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing it when you never saw it
+before you always sort of Saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you always sort of Saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you always sort of Saw
+right so you'll be following that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll be following that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll be following that sort
+of smooth one all the time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth one all the time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth one all the time and that's
+nice because maybe you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because maybe you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because maybe you won't be
+following um when you get really broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um when you get really broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um when you get really broad
+one interpretation says well not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interpretation says well not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interpretation says well not in the
+linear regime anymore so we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regime anymore so we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regime anymore so we not
+following that local true gradient this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that local true gradient this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that local true gradient this
+is sort of the the issue that brought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the the issue that brought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the the issue that brought it
+up is that let's say like this one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is that let's say like this one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is that let's say like this one says
+it's the linear analysis and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the linear analysis and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the linear analysis and it says
+like okay if my Sigma is small enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay if my Sigma is small enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay if my Sigma is small enough so
+I sample close enough so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sample close enough so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sample close enough so it looks
+approximately linear I'm going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately linear I'm going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately linear I'm going to follow
+that gradient but it's say it says break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient but it's say it says break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient but it's say it says break
+down when it breaks down you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when it breaks down you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when it breaks down you get this
+really broad gaussian so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really broad gaussian so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really broad gaussian so what does that
+mean well this one's still following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well this one's still following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well this one's still following
+that gradient so that means it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient so that means it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient so that means it's just
+seeing stuff all over and it's following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing stuff all over and it's following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing stuff all over and it's following
+that gradient instead of this local one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient instead of this local one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient instead of this local one
+right now the problem is is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the problem is is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the problem is is that if you
+follow that gradient if you end up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that gradient if you end up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that gradient if you end up that
+could uh the stochastic policy isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh the stochastic policy isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh the stochastic policy isn't
+necessarily actually the optimal one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actually the optimal one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actually the optimal one to
+follow like when you're actually running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow like when you're actually running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow like when you're actually running
+your policy in the end certain systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy in the end certain systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy in the end certain systems
+you do but in many mechanical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do but in many mechanical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do but in many mechanical systems
+you don't actually want these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually want these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually want these random
+actions right there sort of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right there sort of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right there sort of is the
+action there's the action that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action there's the action that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action there's the action that actually
+do minimize cost right and so that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do minimize cost right and so that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do minimize cost right and so that sort
+of local interpretation has some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local interpretation has some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local interpretation has some value
+because you don't necessarily want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't necessarily want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't necessarily want to
+stick with the tastic policy forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the tastic policy forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the tastic policy forever
+that's why you sort of reduce your Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you sort of reduce your Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you sort of reduce your Sigma
+and you get Tighter and Tighter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get Tighter and Tighter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get Tighter and Tighter and
+Tighter and you follow the gradient sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter and you follow the gradient sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter and you follow the gradient sort
+that's more and more biased to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more and more biased to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more and more biased to get the
+right spot because you can imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spot because you can imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spot because you can imagine if
+you have uh a value function it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a value function it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a value function it's a
+global Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Min
+here and then uh let's say this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh let's say this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh let's say this is all
+extremely high and this goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high and this goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high and this goes down and
+it's like a low Plateau now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a low Plateau now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a low Plateau now if you have
+a really broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really broad
+gaussian it may say okay well even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian it may say okay well even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian it may say okay well even
+though that this is the best spot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that this is the best spot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that this is the best spot to
+execute I'm going to slide way over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute I'm going to slide way over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute I'm going to slide way over here
+because I have sort of lower expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have sort of lower expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have sort of lower expected
+cost right and I could put you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right and I could put you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right and I could put you in the
+wrong spot if it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong spot if it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong spot if it was really
+tight then it would say okay sit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight then it would say okay sit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight then it would say okay sit right
+here so do you see that that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so do you see that that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so do you see that that's sort of
+the distinction is that this broad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction is that this broad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction is that this broad guy
+could push you in the wrong direction if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push you in the wrong direction if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push you in the wrong direction if
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+Broad and you may not in the end want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad and you may not in the end want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad and you may not in the end want to
+execute us St Astic policy for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute us St Astic policy for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute us St Astic policy for this
+exact reason your stochastic policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact reason your stochastic policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact reason your stochastic policy
+could have a much higher expected cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a much higher expected cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a much higher expected cost
+than you know a small Sigma stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know a small Sigma stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know a small Sigma stochastic
+policy down to where if Sigma is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy down to where if Sigma is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy down to where if Sigma is zero
+that's when you actually have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you actually have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you actually have the
+minimum expected cost yeah so when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum expected cost yeah so when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum expected cost yeah so when is
+this when is this used um it's used like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when is this used um it's used like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when is this used um it's used like
+when you're starting or when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're starting or when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're starting or when you don't
+know about system it's when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about system it's when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about system it's when you don't
+have a model it's use the same context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model it's use the same context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model it's use the same context
+as the other one are you saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other one are you saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other one are you saying
+stochastic grent as a whole or that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic grent as a whole or that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic grent as a whole or that mean
+stas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stas
+policies there sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies there sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies there sense
+inker so what it's it's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inker so what it's it's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inker so what it's it's used for
+exploration right because our other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration right because our other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration right because our other one
+where we had this nominal policy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had this nominal policy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had this nominal policy we
+added noise that is that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added noise that is that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added noise that is that that doesn't
+look any different except from this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look any different except from this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look any different except from this sort
+of interpretation than this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interpretation than this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interpretation than this right
+so and learning about system it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and learning about system it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and learning about system it's for
+exploration you need you needed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration you need you needed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration you need you needed to get
+more data right because if I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data right because if I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data right because if I run the
+same policy all the time I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same policy all the time I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same policy all the time I don't know
+how things are sensitive so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are sensitive so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are sensitive so my
+stochastic policy gives me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy gives me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic policy gives me this
+information to where I can learn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to where I can learn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to where I can learn right
+so in the end many times yes you'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end many times yes you'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end many times yes you'll want
+a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic
+policy but for the development of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but for the development of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but for the development of that
+policy you want to execute all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you want to execute all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you want to execute all sorts of
+things that could be suboptimal but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could be suboptimal but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could be suboptimal but that
+give you information and so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you information and so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you information and so that is the
+interpretation here is for that learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation here is for that learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation here is for that learning
+and if your system is evolving and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your system is evolving and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your system is evolving and stuff
+like that if it's not constant in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if it's not constant in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if it's not constant in time
+you may want to always run a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to always run a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to always run a stochastic
+policy because you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy because you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy because you'll be able to
+constantly learn if that makes sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly learn if that makes sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly learn if that makes sense so
+you may never want to converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may never want to converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may never want to converge in
+that so but I think it's yeah how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but I think it's yeah how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so but I think it's yeah how do you
+obtain the parameters of the that stas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the parameters of the that stas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the parameters of the that stas
+policy that probability it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that probability it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that probability it's very
+sensitive to Sig how do I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to Sig how do I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to Sig how do I get the
+parameters of what that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of what that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of what that distribution
+distribution well I mean that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I mean that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I mean that's what
+I've said right I said I'm going to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said right I said I'm going to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said right I said I'm going to act
+with a probability described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probability described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probability described by a
+certain distribution and I describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distribution and I describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distribution and I describe the
+distribution here so I know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here so I know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here so I know these
+probabilities because this I set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities because this I set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities because this I set that's
+sort of my controller I designed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my controller I designed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my controller I designed that
+myself what I don't know is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself what I don't know is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself what I don't know is this this
+value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function
+aspect so that should be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so that should be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so that should be based on
+intuition oh no no no this up here oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition oh no no no this up here oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition oh no no no this up here oh oh
+how do you decide how broad this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide how broad this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide how broad this
+is um intuition has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um intuition has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um intuition has something to do with
+it um also you can imagine sampling I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um also you can imagine sampling I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um also you can imagine sampling I
+think I mentioned this uh on Tuesday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned this uh on Tuesday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned this uh on Tuesday um
+you can you could sample you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could sample you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could sample you can imagine
+I sample uh a few points and I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sample uh a few points and I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sample uh a few points and I look at
+them here and it looks straight to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here and it looks straight to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here and it looks straight to me
+and I'm like okay well what if I sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm like okay well what if I sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm like okay well what if I sample
+bigger and I get like these points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and I get like these points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and I get like these points and
+it looks relatively rough then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks relatively rough then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks relatively rough then I know
+okay well I want to be sampling on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I want to be sampling on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I want to be sampling on the
+probably the regime we're I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the regime we're I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the regime we're I'm going to
+see this roughness to some degree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this roughness to some degree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this roughness to some degree I
+don't want to be stuck where it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be stuck where it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be stuck where it's going
+to take me forever to go anywhere I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take me forever to go anywhere I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take me forever to go anywhere I'm in
+linear regime so you can do some samping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regime so you can do some samping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regime so you can do some samping
+and get sort of the coess of your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get sort of the coess of your of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get sort of the coess of your of
+your value function um and so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value function um and so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value function um and so that I
+mean that's sort of before you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of before you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of before you run it
+you do some of those things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do some of those things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do some of those things and you
+figure out how big these parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how big these parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how big these parameters are
+because the alternative would be you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the alternative would be you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the alternative would be you set
+it you see if it how it does and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you see if it how it does and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you see if it how it does and you
+fool around with them all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool around with them all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool around with them all the time
+that's another way to do it um but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to do it um but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to do it um but this
+way you sort of have a a more direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you sort of have a a more direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you sort of have a a more direct
+process for trying to be like okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for trying to be like okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for trying to be like okay I
+want to be sampling where I actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sampling where I actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sampling where I actually get
+some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting
+information and so you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so you want to be
+sampling where you're probably getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling where you're probably getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling where you're probably getting
+distributions that you know cover linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that you know cover linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that you know cover linear
+it's it's fine if it's linear but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fine if it's linear but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fine if it's linear but you
+want to make sure that you sample to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you sample to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you sample to
+where you're going to move around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to move around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to move around to
+these different features you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different features you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different features you want to
+sort of be able to get you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be able to get you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be able to get you want to be
+your Ada also you want your uh updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Ada also you want your uh updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Ada also you want your uh updates
+when you change your policy to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change your policy to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change your policy to be on
+this scale too because if it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale too because if it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale too because if it was really
+small I could take forever to get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I could take forever to get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I could take forever to get down
+to this minimum or if I was over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this minimum or if I was over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this minimum or if I was over here
+and I was had a small Sigma I may never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was had a small Sigma I may never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was had a small Sigma I may never
+s never sample over here so I never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s never sample over here so I never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s never sample over here so I never know
+to move that way right and so like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move that way right and so like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move that way right and so like if
+you have a bigger Sigma you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger Sigma you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger Sigma you might be
+able to get out of this little Min cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out of this little Min cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get out of this little Min cuz
+that sample over here say did better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample over here say did better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample over here say did better and
+move in that direction despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that direction despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that direction despite the fact
+that locally it was bad so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that locally it was bad so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that locally it was bad so there's a
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+considerations um but yeah doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations um but yeah doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations um but yeah doing some
+sampling and stuff like that combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and stuff like that combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and stuff like that combined
+with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some
+intuition it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition it's probably the
+uh the best I can give you as to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the best I can give you as to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the best I can give you as to how to
+set these parameters I me that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these parameters I me that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these parameters I me that's a
+tricky thing that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky thing that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky thing that's something that's
+nice about snapped is there's no a to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about snapped is there's no a to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about snapped is there's no a to to
+set this one also has a sigma to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so please this is Russ emphasized that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please this is Russ emphasized that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please this is Russ emphasized that I
+was to make all of you understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make all of you understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make all of you understand this
+stuff really well that's why I had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff really well that's why I had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff really well that's why I had two
+days and the uh if you do it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and the uh if you do it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and the uh if you do it on your
+project and you apply it at the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you apply it at the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you apply it at the wrong
+system I'm going to be blamed so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm going to be blamed so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm going to be blamed so yeah so
+if you if you don't have a model and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you don't have a model and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you don't have a model and you
+don't have anything like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything like that you know
+try backr first if you can try SN first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try backr first if you can try SN first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try backr first if you can try SN first
+if you can I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can I think if you
+can't this maybe won't do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't this maybe won't do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't this maybe won't do as
+yeah this can this can solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this can this can solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this can this can solve the problem
+too I guess all right but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I guess all right but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I guess all right but sort of
+appreciate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate its
+limitations with with the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations with with the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations with with the stochastic
+stas policy you also have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stas policy you also have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stas policy you also have to be careful
+about how you paramet everything oh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you paramet everything oh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you paramet everything oh very
+much this is I mean you are taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this is I mean you are taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this is I mean you are taking the
+expectation over these betas which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over these betas which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over these betas which are
+in fact instantiations of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact instantiations of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact instantiations of your
+parameters so that that is that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that that is that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that that is that's a very
+good point is that your you still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point is that your you still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point is that your you still like
+having that problem regardless of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that problem regardless of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that problem regardless of which
+two you use you still have what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you use you still have what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you use you still have what you mean
+oh whether using back propop or this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh whether using back propop or this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh whether using back propop or this or
+something like that well no between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that well no between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that well no between
+thetic quity and thetic gr Des okay know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetic quity and thetic gr Des okay know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetic quity and thetic gr Des okay know
+I really want to emphasize something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to emphasize something
+right now they're not different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they're not different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they're not different okay
+right exact well they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exact well they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exact well they're they're not
+they're they're the same thing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the same thing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the same thing all right
+you are correct that your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are correct that your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are correct that your uh your
+parameterization is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is going to affect
+things because you're going to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you're going to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you're going to get to a
+minimum with respect to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with respect to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with respect to your
+parameterization you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization you're going to be
+sampling over your parameters and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling over your parameters and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling over your parameters and so the
+cost function is going to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function is going to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function is going to be a function
+of your parameters so if you imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your parameters so if you imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your parameters so if you imagine if
+you have different parameters the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different parameters the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different parameters the cost
+function look completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look completely different
+right does that make sense if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense if I were to
+parameterize with an open loop tape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize with an open loop tape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize with an open loop tape or
+feedback policy how the value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy how the value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy how the value function
+dependent on those parameters be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on those parameters be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on those parameters be
+completely different right so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right so it's very
+important that's true it's over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's true it's over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's true it's over these
+instan these parameters so picking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instan these parameters so picking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instan these parameters so picking that
+affects everything and you have to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects everything and you have to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects everything and you have to and
+picking a sensible one is it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a sensible one is it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a sensible one is it can be a
+hard problem so there it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem so there it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem so there it's almost like
+another like instead of just having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another like instead of just having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another like instead of just having the
+sigma and the and the rate you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and the and the rate you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and the and the rate you also have
+to have essentially these Alphas as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have essentially these Alphas as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have essentially these Alphas as you
+have it for both right right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for both right right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for both right right right
+exactly it's like yeah it's like almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's like yeah it's like almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's like yeah it's like almost
+you're over parameterizing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over parameterizing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over parameterizing everything
+just so you can get an answer well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can get an answer well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can get an answer well I
+mean you need to parameterize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you need to parameterize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you need to parameterize your
+policy either way I mean whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy either way I mean whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy either way I mean whether you
+choose to parameterize it as a uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to parameterize it as a uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to parameterize it as a uh as an
+open loop tape where you have 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop tape where you have 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop tape where you have 250
+parameters something like that you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters something like that you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters something like that you still
+chosen a parameterization I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a parameterization I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a parameterization I mean you
+still you picked a a lot of them um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you picked a a lot of them um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you picked a a lot of them um but
+you need to represent it some way um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to represent it some way um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to represent it some way um and
+so yeah I mean it's whether you do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I mean it's whether you do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I mean it's whether you do back
+propop or anything you're still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propop or anything you're still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propop or anything you're still going to
+have that exact same problem I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that exact same problem I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that exact same problem I mean you
+could do back propop and make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do back propop and make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do back propop and make it more
+efficient if you had five parameters too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if you had five parameters too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if you had five parameters too
+but it also can handle these big open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can handle these big open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can handle these big open
+loop tapes and stuff like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop tapes and stuff like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop tapes and stuff like that so
+there's less of a less of a pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of a less of a pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less of a less of a pressure to
+kind find concise and sort of compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind find concise and sort of compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind find concise and sort of compact
+representations but yeah but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations but yeah but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations but yeah but I want to
+emphasize that these are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that these are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that these are different ways
+of looking at it but the update's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at it but the update's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at it but the update's the
+same the algorithm's the same the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the algorithm's the same the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the algorithm's the same the only
+differen is is am I following this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is is am I following this local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is is am I following this local
+true gradient am I following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient am I following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true gradient am I following the
+expected value of my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of my cost
+right all right so I some toy example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so I some toy example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so I some toy example
+here to show some of the Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to show some of the Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to show some of the Practical
+issues of some of these things um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of some of these things um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of some of these things um and
+please if there any more questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if there any more questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if there any more questions about
+any of these things even if yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things even if yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things even if yeah it
+seems tangential just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+have um the AL we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the AL we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the AL we just talked about
+implemented you can see how simple it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented you can see how simple it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented you can see how simple it is
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here I'm doing a for Loop instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm doing a for Loop instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm doing a for Loop instead of
+that while converged but we have a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while converged but we have a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while converged but we have a loop
+through some number of iterations I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some number of iterations I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some number of iterations I get
+my Sigma and Ada so this is so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Sigma and Ada so this is so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Sigma and Ada so this is so I can
+make it dependent on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it dependent on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it dependent on the number of
+iteration or something like that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration or something like that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration or something like that so I
+can make them decrease um I generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them decrease um I generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them decrease um I generate the
+noise according to a gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise according to a gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise according to a gaussian
+distribution here I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here I get my
+reward um and the rest of this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward um and the rest of this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward um and the rest of this is just
+sort of plotting stuff and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plotting stuff and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plotting stuff and everything
+like that and then here here's my update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then here here's my update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then here here's my update
+and that's where I upd my Baseline right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I upd my Baseline right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I upd my Baseline right
+so you can see that this is just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this is just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this is just so
+that's code right over there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's code right over there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's code right over there there's
+like nothing more in it all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing more in it all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing more in it all these
+functions are just so that I can switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are just so that I can switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are just so that I can switch
+between different things really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different things really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different things really quickly
+but it's it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's very easy to
+implement Baseline the equations it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Baseline the equations it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Baseline the equations it was
+just J of C right I mean this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just J of C right I mean this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just J of C right I mean this this is
+what pops out when you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pops out when you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pops out when you look at that
+expectation but as we said the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but as we said the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but as we said the expected
+value of e is zero so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of e is zero so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of e is zero so if I have a
+constant in there my expected value If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there my expected value If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there my expected value If I
+subtract off that constant the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off that constant the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off that constant the same way
+it's not going to affect the uh expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the uh expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the uh expected
+direction of my update at all so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of my update at all so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of my update at all so these
+say you don't need a baseline but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you don't need a baseline but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you don't need a baseline but a
+baseline has performance benefits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline has performance benefits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline has performance benefits right
+so that's sort of another as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of another as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of another as you go
+these different directions this one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different directions this one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different directions this one says
+oh that you don't need a baseline you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that you don't need a baseline you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that you don't need a baseline you
+can put in it helps the other ones more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in it helps the other ones more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in it helps the other ones more
+natural to think about starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to think about starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to think about starting with a
+baseline then you can say oh well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline then you can say oh well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline then you can say oh well you
+actually don't need it so again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need it so again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need it so again they
+both have the same effect there maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have the same effect there maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have the same effect there maybe I
+should have been more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been more clear
+but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah
+um right so the problem that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so the problem that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so the problem that we're
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+is simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply uh
+we have a spline so I make a spline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spline so I make a spline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spline so I make a spline and
+then we're trying to figure out a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're trying to figure out a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're trying to figure out a curve
+that gets as close to that spline as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets as close to that spline as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets as close to that spline as
+possible all right so it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all right so it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible all right so it's really just
+sort of we're trying to fit a curve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we're trying to fit a curve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we're trying to fit a curve to
+this random spline right now obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random spline right now obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random spline right now obviously
+you don't need to do anything fancy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to do anything fancy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to do anything fancy for
+this but it's very Visual and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's very Visual and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's very Visual and so I think
+it's probably a good example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a good example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a good example here
+so um so we'll start the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we'll start the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we'll start the cost function
+we're using is uh is the square distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using is uh is the square distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using is uh is the square distance
+between the our like sort of guest curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the our like sort of guest curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the our like sort of guest curve
+and the actual curve um and try running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right so on the left this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so on the left this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so on the left this is our
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+well it's we have it formulated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's we have it formulated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's we have it formulated as a
+reward here so it's a negative um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward here so it's a negative um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward here so it's a negative um and
+then over here this is the blue thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here this is the blue thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here this is the blue thing is
+the thing we want the red is our nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we want the red is our nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we want the red is our nominal
+and the green is our noise so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green is our noise so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green is our noise so you see
+our noise is pretty small I started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our noise is pretty small I started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our noise is pretty small I started at
+um at all zeros and you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all zeros and you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all zeros and you can see it
+climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right and it is getting better it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it is getting better it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it is getting better it's
+bouncing around a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around a bit
+um yeah and so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and so this is actually
+parameters of this bline so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of this bline so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of this bline so it could be
+exactly correct if we let it uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct if we let it uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct if we let it uh I mean
+it's it's capable of representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's capable of representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's capable of representing the
+curve exactly so the cost could be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve exactly so the cost could be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve exactly so the cost could be zero
+effectively right I think it actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively right I think it actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively right I think it actually if
+I run it and it gets stuck in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it and it gets stuck in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it and it gets stuck in a local
+minimum um which is a good cautionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um which is a good cautionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um which is a good cautionary
+tail it's even the problem simple like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail it's even the problem simple like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail it's even the problem simple like
+this you can still get stuck in local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can still get stuck in local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can still get stuck in local
+Minima so always be careful for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so always be careful for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so always be careful for that but
+see it's actually doing a reasonbly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's actually doing a reasonbly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's actually doing a reasonbly good
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+right now you might be like oh well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you might be like oh well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you might be like oh well it
+has uh an ideal parameterization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh an ideal parameterization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh an ideal parameterization it's
+the minimum number of parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of parameters you
+need to have a spline that can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a spline that can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a spline that can represent
+it and this well the same form line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this well the same form line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this well the same form line so
+that's a pretty solid parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty solid parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty solid parameterization
+but we can try a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can try a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can try a different
+one um this computer is showing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um this computer is showing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um this computer is showing its
+age when I ran these tests on my desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age when I ran these tests on my desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age when I ran these tests on my desktop
+like it went and so I had my like number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it went and so I had my like number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it went and so I had my like number
+of iterations like several thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iterations like several thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iterations like several thousand and
+then when I realized I was going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I realized I was going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I realized I was going to have
+to do this I was like so all right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I was like so all right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I was like so all right um so
+here what parameterization do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what parameterization do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what parameterization do you want
+linear interpolation nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear interpolation nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear interpolation nearest
+neighbor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor a
+polom neighbor all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what kind of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what kind of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what kind of a is
+that there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's not done there we go um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not done there we go um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not done there we go um but
+you see it's capable of learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's capable of learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's capable of learning you
+know it has this is a obviously inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has this is a obviously inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has this is a obviously inferior
+parameterization it can't represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can't represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it can't represent the
+right answer but you can see it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but you can see it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but you can see it is
+getting closer here it's not doing a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer here it's not doing a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer here it's not doing a bad
+job right and the question of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right and the question of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right and the question of what the
+optimum is here you know isn't it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is here you know isn't it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is here you know isn't it's not
+going to look just like the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look just like the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look just like the curve
+because has to sort of balance these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because has to sort of balance these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because has to sort of balance these
+competing things of the going over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing things of the going over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing things of the going over and
+going under so this is a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going under so this is a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going under so this is a good example of
+where uh your policy parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh your policy parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh your policy parameterization
+doesn't capture the true Optimum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the true Optimum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the true Optimum and so
+when this thing converges to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this thing converges to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this thing converges to something
+it maybe is the best but it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe is the best but it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe is the best but it's only the
+best with respect to that way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best with respect to that way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best with respect to that way of
+parameterizing a policy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing a policy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing a policy right
+so if you guess that nearest neighbor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guess that nearest neighbor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guess that nearest neighbor is
+Rich enough and then you put it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich enough and then you put it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich enough and then you put it in here
+you're going to see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see that it's
+not it's not optimal right that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not optimal right that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not optimal right that you've
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+yourself and sometimes I mean the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and sometimes I mean the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and sometimes I mean the other
+one with a spline you put yourself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a spline you put yourself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a spline you put yourself in
+the regime where you have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime where you have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime where you have a very good
+priorization and you get very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorization and you get very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorization and you get very close to
+the right answer here we have a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer here we have a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer here we have a poor
+parameterization and so it's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization and so it's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization and so it's still going
+to learn it's still going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it's still going to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it's still going to converge
+but it's not going to be as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so linen turp we can probably do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linen turp we can probably do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linen turp we can probably do better
+but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+now on the uh yeah we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the uh yeah we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the uh yeah we'll go back to
+we'll keep it in your neighbor oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep it in your neighbor oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep it in your neighbor oh you
+can see Lin ter check something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else all right now I said previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right now I said previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right now I said previously
+that this is partially nice because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is partially nice because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is partially nice because it's
+robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to
+noise so here we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so here we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so here we're going to look at
+uh we're going to add uh gaussian noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to add uh gaussian noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to add uh gaussian noise
+with the standard ration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's not doing well I probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not doing well I probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not doing well I probably have
+to reduce my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh reduce my sigment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if you can get back to where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get back to where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get back to where it
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's the no if you mult you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the no if you mult you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the no if you mult you
+multiply by Sigma stand like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Sigma stand like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Sigma stand like the
+variance is Sigma squ yeah so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is Sigma squ yeah so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is Sigma squ yeah so yeah so
+this is not doing a great job you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not doing a great job you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not doing a great job you can
+see noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see noise
+can break it if we start uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it if we start uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it if we start uh with a
+bigger air though I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger air though I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger air though I guess it's
+effectively shrinking the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shrinking the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shrinking the standard
+deviation um also maybe our our Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation um also maybe our our Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation um also maybe our our Ada
+could have been too big because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been too big because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been too big because we're
+getting big measurements just from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting big measurements just from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting big measurements just from this
+air you know so like a big Ada let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you know so like a big Ada let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you know so like a big Ada let's try
+reducing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing our
+Ada uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it didn't get worse if it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't get worse if it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't get worse if it gets
+learning it's going to be slow though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's going to be slow though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's going to be slow though
+obviously because it has such a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously because it has such a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously because it has such a small
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah see at least we prevented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah see at least we prevented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah see at least we prevented it
+from doing that terrible thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that terrible thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that terrible thing that's
+just because we was getting these giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we was getting these giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we was getting these giant
+measurements of air and uh an updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of air and uh an updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of air and uh an updating
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+them but an expected value will still go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but an expected value will still go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but an expected value will still go
+where you wanted to go if you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted to go if you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted to go if you did a
+bunch of updates you'd be fine but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of updates you'd be fine but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of updates you'd be fine but let's
+just get you're averaging out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you're averaging out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you're averaging out um
+yeah if we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we reduce
+that down to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say learning here may be really slow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learning here may be really slow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learning here may be really slow so
+let me turn off plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I don't know what just happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see how this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there ah this is smoothed I ran a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ah this is smoothed I ran a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ah this is smoothed I ran a box
+car filter on it um but see it's notless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car filter on it um but see it's notless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car filter on it um but see it's notless
+you're learning quickly but with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning quickly but with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning quickly but with that
+noise it still learns now if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise it still learns now if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise it still learns now if we're going
+to be doing this we might as well kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing this we might as well kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing this we might as well kick
+ourselves back up to 20 and see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves back up to 20 and see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves back up to 20 and see if we
+can do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there it's got enough noise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there it's got enough noise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there it's got enough noise that
+it's sort of ran walking a bit much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of ran walking a bit much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of ran walking a bit much
+maybe you know if you make your eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know if you make your eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know if you make your eight is
+small enough and stuff like that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough and stuff like that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough and stuff like that maybe
+make your Sigma bigger so it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your Sigma bigger so it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your Sigma bigger so it gets a
+bigger signal when it measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger signal when it measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger signal when it measures the
+change you might be able to be okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you might be able to be okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you might be able to be okay but
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+mean you still suffered from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you still suffered from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you still suffered from these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+definitely now another Point here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely now another Point here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely now another Point here I
+talked about cost functions a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about cost functions a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about cost functions a bit
+yesterday here we have a one where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday here we have a one where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday here we have a one where it's
+the square distance let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square distance let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square distance let's say
+we I think I'm going to give away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think I'm going to give away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think I'm going to give away
+whether it's going to do better or worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to do better or worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to do better or worse
+by having named it po grad but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having named it po grad but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having named it po grad but this one
+we're going to get a reward of one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a reward of one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a reward of one for
+each point that's within 0.05 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point that's within 0.05 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point that's within 0.05 of the
+desired point so if you're far away at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired point so if you're far away at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired point so if you're far away at
+zero and if you're close enough it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right where did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh so you see this is uh a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you see this is uh a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you see this is uh a much
+shallower performance it still looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower performance it still looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower performance it still looks
+like it's learning and it is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's learning and it is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's learning and it is because I
+mean even a bad cost function can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean even a bad cost function can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean even a bad cost function can learn
+but now I'm going to show you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to show you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to show you what that
+looks like when you run it and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when you run it and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when you run it and actually
+look at the plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see now we can give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we can give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we can give it
+our we're still giving it that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we're still giving it that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we're still giving it that linear
+inter let's say we give it the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter let's say we give it the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter let's say we give it the better
+parameterization see how that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see they're not learning nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they're not learning nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they're not learning nearly
+as quickly as the other cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly as the other cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly as the other cost function
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+right let's get all our things back can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's get all our things back can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's get all our things back can
+make eight a bit bigger let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so here the only thing that changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so here the only thing that changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so here the only thing that changed
+between our runs that looked pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our runs that looked pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our runs that looked pretty nice
+and this run right now is the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this run right now is the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this run right now is the cost
+function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see it is over the course of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it is over the course of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it is over the course of that's
+a 300 or something it is getting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 or something it is getting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 or something it is getting up
+there but if you remember the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you remember the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you remember the other one
+it's fitting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fitting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fitting a lot
+nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the thing is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the thing is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the thing is that if you look
+at probably the cost for the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably the cost for the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at probably the cost for the other one
+even using this cost function once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even using this cost function once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even using this cost function once you
+solve it the other one it' be lower as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the other one it' be lower as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the other one it' be lower as
+well do you see what I mean um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you see what I mean um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you see what I mean um that the
+problem that if you solved it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that if you solved it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that if you solved it with the
+other one then evaluated this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then evaluated this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then evaluated this cost
+function on the solution that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the solution that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the solution that would do
+better than this after some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this after some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this after some number of
+parameters and that's because learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and that's because learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and that's because learning
+based on this is hard right you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this is hard right you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this is hard right you can see
+that this is very coarse it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very coarse it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very coarse it's very easy
+just to lose one or gain one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to lose one or gain one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to lose one or gain one you don't
+have good grad information and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good grad information and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good grad information and so this
+is a bad cost function for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad cost function for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad cost function for learning
+right the same task even if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the same task even if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the same task even if you were to
+if if this were the task you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this were the task you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this were the task you really
+cared about formulating with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about formulating with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about formulating with the other
+cost function solving it you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function solving it you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function solving it you actually
+probably could do better than solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could do better than solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could do better than solving
+with this directly right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this directly right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this directly right and that's
+because the gradients of this one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gradients of this one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gradients of this one are
+poor it's not it's not easy for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor it's not it's not easy for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor it's not it's not easy for it to
+find the direction it's supposed to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the direction it's supposed to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the direction it's supposed to move
+in and it's even worse I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's even worse I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's even worse I was talking
+before about how you could be in regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how you could be in regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how you could be in regions
+where you're getting zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting zero
+cost or it's sorry zero Ward for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or it's sorry zero Ward for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or it's sorry zero Ward for a while
+or there's no gradient at all so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's no gradient at all so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's no gradient at all so if we
+start ourselves with an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ourselves with an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ourselves with an air
+here it's not getting any measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not getting any measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not getting any measurement
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see like it can't it's not changing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like it can't it's not changing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like it can't it's not changing at
+all because it can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it can't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it can't measure
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+uh I said the way to solve that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said the way to solve that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said the way to solve that if you
+were stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stuck with
+it could be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+use more violent kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more violent kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more violent kind of
+sampling and there you see we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and there you see we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and there you see we actually
+are able to get at least some reward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to get at least some reward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to get at least some reward and
+it takes a while but you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while but you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while but you see that
+there's more violent sampling at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more violent sampling at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more violent sampling at least
+getting out of that region where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of that region where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of that region where you
+don't get any information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any information
+right still not the best but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right still not the best but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right still not the best but
+if you're stuck with that problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're stuck with that problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're stuck with that problem that's
+one way to deal with it but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to deal with it but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to deal with it but you can see
+that with the other one where it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the other one where it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the other one where it doesn't
+have any regions like that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any regions like that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any regions like that if you go
+back to our nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+grade who sorry I need to switch my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oops all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go back
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too see how much nicer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there you go so here you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go so here you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go so here you can see the
+parameterization it affected a lot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it affected a lot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization it affected a lot the
+cost function can affect it a lot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function can affect it a lot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function can affect it a lot the
+Ada and sigma can affect it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada and sigma can affect it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada and sigma can affect it a lot
+there's a lot of concerns right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of concerns right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of concerns right and
+that's why something that should make SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why something that should make SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why something that should make SN
+and stuff more appealing to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff more appealing to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff more appealing to you because
+if you can compute those gradients using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can compute those gradients using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can compute those gradients using
+back propop there's no guesswork in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back propop there's no guesswork in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back propop there's no guesswork in that
+right you give that to snop there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you give that to snop there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you give that to snop there's no
+parameters to set I mean there I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to set I mean there I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to set I mean there I guess
+there's you know some convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know some convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know some convergence
+criteria and stuff but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and stuff but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and stuff but you don't have to
+play these games there's a lot of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these games there's a lot of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play these games there's a lot of ways
+to get this wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this wrong
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so the reason that you introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the reason that you introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the reason that you introduced
+that non determin policies was a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non determin policies was a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non determin policies was a way to
+explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+that was the only Reas for here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the only Reas for here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the only Reas for here I mean
+they provide you with exploration yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide you with exploration yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide you with exploration yeah
+um there's certain situations like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's certain situations like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's certain situations like we
+talk about gambling and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gambling and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gambling and stuff like that
+where stochasticity like if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where stochasticity like if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where stochasticity like if there's an
+adversarial kind of opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial kind of opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial kind of opponent
+stochasticity can be necessary for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity can be necessary for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity can be necessary for uh
+optimality sometimes right um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality sometimes right um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality sometimes right um but in
+these kind of cases like where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of cases like where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of cases like where you have
+a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamical
+system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like
+they I don't see how stochasticity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't see how stochasticity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't see how stochasticity in a
+deterministic system could make you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic system could make you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic system could make you more
+optimal than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+right that's cu the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's cu the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's cu the system is
+deterministic and not trying to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and not trying to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and not trying to guess
+what you're doing and stuff though so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and stuff though so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and stuff though so so
+that's pretty nice convergence right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there yeah and you see if we probably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah and you see if we probably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah and you see if we probably if
+we evaluated this solution with our cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluated this solution with our cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluated this solution with our cost
+function of that uh you know of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that uh you know of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that uh you know of the the
+one of poor gradients I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of poor gradients I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of poor gradients I mean this is
+going to do a lot nicer right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a lot nicer right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a lot nicer right and that's
+just even though like we wouldn't Solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even though like we wouldn't Solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even though like we wouldn't Solve
+IT explicitly it's just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT explicitly it's just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT explicitly it's just because the
+gradients of this one are a lot nicer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of this one are a lot nicer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of this one are a lot nicer so
+you can solve it a lot nicer so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it a lot nicer so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it a lot nicer so remember
+that is that cost functions even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that cost functions even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that cost functions even if it's
+not explicitly what you maybe most care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly what you maybe most care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly what you maybe most care
+about maybe you just care about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe you just care about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe you just care about for
+example we care about catching the perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we care about catching the perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we care about catching the perch
+right but if we want to catch the perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we want to catch the perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we want to catch the perch
+it could be that by learning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that by learning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that by learning with
+something with like a distance in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with like a distance in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with like a distance in it
+maybe we'd learn better and actually end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd learn better and actually end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd learn better and actually end
+up catching the purch more than if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up catching the purch more than if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up catching the purch more than if our
+reward was just one if you catch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward was just one if you catch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward was just one if you catch the
+perch right so cost function design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch right so cost function design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch right so cost function design
+can matter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can matter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can matter a
+lot policy parameterization matters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot policy parameterization matters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot policy parameterization matters a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hopefully that you all feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that you all feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that you all feel really
+comfortable using sastic GRE to set now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable using sastic GRE to set now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable using sastic GRE to set now
+in the situations where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situations where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situations where it's
+warranted uh can you talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted uh can you talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted uh can you talk a little bit
+about the Baseline like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Baseline like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Baseline like
+how yeah my Baseline here um I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how yeah my Baseline here um I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how yeah my Baseline here um I think I
+have two limitations something we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two limitations something we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two limitations something we can do
+so my Baseline here right now I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my Baseline here right now I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my Baseline here right now I'm using
+a second evaluation right we can do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second evaluation right we can do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second evaluation right we can do an
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baseline I just screwed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably it's going so crazy but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's going so crazy but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's going so crazy but we'll
+try smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+there yeah so this is an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so this is an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so this is an average
+Baseline see it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline see it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline see it's still
+improving it's not doing as nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving it's not doing as nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving it's not doing as nicely
+that's also cuz we had to turn down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also cuz we had to turn down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also cuz we had to turn down the
+A and stuff I don't know what that error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and stuff I don't know what that error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and stuff I don't know what that error
+was I I'm not going to try to debug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I I'm not going to try to debug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I I'm not going to try to debug it
+right now but you can see it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but you can see it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but you can see it's still
+learning right now the real question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right now the real question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right now the real question is
+what if you have no Baseline right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need a really small Ada there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a really small Ada there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a really small Ada there because
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+it's not getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you really have to turn it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you really have to turn it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you really have to turn it down
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+more but that's a good example of why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but that's a good example of why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but that's a good example of why uh
+a good Baseline is so critical right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Baseline is so critical right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Baseline is so critical right I
+mean you can see that all we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can see that all we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can see that all we did was
+change how the Baseline the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how the Baseline the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how the Baseline the average
+Baseline was working fine and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline was working fine and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline was working fine and it didn't
+cost us anymore we have to do extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us anymore we have to do extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us anymore we have to do extra
+valuations then we just got rid of it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations then we just got rid of it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations then we just got rid of it we
+put in that and you see how how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in that and you see how how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in that and you see how how much it
+struggled there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled there
+so the uh I mean if you just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh I mean if you just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh I mean if you just do an
+average Baseline you get it for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Baseline you get it for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Baseline you get it for free
+it's still a huge Advantage um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a huge Advantage um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a huge Advantage um over
+uh over trying to do without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over trying to do without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over trying to do without any
+Baseline at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allthough we did I mean it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allthough we did I mean it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allthough we did I mean it will
+eventually work without any B just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually work without any B just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually work without any B just be a
+lot slower yeah I mean it should and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot slower yeah I mean it should and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot slower yeah I mean it should and
+expect I mean the things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect I mean the things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect I mean the things is that
+practice it can random walk around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it can random walk around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it can random walk around and
+get stuck in rir places like right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in rir places like right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in rir places like right here
+you see this is that it had a big run of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this is that it had a big run of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this is that it had a big run of
+improvement there and did better than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement there and did better than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement there and did better than it
+originally did you it's just walking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally did you it's just walking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally did you it's just walking all
+around and so yes I mean there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so yes I mean there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so yes I mean there's still
+this bias towards Improvement and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bias towards Improvement and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bias towards Improvement and it
+will work and if you were to um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and if you were to um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and if you were to um if you
+were to calculate a whole bunch of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to calculate a whole bunch of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to calculate a whole bunch of Delta
+alphas and then average them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and then average them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and then average them all
+together then you probably wouldn't walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you probably wouldn't walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you probably wouldn't walk
+in the wrong direction as often but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong direction as often but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong direction as often but here
+the thing is you have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is you have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is you have to remember that
+it's sort of always moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of always moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of always moving in the
+direction right it's just it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right it's just it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right it's just it's moving
+more or less depending on how good it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less depending on how good it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less depending on how good it is
+and so there's it's just yes this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's it's just yes this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's it's just yes this should
+still work but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work but in
+practice yeah it doesn't yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice yeah it doesn't yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice yeah it doesn't yeah in
+practice a good Baseline helps a lot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice a good Baseline helps a lot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice a good Baseline helps a lot as
+you've seen so hopefully all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so hopefully all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so hopefully all those
+examples is is it also the case of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is is it also the case of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is is it also the case of that
+Baseline will not hurt you a lot or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline will not hurt you a lot or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline will not hurt you a lot or if
+you have well how bad I mean this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have well how bad I mean this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have well how bad I mean this could
+be considered bad right a zero Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered bad right a zero Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered bad right a zero Baseline
+be bad wor Baseline though or could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad wor Baseline though or could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad wor Baseline though or could you
+actually have a baseline that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a baseline that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a baseline that gives you
+worse results on no base um you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse results on no base um you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse results on no base um you probably
+could because you could just it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because you could just it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because you could just it be a
+bigger air right just more in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger air right just more in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger air right just more in the wrong
+direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right
+right so yeah but I mean that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah but I mean that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah but I mean that's what I'm
+saying if you average over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you average over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you average over the past
+several trials like we did and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several trials like we did and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several trials like we did and then
+reduce the rate of your learning so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the rate of your learning so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the rate of your learning so that
+those averages are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those averages are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those averages are relatively
+representative and you don't move too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative and you don't move too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative and you don't move too
+much when you're wrong yeah but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when you're wrong yeah but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when you're wrong yeah but I'm
+saying yeah I mean an average Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah I mean an average Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah I mean an average Baseline
+is free there's no extra policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free there's no extra policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free there's no extra policy
+evaluations and it still helps a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations and it still helps a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations and it still helps a lot so
+an average Baseline makes sense um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Baseline makes sense um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Baseline makes sense um and I
+mean in something like this where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in something like this where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in something like this where it's
+so cheap like if you want those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cheap like if you want those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cheap like if you want those big
+jumps and stuff like that like the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and stuff like that like the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and stuff like that like the uh
+average Baseline is the big jump can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Baseline is the big jump can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Baseline is the big jump can
+struggle because the the cost is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle because the the cost is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle because the the cost is so
+different when you've updated right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when you've updated right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when you've updated right so
+your average doesn't actually make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average doesn't actually make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average doesn't actually make a lot
+of sense but so there sometimes it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense but so there sometimes it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense but so there sometimes it can
+be better rather than reducing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better rather than reducing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better rather than reducing your
+updates like when we were really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates like when we were really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates like when we were really far
+away from the right policy and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the right policy and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the right policy and we had
+like a long way to move and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a long way to move and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a long way to move and we could
+like move in all sorts of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move in all sorts of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move in all sorts of ways that
+would still be good um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be good um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be good um the
+uh the average Baseline if we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average Baseline if we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average Baseline if we turn
+everything down so the average Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down so the average Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down so the average Baseline
+still work nicely that probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work nicely that probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work nicely that probably wouldn't
+be as fast as doing two policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as fast as doing two policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as fast as doing two policy
+evaluations and doing big jumps right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations and doing big jumps right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations and doing big jumps right
+every time it just re evaluated and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it just re evaluated and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it just re evaluated and so
+yeah so they'll be to move it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they'll be to move it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they'll be to move it like
+smoothly with an average Baseline it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly with an average Baseline it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly with an average Baseline it
+maybe more than like twice as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than like twice as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than like twice as many
+iterations as the one does when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations as the one does when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations as the one does when you do a
+ideal Baseline that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Baseline that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Baseline that's something that
+I've seen in practice is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen in practice is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen in practice is when you're
+doing these like big updates a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these like big updates a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these like big updates a real
+evaluation can be fewer evaluations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation can be fewer evaluations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation can be fewer evaluations in
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um anything else anything else you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else anything else you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else anything else you'd
+like to see run on the spine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see run on the spine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see run on the spine
+fitting problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I know as questions we're all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know as questions we're all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know as questions we're all good
+you're all going to tell Russ and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to tell Russ and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all going to tell Russ and that
+you understand sastic gr descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand sastic gr descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand sastic gr descent
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+and it's going to be extremely useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be extremely useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be extremely useful in
+your research and the problems to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research and the problems to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research and the problems to which
+It is Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is Well
+Suited all right great
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EsciE9ws4qw.txt b/EsciE9ws4qw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..757fb090a6e9372f8e84aaca9aef432396f5993a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EsciE9ws4qw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17128 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome to age 20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to age 20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to age 20 special relativity
+it's a great pleasure to introduce david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great pleasure to introduce david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great pleasure to introduce david
+kaiser david is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiser david is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiser david is a
+faculty in the physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty in the physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty in the physics department
+um he's also historian of science so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's also historian of science so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's also historian of science so
+he's in a super great position to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in a super great position to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in a super great position to talk
+about einstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about einstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about einstein and
+special relativity and give kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and give kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity and give kind of the
+frame for this class so please welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for this class so please welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for this class so please welcome
+david um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david um and
+you know take it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take it along
+great well hello everyone happy new year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well hello everyone happy new year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well hello everyone happy new year
+uh welcome back at least virtually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh welcome back at least virtually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh welcome back at least virtually to
+mit it's really a great pleasure um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit it's really a great pleasure um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit it's really a great pleasure um to
+talk with you today about this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with you today about this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with you today about this material
+i love this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this material
+so hopefully you can all see that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you can all see that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you can all see that first
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+smiling einstein on the bicycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i want to talk about three main um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about three main um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about three main um
+parts today for for the for the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts today for for the for the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts today for for the for the material
+i will talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will talk about how
+all the of of the kind of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the of of the kind of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the of of the kind of most
+accomplished physicists were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished physicists were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished physicists were thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+motion of bodies through space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of bodies through space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of bodies through space and time
+during the middle and late years of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the middle and late years of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the middle and late years of the
+19th century roughly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century roughly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century roughly say
+100 to 150 years ago give or take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 years ago give or take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 years ago give or take
+because that really sets up a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that really sets up a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that really sets up a pretty
+sharp contrast with how at the time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp contrast with how at the time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp contrast with how at the time a
+rather young and very a little known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather young and very a little known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather young and very a little known
+person named albert einstein began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person named albert einstein began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person named albert einstein began
+asking similar questions but often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking similar questions but often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking similar questions but often in
+very different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different ways
+so we'll start with some of this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with some of this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with some of this context
+of what was happening before einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was happening before einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was happening before einstein
+even came on the scene to help us better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even came on the scene to help us better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even came on the scene to help us better
+make sense of why his approach seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of why his approach seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of why his approach seemed
+really so unfamiliar and so surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so unfamiliar and so surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so unfamiliar and so surprising
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+and then for the last part it's i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the last part it's i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the last part it's i find
+it really fascinating drawing on work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really fascinating drawing on work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really fascinating drawing on work
+from some of my friends and colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of my friends and colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of my friends and colleagues
+other historians will try to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other historians will try to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other historians will try to ask what
+was going on with einstein why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on with einstein why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on with einstein why was
+einstein's approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's approach
+so different than can we make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different than can we make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different than can we make sense of
+it since it wasn't just the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since it wasn't just the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since it wasn't just the ordinary
+routine that we might have otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that we might have otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that we might have otherwise
+expected that's the last part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that's the last part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that's the last part about
+coordinating clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating clocks
+let's jump right in let's start not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump right in let's start not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump right in let's start not with
+albert einstein with another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+albert einstein with another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+albert einstein with another very
+familiar name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar name
+uh james clark maxwell i thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh james clark maxwell i thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh james clark maxwell i thought about
+growing a beard like that um during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing a beard like that um during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing a beard like that um during
+covet i haven't made much progress but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet i haven't made much progress but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet i haven't made much progress but
+that's a typical 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical 19th century
+fine cambridge beard cambridge england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine cambridge beard cambridge england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine cambridge beard cambridge england
+so we all know maxwell's name many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all know maxwell's name many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all know maxwell's name many of
+you probably own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably own
+a t-shirt with uh maxwell's equations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t-shirt with uh maxwell's equations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t-shirt with uh maxwell's equations on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if you do i'm very jealous i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do i'm very jealous i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do i'm very jealous i don't have
+it anymore anyway so we we still use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore anyway so we we still use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore anyway so we we still use um
+his approach to electromagnetism as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his approach to electromagnetism as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his approach to electromagnetism as of
+course you all know very well and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you all know very well and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you all know very well and we've
+been able to boil it down to basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to boil it down to basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to boil it down to basically a
+tweet or a single t-shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet or a single t-shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet or a single t-shirt
+it turns out as you may know what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out as you may know what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out as you may know what we now
+call maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call maxwell's equations
+were were hammered out by maxwell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were hammered out by maxwell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were hammered out by maxwell and
+actually some other colleagues during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some other colleagues during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some other colleagues during
+the 1860s and early 1870s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1860s and early 1870s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1860s and early 1870s so
+approximately 150 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 150 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 150 years ago
+and in fact when he first wrote them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact when he first wrote them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact when he first wrote them
+down they weren't in such a nice compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they weren't in such a nice compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they weren't in such a nice compact
+form it was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it was in a
+900-page two-volume treatise that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900-page two-volume treatise that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900-page two-volume treatise that was
+first published in 1873 two volumes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first published in 1873 two volumes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first published in 1873 two volumes a
+total of 900 pages was a weapon it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 900 pages was a weapon it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 900 pages was a weapon it was
+you could like hurt someone with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like hurt someone with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like hurt someone with these
+books they were so fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they were so fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they were so fat
+even though now we can boil it down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now we can boil it down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now we can boil it down to a
+simple t-shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple t-shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple t-shirt
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+what's even more interesting to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's even more interesting to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's even more interesting to me is
+that even though we still use maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though we still use maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though we still use maxwell's
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+what we think they say about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think they say about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think they say about the world
+is really really different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really different than what
+maxwell and his immediate circle thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell and his immediate circle thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell and his immediate circle thought
+and the biggest difference of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biggest difference of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biggest difference of all
+is that for maxwell and really for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for maxwell and really for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for maxwell and really for all
+of his contemporaries and his students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his contemporaries and his students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his contemporaries and his students
+the equations of electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of electricity and
+magnetism as far as they were concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism as far as they were concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism as far as they were concerned
+had everything to do with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had everything to do with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had everything to do with some
+physical substance some medium that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical substance some medium that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical substance some medium that they
+called the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ether
+that they assumed must have spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they assumed must have spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they assumed must have spread
+evenly throughout the entire universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly throughout the entire universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly throughout the entire universe
+filling every nook and cranny of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling every nook and cranny of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling every nook and cranny of space
+so all of the phenomena that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the phenomena that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the phenomena that we would
+associate with electricity uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with electricity uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with electricity uh or
+mechanism the flow of currents um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism the flow of currents um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism the flow of currents um the
+the splaying of iron filings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splaying of iron filings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splaying of iron filings
+around a bar magnet and even much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bar magnet and even much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bar magnet and even much more
+complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things
+to maxwell and his group these were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maxwell and his group these were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maxwell and his group these were all
+just sort of evidence of the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of evidence of the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of evidence of the state of
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+of this underlying kind of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this underlying kind of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this underlying kind of physical
+medium was like a springy uh substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium was like a springy uh substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium was like a springy uh substantial
+resistive medium that they called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive medium that they called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive medium that they called the
+ether and he says that in the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and he says that in the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and he says that in the opening
+pages for example of this now very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages for example of this now very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages for example of this now very
+famous treatise and throughout that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous treatise and throughout that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous treatise and throughout that the
+whole point of of studying this field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of of studying this field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of of studying this field as
+far as he was concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as he was concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as he was concerned
+was to study the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to study the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to study the behavior of the
+distribution of stress in this medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stress in this medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of stress in this medium
+extending continuously throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending continuously throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending continuously throughout the
+universe the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the ether
+it wasn't just maxwell uh his uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just maxwell uh his uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just maxwell uh his uh a
+little bit more senior colleague william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more senior colleague william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more senior colleague william
+thompson who went on to be known as lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson who went on to be known as lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson who went on to be known as lord
+kelvin like the kelvin temperature scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin like the kelvin temperature scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin like the kelvin temperature scale
+and many things we we uh still use from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many things we we uh still use from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many things we we uh still use from
+from uh thompson's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh thompson's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh thompson's work
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+he wanted to give a sense to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to give a sense to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to give a sense to uh
+non-scientists a few years later in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-scientists a few years later in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-scientists a few years later in a
+popular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lecture
+what all the excitement was about he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the excitement was about he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the excitement was about he
+said here's what we're doing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here's what we're doing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here's what we're doing we want to
+get a sense of what what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what what we're doing
+we're studying the physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying the physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying the physics of this
+elastic physical medium called the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic physical medium called the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic physical medium called the ether
+and he instructed his very elite very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he instructed his very elite very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he instructed his very elite very
+fancy audience who went to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy audience who went to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy audience who went to one of these
+popular lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular lectures
+stick your hand in a bowl of jelly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick your hand in a bowl of jelly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick your hand in a bowl of jelly he
+tells them and see how it wiggles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells them and see how it wiggles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells them and see how it wiggles and
+vibrates as you move your hand around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates as you move your hand around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates as you move your hand around
+that's the highest of high-end physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest of high-end physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest of high-end physics
+in the 1860s and 70s it was all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1860s and 70s it was all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1860s and 70s it was all about
+understanding that the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that the behavior of this
+elastic medium called the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic medium called the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic medium called the ether
+and that had very specific um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that had very specific um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that had very specific um
+follow-on implications for this group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-on implications for this group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-on implications for this group so
+one of the first things that you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that you all
+know already one of the most exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already one of the most exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already one of the most exciting
+features of maxwell's work that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of maxwell's work that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of maxwell's work that really
+got himself excited and solidified his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got himself excited and solidified his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got himself excited and solidified his
+reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation
+was this unexpected unification that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this unexpected unification that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this unexpected unification that he
+put together in the 1860s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together in the 1860s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together in the 1860s
+not only was there a deep relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there a deep relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there a deep relationship
+between electricity and magnetism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between electricity and magnetism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between electricity and magnetism that
+had been wondered about but never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been wondered about but never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been wondered about but never really
+formalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized
+but even more surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more surprising
+that these two areas electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two areas electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two areas electricity
+magnetism were also deeply associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism were also deeply associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism were also deeply associated
+with optics with the propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optics with the propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optics with the propagation of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+so as maxwell as i'm sure you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as maxwell as i'm sure you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as maxwell as i'm sure you know and
+probably have already done this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have already done this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have already done this on
+problem sets by now yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets by now yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets by now yourselves
+using maxwell's equations you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using maxwell's equations you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using maxwell's equations you can derive
+the quantitative behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative behavior of
+light as it travels through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as it travels through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as it travels through space
+light as maxwell um intuited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as maxwell um intuited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as maxwell um intuited
+was nothing but a certain pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing but a certain pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing but a certain pattern of
+propagating electric and magnetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating electric and magnetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating electric and magnetic and
+magnetic fields again to maxwell these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields again to maxwell these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields again to maxwell these
+were these were propagating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these were propagating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these were propagating in this
+material physical ether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material physical ether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material physical ether they were
+disturbances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances
+propagating skittering through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating skittering through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating skittering through this
+physical stuff that filled all of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical stuff that filled all of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical stuff that filled all of space
+and in fact by trying to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by trying to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by trying to calculate the
+speed with which disturbances would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which disturbances would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which disturbances would
+travel through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through space
+based on other properties of the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on other properties of the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on other properties of the ether
+that he and his colleagues had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he and his colleagues had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he and his colleagues had already
+measured basically sets of like spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured basically sets of like spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured basically sets of like spring
+constants he found that the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants he found that the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants he found that the speed of
+propagation would be equal to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation would be equal to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation would be equal to the value
+that had already been calculated many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had already been calculated many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had already been calculated many
+years before for the speed with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before for the speed with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before for the speed with which
+light travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light travels
+and he says in his own words in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says in his own words in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says in his own words in this
+lovely old-fashioned phrasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely old-fashioned phrasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely old-fashioned phrasing
+the velocity of transverse undulations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of transverse undulations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of transverse undulations a
+certain kind of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of wave
+in our hypothetical medium agrees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our hypothetical medium agrees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our hypothetical medium agrees so
+exactly with the velocity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly with the velocity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly with the velocity of light
+calculated from optical experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated from optical experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated from optical experiments
+mostly astronomy at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly astronomy at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly astronomy at the time
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can scarcely avoid the inference
+that light consists of the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light consists of the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light consists of the transverse
+undulations of the same medium which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations of the same medium which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations of the same medium which is
+the cause of electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause of electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause of electric and magnetic
+phenomena that's why his book was 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that's why his book was 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that's why his book was 900
+pages right today we put on a t-shirt he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages right today we put on a t-shirt he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages right today we put on a t-shirt he
+was really just walking through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really just walking through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really just walking through this
+very old-fashioned language to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old-fashioned language to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old-fashioned language to come to
+the point saying light was nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point saying light was nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point saying light was nothing but
+a certain kind of pattern in the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of pattern in the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of pattern in the ether
+and so in fact they often called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact they often called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact they often called this
+not just the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the ether
+but an even fancier name they called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an even fancier name they called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an even fancier name they called it
+the luminiferous ether and that stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luminiferous ether and that stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luminiferous ether and that stands
+that's uh from the latin it means light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh from the latin it means light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh from the latin it means light
+bearing or light carrying so lumen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing or light carrying so lumen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing or light carrying so lumen like
+lumos for you harry potter fans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumos for you harry potter fans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumos for you harry potter fans that
+part you probably recognize and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you probably recognize and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you probably recognize and the
+ferris is like a like a ferris wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferris is like a like a ferris wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferris is like a like a ferris wheel
+that means like to carry or to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like to carry or to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like to carry or to to to
+kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um
+to move through space so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move through space so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move through space so this is the
+light bearing or light carrying ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bearing or light carrying ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bearing or light carrying ether
+and that's what maxwell and really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what maxwell and really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what maxwell and really all
+of his contemporaries were convinced was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his contemporaries were convinced was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his contemporaries were convinced was
+most exciting about maxwell's work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting about maxwell's work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting about maxwell's work uh
+that this was a way of characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a way of characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a way of characterizing
+the state of the ether including these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the ether including these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the ether including these
+optical phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical phenomena
+okay so that's where things stood in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where things stood in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where things stood in the
+1860s and 1870s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860s and 1870s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860s and 1870s
+but that led to a whole new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that led to a whole new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that led to a whole new set of
+questions and the next generation quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the next generation quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the next generation quite
+understandably wanted to kind of follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably wanted to kind of follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably wanted to kind of follow
+up on that and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on that and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on that and ask
+kind of ways to generalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ways to generalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ways to generalize that
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+maxwell's work had really assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's work had really assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's work had really assumed that
+there was no relative motion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no relative motion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no relative motion between
+either the source of light or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the source of light or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the source of light or the
+receiver of light that everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of light that everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of light that everything was
+analyzed in what we would now call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed in what we would now call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed in what we would now call the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+kind of rest frame or frame of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rest frame or frame of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rest frame or frame of reference
+as the ether itself but of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ether itself but of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ether itself but of course that
+wasn't the most general situation as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the most general situation as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the most general situation as as
+maxwell's own contemporaries was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's own contemporaries was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's own contemporaries was sort of
+the next younger generation began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next younger generation began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next younger generation began to
+wonder about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about
+one of the most influential of that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most influential of that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most influential of that next
+wave is this gentleman shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is this gentleman shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is this gentleman shown here
+hendrick lorenz from the netherlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendrick lorenz from the netherlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendrick lorenz from the netherlands
+from leiden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from leiden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from leiden
+so laurence wanted to ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laurence wanted to ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so laurence wanted to ask about the
+electrodynamics of moving bodies what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies what if
+either the emitter of light or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the emitter of light or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the emitter of light or the
+receiver or both were moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver or both were moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver or both were moving with
+respect to this all-pervasive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this all-pervasive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this all-pervasive medium
+and so lorenz as we'll see had really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lorenz as we'll see had really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lorenz as we'll see had really
+two kind of distinct motivations in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of distinct motivations in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of distinct motivations in mind
+when he when he tried to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he tried to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he tried to think about the
+electrodynamics of moving bodies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies or
+let's say optics for moving sources or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say optics for moving sources or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say optics for moving sources or
+receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers
+he had a kind of mathematical set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a kind of mathematical set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a kind of mathematical set of
+quandaries we'll talk about those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries we'll talk about those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries we'll talk about those first
+but he also had a series of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also had a series of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also had a series of very
+puzzling experimental results so he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling experimental results so he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling experimental results so he had
+a kind of empirical set of ideas we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of empirical set of ideas we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of empirical set of ideas we'll
+come to in a moment and also these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to in a moment and also these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to in a moment and also these more
+formal or mathematical ones we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal or mathematical ones we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal or mathematical ones we'll start
+with the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the math
+uh lorenz was really one of the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lorenz was really one of the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lorenz was really one of the the best
+trained leading mathematical physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained leading mathematical physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained leading mathematical physicists
+of his age so he knew very well how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his age so he knew very well how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his age so he knew very well how to
+handle relative motion galileo had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle relative motion galileo had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle relative motion galileo had
+derived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that
+in the 1610s that was hardly news in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1610s that was hardly news in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1610s that was hardly news in the
+1890s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s
+we would do what we still call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do what we still call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do what we still call the
+galileo newton transformation that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo newton transformation that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo newton transformation that if
+you have for example that galileo wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for example that galileo wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for example that galileo wrote
+very famously in his charming dialogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famously in his charming dialogues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famously in his charming dialogues
+in the 17th century if you watch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 17th century if you watch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 17th century if you watch a
+friend float down a river on a boat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend float down a river on a boat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend float down a river on a boat that
+moves at a constant speed neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves at a constant speed neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves at a constant speed neither
+speeding up or slowing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down
+then you know very well how to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know very well how to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know very well how to compare
+the coordinates between you sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates between you sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates between you sitting at
+rest on the on the back of that river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest on the on the back of that river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest on the on the back of that river
+and your friend as she floats down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your friend as she floats down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your friend as she floats down on
+her boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her boat
+that what you call the origin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you call the origin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you call the origin the
+spatial origin of your coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial origin of your coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial origin of your coordinate system
+you can fix at say x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fix at say x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fix at say x equals zero
+but your friend could call the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your friend could call the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your friend could call the center of
+her boat the origin for her coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her boat the origin for her coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her boat the origin for her coordinate
+system and then you can see how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you can see how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you can see how your
+system or how her system coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or how her system coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or how her system coordinates
+will will um will move with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will um will move with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will um will move with respect to
+yours if the boat moves at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours if the boat moves at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours if the boat moves at a constant
+speed little v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed little v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed little v
+then you just have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have to calculate the
+offset between where the origin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset between where the origin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset between where the origin the
+center of her boat is as it floats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of her boat is as it floats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of her boat is as it floats
+further and further down the river so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and further down the river so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and further down the river so
+what she calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she calls
+the origin of her spatial coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of her spatial coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of her spatial coordinates
+will be offset from yours because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be offset from yours because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be offset from yours because it's
+relative emotions relative drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative emotions relative drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative emotions relative drift
+meanwhile as newton himself famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile as newton himself famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile as newton himself famously
+said in the beginning of his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the beginning of his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the beginning of his um
+principia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principia
+where we where we learn about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we learn about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we learn about uh
+newton's laws of mechanics the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's laws of mechanics the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's laws of mechanics the time is
+time is time there's some absolute time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is time there's some absolute time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is time there's some absolute time
+he actually referred to the censorium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually referred to the censorium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually referred to the censorium of
+god he thought there was only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god he thought there was only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god he thought there was only one
+possible time to consider and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible time to consider and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible time to consider and so
+formally there'd be no change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally there'd be no change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally there'd be no change to the
+rate at which your clock ticked versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which your clock ticked versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which your clock ticked versus
+the rate at which your friends clocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which your friends clocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which your friends clocked
+ticked on her boat this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticked on her boat this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticked on her boat this is called the
+galileo newton transformation i made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo newton transformation i made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo newton transformation i made a
+big deal out of it you probably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal out of it you probably would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal out of it you probably would
+have done this in your sleep lorenz did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this in your sleep lorenz did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this in your sleep lorenz did
+this in his sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in his sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in his sleep
+however it drove him to nightmares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it drove him to nightmares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it drove him to nightmares
+because when he then applied this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when he then applied this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when he then applied this to
+maxwell's really beautiful and much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's really beautiful and much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's really beautiful and much
+newer set of equations for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer set of equations for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer set of equations for things like
+optics or the propagation of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics or the propagation of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics or the propagation of electric
+and magnetic disturbances in the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetic disturbances in the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetic disturbances in the ether
+he found that in that transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that in that transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that in that transformed
+reference frame if you take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame if you take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame if you take into account
+that relative motion between either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative motion between either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative motion between either
+emitter or receiver of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter or receiver of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter or receiver of light
+then maxwell's beautiful description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maxwell's beautiful description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maxwell's beautiful description of
+light this quantitative description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light this quantitative description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light this quantitative description
+looked very ugly and in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very ugly and in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very ugly and in particular it
+would no longer suggest that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no longer suggest that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no longer suggest that light
+should behave as kind of oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should behave as kind of oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should behave as kind of oscillating
+sines and cosines it works beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines it works beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines it works beautifully
+with maxwell's equations if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maxwell's equations if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maxwell's equations if you look
+only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at
+both sources and receivers of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sources and receivers of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sources and receivers of light that
+are that are fixed in place and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are fixed in place and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are fixed in place and not
+moving with respect to the ether once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with respect to the ether once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with respect to the ether once
+you apply the the very very well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the the very very well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the the very very well known
+transformation to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to take into account
+relative motion then your description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion then your description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion then your description of
+light gets all literally out of whack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets all literally out of whack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets all literally out of whack
+and this was a mathematical conundrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a mathematical conundrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a mathematical conundrum
+for lorenz it didn't seem to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lorenz it didn't seem to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lorenz it didn't seem to make any
+sense because on on the earth on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because on on the earth on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because on on the earth on the
+moving earth presumably moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving earth presumably moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving earth presumably moving through
+the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether
+he and his colleagues could measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his colleagues could measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his colleagues could measure
+light to behave like beautiful signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to behave like beautiful signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to behave like beautiful signs and
+cosines all the time so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines all the time so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines all the time so we have an
+empirical kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical kind of um
+reminder that maxwell's description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder that maxwell's description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder that maxwell's description
+seems really really accurate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really really accurate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really really accurate for
+describing optics even on our own moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing optics even on our own moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing optics even on our own moving
+ship of the earth so this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship of the earth so this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship of the earth so this is a real
+conundrum for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum for him
+he was a very very you know clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a very very you know clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a very very you know clever
+mathematically gifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically gifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically gifted
+physicist so he introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist so he introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist so he introduced a
+mathematical clue she introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical clue she introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical clue she introduced a
+mathematical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical um
+stop gap to address this he called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop gap to address this he called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop gap to address this he called it
+local time and he was actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local time and he was actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local time and he was actually very
+clear in his writings he said it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in his writings he said it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in his writings he said it was a
+mathematical fiction his word it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical fiction his word it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical fiction his word it was
+literally just a mathematical trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just a mathematical trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just a mathematical trick
+if he introduced a new transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he introduced a new transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he introduced a new transformation
+for the time variable so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time variable so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time variable so when you
+compare your coordinates with those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare your coordinates with those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare your coordinates with those of
+your friend on the boat what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend on the boat what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend on the boat what if you
+actually did make a transformation of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did make a transformation of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did make a transformation of t
+t prime not just of x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime not just of x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t prime not just of x prime
+and the transformation he kind of worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transformation he kind of worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transformation he kind of worked
+out he kind of reverse engineered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he kind of reverse engineered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out he kind of reverse engineered the
+form it would need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it would need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it would need to have
+so that maxwell's description of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that maxwell's description of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that maxwell's description of light
+waves would be restored to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves would be restored to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves would be restored to the very
+simple form uh that maxwell himself had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form uh that maxwell himself had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form uh that maxwell himself had
+written down a few years earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down a few years earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down a few years earlier
+so this is where we still call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we still call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we still call this the
+wrench transformation many of you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench transformation many of you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench transformation many of you might
+have seen it if not you'll have plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it if not you'll have plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it if not you'll have plenty
+of time to learn about it and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to learn about it and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to learn about it and practice
+it during iap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during iap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during iap
+we call it lorentz not einstein because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it lorentz not einstein because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it lorentz not einstein because
+lorenz derived these equations first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz derived these equations first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz derived these equations first in
+a series of papers in the 1890s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of papers in the 1890s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of papers in the 1890s
+and he was responding to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was responding to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was responding to this question
+of the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+how do you preserve this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you preserve this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you preserve this beautiful
+description of light from maxwell even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of light from maxwell even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of light from maxwell even
+if there's relative motion with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's relative motion with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's relative motion with respect
+to the ether he said it was a trick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ether he said it was a trick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ether he said it was a trick it
+was merely mathematics but it would at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was merely mathematics but it would at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was merely mathematics but it would at
+least get the right form back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get the right form back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get the right form back
+so that was the kind of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the kind of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the kind of mathematical
+motivation lorenz as we know was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation lorenz as we know was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation lorenz as we know was also
+concerned about an empirical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about an empirical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about an empirical or
+experimental curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental curiosity
+he was following very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was following very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was following very closely
+the work of the u.s based physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the u.s based physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the u.s based physicist
+named albert michaelson michaelson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named albert michaelson michaelson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named albert michaelson michaelson's
+story is really fascinating i won't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is really fascinating i won't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is really fascinating i won't take
+too much time now but um super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time now but um super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time now but um super
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+he was actually an immigrant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was actually an immigrant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was actually an immigrant from
+what's now germany was often part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now germany was often part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now germany was often part of
+poland kind of central europe he moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland kind of central europe he moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland kind of central europe he moved
+to the us when he was about two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the us when he was about two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the us when he was about two years
+old there young and was raised right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old there young and was raised right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old there young and was raised right
+around the time of the gold rush in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of the gold rush in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of the gold rush in
+california and before he get carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california and before he get carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california and before he get carried
+away i'll stop talking about michaels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away i'll stop talking about michaels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away i'll stop talking about michaels
+and although he's super interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although he's super interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although he's super interesting so
+what michaelson wound up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what michaelson wound up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what michaelson wound up doing
+was he was fascinated by this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was fascinated by this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was fascinated by this question
+of maxwell waves of waves of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maxwell waves of waves of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maxwell waves of waves of electricity
+and magnetism in the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetism in the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetism in the ether
+and he was convinced that if we are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was convinced that if we are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was convinced that if we are on
+this moving ship of the earth moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moving ship of the earth moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moving ship of the earth moving
+through the ether that should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether that should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether that should have a
+measurable impact on the light waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable impact on the light waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable impact on the light waves
+that we can produce and measure here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can produce and measure here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can produce and measure here on
+earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth
+so he set really his life's goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he set really his life's goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he set really his life's goals
+starting from very very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from very very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from very very early
+trying to build devices extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build devices extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build devices extremely
+sensitive instruments with which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive instruments with which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive instruments with which he
+could measure the fact that the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the fact that the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the fact that the earth
+was moving through this ether like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving through this ether like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving through this ether like all
+his contemporaries michaelson believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contemporaries michaelson believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contemporaries michaelson believed
+without any hesitation that there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any hesitation that there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any hesitation that there must
+exist this the material the ether uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist this the material the ether uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist this the material the ether uh
+what else could light waves be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could light waves be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could light waves be but
+disturbances in the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the ether
+and then he figured that much like if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he figured that much like if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he figured that much like if a
+bicyclist on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist on a on a
+going for a bike ride we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for a bike ride we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for a bike ride we should be able
+to tell that we're moving through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell that we're moving through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell that we're moving through that
+medium so before i describe his device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so before i describe his device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so before i describe his device
+called the interferometer let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interferometer let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interferometer let me just
+give a little more kind of analogy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little more kind of analogy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little more kind of analogy for
+why michaelson was so convinced there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why michaelson was so convinced there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why michaelson was so convinced there
+should be a measurable effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a measurable effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a measurable effect
+if we walk outside our houses which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we walk outside our houses which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we walk outside our houses which is
+now a luxury we can still do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a luxury we can still do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a luxury we can still do it with
+masks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks on
+walk outside on a still day when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk outside on a still day when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk outside on a still day when there's
+no wind or no breeze we won't feel any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wind or no breeze we won't feel any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wind or no breeze we won't feel any
+particular wind on our face if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular wind on our face if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular wind on our face if we're
+standing still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still
+so we're outside in a physical medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're outside in a physical medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're outside in a physical medium
+there's a physical atmosphere but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical atmosphere but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical atmosphere but if
+we're at rest with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at rest with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at rest with respect to that
+atmosphere if there's no wind we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere if there's no wind we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere if there's no wind we don't
+feel it on our face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it on our face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it on our face
+on the other hand if it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if it's still
+a still day there's no breeze when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a still day there's no breeze when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a still day there's no breeze when we
+get on our bicycle and pedal really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on our bicycle and pedal really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on our bicycle and pedal really
+quickly we'll now feel a breeze on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we'll now feel a breeze on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we'll now feel a breeze on our
+face because we're moving through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face because we're moving through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face because we're moving through that
+physical medium we're moving through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium we're moving through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium we're moving through the
+earth's atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's atmosphere
+even if the atmosphere seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the atmosphere seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the atmosphere seems to be
+perfectly at rest no strong breeze no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly at rest no strong breeze no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly at rest no strong breeze no
+hurricane whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane whatever
+if we're going quickly enough through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going quickly enough through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going quickly enough through it
+we'll feel a breeze on our face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll feel a breeze on our face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll feel a breeze on our face
+and michaelson thought the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and michaelson thought the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and michaelson thought the same thing
+should be happening for light waves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be happening for light waves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be happening for light waves as
+they are carried by the earth through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are carried by the earth through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are carried by the earth through
+this medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this medium
+not the earth's atmosphere but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the earth's atmosphere but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the earth's atmosphere but this
+all-pervasive light bearing ether so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-pervasive light bearing ether so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-pervasive light bearing ether so we
+really thought it'd be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought it'd be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought it'd be like the
+bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist
+now his his real genius was devising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his his real genius was devising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his his real genius was devising
+this device we now call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device we now call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device we now call it the
+interferometer with which he could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer with which he could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer with which he could try
+to measure the impact of that motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the impact of that motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the impact of that motion of
+the earth the entire earth through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth the entire earth through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth the entire earth through the
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+so we took a source of light today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took a source of light today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took a source of light today we
+use lasers because they're awesome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lasers because they're awesome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lasers because they're awesome and
+they're also monochromatic their light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also monochromatic their light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also monochromatic their light
+shines at basically one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines at basically one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines at basically one
+frequency or very dominantly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or very dominantly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or very dominantly one
+frequency lasers of course weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency lasers of course weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency lasers of course weren't
+available to michelson so he used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to michelson so he used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to michelson so he used um
+very bright sodium arc lamps sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright sodium arc lamps sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright sodium arc lamps sodium
+lamps will shine mostly at one dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps will shine mostly at one dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps will shine mostly at one dominant
+color not nearly so monochromatic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color not nearly so monochromatic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color not nearly so monochromatic as
+modern lasers but they were the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern lasers but they were the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern lasers but they were the kind of
+industry standard of the time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standard of the time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standard of the time so we
+basically took sodium lamps that mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took sodium lamps that mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took sodium lamps that mostly
+shine as a particularly yellow color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine as a particularly yellow color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine as a particularly yellow color
+shine them at what we would now call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine them at what we would now call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine them at what we would now call a
+beam splitter it was a half silvered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter it was a half silvered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter it was a half silvered
+mirror as its name implies that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror as its name implies that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror as its name implies that would
+let half the light through it would act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let half the light through it would act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let half the light through it would act
+like a window roughly half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a window roughly half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a window roughly half the time
+but act like a mirror the other half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but act like a mirror the other half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but act like a mirror the other half the
+time so half of this incident beam will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so half of this incident beam will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so half of this incident beam will
+go right through this as if it were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right through this as if it were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right through this as if it were just
+a plate of glass it would be transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plate of glass it would be transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plate of glass it would be transmitted
+it will then make its way to a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will then make its way to a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will then make its way to a fully
+reflecting mirror sorry a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirror sorry a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirror sorry a fully
+reflecting mirror at the end of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirror at the end of the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirror at the end of the path
+it'll be reflected to come back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be reflected to come back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be reflected to come back and then
+again half of that return light will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again half of that return light will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again half of that return light will be
+reflected by the mirror and come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the mirror and come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by the mirror and come out to
+a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screen
+meanwhile you can run the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile you can run the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile you can run the same kind of
+story for light that gets deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for light that gets deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for light that gets deflected
+towards path two from that same single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards path two from that same single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards path two from that same single
+incident source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident source
+half of the incident being will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the incident being will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the incident being will be
+reflected by that beam splitter half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by that beam splitter half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by that beam splitter half
+silver mirror it'll travel a path down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver mirror it'll travel a path down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver mirror it'll travel a path down
+to a fully reflecting mirror come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fully reflecting mirror come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fully reflecting mirror come back
+and then half of that returning light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then half of that returning light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then half of that returning light
+will be transmitted so you have light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transmitted so you have light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transmitted so you have light
+coming together on some detector screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together on some detector screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together on some detector screen
+that started out as a single light wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started out as a single light wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started out as a single light wave
+from a single nearly monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single nearly monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single nearly monochromatic
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+but you split it into two beams so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you split it into two beams so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you split it into two beams so the
+beams travel different paths and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams travel different paths and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams travel different paths and now the
+light starts out fully in phase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light starts out fully in phase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light starts out fully in phase with
+itself it's one light beam so crests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's one light beam so crests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's one light beam so crests are
+with crests and troughs with troughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crests and troughs with troughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crests and troughs with troughs
+and the idea was that you then split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that you then split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that you then split it
+to set up a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a race
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+if there's any difference in the travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any difference in the travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any difference in the travel
+for light that traveled through path one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light that traveled through path one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light that traveled through path one
+and out to the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out to the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out to the screen
+versus like the traveled path to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like the traveled path to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like the traveled path to and
+back to the screen now all the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the screen now all the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the screen now all the light
+starts uh as a single light wave in sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh as a single light wave in sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh as a single light wave in sync
+or in phase of itself it was if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in phase of itself it was if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in phase of itself it was if there
+was any difference in the travels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was any difference in the travels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was any difference in the travels of
+that light between path one and part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light between path one and part two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light between path one and part two
+you should see a shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a shift in the
+interference patterns crests should no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns crests should no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns crests should no
+longer arrive lining up with crests or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer arrive lining up with crests or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer arrive lining up with crests or
+troughs with troughs you should see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troughs with troughs you should see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troughs with troughs you should see a
+very characteristic set of interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very characteristic set of interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very characteristic set of interference
+fringes what's called an interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes what's called an interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes what's called an interferometer
+extremely sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely sensitive
+now his idea was if if like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his idea was if if like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now his idea was if if like the
+bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist
+we're on the moving earth then the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the moving earth then the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the moving earth then the path
+that's heading directly into the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's heading directly into the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's heading directly into the ether
+the that is a the path that's along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that is a the path that's along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that is a the path that's along the
+earth's motion through the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's motion through the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's motion through the ether
+should be just like the bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just like the bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just like the bicyclist
+feeling the direct kind of headwind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling the direct kind of headwind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling the direct kind of headwind of
+that of that breeze directly on on her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that breeze directly on on her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that breeze directly on on her
+or his face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or his face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or his face
+that means the effective speed let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the effective speed let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the effective speed let's say
+this is the direction of the earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the direction of the earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the direction of the earth's
+motion the effective speed with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the effective speed with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the effective speed with which
+this light beam could travel toward its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light beam could travel toward its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light beam could travel toward its
+mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+should be experienced a direct headwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be experienced a direct headwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be experienced a direct headwind
+for its upward uh path and a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its upward uh path and a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its upward uh path and a direct
+tailwind for its downward path it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailwind for its downward path it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailwind for its downward path it should
+have a different speed than this or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different speed than this or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different speed than this or the
+light that follows some orthogonal path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that follows some orthogonal path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that follows some orthogonal path
+so that even the light starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that even the light starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that even the light starts out
+perfectly in phase you should find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in phase you should find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in phase you should find a
+shift in the interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes
+because the light's effective speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light's effective speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light's effective speed
+through the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the medium
+uh is different for path one than path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is different for path one than path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is different for path one than path
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+again an analogy to the ether wind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an analogy to the ether wind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an analogy to the ether wind of a
+bicyclist through the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist through the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist through the atmosphere
+not only that is a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that is a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that is a little uh
+foreshadowing for what's to come later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing for what's to come later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing for what's to come later
+this device is so sensitive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device is so sensitive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device is so sensitive it's
+sensitive to second order in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to second order in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to second order in a very
+small quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantity
+so if there was any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there was any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there was any um
+it could measure differences to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could measure differences to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could measure differences to the
+second order in the relative speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in the relative speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in the relative speed of
+say the earth through the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the earth through the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the earth through the ether
+compared to the the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the the speed of light
+so that's called a second order because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called a second order because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called a second order because
+it goes like this small quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes like this small quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes like this small quantity squared
+that's how sensitive is really ingenious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how sensitive is really ingenious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how sensitive is really ingenious
+device was and as many of you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device was and as many of you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device was and as many of you might know
+we use interferometers all the time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use interferometers all the time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use interferometers all the time now
+in all kinds of industrial applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of industrial applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of industrial applications
+even more my favorite example is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more my favorite example is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more my favorite example is from
+our friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friends
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+detect gravitational waves with ligo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect gravitational waves with ligo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect gravitational waves with ligo
+that's essentially a super-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a super-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a super-sized
+interferometer with very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer with very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer with very very similar
+principles of design so michelson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of design so michelson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of design so michelson was
+doing this really cool work it was among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this really cool work it was among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this really cool work it was among
+the earliest work that any of the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest work that any of the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest work that any of the super
+fancy elite european scientists paid any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy elite european scientists paid any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy elite european scientists paid any
+attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+coming out of the u.s michaelson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the u.s michaelson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the u.s michaelson was
+among the first who made even the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first who made even the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first who made even the people
+like hendrick lorenz sit up and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hendrick lorenz sit up and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hendrick lorenz sit up and pay
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+at a time when the u.s was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when the u.s was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when the u.s was still
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+pretty much a scientific backwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a scientific backwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a scientific backwater
+so it's a really cool idea it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a really cool idea it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a really cool idea it's a
+remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+clever design for device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever design for device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever design for device
+michaelson built a small prototype then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson built a small prototype then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson built a small prototype then
+he supersized it with his colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he supersized it with his colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he supersized it with his colleague
+edward morley they built a device 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edward morley they built a device 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edward morley they built a device 11
+meters long for each arm so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long for each arm so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long for each arm so you know
+roughly 33 or 34 feet long huge huge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 33 or 34 feet long huge huge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 33 or 34 feet long huge huge for
+this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day
+very long arms they floated the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long arms they floated the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long arms they floated the whole
+thing in a vat of mercury which i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a vat of mercury which i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a vat of mercury which i don't
+recommend but they're trying to tamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend but they're trying to tamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend but they're trying to tamp
+down any vibrations from nearby cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any vibrations from nearby cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any vibrations from nearby cable
+cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+they want to have a clean laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a clean laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a clean laboratory
+environment then they did this for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment then they did this for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment then they did this for years
+and years and years months and months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years and years months and months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years and years months and months
+and years and years because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years and years because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years and years because of course
+you never know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never know what the
+what the ether's actual rest frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ether's actual rest frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ether's actual rest frame is
+who's to say that at this moment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to say that at this moment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to say that at this moment this is
+the direction of the earth's motion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the earth's motion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the earth's motion to
+the ether maybe it's this direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether maybe it's this direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether maybe it's this direction or
+some other angle in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other angle in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other angle in between
+they would look for day-to-night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would look for day-to-night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would look for day-to-night
+variations they would look for annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations they would look for annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations they would look for annual
+variations as the earth went around its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations as the earth went around its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations as the earth went around its
+orbit around the sun they would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit around the sun they would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit around the sun they would try to
+find any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any time
+day or night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or night
+winter versus spring year after year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter versus spring year after year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter versus spring year after year
+when they could measure some measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could measure some measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could measure some measurable
+offset uh or change in the in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh or change in the in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh or change in the in those
+interference fringes because at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes because at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes because at some
+point this direction should have lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this direction should have lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this direction should have lined
+up with the earth's direction of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the earth's direction of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the earth's direction of motion
+even it wouldn't be every time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it wouldn't be every time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it wouldn't be every time that's
+why they kept doing this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they kept doing this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they kept doing this over and over
+and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+and as you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you might know
+they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+so after years of painstaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after years of painstaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after years of painstaking
+data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection
+they found no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found no
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+compelling empirical evidence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling empirical evidence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling empirical evidence of the
+earth's motion through the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's motion through the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's motion through the ether
+michelson won the nobel prize for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michelson won the nobel prize for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michelson won the nobel prize for this
+and related work he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related work he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related work he was a
+astoundingly accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly accomplished
+experimentalist he was the first u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist he was the first u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist he was the first u.s
+based physicist to win the nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based physicist to win the nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based physicist to win the nobel prize
+he lived 20 more years after that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he lived 20 more years after that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he lived 20 more years after that and
+died considering himself a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died considering himself a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died considering himself a failure
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i hope you all win the nobel prize and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you all win the nobel prize and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you all win the nobel prize and i
+hope you think better of yourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you think better of yourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you think better of yourselves and
+give yourselves more credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourselves more credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourselves more credit
+uh michelson knew for certain the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michelson knew for certain the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michelson knew for certain the ether
+must exist and yet he had failed to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist and yet he had failed to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist and yet he had failed to find
+it so lorenz was following this back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so lorenz was following this back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so lorenz was following this back in
+europe and this was really his second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe and this was really his second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe and this was really his second
+main motivation to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main motivation to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main motivation to think about
+these funny ways of handling coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny ways of handling coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny ways of handling coordinates
+and what we now call the lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we now call the lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we now call the lorenz
+transformation so i mentioned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so i mentioned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so i mentioned his
+mathematical concerns about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical concerns about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical concerns about the
+transformation properties of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties of of
+maxwell's equations he was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations he was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations he was also
+following um uh the michaels and morley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um uh the michaels and morley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um uh the michaels and morley
+work with great interest in citing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with great interest in citing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with great interest in citing it
+and we know he was really following each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know he was really following each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know he was really following each
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+so he was concerned about this failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was concerned about this failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was concerned about this failure
+to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure
+a shift in the interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in the interference fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in the interference fringes
+but lorenz said oh but actually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lorenz said oh but actually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lorenz said oh but actually maybe
+there's a physical reason to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical reason to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical reason to account for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if there really is as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there really is as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there really is as he
+knew there must be this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew there must be this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew there must be this physical
+resistive medium a kind of elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive medium a kind of elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive medium a kind of elastic
+medium through which uh the earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium through which uh the earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium through which uh the earth and
+everything else is moving then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is moving then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is moving then there
+must be a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a force
+exerted by that kind of viscous medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by that kind of viscous medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by that kind of viscous medium
+on every single atom and molecule making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single atom and molecule making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single atom and molecule making
+up all the stuff in michaelson's device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the stuff in michaelson's device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the stuff in michaelson's device
+as well as in everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in everything else
+and so it'd be like picturing a beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'd be like picturing a beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'd be like picturing a beach
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball
+well if you try to drag a beach ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you try to drag a beach ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you try to drag a beach ball
+under water in a resistive medium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under water in a resistive medium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under water in a resistive medium the
+shape will be deformed along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape will be deformed along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape will be deformed along the
+direction of motion if you drag that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion if you drag that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion if you drag that
+beach ball fast enough underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball fast enough underwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball fast enough underwater
+it will shrink in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will shrink in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will shrink in the direction of
+motion be deformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion be deformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion be deformed
+like this picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this picture here
+and so lorenz said that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lorenz said that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lorenz said that must be
+happening for every bit of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening for every bit of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening for every bit of matter
+in the arm of michelson's interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arm of michelson's interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arm of michelson's interferometer
+that's that's most subject to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's most subject to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's most subject to that
+resistive force of the ether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force of the ether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force of the ether there
+should be a contraction along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a contraction along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a contraction along the
+direction of motion so then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion so then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion so then again
+because he's a very gifted mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a very gifted mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a very gifted mathematical
+physicist he calculated exactly how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist he calculated exactly how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist he calculated exactly how much
+shift must there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift must there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift must there be
+for the resultant path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the resultant path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the resultant path
+to be shortened just enough to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shortened just enough to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shortened just enough to make it a
+tie race after all so the leg of the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie race after all so the leg of the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie race after all so the leg of the or
+the arm and the infrared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm and the infrared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm and the infrared that's
+experiencing this shrinking this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing this shrinking this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing this shrinking this extra
+force due to the resistive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the resistive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the resistive medium
+would have to shrink by a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to shrink by a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to shrink by a specific
+calculable amount we now call it use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable amount we now call it use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable amount we now call it use the
+greek letter gamma if you don't haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek letter gamma if you don't haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek letter gamma if you don't haven't
+seen that already you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that already you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that already you'll see it
+throughout iap and the rest of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout iap and the rest of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout iap and the rest of your life
+it takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes this
+somewhat simple looking form 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simple looking form 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simple looking form 1 over the
+square root of 1 over 1 minus v over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1 over 1 minus v over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1 over 1 minus v over c
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+if you plot it you can see it diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot it you can see it diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot it you can see it diverges
+at when when the relative speed gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when when the relative speed gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when when the relative speed gets
+close to the speed of light you have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the speed of light you have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the speed of light you have 1
+minus 1 in the denominator you divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 in the denominator you divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 in the denominator you divide by
+zero your eyes bug out cats and dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero your eyes bug out cats and dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero your eyes bug out cats and dogs
+live together everything goes crazy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live together everything goes crazy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live together everything goes crazy so
+it diverges at v equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges at v equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges at v equals c
+on the head for small speed small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head for small speed small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head for small speed small
+compared the speed of light this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the speed of light this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the speed of light this factor
+is indistinguishable from one so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indistinguishable from one so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indistinguishable from one so here's
+a quick plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick plot
+for ordinary speeds that we encounter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ordinary speeds that we encounter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ordinary speeds that we encounter on
+the highway let alone on a bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway let alone on a bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway let alone on a bicycle
+our speed compared to the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our speed compared to the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our speed compared to the speed of light
+is is vanishingly small so this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is vanishingly small so this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is vanishingly small so this factor
+gamma is that is very very close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is that is very very close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is that is very very close to one
+only when you get to speeds approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you get to speeds approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you get to speeds approaching
+the speed of light would you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light would you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light would you expect to
+to measure any shift from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure any shift from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure any shift from that
+nonetheless lorenz said in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless lorenz said in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless lorenz said in principle
+this happens at any speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens at any speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens at any speed
+and they shrink the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they shrink the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they shrink the amount of
+contraction is governed by that relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is governed by that relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is governed by that relative
+speed given by this this greek letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed given by this this greek letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed given by this this greek letter
+gamma so gamma is always greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so gamma is always greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so gamma is always greater than or
+equal to one that means one over gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one that means one over gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one that means one over gamma
+must be um smaller than one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be um smaller than one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be um smaller than one and that's
+saying that the contracted length of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the contracted length of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the contracted length of one
+of those arms of the interferometer got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those arms of the interferometer got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those arms of the interferometer got
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+by a certain amount given by or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount given by or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount given by or
+depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+the relative speed that would be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative speed that would be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative speed that would be enough
+to account for this null result lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for this null result lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for this null result lorentz
+argued it turned out that exact form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued it turned out that exact form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued it turned out that exact form of
+gamma was the same form he'd found for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma was the same form he'd found for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma was the same form he'd found for
+his mathematical kind of um local time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mathematical kind of um local time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mathematical kind of um local time
+manipulations so here's how we can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations so here's how we can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations so here's how we can live
+in a physical ether even though we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a physical ether even though we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a physical ether even though we don't
+measure its effects okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its effects okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its effects okay
+let me now shift to how uh a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now shift to how uh a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now shift to how uh a different
+person began thinking about very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person began thinking about very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person began thinking about very
+familiar questions by that point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar questions by that point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar questions by that point but
+coming at them quite differently that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at them quite differently that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at them quite differently that's
+young albert einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young albert einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young albert einstein
+so einstein was born in the midst of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein was born in the midst of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein was born in the midst of all
+this he was born in 1879
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he was born in 1879
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he was born in 1879
+in kind of rural roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of rural roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of rural roughly speaking
+nowheresville germany not near any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowheresville germany not near any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowheresville germany not near any of
+the big cities so laurence was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big cities so laurence was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big cities so laurence was already
+a practicing physicist when einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practicing physicist when einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practicing physicist when einstein was
+born he was much younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born he was much younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born he was much younger
+einstein's main ambition was actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's main ambition was actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's main ambition was actually to
+become an electrical engineer at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an electrical engineer at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an electrical engineer at a time
+when that term itself was actually brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that term itself was actually brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that term itself was actually brand
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+uh einstein's father and uncle had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh einstein's father and uncle had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh einstein's father and uncle had gone
+into business together in this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into business together in this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into business together in this really
+brand new field of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new field of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new field of electrical
+engineering this is the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this is the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this is the age of
+electrification think about extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification think about extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification think about extended
+street lighting uh trolley cars with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street lighting uh trolley cars with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street lighting uh trolley cars with
+with the shared electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shared electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shared electric
+lines above this was transforming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines above this was transforming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines above this was transforming the
+face of everyday life in cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of everyday life in cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of everyday life in cities and
+eventually even in more rural areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually even in more rural areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually even in more rural areas and
+einstein's father and uncle were were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's father and uncle were were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's father and uncle were were in
+on that they were early professionals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that they were early professionals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that they were early professionals in
+this new field of electric engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new field of electric engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new field of electric engineering
+and einstein loved it he loved to tinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and einstein loved it he loved to tinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and einstein loved it he loved to tinker
+with electro technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electro technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electro technical
+gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets
+his he had many strong feelings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his he had many strong feelings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his he had many strong feelings about
+many things among them he hated what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things among them he hated what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things among them he hated what he
+considered the overly militaristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the overly militaristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the overly militaristic
+german high school that he attended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german high school that he attended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german high school that he attended
+he would argue and insult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would argue and insult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would argue and insult
+his teachers they didn't like him any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his teachers they didn't like him any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his teachers they didn't like him any
+better they were delighted when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they were delighted when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they were delighted when he
+dropped out so they didn't have to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out so they didn't have to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out so they didn't have to kick
+him out he was really very obnoxious it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out he was really very obnoxious it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out he was really very obnoxious it
+turns out so he dropped he was a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so he dropped he was a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so he dropped he was a high
+school dropout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dropout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dropout
+he dreamed of entering uh the swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he dreamed of entering uh the swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he dreamed of entering uh the swiss
+federal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal uh
+federal um technical institute it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal um technical institute it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal um technical institute it was
+kind of like the mit of switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the mit of switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the mit of switzerland
+except to be more proper mit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to be more proper mit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to be more proper mit is the
+is the uh massachusetts version of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh massachusetts version of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh massachusetts version of their
+school zurich was was founded first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school zurich was was founded first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school zurich was was founded first it's
+often called the eth or the ignorance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the eth or the ignorance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the eth or the ignorance
+technician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician
+it was really a very elite technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really a very elite technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really a very elite technical
+university in zurich switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in zurich switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in zurich switzerland
+einstein by this point had renounced his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein by this point had renounced his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein by this point had renounced his
+german citizenship he dropped out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german citizenship he dropped out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german citizenship he dropped out of
+high school and one of the best things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and one of the best things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and one of the best things
+about this technical university in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this technical university in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this technical university in
+zurich was that you didn't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zurich was that you didn't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zurich was that you didn't have to have
+a high school diploma he said perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high school diploma he said perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high school diploma he said perfect
+that's the place for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the place for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the place for me
+so they had an entrance exam which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had an entrance exam which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had an entrance exam which he
+very dutifully studied for and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dutifully studied for and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dutifully studied for and then
+failed because after all he ignored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because after all he ignored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because after all he ignored the
+topics that weren't of interest for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that weren't of interest for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that weren't of interest for him
+he he did well enough on the physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he did well enough on the physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he did well enough on the physics and
+math portions of the overall exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math portions of the overall exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math portions of the overall exam
+that a kind of kindly physics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a kind of kindly physics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a kind of kindly physics professor
+took him aside and said you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him aside and said you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him aside and said you know if you
+go to basically a kind of regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to basically a kind of regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to basically a kind of regional
+something like almost a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like almost a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like almost a community
+college go to a local regional school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college go to a local regional school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college go to a local regional school
+for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year
+study up retake the exam you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study up retake the exam you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study up retake the exam you might do
+better and that's what einstein did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and that's what einstein did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and that's what einstein did so
+he went to a little regional school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went to a little regional school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went to a little regional school in
+um again in rural switzerland for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again in rural switzerland for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again in rural switzerland for a year
+took the exam again and passed so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the exam again and passed so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the exam again and passed so now
+he's able to enter his dream school the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able to enter his dream school the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able to enter his dream school the
+eth in zurich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth in zurich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth in zurich
+once he then worked so hard to get in he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once he then worked so hard to get in he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once he then worked so hard to get in he
+proceeded to cut classes this guy was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to cut classes this guy was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to cut classes this guy was a
+horrible student whatever you do don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible student whatever you do don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible student whatever you do don't
+be like albert einstein at least while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like albert einstein at least while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like albert einstein at least while
+you're in university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in university
+he works so hard to get in and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he works so hard to get in and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he works so hard to get in and then he
+again would insult his professor as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would insult his professor as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would insult his professor as much
+as he'd insulted his high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he'd insulted his high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he'd insulted his high school
+teachers he thought everything that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers he thought everything that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers he thought everything that they
+did was boring they didn't know what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was boring they didn't know what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was boring they didn't know what was
+really interesting so he would cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so he would cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so he would cut
+classes and read on his own and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and read on his own and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and read on his own and then
+borrow notes from his girlfriend his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow notes from his girlfriend his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow notes from his girlfriend his
+long-suffering very patient girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-suffering very patient girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-suffering very patient girlfriend
+maleva marich who was doing very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleva marich who was doing very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maleva marich who was doing very well in
+her own physics and math courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own physics and math courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own physics and math courses and
+likewise he borrowed notes from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise he borrowed notes from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise he borrowed notes from another
+friend of his martha grossman so he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his martha grossman so he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of his martha grossman so he just
+cram and scrape through for the exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cram and scrape through for the exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cram and scrape through for the exams
+not an ideal student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an ideal student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an ideal student
+for some reason einstein couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason einstein couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason einstein couldn't
+possibly fathom because he actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fathom because he actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fathom because he actually was
+adult frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult frankly
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+impressed none of his professors so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed none of his professors so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed none of his professors so when
+it came time to graduate none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came time to graduate none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came time to graduate none of them
+would write him a strong letter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write him a strong letter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write him a strong letter of
+recommendation again his life bears many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation again his life bears many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation again his life bears many
+important lessons for us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lessons for us today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lessons for us today
+uh go attend class and be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go attend class and be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go attend class and be um
+slightly less obnoxious to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less obnoxious to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less obnoxious to your
+instructors and maybe things will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors and maybe things will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors and maybe things will turn
+out better so none of his teachers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better so none of his teachers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out better so none of his teachers would
+basically support him because he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically support him because he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically support him because he had
+middling grades and he was rude to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middling grades and he was rude to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middling grades and he was rude to them
+so he couldn't get a job after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he couldn't get a job after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he couldn't get a job after
+graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation
+so finally uh of one of his close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally uh of one of his close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally uh of one of his close
+friends marcel grossman one of the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends marcel grossman one of the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends marcel grossman one of the folks
+from whom he'd borrow notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whom he'd borrow notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whom he'd borrow notes
+his father had connections and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father had connections and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father had connections and so the
+basically through connections he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically through connections he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically through connections he was
+able to get einstein an entry-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get einstein an entry-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get einstein an entry-level
+civil service job at the patent office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil service job at the patent office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil service job at the patent office
+in barron switzerland so still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in barron switzerland so still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in barron switzerland so still in
+switzerland he was a patent officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland he was a patent officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland he was a patent officer
+third class as i'm always fond of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third class as i'm always fond of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third class as i'm always fond of saying
+there was no fourth class that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no fourth class that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no fourth class that was
+literally the lowest entry-level gig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the lowest entry-level gig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the lowest entry-level gig
+so even for you einstein it wasn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even for you einstein it wasn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even for you einstein it wasn't what
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it was who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was who you know
+what he then proceeded to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he then proceeded to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he then proceeded to do
+was he had a day job at what they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he had a day job at what they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he had a day job at what they called
+the electro technical desk much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electro technical desk much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electro technical desk much like
+what his father and uncle were doing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his father and uncle were doing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his father and uncle were doing he
+was a patent examiner for a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a patent examiner for a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a patent examiner for a lot of these
+cool new electrical gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new electrical gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new electrical gadgets
+and then he would go hang out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he would go hang out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he would go hang out with a
+bunch of friends and drink beer a lot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of friends and drink beer a lot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of friends and drink beer a lot at
+the at the pubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the pubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the pubs
+so they formed what they called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they formed what they called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they formed what they called the
+olympia academy and this was very ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia academy and this was very ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olympia academy and this was very ironic
+they gave themselves the most elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave themselves the most elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave themselves the most elite
+sounding name because they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name because they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding name because they're basically
+three semi-bums hanging out reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three semi-bums hanging out reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three semi-bums hanging out reading and
+blowing off their families so they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing off their families so they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing off their families so they gave
+this was a very very prestigious name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a very very prestigious name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a very very prestigious name
+even though it was literally three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was literally three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was literally three
+recent college graduates hanging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent college graduates hanging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent college graduates hanging out
+it was um maurice sullivan conrad had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was um maurice sullivan conrad had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was um maurice sullivan conrad had
+peach and young albert einstein and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peach and young albert einstein and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peach and young albert einstein and they
+would go and sometimes drink coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and sometimes drink coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and sometimes drink coffee
+often drink beer and talk about stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often drink beer and talk about stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often drink beer and talk about stuff
+they'd read and they would read a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd read and they would read a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd read and they would read a lot of
+physics and read a lot of philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and read a lot of philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and read a lot of philosophy and
+talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it
+and one of the books that we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the books that we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the books that we know from
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+correspondence at the time that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence at the time that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence at the time that they
+were really interested in was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really interested in was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really interested in was this
+fascinating book by an austrian polymath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating book by an austrian polymath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating book by an austrian polymath
+named aarons mock here's the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named aarons mock here's the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named aarons mock here's the book
+translated into english known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into english known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into english known as the
+science of mechanics it had come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of mechanics it had come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of mechanics it had come out
+in the 1880s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1880s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1880s
+mock was really remarkable he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock was really remarkable he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock was really remarkable he was
+both a mathematical physicist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a mathematical physicist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a mathematical physicist and
+experimental physicist you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicist you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicist you might know
+the terminology for mach number like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology for mach number like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology for mach number like
+speed of sound mach 1 mach 2 mach 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound mach 1 mach 2 mach 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound mach 1 mach 2 mach 3
+seymour he did a lot of studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seymour he did a lot of studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seymour he did a lot of studies of
+acoustics and optics but also of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustics and optics but also of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustics and optics but also of what we
+would now call psychology like sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now call psychology like sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now call psychology like sensory
+experiments and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so on
+and eventually a medical surgery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually a medical surgery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually a medical surgery and
+then at the end of his career he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end of his career he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end of his career he was a
+professor of the history and philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of the history and philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of the history and philosophy
+of science this guy did it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science this guy did it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science this guy did it all
+he wrote these very very dense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote these very very dense um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote these very very dense um
+conceptual critiques of newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual critiques of newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual critiques of newtonian
+physics among other things and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics among other things and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics among other things and he was
+mark was convinced that newton was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark was convinced that newton was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark was convinced that newton was
+really getting getting himself into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting getting himself into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting getting himself into a
+horrible muddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible muddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible muddle
+because he had not paid sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had not paid sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had not paid sufficient
+attention philosophically and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention philosophically and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention philosophically and this is
+what the young members of the olympia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the young members of the olympia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the young members of the olympia
+academy got really excited about we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy got really excited about we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy got really excited about we know
+from their letters and their notes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their letters and their notes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their letters and their notes at
+the time mark was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time mark was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time mark was was
+advocating a position that came to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating a position that came to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating a position that came to be
+known as positivism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as positivism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as positivism
+according to ants mock unlike isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to ants mock unlike isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to ants mock unlike isaac
+newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+or for that matter even some folks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter even some folks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter even some folks like
+maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell
+mach argued that only quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mach argued that only quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mach argued that only quantities that
+could become objects of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could become objects of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could become objects of positive
+experience let's say things we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience let's say things we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience let's say things we could
+actively measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively measure
+or sense or feel or touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sense or feel or touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sense or feel or touch
+only those things belonged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those things belonged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those things belonged
+in our scientific theories anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our scientific theories anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our scientific theories anything else
+was just like mere speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like mere speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like mere speculation
+like you know counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know counting the number of
+angels that could dance on the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels that could dance on the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels that could dance on the head of
+the pin he was scathingly critical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pin he was scathingly critical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pin he was scathingly critical of
+newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+and in particular mock wrote in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular mock wrote in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular mock wrote in detail
+that newton's notions of absolute space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that newton's notions of absolute space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that newton's notions of absolute space
+and absolute time had no meaning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute time had no meaning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute time had no meaning because
+how could you ever measure absolute time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you ever measure absolute time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you ever measure absolute time
+show me the clock that could measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the clock that could measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the clock that could measure
+absolute time that was the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute time that was the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute time that was the kind of
+classic machine response i can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic machine response i can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic machine response i can measure
+the passage of time by using a clock but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage of time by using a clock but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage of time by using a clock but
+who says that's what newton wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says that's what newton wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says that's what newton wrote
+absolute time was this had an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute time was this had an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute time was this had an amazing
+impact as we as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact as we as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact as we as we know
+on the young einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the young einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the young einstein
+so it's in this milieu he's now not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in this milieu he's now not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in this milieu he's now not in
+the university setting he'd scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university setting he'd scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university setting he'd scrape
+through his undergraduate studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his undergraduate studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his undergraduate studies
+he has a nice day job but he's not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a nice day job but he's not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a nice day job but he's not doing
+particularly well professionally he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well professionally he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well professionally he's
+hanging out with his buddies in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out with his buddies in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out with his buddies in reading
+some interesting and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting and hard
+obscure kind of philosophy science uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure kind of philosophy science uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure kind of philosophy science uh in
+the evenings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evenings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evenings
+where he has what's now commonly called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he has what's now commonly called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he has what's now commonly called
+his miraculous year his honest mirabilis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his miraculous year his honest mirabilis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his miraculous year his honest mirabilis
+in 1905. in fact he only took about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905. in fact he only took about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905. in fact he only took about six
+months it was like half a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was like half a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was like half a year
+during which he submitted four really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which he submitted four really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which he submitted four really
+astonishing original papers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing original papers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing original papers to the
+leading journal of physics the honolulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading journal of physics the honolulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading journal of physics the honolulu
+physique in germany at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physique in germany at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physique in germany at the time
+they've since been published and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've since been published and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've since been published and
+translated there's a particularly nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated there's a particularly nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated there's a particularly nice
+addition you can find edited by uh john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you can find edited by uh john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you can find edited by uh john
+stachel uh with very nice um essays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stachel uh with very nice um essays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stachel uh with very nice um essays to
+accompany them you can find them online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them you can find them online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them you can find them online
+so for for iap and for the rest of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for for iap and for the rest of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for for iap and for the rest of today
+and even throughout the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even throughout the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even throughout the month
+we're really interested in what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in what was the
+third of these articles that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of these articles that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of these articles that he
+submitted he submitted to the journal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted he submitted to the journal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted he submitted to the journal in
+june of 1905 it's on what we would now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+june of 1905 it's on what we would now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+june of 1905 it's on what we would now
+call special relativity its title as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call special relativity its title as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call special relativity its title as you
+can see up top was actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see up top was actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see up top was actually in
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+on the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electrodynamics of moving bodies
+a thoroughly familiar title exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thoroughly familiar title exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thoroughly familiar title exactly what
+lorenz and all of laurence's colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz and all of laurence's colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz and all of laurence's colleagues
+have been talking about for for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about for for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking about for for decades
+by that point so the title of einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that point so the title of einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that point so the title of einstein's
+paper in 1905 was not surprising even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 1905 was not surprising even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 1905 was not surprising even
+though as we'll see his approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as we'll see his approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as we'll see his approach was
+quite distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he begins this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins this now
+very well known paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well known paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well known paper
+not by saying i found an error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by saying i found an error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by saying i found an error in
+lorenz's calculation there's a missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz's calculation there's a missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz's calculation there's a missing
+factor of two pi or you know whatever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two pi or you know whatever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two pi or you know whatever he
+doesn't say i conducted my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say i conducted my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say i conducted my own
+measurements and i found these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and i found these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and i found these results
+within experimental error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within experimental error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within experimental error
+he starts out by saying there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts out by saying there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts out by saying there's an
+asymmetry in the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in the explanation
+which is not present in the phenomena it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not present in the phenomena it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not present in the phenomena it
+sounds very philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very philosophical
+he goes on in this very opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on in this very opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on in this very opening
+paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+that when we use maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we use maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we use maxwell's equations
+we come up with very different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come up with very different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come up with very different kinds of
+accounts for what should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for what should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for what should be the same
+phenomenon very simple nothing super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon very simple nothing super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon very simple nothing super
+fancy like an interferometer just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy like an interferometer just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy like an interferometer just take a
+bar magnet and a coil through which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet and a coil through which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet and a coil through which
+current could flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current could flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current could flow
+and make sure you have a current meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure you have a current meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure you have a current meter
+an ammeter attached to the coil so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ammeter attached to the coil so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ammeter attached to the coil so if
+current flows electric current flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows electric current flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows electric current flows
+through the coil it will be measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coil it will be measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coil it will be measured the
+ammeter needle will be deflected and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammeter needle will be deflected and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammeter needle will be deflected and we
+are free to move either the magnet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to move either the magnet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to move either the magnet or
+the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+in this opening paragraph einstein says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this opening paragraph einstein says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this opening paragraph einstein says
+physicists had treated this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had treated this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had treated this situation
+completely orthogonally even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely orthogonally even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely orthogonally even though
+einstein was concerned as far as that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein was concerned as far as that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein was concerned as far as that's
+concerned there's only one explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned there's only one explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned there's only one explanation
+needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+and so with case one if you assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with case one if you assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with case one if you assume the
+bar magnet is moving you're shaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet is moving you're shaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar magnet is moving you're shaking the
+magnet back and forth and keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet back and forth and keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet back and forth and keeping the
+coil fixed in location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil fixed in location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil fixed in location
+then you would appeal to one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would appeal to one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would appeal to one set of
+maxwell's equations and again on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations and again on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations and again on on the
+t-shirt you'll be this one you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt you'll be this one you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt you'll be this one you have a
+time-varying magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-varying magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-varying magnetic field
+which will induce a spatially varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will induce a spatially varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will induce a spatially varying
+electric field and that will exert a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that will exert a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that will exert a a
+push a force on the little ions little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a force on the little ions little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a force on the little ions little
+electric charges within that coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges within that coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges within that coil
+they'll feel a push they'll move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll feel a push they'll move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll feel a push they'll move along
+the coil electric current as maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil electric current as maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil electric current as maxwell
+himself had argued was nothing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself had argued was nothing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself had argued was nothing but the
+motion of these electric um electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of these electric um electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of these electric um electric
+charge bearers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge bearers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge bearers
+so because of a time varying magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of a time varying magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of a time varying magnetic
+field the the little bits of matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the little bits of matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the little bits of matter in
+the coil will be pushed along you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil will be pushed along you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil will be pushed along you'll
+induce a current that's case one moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a current that's case one moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a current that's case one moving
+magnet stationary coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet stationary coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet stationary coil
+but if you want to analyze the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to analyze the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to analyze the other
+situation hold the magnet rigidly fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation hold the magnet rigidly fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation hold the magnet rigidly fixed
+in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place
+and shift the coil back and forth then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift the coil back and forth then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift the coil back and forth then
+physicists would give an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists would give an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists would give an entirely
+separate explanation they would appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate explanation they would appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate explanation they would appeal
+to a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different one
+of maxwell's equations now they'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maxwell's equations now they'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maxwell's equations now they'd say
+that there's a static magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a static magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a static magnetic field
+varied in space its spatial gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in space its spatial gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in space its spatial gradients
+were non-vanishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were non-vanishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were non-vanishing
+and that would exert a a force like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would exert a a force like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would exert a a force like a
+kind of lorentz force law on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lorentz force law on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lorentz force law on those
+charges so they're moving they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges so they're moving they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges so they're moving they have some
+velocity in a magnetic field they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in a magnetic field they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in a magnetic field they'll be
+pushed along the wire then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed along the wire then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed along the wire then you'll
+measure a current einstein said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a current einstein said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a current einstein said that's
+one explanation too many all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation too many all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation too many all that we
+could ever measure again you can almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ever measure again you can almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ever measure again you can almost
+hear the kind of mock coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the kind of mock coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the kind of mock coming through
+all we can ever see as an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can ever see as an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can ever see as an element of
+positive experience is some relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience is some relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience is some relative
+motion between the magnet and the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion between the magnet and the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion between the magnet and the coil
+which induces an electric current who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which induces an electric current who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which induces an electric current who's
+to say one was actually still while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one was actually still while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one was actually still while the
+other was moving so einstein begins this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was moving so einstein begins this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was moving so einstein begins this
+paper by saying that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by saying that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by saying that there's something
+wrong with with the stories we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with with the stories we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with with the stories we tell
+about the equations he doesn't argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equations he doesn't argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equations he doesn't argue
+about the equations he argues about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equations he argues about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equations he argues about our
+interpretation of equations very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of equations very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of equations very
+striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+he then goes on just in like paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then goes on just in like paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he then goes on just in like paragraph
+three still very early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three still very early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three still very early in the
+introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction
+to posit two postulates he doesn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit two postulates he doesn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to posit two postulates he doesn't prove
+them he doesn't derive them he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them he doesn't derive them he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them he doesn't derive them he doesn't
+say i have uh demonstrated these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i have uh demonstrated these by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i have uh demonstrated these by
+doing experiments he just pop he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experiments he just pop he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experiments he just pop he says
+let me hypothesize these and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hypothesize these and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hypothesize these and see what
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+and these are the two in in rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two in in rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two in in rough
+paraphrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+was actually already called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually already called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually already called the
+principle of relativity or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of relativity or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of relativity or sometimes
+simply called a galilean relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply called a galilean relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply called a galilean relativity
+going back again to the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again to the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again to the 17th century
+galileo had argued by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo had argued by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galileo had argued by thinking about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that boat floating down the river that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boat floating down the river that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boat floating down the river that
+to a person on the boat as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person on the boat as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person on the boat as long as the
+boat is moving at a constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat is moving at a constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat is moving at a constant speed
+neither speeding up or slowing down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither speeding up or slowing down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither speeding up or slowing down that
+all the laws of mechanics should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laws of mechanics should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laws of mechanics should work
+perfectly well for that observer as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well for that observer as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well for that observer as if
+the same as they would for us at rest on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as they would for us at rest on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as they would for us at rest on
+on the shore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the shore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the shore
+if you toss a boat it'll land back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you toss a boat it'll land back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you toss a boat it'll land back in
+your hand as you expect even though to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand as you expect even though to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand as you expect even though to
+us we see the ball uh trace a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we see the ball uh trace a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we see the ball uh trace a
+complicated parabola to the person on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated parabola to the person on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated parabola to the person on
+the boat she's a perfect entitled to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat she's a perfect entitled to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat she's a perfect entitled to say
+i'm sitting at rest the ball went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting at rest the ball went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting at rest the ball went
+straight up and let it straight back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up and let it straight back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up and let it straight back in
+my hand all the laws of mechanics should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand all the laws of mechanics should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand all the laws of mechanics should
+work equally well in any reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equally well in any reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equally well in any reference frame
+that's moving at a constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving at a constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving at a constant speed
+einstein just takes that existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein just takes that existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein just takes that existing
+principle of relativity from mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of relativity from mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of relativity from mechanics
+and just assumes just hypothesizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just assumes just hypothesizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just assumes just hypothesizes that
+that should apply not only to mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should apply not only to mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should apply not only to mechanics
+but to every physical phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to every physical phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to every physical phenomenon
+electricity magnetism optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity magnetism optics
+thermodynamics and that's just a leap he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and that's just a leap he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and that's just a leap he
+just says what if what if this applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what if what if this applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what if what if this applies
+to any kind of physical phenomenon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any kind of physical phenomenon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any kind of physical phenomenon not
+just mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mechanics
+and then he introduces the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he introduces the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he introduces the second
+postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate
+which seems actually to be in tension a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems actually to be in tension a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems actually to be in tension a
+bit with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the first
+his second passage is the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his second passage is the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his second passage is the speed of light
+is a constant independent of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant independent of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant independent of the motion
+of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source
+what that doesn't sound right if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that doesn't sound right if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that doesn't sound right if you go
+back to galileo and watching his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to galileo and watching his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to galileo and watching his friend
+on the boat if she you know fires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat if she you know fires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat if she you know fires a
+cannon the speed with which we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannon the speed with which we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannon the speed with which we measure
+the cannonball is different than speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cannonball is different than speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cannonball is different than speed
+she measures it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she measures it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she measures it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for if if you're if you're if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if if you're if you're if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if if you're if you're if you watch
+her lobbing a tennis ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lobbing a tennis ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lobbing a tennis ball
+our measurement of the speed of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurement of the speed of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurement of the speed of an
+object on her reference frame is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on her reference frame is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on her reference frame is not the
+same as ours and einstein here is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ours and einstein here is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ours and einstein here is saying
+light is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is special
+that unlike tennis balls ping pong balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unlike tennis balls ping pong balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unlike tennis balls ping pong balls
+cannonballs or trains or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannonballs or trains or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannonballs or trains or anything else
+the speed of light as a postulate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light as a postulate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light as a postulate will
+be constant for any mode any observer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant for any mode any observer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant for any mode any observer as
+long as they're in an inertial frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're in an inertial frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're in an inertial frame of
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+and here's an excerpt from the english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an excerpt from the english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an excerpt from the english
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+i won't read all this out but he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't read all this out but he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't read all this out but he says
+what follows from these postulates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what follows from these postulates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what follows from these postulates is
+that the luminiferous ether will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the luminiferous ether will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the luminiferous ether will prove
+to be superfluous uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be superfluous uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be superfluous uber
+he doesn't say i've just proven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't say i've just proven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't say i've just proven the
+ether he says it's just irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether he says it's just irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether he says it's just irrelevant
+50 years worth by that point 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years worth by that point 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years worth by that point 100 years
+worth of study by all of europe's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of study by all of europe's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of study by all of europe's most
+prestigious physicists was irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious physicists was irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious physicists was irrelevant
+that's probably why he didn't have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why he didn't have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably why he didn't have many
+friends in physics at the time so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in physics at the time so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in physics at the time so he
+doesn't disprove the either he says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't disprove the either he says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't disprove the either he says we
+just won't even need to refer to anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't even need to refer to anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't even need to refer to anymore
+it makes the entire set of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the entire set of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the entire set of questions
+that are driven people like lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are driven people like lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are driven people like lorenz
+really kind of fall away at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of fall away at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of fall away at least at
+least as far as einstein himself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as far as einstein himself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as far as einstein himself is
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+so why does einstein introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does einstein introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does einstein introduce that
+second possum again historians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possum again historians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possum again historians and
+physicists uh philosophers have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh philosophers have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh philosophers have studied
+this question a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question a lot
+and we have some good documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some good documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some good documentary
+evidence because einstein was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence because einstein was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence because einstein was writing
+letters and diaries and stuff all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and diaries and stuff all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and diaries and stuff all the
+time and a lot of those have survived so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and a lot of those have survived so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and a lot of those have survived so
+we have some contemporaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some contemporaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some contemporaneous
+documentation as well as his own later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation as well as his own later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation as well as his own later
+recollections and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollections and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollections and so on
+we know that actually 10 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that actually 10 years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that actually 10 years before
+this paper back when islam was was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper back when islam was was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper back when islam was was a
+mere teenager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere teenager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere teenager
+he'd like to pose these kind of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd like to pose these kind of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd like to pose these kind of thought
+experiments or questions to himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or questions to himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or questions to himself and
+one of the questions he would return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions he would return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions he would return to
+really over the course of a full decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really over the course of a full decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really over the course of a full decade
+was what would it look like what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what would it look like what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what would it look like what would
+you experience if you could catch up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience if you could catch up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience if you could catch up to
+a light wave any reason it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light wave any reason it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light wave any reason it would be like
+a surfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surfer
+riding along an ocean wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding along an ocean wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding along an ocean wave
+that to us on the shore we'd see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to us on the shore we'd see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to us on the shore we'd see both
+these things moving we would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things moving we would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things moving we would see a
+dynamical wave moving over time not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical wave moving over time not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical wave moving over time not just
+not just a frozen waveform in space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a frozen waveform in space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a frozen waveform in space but
+to the surfer if she's really moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surfer if she's really moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surfer if she's really moving at
+the same speed as the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed as the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed as the wave
+then she would see the wave frozen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she would see the wave frozen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she would see the wave frozen in
+space it should be frozen in time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it should be frozen in time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it should be frozen in time it
+would be a crest here a trough there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a crest here a trough there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a crest here a trough there but
+the surfer wouldn't see at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfer wouldn't see at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfer wouldn't see at least for
+some extent a period of time the surfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent a period of time the surfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent a period of time the surfer
+would see the wave frozen not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the wave frozen not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the wave frozen not
+dynamically a frozen wave form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically a frozen wave form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically a frozen wave form
+a varying in space but frozen in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a varying in space but frozen in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a varying in space but frozen in time
+so einstein said that doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein said that doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein said that doesn't make any
+sense if we think about maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we think about maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we think about maxwell's
+equations when he got a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when he got a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when he got a little more
+sophisticated and learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and learn more about
+maxwell he said there's no solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell he said there's no solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell he said there's no solution to
+maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations
+if you're in a source-free region if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a source-free region if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a source-free region if
+there's no clump of electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clump of electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clump of electric charge
+around no electric currents around if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around no electric currents around if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around no electric currents around if
+both rho and j vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rho and j vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rho and j vanish
+then there's no way to have spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no way to have spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no way to have spatially
+varying electric and magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying electric and magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying electric and magnetic fields
+that are nonetheless static right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nonetheless static right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nonetheless static right
+that seems to be a contradiction so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be a contradiction so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be a contradiction so how
+do you get out of this contradiction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get out of this contradiction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get out of this contradiction of
+thinking you would have a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you would have a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you would have a static
+waveform of light if you could catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform of light if you could catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform of light if you could catch up
+and move at the same speed as that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move at the same speed as that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move at the same speed as that light
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+how do you avoid that you just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you avoid that you just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you avoid that you just make sure
+you can never catch up to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never catch up to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never catch up to the wave
+how can you never ever catch up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you never ever catch up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you never ever catch up to the
+wave if the wave is always traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave if the wave is always traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave if the wave is always traveling at
+the speed c even if you're traveling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed c even if you're traveling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed c even if you're traveling on
+a very fast train or now you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fast train or now you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fast train or now you know a
+hypersonic jet or a spaceship of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersonic jet or a spaceship of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersonic jet or a spaceship of your
+imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+that second postulate for einstein we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second postulate for einstein we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second postulate for einstein we
+now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know
+was was really the end point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really the end point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really the end point of a
+10-year series of thought experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year series of thought experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year series of thought experiments
+about what would it look like to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would it look like to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would it look like to catch
+up with a light wave he said that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a light wave he said that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a light wave he said that would
+be that would make so many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that would make so many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that would make so many other things
+mutually inconsistent let's make sure no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually inconsistent let's make sure no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually inconsistent let's make sure no
+one can ever catch a light wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can ever catch a light wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can ever catch a light wave and
+that's what starts driving much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what starts driving much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what starts driving much of the
+rest of his thinking not worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of his thinking not worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of his thinking not worrying about
+you know interferometers and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know interferometers and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know interferometers and all the
+rest so what he does unlike lorentz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so what he does unlike lorentz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so what he does unlike lorentz and
+really all the all the masters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the all the masters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the all the masters in the
+field at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the time
+uh einstein begins with kinematics with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh einstein begins with kinematics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh einstein begins with kinematics with
+the most with the force-free motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most with the force-free motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most with the force-free motion of
+bodies through space and time which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies through space and time which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies through space and time which is a
+very mocking thing to do what can we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mocking thing to do what can we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mocking thing to do what can we see
+we measure objects moving through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure objects moving through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure objects moving through space
+and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time
+whereas people like lorenz and maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas people like lorenz and maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas people like lorenz and maxwell
+for that matter have been starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter have been starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter have been starting with
+forces with dynamics remember lorenz has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces with dynamics remember lorenz has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces with dynamics remember lorenz has
+this great idea that there's a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great idea that there's a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great idea that there's a force
+from the ether on the matter in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ether on the matter in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ether on the matter in the in
+michaelson's instrument it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson's instrument it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson's instrument it's all about
+dynamics forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics forces
+einstein inverts that order because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein inverts that order because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein inverts that order because
+force is really important but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is really important but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is really important but first
+let's make sure we understand force-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand force-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand force-free
+motion kinematics first after all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion kinematics first after all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion kinematics first after all that's
+that's what could become objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what could become objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what could become objects of
+positive experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+and so he has these wonderful quotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he has these wonderful quotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he has these wonderful quotations
+is now from from the introduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now from from the introduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now from from the introduction of the
+paper it's on the bottom of page two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it's on the bottom of page two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it's on the bottom of page two
+he's really redescribing how to lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really redescribing how to lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really redescribing how to lay out
+coordinates it sounds ultimately it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it sounds ultimately it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it sounds ultimately it
+sounds childish it sounds thoroughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds childish it sounds thoroughly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds childish it sounds thoroughly uh
+unprofessional to the to the folks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprofessional to the to the folks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprofessional to the to the folks of
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+hendrick lorette says don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendrick lorette says don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendrick lorette says don't you
+don't bother with with what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother with with what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother with with what do we mean
+by coordinates but einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coordinates but einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coordinates but einstein was
+convinced we have to think through how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced we have to think through how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced we have to think through how
+do we describe motion to space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we describe motion to space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we describe motion to space and time
+first and i won't bother reading it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and i won't bother reading it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and i won't bother reading it out
+i'll share this slide you can see it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll share this slide you can see it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll share this slide you can see it but
+that's really what he's doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what he's doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what he's doing in the
+very opening paragraphs of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very opening paragraphs of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very opening paragraphs of this paper
+and that leads him to other follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads him to other follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads him to other follow-up
+conclusions one of which very famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions one of which very famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions one of which very famously
+becomes known as the relativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as the relativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as the relativity of
+simultaneity you might have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity you might have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity you might have heard of
+that before but you'll spend more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before but you'll spend more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before but you'll spend more time
+at this iap i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this iap i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this iap i'm sure
+if there's no such thing as absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no such thing as absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no such thing as absolute
+time if time is what we measure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if time is what we measure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if time is what we measure with
+time measuring devices like clocks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time measuring devices like clocks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time measuring devices like clocks if
+that's all time is is what can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all time is is what can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all time is is what can be
+measured by an actual instrument like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by an actual instrument like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by an actual instrument like a
+clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+then how can we measure how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how can we measure how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how can we measure how can we
+compare the times in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the times in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the times in different places
+after i'm sitting here with my clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i'm sitting here with my clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i'm sitting here with my clock
+which is one thing we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one thing we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one thing we could do
+is trade light signals because by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trade light signals because by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trade light signals because by at
+least according to his postulate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to his postulate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to his postulate number
+two light is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light is special
+if i throw ping pong balls that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i throw ping pong balls that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i throw ping pong balls that's not so
+special because we will disagree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because we will disagree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because we will disagree on the
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+with which those ping-pong balls travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which those ping-pong balls travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which those ping-pong balls travel
+if i send a light wave then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i send a light wave then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i send a light wave then we could
+better agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better agree
+on the speed with which that light moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the speed with which that light moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the speed with which that light moved
+from point a to point b because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point a to point b because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point a to point b because of
+postulate 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate 2.
+so we start thinking about one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start thinking about one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start thinking about one of his
+favorite things in the universe trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite things in the universe trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite things in the universe trains
+he loved trains they come up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved trains they come up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved trains they come up all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so he imagines a train moving along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he imagines a train moving along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he imagines a train moving along a
+platform at a constant speed a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform at a constant speed a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform at a constant speed a nice
+inertial frame of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame of reference
+einstein is standing here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein is standing here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein is standing here on the
+embankment the train platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embankment the train platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embankment the train platform
+he has two friends we can call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has two friends we can call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has two friends we can call them
+alice and bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob
+a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b
+uh he ellenstein has marked himself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he ellenstein has marked himself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he ellenstein has marked himself out
+to be in the perfect midpoint of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the perfect midpoint of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the perfect midpoint of where
+alice and bob are standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are standing
+so they mark this all out ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they mark this all out ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they mark this all out ahead of time
+he marks himself perfectly in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he marks himself perfectly in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he marks himself perfectly in the middle
+alice and bob are each equipped with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are each equipped with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are each equipped with a
+lantern and a watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern and a watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern and a watch
+and by prior arrangement they say at 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by prior arrangement they say at 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by prior arrangement they say at 12
+noon on the dot turn on your lanterns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon on the dot turn on your lanterns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon on the dot turn on your lanterns so
+the light will will travel from both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light will will travel from both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light will will travel from both a
+and b toward the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b toward the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b toward the midpoint
+point your lanterns toward einstein at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point your lanterns toward einstein at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point your lanterns toward einstein at
+point m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point m
+turn them on at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them on at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them on at the same time
+meanwhile on this zooming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile on this zooming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile on this zooming back
+train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train
+there's another uh friend of einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another uh friend of einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another uh friend of einstein
+sitting at the midpoint of the train at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the midpoint of the train at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the midpoint of the train at
+the point there's march m prime here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point there's march m prime here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point there's march m prime here
+she knows that she's the exact midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows that she's the exact midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows that she's the exact midpoint
+of the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the train
+she knows by prior arrangement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows by prior arrangement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows by prior arrangement that
+alice and bob are standing one train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are standing one train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob are standing one train
+length apart from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length apart from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length apart from each other
+and again she's expecting that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again she's expecting that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again she's expecting that they will
+turn their lanterns on at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their lanterns on at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their lanterns on at the same time
+so how do these different folks describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these different folks describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these different folks describe
+the series of events that follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of events that follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of events that follow
+let's focus first on what einstein sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus first on what einstein sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus first on what einstein sees
+when he's standing still on the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's standing still on the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's standing still on the train
+platform the embankment watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform the embankment watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform the embankment watching the
+train go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train go by
+the observer who's standing still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observer who's standing still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observer who's standing still on the
+platform at point m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform at point m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform at point m
+was by prior arrangement an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by prior arrangement an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by prior arrangement an equal
+distance from uh alice and bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from uh alice and bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from uh alice and bob
+i guess i changed it now it's a she so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i changed it now it's a she so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i changed it now it's a she so
+um maleva his wife uh he's staying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maleva his wife uh he's staying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maleva his wife uh he's staying there
+maybe m stands for millennial so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe m stands for millennial so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe m stands for millennial so she
+receives a light weight from points a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives a light weight from points a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives a light weight from points a
+and b at the same time so she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b at the same time so she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b at the same time so she can
+conclude that the light flashes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the light flashes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the light flashes were
+emitted at the same time the the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at the same time the the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at the same time the the event
+of person a and person b shining their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person a and person b shining their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person a and person b shining their
+lights those events were simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights those events were simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights those events were simultaneous
+how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know
+because the light had equal distances to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light had equal distances to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light had equal distances to
+travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+and the light could only travel by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light could only travel by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light could only travel by at
+but one speed and they were arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one speed and they were arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one speed and they were arrived at
+the same time they must have started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time they must have started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time they must have started the
+journeys at the same time the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys at the same time the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys at the same time the act of
+shining those lanterns must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining those lanterns must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining those lanterns must have been
+simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous
+but what about the person who's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the person who's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the person who's move
+who's on the moving train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on the moving train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on the moving train
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+sees the following uh as she's zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the following uh as she's zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the following uh as she's zooming
+along at point m prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at point m prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along at point m prime
+she sees the light from point b arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sees the light from point b arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sees the light from point b arrive
+at her location first now we malevo or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at her location first now we malevo or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at her location first now we malevo or i
+say would say oh that's because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say would say oh that's because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say would say oh that's because you're
+racing toward it she says not so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing toward it she says not so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing toward it she says not so fast
+i'm in a perfectly self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in a perfectly self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in a perfectly self-consistent
+mechanical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system
+all the laws of physics work as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laws of physics work as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laws of physics work as well for
+me is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is for you
+and the light couldn't have sped up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light couldn't have sped up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light couldn't have sped up or
+slowed down by your own postulate she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down by your own postulate she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down by your own postulate she
+would say she would be entitled to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say she would be entitled to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say she would be entitled to say
+so if she's equal distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she's equal distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she's equal distance between
+points a and b and she receives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a and b and she receives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a and b and she receives the
+light from b first the only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from b first the only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from b first the only possible
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+is that the lights were not shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the lights were not shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the lights were not shown
+simultaneously that a and b did not turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously that a and b did not turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously that a and b did not turn
+their lanterns on at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lanterns on at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lanterns on at the same time
+so the person of the on the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person of the on the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person of the on the train
+platform and the person on the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the person on the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the person on the moving
+train disagree about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train disagree about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train disagree about what happens
+simultaneously this becomes known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously this becomes known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously this becomes known as the
+relativity of simultaneity so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of simultaneity so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of simultaneity so who's
+correct i've already said according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct i've already said according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct i've already said according to
+einstein no one or both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein no one or both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein no one or both of them
+because of posture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of posture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of posture one
+they're both entitled to work out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both entitled to work out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both entitled to work out a
+perfectly self-consistent set of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly self-consistent set of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly self-consistent set of uh of
+of laws involving electromagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws involving electromagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws involving electromagnetism
+optics and mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and mechanics
+they agree they are at the midpoint they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree they are at the midpoint they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree they are at the midpoint they
+agree that light didn't speed up or slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that light didn't speed up or slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that light didn't speed up or slow
+down so they are both right which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so they are both right which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so they are both right which is to
+say there is no right answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is no right answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is no right answer to the
+question what was really simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what was really simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what was really simultaneous
+simultaneity becomes relative to one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity becomes relative to one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity becomes relative to one's
+frame of reference that's a pretty deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference that's a pretty deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference that's a pretty deep
+change from the newtonian system and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the newtonian system and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the newtonian system and as
+as einstein says against bottom of page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as einstein says against bottom of page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as einstein says against bottom of page
+two very early in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very early in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very early in the paper
+we see that we can attribute no absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we can attribute no absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we can attribute no absolute
+meaning to the concept of simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the concept of simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the concept of simultaneity
+but the two events which examined from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two events which examined from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two events which examined from a
+coordinate system are simultaneous like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system are simultaneous like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system are simultaneous like
+him on the embankment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on the embankment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on the embankment
+can no longer be interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer be interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer be interpreted as
+simultaneous events when examined from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events when examined from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events when examined from a
+system which is in motion relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is in motion relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is in motion relative to
+that system okay that's about kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system okay that's about kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system okay that's about kinematics
+he's not about forces or resisted medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not about forces or resisted medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not about forces or resisted medium
+or uh or dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now he goes on again very early on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he goes on again very early on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he goes on again very early on in
+the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+once you get to the relativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to the relativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to the relativity of
+simultaneity again as you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity again as you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity again as you'll have a
+chance to unpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to unpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to unpack
+with more patience in the coming days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more patience in the coming days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more patience in the coming days
+and weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weeks
+other strange phenomena seem to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange phenomena seem to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange phenomena seem to follow
+from that argues einstein one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that argues einstein one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that argues einstein one of the
+first he talks about is length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first he talks about is length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first he talks about is length
+contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction
+so this had been found and published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this had been found and published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this had been found and published by
+lorenz einstein's about to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz einstein's about to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz einstein's about to give an
+entirely different derivation even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different derivation even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different derivation even
+though quantitatively it's the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though quantitatively it's the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though quantitatively it's the same form
+of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation
+for einstein has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for einstein has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for einstein has nothing to do with
+forces it's all about um kinematics how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's all about um kinematics how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's all about um kinematics how
+to in general like a good machine he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in general like a good machine he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in general like a good machine he
+asks how do we measure the length of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks how do we measure the length of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks how do we measure the length of an
+object how do we make length an object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object how do we make length an object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object how do we make length an object a
+positive experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+well at the same time measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the same time measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the same time measure the
+location the front of the object and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location the front of the object and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location the front of the object and the
+back of the object and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the object and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the object and take the
+difference so if you want to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so if you want to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so if you want to measure the
+length of the train that's fine just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the train that's fine just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the train that's fine just
+measure where the front is and the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where the front is and the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where the front is and the back
+is at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the same time
+and then mark off the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mark off the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mark off the difference between
+those two locations in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two locations in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two locations in space
+our friends alice and bob can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friends alice and bob can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friends alice and bob can do that
+with the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the train
+and they uh find the answer capital l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh find the answer capital l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh find the answer capital l
+the train is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is
+length l long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length l long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length l long
+meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile
+uh alice and bob uh that's i should i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alice and bob uh that's i should i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alice and bob uh that's i should i'm
+sure that's when the train is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's when the train is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's when the train is at rest
+when they do this with a moving train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do this with a moving train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do this with a moving train
+alice and bob measure the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob measure the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob measure the length of the
+moving train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving train
+they measure some some length shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure some some length shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure some some length shorter
+than what the person on the train was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what the person on the train was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what the person on the train was
+expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting
+the person on the train expected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person on the train expected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person on the train expected the
+full length l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full length l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full length l
+the person who's moving with the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's moving with the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's moving with the object
+either at rest with it or moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at rest with it or moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at rest with it or moving
+together with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with it
+says the train is l units long but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the train is l units long but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the train is l units long but when
+alice and bob measure the train by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob measure the train by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice and bob measure the train by
+measuring the front and back at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the front and back at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the front and back at the same
+time they find a shorter answer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they find a shorter answer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they find a shorter answer they
+found it shrunk along the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it shrunk along the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it shrunk along the direction of
+motion by some specific amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion by some specific amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion by some specific amount
+now how could that be remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how could that be remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how could that be remember we
+disagree about at the same time so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree about at the same time so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree about at the same time so if we
+disagree about simultaneity we will per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree about simultaneity we will per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree about simultaneity we will per
+force we must start to disagree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force we must start to disagree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force we must start to disagree about
+lengths so the person on the train says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so the person on the train says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so the person on the train says
+you did your measurement wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did your measurement wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did your measurement wrong
+you measured point the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measured point the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measured point the front of the
+train first we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train first we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train first we know that
+event b happened first she says because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event b happened first she says because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event b happened first she says because
+we got the light from from event b first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the light from from event b first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the light from from event b first
+so you measured the front of the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measured the front of the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measured the front of the train
+and then waited while the train slid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then waited while the train slid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then waited while the train slid and
+then later measured the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later measured the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later measured the position of the
+rear of the train so of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear of the train so of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear of the train so of course you have
+a shorter distance because you performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter distance because you performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter distance because you performed
+a bad measurement because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad measurement because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad measurement because you didn't
+measure the front and back at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the front and back at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the front and back at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+we say don't be silly they were at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say don't be silly they were at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say don't be silly they were at the
+same time we checked by uh trading light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we checked by uh trading light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we checked by uh trading light
+beams we know they were simultaneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams we know they were simultaneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams we know they were simultaneous and
+we got the answer l prime your train is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the answer l prime your train is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the answer l prime your train is
+short who's right sort of both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short who's right sort of both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short who's right sort of both and
+neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither
+that because we disagree on simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we disagree on simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we disagree on simultaneity
+we just agree on on the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just agree on on the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just agree on on the outcomes of
+simultaneous events like measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events like measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events like measurements of
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+and so he goes on with just a few lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he goes on with just a few lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he goes on with just a few lines
+of algebra to find the exact form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra to find the exact form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra to find the exact form of
+what was already known as the lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was already known as the lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was already known as the lorenz
+contraction the same factor gamma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction the same factor gamma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction the same factor gamma that
+you'll be using all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be using all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be using all
+iap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iap
+that the the measurement of an object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the measurement of an object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the measurement of an object in
+motion shrinks along the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion shrinks along the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion shrinks along the direction of
+motion whereas if we were at rest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion whereas if we were at rest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion whereas if we were at rest with
+an object we find a longer length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object we find a longer length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object we find a longer length and
+the amount it shrinks depends on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount it shrinks depends on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount it shrinks depends on that
+relative speed v over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed v over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed v over c
+depends in particular on this form gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends in particular on this form gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends in particular on this form gamma
+this has nothing for einstein to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has nothing for einstein to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has nothing for einstein to do with
+forces or dynamics it's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or dynamics it's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or dynamics it's a totally
+different derivation to lorenz's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different derivation to lorenz's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different derivation to lorenz's it's
+simply a consequence of kinematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a consequence of kinematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a consequence of kinematics and
+in particular about simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular about simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular about simultaneity
+uh it's a very simple exercise you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very simple exercise you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very simple exercise you'll
+probably end up doing it very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably end up doing it very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably end up doing it very soon
+to find a similar consequence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a similar consequence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a similar consequence for the
+rate at which clocks will tick this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which clocks will tick this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which clocks will tick this is
+now became known as time dilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now became known as time dilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now became known as time dilation
+imagine a very simple kind of clock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a very simple kind of clock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a very simple kind of clock the
+simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one
+two highly polished mirrors with a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two highly polished mirrors with a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two highly polished mirrors with a light
+beam that just bounces straight back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that just bounces straight back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that just bounces straight back and
+forth between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between them
+if the clock is at rest with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the clock is at rest with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the clock is at rest with respect to
+us we hold the clock perfectly still at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we hold the clock perfectly still at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we hold the clock perfectly still at
+a fixed height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed height
+then the time it takes for that light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the time it takes for that light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the time it takes for that light to
+travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+from the bottom mirror to the top mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom mirror to the top mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom mirror to the top mirror
+will count as one tick of our clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will count as one tick of our clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will count as one tick of our clock
+and we know that light can only travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that light can only travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that light can only travel
+at a fixed speed so it's a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed speed so it's a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed speed so it's a really great
+uniform clock as long as we can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform clock as long as we can hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform clock as long as we can hold
+that height really fixed this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that height really fixed this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that height really fixed this is a great
+way of defining a unit of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining a unit of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining a unit of time and
+therefore our clock rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our clock rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our clock rate
+what happens if our friend has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if our friend has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if our friend has an
+identical clock same mirrors held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical clock same mirrors held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical clock same mirrors held
+equally rigidly at the same height apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally rigidly at the same height apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally rigidly at the same height apart
+but zooming past us on that moving train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but zooming past us on that moving train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but zooming past us on that moving train
+then we watch the light have to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we watch the light have to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we watch the light have to travel
+this longer path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer path
+because but after the light beam leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but after the light beam leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but after the light beam leaves
+the bottom mirror in order to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom mirror in order to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom mirror in order to reach the
+top mirror the whole assembly has moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top mirror the whole assembly has moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top mirror the whole assembly has moved
+with the train to the right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the train to the right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the train to the right some
+distance v times t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance v times t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance v times t
+in the in the time during which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the time during which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the time during which that
+light beam was was in transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam was was in transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam was was in transit
+so it has to travel the hypotenuse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to travel the hypotenuse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to travel the hypotenuse of
+this right triangle instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right triangle instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right triangle instead of just a
+simple up and down it travels per force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple up and down it travels per force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple up and down it travels per force
+a longer distance and likewise back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer distance and likewise back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer distance and likewise back down
+so our observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our observation
+of the moving clock is that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the moving clock is that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the moving clock is that it takes
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+between ticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ticks
+that becomes known as time dilation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes known as time dilation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes known as time dilation the
+time between ticks has stretched which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between ticks has stretched which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between ticks has stretched which
+is to say the time the clock is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say the time the clock is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say the time the clock is running
+slowly as we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as we measure
+we measure the moving clock to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the moving clock to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the moving clock to run
+slowly by that same factor gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly by that same factor gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly by that same factor gamma
+the time between ticks gets stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between ticks gets stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between ticks gets stretched
+remember gamma is is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember gamma is is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember gamma is is greater than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so the time between ticks gets stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time between ticks gets stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time between ticks gets stretched
+and that's the thing that the clock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing that the clock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing that the clock is
+running slowly meanwhile the person on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running slowly meanwhile the person on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running slowly meanwhile the person on
+the train says you're ridiculous i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train says you're ridiculous i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train says you're ridiculous i had
+the clock with me the whole time it kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock with me the whole time it kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock with me the whole time it kept
+perfect time but your clock ran slowly i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect time but your clock ran slowly i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect time but your clock ran slowly i
+watched as i ran by the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched as i ran by the station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched as i ran by the station
+perfectly symmetrical conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly symmetrical conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly symmetrical conclusions
+so einstein was working those all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein was working those all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so einstein was working those all this
+out very much inspired by uh airsmach by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very much inspired by uh airsmach by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very much inspired by uh airsmach by
+this notion of positivism of what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of positivism of what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of positivism of what can we
+hope to measure uh not starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to measure uh not starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to measure uh not starting with
+forces but with with the force-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces but with with the force-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces but with with the force-free
+motion of objects through space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of objects through space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of objects through space and time
+and really trying to bring it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to bring it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to bring it back to
+what would be measurable what would i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be measurable what would i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be measurable what would i
+see if i were in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i were in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i were in this situation
+one of his teachers at the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his teachers at the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his teachers at the eth
+a mathematician named heman minkowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematician named heman minkowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematician named heman minkowski
+had formed a deservedly low opinion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had formed a deservedly low opinion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had formed a deservedly low opinion of
+student einstein i used to cut class i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student einstein i used to cut class i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student einstein i used to cut class i
+was very rude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very rude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very rude
+one of their mutual friends after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their mutual friends after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their mutual friends after
+einstein's paper came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's paper came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's paper came out
+sent the paper to minkowski saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the paper to minkowski saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the paper to minkowski saying you
+know it's actually kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's actually kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's actually kind of interesting
+to take a look to paraphrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look to paraphrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look to paraphrase and
+mankowski said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankowski said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankowski said well
+despite the fact that i knew einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that i knew einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that i knew einstein
+was up was was never going to amount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up was was never going to amount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was up was was never going to amount to
+anything i read the paper and i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i read the paper and i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i read the paper and i was
+right mccaskey says he really made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mccaskey says he really made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mccaskey says he really made a
+mess of this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess of this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess of this as well
+so mankowski is just interested enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mankowski is just interested enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mankowski is just interested enough
+to redo einstein's work in a form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo einstein's work in a form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo einstein's work in a form that
+made much more sense to minkowski who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made much more sense to minkowski who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made much more sense to minkowski who
+was after all a professional geometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was after all a professional geometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was after all a professional geometer
+he wasn't just a mathematician he loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't just a mathematician he loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't just a mathematician he loved
+geometry most of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry most of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry most of all
+so mankowski not einstein is the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mankowski not einstein is the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mankowski not einstein is the one who
+actually brings these pieces together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually brings these pieces together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually brings these pieces together a
+few years later in it was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later in it was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later in it was published in
+1908 instead of 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1908 instead of 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1908 instead of 1905
+and he says all this talk about moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says all this talk about moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says all this talk about moving
+trains and and polished mirrors all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and and polished mirrors all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and and polished mirrors all
+that's just a distraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a distraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a distraction
+to a properly trained mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a properly trained mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a properly trained mathematician
+which einstein was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which einstein was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which einstein was not
+all we're doing is performing rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is performing rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is performing rotations
+or projections in a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or projections in a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or projections in a certain kind of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+in this case a space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a space time
+in which there's say one direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there's say one direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there's say one direction of
+space running along the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space running along the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space running along the horizontal axis
+and one dimension of time running up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one dimension of time running up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one dimension of time running up the
+page we now call these minkowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page we now call these minkowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page we now call these minkowski
+diagrams in his honor or simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams in his honor or simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams in his honor or simply
+space-time diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time diagrams
+none of this appears in einstein's early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this appears in einstein's early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this appears in einstein's early
+work this was done by his former teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this was done by his former teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this was done by his former teacher
+in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to
+what mckowski's considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mckowski's considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mckowski's considered to be
+einstein's continuing confusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's continuing confusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's continuing confusion and
+sloppiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness
+and there's a benefit from doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a benefit from doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a benefit from doing that
+minkowski finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski finds
+he agrees with einstein that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he agrees with einstein that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he agrees with einstein that we will
+that we will disagree on certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will disagree on certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will disagree on certain kinds
+of measurements for example lengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements for example lengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements for example lengths and
+durations of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations of time
+because we disagree on simultaneity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we disagree on simultaneity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we disagree on simultaneity but
+minkowski finds something that had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski finds something that had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski finds something that had not
+been so clear to einstein himself there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so clear to einstein himself there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so clear to einstein himself there
+are combinations of those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are combinations of those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are combinations of those kinds of
+intervals on which we will all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on which we will all agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on which we will all agree
+there's what we would now call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what we would now call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what we would now call a
+space-time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time invariant
+put together a combination of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a combination of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a combination of the time
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+minus the space interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the space interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the space interval
+a relative minus sign that that comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative minus sign that that comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative minus sign that that comma
+and each of those quantity squared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those quantity squared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those quantity squared that
+combination we will all agree on as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we will all agree on as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we will all agree on as long
+as we're each in states of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're each in states of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're each in states of um of
+non-accelerating motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-accelerating motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-accelerating motion
+even though we disagree separately on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we disagree separately on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we disagree separately on
+the duration between two events delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration between two events delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration between two events delta t
+or the lengths between them delta x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the lengths between them delta x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the lengths between them delta x and
+that for minkowski is what any geometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for minkowski is what any geometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for minkowski is what any geometer
+should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do
+some relationships remain invariant even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relationships remain invariant even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relationships remain invariant even
+under changes of coordinates and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under changes of coordinates and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under changes of coordinates and for
+mikowski that was what any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mikowski that was what any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mikowski that was what any
+undergraduate geometry student should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate geometry student should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate geometry student should
+know to do first so we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to do first so we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to do first so we actually have
+this notion of one kind of thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of one kind of thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of one kind of thing called
+space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time
+coming from minkowski kind of redoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from minkowski kind of redoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from minkowski kind of redoing
+isis work and as mikowski famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isis work and as mikowski famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isis work and as mikowski famously
+writes in his own article was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in his own article was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in his own article was published
+posthumously he died quite young and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posthumously he died quite young and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posthumously he died quite young and he
+gave a lecture and it was published soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a lecture and it was published soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a lecture and it was published soon
+after he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died
+and he wrote upon introducing this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote upon introducing this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote upon introducing this new
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+henceforth space by itself and time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henceforth space by itself and time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henceforth space by itself and time by
+itself are doomed to fade away into mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself are doomed to fade away into mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself are doomed to fade away into mere
+shadows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows
+and only a kind of union of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only a kind of union of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only a kind of union of the two
+will preserve independence by shadows he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will preserve independence by shadows he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will preserve independence by shadows he
+really meant projections just drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant projections just drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant projections just drop a
+perpendicular to the appropriate axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the appropriate axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the appropriate axis
+and then think about uh coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about uh coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about uh coordinate
+transformations in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in that
+space time of x and t so that's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time of x and t so that's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time of x and t so that's again
+something you'll get much more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll get much more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll get much more practice
+with uh if you haven't seen it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh if you haven't seen it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh if you haven't seen it already
+but that's a preview that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a preview that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a preview that comes in
+response to einstein's work it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to einstein's work it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to einstein's work it wasn't
+denied science owned originally although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied science owned originally although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied science owned originally although
+just to jump ahead very briefly einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to jump ahead very briefly einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to jump ahead very briefly einstein
+first thought that was horrible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought that was horrible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought that was horrible because
+he didn't like mizkowski but then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't like mizkowski but then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't like mizkowski but then over
+the next several years the better part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next several years the better part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next several years the better part
+of a decade einstein himself became more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a decade einstein himself became more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a decade einstein himself became more
+impressed by that way of thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by that way of thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by that way of thinking and
+really adopted it for his own later work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really adopted it for his own later work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really adopted it for his own later work
+on what became known as the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what became known as the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what became known as the general
+theory of relativity that's that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity that's that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity that's that's for
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay very briefly here's the third part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very briefly here's the third part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very briefly here's the third part
+of the material i want to share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material i want to share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material i want to share with you
+and then hopefully some time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hopefully some time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hopefully some time for
+discussion as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as well
+so this this last part is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this last part is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this last part is much more
+brief but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief but
+how do we make sense of this why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make sense of this why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make sense of this why was
+einstein doing all this seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein doing all this seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein doing all this seemingly
+unusual maybe even crazy stuff certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual maybe even crazy stuff certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual maybe even crazy stuff certainly
+out of step with lorenz with his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of step with lorenz with his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of step with lorenz with his own
+teachers like minkowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers like minkowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers like minkowski
+what how can we account for einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how can we account for einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how can we account for einstein's
+quite idiosyncratic approach to what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite idiosyncratic approach to what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite idiosyncratic approach to what was
+otherwise a common set of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise a common set of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise a common set of questions
+about the electronics moving bodies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronics moving bodies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronics moving bodies and
+here's some some of my favorite work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some some of my favorite work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some some of my favorite work by
+other colleagues by other historians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colleagues by other historians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other colleagues by other historians and
+physicists who really looked at this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who really looked at this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who really looked at this um
+in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail
+so for a long long time i mean literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long long time i mean literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long long time i mean literally
+for for the better part of 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the better part of 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the better part of 100 years
+since people began taking relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since people began taking relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since people began taking relativity
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+which is a long time by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a long time by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a long time by now
+it had become very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had become very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had become very common
+to say well einstein must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well einstein must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well einstein must have been
+motivated much like hendrick lorenz was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated much like hendrick lorenz was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated much like hendrick lorenz was
+really like that much of that generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that much of that generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that much of that generation
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+einstein must have been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein must have been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein must have been kind of
+responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to
+the null result from michaelson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null result from michaelson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null result from michaelson and
+morley and their interferometer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morley and their interferometer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morley and their interferometer but
+einstein must have been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein must have been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein must have been trying to
+explain why they couldn't measure our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they couldn't measure our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they couldn't measure our
+motion to the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to the ether
+much as lorentz we know very explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as lorentz we know very explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as lorentz we know very explicitly
+was trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to do
+and there's a fascinating one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a fascinating one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a fascinating one of the
+first really careful examinations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first really careful examinations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first really careful examinations that
+claim uh was by gerald holton who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh was by gerald holton who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh was by gerald holton who's a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+kind of hero of mine uh holton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hero of mine uh holton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hero of mine uh holton
+uh did his first phd in uh in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did his first phd in uh in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did his first phd in uh in physics
+low temperature physics and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature physics and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature physics and then
+retooled many years later in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retooled many years later in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retooled many years later in the history
+science and he wrote a series of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and he wrote a series of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and he wrote a series of really
+remarkable essays about einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable essays about einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable essays about einstein
+uh once a lot of einstein's papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once a lot of einstein's papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once a lot of einstein's papers and
+letters and notes became available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and notes became available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and notes became available
+holton was among the first to really dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holton was among the first to really dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holton was among the first to really dig
+through these with great care uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these with great care uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these with great care uh and and
+uh almost like a detective going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost like a detective going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost like a detective going through
+the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+and what what holton concluded was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what holton concluded was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what holton concluded was it's
+not clear that einstein even knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that einstein even knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that einstein even knew about
+the michael simoerly interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michael simoerly interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michael simoerly interferometer
+lorenz knew about it and followed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz knew about it and followed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz knew about it and followed it
+carefully there's very little trace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully there's very little trace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully there's very little trace that
+einstein paid it any attention at all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein paid it any attention at all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein paid it any attention at all if
+he did know about it it was kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did know about it it was kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did know about it it was kind of in
+passing it was certainly not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it was certainly not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it was certainly not sort of
+front of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of mind
+in the months and years leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the months and years leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the months and years leading up to
+the 1905 paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1905 paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1905 paper
+he might have known about it secondhand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might have known about it secondhand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might have known about it secondhand
+from reading through all the footnotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading through all the footnotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading through all the footnotes
+of loretz but it's not something he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loretz but it's not something he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loretz but it's not something he was
+he was seems to have been paying much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was seems to have been paying much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was seems to have been paying much
+attention to at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so there's nice textual evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's nice textual evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's nice textual evidence
+even in einstein's paper that 1905 paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in einstein's paper that 1905 paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in einstein's paper that 1905 paper
+that i keep showing some some brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i keep showing some some brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i keep showing some some brief
+excerpts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts from
+again this is on on the first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is on on the first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is on on the first or second
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+when he's trying to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's trying to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's trying to to um
+to reason why we should think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason why we should think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason why we should think about
+maybe giving up on the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe giving up on the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe giving up on the ether
+he mentions without citing any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions without citing any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions without citing any of them
+he mentioned several unsuccessful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned several unsuccessful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned several unsuccessful
+attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts
+to discover any motion of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover any motion of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover any motion of the earth
+relative to the light medium the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the light medium the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the light medium the ether
+he doesn't say which ones he means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't say which ones he means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't say which ones he means
+but he actually then goes on to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he actually then goes on to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he actually then goes on to say the
+same paragraph none of these have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paragraph none of these have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paragraph none of these have found
+any deviation to first order in v over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deviation to first order in v over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deviation to first order in v over c
+and what's so striking as halton reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's so striking as halton reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's so striking as halton reminds
+us is michael simorley was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is michael simorley was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is michael simorley was actually
+second order einstein seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order einstein seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order einstein seems to be
+talking about a whole different class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a whole different class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a whole different class of
+earlier experiments even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier experiments even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier experiments even before
+michaelson got in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson got in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson got in the game
+uh he seems to not to be he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he seems to not to be he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he seems to not to be he's not
+obsessing over the michael simori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessing over the michael simori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessing over the michael simori
+interferometer the way other people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer the way other people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer the way other people were
+and so some people then read holton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some people then read holton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some people then read holton's
+analysis to say a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to say a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to say a kind of
+over-correction does that mean einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-correction does that mean einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-correction does that mean einstein
+didn't care about any kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about any kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about any kinds of
+experiments at all if he wasn't trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at all if he wasn't trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at all if he wasn't trying
+to respond directly to the michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond directly to the michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond directly to the michael
+symond experiment was he just often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symond experiment was he just often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symond experiment was he just often a
+kind of philosophical dream world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of philosophical dream world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of philosophical dream world and
+that's where i think we again can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where i think we again can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where i think we again can now
+say quite firmly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite firmly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite firmly no
+in fact it makes sense to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it makes sense to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it makes sense to go back to
+einstein's own early years his his early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's own early years his his early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's own early years his his early
+fascination with electrotechnical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with electrotechnical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with electrotechnical
+gadgets and remind ourselves what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets and remind ourselves what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets and remind ourselves what his
+day job was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job was
+in the early 1900s including 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1900s including 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1900s including 1905
+put it back in the patent office in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back in the patent office in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back in the patent office in
+central europe at this very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central europe at this very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central europe at this very specific
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+so let's think about einstein's favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about einstein's favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about einstein's favorite
+technology trains trains and railroads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology trains trains and railroads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology trains trains and railroads
+themselves were actually fairly new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were actually fairly new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were actually fairly new in
+the 19th century they were introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century they were introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century they were introduced to
+widespread commercial usage for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread commercial usage for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread commercial usage for kind of
+commercial transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial transportation
+uh really only in the 1830s and 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really only in the 1830s and 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really only in the 1830s and 40s
+remember einstein was born in 1879 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember einstein was born in 1879 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember einstein was born in 1879 they
+were relatively new even in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were relatively new even in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were relatively new even in his
+childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood
+during this whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this whole time
+until very late in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very late in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very late in the 19th century
+there were no coordinated time zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no coordinated time zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no coordinated time zones
+there was nothing like eastern standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing like eastern standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing like eastern standard
+time or pacific time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or pacific time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or pacific time or
+you know central european time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know central european time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know central european time
+each town set its own local time and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each town set its own local time and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each town set its own local time and all
+the residents could coordinate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents could coordinate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents could coordinate by
+agreeing that we'll use that clock tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing that we'll use that clock tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing that we'll use that clock tower
+either you know some municipal building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know some municipal building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know some municipal building
+or often a tall church in the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or often a tall church in the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or often a tall church in the town
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+so that's our local time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our local time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our local time
+we'll set our local watches to when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set our local watches to when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set our local watches to when that
+clock you know chimes 12 noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock you know chimes 12 noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock you know chimes 12 noon
+so each town kept its own local time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each town kept its own local time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each town kept its own local time and
+before railway that was who would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before railway that was who would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before railway that was who would ever
+need anything else because one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anything else because one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need anything else because one was
+rarely encountering more than one town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely encountering more than one town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely encountering more than one town
+in a given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given day
+after the advent of railroads you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the advent of railroads you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the advent of railroads you still
+had this local time but that became more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this local time but that became more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this local time but that became more
+and more of a problem it was true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of a problem it was true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of a problem it was true in
+north america as in europe and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north america as in europe and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north america as in europe and other
+parts of the world as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world as well
+so here in closer to to to boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in closer to to to boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in closer to to to boston
+passengers riding on the train between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers riding on the train between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers riding on the train between
+boston and new york during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston and new york during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston and new york during this time
+would have to change their watches by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to change their watches by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to change their watches by an
+average of 37 minutes you know today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 37 minutes you know today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 37 minutes you know today
+we're all in the same time zone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in the same time zone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in the same time zone but
+that's how different the sort of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how different the sort of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how different the sort of local
+variations tended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations tended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations tended to be
+just up and down the u.s portion of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up and down the u.s portion of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up and down the u.s portion of kind
+of mid-atlantic sea coast and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mid-atlantic sea coast and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mid-atlantic sea coast and likewise
+throughout europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout europe
+that was becoming more and more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was becoming more and more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was becoming more and more of a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+when you have to coordinate lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to coordinate lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to coordinate lots of
+trains traveling through across large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains traveling through across large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains traveling through across large
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+it wasn't only a problem for commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't only a problem for commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't only a problem for commercial
+railway or for shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway or for shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway or for shipping
+it became a very potent added challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a very potent added challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a very potent added challenge
+in germany during einstein's youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany during einstein's youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany during einstein's youth
+so again as many of you may know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again as many of you may know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again as many of you may know there
+was there only became one single country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there only became one single country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there only became one single country
+of germany a unified germany in 1871
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of germany a unified germany in 1871
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of germany a unified germany in 1871
+following yet another war with france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following yet another war with france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following yet another war with france
+that was basically the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was basically the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was basically the story of the
+previous 500 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous 500 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous 500 years
+german-speaking lands fighting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german-speaking lands fighting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german-speaking lands fighting with
+french-speaking ones there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french-speaking ones there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french-speaking ones there was another
+one the franco-prussian war throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the franco-prussian war throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the franco-prussian war throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the german-speaking folks prevailed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the german-speaking folks prevailed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the german-speaking folks prevailed and
+it was at that moment in the wake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at that moment in the wake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at that moment in the wake of
+that war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that war
+there was then a first unification of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was then a first unification of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was then a first unification of a
+country of germany now a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of germany now a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of germany now a much larger
+expanse of what of what had otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanse of what of what had otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanse of what of what had otherwise
+been independent german-speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been independent german-speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been independent german-speaking
+territories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories
+so now there's an added reason to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's an added reason to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's an added reason to worry
+about trains that have to be coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trains that have to be coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trains that have to be coordinated
+across distances there's now a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across distances there's now a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across distances there's now a new
+country's worth that has to defend its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's worth that has to defend its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's worth that has to defend its
+borders all the way from basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders all the way from basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders all the way from basically
+poland or russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland or russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland or russia
+on on the east and france on uh the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the east and france on uh the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the east and france on uh the west
+and there's a famous quotation from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a famous quotation from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a famous quotation from a
+leading uh german uh general counca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading uh german uh general counca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading uh german uh general counca
+who in in the 1890s you know 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in in the 1890s you know 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in in the 1890s you know 20 years
+into german unification is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into german unification is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into german unification is basically
+saying we have a problem on our hands we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have a problem on our hands we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have a problem on our hands we
+have to coordinate trains for military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinate trains for military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinate trains for military
+purposes as well as commercial um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes as well as commercial um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes as well as commercial um uh you
+know passenger rail and merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know passenger rail and merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know passenger rail and merchant
+shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping
+we have a problem with the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem with the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem with the fact that we
+don't have unified time zones this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have unified time zones this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have unified time zones this is
+all happening in einstein's childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happening in einstein's childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happening in einstein's childhood
+remember eisen was born in 1879 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember eisen was born in 1879 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember eisen was born in 1879 very
+early in this period of unified germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in this period of unified germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in this period of unified germany
+and a new focus on coordinating clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new focus on coordinating clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new focus on coordinating clocks
+at a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a distance
+so one of the main ideas that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the main ideas that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the main ideas that many
+clever people inventors came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever people inventors came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever people inventors came up with
+throughout europe and other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout europe and other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout europe and other parts of the
+world as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well
+was to try to coordinate clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try to coordinate clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try to coordinate clocks
+and therefore help coordinate train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore help coordinate train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore help coordinate train
+stations in these different cities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations in these different cities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations in these different cities that
+you know europe much of continental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know europe much of continental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know europe much of continental
+europe was now being connected by rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe was now being connected by rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe was now being connected by rail
+if the train if the major hubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the train if the major hubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the train if the major hubs
+of the major train stations could agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major train stations could agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major train stations could agree
+on the time then you could set your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the time then you could set your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the time then you could set your
+watch then and and uh and the trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch then and and uh and the trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch then and and uh and the trains
+could be better coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better coordinated
+throughout even into the hinterlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout even into the hinterlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout even into the hinterlands
+and the main idea that many inventors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main idea that many inventors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main idea that many inventors
+and entrepreneurs kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurs kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurs kind of
+zeroed in on was to install these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroed in on was to install these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroed in on was to install these
+so-called motor clocks mother clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called motor clocks mother clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called motor clocks mother clocks
+central clocks that you would say were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central clocks that you would say were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central clocks that you would say were
+like the standard ones and then connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard ones and then connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard ones and then connect
+those by electromagnetic signal either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by electromagnetic signal either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by electromagnetic signal either
+telegraph or increasingly radio waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph or increasingly radio waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph or increasingly radio waves
+literally traveling electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally traveling electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally traveling electromagnetic
+waves in the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in the ether
+some of you might know that the eiffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know that the eiffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know that the eiffel
+tower which is under construction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower which is under construction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower which is under construction at
+just this period was originally built to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this period was originally built to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this period was originally built to
+aid radio communication it was a radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid radio communication it was a radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid radio communication it was a radio
+beacon before it was a reason for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacon before it was a reason for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacon before it was a reason for all of
+us to go visit paris there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to go visit paris there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to go visit paris there were other
+reasons for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that
+the eiffel tower was built really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eiffel tower was built really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eiffel tower was built really in
+this period in large part to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period in large part to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period in large part to become a
+radio beacon to broadcast standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio beacon to broadcast standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio beacon to broadcast standardized
+time signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signals
+and then the idea was you would know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea was you would know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea was you would know how
+far you were from paris you know there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you were from paris you know there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you were from paris you know there'd
+be some delay when you'd expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some delay when you'd expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some delay when you'd expect to
+receive the radio beacon if it's 12 noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the radio beacon if it's 12 noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the radio beacon if it's 12 noon
+in paris when that beam was sent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris when that beam was sent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris when that beam was sent you
+have an offset based on how far away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an offset based on how far away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an offset based on how far away you
+are in the speed of light that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the speed of light that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the speed of light that it would
+take to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get there
+so then these very clever folks who make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then these very clever folks who make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then these very clever folks who make
+all these kind of gadgets to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these kind of gadgets to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these kind of gadgets to both
+receive the time either telegraph or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the time either telegraph or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the time either telegraph or a
+radio wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio wave
+and then kind of um implement the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of um implement the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of um implement the offset
+and then reset the clock in your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reset the clock in your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reset the clock in your next
+train station clock and down the line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train station clock and down the line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train station clock and down the line so
+imagine these coordinated sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine these coordinated sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine these coordinated sets of
+coordinates where you have local clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where you have local clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where you have local clocks
+at every at every uh important location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every at every uh important location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every at every uh important location
+that are sending and receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sending and receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sending and receiving
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+their their local time that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their local time that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their local time that's exactly
+the scenario that einstein mentions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario that einstein mentions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario that einstein mentions in
+the abstract in the opening pages of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract in the opening pages of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract in the opening pages of his
+1905 paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 paper
+he doesn't talk about these patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't talk about these patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't talk about these patent
+applications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but
+or about trains in this more um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about trains in this more um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about trains in this more um kind of
+practical way but it turns out as as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way but it turns out as as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way but it turns out as as my
+friend uh peter galison uh shows you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend uh peter galison uh shows you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend uh peter galison uh shows you in
+this beautiful book einstein's clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful book einstein's clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful book einstein's clocks
+point grace maps this was the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grace maps this was the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grace maps this was the subject of
+a kind of um enormous tech spree this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um enormous tech spree this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um enormous tech spree this is
+like the tech challenge of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tech challenge of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tech challenge of the day
+for all these very smart young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these very smart young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these very smart young
+electrical engineers to build up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers to build up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers to build up and
+patent every bit every switch in gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent every bit every switch in gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent every bit every switch in gear
+for this way of coordinating clocks at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this way of coordinating clocks at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this way of coordinating clocks at a
+distance often using uh electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance often using uh electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance often using uh electromagnetic
+signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals
+not only that einstein was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that einstein was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that einstein was at the
+electrotechnical part of the barren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrotechnical part of the barren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrotechnical part of the barren
+patent office where a lot of these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office where a lot of these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office where a lot of these were
+flowing through so he was an examiner on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through so he was an examiner on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through so he was an examiner on
+many of the little widgets and gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the little widgets and gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the little widgets and gadgets
+as part of this clock coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of this clock coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of this clock coordination
+sequence even better my favorite part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence even better my favorite part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence even better my favorite part of
+peter's otherwise quite fascinating book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter's otherwise quite fascinating book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter's otherwise quite fascinating book
+was it peter and his research assistants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it peter and his research assistants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it peter and his research assistants
+pieced together the walk that einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieced together the walk that einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieced together the walk that einstein
+used to take from his apartment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take from his apartment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take from his apartment to the
+office he had a lovely stroll through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office he had a lovely stroll through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office he had a lovely stroll through
+baron during this time of his life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron during this time of his life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron during this time of his life and
+then finding out when each of the clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding out when each of the clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding out when each of the clocks
+along his route were wired up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along his route were wired up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along his route were wired up to this
+now um coordinated system so literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um coordinated system so literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um coordinated system so literally
+the clocks that i said would walk past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clocks that i said would walk past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clocks that i said would walk past
+between his apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between his apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between his apartment
+and his office were in this exact moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his office were in this exact moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his office were in this exact moment
+being wired up in this new explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wired up in this new explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wired up in this new explicit
+electro-technical clock coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro-technical clock coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro-technical clock coordination
+system not just across distant train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not just across distant train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not just across distant train
+stations but soon even across um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations but soon even across um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations but soon even across um the
+kind of semi-urban regions where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of semi-urban regions where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of semi-urban regions where he
+lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived
+it was literally his day job and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was literally his day job and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was literally his day job and and the
+path that he worked and walked to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that he worked and walked to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that he worked and walked to get to
+work so this notion of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this notion of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this notion of using
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic signals to coordinate
+clocks in a kind of measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in a kind of measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in a kind of measurable
+repeatable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable way
+was of philosophical interest it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of philosophical interest it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of philosophical interest it was
+certainly inspired in part by uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly inspired in part by uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly inspired in part by uh the
+writing of air smock but einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of air smock but einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of air smock but einstein was
+also immersed in a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also immersed in a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also immersed in a different set of
+realities than someone like uh hendrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities than someone like uh hendrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities than someone like uh hendrick
+lorenz or the other maxwellians and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz or the other maxwellians and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenz or the other maxwellians and so
+when it comes to the question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the question of the
+electronics electrodynamics of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics electrodynamics of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics electrodynamics of moving
+bodies einstein's immersed in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies einstein's immersed in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies einstein's immersed in different
+kind of conversations and day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conversations and day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conversations and day-to-day
+questions compared to those of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions compared to those of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions compared to those of um the
+kind of physics elite of his day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physics elite of his day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physics elite of his day
+so we come back to this very um iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this very um iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this very um iconic
+but kind of unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kind of unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kind of unusual
+paper from 1905 on the electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from 1905 on the electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from 1905 on the electrodynamics
+of moving bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving bodies
+i think we can make a bit more sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can make a bit more sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can make a bit more sense of
+it informed by work by uh people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it informed by work by uh people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it informed by work by uh people like
+peter gallison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter gallison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter gallison
+the paper that i say is paper has almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that i say is paper has almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that i say is paper has almost
+no references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much like many uh patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like many uh patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like many uh patent
+applications you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want to sort of
+emphasize priority and downplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize priority and downplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize priority and downplay
+precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence
+default outside focuses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default outside focuses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default outside focuses on the
+operational details how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational details how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational details how would you
+actually perform these measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perform these measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perform these measurements and
+compare the answers at some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the answers at some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the answers at some distance
+it starts to look sort of like a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to look sort of like a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to look sort of like a patent
+application not like a fancy exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application not like a fancy exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application not like a fancy exercise in
+mathematical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics
+so we can come back to this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can come back to this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can come back to this question of
+why was einstein doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was einstein doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was einstein doing things
+differently what was he up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently what was he up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently what was he up to
+we see him really enmeshed in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see him really enmeshed in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see him really enmeshed in just a
+different set of of ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of of ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of of ideas of
+philosophical conversations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical conversations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical conversations of
+mathematical techniques and also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques and also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques and also of
+actual gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual gadgets
+compared to some of the other experts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of the other experts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of the other experts of
+his day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FF4LeK2D0co.txt b/FF4LeK2D0co.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d06a4495ed8883ed40a3abd1a34f7bf1911046b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FF4LeK2D0co.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right today we begin the third part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right today we begin the third part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right today we begin the third part
+of the course the first part remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the first part remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the first part remember
+dealt with questions related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with questions related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with questions related to your
+reading in my book the pursuit of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in my book the pursuit of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in my book the pursuit of love
+the second dealing with the myths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second dealing with the myths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second dealing with the myths of
+love in the case of two famous myths Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in the case of two famous myths Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in the case of two famous myths Don
+Juan and Kristen in his subtle and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan and Kristen in his subtle and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan and Kristen in his subtle and today
+we go into a different dimension because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into a different dimension because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into a different dimension because
+you're reading will be coming out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading will be coming out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading will be coming out of my
+recent book explorations and love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book explorations and love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent book explorations and love and
+sex and at the time that book was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex and at the time that book was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex and at the time that book was
+published three years ago it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published three years ago it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published three years ago it was the
+most advanced for a state of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most advanced for a state of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most advanced for a state of my
+philosophy about love so it fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy about love so it fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy about love so it fits into
+the course and I'm eager to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and I'm eager to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and I'm eager to know what
+you think of it two things first notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it two things first notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it two things first notice
+that I said the latest stage there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said the latest stage there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said the latest stage there are
+at least two reasons for that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two reasons for that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two reasons for that one of
+which is that as time goes on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that as time goes on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that as time goes on my
+thinking changes I get new ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking changes I get new ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking changes I get new ideas and
+second because I don't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second because I don't believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second because I don't believe that
+there is any single big idea about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any single big idea about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any single big idea about the
+nature of love that I am willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love that I am willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love that I am willing to
+espouse as my philosophy that's a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouse as my philosophy that's a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouse as my philosophy that's a view
+that comes from the rationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the rationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the rationalist
+tradition in which life is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition in which life is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition in which life is thought to be
+a problem and it's a job of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and it's a job of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and it's a job of a
+philosopher to deal with that problem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher to deal with that problem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher to deal with that problem at
+its deepest levels I don't think life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its deepest levels I don't think life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its deepest levels I don't think life is
+a problem and in terms of a deep level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and in terms of a deep level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and in terms of a deep level
+that varies a great deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies a great deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies a great deal with the
+circumstances it would the individual if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it would the individual if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it would the individual if
+somebody is dying of cancer it's a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is dying of cancer it's a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is dying of cancer it's a deep
+problem to get the right medication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get the right medication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get the right medication to
+find something that will keep an eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find something that will keep an eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find something that will keep an eye on
+our lives which will vary from period to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives which will vary from period to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives which will vary from period to
+period and the more the more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and the more the more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and the more the more difficult
+questions about the meaning of life who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the meaning of life who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the meaning of life who
+or what the meaning of death is will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the meaning of death is will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the meaning of death is will not
+have the same kind of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same kind of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same kind of me
+importance so it's very hard to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so it's very hard to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so it's very hard to notice
+what's meant by the deeper problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's meant by the deeper problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's meant by the deeper problems that
+philosophers are supposed to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers are supposed to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers are supposed to deal with
+in any event if you mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event if you mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event if you mean by that
+traditional problems about the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional problems about the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional problems about the origin of
+being the nature of being I don't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the nature of being I don't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the nature of being I don't find
+those problems very interesting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems very interesting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems very interesting for me
+the question is the Socratic one how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is the Socratic one how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is the Socratic one how to
+live how to make sense of one's life how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live how to make sense of one's life how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live how to make sense of one's life how
+to recognize the fact that there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the fact that there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the fact that there isn't
+any single solution because different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single solution because different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single solution because different
+people from different points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different points of view
+have a different meaning in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different meaning in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different meaning in their lives
+and make sense in different ways so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sense in different ways so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sense in different ways so that
+my kind of philosopher is more empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of philosopher is more empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of philosopher is more empirical
+less rationalistic more pluralistic in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rationalistic more pluralistic in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rationalistic more pluralistic in a
+sense he is she doesn't expect to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he is she doesn't expect to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he is she doesn't expect to find a
+single answer and more investigatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single answer and more investigatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single answer and more investigatory
+also in my particular case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in my particular case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in my particular case that the
+investigation proceeds on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation proceeds on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation proceeds on the nature of
+my own talents which is mainly as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own talents which is mainly as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own talents which is mainly as an
+esthetician somebody who is sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esthetician somebody who is sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esthetician somebody who is sensitive to
+the immediacy of life as particularly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediacy of life as particularly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediacy of life as particularly as
+represented by works of art so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by works of art so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by works of art so for me
+philosophy becomes a work of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy becomes a work of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy becomes a work of art
+expressing one's own point of view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing one's own point of view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing one's own point of view but
+in ways that will be meaningful to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that will be meaningful to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that will be meaningful to other
+people and there will vary from stage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and there will vary from stage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and there will vary from stage to
+stage of one's artistic development as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of one's artistic development as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of one's artistic development as
+you all know about great artists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about great artists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about great artists and
+they were the same at the end as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same at the end as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same at the end as they
+are at the beginning it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the beginning it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the beginning it's not that
+they've gone any further it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone any further it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone any further it's just that
+they have developed in that direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have developed in that direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have developed in that direction or
+if they weren't in that direction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they weren't in that direction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they weren't in that direction it
+would be at the end and some people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at the end and some people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at the end and some people will
+say oh what a pity his great period was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh what a pity his great period was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh what a pity his great period was
+his middle period and others will say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his middle period and others will say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his middle period and others will say oh
+no it's his last period think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's his last period think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's his last period think of the
+music of Beethoven the last quartets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of Beethoven the last quartets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of Beethoven the last quartets are
+considered to be the greatest court sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be the greatest court sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be the greatest court sets
+have written and also a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written and also a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written and also a level of
+profundity that Beethoven it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profundity that Beethoven it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profundity that Beethoven it never
+reached before so much so that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached before so much so that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached before so much so that they are
+said to be more spiritual well in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be more spiritual well in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be more spiritual well in some
+way they are more spiritual in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are more spiritual in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are more spiritual in a
+traditional way but I think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way but I think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way but I think of them
+being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more
+spiritual in my sense of the word spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual in my sense of the word spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual in my sense of the word spirit
+which is that spirit is that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that spirit is that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that spirit is that part of
+nature which belongs to us as human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which belongs to us as human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which belongs to us as human
+beings aspiring to get the aam nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings aspiring to get the aam nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings aspiring to get the aam nature
+aspiring to satisfy values and ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiring to satisfy values and ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiring to satisfy values and ideals
+that are very important to us as human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very important to us as human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very important to us as human
+beings where do those values and ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings where do those values and ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings where do those values and ideals
+come from not beyond nature but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from not beyond nature but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from not beyond nature but rather
+from within our nature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within our nature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within our nature in the
+pluralistic way that I keep talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic way that I keep talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic way that I keep talking
+about of each of us trying to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of each of us trying to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of each of us trying to make sense
+of the world in a way that we matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in a way that we matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in a way that we matter to
+us and if we're lucky we'll matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and if we're lucky we'll matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and if we're lucky we'll matter to
+other people I see that in Beethoven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people I see that in Beethoven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people I see that in Beethoven
+ascribing all that to the the religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribing all that to the the religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribing all that to the the religion
+he held which is very unclear he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he held which is very unclear he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he held which is very unclear he wrote
+them religious traditional religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them religious traditional religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them religious traditional religious
+music and some of it the church can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and some of it the church can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and some of it the church can
+accept as being authentic but in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept as being authentic but in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept as being authentic but in his own
+feelings what I find more representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings what I find more representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings what I find more representative
+is the sense of humanity that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sense of humanity that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sense of humanity that he
+expresses in his one operand and a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses in his one operand and a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses in his one operand and a great
+opera one of the greatest hoppers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera one of the greatest hoppers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera one of the greatest hoppers but
+the only one he wrote called Fidelio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one he wrote called Fidelio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one he wrote called Fidelio
+which is all about political prisoners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all about political prisoners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all about political prisoners
+being liberated it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being liberated it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being liberated it could have been
+written during the Second World War and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written during the Second World War and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written during the Second World War and
+the tyrants being overcome because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrants being overcome because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrants being overcome because of
+married love florists and is a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married love florists and is a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married love florists and is a political
+prisoner in the dungeon and his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner in the dungeon and his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner in the dungeon and his wife
+leanora transvestites dressed ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanora transvestites dressed ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanora transvestites dressed ourselves
+up herself up as a boy in order to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up herself up as a boy in order to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up herself up as a boy in order to get a
+job in the jail and finally she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the jail and finally she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the jail and finally she
+succeeded in finding him florists land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in finding him florists land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in finding him florists land
+and liberating him from the jail keeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liberating him from the jail keeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liberating him from the jail keeper
+who was the tyrant who was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the tyrant who was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the tyrant who was about to
+murder him so that its political social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder him so that its political social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder him so that its political social
+and very much concerned about married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much concerned about married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much concerned about married
+love it's a great opera one of few great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it's a great opera one of few great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it's a great opera one of few great
+operas about married love especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas about married love especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas about married love especially
+interesting because Beethoven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because Beethoven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because Beethoven the
+we got married I always wanted to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got married I always wanted to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got married I always wanted to but
+never could find the right woman let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never could find the right woman let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never could find the right woman let me
+just finish this slight digression after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish this slight digression after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish this slight digression after
+he died one of his great friends and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died one of his great friends and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died one of his great friends and the
+poet grillparzer made a talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet grillparzer made a talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet grillparzer made a talk at the
+burial and he said of Beethoven he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial and he said of Beethoven he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial and he said of Beethoven he was a
+unique individual he could never find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individual he could never find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individual he could never find
+anyone like himself and that's why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone like himself and that's why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone like himself and that's why he
+never married so that when has built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never married so that when has built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never married so that when has built
+into that a whole romantic inception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that a whole romantic inception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that a whole romantic inception
+about the nature of marriage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of marriage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of marriage which is
+not untrue to Beethoven's ideas and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not untrue to Beethoven's ideas and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not untrue to Beethoven's ideas and his
+own experience it's in that period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experience it's in that period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experience it's in that period in
+that kind of work that I find a Tovin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of work that I find a Tovin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of work that I find a Tovin at
+his most spiritual or a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most spiritual or a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most spiritual or a different kind
+of spirituality from the last four tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spirituality from the last four tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spirituality from the last four tests
+or the religious the religious oratorios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the religious the religious oratorios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the religious the religious oratorios
+that he that he wrote now this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he that he wrote now this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he that he wrote now this is this
+is related to the fact that what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the fact that what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the fact that what I was
+saying was that the book that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was that the book that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was that the book that you're
+reading for the next few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for the next few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for the next few weeks
+explorations in love and sex merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations in love and sex merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations in love and sex merely
+represents the state that I was at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state that I was at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state that I was at when
+that book was published I it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book was published I it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book was published I it's not that
+I've renounced most of that some of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've renounced most of that some of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've renounced most of that some of it I
+thought through but I've gone beyond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through but I've gone beyond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through but I've gone beyond it
+in ways that are will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are will be talking about
+one way just briefly is in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way just briefly is in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way just briefly is in terms of the
+fundamental category of creativity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category of creativity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category of creativity which
+pervades all my writings about love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervades all my writings about love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervades all my writings about love and
+which I've never been able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've never been able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've never been able to write
+about in a way that satisfies me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a way that satisfies me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a way that satisfies me that
+I'm now trying to write about in a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now trying to write about in a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now trying to write about in a book
+that I hope the right call the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope the right call the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope the right call the nature of
+creativity so that I'm different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity so that I'm different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity so that I'm different from
+what I was then and there isn't that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was then and there isn't that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was then and there isn't that I'm
+closer to the truth I'm further along in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth I'm further along in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth I'm further along in
+my own development which may be of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own development which may be of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own development which may be of no
+use to the universe next future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to the universe next future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to the universe next future
+generations people may never have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations people may never have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations people may never have heard
+of me or else they may pick up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me or else they may pick up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me or else they may pick up something
+and say oh this is interesting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this is interesting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this is interesting and then
+they'll have their development but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have their development but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have their development but it
+isn't as if there will be 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if there will be 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if there will be 15
+answer as I think I may have mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as I think I may have mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as I think I may have mentioned
+to you another book I wrote at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you another book I wrote at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you another book I wrote at that time
+called feeling and imagination this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feeling and imagination this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feeling and imagination this is
+so they came out in 2001 I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they came out in 2001 I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they came out in 2001 I know that
+that al gianna has looked at the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that al gianna has looked at the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that al gianna has looked at the book
+because she mentioned in the first paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she mentioned in the first paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she mentioned in the first paper
+in that book of the concluding chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book of the concluding chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book of the concluding chapter
+tries to argue that there is no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to argue that there is no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to argue that there is no answer
+there is no everything for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no everything for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no everything for that we
+should find knowledge of because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find knowledge of because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find knowledge of because we
+don't even know what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what we're looking for
+and we don't know what that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what that everything
+would consist in that is fundamental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consist in that is fundamental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consist in that is fundamental in
+the kind of pluralism that I have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of pluralism that I have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of pluralism that I have been
+developing and that you're now reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and that you're now reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and that you're now reading
+alright so that's the preface to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that's the preface to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that's the preface to the
+status so to speak of the reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so to speak of the reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so to speak of the reading for
+today another point about that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today another point about that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today another point about that is I
+singled out the long chapter called them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singled out the long chapter called them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singled out the long chapter called them
+praise on the stove revisited is now too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praise on the stove revisited is now too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praise on the stove revisited is now too
+tight like David it was it's really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight like David it was it's really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight like David it was it's really you
+know you better look it up isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you better look it up isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you better look it up isn't that
+how it is Oh nature in what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is Oh nature in what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is Oh nature in what is the
+nature of the nation pursuit of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the nation pursuit of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the nation pursuit of love
+revisiting a lot of a deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting a lot of a deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting a lot of a deals with
+appraisal of the stone you've read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal of the stone you've read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal of the stone you've read the
+book called the suit of love and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called the suit of love and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called the suit of love and then
+the references to the nature of love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the references to the nature of love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the references to the nature of love the
+trilogy which preceded of the pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy which preceded of the pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilogy which preceded of the pursuit of
+love that I haven't asked you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I haven't asked you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I haven't asked you to read
+and this is the revisiting its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the revisiting its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the revisiting its
+revisiting on the occasion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting on the occasion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting on the occasion of that
+three-day symposium about my work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-day symposium about my work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-day symposium about my work but
+above all it's more accurately titled as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all it's more accurately titled as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all it's more accurately titled as
+it was in the Proceedings of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the Proceedings of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the Proceedings of that
+symposium they replied to my critics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symposium they replied to my critics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symposium they replied to my critics and
+friendly commentators the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly commentators the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly commentators the reason I'm
+calling attention to that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to that is in the
+process of giving that reply I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of giving that reply I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of giving that reply I have to
+confront problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront problems that
+are real important because other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real important because other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real important because other people
+raise them and therefore I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise them and therefore I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise them and therefore I couldn't
+simply ignore them these were problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ignore them these were problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ignore them these were problems
+that i often hadn't thought of and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i often hadn't thought of and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i often hadn't thought of and it's
+not very clear that they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very clear that they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very clear that they're always
+relevant to what i'm doing but i try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what i'm doing but i try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what i'm doing but i try
+very hard to make sense of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to make sense of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to make sense of the questions
+and criticisms from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and criticisms from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and criticisms from the point of view of
+the person who's making them and i try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's making them and i try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's making them and i try
+harder still to rethink every bit of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder still to rethink every bit of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder still to rethink every bit of my
+theorization in relation to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorization in relation to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorization in relation to these
+criticisms that i was lucky enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that i was lucky enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that i was lucky enough to
+get the result is that this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result is that this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result is that this is I think
+some of my best analytical that is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my best analytical that is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my best analytical that is less
+poetic and less freewheeling writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic and less freewheeling writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic and less freewheeling writing
+then then it's only the best of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's only the best of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's only the best of that
+sort that I've done I had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that I've done I had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that I've done I had to be
+analytical because I'd be precise about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical because I'd be precise about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical because I'd be precise about
+what they were saying and since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were saying and since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were saying and since they
+were talking about specific issues I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about specific issues I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about specific issues I had
+to investigate them those issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate them those issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate them those issues
+precisely analytical philosophy is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely analytical philosophy is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely analytical philosophy is way
+of doing philosophy as if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing philosophy as if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing philosophy as if you were
+writing a contract so that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a contract so that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a contract so that you have to
+analyze everything you say in view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze everything you say in view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze everything you say in view of
+any possibility of misinterpretation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possibility of misinterpretation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possibility of misinterpretation or
+occurrence varied occurrences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence varied occurrences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence varied occurrences in the
+world you can't let your spirit soar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can't let your spirit soar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can't let your spirit soar in
+order to make a grand generalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a grand generalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a grand generalizations
+that might be harder to make detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be harder to make detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be harder to make detailed
+and explicit that's the glory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicit that's the glory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicit that's the glory of
+contemporary 21 20th century 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary 21 20th century 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary 21 20th century 21st
+century analytical philosophy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century analytical philosophy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century analytical philosophy and it's
+the prevalent way of doing philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalent way of doing philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalent way of doing philosophy
+not only in this department but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in this department but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in this department but in the
+american philosophical association as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american philosophical association as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american philosophical association as a
+whole i'm i'm on the peripheries of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole i'm i'm on the peripheries of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole i'm i'm on the peripheries of that
+because though i was trained as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because though i was trained as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because though i was trained as an
+analytical philosophy as you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosophy as you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosophy as you know my
+writing is is very often not like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing is is very often not like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing is is very often not like that
+and i move across various fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move across various fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move across various fields so
+writing this I had to think as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this I had to think as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this I had to think as an
+analytical philosopher I had a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosopher I had a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosopher I had a benefit
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+these credits criticism some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these credits criticism some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these credits criticism some of which
+were excellent and I had make revisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were excellent and I had make revisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were excellent and I had make revisions
+and amplifications and for instance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplifications and for instance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplifications and for instance on
+in the question of the stole I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question of the stole I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question of the stole I think
+this is the more complete I expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more complete I expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more complete I expression
+abhi stole than anything you've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhi stole than anything you've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhi stole than anything you've read
+previously in this course and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in this course and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in this course and at the
+same time I have to confess as I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I have to confess as I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I have to confess as I do that
+it's a very difficult idea and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very difficult idea and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very difficult idea and I'm not
+surprised my critics of misunderstood me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised my critics of misunderstood me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised my critics of misunderstood me
+and that they have lingering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they have lingering problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they have lingering problems
+with that the the case of annoy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the the case of annoy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the the case of annoy is a
+good instance of that but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instance of that but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good instance of that but it's true
+throughout and that that is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and that that is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and that that is the reason
+why I wanted to start your reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to start your reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to start your reading in
+the book explorations loving sex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book explorations loving sex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book explorations loving sex with
+that rather than that chapter rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than that chapter rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than that chapter rather
+than anything else all right instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything else all right instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything else all right instead of
+one of you doing the presentation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you doing the presentation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you doing the presentation today
+I said that I would do so you can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that I would do so you can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that I would do so you can stop
+me at any point and this might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at any point and this might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at any point and this might be a good
+point just in any fat name order any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just in any fat name order any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just in any fat name order any
+random way what among the critics who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random way what among the critics who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random way what among the critics who
+among the credits do you think was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the credits do you think was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the credits do you think was most
+telling and what did you find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling and what did you find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling and what did you find more
+interesting in this wholly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this wholly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this wholly different
+arena of philosophizing from what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arena of philosophizing from what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arena of philosophizing from what you've
+been reading I was kind of intrigued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reading I was kind of intrigued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reading I was kind of intrigued to
+know more about vannoy and the so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about vannoy and the so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about vannoy and the so she
+say he hit his view is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he hit his view is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he hit his view is kind of like
+Freud right that that love reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud right that that love reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud right that that love reduces
+unmanly to appraisal on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanly to appraisal on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanly to appraisal on my
+interpretation of Freud by the time van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of Freud by the time van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of Freud by the time van
+Noy worked out his you he had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noy worked out his you he had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noy worked out his you he had already
+read my book from the trilogy to nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read my book from the trilogy to nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read my book from the trilogy to nature
+book and knew my ideas about throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and knew my ideas about throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and knew my ideas about throwing
+and that's what he picked up in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he picked up in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what he picked up in order to
+develop that aspect of my thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that aspect of my thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that aspect of my thinking in
+criticism of my trying to go beyond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of my trying to go beyond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of my trying to go beyond it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+so he thought that the soul could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he thought that the soul could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he thought that the soul could be
+reduced to appraisal it's a fair it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to appraisal it's a fair it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to appraisal it's a fair it's a
+fair criticism let me tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair criticism let me tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair criticism let me tell you a little
+about the history of this the book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of this the book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of this the book the
+only book I think that van or a road I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only book I think that van or a road I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only book I think that van or a road I
+say rotor and as if I wasn't he may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rotor and as if I wasn't he may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rotor and as if I wasn't he may have
+read more but I haven't heard of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more but I haven't heard of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more but I haven't heard of them
+and I'm not even sure that he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even sure that he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even sure that he's still
+alive I don't haven't heard much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive I don't haven't heard much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive I don't haven't heard much about
+him in any event the only book he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in any event the only book he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in any event the only book he wrote
+that i know of is called sex without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know of is called sex without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know of is called sex without
+love a philosophical exploration i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love a philosophical exploration i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love a philosophical exploration i think
+it is is that sternum all right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is that sternum all right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is that sternum all right that
+came out in the 1980s and is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in the 1980s and is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in the 1980s and is very
+hard-hitting in a sense of being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard-hitting in a sense of being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard-hitting in a sense of being very
+analytical but what you can do and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical but what you can do and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical but what you can do and in
+any argues he has two sections what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any argues he has two sections what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any argues he has two sections what is
+called on the philosophy of sex and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on the philosophy of sex and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on the philosophy of sex and the
+others on the philosophy love and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others on the philosophy love and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others on the philosophy love and his
+own thesis is that sex is better without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own thesis is that sex is better without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own thesis is that sex is better without
+love rather than with love and it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love rather than with love and it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love rather than with love and it isn't
+love that provides the basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that provides the basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that provides the basis for the
+goodness in sex the title is almost self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness in sex the title is almost self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness in sex the title is almost self
+exploring explanatory at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring explanatory at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring explanatory at the end of the
+part of the book last few chapters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the book last few chapters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the book last few chapters of
+frost half on the philosophy of love he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost half on the philosophy of love he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost half on the philosophy of love he
+has a chapter called something I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chapter called something I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chapter called something I forget
+the exact title for philosophers of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact title for philosophers of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact title for philosophers of love
+colon Plato pretty sure it's play-doh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Plato pretty sure it's play-doh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Plato pretty sure it's play-doh
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it Freud I think it might be for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Freud I think it might be for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Freud I think it might be for I'm
+not sure who the major who's who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure who the major who's who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure who the major who's who are
+those did any wouldn't happen to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those did any wouldn't happen to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those did any wouldn't happen to look at
+that Oh Schopenhauer I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oh Schopenhauer I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oh Schopenhauer I think it's
+play-doh Chopin our software and singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play-doh Chopin our software and singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play-doh Chopin our software and singer
+yeah who could ask for anything more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who could ask for anything more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who could ask for anything more and
+he's very respectful of sailor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very respectful of sailor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very respectful of sailor which is
+more than singer deserves and he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than singer deserves and he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than singer deserves and he also
+formulates in an early version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thesis of a stolid being reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of a stolid being reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of a stolid being reducible to
+appraisal he also argues that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal he also argues that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal he also argues that I am
+internally inconsistent because I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally inconsistent because I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally inconsistent because I keep
+emphasizing the aesthetic quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the aesthetic quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the aesthetic quality and
+character of love and he thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of love and he thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of love and he thinks that
+means that instead of really pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that instead of really pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that instead of really pursuing
+anything I'm using the love of I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm using the love of I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm using the love of I'm
+thinking of love love object as a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of love love object as a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of love love object as a work
+of art and therefore not accepting him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art and therefore not accepting him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art and therefore not accepting him
+or at his or her face value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at his or her face value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at his or her face value and
+therefore not be sewing so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore not be sewing so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore not be sewing so that has
+various complaints about the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various complaints about the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various complaints about the concept of
+imagination in my philosophy of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in my philosophy of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in my philosophy of love
+which is already formulated in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already formulated in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already formulated in the first
+volume of the trilogy in the more much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the trilogy in the more much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the trilogy in the more much
+more much later book feeling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much later book feeling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much later book feeling an
+imagination I have a chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I have a chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I have a chapter on
+imagination because I too felt I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because I too felt I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because I too felt I hadn't
+done the subject then hadn't done vented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the subject then hadn't done vented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the subject then hadn't done vented
+well enough and therefore it needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough and therefore it needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough and therefore it needed
+further explorations and then when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further explorations and then when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further explorations and then when i
+started i found all sorts of new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started i found all sorts of new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started i found all sorts of new things
+that i could never have thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could never have thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could never have thought it
+before and that's what went into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's what went into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's what went into that
+into that chapter but then i has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that chapter but then i has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that chapter but then i has
+criticisms of the fundamental concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms of the fundamental concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms of the fundamental concept of
+imagination as it appears in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as it appears in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as it appears in the first
+volume of the trilogy I don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the trilogy I don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the trilogy I don't forget
+what other criticism if these are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other criticism if these are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other criticism if these are big
+criticisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms
+and he argues them very well and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he argues them very well and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he argues them very well and at that
+time the third volume of the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the third volume of the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the third volume of the nature of
+life religious trilogy had yet to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life religious trilogy had yet to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life religious trilogy had yet to come
+out and in that I introduced a 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in that I introduced a 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in that I introduced a 10 or 15
+page rebuttal of vanoise attack on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page rebuttal of vanoise attack on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page rebuttal of vanoise attack on me
+and during Manu tlie through his points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during Manu tlie through his points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during Manu tlie through his points
+and showing how he misunderstands my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing how he misunderstands my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing how he misunderstands my
+position but if I were to go back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but if I were to go back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but if I were to go back to it
+now and I haven't looked for that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I haven't looked for that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I haven't looked for that for
+some time I find him looking at my older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time I find him looking at my older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time I find him looking at my older
+writing gets in a way of my doing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing gets in a way of my doing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing gets in a way of my doing new
+writing I bet i would find ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I bet i would find ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I bet i would find ways in which
+my thought had changed and developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thought had changed and developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thought had changed and developed
+thanks to his criticism hey I was happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to his criticism hey I was happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to his criticism hey I was happy
+to have it and to be able to reformulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it and to be able to reformulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it and to be able to reformulate
+in the present when I had said in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present when I had said in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present when I had said in a more
+preliminary way in the past in as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary way in the past in as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary way in the past in as you
+know from the reading of this chapter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the reading of this chapter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the reading of this chapter in
+explorations in love and sex of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations in love and sex of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations in love and sex of the
+paper that of vanoise that was submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that of vanoise that was submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that of vanoise that was submitted
+for the symposium answers my critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the symposium answers my critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the symposium answers my critique
+trucos beyond it and renews his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucos beyond it and renews his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucos beyond it and renews his in
+greater detail much more carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail much more carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail much more carefully and
+I'm proud that I contributed to that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm proud that I contributed to that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm proud that I contributed to that his
+view about the soul being reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view about the soul being reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view about the soul being reducible to
+appraisal and then in my reply as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal and then in my reply as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal and then in my reply as you
+see I was sorry to see that he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I was sorry to see that he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I was sorry to see that he never
+eaten directly reply to me but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten directly reply to me but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten directly reply to me but when I
+had presented his own view which is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had presented his own view which is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had presented his own view which is all
+right and that's what I dealt with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what I dealt with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what I dealt with in
+the in my reply alright so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in my reply alright so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in my reply alright so that's the
+van Olli since you mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van Olli since you mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van Olli since you mentioned in the
+history background event oh it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history background event oh it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history background event oh it's a long
+prison early to your point which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison early to your point which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison early to your point which you
+cannot present I guess you wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot present I guess you wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot present I guess you wrote about
+this decir from scenario that it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decir from scenario that it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decir from scenario that it sounds
+like he presented right and I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he presented right and I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he presented right and I mean I
+love the dog I guess I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the dog I guess I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the dog I guess I'm curious
+the context to achieve seriously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context to achieve seriously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context to achieve seriously for
+that to that because it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that because it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that because it seems like a
+civil unions played extremely simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil unions played extremely simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil unions played extremely simplest
+really i kin seems silly to me i tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i kin seems silly to me i tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i kin seems silly to me i tried
+very very hard to be fair in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard to be fair in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard to be fair in
+representing the position of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the position of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the position of the people
+i was answering on the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was answering on the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was answering on the assumption that
+that symposium would not be read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symposium would not be read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symposium would not be read but
+possibly if i could rework my reply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly if i could rework my reply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly if i could rework my reply it
+will book belong to a book of mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will book belong to a book of mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will book belong to a book of mine and
+people who might be interested in being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might be interested in being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might be interested in being
+I wouldn't want to slog their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't want to slog their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't want to slog their way
+through that a very long other book of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that a very long other book of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that a very long other book of
+the papers of the other people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers of the other people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers of the other people you know
+that's the kind of egoistic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of egoistic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of egoistic point of
+view of mine why should they not do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of mine why should they not do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of mine why should they not do so
+maybe those people are worth reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those people are worth reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those people are worth reading
+more than I am in a event I try very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I am in a event I try very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I am in a event I try very
+hard to present their position so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to present their position so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to present their position so that
+anyone could follow what I was dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone could follow what I was dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone could follow what I was dealing
+with and that I would be accurate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and that I would be accurate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and that I would be accurate and I
+didn't think at the time that what van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think at the time that what van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think at the time that what van
+oi was saying was so unprofitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi was saying was so unprofitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi was saying was so unprofitable
+certainly is helpful to me getting me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is helpful to me getting me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is helpful to me getting me to
+answering the way I did tell me why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the way I did tell me why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the way I did tell me why you
+thought think it is um well I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought think it is um well I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought think it is um well I just I
+think maybe the views of appraisal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe the views of appraisal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe the views of appraisal in
+that case aren't necessarily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case aren't necessarily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case aren't necessarily so
+unrealistic in terms of light high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic in terms of light high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic in terms of light high
+school seniors right but i don't i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school seniors right but i don't i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school seniors right but i don't i don't
+think that i like all forms of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that i like all forms of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that i like all forms of human
+male reduced to like examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male reduced to like examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male reduced to like examples of that
+scenario well why I'm sometime you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario well why I'm sometime you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario well why I'm sometime you know
+being a philosopher one means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a philosopher one means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a philosopher one means that you
+don't know what you believe at any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you believe at any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you believe at any one
+moment and you're free change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and you're free change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and you're free change because
+the problems are so difficult and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are so difficult and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are so difficult and all
+possible answers must be so ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers must be so ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers must be so ambiguous
+and the times I feel you're maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the times I feel you're maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the times I feel you're maybe
+they're right the maybe it's it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right the maybe it's it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right the maybe it's it's all
+appraisal why because putting myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal why because putting myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal why because putting myself
+into position of a teenager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to remember what I was like would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to remember what I was like would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to remember what I was like would
+I go for the ugly girls I go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go for the ugly girls I go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go for the ugly girls I go for the
+most beautiful would I go for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most beautiful would I go for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most beautiful would I go for somebody
+that the others considered it a key or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others considered it a key or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others considered it a key or
+whatever they call it nowadays Getty no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they call it nowadays Getty no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they call it nowadays Getty no
+I would go for the cheerleader you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go for the cheerleader you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go for the cheerleader you know
+the one who attracted everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who attracted everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who attracted everyone's
+attention who's most flamboyant and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention who's most flamboyant and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention who's most flamboyant and and
+all the boy all the other boys that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the boy all the other boys that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the boy all the other boys that's
+another thing the competitive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing the competitive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing the competitive element
+it's not just a matter of the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a matter of the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a matter of the one who
+looks to me appraised of Lee most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me appraised of Lee most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me appraised of Lee most
+desirable but the one who is desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable but the one who is desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable but the one who is desired
+which gives her an appraisal value it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives her an appraisal value it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives her an appraisal value it's
+a social appraisal and they're there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social appraisal and they're there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social appraisal and they're there for
+just to be competitive successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be competitive successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be competitive successful
+pathetic competitively that's be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic competitively that's be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic competitively that's be the
+girl I would really want to get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl I would really want to get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl I would really want to get close to
+know I have to agree with him that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have to agree with him that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have to agree with him that that
+seems kind of like something that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of like something that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of like something that a
+teenager does and that actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager does and that actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager does and that actually what
+you're doing there is not loving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing there is not loving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing there is not loving the
+cheerleader but the sewing love upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader but the sewing love upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader but the sewing love upon
+yourself because you want to seem like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because you want to seem like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because you want to seem like a
+greater person amongst your peers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater person amongst your peers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater person amongst your peers so
+you're not actually like there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually like there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually like there's nothing
+to say that you would actually be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you would actually be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you would actually be able
+to love that person but it's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to love that person but it's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to love that person but it's more of a
+selfish trying to say i want the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish trying to say i want the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish trying to say i want the one
+that everyone else also wants that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone else also wants that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone else also wants that's a
+very good point because sure i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point because sure i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point because sure i asked you
+first the room she saw Brooklyn I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the room she saw Brooklyn I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the room she saw Brooklyn I just
+want to say you can't it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you can't it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you can't it's not always
+about high school teen years okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high school teen years okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high school teen years okay so
+after you grew up I think the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you grew up I think the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you grew up I think the camera
+might have trouble with you check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have trouble with you check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have trouble with you check your
+voicemail okay it's not always about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail okay it's not always about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail okay it's not always about I
+don't show you okay when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show you okay when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show you okay when you're a
+teenager or you go after the cheerleader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager or you go after the cheerleader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager or you go after the cheerleader
+and stuff but it's not like that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but it's not like that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but it's not like that thing
+stops after after high school like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops after after high school like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops after after high school like when
+you're the 20s you know you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the 20s you know you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the 20s you know you want you
+also look obviously for beauty but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look obviously for beauty but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look obviously for beauty but you
+look for in I mean who's smart and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for in I mean who's smart and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for in I mean who's smart and stuff
+is this the values you look for a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the values you look for a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the values you look for a change
+but the beauty and but again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the beauty and but again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the beauty and but again you're
+going against your peers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going against your peers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going against your peers it's
+the the rules of the game are the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rules of the game are the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rules of the game are the same I
+think it's just the qualities you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just the qualities you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just the qualities you look
+for it might be a little different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it might be a little different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it might be a little different but
+it doesn't mean that when you're like 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that when you're like 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that when you're like 25
+you don't still feel antagonistic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't still feel antagonistic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't still feel antagonistic to the
+rest of your peers Oh matter oh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your peers Oh matter oh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your peers Oh matter oh there is
+also a phenomenon that I find pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a phenomenon that I find pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a phenomenon that I find pervasive
+in human nature and that plato was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human nature and that plato was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human nature and that plato was the
+first really to capitalize on which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first really to capitalize on which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first really to capitalize on which is
+that people always want what is good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people always want what is good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people always want what is good if
+you're you're a restaurant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're a restaurant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're a restaurant you know
+order the worst-tasting quarter horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the worst-tasting quarter horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the worst-tasting quarter horse
+cooked meal you want the very best if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked meal you want the very best if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked meal you want the very best if
+you are confronted with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are confronted with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are confronted with different
+articles of food let's say on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles of food let's say on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles of food let's say on the table
+never leave her to choose very best in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leave her to choose very best in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leave her to choose very best in
+my family life this was often a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family life this was often a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family life this was often a big
+problem for me because as the father I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for me because as the father I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for me because as the father I
+felt no I should leave the better food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt no I should leave the better food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt no I should leave the better food
+for the children you know I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the children you know I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the children you know I have four
+children so they will gobble a lot up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so they will gobble a lot up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so they will gobble a lot up
+even if I'm given first choice should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I'm given first choice should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I'm given first choice should I
+choose the Apple it looks best so should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Apple it looks best so should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Apple it looks best so should
+I choose the one that looks least on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose the one that looks least on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose the one that looks least on the
+assumptions of children should have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of children should have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of children should have what
+his best and this for me who is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his best and this for me who is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his best and this for me who is a source
+of conflict i naturally left to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict i naturally left to myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict i naturally left to myself
+if i were at a restaurant given a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were at a restaurant given a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were at a restaurant given a choice
+i would choose the very best that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would choose the very best that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would choose the very best that is
+built into us as purpose of creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into us as purpose of creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into us as purpose of creatures
+and that's what plato understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what plato understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what plato understood
+extremely well done basis of his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well done basis of his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well done basis of his whole
+metaphysics which ends up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics which ends up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics which ends up with the
+ultimate form of the highest form being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate form of the highest form being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate form of the highest form being
+good not not the mediocre not least good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good not not the mediocre not least good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good not not the mediocre not least good
+and so that would be a natural reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be a natural reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be a natural reaction
+just acting from one's own selfish point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just acting from one's own selfish point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just acting from one's own selfish point
+of view the question then is is love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view the question then is is love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view the question then is is love
+contrary to that is love something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary to that is love something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary to that is love something that
+takes for beyond one's selfishness which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for beyond one's selfishness which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for beyond one's selfishness which
+is what you're now raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're now raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're now raising the
+it's between acting selfishly and acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between acting selfishly and acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between acting selfishly and acting
+out of love the question then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of love the question then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of love the question then the
+question is how did you related whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how did you related whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how did you related whether
+acting out of love which is not selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting out of love which is not selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting out of love which is not selfish
+ezel is part of one's self love which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ezel is part of one's self love which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ezel is part of one's self love which is
+the view even if Plato Plato says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view even if Plato Plato says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view even if Plato Plato says for
+reasons of self-love we should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of self-love we should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of self-love we should not be
+selfish because the word we all want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish because the word we all want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish because the word we all want
+three as good as you can and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as good as you can and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as good as you can and that means
+off and resisting our selfishness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and resisting our selfishness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and resisting our selfishness so
+that there is a kind of selfishness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a kind of selfishness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a kind of selfishness you
+might call it which is self-love but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it which is self-love but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it which is self-love but
+it's so different from ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so different from ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so different from ordinary
+selfishness it's got to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness it's got to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness it's got to be a different
+category and that is more related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and that is more related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and that is more related to the
+nature of love then then all inary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love then then all inary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of love then then all inary
+selfishness in the question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness in the question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness in the question of the
+cheerleader it isn't just that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader it isn't just that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader it isn't just that you want
+just bet to have selfishness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bet to have selfishness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bet to have selfishness but
+selfishly to have the most desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishly to have the most desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishly to have the most desired
+person available woman in this male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person available woman in this male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person available woman in this male
+oriented example it's because love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented example it's because love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented example it's because love
+consists in that that's the view of Van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists in that that's the view of Van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists in that that's the view of Van
+owing Mike the basis of my criticism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing Mike the basis of my criticism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owing Mike the basis of my criticism as
+I understand it is that the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand it is that the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand it is that the people are
+complex and it's an ambivalent situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it's an ambivalent situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it's an ambivalent situation
+and so we have to find a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to find a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to find a way of
+accommodating both of these tendencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating both of these tendencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating both of these tendencies
+and sure enough appraisal applies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough appraisal applies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough appraisal applies in the
+case of getting the best most desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of getting the best most desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of getting the best most desirable
+female and bestow applies in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and bestow applies in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and bestow applies in a sense of
+having a relationship to her that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a relationship to her that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a relationship to her that is not
+reducible merely to her being the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible merely to her being the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible merely to her being the best
+female so that so that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so that so that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so that so that instead of
+reducing abasolo to appraisal the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing abasolo to appraisal the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing abasolo to appraisal the wave
+an early recommends what I want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early recommends what I want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early recommends what I want to work
+out is dynamic of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is dynamic of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is dynamic of their
+interrelationship when I make that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationship when I make that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationship when I make that step
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+big threshold to get across then I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big threshold to get across then I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big threshold to get across then I find
+a great variety of ways in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great variety of ways in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great variety of ways in which this
+can happen and being a pluralist I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen and being a pluralist I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen and being a pluralist I don't
+want to reduce any of them to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce any of them to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce any of them to each other
+I just want to draw a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to draw a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to draw a very large
+comprehensive map in which we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive map in which we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive map in which we can find
+our way through this quagmire of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way through this quagmire of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way through this quagmire of the
+human experience with the difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience with the difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience with the difficulties
+in language and in these enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in language and in these enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in language and in these enormous
+concepts that we've created without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we've created without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we've created without
+knowing what really what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what really what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what really what we're talking
+about you're the most the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're the most the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're the most the best possible
+with the best of female you are you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the best of female you are you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the best of female you are you you
+up there is appraisal and you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is appraisal and you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is appraisal and you're saying
+there's bestow but what about the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's bestow but what about the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's bestow but what about the case
+when you end up with a female that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you end up with a female that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you end up with a female that's not
+the the best I mean does be small not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the best I mean does be small not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the best I mean does be small not
+coming to play a lot more than appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to play a lot more than appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to play a lot more than appraisal
+and maybe through bestow all love comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe through bestow all love comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe through bestow all love comes
+instead of through appraisal well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of through appraisal well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of through appraisal well I know
+what it man i would say remember i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it man i would say remember i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it man i would say remember i have
+two kinds of appraisal what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of appraisal what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of appraisal what is
+individual or the other is social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or the other is social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or the other is social
+individual appraisal give us a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual appraisal give us a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual appraisal give us a person
+higher ranking in terms of the praise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ranking in terms of the praise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ranking in terms of the praise of
+value on the basis of what is good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on the basis of what is good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on the basis of what is good for
+you individually and so vannoy could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you individually and so vannoy could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you individually and so vannoy could
+very well say that's what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well say that's what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well say that's what happens when
+the cheerleader marries the football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheerleader marries the football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheerleader marries the football
+hero is it and and therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero is it and and therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero is it and and therefore is
+unavailable and you end up Mary marrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable and you end up Mary marrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable and you end up Mary marrying
+the plane of type who becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of type who becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of type who becomes a
+schoolteacher and who's very nice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolteacher and who's very nice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolteacher and who's very nice but
+not as beautiful as the cheerleader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as beautiful as the cheerleader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as beautiful as the cheerleader
+right for you that may be the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for you that may be the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for you that may be the best you
+can hope for that may be the best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hope for that may be the best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hope for that may be the best for
+you you may not be able to cope with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may not be able to cope with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may not be able to cope with the
+syrtis so much power as the cheerleader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrtis so much power as the cheerleader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syrtis so much power as the cheerleader
+generates she this other woman it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates she this other woman it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates she this other woman it may be
+just what you're able to deal with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you're able to deal with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you're able to deal with so
+it's more comfortable to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more comfortable to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more comfortable to live
+her she helps you in ways that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she helps you in ways that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she helps you in ways that a
+glittering starlet like the cheerleader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glittering starlet like the cheerleader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glittering starlet like the cheerleader
+wouldn't even be able to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even be able to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even be able to appreciate
+she's not vain problem as a cheerleader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not vain problem as a cheerleader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not vain problem as a cheerleader
+maybe and she hasn't had to cope with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and she hasn't had to cope with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and she hasn't had to cope with a
+kind of experience as cheerleader has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experience as cheerleader has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experience as cheerleader has
+for you that might be the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that might be the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that might be the best thing
+mess didn't be the best thing or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess didn't be the best thing or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess didn't be the best thing or at
+least the best thing that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the best thing that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the best thing that you could have
+hoped again I mean no I mean that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped again I mean no I mean that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped again I mean no I mean that would
+be vanoise supply that Eve even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vanoise supply that Eve even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vanoise supply that Eve even in this
+lesser situation appraisal explains what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser situation appraisal explains what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser situation appraisal explains what
+I try to explain by means of the stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to explain by means of the stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to explain by means of the stove
+do you remember my ads with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember my ads with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember my ads with this kind of
+criticism in van oil and the others um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism in van oil and the others um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism in van oil and the others um
+in my usual fashion Stavros since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my usual fashion Stavros since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my usual fashion Stavros since you
+just talk when I cover my eyes could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk when I cover my eyes could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk when I cover my eyes could you
+take a poll and tell me how many have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a poll and tell me how many have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a poll and tell me how many have
+read today's reading including yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today's reading including yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today's reading including yourself
+i can't i'm sorry what shots take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't i'm sorry what shots take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't i'm sorry what shots take my
+hands away on the only six people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands away on the only six people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands away on the only six people I
+could count backwards in this time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could count backwards in this time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could count backwards in this time I
+think I've seen at six out of seven how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've seen at six out of seven how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've seen at six out of seven how
+what is it I've been done for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it I've been done for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it I've been done for a while
+I'm sorry tell me what the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry tell me what the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry tell me what the calculation
+is that's good that's fine now hope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's good that's fine now hope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's good that's fine now hope the
+seventh will be encouraged to go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh will be encouraged to go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh will be encouraged to go on and
+finish it or doing well but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it or doing well but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it or doing well but then you
+must have some idea of how I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some idea of how I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some idea of how I try to
+counter the vinoy kind of criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to have as away put it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have as away put it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have as away put it by
+Dorothy incidentally are you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy incidentally are you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothy incidentally are you all
+confident you can move closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident you can move closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident you can move closer to the
+wall well I know you try to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall well I know you try to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall well I know you try to say that
+everyone is capable of being loved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is capable of being loved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is capable of being loved so
+that in a way you can't rule out anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way you can't rule out anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way you can't rule out anyone
+as far as that we can bestow love upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as that we can bestow love upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as that we can bestow love upon
+anyone as long as we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone as long as we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone as long as we are able to
+appraise the goodness that's within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise the goodness that's within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise the goodness that's within that
+so like the bag lady who van Noy says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the bag lady who van Noy says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the bag lady who van Noy says
+can never be loved because she's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be loved because she's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be loved because she's not
+beautiful does not have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful does not have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful does not have those
+characteristics that she you claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that she you claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that she you claim that
+she actually can be if we look beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she actually can be if we look beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she actually can be if we look beyond
+just her physical appearance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just her physical appearance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just her physical appearance and
+appraise her value is more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise her value is more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise her value is more than just
+like a sexual or you know beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sexual or you know beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sexual or you know beautiful
+object but because of the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but because of the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but because of the other things
+that she has run a fan I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has run a fan I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has run a fan I think that's a
+big part of the answer several I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the answer several I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the answer several I think
+irrelevant example is what we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant example is what we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant example is what we saw last
+time my fair lady we're on the cabbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my fair lady we're on the cabbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my fair lady we're on the cabbage
+girl turns into a matta cabbage cabbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl turns into a matta cabbage cabbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl turns into a matta cabbage cabbage
+leaf how's Lisa yes the cabbage leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf how's Lisa yes the cabbage leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf how's Lisa yes the cabbage leaf
+turns into you know a lady a lady and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into you know a lady a lady and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into you know a lady a lady and
+people you know lots we noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know lots we noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know lots we noticed that
+whereas before at least the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before at least the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before at least the movie
+doesn't show us that anybody likes her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show us that anybody likes her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show us that anybody likes her
+after lots of people are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lots of people are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lots of people are interested in
+her soap I do think it does have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her soap I do think it does have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her soap I do think it does have to do
+with I think appraisal comes before must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think appraisal comes before must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think appraisal comes before must
+old um I think in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old um I think in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old um I think in order to be able to
+this in order to get to know someone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in order to get to know someone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in order to get to know someone I
+think the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the it's
+initial attraction and the beauty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial attraction and the beauty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial attraction and the beauty that
+brings two people together and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings two people together and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings two people together and then it's
+bestow latakia never make or break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow latakia never make or break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow latakia never make or break the
+relationship because if you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship because if you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship because if you find out
+that the person is beautiful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is beautiful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is beautiful but
+otherwise there's nothing in common with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's nothing in common with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's nothing in common with
+you you know after I don't know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know after I don't know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know after I don't know a few
+months or something then you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or something then you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or something then you will not
+continue but if you find that but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue but if you find that but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue but if you find that but still
+happens that there is bustillo then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that there is bustillo then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that there is bustillo then you
+know it's a good relationship so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good relationship so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good relationship so I think
+that when a life have become salado lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a life have become salado lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a life have become salado lady
+who sought to be a highborn lady is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sought to be a highborn lady is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sought to be a highborn lady is
+there more the soul isn't she a praise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more the soul isn't she a praise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more the soul isn't she a praise
+tire yes that's what I'm say so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire yes that's what I'm say so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire yes that's what I'm say so in that
+example she was ignored earlier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example she was ignored earlier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example she was ignored earlier because
+her appraisal was so low at the end she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her appraisal was so low at the end she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her appraisal was so low at the end she
+was at man ready to shoot themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at man ready to shoot themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at man ready to shoot themselves
+because her appraisal was so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her appraisal was so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her appraisal was so high
+exactly but that but that the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but that but that the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but that but that the point I
+wanted to make is different from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make is different from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make is different from that
+that even the cabbage leaf can be loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even the cabbage leaf can be loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even the cabbage leaf can be loved
+with a low appraisal because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a low appraisal because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a low appraisal because there is
+the element of a soul that comes in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of a soul that comes in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of a soul that comes in but
+I'm saying she the problem thing is hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying she the problem thing is hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying she the problem thing is hurt
+her character did not change um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character did not change um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character did not change um it was
+she had the same character throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had the same character throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had the same character throughout
+her transformation the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her transformation the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her transformation the difference is
+that before she wasn't appraised so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before she wasn't appraised so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before she wasn't appraised so she
+she didn't have the chance to experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't have the chance to experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't have the chance to experience
+love but after she was appraised so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but after she was appraised so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love but after she was appraised so she
+did have the chance to experience love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have the chance to experience love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have the chance to experience love
+so what I'm saying is that you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm saying is that you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm saying is that you can be
+loved through bestow but there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved through bestow but there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved through bestow but there has to be
+some appraisal in order for no no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some appraisal in order for no no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some appraisal in order for no no I
+agree but the point my point is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but the point my point is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but the point my point is these
+are two different points 1 whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different points 1 whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different points 1 whether
+appraisal comes first in some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal comes first in some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal comes first in some sense of
+the word first and second whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word first and second whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word first and second whether people
+who are lonely appraised can't be loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are lonely appraised can't be loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are lonely appraised can't be loved
+until they become more highly praised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they become more highly praised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they become more highly praised
+and that that's let's separate them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's let's separate them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's let's separate them I
+entirely agree that without appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely agree that without appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely agree that without appraisal
+there can't be the sole they can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be the sole they can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be the sole they can't be
+loved that's the reason why we hesitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved that's the reason why we hesitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved that's the reason why we hesitate
+to say that amoeba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that amoeba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that amoeba
+love amoebas probably praise in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love amoebas probably praise in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love amoebas probably praise in their
+own me to like sort of way if they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own me to like sort of way if they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own me to like sort of way if they come
+to a clump Rajan is in biology so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a clump Rajan is in biology so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a clump Rajan is in biology so if I
+misrepresent something let me know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresent something let me know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresent something let me know they
+come upon a clump of something and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon a clump of something and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon a clump of something and they
+sort of circle it to see whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of circle it to see whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of circle it to see whether it's
+worth digesting if it isn't they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth digesting if it isn't they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth digesting if it isn't they go on
+to the next bit of food they don't waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next bit of food they don't waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next bit of food they don't waste
+their time on some inedible thing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time on some inedible thing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time on some inedible thing from
+their point of view that's a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point of view that's a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point of view that's a kind of a
+appraisal animal let's do that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal animal let's do that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal animal let's do that all the
+time and they were there highly acute oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they were there highly acute oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they were there highly acute oh
+factory and and auditory powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and and auditory powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory and and auditory powers and
+sometimes visual powers much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes visual powers much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes visual powers much greater
+than ours they can detect what's worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ours they can detect what's worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ours they can detect what's worthy
+of their attention or not does it smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their attention or not does it smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their attention or not does it smell
+like for my cats the smell like fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for my cats the smell like fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for my cats the smell like fresh
+fish Wow or is it you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish Wow or is it you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish Wow or is it you know something
+that doesn't really touch their appetite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really touch their appetite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really touch their appetite
+and so they ignore it that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they ignore it that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they ignore it that's that's the
+system of appraisal without without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of appraisal without without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of appraisal without without
+which there could be no life no purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there could be no life no purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there could be no life no purpose
+of existence there could not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existence there could not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existence there could not be the
+orders of nature that we're all familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of nature that we're all familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of nature that we're all familiar
+with the peculiar thing about human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peculiar thing about human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peculiar thing about human
+beings is that we have developed powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings is that we have developed powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings is that we have developed powers
+of imagination which create patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagination which create patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagination which create patterns of
+bestow beyond what other people do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow beyond what other people do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow beyond what other people do and
+it's at that point that the appraised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at that point that the appraised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at that point that the appraised
+attitude can turn into a loving attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude can turn into a loving attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude can turn into a loving attitude
+because of the combination between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the combination between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the combination between the
+stolen appraisal but the stole itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen appraisal but the stole itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen appraisal but the stole itself
+would never occur unless we're some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never occur unless we're some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never occur unless we're some
+prior condition of appraisal now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior condition of appraisal now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior condition of appraisal now you
+might say appraisal also is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say appraisal also is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say appraisal also is based on
+approach the soul of a very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the soul of a very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the soul of a very sort of
+metaphysical sort because why should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical sort because why should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical sort because why should it
+be that we as human beings appraise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that we as human beings appraise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that we as human beings appraise the
+way that we do there's something in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do there's something in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do there's something in our
+beating something in our nature such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating something in our nature such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating something in our nature such
+that we do appraise the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do appraise the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do appraise the way we do
+so it get the but and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it get the but and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it get the but and this is the
+problem the people of often raised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the people of often raised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the people of often raised that
+I've never been able to solve because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been able to solve because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been able to solve because it
+looks to me as if there's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me as if there's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me as if there's an infinite
+regress every the soul is based on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress every the soul is based on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress every the soul is based on an
+appraisal but every appraisal some I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal but every appraisal some I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal but every appraisal some I was
+related to a prior bestow but that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a prior bestow but that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a prior bestow but that too
+is related to an appraisal and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to an appraisal and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to an appraisal and some
+philosophers say huh and infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers say huh and infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers say huh and infinite
+regress is something wrong with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress is something wrong with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress is something wrong with your
+reasoning we can't have they can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning we can't have they can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning we can't have they can't have
+an infinite regress but whoever told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite regress but whoever told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite regress but whoever told
+them the universe lends itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the universe lends itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the universe lends itself to
+ultimate solutions I accept it in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate solutions I accept it in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate solutions I accept it in all of
+its unclarity as including conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its unclarity as including conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its unclarity as including conditions
+that we can only understand in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only understand in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only understand in terms of
+an infinite regress if that's what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite regress if that's what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite regress if that's what our
+analysis leads us to so I'm not trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis leads us to so I'm not trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis leads us to so I'm not trouble
+with that I don't feel the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I don't feel the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I don't feel the need to
+resolve that problem about the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that problem about the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that problem about the infinite
+regress it's only people who have faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress it's only people who have faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress it's only people who have faith
+in their reason being able to show forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their reason being able to show forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their reason being able to show forth
+reality to explain how everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality to explain how everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality to explain how everything is
+think go there must be an answer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think go there must be an answer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think go there must be an answer and so
+we must try to get it beyond the regress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must try to get it beyond the regress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must try to get it beyond the regress
+I face that there are lots of issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I face that there are lots of issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I face that there are lots of issues in
+life about which I suspend judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life about which I suspend judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life about which I suspend judgment
+because I see life as this chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I see life as this chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I see life as this chaotic
+soften random phenomenon I was watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften random phenomenon I was watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften random phenomenon I was watching
+a documentary about Mark Twain last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a documentary about Mark Twain last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a documentary about Mark Twain last
+night and at the very end of his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and at the very end of his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and at the very end of his life
+where he had suffered terribly in loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had suffered terribly in loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had suffered terribly in loss
+of one or two of his children and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one or two of his children and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one or two of his children and and
+his wife and he saw the world in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife and he saw the world in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife and he saw the world in very
+bleak materialistic ways and I grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleak materialistic ways and I grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleak materialistic ways and I grew up
+on that maybe that's the reason why I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe that's the reason why I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe that's the reason why I am
+NOT an idealist and material is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOT an idealist and material is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOT an idealist and material is because
+I love Mark Twain but what I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Mark Twain but what I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Mark Twain but what I noticed
+especially last night was the wording in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially last night was the wording in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially last night was the wording in
+which he tried to express this he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he tried to express this he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he tried to express this he says
+almost like a 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a 20th century
+existentialist he says ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentialist he says ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentialist he says ultimately
+there's nothing there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there's nothing
+there's no God there's no meaning there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no God there's no meaning there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no God there's no meaning there
+is just this horrible life that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this horrible life that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this horrible life that we have
+there is nothing and that struck me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing and that struck me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing and that struck me is
+very different from the way I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the way I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the way I always
+have seen things for me there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen things for me there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen things for me there's always
+something as long as there is life as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as there is life as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as there is life as
+long as there is life this always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there is life this always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there is life this always
+something that fascinates and intrigues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that fascinates and intrigues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that fascinates and intrigues
+man hurts me and excites me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man hurts me and excites me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man hurts me and excites me and
+frustrates me and makes me miserable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrates me and makes me miserable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrates me and makes me miserable but
+it's not because there's nothing now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there's nothing now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there's nothing now if
+you say well does that mean you're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well does that mean you're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well does that mean you're not a
+materialist that after there or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialist that after there or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialist that after there or you know
+you you die you're going to spring back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you die you're going to spring back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you die you're going to spring back
+to life with till the the the lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life with till the the the lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life with till the the the lighter
+you know the lighter concept that God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lighter concept that God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the lighter concept that God
+has the finger on the lighter you die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the finger on the lighter you die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the finger on the lighter you die
+and he flicked on that flight again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he flicked on that flight again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he flicked on that flight again
+which is your life you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your life you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your life you know what is the
+term I'm cigarette lighter the cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm cigarette lighter the cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm cigarette lighter the cigarette
+lighter view of human mortality I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter view of human mortality I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter view of human mortality I don't
+have that view I don't then prepare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that view I don't then prepare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that view I don't then prepare it
+to believe that afterlife there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that afterlife there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that afterlife there will be
+nothing for me ever again and I regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for me ever again and I regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for me ever again and I regret
+it and feel the pain of it but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and feel the pain of it but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and feel the pain of it but it's not
+because that means that there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that there's nothing
+the universe as long as I'm alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as long as I'm alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as long as I'm alive
+there's an awful lot and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an awful lot and as long as
+other people alive as long as life goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people alive as long as life goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people alive as long as life goes
+on it generates the meaning from within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it generates the meaning from within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it generates the meaning from within
+itself and so I found the terminology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and so I found the terminology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and so I found the terminology of
+Mark Twain hustling so the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Twain hustling so the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Twain hustling so the overall
+material is viewer and I'm used to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is viewer and I'm used to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is viewer and I'm used to this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to the question of of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of of philosophy
+overcoming infinite regress 'as the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming infinite regress 'as the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming infinite regress 'as the fact
+of an infantry dress means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infantry dress means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infantry dress means there's
+something but it's something that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's something that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's something that my
+mind which is very small and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind which is very small and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind which is very small and my
+imagination very limited and my place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination very limited and my place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination very limited and my place in
+the universe infinitely small you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe infinitely small you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe infinitely small you know
+infinitesimal can't cope with so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal can't cope with so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal can't cope with so that's
+how it is and the question is to make do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is and the question is to make do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is and the question is to make do
+as best we can a Mark Twain with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best we can a Mark Twain with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best we can a Mark Twain with one of
+the commentators said Mark Twain was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentators said Mark Twain was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentators said Mark Twain was a
+depressant well I don't know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressant well I don't know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressant well I don't know what that
+means but if you are not psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but if you are not psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but if you are not psychologically
+depressed you always find some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed you always find some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed you always find some something
+meaningful even if it's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful even if it's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful even if it's an infinite
+regress so that on this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress so that on this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress so that on this question of
+appraisal and the stove oh I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal and the stove oh I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal and the stove oh I'm willing
+to see that as an infinite regress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that as an infinite regress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that as an infinite regress on
+the question of reducing all appraisals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of reducing all appraisals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of reducing all appraisals
+all appraisal I mean all the stoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all appraisal I mean all the stoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all appraisal I mean all the stoa
+recruiting all bestow to some appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiting all bestow to some appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiting all bestow to some appraisal
+that I think is a is a problem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is a is a problem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is a is a problem that I
+can work with and that's where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with and that's where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with and that's where I
+continue to disagree with critics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to disagree with critics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to disagree with critics like
+family unfortunately van hoy doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family unfortunately van hoy doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family unfortunately van hoy doesn't
+answer as far as I know at least not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as far as I know at least not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as far as I know at least not in
+writing he hasn't given any answer to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing he hasn't given any answer to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing he hasn't given any answer to my
+reply to him at that symposium and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to him at that symposium and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to him at that symposium and I
+don't know whether he's even alive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether he's even alive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether he's even alive so if
+so if you accept somebody with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you accept somebody with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you accept somebody with his
+faults initially do you think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults initially do you think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults initially do you think that it's
+possible that these faults you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these faults you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these faults you actually
+end up after a long time appraising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up after a long time appraising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up after a long time appraising
+these folks do you think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks do you think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks do you think it's an
+engineer is not you're right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer is not you're right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer is not you're right here is
+this dynamic between the soul and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dynamic between the soul and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dynamic between the soul and
+appraisal so that having bestowed upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal so that having bestowed upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal so that having bestowed upon
+somebody you find that that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you find that that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you find that that person
+becomes appraisal e different why what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes appraisal e different why what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes appraisal e different why what
+because you're bestow is a gift of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're bestow is a gift of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're bestow is a gift of life
+which is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so
+portant for us it can make life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portant for us it can make life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portant for us it can make life
+meaningful to you being loved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you being loved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you being loved is
+something we all want Freud is wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we all want Freud is wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we all want Freud is wonderful
+on that for him that's a fundamental of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that for him that's a fundamental of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that for him that's a fundamental of
+fact you know there are other facts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know there are other facts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know there are other facts he
+may ignore it but that everybody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ignore it but that everybody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ignore it but that everybody wants
+to be loved well if you get it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be loved well if you get it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be loved well if you get it even
+undeservedly you might say oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeservedly you might say oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeservedly you might say oh I don't
+deserve that well don't don't count your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve that well don't don't count your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve that well don't don't count your
+blessings you're lucky you got it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessings you're lucky you got it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessings you're lucky you got it you
+then change in response to that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change in response to that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then change in response to that you
+begin to believe it or better yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to believe it or better yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to believe it or better yet you
+interact with a person such that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a person such that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a person such that you do
+change toward something closer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change toward something closer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change toward something closer to your
+own ideal and possibly to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ideal and possibly to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ideal and possibly to the other
+person's ideal and once that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ideal and once that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ideal and once that happens
+then the dialectic continues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dialectic continues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dialectic continues the
+appraisal is greater and that causes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal is greater and that causes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal is greater and that causes and
+that causes a higher level of the soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a higher level of the soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a higher level of the soul
+and that is something beautiful in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something beautiful in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something beautiful in a
+sense it's an ideal it's an ideal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's an ideal it's an ideal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's an ideal it's an ideal of
+satisfied love what we might even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied love what we might even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied love what we might even think
+of as married love marriage is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as married love marriage is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as married love marriage is an
+institution sort of based upon this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution sort of based upon this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution sort of based upon this as a
+possibility right and one might argue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right and one might argue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right and one might argue if
+one is acidic but rarely satisfied most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is acidic but rarely satisfied most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is acidic but rarely satisfied most
+marriages are not like that why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages are not like that why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages are not like that why because
+people are imperfect they're incapable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are imperfect they're incapable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are imperfect they're incapable
+of enacting the dialectic in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enacting the dialectic in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enacting the dialectic in a
+profitable wedding may be true that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable wedding may be true that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable wedding may be true that's a
+sociological question and I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological question and I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological question and I don't really
+feel any need to talk with that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel any need to talk with that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel any need to talk with that any
+length about that I talk around that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length about that I talk around that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length about that I talk around that in
+the paper you read earlier in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper you read earlier in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper you read earlier in the course
+on marriage same-sex and opposite-sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on marriage same-sex and opposite-sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on marriage same-sex and opposite-sex
+remember I sort of try to debunk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I sort of try to debunk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I sort of try to debunk the
+importance of marriage has for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of marriage has for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of marriage has for people
+who are either a homosexual heterosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are either a homosexual heterosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are either a homosexual heterosexual
+or homosexual right that that name not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or homosexual right that that name not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or homosexual right that that name not
+that be it may be an ideal that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be it may be an ideal that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be it may be an ideal that one
+shouldn't glorify too much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't glorify too much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't glorify too much it's
+nevertheless a great ideal and when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a great ideal and when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a great ideal and when one
+encounters people who say I met so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters people who say I met so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters people who say I met so and
+so we fell in love at first sight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we fell in love at first sight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we fell in love at first sight and
+we've been happy ever after I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been happy ever after I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been happy ever after I can't
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+and being myself without him or her you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being myself without him or her you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being myself without him or her you
+know I I don't know that I believe any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I don't know that I believe any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I don't know that I believe any
+of that but I understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but I understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but I understand what they're
+saying and insofar as it's true it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and insofar as it's true it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and insofar as it's true it is a
+beautiful ideal that human beings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful ideal that human beings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful ideal that human beings are
+sometimes capable of let me go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes capable of let me go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes capable of let me go into
+another little digression over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little digression over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little digression over the
+weekend I watched a documentary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend I watched a documentary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend I watched a documentary about
+the French philosopher who is who died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French philosopher who is who died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French philosopher who is who died
+about a month ago I think Jacques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a month ago I think Jacques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a month ago I think Jacques
+Derrida and who is very prominent or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derrida and who is very prominent or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derrida and who is very prominent or has
+been prominent in continental circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been prominent in continental circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been prominent in continental circles
+and among literary people in America the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among literary people in America the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among literary people in America the
+analytical school done I don't think pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical school done I don't think pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical school done I don't think pay
+much attention to him he's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much attention to him he's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much attention to him he's interested in
+nature of being and that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of being and that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of being and that's not a
+fashionable topic you've all any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashionable topic you've all any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashionable topic you've all any of you
+heard of him well the reason I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of him well the reason I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of him well the reason I mentioned
+now is because we see his wife 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is because we see his wife 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is because we see his wife 40 years
+Mary they look like a good couple they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary they look like a good couple they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary they look like a good couple they
+don't talk about their love and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about their love and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about their love and he said
+no no is something one can't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no is something one can't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no is something one can't talk about
+I'm not going to tell you anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you anything on
+the camera and like which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and like which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and like which I can
+understand and ate but he does say it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and ate but he does say it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and ate but he does say it in
+one in context you know there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in context you know there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in context you know there's one
+person I've loved perfectly all my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I've loved perfectly all my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I've loved perfectly all my life
+and that's my sister my sister and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my sister my sister and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my sister my sister and I
+have had a love for each other which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a love for each other which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a love for each other which is
+completely perfect completely pure kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely perfect completely pure kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely perfect completely pure kept
+emphasizing this kind of terminology no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing this kind of terminology no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing this kind of terminology no
+quarrels never fights we've always had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarrels never fights we've always had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarrels never fights we've always had a
+wonderful perfect relationship right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful perfect relationship right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful perfect relationship right as
+if in contrast to most of his other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in contrast to most of his other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in contrast to most of his other
+relationships maybe even his wife but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships maybe even his wife but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships maybe even his wife but
+he's not going into his wife and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not going into his wife and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not going into his wife and so I
+wouldn't want to speculate about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to speculate about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to speculate about that
+but he emphasizes the sister right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he emphasizes the sister right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he emphasizes the sister right and
+then one hears the voice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one hears the voice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one hears the voice of the
+interviewer saying really what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer saying really what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer saying really what about the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+when you set fire to her crib and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set fire to her crib and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set fire to her crib and they
+has no answer to that yes but smiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no answer to that yes but smiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no answer to that yes but smiles and
+looks so comfortable haven't the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so comfortable haven't the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so comfortable haven't the camera
+cuts to something else so so however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts to something else so so however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts to something else so so however
+perfect anybody thinks a a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect anybody thinks a a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect anybody thinks a a relationship
+maybe or you know you can't be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or you know you can't be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or you know you can't be sure that
+you can take it at face right right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take it at face right right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take it at face right right even
+if that was the only time of difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was the only time of difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was the only time of difficulty
+with his sister is it likely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his sister is it likely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his sister is it likely that the
+two of them are forgotten that or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are forgotten that or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are forgotten that or the
+nest if it's the later relationship it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest if it's the later relationship it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest if it's the later relationship it's
+something to be considered and he won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be considered and he won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be considered and he won't
+consider it let me go I'm saying that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it let me go I'm saying that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it let me go I'm saying that in
+terms of the ambiguity between appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the ambiguity between appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the ambiguity between appraisal
+and bestow that however much one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bestow that however much one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bestow that however much one can
+work out the dialectic successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the dialectic successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the dialectic successfully
+there isn't going to be a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't going to be a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't going to be a point of
+perfection and those who claim to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection and those who claim to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection and those who claim to have
+established that harmonious dialectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that harmonious dialectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that harmonious dialectic
+may or may not be telling the truth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be telling the truth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be telling the truth but
+if if that is something that you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if that is something that you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if that is something that you care
+about that's an ideal that matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's an ideal that matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's an ideal that matters to
+you then that's that's be taken at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then that's that's be taken at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then that's that's be taken at face
+value many people have made their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value many people have made their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value many people have made their lives
+meaningful either because they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful either because they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful either because they found
+that other self unlike Beethoven and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other self unlike Beethoven and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other self unlike Beethoven and in
+the case of Beethoven he didn't cause he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Beethoven he didn't cause he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Beethoven he didn't cause he
+was so special and so difficult and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so special and so difficult and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so special and so difficult and and
+so hard to live with but or you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard to live with but or you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard to live with but or you didn't
+find it but you kept looking the pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it but you kept looking the pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it but you kept looking the pursuit
+of it was a pursuit that made life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was a pursuit that made life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was a pursuit that made life
+meaningful to you in the one or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you in the one or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you in the one or two of
+your papers youth speak of Don Juan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers youth speak of Don Juan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers youth speak of Don Juan is
+somebody who was always in the pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was always in the pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was always in the pursuit
+of love well that can make a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love well that can make a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love well that can make a life
+meaningful if you're pursuing a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful if you're pursuing a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful if you're pursuing a perfect
+marriage and are able to work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage and are able to work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage and are able to work out the
+dialectic in that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic in that context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic in that context
+fine why not if that if it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine why not if that if it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine why not if that if it doesn't mean
+that much you or you decided i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much you or you decided i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much you or you decided i'm not
+good at the marriage business but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the marriage business but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the marriage business but I want
+to find I want to create a perfect work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find I want to create a perfect work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find I want to create a perfect work
+of art you never do but you keep working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art you never do but you keep working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art you never do but you keep working
+at that well that will make your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that well that will make your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that well that will make your life
+meaningful to to you as well there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to to you as well there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to to you as well there isn't
+anyone answer either to the meaning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone answer either to the meaning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone answer either to the meaning in
+life or two what should count as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or two what should count as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or two what should count as being a
+viable love have we gone far too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable love have we gone far too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable love have we gone far too far
+from where we started in terms of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we started in terms of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we started in terms of either
+of you you're the only too well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you're the only too well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you're the only too well in
+terraces said much the three of you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terraces said much the three of you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terraces said much the three of you what
+about the rest of you do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rest of you do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rest of you do you want to
+pursue the soul and appraisal further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well then let's see everybody wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then let's see everybody wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then let's see everybody wants the
+cheerleader or you know the football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader or you know the football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader or you know the football
+player whatever you know well not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player whatever you know well not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player whatever you know well not not
+exclusively yeah well that that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively yeah well that that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively yeah well that that's like
+everyone's kind of ideal but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of ideal but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of ideal but it's an
+ideal that we all have in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that we all have in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that we all have in one way or
+another and you said that well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you said that well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you said that well some
+people the plane school teacher is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the plane school teacher is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the plane school teacher is the
+better type of person for them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better type of person for them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better type of person for them and they
+would be more comfortable or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more comfortable or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more comfortable or you know
+that satisfies their needs but does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies their needs but does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies their needs but does that
+mean then that even when you're with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then that even when you're with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then that even when you're with the
+school teacher you still have the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school teacher you still have the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school teacher you still have the ideal
+of someone else who you think could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone else who you think could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone else who you think could be
+better that can ruin a marriage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that can ruin a marriage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that can ruin a marriage that
+you're over she says it isn't me you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over she says it isn't me you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over she says it isn't me you're
+in love with it's your first wife or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with it's your first wife or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with it's your first wife or it
+isn't me you're in love with its that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't me you're in love with its that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't me you're in love with its that
+incredible fixation on that let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible fixation on that let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible fixation on that let's say
+they were in high school together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in high school together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in high school together on
+Betty or whatever her name is you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betty or whatever her name is you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betty or whatever her name is you're not
+thinking me you're still thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking me you're still thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking me you're still thinking about
+Betty why are you you know hung up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betty why are you you know hung up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Betty why are you you know hung up on
+that why can't you ever get beyond it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why can't you ever get beyond it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why can't you ever get beyond it in
+order to appreciate me that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to appreciate me that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to appreciate me that that would
+be a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a real problem
+in a marriage I agree but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a marriage I agree but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a marriage I agree but it's not
+inevitable for the two reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable for the two reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable for the two reasons one is
+because people change a great deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people change a great deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people change a great deal and
+looking back you might have said she may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back you might have said she may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back you might have said she may
+have been gorgeous right but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been gorgeous right but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been gorgeous right but I don't
+think I could have lived with her what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could have lived with her what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could have lived with her what I
+get out of you is so much better your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of you is so much better your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of you is so much better your
+patient you're kind you're gentle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you're kind you're gentle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you're kind you're gentle is
+sweet and you're a great cook or great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet and you're a great cook or great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet and you're a great cook or great
+in mathematics and that's what I need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics and that's what I need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics and that's what I need in
+my profession and so I'm glad I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my profession and so I'm glad I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my profession and so I'm glad I didn't
+give in to that infantile or juvenile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in to that infantile or juvenile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in to that infantile or juvenile
+interest in facial beauty and sex appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in facial beauty and sex appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in facial beauty and sex appeal
+because people do change that way second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people do change that way second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people do change that way second
+which is something I'll come back to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something I'll come back to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something I'll come back to in
+a minute Stavros well you're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute Stavros well you're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute Stavros well you're saying that
+after you've presumably been married to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've presumably been married to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've presumably been married to
+her for lots of years of bending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for lots of years of bending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for lots of years of bending the
+third for lots of years so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third for lots of years so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third for lots of years so you really
+don't have any idea how it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any idea how it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any idea how it would have
+been with the other person at all I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been with the other person at all I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been with the other person at all I mean
+the only way you don't the only way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you don't the only way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you don't the only way you
+saw the cheerleader was you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the cheerleader was you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the cheerleader was you know you've
+never have you never actually attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have you never actually attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have you never actually attracted
+too closely you saw her walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too closely you saw her walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too closely you saw her walking around
+you knew her you went out with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew her you went out with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew her you went out with or
+whatever you never actually lived with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you never actually lived with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you never actually lived with
+her for 10 years so right but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for 10 years so right but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for 10 years so right but you don't
+remember that the negative part you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the negative part you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the negative part you only
+remember a slice of it which had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a slice of it which had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a slice of it which had an
+effect on you well I I think saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on you well I I think saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on you well I I think saying
+stuff like like that where I might as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like like that where I might as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like like that where I might as I
+probably better off that I went with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better off that I went with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better off that I went with you
+I think that's kind of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's kind of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's kind of trying to
+convince yourself that you are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you are better
+off without really believing it well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off without really believing it well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off without really believing it well I
+don't know I occasionally talk another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I occasionally talk another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I occasionally talk another
+something think of one young woman I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something think of one young woman I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something think of one young woman I
+knew in college who had all the makings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew in college who had all the makings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew in college who had all the makings
+of what I cared about without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I cared about without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I cared about without
+necessarily being explicit and who so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being explicit and who so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being explicit and who so
+would have a very admiring way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a very admiring way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a very admiring way in
+looking at me she's pretty she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at me she's pretty she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at me she's pretty she was
+wealthy she came from the right stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy she came from the right stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy she came from the right stock
+all the things I've never been and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things I've never been and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things I've never been and I
+found her very attractive at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why didn't she probably is a grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't she probably is a grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't she probably is a grandmother
+now she married the right man man out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she married the right man man out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she married the right man man out of
+her own circle but she always looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own circle but she always looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own circle but she always looked at
+me as if I was very special right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as if I was very special right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as if I was very special right and
+then I went on and married somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went on and married somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went on and married somebody else
+and occasionally I think of her and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally I think of her and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally I think of her and then
+I it's little pleasure I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's little pleasure I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's little pleasure I sort of
+indulgent but then I always laugh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulgent but then I always laugh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulgent but then I always laugh at
+myself and say you hardly knew her this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and say you hardly knew her this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and say you hardly knew her this
+is just an image and you nothing could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an image and you nothing could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an image and you nothing could
+have might have come of it if you she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have might have come of it if you she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have might have come of it if you she
+really did get to know you better you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did get to know you better you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did get to know you better you
+spent time with her if you tried to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time with her if you tried to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time with her if you tried to get
+close to her and if you got married it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to her and if you got married it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to her and if you got married it
+might have been a disaster you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been a disaster you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been a disaster you know
+nothing about her really or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about her really or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about her really or about
+yourself in relation to her and anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in relation to her and anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in relation to her and anyhow
+it's only one of those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only one of those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only one of those things and
+therefore its of no importance so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its of no importance so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its of no importance so that
+the same thing could be said about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing could be said about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing could be said about the
+cheerleader one could say well yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader one could say well yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleader one could say well yeah that
+was an image I had at the time but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an image I had at the time but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an image I had at the time but it it
+it is in my reality cuz I went on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in my reality cuz I went on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in my reality cuz I went on in
+very different ways since you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different ways since you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different ways since you weren't
+married the football player it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married the football player it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married the football player it's a
+little like a cartoon I've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like a cartoon I've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like a cartoon I've always
+remembered of a man a portly gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered of a man a portly gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered of a man a portly gentleman
+lying on the couch and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the couch and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the couch and the
+psychiatrist's behind him and the man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist's behind him and the man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist's behind him and the man is
+saying i could have bought IVM at five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i could have bought IVM at five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i could have bought IVM at five
+dollars a share we all have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a share we all have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a share we all have that kind of
+a feeling of having Pharaoh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling of having Pharaoh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling of having Pharaoh because you
+know we didn't do a miraculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we didn't do a miraculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we didn't do a miraculously
+wonderful thing right I even had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing right I even had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing right I even had it
+recently because school which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently because school which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently because school which is
+so something I believed in four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something I believed in four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something I believed in four years
+google it's just marvelous it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it's just marvelous it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it's just marvelous it's a great
+achievement of the modern world whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement of the modern world whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement of the modern world whenever
+I want to learn about anything i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn about anything i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn about anything i just
+got gogrid google it came on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got gogrid google it came on the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got gogrid google it came on the market
+and it ended up about a year ago I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ended up about a year ago I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ended up about a year ago I think
+it was at 88 and I've long since stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at 88 and I've long since stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at 88 and I've long since stopped
+thinking of speculating on the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of speculating on the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of speculating on the stock
+market but I there was part of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but I there was part of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but I there was part of my life
+and I didn't do anything and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't do anything and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't do anything and then within
+a year I think it's now doubled and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year I think it's now doubled and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year I think it's now doubled and even
+though I don't speculate and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't speculate and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't speculate and I don't
+care about what I would have made well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what I would have made well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what I would have made well
+what I was done with that money I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was done with that money I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was done with that money I still
+have the feeling i could have bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the feeling i could have bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the feeling i could have bought
+google it 88 that's just you know part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it 88 that's just you know part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it 88 that's just you know part
+of the human imagination it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human imagination it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human imagination it's got
+nothing to do with the realities but go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the realities but go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the realities but go
+into whom one loves and whom one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whom one loves and whom one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whom one loves and whom one could
+be happy in love with that's one answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy in love with that's one answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy in love with that's one answer
+to your point we change in that respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your point we change in that respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your point we change in that respect
+and but having the lingering hangover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but having the lingering hangover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but having the lingering hangover of
+the past without which we wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past without which we wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past without which we wouldn't have
+an imagination that's part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imagination that's part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imagination that's part of our
+creativity that we create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that we create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that we create these
+fantasies and so I don't demean them any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasies and so I don't demean them any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasies and so I don't demean them any
+more than I demean soap operas I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I demean soap operas I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I demean soap operas I think I
+mentioned that in the in what you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that in the in what you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that in the in what you read
+this is people dealing with life and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people dealing with life and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people dealing with life and my
+job as of losses to try to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as of losses to try to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as of losses to try to understand it
+I get bored by soap operas so I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get bored by soap operas so I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get bored by soap operas so I never
+watch them but that I don't demean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them but that I don't demean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them but that I don't demean the
+fact that this is relevant to life okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is relevant to life okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is relevant to life okay
+that's one thing I wanted to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I wanted to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I wanted to say the
+second was this was where I was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second was this was where I was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second was this was where I was about to
+say when Stavros started talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when Stavros started talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when Stavros started talking and
+please interrupt me again at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we not only changed in that respect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we not only changed in that respect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we not only changed in that respect but
+we also change in our ability to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also change in our ability to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also change in our ability to receive
+the good and the beautiful and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the beautiful and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the beautiful and having
+reached old age I find that nowadays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached old age I find that nowadays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached old age I find that nowadays and
+for quiet in quite a number of years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quiet in quite a number of years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quiet in quite a number of years but
+not but something I could never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but something I could never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but something I could never have
+done earlier I have a way of discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done earlier I have a way of discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done earlier I have a way of discovering
+beauty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty in
+people in women in and in men but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in women in and in men but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in women in and in men but in
+different ways because the sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways because the sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways because the sexual
+orientation is always present even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation is always present even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation is always present even if
+it's not active and so I look at women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not active and so I look at women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not active and so I look at women
+differently from the way look at men but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from the way look at men but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from the way look at men but
+I look at both men and the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at both men and the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at both men and the extent that
+I'm capable of doing it animals I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm capable of doing it animals I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm capable of doing it animals I look
+at them and perceive phenomena about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and perceive phenomena about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and perceive phenomena about
+them that I could never received before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that I could never received before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that I could never received before
+and beauties about them so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beauties about them so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beauties about them so that when
+some people say to me you know can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say to me you know can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say to me you know can you
+find old women beautiful I always add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find old women beautiful I always add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find old women beautiful I always add
+sir I think beauty exists at every age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I think beauty exists at every age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I think beauty exists at every age
+it's simply a question of your being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a question of your being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a question of your being
+able to receive it and in most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to receive it and in most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to receive it and in most people
+there is some kind of beauty usually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some kind of beauty usually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some kind of beauty usually of
+an unexpected sort one that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unexpected sort one that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unexpected sort one that I would
+never have been able to perceive that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been able to perceive that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been able to perceive that on
+the basis of a life devoted to this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a life devoted to this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of a life devoted to this it
+has been with me there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been with me there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been with me there are all sorts of
+beauties that come out that are for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties that come out that are for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties that come out that are for me
+very valuable that I cherish and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable that I cherish and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable that I cherish and that
+the person herself or himself might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person herself or himself might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person herself or himself might not
+even recognize I find that I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even recognize I find that I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even recognize I find that I find that
+in my relation my cygnets I perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my relation my cygnets I perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my relation my cygnets I perceive
+things that I couldn't have before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I couldn't have before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I couldn't have before I'm
+still an egocentric but I still know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an egocentric but I still know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an egocentric but I still know how
+to look into the eyes of the people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into the eyes of the people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into the eyes of the people and
+talking to and perceives what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to and perceives what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to and perceives what's going on
+to some extent in in their minds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in in their minds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in in their minds and
+that is a cause of creating in myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a cause of creating in myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a cause of creating in myself
+the ability to the stove value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to the stove value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to the stove value which
+then gives them a greater appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives them a greater appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives them a greater appraisal
+value and that is the function of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that is the function of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that is the function of human
+development in my case I'm sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in my case I'm sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in my case I'm sure it's
+very limited and a saint whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited and a saint whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited and a saint whatever the
+religion may be because the religion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion may be because the religion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion may be because the religion is
+simply a way of authorizing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a way of authorizing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a way of authorizing this kind of
+process you can have it without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can have it without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can have it without the
+religion it's the process that for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it's the process that for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it's the process that for me
+matters most of all but the happy news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most of all but the happy news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most of all but the happy news
+the words st. for the kind of person I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words st. for the kind of person I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words st. for the kind of person I'm
+talking about whether or not the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether or not the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether or not the person
+is nay theists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nay theists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nay theists
+a saint can do it better than most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saint can do it better than most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saint can do it better than most
+people if same can do it better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if same can do it better than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if same can do it better than I
+can that's very nice I'm not a saint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that's very nice I'm not a saint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that's very nice I'm not a saint and
+I then covered myself and say yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then covered myself and say yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then covered myself and say yeah but
+Saints don't write books so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saints don't write books so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saints don't write books so I have
+something to say to another doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say to another doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say to another doesn't have
+but the two are not unrelated it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two are not unrelated it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the two are not unrelated it's the
+discretion of yourself that underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion of yourself that underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion of yourself that underlies
+his ability than talking about and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ability than talking about and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ability than talking about and the
+ability shows how the stole which is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability shows how the stole which is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability shows how the stole which is so
+M vague and amorphous can create develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M vague and amorphous can create develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M vague and amorphous can create develop
+and exist creatively throughout a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exist creatively throughout a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exist creatively throughout a
+person's life and get better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's life and get better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's life and get better and better
+I wish mine were better than it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish mine were better than it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish mine were better than it is you
+notice I stare at you all the time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I stare at you all the time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I stare at you all the time I'm
+beginning to wonder whether that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to wonder whether that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to wonder whether that's why
+often when I'm in the street and I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I'm in the street and I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I'm in the street and I told
+you that I have this habit I and staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I have this habit I and staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I have this habit I and staring
+at everything and other people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at everything and other people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at everything and other people don't
+they seem wrapped up in themselves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem wrapped up in themselves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem wrapped up in themselves or
+ashamed or oh the women don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed or oh the women don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed or oh the women don't like to
+look at men because then men will hit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at men because then men will hit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at men because then men will hit on
+them so it's a protective protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a protective protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a protective protective
+pretence to be in you know on observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretence to be in you know on observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretence to be in you know on observing
+that women Abbott women are very good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women Abbott women are very good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women Abbott women are very good to
+observe suppling what they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe suppling what they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe suppling what they want to
+observe but they don't stare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but they don't stare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but they don't stare with the
+kind of fixation that I do trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fixation that I do trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fixation that I do trying to
+make contact with whatever is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact with whatever is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact with whatever is going on
+even if I never talked to the person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I never talked to the person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I never talked to the person or
+touched a person or anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched a person or anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched a person or anything to do with
+a person for me that's that's a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person for me that's that's a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person for me that's that's a creative
+gift related to the soul that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift related to the soul that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift related to the soul that I'm
+struggling to bring about but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to bring about but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to bring about but don't
+succeed very well but what I notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very well but what I notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very well but what I notice is
+that people smile at night and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people smile at night and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people smile at night and I think
+oh is this somebody I know my forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh is this somebody I know my forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh is this somebody I know my forgotten
+a student who's a former student of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student who's a former student of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student who's a former student of mine
+because I'm terrible that like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm terrible that like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm terrible that like all
+professors forgetting who their students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors forgetting who their students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors forgetting who their students
+were or is it because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were or is it because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were or is it because there's a
+look of a look on my face which elicits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look of a look on my face which elicits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look of a look on my face which elicits
+that maybe I'm even smiling because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe I'm even smiling because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe I'm even smiling because I'm
+concentrating I don't frown when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating I don't frown when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating I don't frown when I do
+that and so there's a smile back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so there's a smile back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so there's a smile back and
+sometimes they talk to me and I look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they talk to me and I look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they talk to me and I look as
+if they know me and that then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they know me and that then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they know me and that then I have
+it's embarrassing I was in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's embarrassing I was in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's embarrassing I was in the country
+in New Hampshire this weekend where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Hampshire this weekend where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Hampshire this weekend where I
+have a summer place and a man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a summer place and a man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a summer place and a man in
+Walmart's I was in Walmart's and written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart's I was in Walmart's and written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart's I was in Walmart's and written
+in the aisle man smiled at me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aisle man smiled at me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aisle man smiled at me and I
+wondered is this my neighbor and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered is this my neighbor and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered is this my neighbor and I
+forgotten who he is what should I say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten who he is what should I say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten who he is what should I say to
+him and you know I didn't want to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and you know I didn't want to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and you know I didn't want to cut
+him I didn't want ignore him and I no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I didn't want ignore him and I no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I didn't want ignore him and I no
+idea he looked a little like somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he looked a little like somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he looked a little like somebody
+but I know that's not him so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know that's not him so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know that's not him so I
+fabricated I said isn't a terrible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated I said isn't a terrible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated I said isn't a terrible the
+tax rate going up 12 and a half percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate going up 12 and a half percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate going up 12 and a half percent
+thank you that's something everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's something everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's something everybody
+would be concerned about and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be concerned about and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be concerned about and he said
+well it's always going up and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's always going up and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's always going up and he
+probably had realized that he had smiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had realized that he had smiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had realized that he had smiled
+in an idiot escape for free I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an idiot escape for free I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an idiot escape for free I have no
+way of knowing it's part of the peril of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of knowing it's part of the peril of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of knowing it's part of the peril of
+living this way that I do and say it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living this way that I do and say it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living this way that I do and say it can
+be even worse nevertheless that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even worse nevertheless that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even worse nevertheless that's the
+second way in which the soul can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way in which the soul can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way in which the soul can
+creatively discover appraised values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively discover appraised values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively discover appraised values
+that one might not have had might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might not have had might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might not have had might not
+have recognized and therefore that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recognized and therefore that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recognized and therefore that if
+nobody recognizes they don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody recognizes they don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody recognizes they don't exist
+because the appraised value has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the appraised value has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the appraised value has to
+belong to some community of appraisers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to some community of appraisers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to some community of appraisers
+and so there are people who may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are people who may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are people who may be
+beautiful in one sense but not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in one sense but not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in one sense but not in the
+sense of being appraised very high eunos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of being appraised very high eunos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of being appraised very high eunos
+nobody meant perceive his or her beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should we take a little break yeah we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take a little break yeah we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take a little break yeah we've
+been going on for almost an hour and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on for almost an hour and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on for almost an hour and a
+half why don't we take a little break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half why don't we take a little break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half why don't we take a little break
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I would be very easier to hear any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would be very easier to hear any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would be very easier to hear any
+other comments and criticisms you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments and criticisms you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments and criticisms you might
+have about could be the same subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about could be the same subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about could be the same subject
+we've been talking about appraisal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about appraisal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about appraisal and
+bestow or anything else related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow or anything else related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow or anything else related to this
+reading for today have you've read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for today have you've read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for today have you've read the
+pursuit of love and you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love and you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love and you must have
+noticed how different this writing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed how different this writing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed how different this writing is
+how how later it is from the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how later it is from the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how later it is from the time that
+the pursuit of love was written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pursuit of love was written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pursuit of love was written as a
+matter of fact it's about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact it's about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact it's about the same
+period it's just that I hadn't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's just that I hadn't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's just that I hadn't didn't
+have for the pursuit of love I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the pursuit of love I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the pursuit of love I didn't
+have the kind of stimulus that was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of stimulus that was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of stimulus that was given
+to me by participating in the symposium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me by participating in the symposium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me by participating in the symposium
+which for me is as I think I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is as I think I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is as I think I may have
+told you it was a very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you it was a very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you it was a very creative
+experience did I tell you about that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience did I tell you about that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience did I tell you about that how
+I used to sit in the first row with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to sit in the first row with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to sit in the first row with a
+chair in front of me and take off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in front of me and take off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair in front of me and take off my
+shoes and comment on the papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes and comment on the papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes and comment on the papers that
+people were giving and they eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were giving and they eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were giving and they eventually
+got into the habit of calling on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the habit of calling on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the habit of calling on me
+first and that my entire effort was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and that my entire effort was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and that my entire effort was to
+help their them make their ideas clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help their them make their ideas clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help their them make their ideas clear
+and I don't know how well I succeeded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know how well I succeeded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know how well I succeeded or
+whether I'm even good at doing that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm even good at doing that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm even good at doing that but
+I could notice that they were surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could notice that they were surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could notice that they were surprised
+the usual setting for such a thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual setting for such a thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual setting for such a thing is
+that everybody is trying to impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is trying to impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is trying to impress
+everybody else everybody's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else everybody's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else everybody's trying to
+one-up everybody else everybody is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-up everybody else everybody is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-up everybody else everybody is using
+this as an opportunity to present ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an opportunity to present ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an opportunity to present ideas
+of his own as if they were original and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own as if they were original and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own as if they were original and
+here I was encouraging them to attack me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I was encouraging them to attack me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I was encouraging them to attack me
+and being happy to work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being happy to work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being happy to work at the
+difficulties I think I may have told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties I think I may have told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties I think I may have told you
+stop me if I have told this to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if I have told this to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if I have told this to you about
+one person who afterwards sent in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person who afterwards sent in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person who afterwards sent in his
+essay for publication and the editors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay for publication and the editors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay for publication and the editors
+asked me to look at them and I wrote him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to look at them and I wrote him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to look at them and I wrote him
+saying you know you you're you're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know you you're you're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know you you're you're too
+flattering to me you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering to me you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering to me you don't you don't
+agree with me on various points and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me on various points and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me on various points and you
+ought to develop them and I sort of gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to develop them and I sort of gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to develop them and I sort of gave
+him hints about how to attack Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him hints about how to attack Irving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him hints about how to attack Irving
+singer and his writing and he took me up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer and his writing and he took me up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer and his writing and he took me up
+on that and then what that published was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then what that published was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then what that published was
+a much less favorable paper not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much less favorable paper not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much less favorable paper not only
+because he was attacking me which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was attacking me which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was attacking me which is
+fine but also he limited places places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but also he limited places places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but also he limited places places
+in which he was praising me too much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he was praising me too much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he was praising me too much so
+I was a little different in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a little different in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a little different in a sense
+little disappointed but also I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disappointed but also I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disappointed but also I realized
+that that was right I can live without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was right I can live without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was right I can live without
+the praise but the world would benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the praise but the world would benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the praise but the world would benefit
+from his expressing his contrary point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his expressing his contrary point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his expressing his contrary point
+of view and in that respect it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and in that respect it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and in that respect it was all
+very creative for me I had an audience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very creative for me I had an audience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very creative for me I had an audience I
+had people I could work with and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people I could work with and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people I could work with and it
+would it immediately come came out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it immediately come came out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it immediately come came out in a
+publication but that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication but that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication but that's why I'm
+encouraging you to let me know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging you to let me know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging you to let me know your
+views you know it all come out on in roc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views you know it all come out on in roc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views you know it all come out on in roc
+w this is your chance to be on filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is your chance to be on filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w this is your chance to be on filmed
+making it a telling comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it a telling comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it a telling comment that
+Erickson who can't replied to a van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I agree with you in that we shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with you in that we shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with you in that we shouldn't
+try to change the beloved and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to change the beloved and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to change the beloved and then we
+should accept him or her as they are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should accept him or her as they are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should accept him or her as they are but
+I think that there is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that there is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that there is some kind of
+paternalism for the other person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism for the other person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism for the other person in the
+sense that if we didn't do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if we didn't do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if we didn't do anything to
+change something that we can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something that we can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something that we can see is
+hurting our beloved it would be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting our beloved it would be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting our beloved it would be almost
+like not caring so it's not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not caring so it's not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not caring so it's not trying to
+impose our values but it's just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose our values but it's just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose our values but it's just looking
+for the betterment of that other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the betterment of that other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the betterment of that other person
+that matters to us no I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters to us no I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters to us no I think you're
+putting a finger exactly on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a finger exactly on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a finger exactly on the problem
+which is where do you draw the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where do you draw the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where do you draw the line
+between acceptance as an expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between acceptance as an expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between acceptance as an expression of
+your pasola vol ability to love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pasola vol ability to love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pasola vol ability to love and
+we're in going beyond that are you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in going beyond that are you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in going beyond that are you and
+in extending that are you losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extending that are you losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extending that are you losing
+interest or showing a lack of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or showing a lack of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or showing a lack of interest
+or appearing to and if you go beyond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or appearing to and if you go beyond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or appearing to and if you go beyond it
+aren't you being paternalistic and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you being paternalistic and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you being paternalistic and that
+undermines your loving you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermines your loving you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermines your loving you know if you
+tell a person don't do that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a person don't do that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a person don't do that you want to
+do it but I won't love you fall hate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but I won't love you fall hate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but I won't love you fall hate you
+for it or it's wrong for you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it or it's wrong for you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it or it's wrong for you to do that
+it might be good advice but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be good advice but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be good advice but it is
+necessarily an expression of love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an expression of love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an expression of love this
+is a problem that people face not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that people face not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that people face not only
+in their intimate relationship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their intimate relationship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their intimate relationship in
+adulthood but it's it's systemic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood but it's it's systemic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood but it's it's systemic to the
+relationship between parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between parents and
+children because if you are if you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children because if you are if you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children because if you are if you love
+your children then you should accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your children then you should accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your children then you should accept
+with all these childish things they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these childish things they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these childish things they do
+but somehow the children can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow the children can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow the children can't
+understand why you dumb they take it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you dumb they take it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you dumb they take it as
+an act of love when you say no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of love when you say no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of love when you say no you
+mustn't set fire to the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't set fire to the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't set fire to the cat
+or or your sisters quit and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or your sisters quit and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or your sisters quit and you know
+what I'm not doing anything wrong i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not doing anything wrong i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not doing anything wrong i'm
+just playing playing a little game which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing playing a little game which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing playing a little game which
+involves inside the aries from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves inside the aries from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves inside the aries from the
+child's point of view the the very fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's point of view the the very fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's point of view the the very fact
+that parents have authority that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parents have authority that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parents have authority that they
+can tell you what's right and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you what's right and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you what's right and what's
+wrong they can punish you they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they can punish you they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they can punish you they can
+control your choices in life some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your choices in life some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your choices in life some of
+which they can't possibly understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they can't possibly understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they can't possibly understand
+because they are so much older that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are so much older that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are so much older that
+indicate to the child that the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate to the child that the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate to the child that the parent
+doesn't really love them and as if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really love them and as if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really love them and as if this
+is part of the queasiness and ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the queasiness and ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the queasiness and ambiguity
+and being human I don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being human I don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being human I don't think there's
+any solution to that I think it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution to that I think it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution to that I think it's at
+this point the statement of the Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the statement of the Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the statement of the Buddha
+comes in you know the Buddha's count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in you know the Buddha's count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in you know the Buddha's count
+people in the in the stories about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the in the stories about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the in the stories about the
+Buddha they come to him for advice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha they come to him for advice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha they come to him for advice about
+difficult questions and he ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult questions and he ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult questions and he ends up
+saying work out your salvation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying work out your salvation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying work out your salvation with
+diligence which isn't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence which isn't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence which isn't for
+bit you want that a yes or a No what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you want that a yes or a No what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you want that a yes or a No what
+should I do and there is a no yes or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do and there is a no yes or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do and there is a no yes or a
+No life doesn't lend itself to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No life doesn't lend itself to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No life doesn't lend itself to that and
+this is one area I think in which that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one area I think in which that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one area I think in which that's
+true you can't draw a line the art line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can't draw a line the art line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can't draw a line the art line
+is artificial it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is artificial it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is artificial it's like the
+artificiality and most of our laws about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificiality and most of our laws about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificiality and most of our laws about
+human behavior I mean we agree that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior I mean we agree that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior I mean we agree that you
+mustn't murder other people unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't murder other people unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't murder other people unless
+unless it's done because your soldier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's done because your soldier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's done because your soldier
+then it's alright but there error when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's alright but there error when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's alright but there error when
+you're not a soldier you can't even kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a soldier you can't even kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a soldier you can't even kill
+people let alone murder them why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people let alone murder them why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people let alone murder them why well
+society would fall apart from abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society would fall apart from abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society would fall apart from abstract
+reasons like that they're very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons like that they're very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons like that they're very good
+abstract reasons i'm not in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract reasons i'm not in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract reasons i'm not in favor of
+eliminating laws against murder but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating laws against murder but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating laws against murder but it's
+very hard to know how to adjudicate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to know how to adjudicate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to know how to adjudicate in
+the case of sex that's it's even more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of sex that's it's even more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of sex that's it's even more so
+most states in this country have laws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most states in this country have laws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most states in this country have laws to
+protect juveniles from a sexual behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect juveniles from a sexual behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect juveniles from a sexual behavior
+of a consensual sort that the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a consensual sort that the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a consensual sort that the child
+might make on the grounds of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make on the grounds of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make on the grounds of the child
+isn't as an age in which he or she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as an age in which he or she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as an age in which he or she can
+make a mature rational decision all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mature rational decision all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a mature rational decision all
+right children do have to be protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right children do have to be protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right children do have to be protected
+but at what age often if there is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at what age often if there is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at what age often if there is from
+community community it certainly varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community community it certainly varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community community it certainly varies
+in other countries should be 18 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries should be 18 should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries should be 18 should
+it be 14 should it be 12 in India they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be 14 should it be 12 in India they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be 14 should it be 12 in India they
+used to maybe they still do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to maybe they still do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to maybe they still do have a
+marriage at the age of 11 and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage at the age of 11 and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage at the age of 11 and I don't
+know if that's the result of choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's the result of choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's the result of choice but
+then marriage might not be as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then marriage might not be as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then marriage might not be as a result
+of choice anyhow it's very hard to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice anyhow it's very hard to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice anyhow it's very hard to know
+what the ages and I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ages and I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ages and I don't have any
+recommendations now if my feeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations now if my feeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations now if my feeling is
+like the Buddhist there's a story not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Buddhist there's a story not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Buddhist there's a story not
+unrelated to this a course of the Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to this a course of the Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to this a course of the Buddha
+having created a man and the first man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having created a man and the first man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having created a man and the first man
+and eventually after a while the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually after a while the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually after a while the man
+goes to the Buddha and says thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the Buddha and says thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the Buddha and says thank you
+very much for having created me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for having created me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for having created me the
+trouble is I'm lonely I'm all alone by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is I'm lonely I'm all alone by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is I'm lonely I'm all alone by
+myself and Buddha said oh all right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and Buddha said oh all right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and Buddha said oh all right I'll
+take care of that su creates a woman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of that su creates a woman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of that su creates a woman and
+men very grateful and they go off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men very grateful and they go off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men very grateful and they go off and
+after a while the man comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while the man comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while the man comes back and
+says that you were very good to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you were very good to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you were very good to me and
+giving me a woman as my companion but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a woman as my companion but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me a woman as my companion but I
+can't live with her I was so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live with her I was so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live with her I was so different
+and we argue in coral and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we argue in coral and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we argue in coral and so the the
+Buddha says oh well that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha says oh well that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha says oh well that's all right
+i'll create divorce you can divorce when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll create divorce you can divorce when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll create divorce you can divorce when
+things are going badly so they divorce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going badly so they divorce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going badly so they divorce
+and then the man comes back with a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the man comes back with a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the man comes back with a woman
+and says the Buddha you gave me I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says the Buddha you gave me I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says the Buddha you gave me I was
+lonely without a woman you gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely without a woman you gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely without a woman you gave me the
+woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+and I couldn't live with her now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't live with her now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't live with her now we're
+divorced and I can't live without her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced and I can't live without her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced and I can't live without her
+and this is the problem for the Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem for the Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem for the Buddha
+and so the Buddhists smiled benignly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Buddhists smiled benignly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Buddhists smiled benignly and
+says you can't live with each other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you can't live with each other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you can't live with each other you
+can't live without each other work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live without each other work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live without each other work out
+your salvation with diligence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your salvation with diligence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your salvation with diligence which
+seems to me like a impossible answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me like a impossible answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me like a impossible answer
+except that it's really a right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it's really a right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it's really a right answer
+if it's a different indicates there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a different indicates there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a different indicates there's no
+right and wrong you've got to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong you've got to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong you've got to do the
+best you can that's the way nature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can that's the way nature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can that's the way nature as
+structured our most important aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured our most important aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured our most important aspects
+you there's no guarantee that children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's no guarantee that children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's no guarantee that children
+must be 18 before they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 18 before they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 18 before they they're
+consensual admittance into sex isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual admittance into sex isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensual admittance into sex isn't
+called rape it depends on what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rape it depends on what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rape it depends on what people
+think and what the society allows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and what the society allows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and what the society allows and
+what will work in any particular society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will work in any particular society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will work in any particular society
+even in the Casa question about sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the Casa question about sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the Casa question about sanity
+you know the Miller ruling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Miller ruling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Miller ruling of the
+Supreme Court about obscenity in movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court about obscenity in movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court about obscenity in movies
+or literature or anything has one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literature or anything has one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literature or anything has one of the
+criteria what is acceptable to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria what is acceptable to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria what is acceptable to a
+community so in some parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so in some parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so in some parts of this
+country one kind of activity or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one kind of activity or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one kind of activity or or
+production or work of art is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or work of art is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or work of art is called
+obscene and people can be put in prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscene and people can be put in prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscene and people can be put in prison
+for it and then and in other other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and then and in other other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and then and in other other parts
+it's perfectly all right and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly all right and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly all right and even
+extends to prostitution which is legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to prostitution which is legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to prostitution which is legal
+in places parts of Nevada and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places parts of Nevada and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places parts of Nevada and very
+illegal most of the country or bigamy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal most of the country or bigamy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal most of the country or bigamy
+there isn't any answer there i mean our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any answer there i mean our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any answer there i mean our
+answers there isn't any assurance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers there isn't any assurance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers there isn't any assurance that
+there's a right way in the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a right way in the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a right way in the wrong way
+that applies to everyone you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to everyone you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to everyone you can find
+out what's the right way for you perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the right way for you perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the right way for you perhaps
+if you're lucky or your society can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky or your society can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky or your society can
+through trial and error but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trial and error but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trial and error but I
+because of the structure of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the structure of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the structure of reality
+because of some religious ultimate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some religious ultimate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some religious ultimate which
+is supposed to reveal the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to reveal the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to reveal the nature of
+being that that I feel is the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that that I feel is the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that that I feel is the wrong way
+of approaching the situation so what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approaching the situation so what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approaching the situation so what can
+we do with this how would you resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with this how would you resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with this how would you resolve
+the question about the journalism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about the journalism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about the journalism and
+love in personal love and the long of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in personal love and the long of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in personal love and the long of a
+couple because you're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple because you're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple because you're saying that
+children regard the adults as having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children regard the adults as having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children regard the adults as having the
+authority but I think that in a love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority but I think that in a love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority but I think that in a love
+relationship when when someone tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship when when someone tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship when when someone tells the
+partner I mean when the partner tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner I mean when the partner tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner I mean when the partner tells
+the other partner you should do this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other partner you should do this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other partner you should do this he
+or she is not imposing that it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she is not imposing that it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she is not imposing that it's just a
+suggestion so and I think the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion so and I think the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion so and I think the other
+person doesn't regard his or her partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't regard his or her partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't regard his or her partner
+as being an authority I think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being an authority I think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being an authority I think it's more
+a situation of equals well but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation of equals well but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation of equals well but what if
+an example that cold uses the wife is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that cold uses the wife is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that cold uses the wife is
+addicted to nicotine let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addicted to nicotine let's say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addicted to nicotine let's say and
+doesn't want to be he knows she doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to be he knows she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to be he knows she doesn't
+want to be but she is addicted does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be but she is addicted does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be but she is addicted does he
+have a right to steal or cigarettes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a right to steal or cigarettes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a right to steal or cigarettes to
+force her in some violent way even not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force her in some violent way even not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force her in some violent way even not
+to smoke does he have right to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke does he have right to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke does he have right to take it
+out of her mouth or ball her out out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of her mouth or ball her out out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of her mouth or ball her out out of
+love saying I wouldn't want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love saying I wouldn't want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love saying I wouldn't want you to have
+it let's say that she has set in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say that she has set in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say that she has set in you
+know I if I'm ever have a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I if I'm ever have a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I if I'm ever have a serious
+disease I just don't want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease I just don't want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease I just don't want to go through
+with it I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I don't want to
+live and suffer I just assumed I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and suffer I just assumed I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and suffer I just assumed I right
+now from his point of view this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from his point of view this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from his point of view this may
+sound suicidal let's say that she keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound suicidal let's say that she keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound suicidal let's say that she keeps
+in her medicine Chad one day opens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her medicine Chad one day opens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her medicine Chad one day opens the
+medicine chest to her let's say she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine chest to her let's say she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine chest to her let's say she has
+a separate separate bathroom and in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate separate bathroom and in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate separate bathroom and in her
+medicine chest he sees a bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine chest he sees a bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine chest he sees a bottle of
+poison and he thinks it's because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and he thinks it's because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and he thinks it's because she
+would she'd really would take it if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would she'd really would take it if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would she'd really would take it if she
+ever went to the doctor and he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever went to the doctor and he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever went to the doctor and he said you
+have an incurable cancer right out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incurable cancer right out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incurable cancer right out of
+love for her and is evenness to keep her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for her and is evenness to keep her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for her and is evenness to keep her
+alive does he have a right to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive does he have a right to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive does he have a right to steal the
+poison and empty it does he have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and empty it does he have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and empty it does he have a right
+to interfere with our desire under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with our desire under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with our desire under these
+circumstances I think that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I think that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I think that's where the
+issue comes in it would be paternalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue comes in it would be paternalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue comes in it would be paternalistic
+but cones argument is that if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cones argument is that if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cones argument is that if you really
+care about somebody you can't just stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about somebody you can't just stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about somebody you can't just stand
+by and ignore the hazards you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and ignore the hazards you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and ignore the hazards you have to
+act paternalistic alee out of love your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act paternalistic alee out of love your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act paternalistic alee out of love your
+love requires you to be paternalistic do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love requires you to be paternalistic do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love requires you to be paternalistic do
+you want to carry this further do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to carry this further do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to carry this further do you
+agree with him or not yes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with him or not yes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with him or not yes there's a
+limit to the extent to which we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to the extent to which we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to the extent to which we can take
+that the journalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the journalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the journalism
+I don't know about the situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about the situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about the situation with
+the poison but about the situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poison but about the situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poison but about the situation with
+the cigarettes if we know that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarettes if we know that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarettes if we know that that is
+what the other person wants to quit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person wants to quit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person wants to quit then
+I think helping helping her and giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think helping helping her and giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think helping helping her and giving
+her support will would help her achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her support will would help her achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her support will would help her achieve
+that goal of quitting it might or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal of quitting it might or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal of quitting it might or might
+not you know Adam it's a my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know Adam it's a my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know Adam it's a my argument
+would be out of love you could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be out of love you could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be out of love you could make a
+very strong effort you might use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong effort you might use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong effort you might use their
+imagination to think of ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination to think of ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination to think of ways in which
+you might control her addiction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might control her addiction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might control her addiction for
+reminder that nowadays people who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder that nowadays people who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder that nowadays people who come
+who are diagnosed with serious cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are diagnosed with serious cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are diagnosed with serious cancers
+often don't die of it because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often don't die of it because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often don't die of it because there are
+so many medical and surgical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many medical and surgical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many medical and surgical
+interventions that can ruin a person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that can ruin a person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions that can ruin a person's
+life and people who succeed in that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and people who succeed in that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and people who succeed in that are
+glad that they go through it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad that they go through it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad that they go through it you can
+make that kind of effort out of love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that kind of effort out of love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that kind of effort out of love and
+if you didn't one would say did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't one would say did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't one would say did you
+really love her you would yeah we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love her you would yeah we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love her you would yeah we really
+use you agree with her that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you agree with her that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you agree with her that if you if
+you're going to have to face the ordeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to face the ordeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to face the ordeal
+of curing your cancer life isn't worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curing your cancer life isn't worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curing your cancer life isn't worth
+living looks as if maybe you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living looks as if maybe you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living looks as if maybe you don't care
+about it maybe you don't but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it maybe you don't but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it maybe you don't but if you
+force that kind of view the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that kind of view the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that kind of view the need to
+perpetuate life under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate life under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate life under those
+circumstances of honor that doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of honor that doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of honor that doesn't look
+like glove love costs alone consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glove love costs alone consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glove love costs alone consistent
+accepting the other person as he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the other person as he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the other person as he or she
+is rather than regulating her or him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather than regulating her or him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather than regulating her or him in
+accordance to the ideals of yours that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance to the ideals of yours that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance to the ideals of yours that
+may not match hers in this case and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not match hers in this case and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not match hers in this case and this
+applies to children and I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to children and I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to children and I think in the
+case of children's it's much much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of children's it's much much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of children's it's much much worse
+because with adults who are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with adults who are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with adults who are capable of
+loving each other they have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving each other they have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving each other they have enough
+rationality that often have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that often have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that often have a lot of
+experience to have feelings they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to have feelings they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to have feelings they
+be confused about their feelings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused about their feelings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused about their feelings but
+they may also know pretty much what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may also know pretty much what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may also know pretty much what they
+want to get out of life they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out of life they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out of life they don't
+doesn't mean that they know the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they know the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they know the meaning
+in life but they you know the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life but they you know the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life but they you know the woman
+might be in a position to say I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in a position to say I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in a position to say I've seen
+people suffering and I don't think life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suffering and I don't think life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suffering and I don't think life
+is worth it I think I'd rather not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth it I think I'd rather not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth it I think I'd rather not
+suffer this is something a mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer this is something a mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer this is something a mature
+rational person might say as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational person might say as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational person might say as opposed to
+two alternatives one the person is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two alternatives one the person is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two alternatives one the person is out
+of her mind in a psychotic episode has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her mind in a psychotic episode has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her mind in a psychotic episode has
+gone mad is on I'm not in control of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone mad is on I'm not in control of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone mad is on I'm not in control of a
+rationality in which case one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in which case one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in which case one has to
+intervene intervene because she can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene intervene because she can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene intervene because she can't
+make a decision and you have to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision and you have to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision and you have to and
+you'll make it in accordance with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make it in accordance with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make it in accordance with what
+you consider best for her but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider best for her but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider best for her but at the
+moment it's not going to be what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's not going to be what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's not going to be what she
+thinks is best for her because there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is best for her because there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is best for her because there if
+she did then things would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did then things would be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did then things would be different
+and the second alternative is if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second alternative is if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second alternative is if she
+hasn't developed enough to be rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't developed enough to be rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't developed enough to be rational
+she might be she might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might be she might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might be she might be
+rationally defective or she may be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationally defective or she may be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationally defective or she may be in
+the condition of children which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of children which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of children which means
+that her powers of ration the fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her powers of ration the fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her powers of ration the fashion
+allottee haven't yet matured children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allottee haven't yet matured children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allottee haven't yet matured children
+are not psychotic or defective or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not psychotic or defective or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not psychotic or defective or
+ when they're irrational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ when they're irrational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ when they're irrational and
+childhood but we know it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood but we know it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood but we know it takes a little
+time so what do we do math in we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what do we do math in we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what do we do math in we love
+them we want what's best for them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we want what's best for them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we want what's best for them and
+they often have enough rationality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often have enough rationality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often have enough rationality to
+disagree with us and even to defeat our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with us and even to defeat our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with us and even to defeat our
+hopes for what we consider best for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes for what we consider best for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes for what we consider best for them
+and then of course all that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course all that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course all that whole
+intervening period in adolescence when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening period in adolescence when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening period in adolescence when
+children are very strong in that respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are very strong in that respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are very strong in that respect
+or you know can put up a good fight out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know can put up a good fight out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know can put up a good fight out
+of life of them should would one say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life of them should would one say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life of them should would one say
+well okay you know you want to go roller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you know you want to go roller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you know you want to go roller
+skating on the edge of a precipice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skating on the edge of a precipice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skating on the edge of a precipice of
+what if what am I to say I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what am I to say I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what am I to say I hope you
+survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+right looks as if it's not luck or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks as if it's not luck or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks as if it's not luck or out
+of love do we simply have to give up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love do we simply have to give up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love do we simply have to give up and
+say they're right they know the dangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're right they know the dangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're right they know the dangers
+and we have to accept them as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to accept them as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to accept them as they are
+then I don't find an easy solution every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't find an easy solution every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't find an easy solution every
+the every person is different every age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every person is different every age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every person is different every age
+is different every situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different every situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different every situation is
+different some of the hazards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different some of the hazards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different some of the hazards are
+themselves a function of temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a function of temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a function of temporary
+conditions of society at one time women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of society at one time women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of society at one time women
+in particular girls in particular were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular girls in particular were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular girls in particular were
+there their freedom was tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there their freedom was tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there their freedom was tremendously
+restrained so that they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained so that they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained so that they don't have a
+child out of wedlock unmarried when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child out of wedlock unmarried when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child out of wedlock unmarried when they
+might be capable of love they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be capable of love they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be capable of love they might be
+capable of very strong emotional sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of very strong emotional sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of very strong emotional sexual
+feelings but if they got knocked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings but if they got knocked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings but if they got knocked up
+which itself shows it's a derogatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself shows it's a derogatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself shows it's a derogatory
+word then they're ruined for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word then they're ruined for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word then they're ruined for the rest of
+their lives and also probably ruining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and also probably ruining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and also probably ruining
+the family and all sorts of consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family and all sorts of consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family and all sorts of consequences
+that would that was a reality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that was a reality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that was a reality that
+parents had to face within less within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents had to face within less within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents had to face within less within
+my lifetime certainly it isn't that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lifetime certainly it isn't that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lifetime certainly it isn't that it's
+still reality in many parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reality in many parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reality in many parts of the world
+in many societies is it isn't anymore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many societies is it isn't anymore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many societies is it isn't anymore in
+America today so when the problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America today so when the problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America today so when the problem about
+love in conflict with freedom doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in conflict with freedom doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in conflict with freedom doesn't
+have an acceptance and can't in conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an acceptance and can't in conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an acceptance and can't in conflict
+with freedom doesn't quite to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with freedom doesn't quite to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with freedom doesn't quite to have a
+constant answer it varies and if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant answer it varies and if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant answer it varies and if anyone
+lays down a rule however golden they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays down a rule however golden they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays down a rule however golden they
+call that rule it seems to me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that rule it seems to me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that rule it seems to me to be
+laden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laden
+not a golden rule but a dead rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a golden rule but a dead rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a golden rule but a dead rule that
+should be avoided that's why I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be avoided that's why I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be avoided that's why I'm a
+pluralist one has to work out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralist one has to work out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralist one has to work out one
+salvation with delivered Jin's knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation with delivered Jin's knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation with delivered Jin's knowing
+that there is no one way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no one way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no one way of doing that
+no no single way of doing that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no single way of doing that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no single way of doing that I don't
+know how as I think I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how as I think I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how as I think I mentioned in the
+reply to colds critique too many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to colds critique too many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to colds critique too many people
+this sounds wishy-washy and my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds wishy-washy and my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds wishy-washy and my students
+often do say I'm wishy-washy and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do say I'm wishy-washy and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do say I'm wishy-washy and I don't
+have any fixed rooms or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any fixed rooms or the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any fixed rooms or the right
+answers but that's precisely because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but that's precisely because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but that's precisely because of
+the way I see the world I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I see the world I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I see the world I don't want to
+be anything other than wish you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything other than wish you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything other than wish you watch
+the except for the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the except for the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the except for the you know the
+overtones some of that oh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones some of that oh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones some of that oh I don't know
+whether what I say in response to coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what I say in response to coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what I say in response to coal
+is satisfying anybody want to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfying anybody want to comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfying anybody want to comment on
+there then let me tell you how that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then let me tell you how that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then let me tell you how that got
+written had a meeting of the american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written had a meeting of the american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written had a meeting of the american
+philosophical association one year some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical association one year some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical association one year some
+are just by chance i sat down at lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just by chance i sat down at lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just by chance i sat down at lunch
+and he was this person I didn't know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was this person I didn't know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was this person I didn't know do
+you know anything about him named the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything about him named the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything about him named the
+herb it cold and when I told him my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herb it cold and when I told him my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herb it cold and when I told him my name
+he said urban singer Wow I'm meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said urban singer Wow I'm meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said urban singer Wow I'm meeting
+Irving singer like this and they said or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving singer like this and they said or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving singer like this and they said or
+what do you mean he said well I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean he said well I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean he said well I've been
+invited to participate in a symposium on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to participate in a symposium on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to participate in a symposium on
+your philosophy of love the one the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your philosophy of love the one the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your philosophy of love the one the one
+you know that and we got to talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and we got to talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and we got to talking and
+spent about an hour and a half or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about an hour and a half or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about an hour and a half or so
+talking very well very intimately about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking very well very intimately about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking very well very intimately about
+things not unrelated to what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not unrelated to what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not unrelated to what we were
+just saying it all comes out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it all comes out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it all comes out more
+impersonal of course in the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal of course in the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonal of course in the writing
+became strong in terms of his own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became strong in terms of his own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became strong in terms of his own life
+and others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others and
+and it was friendship is really a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was friendship is really a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was friendship is really a very
+nice thing to experience at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to experience at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to experience at the
+symposium he submitted a paper which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symposium he submitted a paper which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symposium he submitted a paper which he
+had written for some other occasion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written for some other occasion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written for some other occasion on
+the concept of caring about and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of caring about and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+i mentioned that and then mentioned may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that and then mentioned may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that and then mentioned may
+you're hardly i don't know even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hardly i don't know even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hardly i don't know even even
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be in the paper but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be in the paper but we were
+on such good terms when I saw this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such good terms when I saw this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such good terms when I saw this I
+said him look you had these other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said him look you had these other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said him look you had these other ideas
+that are in conflict with mine why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in conflict with mine why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in conflict with mine why can't
+you put that into your paper or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that into your paper or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that into your paper or if you
+want just published a paper which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just published a paper which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just published a paper which is
+interesting and then have a postscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then have a postscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then have a postscript
+in which you attack me because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you attack me because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you attack me because that's
+obviously relevant and I showed our out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously relevant and I showed our out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously relevant and I showed our out
+of the paper you one could derive views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper you one could derive views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper you one could derive views
+that would be in conflict with mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in conflict with mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in conflict with mine and
+he did he wrote a paper 10-15 pages long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he wrote a paper 10-15 pages long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he wrote a paper 10-15 pages long
+I mean an addendum which he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean an addendum which he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean an addendum which he called
+PostScript and that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PostScript and that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PostScript and that's what I was
+responding to and that the both papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to and that the both papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to and that the both papers
+the both parts appeared in the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both parts appeared in the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both parts appeared in the volume
+and I felt really very good about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I felt really very good about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I felt really very good about that
+and then I hadn't thought about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I hadn't thought about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I hadn't thought about these
+issues but now I had to and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but now I had to and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but now I had to and now I
+confronted them because here was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted them because here was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted them because here was the
+person who was very sympathetic to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was very sympathetic to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was very sympathetic to me
+and not an idiot far very far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not an idiot far very far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not an idiot far very far from the
+enid Ian but who had ideas I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enid Ian but who had ideas I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enid Ian but who had ideas I had to
+respect and did respect but had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and did respect but had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and did respect but had and
+thought about responding to and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about responding to and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about responding to and that was
+very grateful he felt this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grateful he felt this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grateful he felt this is a
+wonderful opportunity I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful opportunity I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful opportunity I mentioned this
+to you because being students you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because being students you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because being students you are
+have a chronic pathology the forced upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chronic pathology the forced upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chronic pathology the forced upon
+you which is just because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is just because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is just because you're
+students you were expect to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you were expect to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you were expect to be the
+recipient of the criticisms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient of the criticisms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient of the criticisms of these
+older people who not only criticize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older people who not only criticize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older people who not only criticize you
+but also grade you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also grade you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also grade you
+yes and influence your future life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and influence your future life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and influence your future life
+because you get a final score and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get a final score and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get a final score and that
+might cause you not to go to grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cause you not to go to grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cause you not to go to grad
+schools no getting to graduate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools no getting to graduate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools no getting to graduate law
+school medical school engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school medical school engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school medical school engineering and
+this terrible condition they put you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terrible condition they put you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terrible condition they put you in
+as if you were children again who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you were children again who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you were children again who have
+to be told how to live and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told how to live and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told how to live and it's a
+terrible place now the counterbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible place now the counterbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible place now the counterbalance
+that is if you're lucky they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you're lucky they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you're lucky they'll
+criticize you in ways that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize you in ways that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize you in ways that will help you
+develop your mind I'm not good at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your mind I'm not good at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your mind I'm not good at that
+so when you read my comments on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you read my comments on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you read my comments on your
+paper particularly the first one they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper particularly the first one they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper particularly the first one they're
+usually not very helpful but some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very helpful but some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very helpful but some people
+devote their lives through working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote their lives through working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote their lives through working out
+that kind of criticism and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of criticism and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of criticism and you should
+cherish them and I cherish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherish them and I cherish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherish them and I cherish this
+opportunity of being attacked because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being attacked because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being attacked because
+that's how one of the ways in which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how one of the ways in which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how one of the ways in which one
+learns it brings out the creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns it brings out the creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns it brings out the creativity in
+you because you have to respond and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because you have to respond and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because you have to respond and that
+the response is itself part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is itself part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is itself part of the
+creativity welcome I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity welcome I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity welcome I'll come back to
+that another time anybody want to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another time anybody want to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another time anybody want to defend
+Cole against me also that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cole against me also that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cole against me also that there were
+payoffs to for me because the sequel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs to for me because the sequel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs to for me because the sequel to
+the pursuit of love is the book I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pursuit of love is the book I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pursuit of love is the book I think
+I've mentioned called the harmony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned called the harmony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned called the harmony of
+nature and spirit and there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and spirit and there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and spirit and there are several
+chapters on the nature of happiness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out that Cole had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Cole had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Cole had written
+several papers on that and I asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several papers on that and I asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several papers on that and I asked him
+to send them to me I wouldn't have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send them to me I wouldn't have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send them to me I wouldn't have known
+him or thought about them and I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or thought about them and I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or thought about them and I use
+those papers I remember if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers I remember if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers I remember if they were
+criticizing but they've fructified my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing but they've fructified my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing but they've fructified my
+thinking and some this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and some this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and some this kind of
+interrelationship if it's done properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationship if it's done properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelationship if it's done properly
+and cultivated it can be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultivated it can be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultivated it can be very very
+beneficial and i encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial and i encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial and i encourage you to
+think it out to develop your minds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it out to develop your minds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it out to develop your minds and
+your souls not to be afraid that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your souls not to be afraid that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your souls not to be afraid that's the
+idea people are going to be attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people are going to be attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people are going to be attacking
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or then I'll continue a little long this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then I'll continue a little long this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then I'll continue a little long this
+vein while I was working on the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein while I was working on the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein while I was working on the book
+called harmony of Nations spirit I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called harmony of Nations spirit I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called harmony of Nations spirit I gave
+a public lecture at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public lecture at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public lecture at the University of
+Madrid in Spain very big audience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid in Spain very big audience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid in Spain very big audience and
+translates to read a paper or delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates to read a paper or delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates to read a paper or delivered
+it they going to talk my papers the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they going to talk my papers the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they going to talk my papers the way
+I talk to you in English to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk to you in English to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk to you in English to large
+audience but there was a simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but there was a simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but there was a simultaneous
+translation so that people who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so that people who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so that people who didn't
+know any English understood exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any English understood exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any English understood exactly what
+i was saying and that was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying and that was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying and that was very very
+gratifying afterwards the professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying afterwards the professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying afterwards the professor of
+metaphysics after you at the car at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics after you at the car at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics after you at the car at the
+competency which is big University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency which is big University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency which is big University in
+Madrid who would introduce man was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid who would introduce man was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid who would introduce man was the
+host he questions and his question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host he questions and his question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host he questions and his question was
+you know when I listen to you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I listen to you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I listen to you talking
+about life and the good life and morals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life and the good life and morals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life and the good life and morals
+even religion I have the feeling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even religion I have the feeling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even religion I have the feeling you
+don't believe in any ethics you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in any ethics you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in any ethics you don't
+believe in good and evil there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in good and evil there there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in good and evil there there is
+nothing that you convey is your articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that you convey is your articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that you convey is your articles
+of ethical faith and they and I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethical faith and they and I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethical faith and they and I said is
+that true and I said well you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true and I said well you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true and I said well you know in
+the context of what I was saying but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of what I was saying but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of what I was saying but you
+know you're familiar with now I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're familiar with now I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're familiar with now I won't
+repeat it it is true I don't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it it is true I don't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it it is true I don't believe in
+any and he said well if a student comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and he said well if a student comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and he said well if a student comes
+to me and gives me a problem a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and gives me a problem a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and gives me a problem a moral
+problem says what should i do I tell him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says what should i do I tell him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says what should i do I tell him
+or hurt I tell him that's why he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hurt I tell him that's why he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hurt I tell him that's why he or she
+comes to me to help and I tell him what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to me to help and I tell him what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to me to help and I tell him what
+is right and what is wrong and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and what is wrong and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and what is wrong and you you
+can't do that well I said no I don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that well I said no I don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that well I said no I don't do
+that that's my and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's my and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's my and that
+in keeping with my philosophy and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with my philosophy and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with my philosophy and he was
+sort of shocked to this as if you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shocked to this as if you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shocked to this as if you know I
+run run through the street committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run run through the street committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run run through the street committing
+crimes whenever I can get away with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes whenever I can get away with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes whenever I can get away with it
+so if I was myself without any morals oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was myself without any morals oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was myself without any morals oh
+no i think i said i have an ethics of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think i said i have an ethics of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think i said i have an ethics of my
+own that i'm very strict about that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own that i'm very strict about that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own that i'm very strict about that i
+live in accordance with but i don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in accordance with but i don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in accordance with but i don't try
+to get to proselytize you get other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to proselytize you get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to proselytize you get other
+people to agree with me I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to agree with me I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to agree with me I think that I
+may have said something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have said something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have said something like that and
+then that was the end of it afterwards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was the end of it afterwards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was the end of it afterwards I
+was very upset I thought I agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very upset I thought I agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very upset I thought I agreed to
+readily I hadn't really worked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily I hadn't really worked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily I hadn't really worked at the
+problem and I didn't know quite how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I didn't know quite how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I didn't know quite how to
+work on it then I was still writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it then I was still writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it then I was still writing the
+harmony of nature and spirit and it kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony of nature and spirit and it kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony of nature and spirit and it kept
+lingering in me and the result was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingering in me and the result was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingering in me and the result was that
+one of the major chapters came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major chapters came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major chapters came out in
+which I defended my philosophy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I defended my philosophy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I defended my philosophy it's a
+chapter at the end and it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter at the end and it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter at the end and it's a little
+technical and then maybe I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and then maybe I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and then maybe I don't know if
+it would interest you or not it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would interest you or not it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would interest you or not it's called
+the aesthetic foundations of religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic foundations of religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic foundations of religion
+and morality and there I was confronting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and morality and there I was confronting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and morality and there I was confronting
+this problem that the professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that the professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that the professor of
+metaphysics had with me and defending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics had with me and defending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics had with me and defending it
+as best I can as fully and the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best I can as fully and the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best I can as fully and the as
+honestly as I think I've ever been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly as I think I've ever been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly as I think I've ever been able
+to it would not have I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it would not have I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it would not have I don't know maybe
+it would never have come into existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would never have come into existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would never have come into existence
+if I hadn't if he hadn't made those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hadn't if he hadn't made those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hadn't if he hadn't made those
+critical comments about me and my ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what other papers or criticisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other papers or criticisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other papers or criticisms and
+thinkin we talked about the noise on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkin we talked about the noise on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkin we talked about the noise on the
+soil and appraisal we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil and appraisal we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil and appraisal we've talked about
+coal on acceptance versus freedom I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal on acceptance versus freedom I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal on acceptance versus freedom I mean
+young freedom no way or is it freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young freedom no way or is it freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young freedom no way or is it freedom
+paternalism I'm sorry lack of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism I'm sorry lack of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism I'm sorry lack of freedom
+it's acceptance of free acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptance of free acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptance of free acceptance of
+freedom versus paternalism which limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom versus paternalism which limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom versus paternalism which limits
+the freedom of the other person whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of the other person whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of the other person whether
+it's literally paternalism in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally paternalism in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally paternalism in relation
+to children which is that we don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to children which is that we don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to children which is that we don't talk
+about very much in that place Oh or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very much in that place Oh or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very much in that place Oh or in
+love between two adults right what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love between two adults right what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love between two adults right what else
+there's so much more that I think goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much more that I think goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much more that I think goes
+into those pages what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those pages what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those pages what about the
+questions about religion several of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about religion several of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about religion several of the
+people there were Jesuits and/or well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there were Jesuits and/or well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there were Jesuits and/or well no
+were priests mr. Noda home I there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were priests mr. Noda home I there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were priests mr. Noda home I there is no
+tact and LTA isn't nota mr. dota was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tact and LTA isn't nota mr. dota was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tact and LTA isn't nota mr. dota was I
+think a polis not a Jesuit but principe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a polis not a Jesuit but principe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a polis not a Jesuit but principe
+was a very prominent Jesuit at maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very prominent Jesuit at maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very prominent Jesuit at maybe the
+head of the print of the whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the print of the whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the print of the whatever they
+call it at the University of Toronto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it at the University of Toronto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it at the University of Toronto
+devoted to Catholic theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there were people who talked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there were people who talked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there were people who talked on
+historical topics cute regard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical topics cute regard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical topics cute regard for
+instance none of that exciting you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance none of that exciting you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance none of that exciting you love
+of things you know that's right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you know that's right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you know that's right that's
+come up in the course here this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the course here this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the course here this is this
+is I think the simply a most extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the simply a most extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the simply a most extensive
+discussion of it that I'm capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it that I'm capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it that I'm capable of
+running so far or build it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so far or build it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so far or build it certainly
+comes out of what you were writing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of what you were writing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of what you were writing in
+terms of Ward center which is normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Ward center which is normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Ward center which is normal but
+this is later development of my ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is later development of my ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is later development of my ideas
+about the love of things um personally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the love of things um personally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the love of things um personally I
+can't I don't think I uh I do believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I don't think I uh I do believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I don't think I uh I do believe
+you can love things but I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can love things but I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can love things but I guess it's
+sort of love in a loose term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of love in a loose term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of love in a loose term just
+because you love what they give to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you love what they give to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you love what they give to you
+you don't actually love them for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually love them for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually love them for what
+they are like you can't love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like you can't love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like you can't love the
+bookshelf for what it right thank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelf for what it right thank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelf for what it right thank was
+part of that's in your paper is my I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that's in your paper is my I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that's in your paper is my I
+mean I feel stupid repeating it no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I feel stupid repeating it no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I feel stupid repeating it no no
+please do not repeat it develop it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do not repeat it develop it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do not repeat it develop it well
+I mean I feel that you you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I feel that you you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I feel that you you love
+something because you love what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you love what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you love what it does
+to you you can't I mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you can't I mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you can't I mean there's no
+possible way you can love oh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way you can love oh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way you can love oh I guess
+bookshelf or a couch I mean you love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelf or a couch I mean you love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelf or a couch I mean you love the
+couch why because you um you sit on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couch why because you um you sit on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couch why because you um you sit on it
+you're comfortable but I think we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comfortable but I think we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comfortable but I think we see
+love for lack of a better word I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for lack of a better word I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for lack of a better word I mean
+well it's a different kind of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a different kind of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a different kind of love
+simply because it's not responded to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it's not responded to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it's not responded to or
+if I love my car and think the car loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I love my car and think the car loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I love my car and think the car loves
+me back I'm cold crazy anyone who feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back I'm cold crazy anyone who feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back I'm cold crazy anyone who feels
+that way has to be institutionalized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way has to be institutionalized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way has to be institutionalized or
+given some glee some psychotherapy cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some glee some psychotherapy cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some glee some psychotherapy cars
+our things and things are incapable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our things and things are incapable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our things and things are incapable of
+having feelings of the sort that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having feelings of the sort that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having feelings of the sort that we do
+so it's a one-way love but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one-way love but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one-way love but that doesn't
+mean that I can't love it because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I can't love it because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I can't love it because of
+what it does for me sure it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does for me sure it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does for me sure it does and
+that's why I love for people that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love for people that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love for people that's the
+appraised of element it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised of element it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised of element it's because of
+what she does too for me as T's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she does too for me as T's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she does too for me as T's the
+casual phrase he or she does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual phrase he or she does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual phrase he or she does something
+for me right that I love it love her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right that I love it love her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right that I love it love her
+it's and that use is similar to a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and that use is similar to a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and that use is similar to a woman
+going into a department store and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a department store and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a department store and trying
+on a dress and the saleswoman says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a dress and the saleswoman says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a dress and the saleswoman says
+together to buy it you know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to buy it you know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to buy it you know it really
+does something for you or together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something for you or together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something for you or together to
+buy a more expensive dress say no don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more expensive dress say no don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more expensive dress say no don't
+get that it doesn't it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that it doesn't it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that it doesn't it doesn't do
+anything for you right the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for you right the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for you right the idea that the
+dress does something for you makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress does something for you makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress does something for you makes a
+great deal of sense but it's the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of sense but it's the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of sense but it's the way in
+which your relationship with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your relationship with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your relationship with something
+somebody does something for you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something for you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does something for you if
+however that the dress doesn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that the dress doesn't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that the dress doesn't respond
+or the car being things they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the car being things they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the car being things they can't
+respond the way that people can beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond the way that people can beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond the way that people can beyond
+that then it can't be called anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it can't be called anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it can't be called anything
+like a lot of persons but and it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of persons but and it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of persons but and it is a
+lot of things that you have you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that you have you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that you have you have the
+love of the things and they don't love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of the things and they don't love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of the things and they don't love
+you back in the same way but they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back in the same way but they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back in the same way but they can do
+things for you I love my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for you I love my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for you I love my computer
+because of the way in which it helps me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way in which it helps me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way in which it helps me
+to think and saves me all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and saves me all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and saves me all sorts of
+tedious operations it's not because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious operations it's not because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious operations it's not because i
+think it's doing this in a way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's doing this in a way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's doing this in a way that a
+person would help me to think or save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would help me to think or save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would help me to think or save
+operations by doing things for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just a bit soon as that i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bit soon as that i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a bit soon as that i'm not
+sure if I understood what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I understood what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I understood what you said
+before you said that when you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you said that when you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you said that when you love
+somebody you love for what he he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you love for what he he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody you love for what he he or she
+does for you is that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for you is that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for you is that that's the
+appraised of element you won't so bestow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised of element you won't so bestow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised of element you won't so bestow
+love upon her or him and you can bestow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love upon her or him and you can bestow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love upon her or him and you can bestow
+love upon up on things it happens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love upon up on things it happens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love upon up on things it happens all
+the time that's what people like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that's what people like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that's what people like me
+don't part one of the reasons don't part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't part one of the reasons don't part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't part one of the reasons don't part
+with their own car so it sort of always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own car so it sort of always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own car so it sort of always
+you know not the love relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not the love relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not the love relationship to
+them this is part of what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is part of what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is part of what we mean by
+sentiment family why are people sent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment family why are people sent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment family why are people sent a
+medal it's called save the stowed value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal it's called save the stowed value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal it's called save the stowed value
+upon things that once matter to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon things that once matter to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon things that once matter to them and
+probably don't do other people if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't do other people if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't do other people if they
+overdo it then we say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdo it then we say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdo it then we say they're
+sentimental but the nostalgia which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental but the nostalgia which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental but the nostalgia which is a
+love of the past is very deep in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of the past is very deep in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of the past is very deep in human
+beings may be regrettable sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings may be regrettable sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings may be regrettable sometimes and
+their whole schools of literature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole schools of literature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole schools of literature the
+thought that I discuss in relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that I discuss in relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that I discuss in relationship
+to James Joyce who has no sentiment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to James Joyce who has no sentiment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to James Joyce who has no sentiment but
+no no no nostalgia me whereas notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no nostalgia me whereas notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no nostalgia me whereas notice
+soldier who was fighting this soldier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier who was fighting this soldier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier who was fighting this soldier in
+order to be a realist observing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be a realist observing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be a realist observing the
+world as it is right and Orson Welles am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as it is right and Orson Welles am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as it is right and Orson Welles am
+i right about who struggles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i right about who struggles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i right about who struggles with
+nostalgia in himself there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia in himself there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia in himself there it is
+something you don't not at all artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't not at all artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't not at all artists
+accept but it's a phenomenon in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept but it's a phenomenon in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept but it's a phenomenon in human
+nature to be nostalgic well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to be nostalgic well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to be nostalgic well that's the
+soul of importance upon things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul of importance upon things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul of importance upon things that are
+past which may have once add immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which may have once add immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which may have once add immediate
+importance Meridian in terms of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance Meridian in terms of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance Meridian in terms of your
+feelings and emotions but don't anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotions but don't anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotions but don't anymore
+right but those things don't reciprocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but those things don't reciprocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but those things don't reciprocate
+how crudely but we have a kind of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how crudely but we have a kind of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how crudely but we have a kind of love
+for them which is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them which is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them which is a very important
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+human life the love of money which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life the love of money which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human life the love of money which is
+supposed to be the root of all evil it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the root of all evil it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the root of all evil it's
+not the root of all evil because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the root of all evil because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the root of all evil because they're
+great many evils have nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many evils have nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many evils have nothing to do with
+money it can be the root of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it can be the root of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it can be the root of all
+philanthropy and all goodness if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropy and all goodness if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropy and all goodness if only
+because the people who have devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who have devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the people who have devoted
+themselves out of a love of money then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out of a love of money then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out of a love of money then
+create foundations they don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create foundations they don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create foundations they don't know how
+to how to bestow the money to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to bestow the money to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to bestow the money to their
+liking so they make foundations that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking so they make foundations that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking so they make foundations that do
+good friend to rid of it the root of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend to rid of it the root of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend to rid of it the root of it
+oh forget about them the root of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+act of goodness is the love of money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder if we're going to hear a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if we're going to hear a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if we're going to hear a message
+all right it stopped but please continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it stopped but please continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it stopped but please continue
+don't you don't agree I could take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't agree I could take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't agree I could take it
+off the hook I thought this is worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hook I thought this is worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hook I thought this is worth it
+I see ice what you're saying I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see ice what you're saying I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see ice what you're saying I mean it's
+just that for me I guess just the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that for me I guess just the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that for me I guess just the word
+love for me just means the love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for me just means the love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for me just means the love of
+persons I mean you I guess you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons I mean you I guess you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons I mean you I guess you sort of
+you categorize little person look things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you categorize little person look things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you categorize little person look things
+but i am and what i love my deal sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i am and what i love my deal sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i am and what i love my deal sure
+which is the extremely part important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the extremely part important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the extremely part important
+part of human nature people wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of human nature people wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of human nature people wouldn't be
+murdering and killing each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdering and killing each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdering and killing each other
+righteously as they do in war if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteously as they do in war if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteously as they do in war if there
+were this love of ideals particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this love of ideals particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this love of ideals particularly
+modern wars where all the suicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern wars where all the suicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern wars where all the suicide
+bombers are dying for some ideal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombers are dying for some ideal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombers are dying for some ideal and
+democratic countries like ours justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratic countries like ours justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratic countries like ours justify
+their behavior by saying there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior by saying there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior by saying there's the
+ideal of bringing democracy to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal of bringing democracy to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal of bringing democracy to these
+people the ideal world war one making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the ideal world war one making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the ideal world war one making
+the idea was to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to make the
+safe for democracy that was the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe for democracy that was the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe for democracy that was the idea of
+underlying World War one ideals are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying World War one ideals are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying World War one ideals are very
+important it isn't the in the good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it isn't the in the good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it isn't the in the good old
+days when one tribe would slaughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when one tribe would slaughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when one tribe would slaughter
+another in order to get their wives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in order to get their wives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in order to get their wives and
+chattels but even then they had ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chattels but even then they had ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chattels but even then they had ideals
+that Jehovah ordained it it's the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jehovah ordained it it's the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jehovah ordained it it's the love
+of God that we chosen people should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God that we chosen people should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God that we chosen people should
+dominate the rest of the world which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the rest of the world which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the rest of the world which
+seems to me a ludicrous idea but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me a ludicrous idea but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me a ludicrous idea but that
+was the ideal or the Crusaders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the ideal or the Crusaders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the ideal or the Crusaders that
+Christianity must be spread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity must be spread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity must be spread and
+eliminates these infidels infidels means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates these infidels infidels means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates these infidels infidels means
+people without faith they have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people without faith they have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people without faith they have their own
+faith and then they call the Christians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and then they call the Christians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and then they call the Christians
+infidels with course they claim they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infidels with course they claim they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infidels with course they claim they
+weren't people of faith so that on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people of faith so that on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people of faith so that on both
+sides the religion created by its very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the religion created by its very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the religion created by its very
+nature system of ideals that justified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature system of ideals that justified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature system of ideals that justified a
+great deal or and people acted out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal or and people acted out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal or and people acted out of a
+lot of those ideals they didn't show sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those ideals they didn't show sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those ideals they didn't show sat
+casually out of a love of those ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually out of a love of those ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually out of a love of those ideals
+even if they were motivated by economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they were motivated by economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they were motivated by economic
+reasons the way the Crusaders obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the way the Crusaders obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the way the Crusaders obviously
+were and everyone assumed and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and everyone assumed and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and everyone assumed and I think
+can still justify that we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still justify that we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still justify that we are in the
+middle east with our high ideals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east with our high ideals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east with our high ideals at
+least partly because we're afraid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least partly because we're afraid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least partly because we're afraid of
+being deprived of the oil that runs our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deprived of the oil that runs our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deprived of the oil that runs our
+industries so the love of idea was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries so the love of idea was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries so the love of idea was a
+very important part of life I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of life I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of life I always
+view that ideals are sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that ideals are sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that ideals are sort of another
+opium of the people I mean to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opium of the people I mean to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opium of the people I mean to convince
+people to do stuff I don't know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do stuff I don't know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do stuff I don't know I think
+it's so deeply ingrained in human nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so deeply ingrained in human nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so deeply ingrained in human nature
+but that's part of the tragedy of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's part of the tragedy of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's part of the tragedy of life
+that we can't just lump it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't just lump it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't just lump it all the
+insulin no III agree with you that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin no III agree with you that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin no III agree with you that is so
+it so that's what I'm saying it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's what I'm saying it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's what I'm saying it's so
+deeply engraved that you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply engraved that you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply engraved that you can convince
+people to go to war in a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go to war in a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go to war in a totally
+different country where they have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country where they have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country where they have really
+nothing to gain but everything to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to gain but everything to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to gain but everything to lose
+just for the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the level
+I agree with and they do it to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with and they do it to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with and they do it to not
+because of brainwashing in the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of brainwashing in the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of brainwashing in the Second
+World War people couldn't make sense out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War people couldn't make sense out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War people couldn't make sense out
+of the kamikaze pilots who were suicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kamikaze pilots who were suicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kamikaze pilots who were suicide
+bombers we accept that I'd play of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombers we accept that I'd play of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombers we accept that I'd play of them
+you know their planes for the bombs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their planes for the bombs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their planes for the bombs that
+they were somehow fanatics that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were somehow fanatics that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were somehow fanatics that they
+were brainwashed that they you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were brainwashed that they you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were brainwashed that they you know is
+someone in a kind of drug-induced stupor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in a kind of drug-induced stupor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in a kind of drug-induced stupor
+um the ideals that these people had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ideals that these people had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ideals that these people had a
+love of ideals their ideals and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of ideals their ideals and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of ideals their ideals and were
+heroic in acting that way was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic in acting that way was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic in acting that way was never
+recognized by people on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by people on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by people on the other side
+of the Americans for instance and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Americans for instance and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Americans for instance and if
+they had recognized it it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had recognized it it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had recognized it it might have
+been more realistic to beware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more realistic to beware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more realistic to beware of this
+kind of devotion to ideals as I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of devotion to ideals as I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of devotion to ideals as I think I
+said before they only had about 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before they only had about 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before they only had about 2,000
+kamikaze pilots but if they had had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kamikaze pilots but if they had had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kamikaze pilots but if they had had more
+they would have won them said they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have won them said they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have won them said they would
+have destroyed American Navy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have destroyed American Navy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have destroyed American Navy because
+they were so successful I it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so successful I it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so successful I it's just that
+as far as love my ideals lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as love my ideals lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as love my ideals lot of things
+that buffer persons I guess it's just up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buffer persons I guess it's just up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buffer persons I guess it's just up
+my definition of love what I've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition of love what I've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition of love what I've learned
+for love to me can only be it I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for love to me can only be it I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for love to me can only be it I can only
+use it for love of persons I mean why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for love of persons I mean why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for love of persons I mean why
+why you have to limit yourself well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to limit yourself well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to limit yourself well it's
+not so much this is more of a words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much this is more of a words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much this is more of a words
+issue I mean love of ideals i would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean love of ideals i would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean love of ideals i would call
+passion for ideals I wouldn't I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion for ideals I wouldn't I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion for ideals I wouldn't I mean I
+don't know I just I always viewed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I just I always viewed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I just I always viewed I
+always view on love as a two-way Road so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always view on love as a two-way Road so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always view on love as a two-way Road so
+I just it's just my problem that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just it's just my problem that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just it's just my problem that it's
+hard for me to call it's true I deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to call it's true I deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to call it's true I deals
+like things don't love us back we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things don't love us back we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things don't love us back we create
+them but once we've created them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but once we've created them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but once we've created them then
+there is love we can add for them just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is love we can add for them just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is love we can add for them just
+as a parent can love a child one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parent can love a child one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parent can love a child one of the
+strongest emotions is a love of one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest emotions is a love of one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest emotions is a love of one's
+children not everyone has it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children not everyone has it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children not everyone has it that it
+doesn't last very long perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't last very long perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't last very long perhaps
+but I I'm just about a month ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'm just about a month ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'm just about a month ago I
+became a parent a grandparent for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a parent a grandparent for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a parent a grandparent for the
+first time which I'd always wanted my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time which I'd always wanted my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time which I'd always wanted my
+children weren't that other things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children weren't that other things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children weren't that other things to do
+in life I became a grandparent and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life I became a grandparent and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life I became a grandparent and what
+has struck me is what a profound feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has struck me is what a profound feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has struck me is what a profound feeling
+and emotion that is created in me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotion that is created in me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotion that is created in me I
+couldn't have foreseen that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have foreseen that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have foreseen that it's
+something I somehow wanted but you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I somehow wanted but you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I somehow wanted but you look
+here's this a grandchild I have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this a grandchild I have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this a grandchild I have now
+that's very deep now the love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very deep now the love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very deep now the love of
+children is again a love of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children is again a love of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children is again a love of something
+you have created because it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have created because it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have created because it's been
+through your behavior that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your behavior that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your behavior that this
+biological process issued into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process issued into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process issued into a new
+form of life now you might say oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of life now you might say oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of life now you might say oh but
+the grandchild is alive and the cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandchild is alive and the cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandchild is alive and the cars and
+ideals are not alive that's true I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals are not alive that's true I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals are not alive that's true I know
+there are different kinds of responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of responses
+but they are like in one respect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are like in one respect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are like in one respect that
+they're all created by human beings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all created by human beings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all created by human beings in
+one way or another like I kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another like I kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another like I kind of have
+there's oftentimes someone who like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's oftentimes someone who like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's oftentimes someone who like you
+can love someone a lot and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can love someone a lot and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can love someone a lot and they don't
+love you back but does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you back but does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you back but does that mean that
+you don't really love them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really love them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really love them because
+you're not getting like a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting like a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting like a like a
+reciprocation from them and like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocation from them and like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocation from them and like you
+know that I mean that can happen like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I mean that can happen like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I mean that can happen like at
+any point life and then also there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point life and then also there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point life and then also there could
+be like you love someone and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you love someone and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you love someone and then I
+think we've talked about the case before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've talked about the case before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've talked about the case before
+is like what if they get really sick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what if they get really sick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what if they get really sick or
+they get like Alzheimer's disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get like Alzheimer's disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get like Alzheimer's disease and
+forget who you are or they go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget who you are or they go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget who you are or they go into a
+coma and you could still love them even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma and you could still love them even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma and you could still love them even
+though they have like no I you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they have like no I you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they have like no I you know they
+don't love you at all back anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't love you at all back anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't love you at all back anymore so
+there's like still a love you can almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like still a love you can almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like still a love you can almost
+call that person a thing now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that person a thing now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that person a thing now that
+they're like a vegetable sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a vegetable sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a vegetable sitting there
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know they have no control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have no control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have no control over
+themselves but you still love them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but you still love them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but you still love them for
+Blake your luvin for the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blake your luvin for the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blake your luvin for the fact that they
+are not just a thing they're also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just a thing they're also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just a thing they're also there
+were they there are the relics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they there are the relics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they there are the relics the
+remains of a person whom you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains of a person whom you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains of a person whom you've had
+experience with so that there are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with so that there are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with so that there are all of
+these different varieties or what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different varieties or what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different varieties or what you're
+emphasizing the thing that I presuppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the thing that I presuppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the thing that I presuppose
+is that love isn't a single thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love isn't a single thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love isn't a single thing I
+never give a definition of love i only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give a definition of love i only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give a definition of love i only
+talk about i make distinctions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about i make distinctions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about i make distinctions which
+enable want to talk about it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable want to talk about it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable want to talk about it from
+different points of view i'm a maker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points of view i'm a maker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points of view i'm a maker of
+distinctions that's the great variety in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions that's the great variety in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions that's the great variety in
+life and I relish that unrealistic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and I relish that unrealistic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and I relish that unrealistic and I
+don't know whether this is personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether this is personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether this is personal
+because I have very wide appetites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have very wide appetites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have very wide appetites and
+food for instance I may be the way I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food for instance I may be the way I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food for instance I may be the way I was
+brought up to enjoy all kinds of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to enjoy all kinds of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to enjoy all kinds of food
+and I've got in-principle I relish all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got in-principle I relish all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got in-principle I relish all
+kinds of animal forms now I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of animal forms now I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of animal forms now I'm very
+limited of course and some people i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited of course and some people i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited of course and some people i
+can't understand and can tolerate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand and can tolerate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand and can tolerate but
+that's a short coming online but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a short coming online but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a short coming online but the
+idea of loving everything is fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of loving everything is fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of loving everything is fundamental
+to to my nature just like not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to my nature just like not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to my nature just like not very good
+at it well i mean just in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it well i mean just in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it well i mean just in response to
+veronica i wanted to say that first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veronica i wanted to say that first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veronica i wanted to say that first of
+all if you love somebody without him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you love somebody without him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you love somebody without him
+loving you back I guess I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving you back I guess I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving you back I guess I believe that
+you can't love somebody until until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't love somebody until until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't love somebody until until
+you've experienced him or her in a love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've experienced him or her in a love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've experienced him or her in a love
+relationship if they stop letting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if they stop letting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if they stop letting okay
+like you've been in love and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've been in love and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've been in love and then
+they'll love you okay well if they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll love you okay well if they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll love you okay well if they stop
+loving you and you love them obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving you and you love them obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving you and you love them obviously
+it turns into more of an obsession I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into more of an obsession I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns into more of an obsession I
+guess instead of love I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead of love I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead of love I don't know I
+mean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just sort of you I guess you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of you I guess you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of you I guess you sort of
+love them just because you I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love them just because you I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love them just because you I don't think
+you really can't believe inside you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't believe inside you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't believe inside you that
+they've stopped loving you and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've stopped loving you and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've stopped loving you and therefore
+you might know inside where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know inside where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know inside where is the
+inside there isn't any inside there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there isn't any inside there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there isn't any inside there
+isn't any insight to life it's all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any insight to life it's all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any insight to life it's all here
+right around us all the time it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around us all the time it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around us all the time it's like
+one of those Internet's I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those Internet's I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those Internet's I don't have
+what is it dsl one of those that's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it dsl one of those that's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it dsl one of those that's open
+all the time and there were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and there were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and there were they
+advertise it's always on that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise it's always on that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise it's always on that's that's
+what life is like is no inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what life is like is no inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what life is like is no inside and
+outside I mean some that actually harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside I mean some that actually harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside I mean some that actually harder
+a hidden or gate but in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden or gate but in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden or gate but in principle
+nothing is hidden everything is there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is hidden everything is there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is hidden everything is there so
+what do you mean inside that person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean inside that person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean inside that person who
+has turned into a vegetable really loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has turned into a vegetable really loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has turned into a vegetable really loves
+you well as far as as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well as far as as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well as far as as far as the
+vegetables knows I think that you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables knows I think that you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables knows I think that you sort
+of hope I guess you you continue loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hope I guess you you continue loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hope I guess you you continue loving
+them just because just because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just because just because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just because just because you know
+that if they were better they would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they were better they would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they were better they would pay
+what if the relationship would be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the relationship would be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the relationship would be as
+before I mean it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I mean it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I mean it's sort of a
+circumstance that's not too common so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance that's not too common so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance that's not too common so
+it's it's a hypothetical condition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a hypothetical condition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a hypothetical condition it's
+a I just say that it can be I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I just say that it can be I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I just say that it can be I'm saying
+love is a two-way thing but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a two-way thing but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a two-way thing but the problem
+is it's not the patient's fault that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not the patient's fault that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not the patient's fault that he
+doesn't love you I missed it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't love you I missed it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't love you I missed it it's just
+that he there was some circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he there was some circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he there was some circumstances
+that caused him to home you know not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused him to home you know not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused him to home you know not be
+able to proceed or something why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to proceed or something why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to proceed or something why do you
+think love is always a two-way thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I guess when you when you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess when you when you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess when you when you love
+someone you sort of you care about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone you sort of you care about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone you sort of you care about them
+and caring about them doesn't only mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caring about them doesn't only mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caring about them doesn't only mean
+you care about them because if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about them because if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about them because if something
+happens to them something happens to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them something happens to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them something happens to you
+you just care about them because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just care about them because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just care about them because it's
+just engraved I guess in your heart I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engraved I guess in your heart I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engraved I guess in your heart I
+don't know not the way but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know not the way but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know not the way but that's a
+one-way statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way statement
+okay of course I have two way street I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course I have two way street I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course I have two way street I
+thought you meant that the object loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you meant that the object loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you meant that the object loves
+you back yeah so if you have told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back yeah so if you have told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back yeah so if you have told you
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+doesn't somebody who loves you that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't somebody who loves you that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't somebody who loves you that is
+different from love which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from love which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from love which is not
+reciprocated these are different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocated these are different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocated these are different kinds
+of love worth analyzing on their own but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love worth analyzing on their own but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love worth analyzing on their own but
+I wouldn't want to say that only one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't want to say that only one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't want to say that only one is
+long yeah there's not that's why we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yeah there's not that's why we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yeah there's not that's why we talk
+about reciprocal love and you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reciprocal love and you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reciprocal love and you might say
+that though it's much better yes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though it's much better yes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though it's much better yes but the
+other kind also exists okay I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind also exists okay I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind also exists okay I said it
+was mostly a definition problem I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly a definition problem I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly a definition problem I guess
+I do agree that it's just for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do agree that it's just for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do agree that it's just for me it
+doesnt sit well with me to have loved be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesnt sit well with me to have loved be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesnt sit well with me to have loved be
+such a a wide come gamma of things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a wide come gamma of things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a wide come gamma of things right
+what are you against a wide angle camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the way I was I guess the way my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way I was I guess the way my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way I was I guess the way my
+character developed am Not sure I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character developed am Not sure I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character developed am Not sure I don't
+think you can just call love this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can just call love this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can just call love this and
+called love that in common love well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called love that in common love well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called love that in common love well you
+see there there is the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there there is the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there there is the practical
+consequence and that's what comes out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+father notas paper against me he says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father notas paper against me he says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father notas paper against me he says I
+think of a love of things as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a love of things as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a love of things as an
+authentic love whereas he says the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic love whereas he says the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic love whereas he says the only
+true love is love of persons and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true love is love of persons and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true love is love of persons and that's
+because it's a reflection of spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a reflection of spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a reflection of spiritual
+of religious love so on his dogma God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religious love so on his dogma God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religious love so on his dogma God
+loves us and we attain love by emulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves us and we attain love by emulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves us and we attain love by emulating
+God right that's the traditional view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God right that's the traditional view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God right that's the traditional view
+not very revolutionary but it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very revolutionary but it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very revolutionary but it goes
+against ordinary language and falsifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against ordinary language and falsifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against ordinary language and falsifies
+the phenomenology and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenology and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenology and the whole
+structure of what we mean when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what we mean when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what we mean when we talk
+about love now there is a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about love now there is a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about love now there is a difference in
+the sense that one might say when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that one might say when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that one might say when there
+are kinds of loads of things that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinds of loads of things that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinds of loads of things that aren't
+really look isn't really love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look isn't really love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look isn't really love
+so if somebody says I just love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody says I just love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody says I just love
+hamburgers right well that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers right well that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers right well that just means
+you like them very much maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like them very much maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like them very much maybe even
+compulsively my brother when he was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsively my brother when he was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compulsively my brother when he was I
+guess an adolescent he loved hamburgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess an adolescent he loved hamburgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess an adolescent he loved hamburgers
+so much she felt the need to cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much she felt the need to cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much she felt the need to cure
+himself and the Cure consisted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and the Cure consisted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and the Cure consisted in
+gorging on hamburgers through a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorging on hamburgers through a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorging on hamburgers through a point on
+one occasion when it became very sick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one occasion when it became very sick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one occasion when it became very sick of
+him and that cured him that was the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and that cured him that was the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and that cured him that was the end
+of it after that he he didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it after that he he didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it after that he he didn't have a
+love of hamburgers well one might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of hamburgers well one might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of hamburgers well one might say
+that he never really he didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he never really he didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he never really he didn't have a
+love of hamburgers and sense in which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of hamburgers and sense in which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of hamburgers and sense in which an
+artist loves his materials because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist loves his materials because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist loves his materials because it
+was addictive and it was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was addictive and it was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was addictive and it was something that
+came out of him in a way that he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of him in a way that he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of him in a way that he wasn't
+comfortable with but if I have a love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with but if I have a love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with but if I have a love of
+my computer I don't feel that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer I don't feel that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer I don't feel that's just
+liking my computer very much it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking my computer very much it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking my computer very much it's a real
+an ongoing deep intimate relationship so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing deep intimate relationship so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing deep intimate relationship so
+that you can distinguish among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can distinguish among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can distinguish among different
+kinds of love of things well and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of love of things well and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of love of things well and maybe a
+lot of where I'm saying to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of where I'm saying to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of where I'm saying to you have
+never written out because I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never written out because I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never written out because I didn't have
+any human beings to write them out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any human beings to write them out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any human beings to write them out for
+now and you're providing me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you're providing me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you're providing me that
+presence you can do much better ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence you can do much better ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence you can do much better ensure
+by working at these ideas or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by working at these ideas or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by working at these ideas or better
+going beyond them let me just off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond them let me just off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond them let me just off the
+spot off the bat right here I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot off the bat right here I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot off the bat right here I think that
+the reason why I'm inclined to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I'm inclined to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I'm inclined to want to
+sort of narrow down what what loved what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow down what what loved what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow down what what loved what
+love me what we mean by saying love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me what we mean by saying love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me what we mean by saying love is
+that when there is an interpersonal love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there is an interpersonal love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there is an interpersonal love
+there it's a very special thing and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a very special thing and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a very special thing and if
+you say if you say that oh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say if you say that oh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say if you say that oh you know I
+love her and I also love computers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love her and I also love computers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love her and I also love computers and I
+also love bookcases and out some of cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also love bookcases and out some of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also love bookcases and out some of cars
+and i also love freedom or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also love freedom or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also love freedom or whatever it
+seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+you're kind of just something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of just something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of just something even
+though everybody knows that you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though everybody knows that you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though everybody knows that you mean
+them sort of you know you everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of you know you everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of you know you everybody
+realizes that love of things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that love of things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that love of things is
+different from love of persons it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from love of persons it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from love of persons it's just
+by subconsciously you're sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subconsciously you're sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subconsciously you're sort of just
+making your love for her and her love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your love for her and her love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your love for her and her love
+for you you're making it less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you're making it less important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you're making it less important
+because it's melissa moyer less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's melissa moyer less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's melissa moyer less
+important yeah because it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah because it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah because it's not that
+rare I made your day do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare I made your day do you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare I made your day do you understand
+however I don't know talking about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I don't know talking about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I don't know talking about to
+say well now you're getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well now you're getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well now you're getting back to the
+anecdote I told at a lecture in Canada I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote I told at a lecture in Canada I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote I told at a lecture in Canada I
+think it was that I report on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was that I report on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was that I report on in the
+pursuit of love and a student afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love and a student afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of love and a student afterwards
+said do you love your wife as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said do you love your wife as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said do you love your wife as much as
+you love your dog and I hadn't mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love your dog and I hadn't mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love your dog and I hadn't mentioned
+my wife and happened mention my dog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife and happened mention my dog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife and happened mention my dog and
+I I was on I flustered and said well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was on I flustered and said well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was on I flustered and said well my
+dog doesn't criticize me and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog doesn't criticize me and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog doesn't criticize me and the whole
+big great big auditorium the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big great big auditorium the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big great big auditorium the whole
+audience burst out laughing I had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience burst out laughing I had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience burst out laughing I had been
+realized I had said something so funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I had said something so funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I had said something so funny
+and ridiculous and but once they laughed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ridiculous and but once they laughed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ridiculous and but once they laughed
+I could turn to another question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could turn to another question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could turn to another question and
+afterwards I felt very uncomfortable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I felt very uncomfortable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I felt very uncomfortable I
+hadn't faced up to this and then I do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't faced up to this and then I do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't faced up to this and then I do so
+in that chapter which gathered oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter which gathered oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter which gathered oh so
+you're forgotten by now because you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forgotten by now because you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forgotten by now because you read
+it in the pursuit of love at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the pursuit of love at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the pursuit of love at the end
+somewhere and what i end up with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and what i end up with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and what i end up with is the
+idea that among persons there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that among persons there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that among persons there are
+different kinds so loving the door who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds so loving the door who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds so loving the door who
+is a person i always might my dog for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person i always might my dog for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a person i always might my dog for me
+was certainly a person and their other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly a person and their other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly a person and their other
+dogs have more difficulties thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs have more difficulties thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs have more difficulties thinking of
+as persons i look in their eyes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as persons i look in their eyes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as persons i look in their eyes and I
+don't know what's going on but with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on but with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on but with my
+dog I always knew I was going on and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog I always knew I was going on and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog I always knew I was going on and we
+can be you negated and he had talents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you negated and he had talents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be you negated and he had talents
+that I recognized and imagination of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I recognized and imagination of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I recognized and imagination of a
+limited sort but still an imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sort but still an imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sort but still an imagination
+and so he was a person more so than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he was a person more so than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he was a person more so than a
+zygote so I'm not in favor of banning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote so I'm not in favor of banning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote so I'm not in favor of banning
+abortion because I go to call human the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion because I go to call human the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion because I go to call human the
+human that doesn't mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human that doesn't mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human that doesn't mean there
+persons and that that's enough reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons and that that's enough reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons and that that's enough reason to
+kill them when persons are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them when persons are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them when persons are going to be
+harmed by not killing them nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed by not killing them nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed by not killing them nevertheless
+my dog is not the same kind of person as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dog is not the same kind of person as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dog is not the same kind of person as
+my wife and my love of her as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife and my love of her as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife and my love of her as a person
+couldn't possibly the same as my love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't possibly the same as my love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't possibly the same as my love of
+him as a person so there Fernandez is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him as a person so there Fernandez is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him as a person so there Fernandez is to
+be analyzed where do we draw the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be analyzed where do we draw the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be analyzed where do we draw the line
+between how do we distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how do we distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how do we distinguish between
+them within the category of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them within the category of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them within the category of a lot of
+persons as think from a lover of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons as think from a lover of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons as think from a lover of things
+so that's one complication well I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one complication well I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one complication well I can't
+do recognize all three and and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do recognize all three and and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do recognize all three and and then it
+all these qualifications you have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these qualifications you have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these qualifications you have be
+built into them in terms of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into them in terms of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into them in terms of different
+examples of each audrianna hasn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of each audrianna hasn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of each audrianna hasn't that
+much chance about your you and Veronica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much chance about your you and Veronica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much chance about your you and Veronica
+both that you hand up same time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both that you hand up same time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both that you hand up same time I was
+just going to say that we can love a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that we can love a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that we can love a
+person we can love a thing and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can love a thing and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can love a thing and we can
+love an ideal but it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love an ideal but it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love an ideal but it's just a matter of
+setting our priorities so a love a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting our priorities so a love a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting our priorities so a love a thing
+doesn't necessarily need to undermine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily need to undermine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily need to undermine
+our love for a person well I agree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our love for a person well I agree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our love for a person well I agree to
+that and I say something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I say something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I say something like that that
+I'm not opposed to the setting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not opposed to the setting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not opposed to the setting of the
+priorities but you shouldn't assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities but you shouldn't assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities but you shouldn't assume that
+for all people there is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people there is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people there is a fixed
+hierarchy the way the church does let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy the way the church does let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy the way the church does let's
+say I have a love of persons and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a love of persons and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a love of persons and that's
+why I give money to Oxfam which feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I give money to Oxfam which feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I give money to Oxfam which feed
+starving people in Africa fences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving people in Africa fences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving people in Africa fences in
+underdeveloped countries and I feel well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped countries and I feel well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped countries and I feel well
+this is related to my love of persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is related to my love of persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is related to my love of persons
+but I don't give much thought to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't give much thought to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't give much thought to them
+and my son bought me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my son bought me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my son bought me
+a brand-new a kind of DVD that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brand-new a kind of DVD that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brand-new a kind of DVD that he
+recommends and it was like a toy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommends and it was like a toy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommends and it was like a toy is
+there a child getting a toy and I loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a child getting a toy and I loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a child getting a toy and I loved
+this thing and still love it I love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and still love it I love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and still love it I love it
+as a thing it hasn't quite become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thing it hasn't quite become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thing it hasn't quite become a
+person for me yet but that love in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for me yet but that love in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for me yet but that love in some
+respect for the moment least is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the moment least is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the moment least is greater
+than my love for the people whom I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my love for the people whom I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my love for the people whom I hope
+box fam is taken care of on my behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box fam is taken care of on my behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box fam is taken care of on my behalf
+and then love of ideals varies so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then love of ideals varies so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then love of ideals varies so that
+one has to show the variability it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to show the variability it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to show the variability it for
+different people for different times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people for different times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people for different times for
+different situations of these loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations of these loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations of these loves
+that's why the whole question of love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the whole question of love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the whole question of love is
+so complicated and so little has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated and so little has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complicated and so little has been
+done by philosophers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by philosophers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by philosophers because
+philosophers like to say yes or no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers like to say yes or no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers like to say yes or no you
+know symbolic logic is the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know symbolic logic is the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know symbolic logic is the basis of
+mathematics and mathematics is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and mathematics is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and mathematics is a
+wonderful art form and has all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful art form and has all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful art form and has all sorts of
+practical ramifications in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ramifications in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ramifications in science and
+technology but one reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but one reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but one reason is because
+this is all yes to know you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all yes to know you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all yes to know you have to have
+that kind of yes and no mentality with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of yes and no mentality with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of yes and no mentality with
+the Gidget digital world is yes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gidget digital world is yes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gidget digital world is yes in the
+world isn't it all right am I not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world isn't it all right am I not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world isn't it all right am I not right
+life is not like that and my life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not like that and my life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not like that and my life is
+certainly not lecture so that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not lecture so that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not lecture so that I don't
+need I don't know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I don't know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I don't know what to do with
+priorities I live in accordance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities I live in accordance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities I live in accordance with
+certain priorities as I have to confront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain priorities as I have to confront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain priorities as I have to confront
+them but to set them up in a rigid way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but to set them up in a rigid way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but to set them up in a rigid way
+that an institution like a religion does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an institution like a religion does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an institution like a religion does
+means nothing to me I certainly wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nothing to me I certainly wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nothing to me I certainly wouldn't
+want to pose that upon anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vary from person to person but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary from person to person but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary from person to person but I just
+said this because the fact that you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this because the fact that you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this because the fact that you love
+something else doesn't mean that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else doesn't mean that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else doesn't mean that doesn't
+make your love for a person less special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your love for a person less special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your love for a person less special
+well yeah it will but if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it will but if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it will but if it's a
+hierarchy it's less important than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy it's less important than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy it's less important than that
+constrain its lower on the hierarchy huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain its lower on the hierarchy huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain its lower on the hierarchy huh
+yes all right but therefore it is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right but therefore it is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right but therefore it is less
+important well if your love for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well if your love for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well if your love for the
+person is hiring and priority then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is hiring and priority then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is hiring and priority then the
+first thing well the point is you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing well the point is you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing well the point is you see
+look for some persons you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for some persons you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for some persons you know if
+someone said to me how can you be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said to me how can you be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said to me how can you be so
+overjoyed at your new at your DVD player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overjoyed at your new at your DVD player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overjoyed at your new at your DVD player
+when they're all those starving people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're all those starving people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're all those starving people
+in Africa you know how can you sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa you know how can you sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa you know how can you sit down
+watching the television while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the television while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the television while you're
+having a good meal and it's showing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good meal and it's showing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good meal and it's showing all
+of these innocent people in Iraq being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these innocent people in Iraq being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these innocent people in Iraq being
+killed because of the kind of war that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed because of the kind of war that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed because of the kind of war that's
+being waged how can you tolerate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being waged how can you tolerate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being waged how can you tolerate that
+well apparently I'm not sensitive enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently I'm not sensitive enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently I'm not sensitive enough
+to the person's don't have same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person's don't have same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person's don't have same kind of
+love of them as I do and having a love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of them as I do and having a love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of them as I do and having a love
+of a good meal and I think it's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good meal and I think it's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good meal and I think it's true of
+everybody we are compartmentalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we are compartmentalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we are compartmentalized and
+yet our feelings overlap in there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet our feelings overlap in there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet our feelings overlap in there all
+sorts of interesting ways or important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting ways or important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting ways or important
+ways oh I mean you imagine that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh I mean you imagine that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh I mean you imagine that you you
+loved your DVD player but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved your DVD player but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved your DVD player but you have
+personified it yet whereas your dog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personified it yet whereas your dog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personified it yet whereas your dog you
+have personified so this I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personified so this I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personified so this I don't have
+the nitrous on if I did I think he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrous on if I did I think he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrous on if I did I think he is a
+person okay um I hope be a personified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay um I hope be a personified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay um I hope be a personified
+name well I'm not I guess assuming I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well I'm not I guess assuming I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well I'm not I guess assuming I
+I'm assuming that you have say I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that you have say I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that you have say I was a
+person yeah I'm assuming that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person yeah I'm assuming that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person yeah I'm assuming that you have
+some things that you personify that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that you personify that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that you personify that you
+love that are things though and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that are things though and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that are things though and some
+that you have it personified that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it personified that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have it personified that you
+love I guess I don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I guess I don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I guess I don't know if this is
+true how you getting closer to the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true how you getting closer to the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true how you getting closer to the use
+of loving things which means liking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loving things which means liking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loving things which means liking very
+much I just want to say that just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I just want to say that just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I just want to say that just just
+the fact that you actually distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you actually distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you actually distinguish
+between the love of I don't know a witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the love of I don't know a witch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the love of I don't know a witch
+you personified and the love of B which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personified and the love of B which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personified and the love of B which
+you haven't personified yet as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't personified yet as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't personified yet as you
+mentioned about the DVD player base that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the DVD player base that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the DVD player base that
+you believe that some some love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe that some some love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe that some some love of
+things is more important is deeper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is more important is deeper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is more important is deeper and
+more important that some other love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that some other love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that some other love of
+things well the love of my computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well the love of my computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well the love of my computer is
+more important because the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important because the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important because the computer
+responds to me it learns my way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to me it learns my way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to me it learns my way of
+thinking it contributes to it when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it contributes to it when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it contributes to it when I
+miss found something when I go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss found something when I go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss found something when I go on to
+google my shrine it will say did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google my shrine it will say did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google my shrine it will say did you
+mean you know if I miss Gelder thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know if I miss Gelder thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know if I miss Gelder thank you
+you're familiar with that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with that and that
+that's that's kinda almost a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kinda almost a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kinda almost a kind of
+love that I can't find among many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I can't find among many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I can't find among many people
+I mean that's the computer just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's the computer just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's the computer just doing
+whatever it's automatically been poor do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's automatically been poor do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's automatically been poor do
+its knowledge is doing it just for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its knowledge is doing it just for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its knowledge is doing it just for you
+or like other it's oh you know nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like other it's oh you know nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like other it's oh you know nobody
+right now I'm gonna like respond to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm gonna like respond to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm gonna like respond to you
+because I like you it's just that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like you it's just that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like you it's just that is
+what it has to do know it's funny is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has to do know it's funny is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has to do know it's funny is the
+sign of buying a thing I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of buying a thing I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of buying a thing I'm not going to
+say that about human beings now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that about human beings now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that about human beings now people
+who believe in AI artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believe in AI artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believe in AI artificial
+intelligence some of them think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence some of them think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence some of them think that we
+are things and their mission is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things and their mission is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things and their mission is to show
+how the brain works sudden and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain works sudden and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain works sudden and that is
+the mind the mind is the working of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind the mind is the working of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind the mind is the working of the
+brain and how if we only could figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and how if we only could figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and how if we only could figure it
+all out in terms of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in terms of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in terms of the chemical
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+and behavioral scientific elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavioral scientific elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavioral scientific elements
+cognitive Elvis we know all there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive Elvis we know all there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive Elvis we know all there is no
+about human being because human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human being because human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human being because human beings
+is not a person in a sense different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a person in a sense different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a person in a sense different
+from what an article ideally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what an article ideally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what an article ideally and
+artificial intelligence could provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence could provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence could provide
+another author of modifications some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another author of modifications some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another author of modifications some
+some say no machine will IRA duplicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some say no machine will IRA duplicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some say no machine will IRA duplicate a
+human being but it will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being but it will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being but it will be able to
+perceive human feelings and respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive human feelings and respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive human feelings and respond to
+them as a machine can but we ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a machine can but we ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a machine can but we ourselves
+and not just machines this is again one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just machines this is again one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just machines this is again one
+of that unsolvable areas and I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that unsolvable areas and I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that unsolvable areas and I'm happy
+to live in ignorance whether the we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in ignorance whether the we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in ignorance whether the we will
+ever be able to reduce consciousness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be able to reduce consciousness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be able to reduce consciousness to
+bodily materiality because consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily materiality because consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily materiality because consciousness
+seems to be different but we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be different but we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be different but we know how
+much it depends upon the body is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it depends upon the body is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it depends upon the body is it not
+a problem the way some philosophers say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem the way some philosophers say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem the way some philosophers say
+because there's no way of reducing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no way of reducing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no way of reducing one
+to the other or is it simply a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other or is it simply a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other or is it simply a matter of
+cognitive science advancing enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science advancing enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science advancing enough and
+then they'll do there'll be nothing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll do there'll be nothing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll do there'll be nothing left
+in that empty category of person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that empty category of person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that empty category of person that
+will all be reducible in two things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be reducible in two things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be reducible in two things and
+then I want to know what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to know what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to know what is the nature
+of the concept of reducibility so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concept of reducibility so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concept of reducibility so it's
+still in great flux and I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in great flux and I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in great flux and I don't feel
+troubled I don't feel the need to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled I don't feel the need to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled I don't feel the need to try to
+reduce it or not to reduce it that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it or not to reduce it that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it or not to reduce it that may
+be a limitation for me for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a limitation for me for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a limitation for me for that reason
+most philosophers in America probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophers in America probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophers in America probably
+aren't interested in my word that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't interested in my word that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't interested in my word that's all
+right I have things I think I can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have things I think I can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have things I think I can do and
+I want to do it but it doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do it but it doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do it but it doesn't require
+me to solve this kind of problem they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to solve this kind of problem they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to solve this kind of problem they
+were to solve any problem or well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to solve any problem or well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to solve any problem or well the
+problem is how to be imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how to be imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how to be imaginative
+creative intelligent communicative some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative intelligent communicative some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative intelligent communicative some
+others understanding ended in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others understanding ended in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others understanding ended in the
+formulating or my distinctions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating or my distinctions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating or my distinctions as
+pluralistic Lee as possible that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic Lee as possible that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic Lee as possible that's a big
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but it's a very different order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very different order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very different order of
+problem from the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I guess I just wanted to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess I just wanted to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess I just wanted to say that
+because you I guess gone back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you I guess gone back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you I guess gone back to my
+former point that because you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former point that because you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former point that because you you just
+think with you person to personify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with you person to personify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with you person to personify some
+things and you don't personify something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you don't personify something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you don't personify something
+some other things but you love them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things but you love them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things but you love them and
+you realize that your love of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that your love of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that your love of computer
+is more important than your love of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important than your love of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important than your love of the
+bookcase for instance that in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase for instance that in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookcase for instance that in fact you
+are doing without the omniscient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing without the omniscient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing without the omniscient because
+you are making a high some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making a high some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making a high some sort of
+hierarchy of love right so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of love right so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of love right so why don't we
+stop here Veronica start to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here Veronica start to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here Veronica start to give the
+presentation next week and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation next week and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation next week and I look
+forward to it and we've crashed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to it and we've crashed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to it and we've crashed through
+enough today to count as a very full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough today to count as a very full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough today to count as a very full
+menu for your work on to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu for your work on to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu for your work on to think about it
+unless somebody wants to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody wants to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody wants to say something
+further all right then why do we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further all right then why do we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further all right then why do we stop
+for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FVXkoNuI7bM.txt b/FVXkoNuI7bM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e789ee0961febdc86ef395c811455217fddad2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FVXkoNuI7bM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+going to determine what the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine what the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine what the state of
+polarization of this laser is this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of this laser is this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of this laser is this laser
+is a helium neon laser it's a uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a helium neon laser it's a uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a helium neon laser it's a uh little
+bit more powerful than uh the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more powerful than uh the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more powerful than uh the normal
+ones we see for example in supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we see for example in supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we see for example in supermarket
+checkout counters the light coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout counters the light coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout counters the light coming out
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+about 35 M and you can see the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 35 M and you can see the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 35 M and you can see the uh the
+beam here along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam here along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam here along this
+path the uh we're going to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the uh we're going to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the uh we're going to analyze the
+state of polarization of the laser with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization of the laser with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization of the laser with
+this polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer
+and the light transmitted through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light transmitted through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light transmitted through the
+polarizer as you can see here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer as you can see here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer as you can see here will be
+reflected by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this
+mirror and then will be reflected Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then will be reflected Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then will be reflected Again
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+mirror and then we let the spot hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then we let the spot hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then we let the spot hit the
+screen so then the purpose of this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so then the purpose of this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so then the purpose of this test
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to rotate the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate the plane of
+polarization or the transmission axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or the transmission axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization or the transmission axis of
+of the polarizer to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer to find
+out whether the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether the polarization of the
+laser light is indeed PL polarized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light is indeed PL polarized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light is indeed PL polarized or
+not so now while we look at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so now while we look at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so now while we look at the at the
+spot on the screen let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the screen let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the screen let me start
+rotating the plane of polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the plane of polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the plane of polarization of
+the polarizer or the transmission axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer or the transmission axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer or the transmission axis
+if you want of the polarizer and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want of the polarizer and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want of the polarizer and uh we
+start in the vertical position and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in the vertical position and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in the vertical position and then
+will start rotating as we observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start rotating as we observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start rotating as we observe the
+spot on the screen as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the screen as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the screen as you can see the
+intensity gets weaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity gets weaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity gets weaker and
+weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker
+until it is if if you watch carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it is if if you watch carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it is if if you watch carefully
+until it's completely extinguished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's completely extinguished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's completely extinguished and
+here you notice that the arrow is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you notice that the arrow is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you notice that the arrow is about
+90° away from where we started out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° away from where we started out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° away from where we started out and
+uh and this shows you see let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this shows you see let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this shows you see let's do it
+again we can go here to the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can go here to the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can go here to the vertical
+position lot of light coming out and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position lot of light coming out and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position lot of light coming out and now
+we go to the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the horizontal
+position and extinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light at least to the eye it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at least to the eye it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at least to the eye it looks
+pretty much complete which shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much complete which shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much complete which shows that
+the that the state of polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the state of polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the state of polarization of
+this laser is plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser is plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser is plain
+polarized and the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and the axis
+or the plane of polarization is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the plane of polarization is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the plane of polarization is indeed
+established by the act the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by the act the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by the act the transmission
+axis of the polarizer which is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the polarizer which is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the polarizer which is in this
+case is shown to be vertical by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is shown to be vertical by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is shown to be vertical by uh by
+the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arrow some of you may have noticed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow some of you may have noticed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow some of you may have noticed on
+the screen a secondary weak spot near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen a secondary weak spot near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen a secondary weak spot near
+the near the main one and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near the main one and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near the main one and probably
+wondered where it's coming from it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered where it's coming from it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered where it's coming from it's not
+coming from from the laser and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from from the laser and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from from the laser and you can
+show that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by
+rotating the polarizer and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the polarizer and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the polarizer and you see that
+indeed the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the spot
+rotates with the with the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with the with the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with the with the polarizer
+which is which means that it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which means that it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which means that it's probably
+coming from internal reflection within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from internal reflection within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from internal reflection within
+the polarizer so it's nothing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer so it's nothing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer so it's nothing to be
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+about spot on the screen is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spot on the screen is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spot on the screen is not very
+clean looking and there's a lot of fuzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean looking and there's a lot of fuzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean looking and there's a lot of fuzz
+and fringes and what have you around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fringes and what have you around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fringes and what have you around
+surrounding the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the spot
+again this is not inherent to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not inherent to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not inherent to to the
+laser this is due to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser this is due to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser this is due to the fact that the
+laser beam had to go through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beam had to go through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beam had to go through some
+Optics like the output mirror of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics like the output mirror of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics like the output mirror of the
+laser the polarizer the two mirrors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the polarizer the two mirrors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the polarizer the two mirrors and
+that's where you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're getting the
+corruption uh we can easily clean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption uh we can easily clean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption uh we can easily clean that
+up with a technique called spal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a technique called spal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a technique called spal
+filtering which we will demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering which we will demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering which we will demonstrate
+later now I'd like to show how easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now I'd like to show how easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now I'd like to show how easily
+one can corrupt the pl aoriz of laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can corrupt the pl aoriz of laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can corrupt the pl aoriz of laser
+light and what I'm going to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and what I'm going to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and what I'm going to do here is
+take this polarizer out from here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this polarizer out from here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this polarizer out from here let
+the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser
+beam hit this mirror and hit this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam hit this mirror and hit this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam hit this mirror and hit this second
+mirror and let the spot go onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and let the spot go onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and let the spot go onto the
+screen and now I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and now I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and now I would like to
+analyze the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the state of
+polarization not as I did before close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization not as I did before close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization not as I did before close
+to the laser but over here after the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reflections and again if the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and again if the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and again if the state of
+polarization has not been corrupted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization has not been corrupted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization has not been corrupted by
+the reflection through these two mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection through these two mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection through these two mirrors
+then we would be able to extinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would be able to extinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would be able to extinguish the
+uh the the laser beam as it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the laser beam as it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the laser beam as it goes through
+the polarizer so let's see now as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer so let's see now as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer so let's see now as we
+look at the spot on the screen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spot on the screen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spot on the screen and then
+I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate
+the transmission axxis of the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission axxis of the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission axxis of the polarizer
+let's see if we can extinguish the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can extinguish the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can extinguish the laser
+beam so I keep turning now getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so I keep turning now getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so I keep turning now getting close
+to to the orthogonal position and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the orthogonal position and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the orthogonal position and you'll
+see that I go through a minimum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I go through a minimum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I go through a minimum and I
+cannot extinguish it the way I could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extinguish it the way I could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extinguish it the way I could uh
+in the in the previous when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the previous when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the previous when the
+polarizer was close to the laser so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer was close to the laser so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer was close to the laser so what
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+shows that it's very easy to to corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's very easy to to corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's very easy to to corrupt
+the polarization of uh of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of uh of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of uh of uh of the
+laser so it means that if we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so it means that if we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so it means that if we go through
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+components we have to then place a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we have to then place a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we have to then place a
+polarizer like this one to establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer like this one to establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer like this one to establish the
+state of polarization after going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization after going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization after going
+through all these components and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these components and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these components and the
+state of polarization will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization will be
+established then by this polarizer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established then by this polarizer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established then by this polarizer now
+just to make sure that indeed we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that indeed we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that indeed we do
+have perfect polarized light plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfect polarized light plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfect polarized light plain
+polarized light what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light what I'm going to do is
+analyze now the polarization coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze now the polarization coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze now the polarization coming out
+of the light the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light the polarization of the
+light coming out of this polarizer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out of this polarizer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out of this polarizer by
+means of a yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a yet another
+polarizer which again used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which again used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which again used as a
+polarization analyzer you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization analyzer you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization analyzer you can see the
+arrow here again is is is uh along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here again is is is uh along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here again is is is uh along the
+transmission axis of the polarizer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer and
+if I now rotate the trans Mission axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now rotate the trans Mission axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now rotate the trans Mission axis
+of the polarizer and then we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer and then we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer and then we'll see
+whether I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I can
+extinguish light coming through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish light coming through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish light coming through this
+polarizer and as you can see I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and as you can see I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and as you can see I can
+extinguish it now because it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish it now because it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish it now because it's been
+established by this polarizer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by this polarizer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by this polarizer so the
+conclusion of all this is that if laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of all this is that if laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of all this is that if laser
+light plain polarized laser light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light plain polarized laser light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light plain polarized laser light is
+passed through many op Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through many op Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through many op Optical
+components the polarization or the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the polarization or the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the polarization or the state
+of polarization will be corrupted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization will be corrupted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization will be corrupted and
+therefore we have to use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to use another
+polarizer to reestablish the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer to reestablish the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer to reestablish the state of
+polarization
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FpXIGTFD8Qs.txt b/FpXIGTFD8Qs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f8b52dd13acde6d7eeb9ddc03478baee363c280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FpXIGTFD8Qs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to talk
+about immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immunity
+which is important especially at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important especially at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important especially at this
+time of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the year
+so immunity is the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immunity is the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immunity is the resistance
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+disease based on a prior exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease based on a prior exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease based on a prior exposure
+based on prior exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course this is the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the principle
+behind vaccination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind vaccination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind vaccination
+so humans have been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so humans have been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so humans have been sort of
+using the properties of the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the properties of the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the properties of the immune
+system to prevent themselves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to prevent themselves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to prevent themselves from
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+disease for centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease for centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease for centuries
+one of the first very clear examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first very clear examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first very clear examples
+of this is back in the 18th century with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is back in the 18th century with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is back in the 18th century with
+the english physician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english physician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english physician
+edward jenner and edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edward jenner and edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edward jenner and edward
+jenner found out or came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jenner found out or came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jenner found out or came to the
+realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization
+that farm hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farm hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farm hands
+on farms specifically milk maids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on farms specifically milk maids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on farms specifically milk maids that
+were exposed to a variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exposed to a variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exposed to a variant
+of smallpox from cows which is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smallpox from cows which is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smallpox from cows which is known as
+cow pox could become immune to smallpox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow pox could become immune to smallpox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow pox could become immune to smallpox
+so cow pox is a less severe form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cow pox is a less severe form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cow pox is a less severe form
+of the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease and
+what jenner did was to take pustules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what jenner did was to take pustules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what jenner did was to take pustules
+from uh individuals who had the cow pox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh individuals who had the cow pox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh individuals who had the cow pox
+uh disease and inject them into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disease and inject them into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disease and inject them into an
+eight-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-year-old
+boy um and then infect that boy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy um and then infect that boy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy um and then infect that boy with
+smallpox to show that the boy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallpox to show that the boy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallpox to show that the boy was
+immune to smallpox after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune to smallpox after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune to smallpox after
+having received the cowpox material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having received the cowpox material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having received the cowpox material
+okay and so this is the first example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the first example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the first example of
+the vaccine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because the vaccine was derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the vaccine was derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the vaccine was derived from
+basically uh someone with cow pox the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh someone with cow pox the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh someone with cow pox the
+word vaccine is from the latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word vaccine is from the latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word vaccine is from the latin
+root of vodka which is cow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of vodka which is cow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of vodka which is cow so
+that's where the word vaccine comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the word vaccine comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the word vaccine comes from
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so today we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about the
+systems that our bodies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that our bodies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that our bodies have
+to fight disease and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight disease and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight disease and there are
+several different levels of the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different levels of the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different levels of the immune
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so i'm going to talk about two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk about two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to talk about two of them
+so i'll talk about two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about two levels
+of immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immunity
+the first i want to mention is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i want to mention is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i want to mention is the one
+that we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all
+just like born with which is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like born with which is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like born with which is known as
+innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you so
+innate immunity immunity as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immunity immunity as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immunity immunity as the name
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+is something that we are born with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we are born with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we are born with so
+this is inborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also doesn't have a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't have a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't have a delay
+in when it's activated right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when it's activated right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when it's activated right so if you
+have an infection this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infection this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infection this is sort of the
+first line of defense right there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line of defense right there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line of defense right there's an
+immediate response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate response
+and that's the in the innate immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the in the innate immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the in the innate immune
+system so this is immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is immediate
+here i'll put this down here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'll put this down here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'll put this down here it's
+immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one example is of an innate immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example is of an innate immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example is of an innate immune
+responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+this is not in a body but ex vivo but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not in a body but ex vivo but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not in a body but ex vivo but
+here you see a human neutrophil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a human neutrophil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a human neutrophil and
+neutrophils are part of our innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophils are part of our innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophils are part of our innate
+immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+and neutrophils hunt and kill bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrophils hunt and kill bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutrophils hunt and kill bacteria
+right you see that neutrophil chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see that neutrophil chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see that neutrophil chasing
+after that bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that bacterium
+and it's going for it it's really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going for it it's really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going for it it's really trying
+to get it but that bacteria really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it but that bacteria really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it but that bacteria really wants
+to get away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get away but
+got it okay right so that's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it okay right so that's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it okay right so that's these
+neutrophils are part of the innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophils are part of the innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophils are part of the innate
+immune system it's inborn it's immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system it's inborn it's immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system it's inborn it's immediate
+and in addition the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition the response of the
+innate immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system
+doesn't really change if you've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really change if you've been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really change if you've been uh
+exposed to an uh an infectious agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to an uh an infectious agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to an uh an infectious agent
+prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior
+to uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the the
+okay so this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not change i'm using the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change i'm using the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change i'm using the greek
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+for change does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change does not change
+with prior exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prior exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prior exposure
+okay so it's sort of like a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's sort of like a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's sort of like a constant
+surveillance mechanism in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance mechanism in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance mechanism in your body
+that will go after foreign agents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go after foreign agents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go after foreign agents okay
+now this is very different from the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is very different from the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is very different from the next
+level of immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of immunity
+which is known as adaptive immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as adaptive immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as adaptive immune
+immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as the name adaptive immunity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the name adaptive immunity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the name adaptive immunity uh
+implies this is a type of immunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this is a type of immunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this is a type of immunity that
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+change it adapts okay and this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it adapts okay and this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it adapts okay and this type of
+immunity is acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity is acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity is acquired
+so it's also known as acquired immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also known as acquired immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also known as acquired immunity
+but it's acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's acquired
+with exposure to a foreign agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this this involves a change in immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this involves a change in immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this involves a change in immunity
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one does not but the innate immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does not but the innate immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does not but the innate immune
+response is immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is immediate
+whereas adaptive immunity takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas adaptive immunity takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas adaptive immunity takes time
+there's a delay so this is also delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also highly specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also highly specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also highly specific
+okay so it's highly specific to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's highly specific to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's highly specific to the
+foreign agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign agents
+that you are infected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are infected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are infected with
+the innate immune system is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate immune system is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate immune system is less
+specific it'll recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it'll recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it'll recognize
+like things like bacteria but it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things like bacteria but it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things like bacteria but it won't
+be able to necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to necessarily
+like distinguish between different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like distinguish between different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like distinguish between different types
+of bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacteria
+um so this is more specific than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is more specific than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is more specific than the
+innate immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system
+this is why every year you have to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why every year you have to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why every year you have to get a
+flu shot because the flu virus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot because the flu virus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot because the flu virus is
+constantly changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing
+and our immune system is so specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our immune system is so specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our immune system is so specific
+that unless we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless we get
+a new vaccination our bodies will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vaccination our bodies will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vaccination our bodies will not be
+able to recognize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recognize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recognize it
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+so now i'm going to break down adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to break down adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to break down adaptive
+immunity into two branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity into two branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity into two branches
+one is known as humoral immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and humoral immunity is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humoral immunity is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humoral immunity is basically
+protein-mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the proteins that mediate this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteins that mediate this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteins that mediate this are
+called antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these antibodies are proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these antibodies are proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these antibodies are proteins
+it's called humoral because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called humoral because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called humoral because the
+antibodies can be secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies can be secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies can be secreted
+into the fluids or humors of our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fluids or humors of our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fluids or humors of our body
+which is basically the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the blood
+okay so there's humoral immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's humoral immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's humoral immunity
+the other type of adaptive immunity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other type of adaptive immunity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other type of adaptive immunity is
+cell mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one thing i want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing i want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing i want to point out that
+the types of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of cells
+that make an antibody are known as b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make an antibody are known as b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make an antibody are known as b
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the b stands for isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the b stands for isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the b stands for isn't really
+important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but
+one thing that's helpful is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's helpful is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's helpful is that these
+cells mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the bone marrow and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bone marrow and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bone marrow and b
+stands for bone marrow okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for bone marrow okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for bone marrow okay so you can
+always remember where they mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now cell mediated immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now cell mediated immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now cell mediated immunity
+in contrast involves a different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast involves a different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast involves a different type of
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+called a t cell and the t of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a t cell and the t of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a t cell and the t of t
+cell stands for thymus because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell stands for thymus because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell stands for thymus because these
+cells mature in the thymus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and i just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i just want to point out
+where these cells come from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these cells come from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these cells come from so
+we talked about adult stem cells earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about adult stem cells earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about adult stem cells earlier
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in this case these t and b lymphocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case these t and b lymphocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case these t and b lymphocytes
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+are derived from a multi-potent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are derived from a multi-potent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are derived from a multi-potent
+hematopoietic stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hematopoietic stem cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hematopoietic stem cell
+which generates a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which generates a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which generates a whole bunch of
+different types of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cells
+many of them are involved in the innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are involved in the innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are involved in the innate
+immune response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response
+but this common lymphoid progenitor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this common lymphoid progenitor over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this common lymphoid progenitor over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+gives rise to d t lymphocytes and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to d t lymphocytes and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to d t lymphocytes and b
+lymphocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes
+which are involved in uh adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are involved in uh adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are involved in uh adaptive
+immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity
+okay so it's not important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not important that you
+remember where what all these cells come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where what all these cells come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where what all these cells come
+from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or
+or what they like what the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they like what the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they like what the tree is
+but that that these cells arise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that these cells arise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that these cells arise from
+a common progenitor cell okay so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common progenitor cell okay so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common progenitor cell okay so both
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branches of the adaptive immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the adaptive immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the adaptive immune system
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+what are known as antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are known as antigen
+receptors i'll abbreviate antigen ag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they have antigen receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have antigen receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have antigen receptors
+meaning that they have things on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they have things on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they have things on them
+that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognize
+specific antigens and antigens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific antigens and antigens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific antigens and antigens are
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+things that result in an immune response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that result in an immune response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that result in an immune response
+okay they could be proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they could be proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they could be proteins
+antigens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activate the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's just immune system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just immune system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just immune system okay
+another abbreviation that i'll use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another abbreviation that i'll use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another abbreviation that i'll use is
+when i refer to an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i refer to an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i refer to an antibody
+i'm going to abbreviate it a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have these two branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have these two branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have these two branches
+of the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the immune system
+and they each have a type of antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they each have a type of antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they each have a type of antigen
+receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+so now i want to go through what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to go through what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to go through what these
+different types of antigen receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of antigen receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of antigen receptors
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+okay i'm going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to start with the
+the b cell antigen receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also known as the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the antibody
+also known as an immunoglobulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an immunoglobulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an immunoglobulin
+okay so another these are all synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you will see them in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see them in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see them in different
+contexts immunoglobulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts immunoglobulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts immunoglobulin
+is abbreviated ig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what the the antibody looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the the antibody looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the the antibody looks like
+structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks like this and i'll just draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this and i'll just draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this and i'll just draw it
+out for you down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for you down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for you down here
+so i'm drawing a lipid bilayer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm drawing a lipid bilayer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm drawing a lipid bilayer that
+represents the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the plasma membrane
+the outside of the cell is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell is going to be
+up so that's the exoplasm up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that's the exoplasm up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that's the exoplasm up here
+the inside down here is the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this would be a b cell then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be a b cell then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be a b cell then we're
+talking about here i'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here i'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here i'm going to draw
+just a segment of the b cell plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a segment of the b cell plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a segment of the b cell plasma
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+and the b the antibody can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the b the antibody can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the b the antibody can have a
+transmembrane domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain
+that spans the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spans the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spans the plasma membrane
+and then there are domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what i'm drawing here is a circle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm drawing here is a circle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm drawing here is a circle is
+an ig domain so this is going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ig domain so this is going to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ig domain so this is going to equal
+an ig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ig
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+it's just a type of protein fold that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a type of protein fold that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a type of protein fold that is
+modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular
+okay so you can see up on my diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see up on my diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see up on my diagram
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right you see these like here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see these like here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see these like here there are
+these two green segments labeled v and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two green segments labeled v and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two green segments labeled v and c
+each of those is a single ig domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those is a single ig domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those is a single ig domain okay
+it's just a modular fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a modular fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a modular fold
+that is uh separate from the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh separate from the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh separate from the other part
+of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a long this is one polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long this is one polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long this is one polypeptide chain
+that has a transmembrane domain and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a transmembrane domain and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a transmembrane domain and is
+inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted
+into the plasma membrane the n-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the plasma membrane the n-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the plasma membrane the n-terminus
+is here the c-terminus is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the c-terminus is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here the c-terminus is down here
+and each antibody protein has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each antibody protein has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each antibody protein has two
+of these long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polypeptides and because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides and because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides and because they're the
+longest part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest part of the molecule
+they're known as heavy chains so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're known as heavy chains so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're known as heavy chains so these
+are the heavy chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each antibody protein is composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each antibody protein is composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each antibody protein is composed of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+identical heavy chains okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical heavy chains okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical heavy chains okay so these are
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+and they also there's another component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also there's another component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also there's another component
+which is present up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a shorter polypeptide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a shorter polypeptide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a shorter polypeptide and
+because it's shorter and smaller it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shorter and smaller it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shorter and smaller it's
+known as the light chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the light chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the light chain
+okay that's the light chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's more or less what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's more or less what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's more or less what an
+antibody looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody looks like
+the part of this antigen receptor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of this antigen receptor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of this antigen receptor that
+recognizes the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the antigen
+are the tips right here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tips right here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tips right here so this
+is where the antigen binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it can bind on either this side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can bind on either this side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can bind on either this side or
+this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+this this molecule is laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this molecule is laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this molecule is laterally
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+one side is identical to the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the t cell receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the t cell receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the t cell receptor
+looks different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the t cell receptor has fewer names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t cell receptor has fewer names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t cell receptor has fewer names
+it's just called the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just called the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just called the t
+cell receptor or the tcr for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor or the tcr for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor or the tcr for short
+and the t cell receptor is structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t cell receptor is structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t cell receptor is structurally
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+so now i'm drawing here a t cell plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm drawing here a t cell plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm drawing here a t cell plasma
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+here's the plasma membrane the exoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plasma membrane the exoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plasma membrane the exoplasm
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+is up the cytoplasm is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up the cytoplasm is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up the cytoplasm is down
+below this plasma membrane and the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this plasma membrane and the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this plasma membrane and the t
+cell receptor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor has
+two chains one is called alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chains one is called alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chains one is called alpha
+and the other is beta and it has fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is beta and it has fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is beta and it has fewer
+immunoglobulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin
+repeats so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so that you can see
+you just have this sort of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have this sort of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have this sort of smaller
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+here where you have an alpha and a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you have an alpha and a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you have an alpha and a beta
+chain and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and in this case
+this region here recognizes the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here recognizes the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here recognizes the antigen
+okay so basically the t cell receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the t cell receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically the t cell receptor
+the tip of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of it
+interacts with the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the b cell receptor or the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the b cell receptor or the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the b cell receptor or the antibody
+has different forms so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different forms so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different forms so let's talk about
+the different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are shown up in my slide above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are shown up in my slide above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are shown up in my slide above
+right so you see over here here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see over here here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see over here here's a
+antibody that has a transmembrane domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that has a transmembrane domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that has a transmembrane domain
+and is anchored in the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is anchored in the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is anchored in the plasma membrane
+but there's another form that lacks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another form that lacks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another form that lacks that
+transmembrane domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain
+and instead of being a an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of being a an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of being a an integral
+membrane protein is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane protein is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane protein is instead
+secreted into the blood okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted into the blood okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted into the blood okay
+so the forms of the b-cell receptor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the forms of the b-cell receptor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the forms of the b-cell receptor are
+both a membrane-bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is initially how this antibody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is initially how this antibody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is initially how this antibody is
+presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented
+but later on it can be secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on it can be secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on it can be secreted
+and this often changes when there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this often changes when there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this often changes when there's an
+infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+okay so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once you
+have a virus or bacteria in your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a virus or bacteria in your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a virus or bacteria in your system
+then you get the b cell sort of pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the b cell sort of pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the b cell sort of pumping
+out the secreted form of the antibody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the secreted form of the antibody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the secreted form of the antibody in
+order to fight the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fight the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fight the infection
+okay in contrast for the t cell receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in contrast for the t cell receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in contrast for the t cell receptor
+for the t cell receptor there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the t cell receptor there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the t cell receptor there's only one
+form which is the membrane bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is the membrane bound form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is the membrane bound form
+okay so for t cell receptors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for t cell receptors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for t cell receptors it's
+membrane only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay another thing that differs between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that differs between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that differs between
+these antigen ceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these antigen ceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these antigen ceptors
+receptors is the types of antigens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors is the types of antigens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors is the types of antigens that
+are recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recognized
+so antibodies can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so antibodies can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so antibodies can recognize
+all sorts of different molecules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of different molecules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of different molecules okay
+they're they're very promiscuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very promiscuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very promiscuous
+but they and a given antibody is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and a given antibody is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they and a given antibody is not
+promiscuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous
+a given antibody will recognize a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given antibody will recognize a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given antibody will recognize a very
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+structure okay but the possibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay but the possibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay but the possibility for
+antibodies that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that they
+they can recognize small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can recognize proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can recognize dna they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can recognize dna they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can recognize dna they can
+recognize carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize carbohydrates
+you get the idea right they really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the idea right they really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the idea right they really can
+recognize a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a whole
+range of different types of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different types of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different types of molecules
+okay in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in contrast
+the t cell receptor is more restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t cell receptor is more restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t cell receptor is more restricted
+and that t cell receptors will recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that t cell receptors will recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that t cell receptors will recognize
+peptides or short sequences of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides or short sequences of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides or short sequences of amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+so it recognizes peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these peptides are presented to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these peptides are presented to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these peptides are presented to the
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+cell on a type of molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presented by the mhc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the mhc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the mhc
+complex there are two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex there are two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex there are two classes
+one and two and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two and we're going to talk
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+in detail in friday's lecture so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail in friday's lecture so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail in friday's lecture so i just
+want to point out the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out the difference
+in the types of antigens that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the types of antigens that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the types of antigens that can be
+recognized here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized here
+and we'll talk about exactly what i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about exactly what i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about exactly what i just
+what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we have to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have to talk about the
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+properties of the immune system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the immune system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the immune system the
+first is how specific it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is how specific it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is how specific it is
+it's specificity right and i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specificity right and i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specificity right and i think this
+is a really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the ability to
+really discriminate between very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discriminate between very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discriminate between very closely
+related molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related molecules
+right and this is essential for immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is essential for immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is essential for immunity
+to work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work well
+right you want to recognize things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to recognize things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to recognize things that
+are foreign agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are foreign agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are foreign agents
+that have like invaded your system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have like invaded your system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have like invaded your system you
+don't want to be recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be recognizing
+uh proteins and structures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proteins and structures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proteins and structures that are
+natively present in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively present in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively present in your body
+because if your immune system did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if your immune system did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if your immune system did that
+you'd have an autoimmune disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have an autoimmune disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have an autoimmune disease
+okay so the specificity is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the specificity is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the specificity is really
+crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial
+for the function of the immune system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function of the immune system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function of the immune system so
+now i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to talk
+how is it that the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that the immune system
+achieves such high levels of specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves such high levels of specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves such high levels of specificity
+and the way i want to illustrate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i want to illustrate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i want to illustrate this is
+i want to bring this down quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we consider the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider the structure of the
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+um these different domains um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are different and in that and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and in that and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and in that and how
+variable they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they are
+so some are variable so this domain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some are variable so this domain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some are variable so this domain here
+for the heavy chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heavy chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heavy chain
+is the variable domain of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable domain of the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable domain of the heavy
+chain which i'll just abbreviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which i'll just abbreviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which i'll just abbreviate
+vh and then these other immunoglobulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vh and then these other immunoglobulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vh and then these other immunoglobulin
+domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains are
+constant meaning they don't have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant meaning they don't have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant meaning they don't have a lot
+of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation
+in sequence like the heavy chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence like the heavy chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence like the heavy chain
+there's a variable domain for the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variable domain for the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variable domain for the light
+chain which i'll abbreviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which i'll abbreviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which i'll abbreviate
+vl and then there's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vl and then there's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vl and then there's a constant
+domain for the light chain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for the light chain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for the light chain okay
+and so what i want to do now is consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to do now is consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to do now is consider
+what the sequence variation is here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequence variation is here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sequence variation is here on
+this antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this antibody
+this is the same over here right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same over here right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same over here right this is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+thing over here you have a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here you have a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here you have a variable
+domain for the heavy chain and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for the heavy chain and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain for the heavy chain and a
+variable domain for the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable domain for the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable domain for the light
+chain so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so let's consider
+the amino acid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid sequence
+of the antibody molecule specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antibody molecule specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antibody molecule specifically
+at that variable part of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that variable part of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that variable part of the protein
+so let's say we could take individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we could take individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we could take individual
+antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies
+and define their sequence from n to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define their sequence from n to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define their sequence from n to c
+terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus
+that would be from tip towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be from tip towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be from tip towards the end
+here so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we take
+a number of different antibodies and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different antibodies and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different antibodies and a
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+align their amino acid sequence so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align their amino acid sequence so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align their amino acid sequence so what
+i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+i'm not writing out an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not writing out an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not writing out an amino acid
+sequence but i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but i'm just
+illustrating like a particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating like a particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating like a particular type of
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+experiment you could do so these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you could do so these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you could do so these would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+aligned amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned amino acid
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where each of these represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these represents a
+different antibody let's say heavy chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different antibody let's say heavy chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different antibody let's say heavy chain
+polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+that's produced from a different b cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from a different b cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from a different b cell
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so each of these is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these is a different
+antibody from a unique b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody from a unique b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody from a unique b
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we just consider the residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just consider the residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just consider the residue
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how much each amino acid residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much each amino acid residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much each amino acid residue
+varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies
+along this sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this sequence okay
+so if we were to align antibody gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to align antibody gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to align antibody gene
+stretches like this and look at how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches like this and look at how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches like this and look at how much
+variation there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation there is
+you'd get a graph that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a graph that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a graph that looks like this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the y-axis is the amount of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y-axis is the amount of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y-axis is the amount of variation
+and the x-axis here is the residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x-axis here is the residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x-axis here is the residue
+number along this polypeptide sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number along this polypeptide sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number along this polypeptide sequence
+okay and what you see probably even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you see probably even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you see probably even
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+the color here is that there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color here is that there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color here is that there are these
+three regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three regions
+where there's a lot of variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of variation in the
+sequence of different antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of different antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of different antibodies
+okay so here you see the blue segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you see the blue segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you see the blue segment
+here has a lot of variation the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a lot of variation the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a lot of variation the yellow
+segment has a lot of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment has a lot of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment has a lot of variation
+and the red segment here has possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red segment here has possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red segment here has possibly
+the most variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most variation
+okay and what these are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what these are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what these are known as
+are hypervariable regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that they exhibit a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they exhibit a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they exhibit a lot of
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+another name for them is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for them is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for them is that they are
+complementarity determining regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity determining regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity determining regions
+complementarity complementarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions or cdrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions or cdrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions or cdrs
+and there are three of them one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three of them one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three of them one two and
+three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay
+so there are regions in this antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are regions in this antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are regions in this antibody
+molecule which are much more variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which are much more variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which are much more variable
+than others okay so what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others okay so what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others okay so what are these
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+well this is a sort of crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a sort of crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a sort of crystal structure
+of the and of an antibody and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and of an antibody and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and of an antibody and you can
+see how the antigen is bound at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the antigen is bound at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the antigen is bound at the end
+right that would be this end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be this end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be this end of the
+molecule or this end of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or this end of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or this end of the molecule
+and here you see a ribbon diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a ribbon diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a ribbon diagram of the
+structure of the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the antibody
+and the complementary complementarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complementary complementarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complementary complementarity
+determining regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining regions
+are the regions here that contact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the regions here that contact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the regions here that contact the
+antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen
+okay and what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what they are
+are basically here's an ig fold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically here's an ig fold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically here's an ig fold this
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+and there are the three loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are the three loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are the three loops that
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+out of the end of this molecule and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the end of this molecule and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the end of this molecule and you
+can think of them as three fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of them as three fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of them as three fingers
+okay then these fingers are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then these fingers are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then these fingers are able to
+reach out and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out and sort of
+grab on to like a foreign particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab on to like a foreign particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab on to like a foreign particle and
+or any particle and stick to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any particle and stick to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any particle and stick to it
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so these are the variable regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the variable regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the variable regions and
+they have differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have differences
+in amino acids an amino acid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amino acids an amino acid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amino acids an amino acid sequence
+and even very small differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the amino acid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amino acid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amino acid sequence
+at this particular part of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this particular part of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this particular part of the of the
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+can have a huge effect on whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a huge effect on whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a huge effect on whether or not
+they're able to stick to something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to stick to something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to stick to something right
+you can imagine if i lost my thumb then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine if i lost my thumb then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine if i lost my thumb then
+right now i'm not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm not able to
+sort of stick to that anymore okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stick to that anymore okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stick to that anymore okay so
+small differences in amino acid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences in amino acid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences in amino acid sequence
+result in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in large
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+the affinity of this antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of this antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of this antibody
+for an antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an antigen
+okay and antibodies have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and antibodies have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and antibodies have different
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+meaning that they're able to bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they're able to bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that they're able to bind to
+um specific substances differently okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific substances differently okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific substances differently okay
+so if an antibody has one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if an antibody has one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if an antibody has one set of
+sequence it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it might
+recognize one structure if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize one structure if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize one structure if it has
+another sequence it might recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence it might recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence it might recognize
+another structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure
+okay so just by changing the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by changing the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by changing the sequence
+at these complementarity determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these complementarity determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these complementarity determining
+regions has a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions has a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions has a huge
+influence on what these proteins will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on what these proteins will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on what these proteins will
+bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to
+okay now each b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now each b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now each b
+cell expresses a unique antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell expresses a unique antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell expresses a unique antibody
+and just one unique antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just one unique antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just one unique antibody
+so each b cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our body expresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and only one antibody protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and only one antibody protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and only one antibody protein
+okay and that antibody protein has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that antibody protein has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that antibody protein has a
+unique sequence at the cdr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique sequence at the cdr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique sequence at the cdr
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one antibody has unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one antibody has unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one antibody has unique
+specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the for an antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here you can see in my diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you can see in my diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you can see in my diagram
+i have a whole bunch of b cells here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a whole bunch of b cells here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a whole bunch of b cells here
+they all express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all express
+a different antibody and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different antibody and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different antibody and you can see
+that the way you could get more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way you could get more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way you could get more of a
+given antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given antibody
+is to clonally expand one of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to clonally expand one of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to clonally expand one of these cells
+and all of the cells that result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the cells that result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the cells that result from
+that clonal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clonal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clonal expansion
+will express the exact same antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will express the exact same antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will express the exact same antibody
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and and when you have a clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and when you have a clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and when you have a clonal
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+of a cell that all has the same antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cell that all has the same antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cell that all has the same antibody
+that's known as monoclonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so each b cell will have a b cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each b cell will have a b cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each b cell will have a b cell
+receptor or an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor or an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor or an antibody
+with unique specificity so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unique specificity so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unique specificity so now the
+question becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes
+okay so i told you how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i told you how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i told you how you get
+specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+but in order to have a functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to have a functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to have a functioning
+immune system you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system you need to have
+lots of different b cells that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different b cells that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different b cells that each
+express a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a different
+uh b cell receptor okay so there needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b cell receptor okay so there needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b cell receptor okay so there needs
+to be a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a way
+to generate diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the answer to how we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to how we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to how we generate
+diversity has an mit connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity has an mit connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity has an mit connection
+the research wasn't done at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research wasn't done at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research wasn't done at mit
+but the person who discovered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person who discovered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person who discovered the
+mechanism is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is now
+at mit on this research was performed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit on this research was performed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit on this research was performed by
+susumu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susumu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susumu
+tanegawa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and professor tanagawa for his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professor tanagawa for his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professor tanagawa for his work on
+how this diversity is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this diversity is generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this diversity is generated
+was awarded the nobel prize in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was awarded the nobel prize in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was awarded the nobel prize in medicine
+in 1987.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so professor tanagawa did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so professor tanagawa did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so professor tanagawa did this
+research elsewhere but now he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research elsewhere but now he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research elsewhere but now he's a
+faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member
+here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit
+all right so diversity the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so diversity the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so diversity the problem of
+diversity right we have millions of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity right we have millions of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity right we have millions of b
+cells that have a unique antibody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have a unique antibody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have a unique antibody okay
+so one solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one solution to this problem
+would be we have a million different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be we have a million different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be we have a million different
+antibody genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody genes
+and each b-cell clone sort of expresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each b-cell clone sort of expresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each b-cell clone sort of expresses
+one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+okay how many genes do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many genes do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many genes do we have
+anyone know roughly on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know roughly on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know roughly on the order of
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+do we have a million what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a million what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a million what's that
+exactly yeah so mr george has suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so mr george has suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so mr george has suggested
+miles i believe yeah okay good miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles i believe yeah okay good miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles i believe yeah okay good miles
+suggested 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested 30
+000 which is like a good upper limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 which is like a good upper limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 which is like a good upper limit
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so having a million antibody genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having a million antibody genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having a million antibody genes
+sounds a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little bit
+unfeasible okay and so it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible okay and so it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible okay and so it's basically
+unfeasible for us to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible for us to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfeasible for us to express
+as many antibody genes or have as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many antibody genes or have as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many antibody genes or have as many
+antibody genes as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody genes as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody genes as we
+have antibodies we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have antibodies we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have antibodies we just don't have
+enough real estate in our genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough real estate in our genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough real estate in our genome
+okay but there's another solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another solution to
+generate the diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the diversity
+which is essentially a form of shuffling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a form of shuffling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a form of shuffling
+okay so we have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a single
+um heavy chain gene for antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heavy chain gene for antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heavy chain gene for antibodies
+and we have two genes for the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two genes for the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two genes for the light
+chain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but
+these genes are composed of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are composed of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are composed of multiple
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+segments there are multiple gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments there are multiple gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments there are multiple gene
+segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically the segments that make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that generate this variable domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generate this variable domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generate this variable domain okay
+is composed of multiple gene segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is composed of multiple gene segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is composed of multiple gene segments
+and these gene segments are shuffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gene segments are shuffled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gene segments are shuffled
+during the development of the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the development of the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the development of the b
+the b cell to give rise to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b cell to give rise to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b cell to give rise to different
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+okay so these gene segments are shuffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate this diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i'm showing you on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm showing you on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm showing you on the top
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is the human immunoglobulin heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the human immunoglobulin heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the human immunoglobulin heavy
+chain locus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain locus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain locus here
+you can see it's pretty big there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's pretty big there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's pretty big there are
+lots of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of components
+i want you to focus on this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to focus on this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to focus on this so
+there's um you see in orange there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um you see in orange there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um you see in orange there's
+this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+gene segment and there are 45 variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene segment and there are 45 variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene segment and there are 45 variable
+gene segments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene segments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene segments here
+there's this diversity or d segment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this diversity or d segment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this diversity or d segment here
+which there are 23 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are 23 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are 23 of
+and then there are six of these joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are six of these joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are six of these joining
+or j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or j
+segments okay so these are all distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments okay so these are all distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments okay so these are all distinct
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+of the gene they're all distinct parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene they're all distinct parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene they're all distinct parts
+of the exon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exon
+that encodes this variable region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encodes this variable region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encodes this variable region of the
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v d and j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d and j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d and j
+gene segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in order to generate a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to generate a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to generate a functional
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody
+one v has to be brought together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one v has to be brought together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one v has to be brought together with
+one d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one d
+which has to be brought together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be brought together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be brought together with
+one j for the heavy chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one j for the heavy chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one j for the heavy chain
+okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have
+multiple vd gene segments and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vd gene segments and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vd gene segments and they have
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+brought together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to form a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a functional
+antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's illustrated right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's illustrated right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's illustrated right here so
+here you see this is the light chain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see this is the light chain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see this is the light chain for
+the light chain they're only in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light chain they're only in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light chain they're only in v
+and j gene segments uh for the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j gene segments uh for the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j gene segments uh for the heavy
+chain there's v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain there's v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain there's v
+d and j and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and j and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and j and so
+most of the cells in our body and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cells in our body and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cells in our body and the
+cells of our germline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of our germline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of our germline the
+very early stages of development all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early stages of development all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early stages of development all
+have this arrangement where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this arrangement where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this arrangement where you have
+everything still intact but during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything still intact but during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything still intact but during
+lymphocyte development specifically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocyte development specifically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocyte development specifically in
+lymphocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes
+there's a recombination event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a recombination event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a recombination event that
+brings together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings together
+v and j segments or v d and j segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and j segments or v d and j segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and j segments or v d and j segments
+okay so this is mediated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is mediated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is mediated by
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+recombination at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination at
+the heavy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy and
+light chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes for the antibody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes for the antibody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes for the antibody okay
+and so this is very different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is very different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is very different from the
+recombination we talked about earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination we talked about earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination we talked about earlier in
+the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester
+where recombination is happening during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where recombination is happening during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where recombination is happening during
+meiosis and the formation of the gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis and the formation of the gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis and the formation of the gametes
+right in that case recombination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that case recombination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that case recombination is
+happening between homologous chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening between homologous chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening between homologous chromosomes
+here we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're not talking about
+recombination between homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination between homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination between homologous
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+we're talking about recombination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about recombination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about recombination that
+brings together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings together
+and deletes segments along a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletes segments along a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletes segments along a single
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+to bring these v and j segments together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring these v and j segments together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring these v and j segments together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is sort of an intrachromosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of an intrachromosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of an intrachromosomal
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+which deletes the intervening sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deletes the intervening sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deletes the intervening sequences
+and brings these gene segments together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brings these gene segments together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brings these gene segments together
+to form a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a functional
+antibody protein so this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody protein so this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody protein so this process
+is known as vdj recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as vdj recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as vdj recombination
+and this is lymphocyte specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's because during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's because during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's because during the
+development of b and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of b and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of b and t
+cells there's an induction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there's an induction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there's an induction of
+uh recombinases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recombinases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recombinases that
+mediate this recombination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this recombination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this recombination so
+in this case there's a recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's a recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's a recombination
+which is mediated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mediated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mediated by
+recombination activating genes one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination activating genes one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination activating genes one and
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+called rag one and two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rag one and two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rag one and two okay
+so there are these are lymphocyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are these are lymphocyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are these are lymphocyte
+specific recombinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific recombinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific recombinases
+which mediate this rearrangement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mediate this rearrangement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mediate this rearrangement which
+bring together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together
+unique v d and j segments together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique v d and j segments together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique v d and j segments together
+okay so the diversity comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the diversity comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the diversity comes from the
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+that each of these v d and j segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each v segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could all this also applies to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could all this also applies to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could all this also applies to d
+segments and also j segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and also j segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and also j segments
+has a unique sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it encodes for a unique amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it encodes for a unique amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it encodes for a unique amino acid
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+meaning that if you bring together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you bring together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you bring together
+different combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations
+of these d's and j's you get a distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these d's and j's you get a distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these d's and j's you get a distinct
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+okay now even if you had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now even if you had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now even if you had all the
+combinations of vds and js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vds and js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vds and js
+we you still don't have the diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you still don't have the diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you still don't have the diversity
+that we see in the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the human body
+so there's another process that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another process that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another process that further
+generates diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates diversity
+which is the fact that when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fact that when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fact that when these
+segments are getting shuffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments are getting shuffled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments are getting shuffled
+it's imprecise in that nucleotides can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imprecise in that nucleotides can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imprecise in that nucleotides can
+be inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inserted
+or deleted as these segments are joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deleted as these segments are joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deleted as these segments are joined
+which generates greater amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which generates greater amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which generates greater amino acid
+diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity
+and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called junctional imprecision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this recombination is not precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this recombination is not precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this recombination is not precise
+but it leads to the insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or deletion of nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if there's a multiple of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a multiple of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a multiple of three
+nucleotides either inserted or deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides either inserted or deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides either inserted or deleted
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you get a functional antibody why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a functional antibody why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a functional antibody why is it
+that it has to be a multiple of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be a multiple of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be a multiple of three
+jeremy otherwise you end up with a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeremy otherwise you end up with a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeremy otherwise you end up with a frame
+shift exactly right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift exactly right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift exactly right this is
+and the this is on the more sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this is on the more sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this is on the more sort of like
+n-terminal side of the gene right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal side of the gene right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal side of the gene right so if
+you inserted one nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inserted one nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inserted one nucleotide
+between v and j then the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between v and j then the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between v and j then the downstream
+portion of the gene the downstream part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the gene the downstream part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the gene the downstream part
+of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open
+open reading frame would be out of frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open reading frame would be out of frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open reading frame would be out of frame
+and wouldn't generate a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't generate a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wouldn't generate a functional
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+okay so it has to be a multiple of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah georgia is um precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah georgia is um precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah georgia is um precision
+specific or is it not it's just the rag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or is it not it's just the rag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or is it not it's just the rag
+one and rag two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and rag two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and rag two
+are turned on specifically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turned on specifically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turned on specifically in the
+lymphocytes as they mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes as they mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphocytes as they mature
+and that also affects the insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also affects the insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also affects the insertion
+pollution well if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution well if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution well if you don't have
+recombination you can't get junctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination you can't get junctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination you can't get junctional
+precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+right so the junctional imprecision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the junctional imprecision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the junctional imprecision or
+junctional imprecision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junctional imprecision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junctional imprecision
+the junctional imprecision is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junctional imprecision is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junctional imprecision is a
+consequence of the recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the recombination
+process itself right so if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself right so if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself right so if you're not
+having recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having recombination
+you're not having any junctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having any junctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having any junctional
+imprecision because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecision because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecision because you're not
+generating a junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a junction
+okay now there's one more thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's one more thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's one more thing that's
+important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here
+which is something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that happens
+not as a consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a consequence of this
+recombination process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination process
+but as a consequence of activating the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a consequence of activating the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a consequence of activating the t
+cell response which is that in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell response which is that in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell response which is that in addition
+to these variations there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these variations there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these variations there's also
+something known as somatic hypermutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's an elevated mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an elevated mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an elevated mutation rate
+at the ig locus that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ig locus that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ig locus that further
+increases the diversity of the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the diversity of the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the diversity of the amino
+acid sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sequence
+at these variable regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these variable regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these variable regions of the
+antibody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody okay
+another way this is referred to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way this is referred to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way this is referred to is
+because it can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can increase
+the affinity of the antibody for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of the antibody for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of the antibody for
+a antigen it's also known as affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a antigen it's also known as affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a antigen it's also known as affinity
+maturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation
+so these are synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maturation maturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation maturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation maturation
+okay so and this depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this depends on
+the t cell the cell mediated branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t cell the cell mediated branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t cell the cell mediated branch of
+adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted
+immunity so this is t cell mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one other aspect of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one other aspect of this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one other aspect of this process
+that i want to talk about is until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to talk about is until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to talk about is until this
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+happens the immunoglobulin gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the immunoglobulin gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the immunoglobulin gene
+is not expressed so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not expressed so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not expressed so it's this
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+that leads to the expression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the expression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the expression of the
+either the heavy chain or the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the heavy chain or the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the heavy chain or the light
+chain gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gene okay
+and that's because the enhancer is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because the enhancer is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because the enhancer is sort
+of downstream in the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of downstream in the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of downstream in the gene
+and by deleting the intervening sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by deleting the intervening sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by deleting the intervening sequence
+here you bring the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you bring the promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you bring the promoter
+in range of the enhancer and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range of the enhancer and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range of the enhancer and now this
+gene is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is expressed
+okay but remember you have two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but remember you have two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but remember you have two copies of
+each of these genes you have a parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these genes you have a parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these genes you have a parental
+copy and a maternal copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and a maternal copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and a maternal copy
+and another feature of this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another feature of this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another feature of this system is
+that there's what is known as allelic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's what is known as allelic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's what is known as allelic
+exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you the system is such that a b cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the system is such that a b cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the system is such that a b cell
+expresses only one antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses only one antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses only one antibody
+and so if you had both alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you had both alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you had both alleles
+expressing that wouldn't be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing that wouldn't be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing that wouldn't be the case
+okay so allelic exclusion makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so allelic exclusion makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so allelic exclusion makes it
+that if you get a recombination event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get a recombination event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get a recombination event
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+leads to a functional antibody for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a functional antibody for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a functional antibody for one
+of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+uh sort of inherited copies of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of inherited copies of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of inherited copies of the gene
+one of your alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your alleles
+it suppresses recombination on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppresses recombination on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppresses recombination on the other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay so you will only get one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you will only get one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you will only get one of these
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+one heavy chain and one light chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one heavy chain and one light chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one heavy chain and one light chain
+expressed per b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed per b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed per b
+cell okay so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so only
+one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene
+expressed so that each b cell only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so that each b cell only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so that each b cell only has
+one antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i just wanted to point out finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just wanted to point out finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just wanted to point out finally
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these junctions between v d and j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these junctions between v d and j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these junctions between v d and j
+segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments
+fall right in this cdr3 region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall right in this cdr3 region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall right in this cdr3 region so
+they're responsible for the high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're responsible for the high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're responsible for the high level
+variability at the cdr or hypervariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability at the cdr or hypervariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability at the cdr or hypervariable
+three region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and because of the allelic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because of the allelic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because of the allelic
+exclusion each b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion each b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion each b
+cell expresses only one antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell expresses only one antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell expresses only one antibody
+okay so all of the antibody proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of the antibody proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of the antibody proteins
+expressed by that cell will be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed by that cell will be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed by that cell will be exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+okay so now the last property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the last property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the last property of the
+immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+we need to talk about is memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the immune system the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the immune system the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the immune system the immune
+system needs to be able to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system needs to be able to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system needs to be able to recall
+past infectious agents that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past infectious agents that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past infectious agents that it's
+experienced okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced okay
+and so it needs i guess we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it needs i guess we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it needs i guess we're kind of
+personifying here but it needs some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personifying here but it needs some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personifying here but it needs some sort
+of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory
+right it needs to be the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it needs to be the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it needs to be the ability to
+recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this
+okay and this is the principle behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the principle behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the principle behind
+vaccination right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination right
+the way vaccines work is to put in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way vaccines work is to put in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way vaccines work is to put in one
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+attenuated or inactivated foreign agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated or inactivated foreign agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated or inactivated foreign agents
+such that your body is able to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that your body is able to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that your body is able to remember
+that later on when you get the real deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on when you get the real deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on when you get the real deal
+and it's able to fight it off okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's able to fight it off okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's able to fight it off okay
+so the body has to be able to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body has to be able to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body has to be able to remember
+and several ways in which this manifests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several ways in which this manifests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several ways in which this manifests
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+if we compare a primary infection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare a primary infection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compare a primary infection the
+first time you've seen an infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've seen an infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've seen an infectious
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+versus a secondary infection they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a secondary infection they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a secondary infection they have
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+responses from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from the standpoint
+of the adaptive immune system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adaptive immune system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adaptive immune system okay
+so if we consider the lag before your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider the lag before your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider the lag before your
+adaptive immune system really takes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system really takes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system really takes off
+the primary response takes about five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary response takes about five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary response takes about five to
+ten days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten days
+so it's a bit delayed whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bit delayed whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bit delayed whereas the
+secondary response can be one to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary response can be one to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary response can be one to three
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+okay so it's faster it's able to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's faster it's able to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's faster it's able to react
+faster when you see an infectious agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster when you see an infectious agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster when you see an infectious agent
+the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time
+if we also just consider the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we also just consider the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we also just consider the magnitude
+of the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response
+by considering how much antibody the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by considering how much antibody the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by considering how much antibody the
+antibody concentration that's like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody concentration that's like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody concentration that's like put
+into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+system then the primary response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then the primary response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then the primary response
+is smaller and the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller and the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller and the magnitude of the
+secondary response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary response
+is larger okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger okay
+so you basically your body is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically your body is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically your body is able to
+produce more antibody against an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more antibody against an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more antibody against an
+infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious
+agent the second time it sees it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent the second time it sees it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent the second time it sees it not
+only is the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is the antibody
+amount better the second time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount better the second time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount better the second time but
+actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+are antibodies themselves okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are antibodies themselves okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are antibodies themselves okay and we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+show that by thinking about antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by thinking about antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by thinking about antibody
+affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is how tightly the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how tightly the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how tightly the antibody
+recognizes the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the antigen
+and i'll give you numbers that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you numbers that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you numbers that represent
+the dissociatin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociatin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociatin
+dissociation constant for an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant for an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant for an antibody
+to a given antigen so the lower that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a given antigen so the lower that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a given antigen so the lower that
+number is the tighter the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the tighter the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the tighter the binding
+so for the primary infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the primary infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the primary infection
+the antibody affinity is weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody affinity is weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody affinity is weaker
+on the order of 10 to the negative 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 10 to the negative 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 10 to the negative 7th
+molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar
+in terms of kd and this secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of kd and this secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of kd and this secondary
+infection generates antibodies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection generates antibodies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection generates antibodies that are
+functionally quite better they bind much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally quite better they bind much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally quite better they bind much
+tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can be less than 10 to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be less than 10 to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be less than 10 to the negative
+11th molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th molar
+which is sub nanomolar right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sub nanomolar right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sub nanomolar right that's a
+really tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight
+interaction between two molecules so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two molecules so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two molecules so the
+antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies
+you get more of them and they're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more of them and they're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more of them and they're better
+antibodies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what makes this memorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what makes this memorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what makes this memorable
+is that um when what lasts in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um when what lasts in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um when what lasts in your body
+from the first time you see the agent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first time you see the agent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first time you see the agent to
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+is there's a type of b cell known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a type of b cell known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a type of b cell known as a
+memory b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory b
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this memory b cell will express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this memory b cell will express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this memory b cell will express
+a given antibody and that antibody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given antibody and that antibody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given antibody and that antibody will
+be specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specific
+to the substance you saw previously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the substance you saw previously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the substance you saw previously and
+because recombination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because recombination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because recombination is
+this recombination is irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recombination is irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recombination is irreversible
+then that b cell is going to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that b cell is going to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that b cell is going to remember
+that antibody because it's still encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antibody because it's still encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antibody because it's still encoded
+in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome
+so the the memory results from vdj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the memory results from vdj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the memory results from vdj
+recombination being irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fact that these memory b cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that these memory b cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that these memory b cells
+stay in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in your body
+even if the antigen is not present so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the antigen is not present so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the antigen is not present so
+these also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these also
+stay in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so effective vaccines generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effective vaccines generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effective vaccines generate
+these types of cells these memory b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of cells these memory b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of cells these memory b
+cells okay that's important if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay that's important if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay that's important if you want
+an effective vaccine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective vaccine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective vaccine
+that you have these b cells that retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have these b cells that retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have these b cells that retain
+information about the past infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past infection
+all right so what exactly is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what exactly is it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what exactly is it that the
+antibodies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies do
+so i'll talk about effector functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so antibodies can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so antibodies can bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so antibodies can bind to
+a foreign substance and interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foreign substance and interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foreign substance and interfere with
+the normal function right if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal function right if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal function right if you have a
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+and maybe the antibody binds to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the antibody binds to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the antibody binds to some
+part of the bacteria to interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the bacteria to interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the bacteria to interfere with
+that bacteria getting into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bacteria getting into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bacteria getting into the cell
+okay and this type of effect is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this type of effect is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this type of effect is known as
+neutralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you had an antibody that bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had an antibody that bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had an antibody that bound to
+something like a bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a bacteria
+you could also have it recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have it recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have it recruit
+phagocytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagocytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagocytic
+cells to internalize that bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to internalize that bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to internalize that bacteria
+and so you could also induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could also induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could also induce
+phagocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition antibodies when bound to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition antibodies when bound to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition antibodies when bound to a
+foreign substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign substance
+if that foreign substance is a cell then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that foreign substance is a cell then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that foreign substance is a cell then
+it could recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could recruit
+a killing cell to kill that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing cell to kill that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing cell to kill that cell
+so there's also a killing aspect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a killing aspect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a killing aspect to this
+okay so what's in this diagram here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's in this diagram here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's in this diagram here is
+a type of cell known as a natural killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of cell known as a natural killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of cell known as a natural killer
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+that is killing its target cell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killing its target cell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killing its target cell and so
+you can kind of think of this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of think of this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of think of this cell
+as the terminator okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the terminator okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the terminator okay so
+right if the natural killer cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the natural killer cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the natural killer cell
+recognizes this target here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes this target here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes this target here
+then it's hasta la vista baby and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's hasta la vista baby and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's hasta la vista baby and that
+cell is dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is dead
+okay i just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just want to point out
+one thing that i mentioned before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that i mentioned before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that i mentioned before which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that antibodies can be leveraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antibodies can be leveraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antibodies can be leveraged to
+generate treatments for certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate treatments for certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate treatments for certain types of
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+and we talked about a drug called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about a drug called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about a drug called
+herceptin or not a drug but a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herceptin or not a drug but a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herceptin or not a drug but a it's an
+antibody but it's a treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody but it's a treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody but it's a treatment
+for her2 positive breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her2 positive breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her2 positive breast cancer
+so this is used to treat her2 positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is used to treat her2 positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is used to treat her2 positive
+breast cancer and it's really been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer and it's really been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer and it's really been a
+a nice success story and uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice success story and uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice success story and uh the the
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+field because what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because what this
+what herceptin is it was derived from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what herceptin is it was derived from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what herceptin is it was derived from a
+mouse antibody so this is a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse antibody so this is a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse antibody so this is a mouse
+monoclonal antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibody
+that recognizes this her2 growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognizes this her2 growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recognizes this her2 growth factor
+receptor which is over expressed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which is over expressed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which is over expressed on the
+30 percent of human breast cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of human breast cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of human breast cancers
+and what herceptin is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what herceptin is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what herceptin is is that
+researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+took this mouse antibody and engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this mouse antibody and engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this mouse antibody and engineered
+a human antibody to have the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human antibody to have the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human antibody to have the mouse
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+at its complementarity determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its complementarity determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its complementarity determining
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+such that you have a human antibody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have a human antibody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have a human antibody that
+won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be
+sort of removed by the human immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of removed by the human immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of removed by the human immune
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+but will recognize her too and recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will recognize her too and recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will recognize her too and recruit
+human immune cells to her two positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human immune cells to her two positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human immune cells to her two positive
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+possibly killing those cells or binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly killing those cells or binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly killing those cells or binding
+to her two and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her two and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her two and somehow
+neutralizing the activity of her two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing the activity of her two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing the activity of her two on
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+cancer cells so antibodies can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells so antibodies can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells so antibodies can be very
+useful for therapeutics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for therapeutics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for therapeutics
+as well as being useful in our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as being useful in our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as being useful in our own
+bodies to mediate immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies to mediate immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies to mediate immunity
+okay we'll talk about t cells on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about t cells on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about t cells on friday
+remember to bring your projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HmqzZ-lb5zk.txt b/HmqzZ-lb5zk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56d6676759e34299256f1e0fe76752aec6d5c71a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HmqzZ-lb5zk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Haven I think we'll get started Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haven I think we'll get started Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haven I think we'll get started Al
+people kind of roll in let's try to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of roll in let's try to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of roll in let's try to um
+take our seats please um we are get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our seats please um we are get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our seats please um we are get
+nearing the end of our cities against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing the end of our cities against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearing the end of our cities against
+nationalism uh speaker series I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism uh speaker series I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism uh speaker series I just
+want to remind people that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind people that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind people that we have two
+more weeks next Monday May 3rd we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weeks next Monday May 3rd we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weeks next Monday May 3rd we have
+um a presentation by Leslie spare who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a presentation by Leslie spare who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a presentation by Leslie spare who's
+actually visiting in Boston already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visiting in Boston already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visiting in Boston already
+he'll be speaking next week on iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be speaking next week on iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be speaking next week on iconic
+architecture and globalization I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and globalization I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and globalization I can't
+remember the title and then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title and then the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title and then the final
+week um May 10th Professor Bruce Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um May 10th Professor Bruce Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um May 10th Professor Bruce Bruce
+mle will be presenting um a paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle will be presenting um a paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle will be presenting um a paper on the
+local and the global in Jerusalem kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local and the global in Jerusalem kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local and the global in Jerusalem kind
+of moving up the scale from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving up the scale from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving up the scale from
+neighborhoods cities nations with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods cities nations with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods cities nations with a
+detour to identities today and then up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour to identities today and then up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour to identities today and then up
+to the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the global
+um this evening we are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this evening we are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this evening we are very
+pleased to have Professor Jonathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to have Professor Jonathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to have Professor Jonathan
+Glover as our main speaker Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glover as our main speaker Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glover as our main speaker Professor
+Glover is a political philosopher and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glover is a political philosopher and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glover is a political philosopher and a
+professor of Ethics at Kings College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of Ethics at Kings College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of Ethics at Kings College
+University of London and he also serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of London and he also serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of London and he also serves
+as the Director of the Center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Director of the Center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Director of the Center for
+Medical law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical law and
+ethics Dr Glover is the author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics Dr Glover is the author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics Dr Glover is the author of
+several books on ethics including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several books on ethics including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several books on ethics including
+causing death and saving lives and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing death and saving lives and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing death and saving lives and a
+very highly cited and known book in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly cited and known book in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly cited and known book in this
+country I'm sure in England as well an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I'm sure in England as well an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I'm sure in England as well an
+inves ation of atrocities committed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inves ation of atrocities committed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inves ation of atrocities committed by
+various regimes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various regimes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various regimes in this
+Century focuses on Nazi Nazi regime on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century focuses on Nazi Nazi regime on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century focuses on Nazi Nazi regime on
+uh stalinism on Vietnam a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stalinism on Vietnam a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stalinism on Vietnam a variety of
+experiences in a book titled humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in a book titled humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in a book titled humanity
+and moral history of the 20th century um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moral history of the 20th century um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moral history of the 20th century um
+in that book he used ethics to pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book he used ethics to pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book he used ethics to pose
+questions to history and he Advocates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to history and he Advocates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to history and he Advocates a
+use of History to give a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of History to give a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of History to give a picture of the
+parts of human potentiality which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of human potentiality which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of human potentiality which are
+relevant to ethics and I also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to ethics and I also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to ethics and I also wanted to
+mention the conclusion of that book he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the conclusion of that book he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the conclusion of that book he
+underscored the importance of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscored the importance of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscored the importance of moral
+imagination involving both emotions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination involving both emotions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination involving both emotions and
+intellect as a basis for enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect as a basis for enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect as a basis for enabling
+creative human responses in a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative human responses in a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative human responses in a way to
+rival those which are deadened by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival those which are deadened by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival those which are deadened by
+distance tribalism or ideology so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance tribalism or ideology so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance tribalism or ideology so we
+really look forward to seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look forward to seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look forward to seeing the
+extension of these or other new ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of these or other new ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of these or other new ideas in
+your presentation today um the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation today um the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation today um the title of
+which is identity and National conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identity and National conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identity and National conflict
+after Professor GL finishes as is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Professor GL finishes as is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Professor GL finishes as is our
+custom have a commentary and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom have a commentary and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom have a commentary and we're
+pleased to have Dr Nadim Rana as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to have Dr Nadim Rana as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to have Dr Nadim Rana as our
+commentator today um Dr Ran is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentator today um Dr Ran is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentator today um Dr Ran is a
+visiting associate professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting associate professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting associate professor of
+international diplomacy at Fletcher down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international diplomacy at Fletcher down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international diplomacy at Fletcher down
+the road at tus University taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road at tus University taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road at tus University taught
+sociology and University um and has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and University um and has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and University um and has in
+and has taught in the graduate program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has taught in the graduate program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has taught in the graduate program
+and dispute resolution of the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dispute resolution of the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dispute resolution of the University
+of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts
+Boston for extended period he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for extended period he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for extended period he also
+co-chairs a seminar International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs a seminar International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs a seminar International
+conflict analysis and resolution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict analysis and resolution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict analysis and resolution at
+Harvard and his Publications include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and his Publications include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and his Publications include
+Palestinian citizens in an ethnic Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian citizens in an ethnic Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian citizens in an ethnic Jewish
+State identities in Conflict he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State identities in Conflict he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State identities in Conflict he's also
+the author of several articles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author of several articles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author of several articles on
+citizenship democracy and inner group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship democracy and inner group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship democracy and inner group
+conflict in in volumes and journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict in in volumes and journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict in in volumes and journals
+including the applied Journal applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the applied Journal applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the applied Journal applied
+social psychology so I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social psychology so I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social psychology so I think there's a
+overlap of interest and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap of interest and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap of interest and we have two
+speakers today and I'm really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers today and I'm really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers today and I'm really looking
+forward to how that begin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Diane thank you very much for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diane thank you very much for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diane thank you very much for that
+generous introduction and thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous introduction and thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous introduction and thank you for
+inviting me to this extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting me to this extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting me to this extremely
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+series uh I've said privately to Diane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh I've said privately to Diane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh I've said privately to Diane
+that when I saw the stuff about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I saw the stuff about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I saw the stuff about the
+series I felt hugely disqualified really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I felt hugely disqualified really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I felt hugely disqualified really
+uh as I'm no kind of architect I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I'm no kind of architect I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I'm no kind of architect I've
+never been to Jerusalem I know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been to Jerusalem I know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been to Jerusalem I know little
+about the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the social
+sciences um but I was hugely flattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences um but I was hugely flattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences um but I was hugely flattered
+to be asked and even though I felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked and even though I felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked and even though I felt that
+in a way I would be more appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way I would be more appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way I would be more appropriate to
+someone sitting in the audience and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sitting in the audience and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sitting in the audience and I
+asked if I could be sent the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked if I could be sent the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked if I could be sent the readings
+for some of the other weeks because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the other weeks because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the other weeks because it
+all sounded all the other sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sounded all the other sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sounded all the other sessions
+sounded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded so
+interesting I want to talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I want to talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I want to talk a bit about
+to start just briefly mentioning a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start just briefly mentioning a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start just briefly mentioning a few
+things about cities and conflict and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about cities and conflict and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about cities and conflict and
+then I want to talk more about conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to talk more about conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to talk more about conflict
+and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its
+psychology and then at the end I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and then at the end I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and then at the end I'll try
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+get back a bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back a bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back a bit to
+cities um I think one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um I think one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um I think one of the things
+which is rather striking about cities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rather striking about cities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rather striking about cities is
+that from the time of Homer until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the time of Homer until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the time of Homer until the
+20th century cities were on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century cities were on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century cities were on the whole
+places of security from external attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of security from external attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of security from external attack
+I mean even in the siege of Troy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean even in the siege of Troy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean even in the siege of Troy which
+Homer talks about um there was still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Homer talks about um there was still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Homer talks about um there was still a
+sense that you escaped from the batt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you escaped from the batt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you escaped from the batt
+attles outside into the city of Troy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attles outside into the city of Troy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attles outside into the city of Troy
+when Hector was defeated at an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Hector was defeated at an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Hector was defeated at an early
+stage in um single combat he retreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in um single combat he retreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in um single combat he retreated
+inside the city of Troy uh where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the city of Troy uh where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the city of Troy uh where he was
+safe from enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe from enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe from enemy
+attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+and in sophocles's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sophocles's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sophocles's
+play he gives to Creon who's arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play he gives to Creon who's arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play he gives to Creon who's arguing
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+antigon that you should put the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigon that you should put the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigon that you should put the put
+patriotism put the city state before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotism put the city state before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriotism put the city state before
+personal or religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal or religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal or religious
+commitments uh Creon argues that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments uh Creon argues that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments uh Creon argues that the
+safety of the city is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the city is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the city is really the
+foundation of all other values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of all other values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of all other values in the
+fagel translation he says gon says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fagel translation he says gon says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fagel translation he says gon says I
+could never stand by silent watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never stand by silent watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never stand by silent watching
+destruction March against our city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction March against our city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction March against our city
+putting safety to Route nor could I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting safety to Route nor could I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting safety to Route nor could I ever
+make that man a friend of mine who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that man a friend of mine who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that man a friend of mine who
+menaces our country remember this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menaces our country remember this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menaces our country remember this our
+country our city is our safety only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country our city is our safety only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country our city is our safety only
+while she voy is true on course can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she voy is true on course can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she voy is true on course can we
+establish friendships trer than blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish friendships trer than blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish friendships trer than blood
+itself such are my standards they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself such are my standards they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself such are my standards they make
+our city great the city was a place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our city great the city was a place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our city great the city was a place of
+Refuge which had to be defended because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refuge which had to be defended because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Refuge which had to be defended because
+everything else depended upon the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else depended upon the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else depended upon the safety
+of the city this idea of the city as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city this idea of the city as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city this idea of the city as a
+place of safety has had recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of safety has had recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of safety has had recurrence
+throughout Western thinking friederick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Western thinking friederick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Western thinking friederick
+nicher at the end of the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicher at the end of the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicher at the end of the 19th century
+put forward a theory that it was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put forward a theory that it was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put forward a theory that it was one of
+the Great turning points in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great turning points in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great turning points in human
+history when human beings who had lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history when human beings who had lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history when human beings who had lived
+in the wild as Hunters moved into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild as Hunters moved into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild as Hunters moved into
+communities where they had cities and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities where they had cities and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities where they had cities and as
+a result he thought this was the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result he thought this was the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result he thought this was the origin
+of morality because the aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morality because the aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morality because the aggressive
+instincts that had been deployed against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instincts that had been deployed against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instincts that had been deployed against
+enemies outside were no longer needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies outside were no longer needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies outside were no longer needed
+within the safety of a city most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the safety of a city most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the safety of a city most of the
+time and as a result the this aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as a result the this aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as a result the this aggression
+was turned inwards giving rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was turned inwards giving rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was turned inwards giving rise to
+morality feelings of guilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality feelings of guilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality feelings of guilt
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on now I think this has hugely changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now I think this has hugely changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now I think this has hugely changed
+in the 20th century in the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century in the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century in the 20th century
+it's become common place for cities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become common place for cities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become common place for cities to
+be Targets in war there's been the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Targets in war there's been the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Targets in war there's been the 20th
+century collapse of restraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century collapse of restraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century collapse of restraints on
+targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+civilians there was the um Blitz which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians there was the um Blitz which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians there was the um Blitz which
+Hitler launched on London there was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler launched on London there was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler launched on London there was in
+retaliation the so-called area bombing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation the so-called area bombing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation the so-called area bombing
+of the German cities and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the German cities and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the German cities and the second
+world war where at the beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war where at the beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war where at the beginning the
+intention was only to Target military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention was only to Target military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention was only to Target military
+Targets in cities but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Targets in cities but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Targets in cities but because of the
+inaccuracy of the targeting they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracy of the targeting they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracy of the targeting they had a
+choice of either really going ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of either really going ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of either really going ahead and
+just targeting the civilians or giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just targeting the civilians or giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just targeting the civilians or giving
+up the project alt together and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the project alt together and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the project alt together and before
+the Normandy invasion the only way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Normandy invasion the only way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Normandy invasion the only way they
+could convince the Soviet Union that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convince the Soviet Union that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convince the Soviet Union that
+they were serious about the war against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were serious about the war against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were serious about the war against
+Hitler was to keep up the bombing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler was to keep up the bombing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler was to keep up the bombing or
+that's at least what they believed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at least what they believed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at least what they believed I
+myself believ that the so-called area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself believ that the so-called area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself believ that the so-called area
+bombing of German cities was a war crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing of German cities was a war crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing of German cities was a war crime
+deliberately targeting civilians in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately targeting civilians in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately targeting civilians in the
+way that it was carried out but this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it was carried out but this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it was carried out but this in
+turn was the example cited by General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn was the example cited by General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn was the example cited by General
+Curtis L of the United States Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curtis L of the United States Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curtis L of the United States Air Force
+when he did the firebombing of Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did the firebombing of Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did the firebombing of Japanese
+cities and the firebombing in turn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and the firebombing in turn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and the firebombing in turn was
+cited as a precedent when they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited as a precedent when they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited as a precedent when they decided
+to drop the atomic bombs on the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop the atomic bombs on the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop the atomic bombs on the cities
+of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
+so cities are now targets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cities are now targets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cities are now targets and the
+civilians who live within them are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians who live within them are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians who live within them are no
+longer safe in war in a way they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer safe in war in a way they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer safe in war in a way they were
+before it's not just high-tech Warfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's not just high-tech Warfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's not just high-tech Warfare
+bombing of the kind I've been describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing of the kind I've been describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing of the kind I've been describing
+it's also for instance the they very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also for instance the they very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also for instance the they very
+powerful descriptions of the attack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful descriptions of the attack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful descriptions of the attack on
+Leningrad the The Siege on Siege of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad the The Siege on Siege of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad the The Siege on Siege of
+Leningrad by the Nazi forces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad by the Nazi forces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad by the Nazi forces in the
+second world war and how the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war and how the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war and how the whole
+population of Leningrad was mobilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Leningrad was mobilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Leningrad was mobilized
+against the Nazis uh although they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Nazis uh although they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Nazis uh although they were
+living under terrible conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living under terrible conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living under terrible conditions of
+freezing cold and virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing cold and virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing cold and virtual
+starvation um now more recently the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation um now more recently the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation um now more recently the city
+is I think not just a convenient Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think not just a convenient Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think not just a convenient Target
+for people who can use weapons of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who can use weapons of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who can use weapons of mass
+destruction like atomic bombs um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction like atomic bombs um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction like atomic bombs um and uh
+the second world war type bombing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war type bombing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war type bombing the
+city is now I think often a symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is now I think often a symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is now I think often a symbolic
+Target I think it wasn't just I if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target I think it wasn't just I if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target I think it wasn't just I if one
+thinks of 911 it wasn't just that New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of 911 it wasn't just that New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of 911 it wasn't just that New
+York was targeted because there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York was targeted because there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York was targeted because there were a
+lot of people who could be killed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who could be killed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who could be killed there
+no doubt that was part of it I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt that was part of it I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt that was part of it I think it
+was also seen as a kind of symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also seen as a kind of symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also seen as a kind of symbol the
+World Trade Center symbol of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Trade Center symbol of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Trade Center symbol of American
+and international capitalism uh the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and international capitalism uh the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and international capitalism uh the city
+of New York in a way the quintessential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York in a way the quintessential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York in a way the quintessential
+image of America in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of America in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of America in the world
+outside and again I think the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and again I think the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and again I think the recent
+attack on Madrid um Mario varas Losa uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on Madrid um Mario varas Losa uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on Madrid um Mario varas Losa uh
+wrote a very interesting newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very interesting newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very interesting newspaper
+article a few days after the uh terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article a few days after the uh terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article a few days after the uh terrible
+terrorist attack on Madrid in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist attack on Madrid in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist attack on Madrid in which he
+said this he said Madrid's modernity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this he said Madrid's modernity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this he said Madrid's modernity is
+the in the me mental cosmopolitanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the me mental cosmopolitanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the me mental cosmopolitanism of
+its people who like the people of London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its people who like the people of London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its people who like the people of London
+Paris or New York have become citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris or New York have become citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris or New York have become citizens
+of the world without leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world without leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world without leaving the
+historic center of the town the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic center of the town the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic center of the town the capital
+of Spain is a microcosm harboring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spain is a microcosm harboring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spain is a microcosm harboring the
+Landscapes and cultures of half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes and cultures of half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes and cultures of half the
+planet it has been this free spirit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet it has been this free spirit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet it has been this free spirit this
+unlinked mentality of an open City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlinked mentality of an open City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlinked mentality of an open City
+hospitable and Democratic that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitable and Democratic that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitable and Democratic that the
+Fanatics sought to destroy and he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fanatics sought to destroy and he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fanatics sought to destroy and he goes
+on to talk about the 200 dead 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talk about the 200 dead 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talk about the 200 dead 1500
+wounded and like 911 but on a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded and like 911 but on a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded and like 911 but on a smaller
+scale the people were the people killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the people were the people killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the people were the people killed
+and wounded were of 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wounded were of 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wounded were of 12 different
+nationalities and he goes on to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalities and he goes on to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalities and he goes on to say the
+killers were not mistaken in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers were not mistaken in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers were not mistaken in their
+target today's Madrid represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target today's Madrid represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target today's Madrid represents
+precisely the negation of the radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the negation of the radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the negation of the radical
+inhumanity of the exclusive Tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhumanity of the exclusive Tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhumanity of the exclusive Tribal
+Spirit of fundamentalism M religious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit of fundamentalism M religious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit of fundamentalism M religious or
+political which hates mixture diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political which hates mixture diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political which hates mixture diversity
+tolerance and Liberty and I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance and Liberty and I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance and Liberty and I have to say
+as a citizen of London uh I acutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a citizen of London uh I acutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a citizen of London uh I acutely
+aware of this reason for targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this reason for targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this reason for targeting
+International cities and given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International cities and given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International cities and given the
+recent role played against the wishes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent role played against the wishes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent role played against the wishes of
+most of the people in my country uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people in my country uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people in my country uh but
+the the war that Tony Blair took us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the war that Tony Blair took us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the war that Tony Blair took us into
+in support of President Bush it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in support of President Bush it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in support of President Bush it would
+not be surprised ing if London is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be surprised ing if London is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be surprised ing if London is
+another Target I think uh for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Target I think uh for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Target I think uh for the same
+kind of treatment that Madrid got now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of treatment that Madrid got now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of treatment that Madrid got now
+what I want to do having talked a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do having talked a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do having talked a bit
+about how cities are symbolic targets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how cities are symbolic targets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how cities are symbolic targets I
+want to talk a bit about the psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a bit about the psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a bit about the psychology
+of the kind of conflicts that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of conflicts that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of conflicts that makes the
+in which cities figure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which cities figure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which cities figure as
+targets I think we increasingly see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets I think we increasingly see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets I think we increasingly see that
+the old-fashioned Marxist view that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned Marxist view that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned Marxist view that the
+primary motivation of human conflict was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motivation of human conflict was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motivation of human conflict was
+economic is much too crude and simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic is much too crude and simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic is much too crude and simple as
+an account of what's going on I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of what's going on I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of what's going on I think
+the in a way the deepest obviously there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a way the deepest obviously there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a way the deepest obviously there
+are often conflicts which are linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often conflicts which are linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often conflicts which are linked to
+economic matters um I mean no doubt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic matters um I mean no doubt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic matters um I mean no doubt the
+Middle Eastern crisis is partly fueled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Eastern crisis is partly fueled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle Eastern crisis is partly fueled
+by conflict over things like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by conflict over things like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by conflict over things like water
+supplies conflict over um access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies conflict over um access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies conflict over um access to
+Ports and so on but I think the Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ports and so on but I think the Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ports and so on but I think the Deep
+psychology of much of modern conflict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of much of modern conflict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of much of modern conflict in
+the modern world is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world is either
+tribalism either a kind of deep feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism either a kind of deep feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism either a kind of deep feeling
+that we belong there's Us and Them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we belong there's Us and Them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we belong there's Us and Them we
+belong to our tribe and they are in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to our tribe and they are in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to our tribe and they are in our
+country occupying it or attacking it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country occupying it or attacking it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country occupying it or attacking it or
+trying to undermine our rights or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to undermine our rights or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to undermine our rights or
+whatever it is or alternatively believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is or alternatively believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is or alternatively believe
+differences of ideology sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of ideology sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of ideology sometimes
+sometimes political as for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes political as for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes political as for instance in
+the Cold War uh but sometimes religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War uh but sometimes religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War uh but sometimes religious
+as in the conflict between um to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the conflict between um to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the conflict between um to take
+two extremes Christian fundamentalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extremes Christian fundamentalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extremes Christian fundamentalists
+in this country and Islamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and Islamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and Islamic
+fundamentalists in the in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalists in the in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalists in the in the Middle
+East I want to talk today about tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East I want to talk today about tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East I want to talk today about tribal
+conflict I there's a whole interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I there's a whole interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I there's a whole interesting
+topic of conflicts of belief which I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of conflicts of belief which I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of conflicts of belief which I'd
+love to have time to talk about but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have time to talk about but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have time to talk about but I
+want to home in on tribal conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to home in on tribal conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to home in on tribal conflict
+today and I want to start by suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I want to start by suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I want to start by suggesting
+that there is some evidence that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some evidence that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some evidence that human
+beings have a troubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings have a troubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings have a troubling
+disposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition to
+join up in groups and feel hostility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join up in groups and feel hostility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join up in groups and feel hostility to
+rival groups even when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival groups even when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival groups even when there's
+absolutely no basis for group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no basis for group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no basis for group
+membership I'm talking I'm get to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership I'm talking I'm get to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership I'm talking I'm get to talk
+particularly as many of you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as many of you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as many of you may know
+this already there's a powerful social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already there's a powerful social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already there's a powerful social
+psychology experiment uh carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiment uh carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiment uh carried out
+many years ago by Philip zimbardo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago by Philip zimbardo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago by Philip zimbardo and
+his colleagues in which he took college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his colleagues in which he took college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his colleagues in which he took college
+students and they were asked to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they were asked to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they were asked to take
+part in a psychology experiment on role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in a psychology experiment on role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in a psychology experiment on role
+playing and half of them were to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and half of them were to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and half of them were to be
+prisoners in jail and half of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners in jail and half of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners in jail and half of them were
+to be prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prison
+warders prison officials prison guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warders prison officials prison guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warders prison officials prison guards
+and the students were assigned to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students were assigned to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students were assigned to one
+group or the other randomly and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or the other randomly and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or the other randomly and they all
+knew they were assigned randomly I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were assigned randomly I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were assigned randomly I don't
+know exactly how he did it but it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how he did it but it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how he did it but it was as
+though he got them to line up in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he got them to line up in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he got them to line up in a row
+and he'd say guard prisoner God prisoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'd say guard prisoner God prisoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'd say guard prisoner God prisoner
+God prisoner they knew that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God prisoner they knew that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God prisoner they knew that they had
+been assigned randomly but after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned randomly but after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned randomly but after a few
+days zimbardo was forced to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days zimbardo was forced to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days zimbardo was forced to stop the
+experiment because of the appalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because of the appalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because of the appalling
+brutality with which the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutality with which the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutality with which the people who are
+role playing prison guards treated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role playing prison guards treated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role playing prison guards treated the
+people who were prisoners and already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were prisoners and already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were prisoners and already
+feelings of hostility animosity had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings of hostility animosity had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings of hostility animosity had
+developed between the two groups which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed between the two groups which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed between the two groups which
+manifested themselves in this although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested themselves in this although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested themselves in this although
+they knew there was no basis whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew there was no basis whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew there was no basis whatever
+for it I have a trivial anecdote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I have a trivial anecdote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I have a trivial anecdote to
+illustrate the uh way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the uh way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the uh way in which
+hostilities can get together can be set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostilities can get together can be set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostilities can get together can be set
+up without there being any real basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up without there being any real basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up without there being any real basis
+some years ago I lived in a road in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years ago I lived in a road in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years ago I lived in a road in
+London called Regent Park Road and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London called Regent Park Road and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London called Regent Park Road and there
+was a road just next to it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a road just next to it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a road just next to it called
+Gloucester Avenue and it used to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gloucester Avenue and it used to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gloucester Avenue and it used to be that
+the traffic went down both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic went down both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic went down both these
+streets and the local Council decided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and the local Council decided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and the local Council decided it
+would be a good idea to shut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good idea to shut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good idea to shut off the
+traffic from Gloucester avenue so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from Gloucester avenue so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from Gloucester avenue so that
+that would be a peaceful quiet road with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a peaceful quiet road with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a peaceful quiet road with
+the result that all the traffic went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result that all the traffic went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result that all the traffic went
+down regions Park Road and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regions Park Road and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regions Park Road and you can
+imagine the Avenue people all supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the Avenue people all supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the Avenue people all supported
+the scheme and the people in my street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme and the people in my street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme and the people in my street
+regions far Road all opposed it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions far Road all opposed it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions far Road all opposed it but I
+was very struck that when I went to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very struck that when I went to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very struck that when I went to one
+of the meetings where we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meetings where we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meetings where we were trying to
+argue against this scheme um a fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue against this scheme um a fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue against this scheme um a fellow
+resident of Region's Park cre said to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident of Region's Park cre said to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident of Region's Park cre said to me
+talking about something the glester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something the glester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something the glester
+Avenue people had just done said isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue people had just done said isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue people had just done said isn't
+that just typical of those gler Avenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just typical of those gler Avenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just typical of those gler Avenue
+people and what is so absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what is so absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what is so absolutely
+fantastic is of course these identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic is of course these identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic is of course these identical
+roads you know it's total luck that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads you know it's total luck that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads you know it's total luck that some
+of us happened to be in one street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us happened to be in one street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us happened to be in one street and
+some of us happened to be in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us happened to be in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us happened to be in the other
+and yet already there was this feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet already there was this feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet already there was this feeling
+that of course the people of that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course the people of that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course the people of that other
+Street are absolutely terrible so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street are absolutely terrible so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street are absolutely terrible so what
+I'm trying to suggest is that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to suggest is that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to suggest is that part of
+the psychology of conflict is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychology of conflict is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychology of conflict is there
+seems to be this really troubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be this really troubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be this really troubling
+disposition simply to take sides even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition simply to take sides even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition simply to take sides even
+when there's absolutely no historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's absolutely no historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's absolutely no historical
+ethnic religious ideological basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic religious ideological basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic religious ideological basis for
+doing so and indeed some sociobiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so and indeed some sociobiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so and indeed some sociobiologists
+have speculated that there may be roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have speculated that there may be roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have speculated that there may be roots
+in the type of life that people lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the type of life that people lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the type of life that people lived in
+the Stone Age when it's said that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stone Age when it's said that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stone Age when it's said that our
+genotype roughly stopped evolving which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype roughly stopped evolving which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype roughly stopped evolving which
+might even suggest that there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even suggest that there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even suggest that there could be a
+a genetic disposition towards this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic disposition towards this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic disposition towards this kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+hostility but of course most hostility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostility but of course most hostility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostility but of course most hostility
+isn't actually between randomly chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually between randomly chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually between randomly chosen
+groups uh most hostility is between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh most hostility is between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh most hostility is between uh
+groups which are either National groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which are either National groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which are either National groups
+or religious groups or ethnic groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or religious groups or ethnic groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or religious groups or ethnic groups of
+some sort and I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort and I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort and I think one of the
+Striking things which I'm was struck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Striking things which I'm was struck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Striking things which I'm was struck by
+anyway in the uh social science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the uh social science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the uh social science and
+historical discussion of nationalism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical discussion of nationalism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical discussion of nationalism is
+how extraordinarily recent many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how extraordinarily recent many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how extraordinarily recent many of the
+European nation states are um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nation states are um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nation states are um people
+like Ernest gelner Benedict Anderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ernest gelner Benedict Anderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ernest gelner Benedict Anderson
+have suggested that it's very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suggested that it's very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suggested that it's very much a
+feature of the postm Medieval World that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the postm Medieval World that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the postm Medieval World that
+these nation states exist and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nation states exist and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nation states exist and let me
+just take one striking example the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take one striking example the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take one striking example the case
+of Germany because one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Germany because one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Germany because one of the things
+that always strikes me as extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always strikes me as extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always strikes me as extraordinary
+about the Nazis is that the Nazis being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Nazis is that the Nazis being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Nazis is that the Nazis being
+social darwinists and desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social darwinists and desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social darwinists and desperately
+concerned to tidy up the gene pool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned to tidy up the gene pool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned to tidy up the gene pool so
+that they would win in the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would win in the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would win in the evolutionary
+struggle by having better genes than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle by having better genes than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle by having better genes than the
+people in the other group they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the other group they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the other group they were
+concerned that the German race should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that the German race should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that the German race should
+Triumph in the struggle for survival but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triumph in the struggle for survival but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triumph in the struggle for survival but
+what is so absolutely extraordinary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so absolutely extraordinary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so absolutely extraordinary is
+that Germany only existed as a state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Germany only existed as a state uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Germany only existed as a state uh
+from the late 19th century so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 19th century so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 19th century so if the
+Nazis had gone back a 100 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis had gone back a 100 years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis had gone back a 100 years before
+it would have been the deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been the deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been the deeply
+biologically rooted struggle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically rooted struggle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically rooted struggle for
+survival but between Prussia and Bavaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival but between Prussia and Bavaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival but between Prussia and Bavaria
+or some other countries like that I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other countries like that I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other countries like that I me
+the way in which nation states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which nation states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which nation states are
+actually social artifacts rather than as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually social artifacts rather than as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually social artifacts rather than as
+it were deeply biologically rooted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were deeply biologically rooted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were deeply biologically rooted is
+something which I think is Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I think is Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I think is Central to
+understanding the psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the psychology of
+nationalism Benedict Anderson has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism Benedict Anderson has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism Benedict Anderson has this
+wonderful phrase imagined communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful phrase imagined communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful phrase imagined communities
+because we think that we have things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think that we have things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think that we have things in
+common with our group even though I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with our group even though I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with our group even though I mean
+I live in a uh in Britain which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in a uh in Britain which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in a uh in Britain which has a
+population of about 60 million I've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about 60 million I've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about 60 million I've only
+met at tiny fraction of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met at tiny fraction of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met at tiny fraction of them and the
+idea that I feel is some essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I feel is some essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I feel is some essence of
+britishness that we all possess if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britishness that we all possess if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britishness that we all possess if I
+feel that it must be I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that it must be I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that it must be I don't actually
+but if I if I did feel it it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I if I did feel it it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I if I did feel it it must
+actually be some kind of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be some kind of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be some kind of social
+construction some kind of imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction some kind of imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction some kind of imagined
+Community I think that the Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I think that the Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I think that the Deep
+phenomenon isn't really the nation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon isn't really the nation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon isn't really the nation state
+but rather tribalism the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather tribalism the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather tribalism the way in which
+human beings do fall into groups and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings do fall into groups and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings do fall into groups and do
+have this idea that there's us with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea that there's us with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea that there's us with our
+set of characteristics and them with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of characteristics and them with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of characteristics and them with a
+different and as we normally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and as we normally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and as we normally think
+inferior set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior set of
+characteristics let me just mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics let me just mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics let me just mention this
+the one illustration of the kind of myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one illustration of the kind of myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one illustration of the kind of myth
+that fuels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tribalism I was once talking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism I was once talking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism I was once talking to a
+student uh from Belfast in Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh from Belfast in Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh from Belfast in Northern
+Ireland and I actually can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland and I actually can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland and I actually can't remember
+now from which of the two communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from which of the two communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from which of the two communities
+there she she came I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there she she came I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there she she came I can't remember
+whether she was um a Catholic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she was um a Catholic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she was um a Catholic or
+nationalist or Protestant or unionist um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist or Protestant or unionist um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist or Protestant or unionist um
+but she was in one of the communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she was in one of the communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she was in one of the communities
+and she said that she told me that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said that she told me that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said that she told me that when
+they go to college there when they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to college there when they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to college there when they go to
+university where they start mixing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university where they start mixing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university where they start mixing for
+the first time they deliberately don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time they deliberately don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time they deliberately don't
+say their last name because the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their last name because the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their last name because the last
+name is a complete giveaway usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is a complete giveaway usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is a complete giveaway usually
+about which Community you're in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which Community you're in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which Community you're in they
+want to make friends across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make friends across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make friends across the
+community barriers the first names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community barriers the first names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community barriers the first names are
+sometimes giveaways but not so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes giveaways but not so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes giveaways but not so much so
+they don't give their name their last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give their name their last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give their name their last
+names they try and make friends they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names they try and make friends they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names they try and make friends they
+usually do and when they've made friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do and when they've made friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do and when they've made friends
+they then talk about the politics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then talk about the politics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then talk about the politics of the
+place and they talk about the myths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they talk about the myths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they talk about the myths and
+she said to me that for her it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said to me that for her it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said to me that for her it had been
+fascinating because one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because one of the things
+that in her community they all believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in her community they all believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in her community they all believed
+was that they the there isn't even a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they the there isn't even a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they the there isn't even a you
+know genetic difference we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genetic difference we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genetic difference we're talking
+about it's simply cultural and religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's simply cultural and religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's simply cultural and religious
+uh they're all Irish but um the they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're all Irish but um the they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're all Irish but um the they
+believe her community they believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her community they believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her community they believed that
+whereas they had two separate eyebrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they had two separate eyebrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they had two separate eyebrows
+people in the other community showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the other community showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the other community showed
+their primitiveness by just having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primitiveness by just having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primitiveness by just having one
+eyebrow that went all the way across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyebrow that went all the way across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyebrow that went all the way across and
+this is a Preposterous and absurd belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Preposterous and absurd belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Preposterous and absurd belief
+particularly as they see each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as they see each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as they see each other in
+the street you know as it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street you know as it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street you know as it were
+empirically refuted every day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically refuted every day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically refuted every day but
+talking about this to her friends in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this to her friends in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this to her friends in the
+other community she found they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other community she found they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other community she found they had the
+identical belief about them this eyebrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical belief about them this eyebrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical belief about them this eyebrow
+Legend was projected by each Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend was projected by each Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend was projected by each Community
+onto the other this I think is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the other this I think is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the other this I think is a very
+striking example of the US and them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking example of the US and them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking example of the US and them uh
+psychology now I think one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology now I think one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology now I think one of the things
+is that the which is puzzling I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the which is puzzling I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the which is puzzling I think is
+that some charact groups for groups form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some charact groups for groups form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some charact groups for groups form
+on the basis of some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of some kinds of
+characteristics rather than others there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics rather than others there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics rather than others there
+are some characteristics which carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some characteristics which carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some characteristics which carry a
+distinct emotional charge it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct emotional charge it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct emotional charge it's always
+very striking for instance to me that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very striking for instance to me that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very striking for instance to me that um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+these long tedious negotiations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long tedious negotiations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long tedious negotiations in the
+European Union about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Union about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Union about things like
+agricultural policy um the newspapers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural policy um the newspapers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural policy um the newspapers in
+my country and I suspect in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my country and I suspect in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my country and I suspect in all the
+others too most of the others too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others too most of the others too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others too most of the others too the
+newspapers always reported as Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers always reported as Britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers always reported as Britain
+defeating France or France defeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating France or France defeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating France or France defeating
+Britain they never talk about Farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain they never talk about Farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain they never talk about Farmers
+defeating consumers or consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating consumers or consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating consumers or consumers
+defeating Farmers although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating Farmers although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating Farmers although the
+negotiations are actually about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations are actually about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations are actually about that and
+that might seem more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might seem more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might seem more
+relevant but it's always reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but it's always reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but it's always reported
+because somehow in this way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow in this way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow in this way because
+being British or being French is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being British or being French is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being British or being French is
+important to people in their sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to people in their sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to people in their sense of
+identity in a way that being a farmer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in a way that being a farmer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in a way that being a farmer or
+being a consumer isn't and it's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a consumer isn't and it's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a consumer isn't and it's certain
+features which I think give rise to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features which I think give rise to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features which I think give rise to to
+this sense of being us and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of being us and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of being us and being
+different from them partly it's a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from them partly it's a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from them partly it's a matter
+of the territory you live in partly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the territory you live in partly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the territory you live in partly it's
+things like a particular ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like a particular ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like a particular ethnic
+appearance partly its language one sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance partly its language one sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance partly its language one sees
+for instance in Canada and in Belgium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in Canada and in Belgium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in Canada and in Belgium
+where people in in a sense in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people in in a sense in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people in in a sense in one
+country are fairly deeply divided often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country are fairly deeply divided often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country are fairly deeply divided often
+managing to make a go of it as I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to make a go of it as I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to make a go of it as I think
+they are at the moment in Canada but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are at the moment in Canada but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are at the moment in Canada but
+often fairly deeply divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often fairly deeply divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often fairly deeply divided by
+linguistic differences then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic differences then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic differences then again
+there's religion and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's religion and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's religion and then there's
+culture and what I think I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and what I think I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and what I think I want to
+suggest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest is
+that there are reasons why it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are reasons why it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are reasons why it's this
+particular set of characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of characteristics
+let me just give you one illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you one illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you one illustration of
+an utter a nationalist utterance um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an utter a nationalist utterance um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an utter a nationalist utterance um the
+appalling former leader of Yugoslavia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalling former leader of Yugoslavia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalling former leader of Yugoslavia
+Slobodan mosovich uh started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slobodan mosovich uh started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slobodan mosovich uh started the
+terrible civil wars in what used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible civil wars in what used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible civil wars in what used to be
+Yugoslavia in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia in the
+1990s uh by his visit in 1987 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s uh by his visit in 1987 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s uh by his visit in 1987 to
+Kosovo and in Kosovo it's there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo and in Kosovo it's there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo and in Kosovo it's there's a huge
+Albanian majority the ser Ian minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albanian majority the ser Ian minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albanian majority the ser Ian minority
+however uh are feel very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh are feel very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh are feel very strongly
+Serbian and Kosovo also happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbian and Kosovo also happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbian and Kosovo also happens to be
+the site of many of the great religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site of many of the great religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site of many of the great religious
+and historical sites that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and historical sites that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and historical sites that are very
+important in the history of the serbs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the serbs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the serbs so
+it's a it's a powder cake as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a powder cake as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a powder cake as far as
+conflict goes and mosovich went and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict goes and mosovich went and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict goes and mosovich went and gave
+a speech to the serbs there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech to the serbs there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech to the serbs there an
+aggressive speech urging them towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive speech urging them towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive speech urging them towards
+conflict with the Albanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the Albanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the Albanian
+majority and this is a quote from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and this is a quote from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and this is a quote from what
+he said he said you should stay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he said you should stay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he said you should stay here
+this is your land these are your houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your land these are your houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your land these are your houses
+your meadows and gardens your memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your meadows and gardens your memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your meadows and gardens your memories
+you shouldn't abandon your land just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't abandon your land just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't abandon your land just
+because it's difficult to live just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's difficult to live just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's difficult to live just
+because you're pressured by Injustice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're pressured by Injustice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're pressured by Injustice
+and degradation it was never part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degradation it was never part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degradation it was never part of the
+Serbian character to demobilize when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbian character to demobilize when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbian character to demobilize when
+it's time to fight you should stay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to fight you should stay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to fight you should stay here
+or your ancestors will be defiled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your ancestors will be defiled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your ancestors will be defiled and
+your descendants disappointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I think that brings out that speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that brings out that speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that brings out that speech
+brings out the way in which certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out the way in which certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out the way in which certain
+characteristics carry an emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics carry an emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics carry an emotional
+charge territory for instance your land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge territory for instance your land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge territory for instance your land
+your houses your meadows and gardens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your houses your meadows and gardens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your houses your meadows and gardens but
+also the way in which that's linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the way in which that's linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the way in which that's linked to
+memories to a shared history he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories to a shared history he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories to a shared history he talks
+about your meadows and gardens your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your meadows and gardens your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your meadows and gardens your
+memories and then there's also the self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories and then there's also the self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories and then there's also the self-
+flattering account of the Serbian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering account of the Serbian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering account of the Serbian
+character was never part of the Serbian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was never part of the Serbian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character was never part of the Serbian
+character to demobilize when it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to demobilize when it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to demobilize when it's time
+to fight and then the reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight and then the reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight and then the reference to
+ancestors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and
+descendants now I believe that tribalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants now I believe that tribalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants now I believe that tribalism
+this sense of national identity and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of national identity and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of national identity and its
+great importance and its devastating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great importance and its devastating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great importance and its devastating
+powers for fueling conflict I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers for fueling conflict I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers for fueling conflict I believe
+this is linked to something quite deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linked to something quite deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linked to something quite deep
+in us about our personal identity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us about our personal identity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us about our personal identity I
+think tribal or national identity comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think tribal or national identity comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think tribal or national identity comes
+from our own need to create create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our own need to create create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our own need to create create
+something coherent out of our Lives most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coherent out of our Lives most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coherent out of our Lives most
+of us don't set out I me John rules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us don't set out I me John rules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us don't set out I me John rules uh
+has a wonderful idea where he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wonderful idea where he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wonderful idea where he talks
+about people having a life plan now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people having a life plan now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people having a life plan now I
+think that that's an idealization what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's an idealization what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's an idealization what
+some social scientists might call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some social scientists might call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some social scientists might call an
+ideal type uh few of us actually sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal type uh few of us actually sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal type uh few of us actually sit
+down at the age of 20 and construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the age of 20 and construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the age of 20 and construct a
+Life Plan until we're 80 most of us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life Plan until we're 80 most of us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life Plan until we're 80 most of us it's
+a much more messy Affair than that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more messy Affair than that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more messy Affair than that uh I
+mean I feel my life to since this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I feel my life to since this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I feel my life to since this is an
+architectural place I feel my life is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural place I feel my life is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural place I feel my life is a
+bit more like a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like a sort of
+sprawling um kind of medieval higgledy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawling um kind of medieval higgledy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawling um kind of medieval higgledy
+piggledy Town than a planned Garden City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piggledy Town than a planned Garden City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piggledy Town than a planned Garden City
+of the kind that uh a 19th century Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that uh a 19th century Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that uh a 19th century Town
+planner early 20th century Town planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner early 20th century Town planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner early 20th century Town planner
+might have brought up but all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have brought up but all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have brought up but all the same
+even if we don't have a life plan most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't have a life plan most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't have a life plan most
+of us do have some idea that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us do have some idea that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us do have some idea that we want to
+create ourselves to some extent we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create ourselves to some extent we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create ourselves to some extent we want
+to create our own identity we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create our own identity we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create our own identity we want to be
+in charge of Our Lives we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of Our Lives we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of Our Lives we have a
+conception of the sort of person we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of the sort of person we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of the sort of person we want
+to be and perhaps even more the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and perhaps even more the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and perhaps even more the sort of
+person we don't want to be and this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we don't want to be and this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we don't want to be and this I
+think quite deeply important project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think quite deeply important project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think quite deeply important project in
+our identity involves some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our identity involves some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our identity involves some kind of
+narrative we have a narrative story we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative we have a narrative story we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative we have a narrative story we
+tell about our own lives and that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about our own lives and that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about our own lives and that story
+is it's like writing the novel of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like writing the novel of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like writing the novel of your
+own life that story is bound up often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own life that story is bound up often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own life that story is bound up often
+with places so that when mosovich says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with places so that when mosovich says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with places so that when mosovich says
+this is your these are your houses your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your these are your houses your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your these are your houses your
+Meadows Gardens that will strike a cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meadows Gardens that will strike a cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meadows Gardens that will strike a cord
+in people it's also a story bound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people it's also a story bound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people it's also a story bound up
+with other people the story of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people the story of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people the story of my life
+is bound up with my parents my wife my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound up with my parents my wife my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound up with my parents my wife my
+children my grandchild my friends all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children my grandchild my friends all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children my grandchild my friends all
+sorts of people I've met who I've taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of people I've met who I've taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of people I've met who I've taught
+um they all play a part and they in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they all play a part and they in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they all play a part and they in a
+way also confirm the public nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also confirm the public nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also confirm the public nature of
+the story The fact I can talk to them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story The fact I can talk to them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story The fact I can talk to them I
+can say do you remember when we did such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say do you remember when we did such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say do you remember when we did such
+and such it shows that they if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such it shows that they if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such it shows that they if they do
+remember they don't always cuz I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they don't always cuz I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they don't always cuz I often
+get it wrong but if they do if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong but if they do if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong but if they do if they do
+remember that confirms that it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that confirms that it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that confirms that it isn't
+just a a fantasy about the past of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a fantasy about the past of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a fantasy about the past of mine
+and relationships often drawn a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships often drawn a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships often drawn a shared
+cultural background we need other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural background we need other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural background we need other people
+partly to confirm our own identity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to confirm our own identity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to confirm our own identity I
+hope we're not so egoistic that we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we're not so egoistic that we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we're not so egoistic that we only
+have other people to confirm our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other people to confirm our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other people to confirm our own
+identity we love them for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity we love them for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity we love them for their own
+sakes too but we do need them to confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes too but we do need them to confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes too but we do need them to confirm
+our identity our sense of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our identity our sense of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our identity our sense of our own
+identity and those relationships draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and those relationships draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and those relationships draw on
+a shared cult cultural background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared cult cultural background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared cult cultural background
+usually a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a shared
+language and self-creation brings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and self-creation brings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and self-creation brings with
+it the need for recognition people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the need for recognition people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the need for recognition people want
+to be recognized for who they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recognized for who they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recognized for who they are and
+what they are for and people want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are for and people want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are for and people want to be
+noticed as the having be to be this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as the having be to be this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as the having be to be this sort
+of person rather than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person rather than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person rather than that
+and this recognition depends on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this recognition depends on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this recognition depends on other
+people uh in our culture who understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh in our culture who understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh in our culture who understand
+what we're talking about speak our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about speak our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about speak our
+language we have all sort sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we have all sort sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we have all sort sorts of
+shared things we can presuppose so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared things we can presuppose so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared things we can presuppose so we
+don't don't have to spell it out so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have to spell it out so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have to spell it out so any
+lack of respect for that culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of respect for that culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of respect for that culture and
+language is in turn a threat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is in turn a threat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is in turn a threat to the
+value of the recognition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the recognition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the recognition we
+receive so in that way the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive so in that way the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive so in that way the national
+narrative is I think parallel to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative is I think parallel to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative is I think parallel to a
+personal narrative and the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal narrative and the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal narrative and the national
+identity on which the the the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on which the the the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on which the the the cultural
+and national identity on which our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and national identity on which our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and national identity on which our own
+sense of our story personal story being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of our story personal story being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of our story personal story being
+validated depends depends also upon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated depends depends also upon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated depends depends also upon a
+story constructed about what it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story constructed about what it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story constructed about what it is to be
+American what it is to be Israeli or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American what it is to be Israeli or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American what it is to be Israeli or
+Palestinian what it is to be English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian what it is to be English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian what it is to be English and
+so on and these narratives um are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and these narratives um are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and these narratives um are often
+rather dangerous because on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather dangerous because on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather dangerous because on the whole
+embarrassingly uh the narratives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassingly uh the narratives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassingly uh the narratives you
+often are narratives of conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are narratives of conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are narratives of conflict with
+other groups and often bring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups and often bring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups and often bring out how
+much better our own group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better our own group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better our own group is
+than the other group there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other group there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other group there are
+narratives of Victory uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives of Victory uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives of Victory uh for instance
+the and these are sometimes acted out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and these are sometimes acted out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and these are sometimes acted out in
+ways that fuel conflicts in Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that fuel conflicts in Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that fuel conflicts in Northern
+Ireland uh there's What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland uh there's What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland uh there's What's called the
+marching season where people go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching season where people go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching season where people go on the
+Protestants go on parades where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants go on parades where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants go on parades where they
+March through Catholic areas celebrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March through Catholic areas celebrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March through Catholic areas celebrating
+the victory of the battle of the Bo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victory of the battle of the Bo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victory of the battle of the Bo in
+1690 or whatever it was um over the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1690 or whatever it was um over the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1690 or whatever it was um over the over
+the then Catholic people there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then Catholic people there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then Catholic people there and this
+is a taken as a a deliberate humiliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a taken as a a deliberate humiliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a taken as a a deliberate humiliation
+by the Catholics who live in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Catholics who live in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Catholics who live in this area
+as these orang men March through beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these orang men March through beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these orang men March through beating
+their drums and celebrating the victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drums and celebrating the victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their drums and celebrating the victory
+over the people who are living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the people who are living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the people who are living in the
+houses and the streets they're marching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and the streets they're marching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and the streets they're marching
+through um then again there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um then again there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um then again there are
+narratives in Yugoslavia of the serbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives in Yugoslavia of the serbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives in Yugoslavia of the serbs
+and the croats uh the serbs were blamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the croats uh the serbs were blamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the croats uh the serbs were blamed
+for communism by the croats because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for communism by the croats because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for communism by the croats because uh
+Tito was a Serb and the croats in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tito was a Serb and the croats in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tito was a Serb and the croats in turn
+were blamed for the fascist state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blamed for the fascist state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blamed for the fascist state
+when Croatia had been allied with Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Croatia had been allied with Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Croatia had been allied with Nazi
+Germany but it doesn't just go back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but it doesn't just go back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany but it doesn't just go back that
+far it goes back all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it goes back all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it goes back all the way through
+various assassinations in the 1930s goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various assassinations in the 1930s goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various assassinations in the 1930s goes
+right back to the Bulan Wars at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to the Bulan Wars at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to the Bulan Wars at the
+beginning of the 20th century and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th century and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th century and I
+shouldn't be surprised if if one went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be surprised if if one went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be surprised if if one went
+back then one didn't find those Bulan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then one didn't find those Bulan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then one didn't find those Bulan
+wars were fueled by narratives going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars were fueled by narratives going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars were fueled by narratives going
+back deep into the 19th century or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back deep into the 19th century or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back deep into the 19th century or even
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+further and as a result you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and as a result you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and as a result you get these
+vendettas and it strik that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendettas and it strik that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendettas and it strik that part of the
+Vendetta often involves the wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vendetta often involves the wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vendetta often involves the wish to
+obliterate the other side's version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterate the other side's version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterate the other side's version of
+the story so that in Yugoslavia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story so that in Yugoslavia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story so that in Yugoslavia for
+instance when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance when
+Serbia invaded Bosnia they deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbia invaded Bosnia they deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbia invaded Bosnia they deliberately
+destroyed mosques libraries monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed mosques libraries monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed mosques libraries monuments
+they wanted to obliterate all traces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to obliterate all traces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to obliterate all traces of
+the other of the other culture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of the other culture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of the other culture of the
+other Story the Rival the Rival story to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Story the Rival the Rival story to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Story the Rival the Rival story to
+theirs and the Vendetta goes on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and the Vendetta goes on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and the Vendetta goes on in the
+1990s many of the Serbian leaders were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s many of the Serbian leaders were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s many of the Serbian leaders were
+themselves the sons the Serbian leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the sons the Serbian leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the sons the Serbian leaders
+who led the war against Croatia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who led the war against Croatia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who led the war against Croatia for
+instance the politicians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the politicians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the politicians and the
+generals were in many cases sons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generals were in many cases sons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generals were in many cases sons of
+people who' been victims of the fascists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who' been victims of the fascists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who' been victims of the fascists
+in Croatia in the Nazi period so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Croatia in the Nazi period so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Croatia in the Nazi period so that
+general madich for instance now wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general madich for instance now wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general madich for instance now wanted
+for war crimes uh the Serbian General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for war crimes uh the Serbian General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for war crimes uh the Serbian General
+his father was killed by the Croatian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father was killed by the Croatian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father was killed by the Croatian
+aachi and general adich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aachi and general adich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aachi and general adich
+uh who had as a child had hidden in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who had as a child had hidden in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who had as a child had hidden in a
+tree while the ustache Hacked his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree while the ustache Hacked his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree while the ustache Hacked his
+parents to death well he was the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to death well he was the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to death well he was the person
+who planned the war on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who planned the war on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who planned the war on
+Croatia and Milan kovachevich who ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croatia and Milan kovachevich who ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croatia and Milan kovachevich who ran a
+chain of Serbian concentration camps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of Serbian concentration camps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of Serbian concentration camps in
+the 1990s into which Croatian people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s into which Croatian people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s into which Croatian people
+were put he himself was born in Yasin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put he himself was born in Yasin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put he himself was born in Yasin
+noich which was a croation concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noich which was a croation concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noich which was a croation concentration
+camp for serbs back in that period And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp for serbs back in that period And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp for serbs back in that period And
+so you can see the the spiral go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the the spiral go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the the spiral go on and
+sometimes people involved in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people involved in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people involved in these
+conflicts have the wisdom to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts have the wisdom to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts have the wisdom to see that
+this is all one big trap they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all one big trap they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all one big trap they're
+mutually entrapped by by the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually entrapped by by the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually entrapped by by the these
+stories the Croatian writer slavenka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories the Croatian writer slavenka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories the Croatian writer slavenka
+dulich for instance uh writing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulich for instance uh writing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulich for instance uh writing in the
+90s at the time of these of those Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s at the time of these of those Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s at the time of these of those Wars
+said I am afraid that as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I am afraid that as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I am afraid that as we've been
+forced to take sides in this war we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to take sides in this war we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to take sides in this war we all
+of us on both sides will get caught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us on both sides will get caught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us on both sides will get caught in
+that cruel self-perpetuating game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever the theoretical account given of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever the theoretical account given of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever the theoretical account given of
+this uh was uh was of nationalism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh was uh was of nationalism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh was uh was of nationalism as
+this as response to defeat was given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as response to defeat was given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as response to defeat was given by
+the German poet Schiller Schiller uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German poet Schiller Schiller uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German poet Schiller Schiller uh had
+what he called the Bent Twig account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he called the Bent Twig account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he called the Bent Twig account of
+nationalism this has been popularized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism this has been popularized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism this has been popularized uh
+in recent Times by aai Berlin who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent Times by aai Berlin who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent Times by aai Berlin who's
+written essays on this schilla thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written essays on this schilla thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written essays on this schilla thought
+that nationalism is usually at its most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nationalism is usually at its most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nationalism is usually at its most
+intense when it's the response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense when it's the response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense when it's the response to a
+defeat or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat or a
+humiliation uh you know the Bent Twig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation uh you know the Bent Twig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation uh you know the Bent Twig
+meaning you know how when you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know how when you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know how when you walk
+through a wood with lots of trees not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a wood with lots of trees not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a wood with lots of trees not
+trees which have only firm solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which have only firm solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which have only firm solid
+branches which don't move but those thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches which don't move but those thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches which don't move but those thin
+young branches which as you push through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young branches which as you push through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young branches which as you push through
+they they Bend before you but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they Bend before you but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they Bend before you but it's not
+very nice to be the second person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice to be the second person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice to be the second person
+walking through the wood because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through the wood because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through the wood because the
+first person pushes the branch and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person pushes the branch and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person pushes the branch and it
+whips back and hits you if you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whips back and hits you if you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whips back and hits you if you're the
+second person that's what shill meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person that's what shill meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person that's what shill meant by
+the the Bent Twig and it's very striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Bent Twig and it's very striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Bent Twig and it's very striking
+that German nationalism just to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that German nationalism just to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that German nationalism just to take
+that example is seems to me hugely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example is seems to me hugely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example is seems to me hugely an
+illustration of schill's point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of schill's point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of schill's point because
+the great philosopher of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great philosopher of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great philosopher of German
+nationalism fer uh he was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism fer uh he was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism fer uh he was the first
+theorist of German nationalism uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist of German nationalism uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist of German nationalism uh he
+produced his theory which published as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced his theory which published as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced his theory which published as a
+book called addresses to the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called addresses to the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called addresses to the German
+people those addresses were given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people those addresses were given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people those addresses were given to the
+German people in Berlin in 187 at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German people in Berlin in 187 at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German people in Berlin in 187 at a time
+when Germany or that part of Germany had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Germany or that part of Germany had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Germany or that part of Germany had
+been defeated by Napolean and Berlin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been defeated by Napolean and Berlin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been defeated by Napolean and Berlin was
+occupied by the French at the time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by the French at the time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by the French at the time he
+gave those lectures and then again fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave those lectures and then again fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave those lectures and then again fast
+forwarding a bit in German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding a bit in German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding a bit in German
+history there's one of the things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there's one of the things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there's one of the things which
+always seems to me so strange when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to me so strange when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to me so strange when one
+studies the Nazis is how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the Nazis is how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the Nazis is how much of the
+Nazi ideology was showed the Germans as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi ideology was showed the Germans as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi ideology was showed the Germans as
+victims we tend not to think because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims we tend not to think because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims we tend not to think because we
+remember what the Nazis did we tend not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Nazis did we tend not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the Nazis did we tend not
+to think of mid 20th century Germans as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of mid 20th century Germans as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of mid 20th century Germans as
+victims but we I think need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims but we I think need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims but we I think need some
+historical imagination the Germans found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical imagination the Germans found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical imagination the Germans found
+it a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a deep
+humiliation when they were defeated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation when they were defeated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation when they were defeated in
+the first world war many of them did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first world war many of them did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first world war many of them did the
+humiliation of having to sign up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation of having to sign up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation of having to sign up to the
+war guilt Clauses before peace would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war guilt Clauses before peace would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war guilt Clauses before peace would be
+made at the Treaty of Versa uh meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at the Treaty of Versa uh meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at the Treaty of Versa uh meant
+that the whole of German had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole of German had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole of German had to
+subscribe to the Vie their leaders had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to the Vie their leaders had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to the Vie their leaders had
+to on their behalf except that they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to on their behalf except that they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to on their behalf except that they took
+the whole responsibility for the origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole responsibility for the origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole responsibility for the origins
+of the first world war which is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first world war which is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first world war which is I think
+it's fair to say a simplification at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to say a simplification at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to say a simplification at
+best and reading Hitler reading mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and reading Hitler reading mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and reading Hitler reading mine
+Camp I Mis spent some of my middle age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp I Mis spent some of my middle age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp I Mis spent some of my middle age
+uh reading reading M encamp and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading reading M encamp and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading reading M encamp and I was
+struck by the extraordinary sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by the extraordinary sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by the extraordinary sense of
+resentment at the the humiliations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resentment at the the humiliations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resentment at the the humiliations and
+defeat this obviously wasn't just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat this obviously wasn't just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat this obviously wasn't just a
+personal resentment because I mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal resentment because I mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal resentment because I mean he
+did actually manage to play on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually manage to play on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually manage to play on this
+sense of national defeat uh to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of national defeat uh to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of national defeat uh to build up
+his nationalist movement I people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nationalist movement I people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nationalist movement I people
+sometimes give an economic account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give an economic account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give an economic account of
+the rise of Hitler in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of Hitler in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of Hitler in terms of the the
+slump and the inflation and so on but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slump and the inflation and so on but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slump and the inflation and so on but I
+think what's very striking is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's very striking is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's very striking is that there
+were two radical movements in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two radical movements in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two radical movements in Germany
+Each of which promised radical changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which promised radical changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which promised radical changes
+in the economic system there were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economic system there were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economic system there were the
+Nazis and the Communists and I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis and the Communists and I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis and the Communists and I suspect
+that the reason why Nazis one out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why Nazis one out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why Nazis one out as
+against the Communists was because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Communists was because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Communists was because of
+the deep appeal of the Nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deep appeal of the Nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deep appeal of the Nationalist
+component in the Nazi ideology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the Nazi ideology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the Nazi ideology which
+wasn't there in the Communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't there in the Communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't there in the Communist
+Ideology Now having sketched out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideology Now having sketched out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideology Now having sketched out in
+crude and schematic form something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude and schematic form something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude and schematic form something of
+what I take the psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I take the psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I take the psychology of
+nationalism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism to
+be have we got the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have we got the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have we got the ability
+to free ourselves from the the the grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free ourselves from the the the grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free ourselves from the the the grip
+of of these at least these crude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these at least these crude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these at least these crude and
+dangerous forms of nationalism I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous forms of nationalism I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous forms of nationalism I think
+there are some obvious political moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some obvious political moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some obvious political moves
+to make uh which I mean I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh which I mean I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh which I mean I think it's a
+matter I I don't know that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I I don't know that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I I don't know that we can
+totally escape from nationalism it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally escape from nationalism it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally escape from nationalism it may
+be too deeply rooted in our psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too deeply rooted in our psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too deeply rooted in our psychology
+for any Total escape to be possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Total escape to be possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Total escape to be possible but
+I think there is the chance that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there is the chance that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there is the chance that we can
+at least mitigate its dangers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least mitigate its dangers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least mitigate its dangers and
+mitigate its grip on us um partly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate its grip on us um partly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate its grip on us um partly it's a
+matter of political moves partly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of political moves partly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of political moves partly it's a
+matter of uh psychological things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of uh psychological things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of uh psychological things
+political moves I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political moves I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political moves I think one of the
+things is that if there's a group who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that if there's a group who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that if there's a group who
+wants to be independent because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be independent because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be independent because they
+feel they're a we and different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel they're a we and different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel they're a we and different from the
+rest of a a country the way to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of a a country the way to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of a a country the way to avoid
+conflict struggle and resentment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict struggle and resentment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict struggle and resentment is
+simply for the larger group to say yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for the larger group to say yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for the larger group to say yes I
+think the very striking successful case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the very striking successful case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the very striking successful case
+of this recently was what used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recently was what used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recently was what used to be
+Czechoslovakia the Czechs could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czechoslovakia the Czechs could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czechoslovakia the Czechs could have
+said no no you've got to stay in we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no no you've got to stay in we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no no you've got to stay in we will
+impose it on you but the Czechs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it on you but the Czechs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it on you but the Czechs in the
+Civilized way said if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilized way said if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilized way said if you don't want to
+stay in the same country as us let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the same country as us let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the same country as us let's
+have an amicable divorce and so they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amicable divorce and so they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amicable divorce and so they did
+now my own belief is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my own belief is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my own belief is that this is the
+way to avoid nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to avoid nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to avoid nationalist
+resentment um I think for instance as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resentment um I think for instance as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resentment um I think for instance as an
+English person I think that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English person I think that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English person I think that if the
+people of Scotland want to be fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Scotland want to be fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Scotland want to be fully
+independent I would welcome that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I would welcome that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I would welcome that I
+wouldn't stop being friends of Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't stop being friends of Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't stop being friends of Scottish
+people because there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because there were two
+delegations at the United na instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegations at the United na instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegations at the United na instead of
+one uh it doesn't seem to me to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it doesn't seem to me to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it doesn't seem to me to matter
+hugely then again there's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely then again there's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely then again there's the idea of
+the soft edged nation state we perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft edged nation state we perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft edged nation state we perhaps
+don't have to think of nation states as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think of nation states as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think of nation states as
+being quite so rigidly separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being quite so rigidly separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being quite so rigidly separate from
+each other as we have done traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as we have done traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as we have done traditionally
+we could think of them in a more porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could think of them in a more porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could think of them in a more porous
+way for instance in Northern Ireland um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for instance in Northern Ireland um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for instance in Northern Ireland um
+it seems to me so clear some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me so clear some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me so clear some of you may
+know the thing wienstein um uses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing wienstein um uses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing wienstein um uses in
+discussion of philosophy he uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of philosophy he uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of philosophy he uses the
+psychological drawing known as the Duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological drawing known as the Duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological drawing known as the Duck
+Rabbit there's a kind of cartoon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbit there's a kind of cartoon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbit there's a kind of cartoon which
+appears in some psychology textbooks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in some psychology textbooks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in some psychology textbooks of
+a drawing which you can read it one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drawing which you can read it one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drawing which you can read it one way
+as a duck and you can read it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a duck and you can read it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a duck and you can read it another
+way as a rabbit and vien Stein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a rabbit and vien Stein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a rabbit and vien Stein's
+interested in the psychology of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the psychology of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the psychology of the
+switch of Galt now my feeling is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of Galt now my feeling is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch of Galt now my feeling is that a
+place like Northern Ireland is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like Northern Ireland is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like Northern Ireland is a classic
+Duck Rabbit one lot of people say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duck Rabbit one lot of people say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duck Rabbit one lot of people say it's
+just part of Ireland and that's it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of Ireland and that's it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of Ireland and that's it and
+another lot of people say no no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lot of people say no no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lot of people say no no it's
+just part of the United Kingdom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of the United Kingdom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of the United Kingdom and
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+well it seems to me what we've got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems to me what we've got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems to me what we've got is
+one lot of people saying it's a duck one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lot of people saying it's a duck one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lot of people saying it's a duck one
+lot of people saying it's a rabbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people saying it's a rabbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people saying it's a rabbit and
+if you try to be a little more objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to be a little more objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to be a little more objective
+it starts to look a bit more like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to look a bit more like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to look a bit more like an
+ambiguous figure and perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous figure and perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous figure and perhaps the
+political realities could reflect this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political realities could reflect this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political realities could reflect this a
+bit more already they're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more already they're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more already they're trying to do
+this as much as possible uh but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as much as possible uh but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as much as possible uh but there's
+still a long way to go I believe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a long way to go I believe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a long way to go I believe but
+already for instance if you live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already for instance if you live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already for instance if you live in
+Northern Ireland you have a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland you have a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland you have a choice of
+passports you can have an Irish passport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports you can have an Irish passport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports you can have an Irish passport
+or you can have a British passport I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have a British passport I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have a British passport I
+don't why there shouldn't be two flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why there shouldn't be two flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why there shouldn't be two flags
+flying a British flag and an Irish flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a British flag and an Irish flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a British flag and an Irish flag
+flying above the Town Hall in Belfast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying above the Town Hall in Belfast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying above the Town Hall in Belfast it
+doesn't seem to me obvious that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to me obvious that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to me obvious that the
+boundaries between two nation states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between two nation states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between two nation states
+have to be so rigid that you're in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be so rigid that you're in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be so rigid that you're in one
+or in the other and that I think might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the other and that I think might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the other and that I think might
+apply if we go just for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply if we go just for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply if we go just for a moment
+reverting to cities uh possibly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting to cities uh possibly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting to cities uh possibly this
+would be some this idea of the shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some this idea of the shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some this idea of the shared
+sovereignty would be something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereignty would be something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereignty would be something which
+could be applied to Jerusalem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be applied to Jerusalem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be applied to Jerusalem for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+then again there are the psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again there are the psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again there are the psychological
+moves um that we need to make um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um that we need to make um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves um that we need to make um one
+thing is of course we simply need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is of course we simply need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is of course we simply need to
+understand the psychology of nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the psychology of nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the psychology of nationalism
+and to be aware of how dangerous it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be aware of how dangerous it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be aware of how dangerous it is I
+me when the two groups of students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when the two groups of students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when the two groups of students in
+Northern Ireland discovered that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland discovered that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland discovered that they
+each had this stereotype about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each had this stereotype about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each had this stereotype about the
+eyebrows they learned something deep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyebrows they learned something deep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyebrows they learned something deep and
+important which I hope will stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which I hope will stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which I hope will stay with
+them for the rest of their lives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the rest of their lives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the rest of their lives it
+seems to me if we have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me if we have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me if we have that kind of
+understanding um we will be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um we will be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding um we will be a little bit
+more skeptical when we're told by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skeptical when we're told by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skeptical when we're told by our
+own politicians that we are utterly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own politicians that we are utterly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own politicians that we are utterly in
+the right and the other group are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and the other group are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and the other group are the
+axis of Evil or whatever it is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of Evil or whatever it is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of Evil or whatever it is whatever
+denunciatory phrase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denunciatory phrase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denunciatory phrase is
+used um then again there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um then again there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um then again there's the
+possibility of Acts of generosity across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of Acts of generosity across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of Acts of generosity across
+the boundary uh for instance the Israeli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary uh for instance the Israeli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary uh for instance the Israeli
+writer David Gman talks about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer David Gman talks about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer David Gman talks about how one
+time when I think 12 people were killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I think 12 people were killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I think 12 people were killed
+in a terrorist attack by h us um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a terrorist attack by h us um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a terrorist attack by h us um a
+Palestinian friend of his called him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian friend of his called him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian friend of his called him up
+offering to donate blood that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering to donate blood that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering to donate blood that kind of
+act must make a difference especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act must make a difference especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act must make a difference especially if
+it's publicized must make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's publicized must make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's publicized must make a difference
+to the must at least complicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the must at least complicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the must at least complicate the
+crude hostile story that's told about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude hostile story that's told about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude hostile story that's told about
+the other group in in among the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group in in among the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group in in among the other
+side now let me just for a moment uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let me just for a moment uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let me just for a moment uh say
+something about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cities as I said at the beginning I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as I said at the beginning I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as I said at the beginning I have
+disqualifications for being here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disqualifications for being here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disqualifications for being here and
+talking about cities because I no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cities because I no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cities because I no
+Architect no Town planner I live in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architect no Town planner I live in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architect no Town planner I live in an
+international City London and love it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international City London and love it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international City London and love it um
+I love Boston I love New York I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Boston I love New York I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Boston I love New York I love
+Paris I love all sorts of cities but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris I love all sorts of cities but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris I love all sorts of cities but I
+have no special expertise so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no special expertise so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no special expertise so that what
+I'm going to say about city is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say about city is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say about city is it's
+going to seem I think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to seem I think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to seem I think a little
+amateurish and grude and you may even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateurish and grude and you may even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateurish and grude and you may even
+feel not entirely about cities but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel not entirely about cities but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel not entirely about cities but the
+first thing is that big International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is that big International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is that big International
+cities by the way they act as magnets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities by the way they act as magnets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities by the way they act as magnets to
+draw in people from both sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in people from both sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in people from both sides of a
+conflict can act as somewhere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict can act as somewhere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict can act as somewhere which
+gives people space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives people space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives people space for
+reconciliation uh I want to just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation uh I want to just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation uh I want to just tell
+you a bit about an Israeli and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit about an Israeli and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit about an Israeli and a
+Palestinian who met in New York I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian who met in New York I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian who met in New York I read
+an article recently by an Israeli writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article recently by an Israeli writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article recently by an Israeli writer
+called dorit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dorit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dorit
+rabinyan um who went to New York as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabinyan um who went to New York as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabinyan um who went to New York as a
+young student and met a Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student and met a Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student and met a Palestinian
+artist called Hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist called Hassan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist called Hassan
+hurani and they had a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurani and they had a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurani and they had a relationship
+across the barriers they had a deepened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the barriers they had a deepened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the barriers they had a deepened
+uh Amorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amorous
+relationship and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and then
+sadly H son went back and was drowned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly H son went back and was drowned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly H son went back and was drowned in
+an accident in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident in
+Palestine and after his death she wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine and after his death she wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine and after his death she wrote
+a letter to him talking about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter to him talking about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter to him talking about their
+relationship and talking about how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and talking about how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and talking about how she
+felt about him and about the role of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt about him and about the role of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt about him and about the role of New
+York in bringing them together she wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York in bringing them together she wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York in bringing them together she wrote
+neither the chicken soup in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the chicken soup in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the chicken soup in the
+ashkanazi restaurants in the East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashkanazi restaurants in the East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashkanazi restaurants in the East
+Village nor the salab in the Kario Cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village nor the salab in the Kario Cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village nor the salab in the Kario Cafe
+assuaged our longing for home I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuaged our longing for home I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuaged our longing for home I had to
+sit with a Palestinian guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with a Palestinian guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with a Palestinian guy on the
+freezing steps of the city hall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing steps of the city hall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing steps of the city hall in
+Brooklyn in order to admit to myself how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn in order to admit to myself how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn in order to admit to myself how
+attached I am to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached I am to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached I am to
+Israel I had to go all the way to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel I had to go all the way to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel I had to go all the way to New
+York so that you with the Nostalgia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York so that you with the Nostalgia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York so that you with the Nostalgia of
+one born to a refugee family who grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one born to a refugee family who grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one born to a refugee family who grew up
+longing for the Landscapes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longing for the Landscapes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longing for the Landscapes that
+surrounded me my whole life would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded me my whole life would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded me my whole life would
+describe them to me far from them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them to me far from them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them to me far from them by
+your side I L them more than ever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your side I L them more than ever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your side I L them more than ever the
+expression on our faces was the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on our faces was the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on our faces was the same the
+Vista was of the same Homeland only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vista was of the same Homeland only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vista was of the same Homeland only the
+passports in our pockets were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports in our pockets were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports in our pockets were different
+the passports of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passports of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passports of
+enemies and we knew that if we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies and we knew that if we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies and we knew that if we hadn't
+taken a 12-hour flight to a generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a 12-hour flight to a generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a 12-hour flight to a generous
+City like New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City like New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City like New York
+we would never have met I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would never have met I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would never have met I think this is
+a kind of unheralded un unsung role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of unheralded un unsung role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of unheralded un unsung role of
+of the big cities I hope London does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big cities I hope London does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big cities I hope London does it
+too sometimes uh of just simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sometimes uh of just simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sometimes uh of just simply by
+providing a huge place of variety by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a huge place of variety by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a huge place of variety by
+providing a magnet it means people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a magnet it means people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a magnet it means people from
+all over the world come and start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world come and start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world come and start to
+muddle along with each other in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddle along with each other in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddle along with each other in ways
+they might not have predicted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have predicted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have predicted in
+advance then there's also the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance then there's also the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance then there's also the way in
+which cities be it by having large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cities be it by having large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cities be it by having large
+numbers of people can make huge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of people can make huge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of people can make huge and
+impressive demonstrations of solidarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive demonstrations of solidarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive demonstrations of solidarity
+when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are
+attacked I mean I remember being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked I mean I remember being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked I mean I remember being
+incredibly moved when I saw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly moved when I saw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly moved when I saw on
+television in Europe the pictures of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in Europe the pictures of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in Europe the pictures of New
+Yorkers after 9/11 the extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yorkers after 9/11 the extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yorkers after 9/11 the extraordinary
+bravery of the fireman the extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery of the fireman the extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravery of the fireman the extraordinary
+Dignity of Mayor Giuliani the flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dignity of Mayor Giuliani the flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dignity of Mayor Giuliani the flowers
+the candles these were public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candles these were public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candles these were public
+demonstrations of solidarity of sympathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of solidarity of sympathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of solidarity of sympathy
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+grief and I think something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief and I think something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief and I think something similar
+happened in Spain in Madrid there was 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Spain in Madrid there was 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Spain in Madrid there was 2
+minutes silence and it was pouring with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes silence and it was pouring with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes silence and it was pouring with
+rain during the time that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain during the time that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain during the time that the two
+minutes silence was supposed to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes silence was supposed to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes silence was supposed to be and
+they could have stayed indoors had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have stayed indoors had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have stayed indoors had their
+two minutes silence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes silence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes silence
+indoors but they had to be seen they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors but they had to be seen they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors but they had to be seen they
+wanted to make a public demonstration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a public demonstration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a public demonstration so
+they came and stood out in the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came and stood out in the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came and stood out in the rain
+partly to show they weren't scared off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to show they weren't scared off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to show they weren't scared off
+the streets by fear of terrorism because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets by fear of terrorism because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets by fear of terrorism because
+who at that stage nobody knew that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who at that stage nobody knew that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who at that stage nobody knew that there
+might not be more bombs somewhere they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be more bombs somewhere they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be more bombs somewhere they
+were showing they weren't scared they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing they weren't scared they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing they weren't scared they
+were showing their solidarity with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing their solidarity with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing their solidarity with each
+other and there was a sea of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and there was a sea of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and there was a sea of hands
+holding out Bits of Paper simply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding out Bits of Paper simply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding out Bits of Paper simply with
+the word no that's something which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word no that's something which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word no that's something which I
+think a city gives the scope for you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a city gives the scope for you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a city gives the scope for you can
+do it in a village too but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a village too but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a village too but it doesn't
+have the same impression as the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same impression as the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same impression as the huge
+mass of people coming together to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of people coming together to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of people coming together to show
+United City of an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size now let me say something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size now let me say something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size now let me say something something
+just brief because I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brief because I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brief because I don't want to
+finish without saying anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish without saying anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish without saying anything about the
+Jerusalem project um I think this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem project um I think this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem project um I think this idea
+that you've had at MIT is a terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've had at MIT is a terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've had at MIT is a terrific
+idea of thinking about Jerusalem as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thinking about Jerusalem as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thinking about Jerusalem as a a
+city that might one day transcend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that might one day transcend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that might one day transcend and
+show the way to transcending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the way to transcending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the way to transcending the
+terrible conflicts I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible conflicts I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible conflicts I think it's
+particularly courageous to put forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly courageous to put forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly courageous to put forward
+this idea at the moment because as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the moment because as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the moment because as we
+all know this is an extraordinarily dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know this is an extraordinarily dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know this is an extraordinarily dark
+time in the Middle East conflict but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the Middle East conflict but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the Middle East conflict but I
+just have a couple of things to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a couple of things to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a couple of things to say
+about the uh about about Jerusalem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh about about Jerusalem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh about about Jerusalem one
+is that I very much hope that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I very much hope that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I very much hope that in the
+plan for the uh for the the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the uh for the the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the uh for the the New
+Jerusalem if I can use the phrase um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem if I can use the phrase um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem if I can use the phrase um I
+hope that there will be joint schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that there will be joint schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that there will be joint schools
+for Palestinians and Israelis it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Palestinians and Israelis it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Palestinians and Israelis it's one
+of the curses in Northern Ireland that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curses in Northern Ireland that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curses in Northern Ireland that
+Protestants and Catholics go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants and Catholics go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants and Catholics go to
+different schools and this is accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schools and this is accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schools and this is accepted
+as a mark of religious tolerance but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mark of religious tolerance but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mark of religious tolerance but the
+result is the eyebrow rubbish they hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the eyebrow rubbish they hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the eyebrow rubbish they hate
+each other they never meet each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they never meet each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they never meet each other
+and there were appalling scenes about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were appalling scenes about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were appalling scenes about 2
+or 3 years ago of young children of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 years ago of young children of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 years ago of young children of
+about five Catholic children going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five Catholic children going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five Catholic children going to
+some school walking through a Protestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some school walking through a Protestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some school walking through a Protestant
+district and being jured by adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and being jured by adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and being jured by adult
+Protestants who didn't want the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants who didn't want the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestants who didn't want the these
+Catholic scum walking through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic scum walking through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic scum walking through their
+district and it's it was a shaming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and it's it was a shaming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district and it's it was a shaming and
+humiliating thing for anyone who is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliating thing for anyone who is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliating thing for anyone who is in
+the same country as uh that group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same country as uh that group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same country as uh that group of
+people to see adults treating five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see adults treating five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see adults treating five and
+sixy old children in that way because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixy old children in that way because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixy old children in that way because of
+this tribalism and if they were shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tribalism and if they were shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tribalism and if they were shared
+schools I think the problem would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools I think the problem would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools I think the problem would not be
+nearly so cute now this doesn't for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly so cute now this doesn't for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly so cute now this doesn't for a
+minute mean that we have to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute mean that we have to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute mean that we have to have any
+lack of respect for the differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of respect for the differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of respect for the differences of
+culture Judaism and Islam are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture Judaism and Islam are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture Judaism and Islam are different
+religions and that's obviously not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions and that's obviously not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions and that's obviously not the
+not by any means the whole of it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by any means the whole of it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by any means the whole of it they
+whole different cultures but I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different cultures but I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different cultures but I do think
+that shared schools even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shared schools even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shared schools even if they
+sometimes said separate to be taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes said separate to be taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes said separate to be taught
+their religions though I rather hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their religions though I rather hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their religions though I rather hope
+that sometimes they'd invite each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes they'd invite each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes they'd invite each other
+in for the religious classes so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the religious classes so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the religious classes so they
+could hear the other point of VI um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear the other point of VI um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear the other point of VI um the
+other thing is I'd like to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is I'd like to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is I'd like to see a
+building now this is really before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now this is really before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now this is really before the
+the conflict ends because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict ends because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict ends because this is
+something to try and help the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to try and help the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to try and help the conflict
+I'd like to see a building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see a building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see a building and
+preferably as dramatic as possible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably as dramatic as possible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably as dramatic as possible I
+mean I having recently been to bilbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I having recently been to bilbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I having recently been to bilbow
+and seeing the amazing impact on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing the amazing impact on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing the amazing impact on that
+city of Frank AR's new gugenheim Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Frank AR's new gugenheim Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Frank AR's new gugenheim Museum
+I'd like to see a dramatic building to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see a dramatic building to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see a dramatic building to
+be designed and built by a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be designed and built by a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be designed and built by a mixture of
+Palestinians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and
+Israelis and the point of this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and the point of this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and the point of this building
+would be partly a celebration of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be partly a celebration of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be partly a celebration of kind of
+Museum of both cultures both religions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum of both cultures both religions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum of both cultures both religions
+they might even be generous enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even be generous enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might even be generous enough to
+include the third religion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the third religion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the third religion of
+Christianity that has Jerusalem as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity that has Jerusalem as so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity that has Jerusalem as so
+important in its story but it would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in its story but it would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in its story but it would also
+be it wouldn't just be a dead Museum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it wouldn't just be a dead Museum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it wouldn't just be a dead Museum it
+would have live projects going on to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have live projects going on to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have live projects going on to try
+to further the peace process and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further the peace process and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further the peace process and let me
+just mention one of the projects that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention one of the projects that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention one of the projects that I
+I I I I believe well I'll me mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I believe well I'll me mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I believe well I'll me mention a
+couple one is one of the most heartening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple one is one of the most heartening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple one is one of the most heartening
+things in the when the discussions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the when the discussions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the when the discussions in
+Northern Ireland leading up to the Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland leading up to the Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland leading up to the Good
+Friday agreement were taking place one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday agreement were taking place one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday agreement were taking place one
+of the most heartening things was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most heartening things was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most heartening things was that
+people came from other conflicts to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came from other conflicts to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came from other conflicts to try
+to give the lessons which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the lessons which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the lessons which could be
+learned from them to help the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from them to help the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from them to help the people in
+Northern Ireland people came from South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland people came from South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland people came from South
+Africa to say look we were in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa to say look we were in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa to say look we were in this
+terrible mess of conflict and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible mess of conflict and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible mess of conflict and somehow
+we've more or less transcended it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've more or less transcended it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've more or less transcended it and
+you can learn about Truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn about Truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn about Truth and
+Reconciliation commissions you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation commissions you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation commissions you can learn
+all sorts of things and I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and I thought that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrific one thing could be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrific one thing could be that the
+building I envisage which really needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I envisage which really needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I envisage which really needs
+to be set up as I say now not in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be set up as I say now not in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be set up as I say now not in 20
+years time because the conflict you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years time because the conflict you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years time because the conflict you've
+got to end the conflict before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to end the conflict before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to end the conflict before the
+project got to do something towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project got to do something towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project got to do something towards
+ending the conflict before the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending the conflict before the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending the conflict before the project
+that you're talking about really can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking about really can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking about really can get
+going um but I um would like to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um but I um would like to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um but I um would like to see this
+happen now a project where people joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now a project where people joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now a project where people joint
+teams of Israelis and Jews Israelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of Israelis and Jews Israelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of Israelis and Jews Israelis
+sorry Israelis and Palestinians Jews I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Israelis and Palestinians Jews I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Israelis and Palestinians Jews I
+never know what to say because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know what to say because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know what to say because they're
+Palestinian Israelis uh I so I'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian Israelis uh I so I'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian Israelis uh I so I'm never
+quite sure what the right terminology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure what the right terminology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure what the right terminology is
+you know what I'm talking about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm talking about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm talking about people
+from both sides could study other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides could study other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides could study other
+conflicts and see what they could learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and see what they could learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and see what they could learn
+from them but the other thing is I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them but the other thing is I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them but the other thing is I would
+like to see projects which would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see projects which would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see projects which would try to
+weaken the grip of this single-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken the grip of this single-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken the grip of this single-minded
+Relentless one-sided tribal narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relentless one-sided tribal narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relentless one-sided tribal narrative
+and so what I would like to see would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I would like to see would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I would like to see would be
+the project which would consist of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project which would consist of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project which would consist of this
+kind of thing this is just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing this is just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing this is just an example
+try and show you the kind of thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and show you the kind of thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and show you the kind of thing I'd
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+see I'd like to get a group of Israelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'd like to get a group of Israelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'd like to get a group of Israelis
+and a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group of
+Palestinians and each side would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and each side would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and each side would have
+the job of making a film they'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of making a film they'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of making a film they'd have the
+job of making a film of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of making a film of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of making a film of the history of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+conflict and the idea of making the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and the idea of making the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and the idea of making the film
+would be that the Israeli group would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the Israeli group would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the Israeli group would be
+asked to make a film stating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to make a film stating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to make a film stating as
+eloquently and powerfully as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquently and powerfully as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquently and powerfully as possible
+the Israeli case about how they how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israeli case about how they how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israeli case about how they how the
+is telling the Israeli story about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling the Israeli story about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling the Israeli story about how
+the conflict has gone they would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict has gone they would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict has gone they would be able
+to interview people who suffered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interview people who suffered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interview people who suffered from
+Nazi persecution they would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi persecution they would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi persecution they would be able to
+interview people who had had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people who had had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people who had had their
+relations killed by Suicide bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations killed by Suicide bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations killed by Suicide bomb
+interview who you like interview the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview who you like interview the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview who you like interview the
+politicians everything to make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians everything to make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians everything to make as
+eloquent and Powerful a statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent and Powerful a statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent and Powerful a statement of the
+Israeli cases possible the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli cases possible the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli cases possible the only
+constraint being that you mustn't do The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint being that you mustn't do The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint being that you mustn't do The
+gales type propaganda where you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gales type propaganda where you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gales type propaganda where you actually
+say things that aren't true you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things that aren't true you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things that aren't true you to
+subject to the constraint of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint of not
+knowingly saying things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowingly saying things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowingly saying things that are
+factually false make the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factually false make the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factually false make the most powerful
+case you can then I'd want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can then I'd want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can then I'd want the
+Palestinians to do exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians to do exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians to do exactly the same
+about their side make the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their side make the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their side make the most powerful
+case you can bring in people who've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can bring in people who've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can bring in people who've been
+humiliated at the Israeli checkpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliated at the Israeli checkpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliated at the Israeli checkpoints
+bring in people who used to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in people who used to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in people who used to live in
+houses that are now occupied by Israelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses that are now occupied by Israelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses that are now occupied by Israelis
+bring in people who've known the refugee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in people who've known the refugee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in people who've known the refugee
+camps bring in people whove whose houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps bring in people whove whose houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps bring in people whove whose houses
+have been bulldozed by the Israeli Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been bulldozed by the Israeli Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been bulldozed by the Israeli Army
+make the most powerful and eloquent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most powerful and eloquent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most powerful and eloquent case
+you can then I'd want in this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then I'd want in this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then I'd want in this building
+I'd want them all to meet and show each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd want them all to meet and show each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd want them all to meet and show each
+other their two films and then I'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other their two films and then I'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other their two films and then I'd want
+there to be a seminar on the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be a seminar on the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be a seminar on the possibility
+of historical objectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical objectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical objectivity
+how far is it possible to be objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is it possible to be objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is it possible to be objective
+about history and I'd want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about history and I'd want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about history and I'd want them to
+discuss whether at least in theory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss whether at least in theory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss whether at least in theory it
+will be possible to make a film of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be possible to make a film of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be possible to make a film of the
+kind that God might make God or Allah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that God might make God or Allah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that God might make God or Allah uh
+might make about the about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make about the about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make about the about about the
+conflict now I happen not to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict now I happen not to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict now I happen not to be a
+religious believer so I'd happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious believer so I'd happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious believer so I'd happily
+substitute Tolstoy as our nearest uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute Tolstoy as our nearest uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute Tolstoy as our nearest uh the
+nearest we can get to the god side view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest we can get to the god side view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest we can get to the god side view
+uh but the question they were to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the question they were to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the question they were to discuss
+would be is it possible to would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be is it possible to would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be is it possible to would it be
+possible to make a film that does does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make a film that does does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make a film that does does
+Justice to the points made in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice to the points made in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice to the points made in both the
+two films that have already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films that have already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films that have already been
+made and the next thing would be to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the next thing would be to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the next thing would be to go
+get them to work together and go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to work together and go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to work together and go away
+and make that film now of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that film now of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that film now of course that
+would be if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if it
+worked there is obviously so many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there is obviously so many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there is obviously so many ways
+in which such a project could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which such a project could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which such a project could come
+unstuck but if it worked that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck but if it worked that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck but if it worked that would
+educate say a couple of dozen people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate say a couple of dozen people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate say a couple of dozen people on
+each side depending on how many were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side depending on how many were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side depending on how many were on
+the teams I'd also want there to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams I'd also want there to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams I'd also want there to be a
+meta film being made by somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta film being made by somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta film being made by somebody else
+about the whole process so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole process so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole process so that the
+whole world could learn from what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world could learn from what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world could learn from what was
+going on this is the kind of project I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this is the kind of project I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this is the kind of project I'd
+like to see to weaken the grip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see to weaken the grip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see to weaken the grip of the
+tribal narrative and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal narrative and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal narrative and this kind of
+educational project I think needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational project I think needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational project I think needs a
+building in Jerusalem now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Jerusalem now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Jerusalem now rather than
+waiting I'm sorry I've got on rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting I'm sorry I've got on rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting I'm sorry I've got on rather
+long time but thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well thank you thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you thank you very much for
+giving me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me this
+opportunity uh to uh respond and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to uh respond and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to uh respond and uh
+discuss to a fascinating fascinating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss to a fascinating fascinating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss to a fascinating fascinating uh
+presentation I have uh I think uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I have uh I think uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I have uh I think uh a
+number of uh disadvantages here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh disadvantages here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh disadvantages here uh
+coming after Jonathan cover is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after Jonathan cover is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after Jonathan cover is uh
+certainly one uh big disadvantage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one uh big disadvantage it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one uh big disadvantage it's
+very hard to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to follow this
+presentation uh to to to uh to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh to to to uh to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh to to to uh to give a
+presentation as good as his presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as good as his presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as good as his presentation
+this is or similar to that I mean uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is or similar to that I mean uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is or similar to that I mean uh the
+other thing is that uh I uh I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that uh I uh I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that uh I uh I wasn't
+given the presentation or the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the presentation or the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the presentation or the lecture
+before I was asked to uh respond uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I was asked to uh respond uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I was asked to uh respond uh
+spontaneously and I think that's a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously and I think that's a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously and I think that's a test
+uh to uh my to the people people who put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh my to the people people who put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh my to the people people who put
+you put them here for their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them here for their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them here for their ability to
+do so and the third thing is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and the third thing is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and the third thing is that I
+don't know much about that Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know much about that Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know much about that Jerusalem
+project really but in any case uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project really but in any case uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project really but in any case uh I
+would like to uh uh start with the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to uh uh start with the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to uh uh start with the issue
+of uh cities as symbolic targets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cities as symbolic targets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh cities as symbolic targets and
+cities as symbols relate that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as symbols relate that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as symbols relate that a little
+to Jerusalem and then talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Jerusalem and then talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Jerusalem and then talk about the
+psychology of nationalism and relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of nationalism and relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of nationalism and relate
+that to the Palestina Israeli conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the Palestina Israeli conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the Palestina Israeli conflict
+and uh uh and Jerusalem in particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and Jerusalem in particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and Jerusalem in particular uh
+I should start by saying that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should start by saying that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should start by saying that I
+represent my own personal view I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my own personal view I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my own personal view I don't
+represent any groups or national uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any groups or national uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any groups or national uh
+point of view um and um I I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view um and um I I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view um and um I I think that's
+uh that's important to to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's important to to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's important to to state
+now I think uh the cities as Sy symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think uh the cities as Sy symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think uh the cities as Sy symbolic
+targets is is is an interesting idea uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets is is is an interesting idea uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets is is is an interesting idea uh
+I think that cities as symbols as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that cities as symbols as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that cities as symbols as such
+is a is a is a very interesting idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a is a very interesting idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a is a very interesting idea and
+for somebody who is coming uh from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody who is coming uh from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody who is coming uh from that
+part of the world I should also say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world I should also say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world I should also say that
+although I I agree with Jonathan on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I I agree with Jonathan on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I I agree with Jonathan on many
+of I would have presented something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would have presented something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would have presented something
+similar in terms of the psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of the psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of the psychology of
+nationalism and what needs to be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and what needs to be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and what needs to be done in
+terms of historical narratives if I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of historical narratives if I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of historical narratives if I came
+from London but because I'm coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from London but because I'm coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from London but because I'm coming from
+the third world originally and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world originally and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world originally and because
+I'm coming also from a uh powerless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming also from a uh powerless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming also from a uh powerless
+group in the Arab isra conflict that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the Arab isra conflict that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the Arab isra conflict that is
+the PES Ian group uh you will see that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PES Ian group uh you will see that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PES Ian group uh you will see that I
+I I will bring different views uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I will bring different views uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I will bring different views uh and
+Analysis on how thing on how this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis on how thing on how this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis on how thing on how this could
+be uh could be done uh so cities as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh could be done uh so cities as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh could be done uh so cities as as
+symbols is is a fascinating idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols is is a fascinating idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols is is a fascinating idea and
+somebody who is coming from that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is coming from that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is coming from that part of
+the world would probably even if he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would probably even if he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would probably even if he or
+she were to be a Palestinian in a h in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she were to be a Palestinian in a h in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she were to be a Palestinian in a h in a
+normal development of the region let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal development of the region let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal development of the region let's
+say normal development of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say normal development of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say normal development of the region
+would mean a struggle of the Arab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean a struggle of the Arab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean a struggle of the Arab
+Nations and I use struggle because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations and I use struggle because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations and I use struggle because it's
+the word that's used in the in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word that's used in the in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word that's used in the in the third
+world and I use nationalism I don't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I use nationalism I don't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I use nationalism I don't ask
+the question how to mitigate nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question how to mitigate nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question how to mitigate nationalism
+or how to reduce nationalism I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how to reduce nationalism I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how to reduce nationalism I think
+nationalism in a particular stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism in a particular stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism in a particular stage of
+people's of Nations development is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's of Nations development is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's of Nations development is
+something to be sought to be uh uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be sought to be uh uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be sought to be uh uh to be
+encouraged actually uh so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged actually uh so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged actually uh so the the
+struggle uh if if the if the struggle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle uh if if the if the struggle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle uh if if the if the struggle of
+the Arab Nations for Liberation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arab Nations for Liberation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arab Nations for Liberation from the
+colonial project Al together were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial project Al together were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial project Al together were to
+continue in a normal way uh I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in a normal way uh I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in a normal way uh I think that
+Jerusalem would have occupied a symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem would have occupied a symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem would have occupied a symbolic
+peace in Arab thinking and emotions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace in Arab thinking and emotions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace in Arab thinking and emotions but
+I doubt how much that peace would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doubt how much that peace would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doubt how much that peace would be for
+secular Arab nationalists and secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular Arab nationalists and secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular Arab nationalists and secular
+Palestinian nationalists I think Bagdad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian nationalists I think Bagdad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian nationalists I think Bagdad
+for example might have occupied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example might have occupied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example might have occupied a
+stronger Place Bagdad as the uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Place Bagdad as the uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Place Bagdad as the uh as the
+Cradle uh of the golden Arab age the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cradle uh of the golden Arab age the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cradle uh of the golden Arab age the
+cradle of civilization the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle of civilization the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle of civilization the place where
+Arab science philosophy Arts literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab science philosophy Arts literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab science philosophy Arts literature
+libraries and so on developed might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and so on developed might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and so on developed might have
+taken a a stronger a stronger Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a a stronger a stronger Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a a stronger a stronger Place
+stronger symbol certainly theam Mascus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger symbol certainly theam Mascus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger symbol certainly theam Mascus
+would have been another one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been another one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been another one because
+Damascus is the secular capital of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damascus is the secular capital of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damascus is the secular capital of the
+omad uh uh Empire halifi empire that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omad uh uh Empire halifi empire that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omad uh uh Empire halifi empire that
+tried to unite the Arab world certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to unite the Arab world certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to unite the Arab world certainly
+Damascus plays on that role until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damascus plays on that role until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damascus plays on that role until now
+Cairo Beirut alers as the symbol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cairo Beirut alers as the symbol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cairo Beirut alers as the symbol of
+struggle against colonialism and victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle against colonialism and victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle against colonialism and victory
+against colonialism uh fua at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against colonialism uh fua at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against colonialism uh fua at the
+present time I think might take a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time I think might take a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time I think might take a a a
+stronger peace in in in symbolism as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger peace in in in symbolism as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger peace in in in symbolism as a
+city uh than uh other other cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh than uh other other cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh than uh other other cities
+Jerusalem did take that that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem did take that that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem did take that that particular
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+because because of the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of the history of the
+conflict because of the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because of the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because of the history of the
+conflict between the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between the Palestinian
+national movement and Zionism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national movement and Zionism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national movement and Zionism for
+Zionism Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionism Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionism Jerusalem
+is perhaps well let me put my words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perhaps well let me put my words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perhaps well let me put my words
+carefully here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here for
+some streams of Zionism Jerusalem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some streams of Zionism Jerusalem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some streams of Zionism Jerusalem is a
+source of moral legitimacy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of moral legitimacy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of moral legitimacy for the
+Zionist project I can't I can't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionist project I can't I can't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionist project I can't I can't forget
+the the words of a minister that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the words of a minister that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the words of a minister that I was
+trying to remember his name but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to remember his name but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to remember his name but my
+friends here will will remind me he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends here will will remind me he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends here will will remind me he's
+the Immigrant from Russia he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Immigrant from Russia he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Immigrant from Russia he was
+sharansky thank you uh sharansky who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharansky thank you uh sharansky who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharansky thank you uh sharansky who
+after uh after Shon after Barak and Shon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh after Shon after Barak and Shon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh after Shon after Barak and Shon
+after Barak Camp David after Barack was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Barak Camp David after Barack was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Barak Camp David after Barack was
+willing to to negotiate over the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to to negotiate over the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to to negotiate over the Western
+Wall was saying well if you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall was saying well if you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall was saying well if you give the
+Western W what is the source of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western W what is the source of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western W what is the source of our
+legitimacy in this place in Palestine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy in this place in Palestine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy in this place in Palestine in
+ER Israel in his language so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER Israel in his language so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER Israel in his language so so
+Jerusalem took that religious symbolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem took that religious symbolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem took that religious symbolism
+that is related to the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to the political
+symbolism that is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism that is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism that is related to the
+ideological uh and moral justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological uh and moral justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological uh and moral justification
+of of Zionism and I think Palestinians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Zionism and I think Palestinians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Zionism and I think Palestinians
+tried to do the same they went to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do the same they went to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do the same they went to uh
+religious symbols and it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious symbols and it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious symbols and it certainly
+Jerusalem was was was the capital of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem was was was the capital of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem was was was the capital of
+Palestine but they also looked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine but they also looked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine but they also looked into
+similar religious symbols and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar religious symbols and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar religious symbols and that was
+in Al AA and other religious other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Al AA and other religious other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Al AA and other religious other
+religious places and ala is a symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious places and ala is a symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious places and ala is a symbol is
+certainly a symbol for Palestinians but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a symbol for Palestinians but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a symbol for Palestinians but
+it's a symbol it's a religious symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symbol it's a religious symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symbol it's a religious symbol
+it's it's it's probably for seculars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's probably for seculars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's probably for seculars
+less important than uh than than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important than uh than than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important than uh than than for
+religious those who are nationalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious those who are nationalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious those who are nationalists and
+SEC secular Among Us were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC secular Among Us were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC secular Among Us were actually
+worried 5 days after the second intifada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried 5 days after the second intifada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried 5 days after the second intifada
+started I had an oped in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I had an oped in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I had an oped in the Boston
+Globe about Ala in and warning that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe about Ala in and warning that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe about Ala in and warning that this
+intifada is going along religious tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intifada is going along religious tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intifada is going along religious tracks
+by calling it ala in by centering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling it ala in by centering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling it ala in by centering the
+Palestinian discourse around Al AA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian discourse around Al AA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian discourse around Al AA and
+by having also the Israelis uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having also the Israelis uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having also the Israelis uh uh
+discourse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse so
+much um deep into uh religious religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um deep into uh religious religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um deep into uh religious religious
+symbol and if we if we observe What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and if we if we observe What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and if we if we observe What's
+Happening Now indeed it seems that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Now indeed it seems that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Now indeed it seems that the
+conflict is uh you know the religious uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is uh you know the religious uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is uh you know the religious uh
+factions are are strong on each side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions are are strong on each side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions are are strong on each side and
+the the conflict might go into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conflict might go into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conflict might go into uh
+religious religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious religious
+paths uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh so
+well but can we think of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but can we think of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but can we think of a different
+Jerusalem can we think of the Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem can we think of the Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem can we think of the Jerusalem
+that you thinking about of the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thinking about of the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thinking about of the New
+Jerusalem in the third piece of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in the third piece of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in the third piece of your
+presentation in the future of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation in the future of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation in the future of your
+presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+can we imagine a Jerusalem can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we imagine a Jerusalem can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we imagine a Jerusalem can we
+negotiate a New Jerusalem can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a New Jerusalem can we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a New Jerusalem can we have
+that building and these narratives these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building and these narratives these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building and these narratives these
+separate narratives and related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+narratives well it's not easy we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives well it's not easy we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives well it's not easy we know
+it's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy
+because I think that in order to free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that in order to free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that in order to free
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+imagination I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I would
+argue that we need to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that we need to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that we need to go to the
+historical narratives actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical narratives actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical narratives actually by
+perhaps by accident tomorrow I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps by accident tomorrow I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps by accident tomorrow I have a
+talk with my graduate students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with my graduate students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with my graduate students at
+Fletcher entitled something like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher entitled something like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher entitled something like who
+needs history and the place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs history and the place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs history and the place of
+historical narratives and negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical narratives and negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical narratives and negotiation
+and conflict resolution something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conflict resolution something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conflict resolution something of
+that sort can people whose conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort can people whose conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort can people whose conflict
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+really uh about narratives but in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh about narratives but in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh about narratives but in which
+narratives is a central role in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives is a central role in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives is a central role in which
+The Narrative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Narrative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Narrative of
+one excludes the mere legitimacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one excludes the mere legitimacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one excludes the mere legitimacy and
+existence of the other put that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the other put that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the other put that aside
+and say let's imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say let's imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say let's imagine the
+future can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future can
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+uh have such a power imbalance in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have such a power imbalance in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have such a power imbalance in their
+relationship that one of them that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that one of them that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that one of them that is
+the Palestinian group feels so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian group feels so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian group feels so much
+Injustice and so much exclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and so much exclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and so much exclusion and
+humiliation that can say well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation that can say well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation that can say well all right
+let's leave that aside and go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave that aside and go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave that aside and go to the
+Future can people whose historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future can people whose historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future can people whose historical
+truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths
+are uh mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh mutually
+exclusive just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive just
+say that all right well you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all right well you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all right well you have your
+truth and I have my truth your truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and I have my truth your truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and I have my truth your truth is
+as valid as mine and let's look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as valid as mine and let's look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as valid as mine and let's look at it
+like the Western World in the last 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Western World in the last 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Western World in the last 50 or
+60 60 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 60 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 60 years of
+postmodernism accepting the relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernism accepting the relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernism accepting the relativity
+of truth and the relativity of points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth and the relativity of points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth and the relativity of points of
+view and the validity of each side's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and the validity of each side's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and the validity of each side's
+point of view can people whose very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view can people whose very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view can people whose very
+existence very existence in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence very existence in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence very existence in terms of
+their personal daily experience every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal daily experience every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal daily experience every
+day both Israelis and certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day both Israelis and certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day both Israelis and certainly the
+Palestinians is hinges upon what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians is hinges upon what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians is hinges upon what kind of
+Truth is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth is that
+I argue that it's very hard to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue that it's very hard to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue that it's very hard to do that
+if impossible my argument is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if impossible my argument is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if impossible my argument is that in
+order to do that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that I think
+that history we have to go back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that history we have to go back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that history we have to go back to to
+narratives and deconstruct narratives we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives and deconstruct narratives we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives and deconstruct narratives we
+have to think about these narratives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about these narratives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about these narratives and
+about the future in a way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future in a way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future in a way in which
+Justice is a frame of reference Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice is a frame of reference Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice is a frame of reference Justice
+is not a frame of reference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a frame of reference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a frame of reference in
+international negot ation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international negot ation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international negot ation in
+international conflict resolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international conflict resolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international conflict resolution in
+thinking about nationalism in thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about nationalism in thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about nationalism in thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Conflict for the Islamic world and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conflict for the Islamic world and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conflict for the Islamic world and for
+the third world and for the powerless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world and for the powerless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world and for the powerless
+Justice is very important and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice is very important and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice is very important and I think
+that we have to introduce the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to introduce the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to introduce the concept of
+Justice when we try to imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice when we try to imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice when we try to imagine the
+future the Justice until Justice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the Justice until Justice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the Justice until Justice of the
+future and looking also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and looking also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and looking also at the
+issue of historical truth now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of historical truth now why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of historical truth now why is
+historical truth so important historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical truth so important historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical truth so important historical
+truth is important is precisely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is important is precisely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is important is precisely because
+as uh Jonathan cover uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh Jonathan cover uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh Jonathan cover uh uh uh uh
+described it's related to the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it's related to the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it's related to the national
+identity and C certainly to the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and C certainly to the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and C certainly to the personal
+identity I hope I'll have a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I hope I'll have a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I hope I'll have a little time
+to talk about that uh about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that uh about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that uh about that
+later if if a group is telling another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if if a group is telling another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if if a group is telling another
+group like the Israelis are telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like the Israelis are telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like the Israelis are telling the
+Palestinians you actually do not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians you actually do not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians you actually do not this
+place is not yours you are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is not yours you are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is not yours you are actually
+inhabitants of this place for how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants of this place for how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants of this place for how many
+years as you want but this is the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as you want but this is the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as you want but this is the place
+of the Jewish Nation the Jewish people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jewish Nation the Jewish people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jewish Nation the Jewish people
+you kept it you maintained it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept it you maintained it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept it you maintained it that's
+fine but this is the place of and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but this is the place of and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but this is the place of and you
+didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really
+exact exist here as a national group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact exist here as a national group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact exist here as a national group and
+if the Palestinians at the same time are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Palestinians at the same time are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Palestinians at the same time are
+telling the Israelis as I think many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the Israelis as I think many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the Israelis as I think many of
+them are telling them I I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are telling them I I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are telling them I I think all
+Palestinians tell the Israelis the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians tell the Israelis the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians tell the Israelis the first
+part of what I'm going to say the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I'm going to say the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I'm going to say the second
+part many Palestinians are saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part many Palestinians are saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part many Palestinians are saying that
+the Zionist project has no legitimacy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zionist project has no legitimacy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zionist project has no legitimacy to
+start with if you think that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with if you think that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with if you think that you are
+getting you are going to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you are going to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you are going to get from
+Palestinians a recognition that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians a recognition that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians a recognition that this is
+your Homeland and that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Homeland and that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Homeland and that you have the
+original right to come here and build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original right to come here and build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original right to come here and build a
+nation for yourselves on our homeland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation for yourselves on our homeland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation for yourselves on our homeland
+you are not going to get this from us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to get this from us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not going to get this from us I
+think that by and large Palestinians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that by and large Palestinians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that by and large Palestinians are
+saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+recognize that you came here you won you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that you came here you won you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that you came here you won you
+established your state and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established your state and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established your state and there is
+something called Israel that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Israel that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Israel that has the
+right to exist with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to exist with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to exist with its
+inhabitants citizens all of them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants citizens all of them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants citizens all of them not
+only the Israelis to Define its future I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the Israelis to Define its future I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the Israelis to Define its future I
+find it fascinating that in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it fascinating that in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it fascinating that in the last
+sentence when you talked about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence when you talked about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence when you talked about you know
+Palestinians and and what Jews Israelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and and what Jews Israelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians and and what Jews Israelis
+this is very interesting is the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting is the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting is the conflict
+with Jews or is the conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jews or is the conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jews or is the conflict with
+Israelis if it's the state of Israel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis if it's the state of Israel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis if it's the state of Israel for
+its citizens then it's these citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its citizens then it's these citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its citizens then it's these citizens
+these Israelis Arabs and Jews are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Israelis Arabs and Jews are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Israelis Arabs and Jews are to
+define the future if it's a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the future if it's a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the future if it's a conflict
+with the Jews then the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jews then the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jews then the you know the
+community councils Jewish community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community councils Jewish community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community councils Jewish community
+councils in Boston and New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+councils in Boston and New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+councils in Boston and New York and
+elsewhere and all over the Jewish people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and all over the Jewish people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and all over the Jewish people
+will take part in defining that so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take part in defining that so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take part in defining that so then
+the truth therefore is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth therefore is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth therefore is very important
+for those who are who feel the Injustice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who are who feel the Injustice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who are who feel the Injustice
+and would be very important for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be very important for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be very important for them to
+build a future in which they can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a future in which they can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a future in which they can imagine
+a peaceful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peaceful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peaceful
+coexistence and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence and useful
+coexistence uh but after the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence uh but after the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence uh but after the historical
+truth is being uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is being uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is being uh uh uh
+uh recognized and responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recognized and responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recognized and responsibility for
+what happened in in Palestine also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in in Palestine also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in in Palestine also
+defined now I find it here I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined now I find it here I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined now I find it here I don't know
+what is the source of the insistence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the source of the insistence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the source of the insistence I
+must you know be to be completely open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must you know be to be completely open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must you know be to be completely open
+with you I don't know if the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I don't know if the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you I don't know if the source of
+the Palestinian insistence on historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian insistence on historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian insistence on historical
+truth and historical responsibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and historical responsibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and historical responsibility of
+for example asking Israel to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example asking Israel to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example asking Israel to recognize
+the right of return Why is it asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of return Why is it asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of return Why is it asking
+Israel to recognize the right of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel to recognize the right of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel to recognize the right of return
+it's to recognize the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to recognize the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to recognize the Palestinian
+narrative it's to recognize the tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it's to recognize the tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it's to recognize the tragedy
+of the Palestinians perhaps the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Palestinians perhaps the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Palestinians perhaps the actual
+the actual resolution of the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual resolution of the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual resolution of the Palestinian
+problem would be similar to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be similar to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be similar to what the
+Israelis and Palestinians will negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and Palestinians will negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and Palestinians will negotiate
+the the Practical one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Practical one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Practical one but the
+psychological one has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological one has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological one has to do with
+recognizing their narrative now why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing their narrative now why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing their narrative now why do
+Palestinians insist on that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians insist on that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians insist on that is it
+because they are third world is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are third world is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are third world is it
+because this is something that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that you know
+as some argue that the third world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some argue that the third world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some argue that the third world is
+not in the developmental stages hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the developmental stages hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the developmental stages hasn't
+come up to the uh uh you know end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to the uh uh you know end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to the uh uh you know end of
+history and to postmodernism and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and to postmodernism and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and to postmodernism and so on
+or is it more related to being powerless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it more related to being powerless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it more related to being powerless
+and feeling oppressed and feel feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeling oppressed and feel feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeling oppressed and feel feeling
+the Injustice so much as part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Injustice so much as part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Injustice so much as part of their
+identity that they cannot even go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that they cannot even go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that they cannot even go ahead
+to imagine the future without that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine the future without that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine the future without that uh
+being uh being recognized so I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh being recognized so I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh being recognized so I'm not I'm
+not actually sure I tend to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually sure I tend to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually sure I tend to believe that
+it's more related to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more related to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more related to the particular
+Palestinian experience as a third world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian experience as a third world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian experience as a third world
+people who endured Injustice uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who endured Injustice uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who endured Injustice uh and uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+dispersion uh let me take just two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion uh let me take just two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion uh let me take just two two
+or three uh two or three more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three uh two or three more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three uh two or three more points
+perhaps I should take the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I should take the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I should take the issue of
+nationalism before going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism before going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism before going to the
+psychological uh experiment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological uh experiment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological uh experiment and the
+psychological components of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological components of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological components of you know the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the division of we versus US versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the division of we versus US versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the division of we versus US versus
+them that psychological division that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that psychological division that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that psychological division that
+you talked about well uh you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about well uh you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about well uh you mentioned
+the the fascinating experiment by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fascinating experiment by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fascinating experiment by
+zimbardo at Stanford with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zimbardo at Stanford with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zimbardo at Stanford with the with the
+psychology department basement where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology department basement where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology department basement where he
+divided people into guards and prisoners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided people into guards and prisoners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided people into guards and prisoners
+and the minute he divided them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minute he divided them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minute he divided them actually
+randomly they played the role there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly they played the role there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly they played the role there is a
+lot of critic ISM on that uh uh on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of critic ISM on that uh uh on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of critic ISM on that uh uh on that
+experiment that people were acting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that people were acting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that people were acting out
+their stereotypes rather than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stereotypes rather than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stereotypes rather than being
+really actual guards and and prisoners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really actual guards and and prisoners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really actual guards and and prisoners
+they are they were acting out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they were acting out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they were acting out what they
+know about how prisoners behave let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about how prisoners behave let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about how prisoners behave let's
+suppose that that's although uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that's although uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that's although uh the
+validity the external validity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity the external validity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity the external validity of this
+experiment there's also the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's also the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there's also the experiment
+uh by uh mgram at Yale when when he puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by uh mgram at Yale when when he puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by uh mgram at Yale when when he puts
+people in situation where an authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in situation where an authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in situation where an authority
+asks them to to to to to uh obey this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks them to to to to to uh obey this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks them to to to to to uh obey this to
+oby authority to hurt other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oby authority to hurt other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oby authority to hurt other people
+fantastically 63% of the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically 63% of the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically 63% of the population of
+this of of of his sample who were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of of his sample who were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of of his sample who were not
+students were people actually from uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were people actually from uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were people actually from uh uh
+around Yale uh a random a sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Yale uh a random a sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Yale uh a random a sample from
+adults agreed to hurt to to deliver an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults agreed to hurt to to deliver an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults agreed to hurt to to deliver an
+electric shock to other people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shock to other people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shock to other people on the
+orders of an experiment of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of an experiment of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of an experiment of an
+experimental to 450 volts no vaults were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental to 450 volts no vaults were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental to 450 volts no vaults were
+were were were delivered but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were were delivered but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were were delivered but they
+thought that they were doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they were doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they were doing that and
+there's like the experiment by tville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the experiment by tville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the experiment by tville
+from uh from Britain who divided people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from Britain who divided people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from Britain who divided people
+just randomly at a flip of a coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomly at a flip of a coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomly at a flip of a coin and
+then they developed this feeling of US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they developed this feeling of US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they developed this feeling of US
+versus them and developed in group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus them and developed in group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus them and developed in group
+favoritism and so on now what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favoritism and so on now what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favoritism and so on now what does this
+tell us what I read in this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what I read in this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what I read in this is actually
+as a social psychologist in discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a social psychologist in discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a social psychologist in discipline
+is the power of the situation basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power of the situation basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power of the situation basically
+what that's what this tells me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what this tells me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what this tells me is that
+when I put people in a situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put people in a situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put people in a situation in
+which the situation itself has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the situation itself has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the situation itself has its own
+powerful requirements people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful requirements people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful requirements people are
+inclined to go with the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to go with the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to go with the situation
+actually a little more than they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little more than they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little more than they are
+inclined to go with their personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to go with their personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to go with their personal
+Tendencies even if I'm a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies even if I'm a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies even if I'm a very nice
+person who doesn't hurt anybody else if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who doesn't hurt anybody else if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who doesn't hurt anybody else if
+I put in that situation of obedience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in that situation of obedience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in that situation of obedience the
+situation forces me sometimes to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation forces me sometimes to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation forces me sometimes to to do
+that so I think in in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think in in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think in in thinking about
+conflict resolution we should also or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict resolution we should also or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict resolution we should also or in
+thinking about the future I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the future I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the future I think we
+should also think about that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also think about that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also think about that we should
+think about changing the circumstances I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about changing the circumstances I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about changing the circumstances I
+think Jerusalem as is now as is now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jerusalem as is now as is now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jerusalem as is now as is now with
+all the power of imagination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the power of imagination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the power of imagination the
+imagination is fine but Jerusalem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is fine but Jerusalem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is fine but Jerusalem as
+constructed now with a group one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed now with a group one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed now with a group one group
+dominating another group completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating another group completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating another group completely
+defining designing where they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining designing where they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining designing where they live
+whether they get a permit or not get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get a permit or not get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get a permit or not get a
+permit actually not getting a permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit actually not getting a permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit actually not getting a permit
+whether they leave the town or not leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they leave the town or not leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they leave the town or not leave
+the town where they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town where they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town where they don't have
+citizenship where the conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship where the conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship where the conditions for
+getting citizenship are are so severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting citizenship are are so severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting citizenship are are so severe
+and so on and so on where their land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on where their land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on where their land is
+taken where the city is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken where the city is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken where the city is considered to be
+Jewish when it's bational and so on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish when it's bational and so on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish when it's bational and so on I
+think these we have to put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these we have to put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these we have to put some
+imagination in also changing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in also changing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in also changing the the
+situation itself the circumstances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation itself the circumstances the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation itself the circumstances the
+constellation of power relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of power relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of power relations between
+the group not only uh uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group not only uh uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group not only uh uh and then
+therefore uh you know the issue about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you know the issue about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you know the issue about um
+um that the tribalism you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the tribalism you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the tribalism you want me to
+finish now not not right now we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish now not not right now we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish now not not right now we we
+usually save some time for questions I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually save some time for questions I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually save some time for questions I'm
+not sure okay in advance so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure okay in advance so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure okay in advance so I feel
+really bad so take a few more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad so take a few more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad so take a few more minutes
+I'll I'll I'll make two more I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll I'll make two more I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll I'll make two more I'll make
+two more points opportunity for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more points opportunity for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more points opportunity for you to
+POS respond that that's fine I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS respond that that's fine I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS respond that that's fine I'll make
+two more points and and end with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more points and and end with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more points and and end with that
+the thing about the uh US versus them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about the uh US versus them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about the uh US versus them
+and tribalism that is that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tribalism that is that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tribalism that is that's probably
+right Walker Connor one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Walker Connor one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Walker Connor one of the people
+who who studied uh ethnic conflict and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who studied uh ethnic conflict and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who studied uh ethnic conflict and
+ethnonationalism for a long time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnonationalism for a long time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnonationalism for a long time uh
+argued the strong psychological bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued the strong psychological bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued the strong psychological bonds
+and the strong psychological components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strong psychological components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strong psychological components
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+tribalism well I don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism well I don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism well I don't have time to
+develop I think he was mistaken in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I think he was mistaken in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I think he was mistaken in a way
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because the issue the imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the issue the imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the issue the imagined
+communities that you talk about will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that you talk about will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that you talk about will
+have also to depend on us where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also to depend on us where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also to depend on us where do we
+attribute and put our emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and put our emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and put our emotional
+attachments I don't have to put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments I don't have to put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments I don't have to put my
+emotional attachment with my nation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional attachment with my nation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional attachment with my nation I
+don't have to put my emotional attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put my emotional attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to put my emotional attach
+attachment with my religious group but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment with my religious group but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment with my religious group but
+what's happening is that the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that the conflict
+circumstances are pushing people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are pushing people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are pushing people to do
+that perhaps there is it's easier to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps there is it's easier to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps there is it's easier to put
+the emotional attachment in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emotional attachment in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emotional attachment in terms of
+identity with territory with ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity with territory with ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity with territory with ethnic
+group with religious group perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group with religious group perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group with religious group perhaps
+that's true but we also should know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we also should know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we also should know that
+we have the power to re be organized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the power to re be organized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the power to re be organized to
+engineer the social forces so that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the social forces so that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the social forces so that our
+attachment can be Civic why can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment can be Civic why can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment can be Civic why can
+Americans have civic identity and Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans have civic identity and Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans have civic identity and Civic
+affiliation and we cannot think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation and we cannot think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation and we cannot think for
+example in changing Israel into a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in changing Israel into a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in changing Israel into a place
+where civic identity is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where civic identity is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where civic identity is much more
+important than national identity well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than national identity well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than national identity well
+one one simple recommendation to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one simple recommendation to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one simple recommendation to do that
+is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have
+equality one simple uh recommendation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality one simple uh recommendation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality one simple uh recommendation is
+to do like the American Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like the American Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like the American Constitution
+it's not as easy at that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as easy at that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as easy at that I
+know so we have to think of these of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we have to think of these of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we have to think of these of
+these directions the last point is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions the last point is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions the last point is about
+nationalism and you know meating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and you know meating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and you know meating
+nationalism that I started to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism that I started to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism that I started to talk about
+again if I if I'm coming from the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I if I'm coming from the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I if I'm coming from the end of
+History if I'm coming as American as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History if I'm coming as American as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History if I'm coming as American as
+European if I'm coming as somebody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European if I'm coming as somebody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European if I'm coming as somebody with
+that the generations of conflict are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generations of conflict are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generations of conflict are
+over if I'm coming with somebody where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if I'm coming with somebody where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if I'm coming with somebody where
+the standard of living for the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of living for the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of living for the Western
+World the Western world has achieved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World the Western world has achieved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World the Western world has achieved it
+has made it in terms of standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made it in terms of standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made it in terms of standard of
+living in terms of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in terms of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in terms of scientific
+achievement in terms of arts and Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement in terms of arts and Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement in terms of arts and Leisure
+and Science and so on then who needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Science and so on then who needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Science and so on then who needs
+nationalism then in Europe I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism then in Europe I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism then in Europe I can go
+after the nation state has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the nation state has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the nation state has been
+established for so long after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for so long after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for so long after the
+internal violence in the nation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal violence in the nation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal violence in the nation state
+has been there for hundreds of years yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there for hundreds of years yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there for hundreds of years yes
+then I can think about mitigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can think about mitigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can think about mitigating
+nationalism but if my country is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism but if my country is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism but if my country is taken
+I'm now thinking the third world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now thinking the third world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now thinking the third world right
+not necessarily the Palestinian if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the Palestinian if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the Palestinian if the
+Western world is coming and invading me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western world is coming and invading me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western world is coming and invading me
+if the col colonialist project started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the col colonialist project started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the col colonialist project started
+stopped and restarted I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and restarted I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and restarted I think that
+nationalism has a positive force to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism has a positive force to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism has a positive force to play
+and that nationalism that should play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that nationalism that should play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that nationalism that should play a
+positive role without being chauvinistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive role without being chauvinistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive role without being chauvinistic
+is the challenge of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the challenge of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the challenge of people who are
+coming from areas like myself thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I want to apologize for not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to apologize for not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to apologize for not being
+clear about the time timing here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about the time timing here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about the time timing here because
+clearly we never every week we go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we never every week we go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we never every week we go over
+and over and in theory we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and in theory we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and in theory we're supposed to
+end the T we want to have at least time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the T we want to have at least time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the T we want to have at least time
+for maybe 20 minutes of questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe 20 minutes of questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe 20 minutes of questions and
+and comments and I do want to I normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comments and I do want to I normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comments and I do want to I normally
+I would give Jonathan an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would give Jonathan an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would give Jonathan an opportunity
+response but I I I think I there some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I I I think I there some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I I I think I there some I
+think there's some points both of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some points both of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some points both of of
+agreement and disagreement in what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and disagreement in what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and disagreement in what you
+both said but maybe we will start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both said but maybe we will start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both said but maybe we will start by
+turning it over to the audience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it over to the audience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it over to the audience for
+questions and I'm sure that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I'm sure that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I'm sure that in in the
+context of those questions some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of those questions some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of those questions some of these
+so there's so many uh interesting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's so many uh interesting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's so many uh interesting points
+I really agree with uh almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really agree with uh almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really agree with uh almost everything
+uh I especially with what you said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I especially with what you said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I especially with what you said and
+and much of what you said too uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much of what you said too uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much of what you said too uh but it
+seems to me that there are one of the mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that there are one of the mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that there are one of the mo
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+important facts about ethnic conflict is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts about ethnic conflict is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts about ethnic conflict is
+its hair trigger onset that it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its hair trigger onset that it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its hair trigger onset that it is so
+easily it it it it's eruption it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily it it it it's eruption it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily it it it it's eruption it's not
+you know yes there are Tri you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes there are Tri you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes there are Tri you know
+there are tribal narratives there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tribal narratives there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tribal narratives there that
+are very stable over a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very stable over a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very stable over a long time but
+they don't necessar they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessar they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessar they don't they
+don't necessarily erupt and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily erupt and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily erupt and the question
+is when does the balance shift so uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when does the balance shift so uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when does the balance shift so uh one
+of one very interesting uh point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one very interesting uh point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one very interesting uh point is to
+look at is in the US which is not a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is in the US which is not a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is in the US which is not a a a
+country that has been oppressed and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that has been oppressed and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that has been oppressed and has
+been is powerless quite the contrary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been is powerless quite the contrary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been is powerless quite the contrary uh
+you spoke about 911 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spoke about 911 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spoke about 911 and the
+extraordinary sense of solidarity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary sense of solidarity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary sense of solidarity that
+prevailed for a few weeks and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed for a few weeks and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed for a few weeks and not just
+solidarity of US versus them but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity of US versus them but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity of US versus them but a
+solidarity there was a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity there was a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity there was a sense
+of we need to understand why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we need to understand why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we need to understand why people
+would be would be pushed to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be pushed to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be pushed to do this and
+it and it disappeared almost like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it disappeared almost like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it disappeared almost like that
+it was turned into the most vicious kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was turned into the most vicious kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was turned into the most vicious kind
+of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of
+nationalism uh that you would of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism uh that you would of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism uh that you would of the
+kind just the kind you would expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind just the kind you would expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind just the kind you would expect from
+a a for PE from a people that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a for PE from a people that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a for PE from a people that was
+totally powerless uh it's that churn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally powerless uh it's that churn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally powerless uh it's that churn I
+think that is so I think that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is so I think that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is so I think that every
+example that you gave of solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you gave of solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you gave of solution is
+always conditional it's there it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conditional it's there it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conditional it's there it's it's
+so the the the Dynamics are so unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the Dynamics are so unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the Dynamics are so unstable
+sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep
+separating uh institutionalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating uh institutionalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating uh institutionalizing
+separation between uh conflicting groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between uh conflicting groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between uh conflicting groups
+works sometimes and sometimes it it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works sometimes and sometimes it it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works sometimes and sometimes it it goes
+the other way it backfires as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way it backfires as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way it backfires as in
+partition of India uh uh dissolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of India uh uh dissolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of India uh uh dissolving
+separation sometimes it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation sometimes it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation sometimes it works and
+sometimes it is explosive in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it is explosive in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it is explosive in itself
+because it denies people's identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it denies people's identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it denies people's identity so
+there it's the specificity of ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's the specificity of ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's the specificity of ethnic
+conflict seems to me so so so incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict seems to me so so so incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict seems to me so so so incredibly
+important and and one other point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and and one other point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and and one other point that I
+that wasn't mentioned is the uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't mentioned is the uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't mentioned is the uh you know
+the what Freud called the narcissism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what Freud called the narcissism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what Freud called the narcissism of
+small differences all the worst ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences all the worst ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small differences all the worst ethnic
+conflicts are erupting around very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts are erupting around very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts are erupting around very small
+differences so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so uh
+just you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you want
+please uh well I absolutely agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh well I absolutely agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh well I absolutely agree with
+about the hair trigger hair trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hair trigger hair trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hair trigger hair trigger
+volatility of these situations I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of these situations I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of these situations I think
+one of the problems is that peace is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems is that peace is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems is that peace is a
+rather long slow thing to make and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather long slow thing to make and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather long slow thing to make and if
+some small group on one side does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small group on one side does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small group on one side does
+something which seems to be a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which seems to be a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which seems to be a direct
+attack or humiliation for the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack or humiliation for the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack or humiliation for the other side
+then all the old narratives all the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the old narratives all the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the old narratives all the old
+hostilities as kind of their latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostilities as kind of their latent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostilities as kind of their latent
+waiting to Bubble Up I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to Bubble Up I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to Bubble Up I was very
+interested in what you said about 9/11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what you said about 9/11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what you said about 9/11
+uh because 9/11 seems to me a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because 9/11 seems to me a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because 9/11 seems to me a very
+striking example of the Bent Twig of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking example of the Bent Twig of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking example of the Bent Twig of the
+of humiliation and in a sense defeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humiliation and in a sense defeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humiliation and in a sense defeat
+because although obviously the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although obviously the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although obviously the United
+States is the superpower in the world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is the superpower in the world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is the superpower in the world it
+is the powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powerful
+country it was a tremendous shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country it was a tremendous shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country it was a tremendous shock
+clearly this is the first time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is the first time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is the first time that
+anything and so dramatic I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so dramatic I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so dramatic I mean the
+genius for publicity and theater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius for publicity and theater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius for publicity and theater the
+people who designed it made sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who designed it made sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who designed it made sure that it
+was a very very powerful shock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very very powerful shock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very very powerful shock and
+humiliation so for a very short time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation so for a very short time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliation so for a very short time I
+thought maybe the United States is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe the United States is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe the United States is going
+to be the only country that would manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only country that would manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only country that would manage
+to absorb this without the aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorb this without the aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorb this without the aggressive
+nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist
+response but alas it wasn't to be as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but alas it wasn't to be as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but alas it wasn't to be as as
+as you say but I do agree that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say but I do agree that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say but I do agree that there is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ha trigger thing but I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha trigger thing but I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha trigger thing but I don't think it
+was NE I think it was I mean you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was NE I think it was I mean you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was NE I think it was I mean you know I
+don't think it uh it was manipulated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it uh it was manipulated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it uh it was manipulated for
+there was very strong interest that put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was very strong interest that put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was very strong interest that put
+it's easily pushed at that that unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easily pushed at that that unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easily pushed at that that unstable
+point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and
+there well can I ask you a question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well can I ask you a question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well can I ask you a question I
+mean what Suppose there had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what Suppose there had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what Suppose there had been a
+different Administration in power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Administration in power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Administration in power here
+supposing there had been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing there had been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing there had been an
+Administration uh led by I'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration uh led by I'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration uh led by I'll take a
+American politician for the past aday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American politician for the past aday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American politician for the past aday
+Stevenson had been president when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevenson had been president when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stevenson had been president when
+something like this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this had
+happened would he have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened would he have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened would he have been able to
+carry the country with a as it were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the country with a as it were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the country with a as it were a
+Pacific benevolent response saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific benevolent response saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific benevolent response saying we
+have to understand we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand we've got to
+understand that the people who did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the people who did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the people who did this
+see that the United States has felt free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the United States has felt free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the United States has felt free
+to bomb our countries all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bomb our countries all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bomb our countries all over the
+Middle East whenever we've stepped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East whenever we've stepped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East whenever we've stepped out
+of line with what they want we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line with what they want we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line with what they want we've got to
+understand we've got to take this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we've got to take this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we've got to take this my
+feeling is that even if some wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is that even if some wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is that even if some wonderful
+leader had had the vision and generosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader had had the vision and generosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader had had the vision and generosity
+to say that that the United States like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that that the United States like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that that the United States like
+other countries would contain a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries would contain a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries would contain a lot of
+people who would have felt this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have felt this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have felt this was a
+soft liberal response that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft liberal response that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft liberal response that wasn't
+adequate to the occasion am I wrong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate to the occasion am I wrong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate to the occasion am I wrong I
+hope I am well we can speculate I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I am well we can speculate I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I am well we can speculate I don't
+think it's either or I think and nor do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's either or I think and nor do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's either or I think and nor do
+I think that the immediate response was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the immediate response was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the immediate response was
+one of of humiliation shock for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of of humiliation shock for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of of humiliation shock for for
+certain but I think this the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain but I think this the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain but I think this the The
+Narrative of humiliation was constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative of humiliation was constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative of humiliation was constructed
+I think that another response would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that another response would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that another response would have
+been possible that would have both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible that would have both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible that would have both uh
+would have both contained both the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have both contained both the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have both contained both the uh
+articulated the need to prot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the need to prot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the need to prot for
+protection and for an anti-terrorism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and for an anti-terrorism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and for an anti-terrorism
+program and a need to understand what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and a need to understand what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and a need to understand what I
+don't think those were in conflict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think those were in conflict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think those were in conflict in
+principle do you want to respond we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle do you want to respond we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle do you want to respond we have
+some other questions you have comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other questions you have comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other questions you have comment
+well you know one one of the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know one one of the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know one one of the fascinating
+things in in Conflict studies is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in Conflict studies is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in Conflict studies is this
+what you call the you know the Turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the you know the Turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the you know the Turning
+Point the turning point we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the turning point we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the turning point we don't know
+when that uh uh when that happens but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that uh uh when that happens but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that uh uh when that happens but I
+think that uh there was as as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh there was as as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh there was as as you as you
+mentioned there was a period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there was a period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there was a period of time
+where people were asking questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were asking questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were asking questions and
+could could have could have gone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could have could have gone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could have could have gone uh
+could have gone either way uh it's uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone either way uh it's uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone either way uh it's uh I
+mean I agree that in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I agree that in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I agree that in a different
+Administration it could have gone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration it could have gone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration it could have gone the
+the different way but it seems that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different way but it seems that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different way but it seems that in
+that discussion with the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion with the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion with the political
+interests and with with the ignorance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and with with the ignorance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and with with the ignorance
+about the Arab world and the Islamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Arab world and the Islamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Arab world and the Islamic
+world I think it was easy to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I think it was easy to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I think it was easy to exploit
+that with the political interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the political interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the political interest and
+take it and and make a political program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and and make a political program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and and make a political program
+out of it and get to the mess that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and get to the mess that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and get to the mess that we
+are into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days I have a a question first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I have a a question first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I have a a question first of all
+thank you for the both presentations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the both presentations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the both presentations I
+think they they are very very pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they they are very very pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they they are very very pointed
+and I what I have in mind is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I what I have in mind is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I what I have in mind is a um
+historical fact that I wanted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical fact that I wanted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical fact that I wanted to just
+both of you to reflect on particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of you to reflect on particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of you to reflect on particularly
+during India's independent struggle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during India's independent struggle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during India's independent struggle and
+the role of Gandhi played knowing fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of Gandhi played knowing fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of Gandhi played knowing fully
+well that Gandhi was in a situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that Gandhi was in a situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that Gandhi was in a situation of
+powerlessness of du to the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerlessness of du to the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerlessness of du to the British
+colonial power nevertheless the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial power nevertheless the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial power nevertheless the way he
+imagined what does it mean to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined what does it mean to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined what does it mean to give a
+response I think it's important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I think it's important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I think it's important for us
+to think of that as example when we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of that as example when we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of that as example when we try
+to connect the dot between identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect the dot between identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect the dot between identity
+nationalism and conflict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and conflict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and conflict that
+automatically sort of flows in our mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically sort of flows in our mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically sort of flows in our mind
+as as without connecting them in a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as without connecting them in a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as without connecting them in a s
+linear way that they have to that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear way that they have to that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear way that they have to that I
+think in a way he was proposing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a way he was proposing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a way he was proposing a
+different imagination not that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different imagination not that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different imagination not that he was
+not acknowledging that there is power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acknowledging that there is power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acknowledging that there is power
+differences I mean he was very aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean he was very aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean he was very aware of
+power differences yet for somehow he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power differences yet for somehow he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power differences yet for somehow he
+appealed to national identity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealed to national identity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealed to national identity at the
+same time so it was not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so it was not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so it was not that
+automatically national identity leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically national identity leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically national identity leads to
+conflict he appealed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict he appealed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict he appealed to the
+powerlessness he appealed to national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerlessness he appealed to national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerlessness he appealed to national
+identity and yet he didn't appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and yet he didn't appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and yet he didn't appeal to
+conflict and violence so they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and violence so they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and violence so they don't go
+together necessarily always and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together necessarily always and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together necessarily always and I think
+this moral imagination that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moral imagination that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moral imagination that we are
+trying to struggle with is to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to struggle with is to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to struggle with is to make a
+different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection well can I anyway link that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection well can I anyway link that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection well can I anyway link that
+with the response to to to my talk um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the response to to to my talk um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the response to to to my talk um it
+seems to me that I mean I absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that I mean I absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that I mean I absolutely
+agreed with what you said that Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with what you said that Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with what you said that Justice
+is a very important dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important dimension in
+thinking about the Palestinian Israeli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the Palestinian Israeli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the Palestinian Israeli
+conflict and I didn't mention everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I didn't mention everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I didn't mention everything
+in my talk but I actually and I totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my talk but I actually and I totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my talk but I actually and I totally
+agree that an account which leaves out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that an account which leaves out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that an account which leaves out
+the gross disparities between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross disparities between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross disparities between the two
+groups obviously has something hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups obviously has something hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups obviously has something hugely
+missing I I accept that but I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing I I accept that but I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing I I accept that but I suppose
+the gandi case is interesting because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gandi case is interesting because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gandi case is interesting because it
+I would have thought that British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have thought that British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have thought that British
+colonial rule in India contained a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial rule in India contained a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial rule in India contained a huge
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+Injustice and yet Gandhi was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and yet Gandhi was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and yet Gandhi was able to
+wage a peaceful campaign and I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage a peaceful campaign and I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage a peaceful campaign and I suppose
+there's a question about whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question about whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question about whether this
+doesn't raise a question about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't raise a question about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't raise a question about whether
+it's right to say that as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right to say that as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right to say that as you said
+towards the end the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end the situation
+everything's essentially a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's essentially a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's essentially a product of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+situation um because the situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um because the situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um because the situations
+although there are obvious differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are obvious differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are obvious differences
+between Colonial India and Palestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Colonial India and Palestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Colonial India and Palestine
+Israel um they're still the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel um they're still the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel um they're still the same kind of
+Injustice I would have thought so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice I would have thought so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice I would have thought so what
+what is the explanation of the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the explanation of the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the explanation of the way in
+which we got the spiral of violence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got the spiral of violence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got the spiral of violence in
+the Middle East but somehow although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East but somehow although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East but somehow although
+there was terrible Bloodshed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was terrible Bloodshed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was terrible Bloodshed with
+Partition in India uh there wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition in India uh there wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition in India uh there wasn't the
+Gandhi somehow managed to run a pacifist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi somehow managed to run a pacifist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi somehow managed to run a pacifist
+nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalist
+campaign you're asking me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you're asking me yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you're asking me yeah
+yes well I mean this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I mean this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I mean this is one of the
+toughest questions that that we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughest questions that that we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughest questions that that we have uh
+I mean why is that uh I I hear I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean why is that uh I I hear I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean why is that uh I I hear I I mean
+I do not there there there there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not there there there there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not there there there there was
+some debate within the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some debate within the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some debate within the Palestinian
+Community uh about following nonviolent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh about following nonviolent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community uh about following nonviolent
+uh roots and they were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roots and they were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roots and they were actually
+attempted to do that in after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to do that in after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to do that in after the first
+antifada during the first antifada some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifada during the first antifada some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifada during the first antifada some
+people even argue that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even argue that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even argue that the first
+antifada in which no weapon no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifada in which no weapon no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antifada in which no weapon no no no
+firearms were used by the Palestinians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firearms were used by the Palestinians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firearms were used by the Palestinians
+but no firearms were used it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no firearms were used it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no firearms were used it's not
+because well we don't know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well we don't know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well we don't know why they
+didn't have firearms so they didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have firearms so they didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have firearms so they didn't use
+firearm we don't know if they because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firearm we don't know if they because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firearm we don't know if they because
+they didn't want it or because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want it or because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want it or because they they
+didn't have it uh I you know uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it uh I you know uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it uh I you know uh it's uh
+the the the Palestinian the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Palestinian the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Palestinian the Palestinian
+resistance came at the time of the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance came at the time of the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance came at the time of the 50s
+and 60s in which other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s in which other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s in which other types of
+resistance used armed struggle and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance used armed struggle and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance used armed struggle and uh
+the Palestinian resistant outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian resistant outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinian resistant outside
+Palestine started as such the PLO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine started as such the PLO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine started as such the PLO
+started as such it was part of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as such it was part of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as such it was part of the third
+world major third world movements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world major third world movements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world major third world movements of
+doing so uh the question if whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so uh the question if whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so uh the question if whether
+India was the rule or was the exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India was the rule or was the exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India was the rule or was the exception
+India seems to to be more the exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India seems to to be more the exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India seems to to be more the exception
+than the rule now why is India different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rule now why is India different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rule now why is India different
+I I wouldn't ask the question why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wouldn't ask the question why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wouldn't ask the question why the
+Palestinians are different from India I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians are different from India I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians are different from India I
+would ask the question why is India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask the question why is India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask the question why is India
+different from all other countries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all other countries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all other countries in
+the third world and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third world and this is a
+fascinating question I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating question I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating question I don't have the
+answer to that uh but but framing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that uh but but framing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that uh but but framing the
+question that way I think might be might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that way I think might be might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that way I think might be might
+be it's not I mean one can say it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not I mean one can say it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not I mean one can say it into
+fall into the stereotypic thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the stereotypic thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the stereotypic thinking of
+Islamic culture and violence in Islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islamic culture and violence in Islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islamic culture and violence in Islam
+and suicide in Islam and so on but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suicide in Islam and so on but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suicide in Islam and so on but the
+Zid Guist of the the 60s when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zid Guist of the the 60s when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zid Guist of the the 60s when when the
+Palestinian movement started the PLO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian movement started the PLO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian movement started the PLO
+started was part of the African armed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was part of the African armed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was part of the African armed
+struggle and third world and Asian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and third world and Asian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and third world and Asian and
+so on armed struggle so it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on armed struggle so it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on armed struggle so it's not an
+aberration the aberration is is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration the aberration is is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration the aberration is is is the
+nonviolent in a way and it's I I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolent in a way and it's I I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolent in a way and it's I I agree
+with you that one has to think why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you that one has to think why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you that one has to think why and
+perhaps use it and learn from it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps use it and learn from it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps use it and learn from it and uh
+uh imagine how how that could be done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imagine how how that could be done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imagine how how that could be done we
+have two more questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+Tom um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom um
+sorry it seemed to me that for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it seemed to me that for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it seemed to me that for a few
+days after 911 there was period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after 911 there was period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after 911 there was period
+recollection and reflection in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection and reflection in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection and reflection in this
+country and um maybe even people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and um maybe even people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and um maybe even people talk
+about the root causes what was behind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the root causes what was behind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the root causes what was behind I
+don't remember if there was stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember if there was stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember if there was stuff
+written about it but certainly that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it but certainly that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it but certainly that was
+going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and
+then a group the group in power declared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a group the group in power declared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a group the group in power declared
+permanent War I mean it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent War I mean it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent War I mean it's really
+permanent it's a permanent state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent it's a permanent state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent it's a permanent state of
+War um that's a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War um that's a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War um that's a comment
+uh I I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I found a
+similarity between uh Dr Glover's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between uh Dr Glover's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between uh Dr Glover's
+remarks about the movies a very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks about the movies a very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks about the movies a very clever
+idea I think and U in your uh asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I think and U in your uh asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I think and U in your uh asking for
+some kind of a document or historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a document or historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a document or historic
+history of conflict um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of conflict um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of conflict um I
+would I would also oppose I wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would also oppose I wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would also oppose I wonder what
+you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+the idea of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of of
+forgiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness
+Transcendent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent
+U action between states people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U action between states people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U action between states people have
+written about it there has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it there has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it there has been
+forgiveness between various States uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness between various States uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness between various States uh
+maybe uh Germany maybe the Jews will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh Germany maybe the Jews will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh Germany maybe the Jews will
+never forget forgive Germany but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget forgive Germany but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget forgive Germany but um
+Germany certain certainly made uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany certain certainly made uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany certain certainly made uh
+efforts to to get forgiveness and to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to to get forgiveness and to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to to get forgiveness and to and
+to help the state of BU Israel and U I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the state of BU Israel and U I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the state of BU Israel and U I
+wonder what you think about some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what you think about some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what you think about some sort of
+a transcend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transcend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transcend uh
+transcendental um impetus to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental um impetus to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental um impetus to get out of
+this business of the nation state versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of the nation state versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of the nation state versus
+the nation state or ethnic group versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation state or ethnic group versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation state or ethnic group versus
+EIC group just I think if you don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EIC group just I think if you don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EIC group just I think if you don't mind
+I'd like to we have two more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to we have two more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to we have two more questions
+let's group the questions because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's group the questions because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's group the questions because at the
+sorry to like you know hit the Integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to like you know hit the Integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to like you know hit the Integrity
+of any individual question but I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any individual question but I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any individual question but I have a
+feeling Maybe we will otherwise I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling Maybe we will otherwise I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling Maybe we will otherwise I have a
+feeling we might go on a little so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling we might go on a little so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling we might go on a little so let
+just n can you ask your question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n can you ask your question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n can you ask your question and
+also gentlemen quickly and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gentlemen quickly and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gentlemen quickly and then we'll
+let you guys respond to both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you guys respond to both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you guys respond to both the
+Forgiveness issue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forgiveness issue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forgiveness issue and the
+other first of all just just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other first of all just just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other first of all just just a
+historical comment 80% of Africa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical comment 80% of Africa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical comment 80% of Africa was
+liberated without any struggle so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated without any struggle so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated without any struggle so one
+has to review one's analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to review one's analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to review one's analysis of the
+colonization at least in Africa I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization at least in Africa I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization at least in Africa I won't
+talk about other places because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about other places because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about other places because I don't
+know them well enough two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them well enough two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them well enough two separate
+questions um following on on the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um following on on the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um following on on the notion
+of the sort of line between solidarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of line between solidarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of line between solidarity
+nationalism that we heard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism that we heard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism that we heard in the
+previous question or even your statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question or even your statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question or even your statement
+which immediately raised the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which immediately raised the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which immediately raised the question
+right at the beginning of your talk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning of your talk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning of your talk uh
+that um uh the city was a a place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um uh the city was a a place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um uh the city was a a place of
+national refuge and then became a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national refuge and then became a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national refuge and then became a place
+of a Target how does one make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Target how does one make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Target how does one make these
+distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions
+where is the line how do you draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the line how do you draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the line how do you draw it
+what is that trigger that elusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that trigger that elusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that trigger that elusive
+trigger that that takes solidarity into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger that that takes solidarity into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger that that takes solidarity into
+nationalistic places or makes a refuge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalistic places or makes a refuge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalistic places or makes a refuge
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+Target even though both refuge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target even though both refuge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target even though both refuge and the
+Target have a very strong nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target have a very strong nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target have a very strong nationalist
+Bas but it's played out very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas but it's played out very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas but it's played out very differently
+so that's the question that intrigues me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the question that intrigues me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the question that intrigues me
+from your presentation and to NAD I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your presentation and to NAD I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your presentation and to NAD I I
+have to asked the question you emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to asked the question you emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to asked the question you emphasize
+Justice throughout your remarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice throughout your remarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice throughout your remarks and
+um but you also emphasize in funny ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you also emphasize in funny ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you also emphasize in funny ways
+from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I
+heard both the national identity and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard both the national identity and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard both the national identity and an
+issue issues of civil rights and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue issues of civil rights and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue issues of civil rights and human
+rights now how would you find uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights now how would you find uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights now how would you find uh could
+you give in I know it's a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give in I know it's a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give in I know it's a difficult
+question in two sentences or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in two sentences or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in two sentences or three
+sentences some vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences some vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences some vision
+of a just solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a just solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a just solution in
+Jerusalem how does it mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem how does it mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem how does it mix the
+Nationalist element and the human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationalist element and the human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationalist element and the human rights
+elements that are so important to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis following up on that one um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis following up on that one um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis following up on that one um and
+maybe there's actually something in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's actually something in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's actually something in my
+question that ties some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that ties some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that ties some of these
+together and the word culture has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the word culture has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the word culture has been
+employed a lot in this conversation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed a lot in this conversation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed a lot in this conversation but
+I think there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's kind of
+as often I think at a level of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often I think at a level of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often I think at a level of ambiguity
+about that word that I think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that word that I think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that word that I think actually
+goes to the root of at least to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the root of at least to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the root of at least to some
+degree this conflict and I'm wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree this conflict and I'm wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree this conflict and I'm wondering
+if when we use words like justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when we use words like justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when we use words like justice and
+then we use words like culture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use words like culture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use words like culture and we
+understand that culture just constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that culture just constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that culture just constantly
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+recreated um if this is both a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreated um if this is both a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreated um if this is both a window
+into um change and also a um window into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um change and also a um window into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um change and also a um window into
+understanding conflict in in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding conflict in in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding conflict in in a way that
+um just just thinking that that word can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just thinking that that word can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just thinking that that word can
+be used to narrow down some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to narrow down some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to narrow down some of these
+some some issues that say would relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some issues that say would relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some issues that say would relate
+to um well there's uh culture in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um well there's uh culture in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um well there's uh culture in the in
+the the realm of nationalism there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the realm of nationalism there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the realm of nationalism there's
+also culture in the realm of urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also culture in the realm of urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also culture in the realm of urbanism
+and city city culture and so we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and city city culture and so we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and city city culture and so we can sort
+of look at concentric range of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at concentric range of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at concentric range of culture
+and we look at a figure like Gandhi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at a figure like Gandhi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at a figure like Gandhi and
+how he actually both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he actually both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he actually both
+employed existing cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed existing cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed existing cultural
+infrastructure but also recreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but also recreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but also recreated
+culture in his actions so that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in his actions so that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in his actions so that his
+actions became um the actions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions became um the actions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions became um the actions of a
+teacher it wasn't simply he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher it wasn't simply he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher it wasn't simply he wasn't
+simply an actor acting in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an actor acting in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an actor acting in a sort of
+incisive way in problem rather spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incisive way in problem rather spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incisive way in problem rather spreading
+something so that his ways became act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that his ways became act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that his ways became act
+out by others and we look at the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by others and we look at the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by others and we look at the word
+justice and say okay is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and say okay is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and say okay is it possible that
+there is Injustice embedded in culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Injustice embedded in culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Injustice embedded in culture
+and that that that we actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that that we actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that that we actually have to
+look reflectively at cultural Tendencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look reflectively at cultural Tendencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look reflectively at cultural Tendencies
+and think we can look at the 9/11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think we can look at the 9/11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think we can look at the 9/11
+response and we can we could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and we can we could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and we can we could do a
+cultural sort of archaeology of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural sort of archaeology of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural sort of archaeology of that and
+we can look into cultures that exist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look into cultures that exist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look into cultures that exist to
+perpetuate conflict and say is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate conflict and say is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate conflict and say is it
+possible that these conflicts are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these conflicts are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these conflicts are being
+absolutely at the very root level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely at the very root level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely at the very root level
+perpetuate every day at the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate every day at the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate every day at the level of the
+family which is maybe the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which is maybe the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which is maybe the smallest
+cultural unit um and that maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural unit um and that maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural unit um and that maybe this is
+one of the successes that Gandhi was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the successes that Gandhi was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the successes that Gandhi was
+able to have is bringing solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have is bringing solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have is bringing solution in
+right into very into the home um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into very into the home um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into very into the home um I think
+that's such an important kind of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's such an important kind of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's such an important kind of process
+and maybe a cleansing process that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a cleansing process that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a cleansing process that also
+answers the question of forgiveness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question of forgiveness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question of forgiveness is
+it possible that forgiveness can exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible that forgiveness can exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible that forgiveness can exist
+as a cultural phenomena that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cultural phenomena that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cultural phenomena that has to be
+cultivated culture is a cultivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated culture is a cultivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated culture is a cultivation of
+something it's not just a kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's not just a kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's not just a kind of thing
+that's out there hanging that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there hanging that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there hanging that we have to
+just either Embrace or or reject but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just either Embrace or or reject but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just either Embrace or or reject but it
+can be regrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be regrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be regrown
+constantly now I'm going to s for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly now I'm going to s for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly now I'm going to s for both
+of you because you both you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you because you both you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you because you both you have to
+respond to these three incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these three incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these three incredible
+questions and less than 10 minutes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and less than 10 minutes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and less than 10 minutes both
+of you so but I'll turn it to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so but I'll turn it to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so but I'll turn it to you to
+have final comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have final comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have final comments about
+question short and then you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question short and then you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question short and then you would have
+the fin word I think that would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fin word I think that would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fin word I think that would make
+sense as the speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as the speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as the speaker
+uh the question about about forgiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question about about forgiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question about about forgiveness
+I think is a very is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a very is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a very is a very important
+question and interesting question and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and interesting question and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and interesting question and it
+it really does relate to the whole issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does relate to the whole issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does relate to the whole issue
+of Imagining the future and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imagining the future and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imagining the future and thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+reconciliation uh forgiveness became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation uh forgiveness became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation uh forgiveness became
+important in the last 10 or 15 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the last 10 or 15 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the last 10 or 15 years in
+the international diplomacy and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international diplomacy and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international diplomacy and and the
+relationship between states and so on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between states and so on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between states and so on in
+light uh of the emergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh of the emergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh of the emergence of the
+importance of Truth and Reconciliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of Truth and Reconciliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of Truth and Reconciliation
+commissions we have to notice that Truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions we have to notice that Truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions we have to notice that Truth
+and Reconciliation commissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reconciliation commissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Reconciliation commissions and
+committees started actually in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees started actually in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees started actually in the third
+world they started in Africa the mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they started in Africa the mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they started in Africa the mostly
+in Latin America and um there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Latin America and um there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Latin America and um there was some
+attempt to do something something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do something something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do something something about
+history in Bosnia but but basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in Bosnia but but basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in Bosnia but but basically this
+is an experience that came from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experience that came from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experience that came from the uh
+uh the third world and I think once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third world and I think once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third world and I think once it
+came here to this to the to the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here to this to the to the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here to this to the to the Western
+World it was kind of redefined and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World it was kind of redefined and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World it was kind of redefined and given
+an element of forgiveness uh in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of forgiveness uh in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of forgiveness uh in many
+cases forgiveness was not was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases forgiveness was not was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases forgiveness was not was not the
+issue the issue was going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the issue was going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the issue was going back to
+history and it it's Truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and it it's Truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and it it's Truth and
+Reconciliation and and working about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation and and working about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation and and working about and
+and working out the truth and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working out the truth and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working out the truth and having
+agreed upon truth and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon truth and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon truth and and uh
+responsibility and so on certainly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and so on certainly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and so on certainly that
+was the case in Chile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the case in Chile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the case in Chile
+Argentina uh uguay and so on so uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina uh uguay and so on so uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina uh uguay and so on so uh I'm
+I'm not sure forgiveness I personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure forgiveness I personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure forgiveness I personally
+don't think forgiveness is needed I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think forgiveness is needed I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think forgiveness is needed I I
+don't think that the Jews should forgive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that the Jews should forgive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that the Jews should forgive
+the Nazis I I and I don't blame them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis I I and I don't blame them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis I I and I don't blame them if
+they don't but I think they can develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't but I think they can develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't but I think they can develop
+normal working relationships with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal working relationships with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal working relationships with the
+German I think if history is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German I think if history is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German I think if history is is is
+recognized and Truth is recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and Truth is recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and Truth is recognized
+people can go ahead and have normal good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can go ahead and have normal good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can go ahead and have normal good
+healthy relationships without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy relationships without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy relationships without the
+necessity of of forgiveness perhaps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of of forgiveness perhaps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of of forgiveness perhaps we
+can live forgiveness to the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live forgiveness to the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live forgiveness to the level of
+individual work with individuals and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual work with individuals and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual work with individuals and uh
+you know therapy with individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know therapy with individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know therapy with individuals and
+people who were abused and hurt and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were abused and hurt and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were abused and hurt and so
+on on the national level I don't I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the national level I don't I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the national level I don't I think
+that the political message doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the political message doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the political message doesn't
+necessarily depend on on forgiveness now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily depend on on forgiveness now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily depend on on forgiveness now
+in terms of Justice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Justice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Justice um
+know me um and I don't see any conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me um and I don't see any conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me um and I don't see any conflict
+whatsoever between national identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever between national identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever between national identity and
+civil rights I think I think the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil rights I think I think the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil rights I think I think the way I
+think of was your vision yes I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of was your vision yes I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of was your vision yes I'll tell
+you about my vision but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about my vision but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about my vision but I think that
+national identity is a tool for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national identity is a tool for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national identity is a tool for me to
+work with my you know for people to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with my you know for people to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with my you know for people to work
+with their communities to achieve civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their communities to achieve civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their communities to achieve civil
+rights for example there's no inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights for example there's no inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights for example there's no inherent
+contradiction between the two there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction between the two there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction between the two there are
+a number of just Solutions and Visions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of just Solutions and Visions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of just Solutions and Visions
+for Jerusalem one of of them if one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Jerusalem one of of them if one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Jerusalem one of of them if one way
+if we disagree on defining Justice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we disagree on defining Justice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we disagree on defining Justice which
+relates to culture perhaps and so on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to culture perhaps and so on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to culture perhaps and so on we
+can fall back onto the international law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall back onto the international law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall back onto the international law
+we have clearcut indications from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have clearcut indications from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have clearcut indications from the
+international law of what Justice is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law of what Justice is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law of what Justice is I'm
+willing to accept that as Justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept that as Justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept that as Justice and
+and and for one to accept that as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for one to accept that as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for one to accept that as a way
+of dealing with the issue so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the issue so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the issue so if the
+international law tells me two states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law tells me two states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law tells me two states in
+which Palestinians live in one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Palestinians live in one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Palestinians live in one state
+State and the Israeli citizens live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the Israeli citizens live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the Israeli citizens live in
+one state and there are two two uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state and there are two two uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state and there are two two uh uh
+this what this is what they want uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this is what they want uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this is what they want uh two
+capitals that's fine if they want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals that's fine if they want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals that's fine if they want one
+capital for both of them that's fine too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for both of them that's fine too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for both of them that's fine too
+there's more than one way to Envision it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way to Envision it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way to Envision it
+but you know one unified capital for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know one unified capital for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know one unified capital for the
+two states is possible and two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states is possible and two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states is possible and two separate
+uh uh uh States along line the uh 1967
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh States along line the uh 1967
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh States along line the uh 1967
+Borders or something similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borders or something similar to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borders or something similar to that
+that's also uh just it's clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also uh just it's clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also uh just it's clear that it's
+not just to have Jerusalem go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to have Jerusalem go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to have Jerusalem go all the
+way down to Jericho that's not just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to Jericho that's not just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to Jericho that's not just so
+we at least we can agree on what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at least we can agree on what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at least we can agree on what is not
+you know the the the Shon plan with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the Shon plan with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the Shon plan with the
+bush approval or something of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush approval or something of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush approval or something of that sort
+so there are a number of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a number of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a number of number of
+visions and if we disagree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and if we disagree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and if we disagree the
+international law is a great way to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law is a great way to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law is a great way to um
+uh mediate or to arbitrate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mediate or to arbitrate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mediate or to arbitrate our
+disagreement um I find that I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement um I find that I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement um I find that I agree
+again a great deal with what nadima has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a great deal with what nadima has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a great deal with what nadima has
+said um with a lot with a lot of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um with a lot with a lot of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um with a lot with a lot of it and
+so I wonder if given that there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wonder if given that there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wonder if given that there's very
+great time pressure would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time pressure would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time pressure would it be
+outrageous if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous if
+I piggybacked on his answers to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I piggybacked on his answers to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I piggybacked on his answers to the last
+two questions and simply concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions and simply concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions and simply concentrate on
+the Forgiveness issue I hope this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forgiveness issue I hope this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forgiveness issue I hope this isn't
+an outrageous cheat or an insult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outrageous cheat or an insult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outrageous cheat or an insult to
+either of the interesting questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the interesting questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the interesting questions that
+you both asked behind but if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both asked behind but if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both asked behind but if I could
+just I'm intrigued by the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm intrigued by the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm intrigued by the issue of
+forgiveness I think it is is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness I think it is is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness I think it is is a very
+interesting difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting difficult
+issue um I think that the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um I think that the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um I think that the idea of a
+Truth and Reconciliation Commission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth and Reconciliation Commission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth and Reconciliation Commission is a
+very good one I don't think there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good one I don't think there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good one I don't think there can be
+forgiveness unless fault is admitted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness unless fault is admitted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness unless fault is admitted by
+the person who is to be forgiven so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who is to be forgiven so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who is to be forgiven so that
+it seems to me that part of what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that part of what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that part of what's been
+going on in the South African Truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the South African Truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the South African Truth and
+Reconciliation Commission is although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation Commission is although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation Commission is although
+there have been some evasions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been some evasions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been some evasions there's
+been a a serious attempt by by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a a serious attempt by by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a a serious attempt by by people
+who ran the old apartate regime to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ran the old apartate regime to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ran the old apartate regime to say
+yes we're sorry when people say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're sorry when people say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're sorry when people say that it
+makes things much easier for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things much easier for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things much easier for the whole
+the air is cleared in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is cleared in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is cleared in that
+way and I think you don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I think you don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I think you don't have to have
+forgiveness I agree with what Nadim said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness I agree with what Nadim said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiveness I agree with what Nadim said
+about you don't have to have forgiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you don't have to have forgiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you don't have to have forgiveness
+for normal relations but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for normal relations but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for normal relations but I think it's a
+hugely valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely valuable
+contribution because it gets rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution because it gets rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution because it gets rid of the
+feeling that you're still dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you're still dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you're still dealing with
+people who fundamentally have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who fundamentally have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who fundamentally have the
+attitudes which were so terrible before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes which were so terrible before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes which were so terrible before
+I mean I think there's a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think there's a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think there's a huge difference
+um Germany was mentioned uh Germany has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Germany was mentioned uh Germany has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Germany was mentioned uh Germany has
+uh done a huge amount and not at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done a huge amount and not at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done a huge amount and not at first
+after the second world war but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second world war but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second world war but in the
+time since about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since about the
+1960s there has been an enormous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s there has been an enormous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s there has been an enormous amount
+of effort let's not deny the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort let's not deny the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort let's not deny the the the
+Nazi Genocide let's talk about it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi Genocide let's talk about it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi Genocide let's talk about it let's
+see how it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it happen
+and you know most of the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know most of the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know most of the people in
+Germany now were either children or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany now were either children or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany now were either children or not
+born when that happened but still they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born when that happened but still they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born when that happened but still they
+accept a kind of responsibility because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a kind of responsibility because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a kind of responsibility because
+it's their culture and they want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their culture and they want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their culture and they want to make
+it clear that you know we our culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear that you know we our culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear that you know we our culture
+wasn't us personally but our culture did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't us personally but our culture did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't us personally but our culture did
+this and we wish it hadn't happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we wish it hadn't happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we wish it hadn't happened and
+that makes a tremendous difference now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a tremendous difference now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a tremendous difference now I
+think that makes was recently in Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that makes was recently in Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that makes was recently in Austria
+where much less of this has happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where much less of this has happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where much less of this has happened and
+it seemed to me that if I were Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to me that if I were Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to me that if I were Jewish
+which I'm not it would be much harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not it would be much harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not it would be much harder to
+feel forgiveness towards austrians who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel forgiveness towards austrians who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel forgiveness towards austrians who
+kept saying well of course we were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept saying well of course we were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept saying well of course we were the
+first victims of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first victims of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first victims of
+Nazism uh we weren't we weren't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazism uh we weren't we weren't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazism uh we weren't we weren't the
+perpetrators we were the victims I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrators we were the victims I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrators we were the victims I mean
+hell Hitler was an Austrian many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell Hitler was an Austrian many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell Hitler was an Austrian many of the
+other Nazi leaders were austrians we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Nazi leaders were austrians we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Nazi leaders were austrians we've
+all seen the films of the cheering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen the films of the cheering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen the films of the cheering
+crowds of austrians at the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds of austrians at the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds of austrians at the time of the
+anulus um I mean it's nonsense they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anulus um I mean it's nonsense they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anulus um I mean it's nonsense they were
+the first victims but because they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first victims but because they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first victims but because they go on
+denying their role not all austrians I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying their role not all austrians I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying their role not all austrians I
+don't want to stereotype any group but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to stereotype any group but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to stereotype any group but
+of course many austrians go on denying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many austrians go on denying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many austrians go on denying
+their role um it must be harder for Jews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their role um it must be harder for Jews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their role um it must be harder for Jews
+to forgive them now the Turning just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive them now the Turning just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive them now the Turning just
+briefly on forgiveness to the Israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on forgiveness to the Israel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on forgiveness to the Israel
+Palestine issue I want just mention two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine issue I want just mention two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine issue I want just mention two
+episodes which happened in Rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes which happened in Rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes which happened in Rapid
+succession about 3 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession about 3 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession about 3 years
+ago you may remember them because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you may remember them because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you may remember them because the
+pictures went around the world of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures went around the world of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures went around the world of both
+of them the first one there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them the first one there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them the first one there was a little
+boy aged about nine a Palestinian boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy aged about nine a Palestinian boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy aged about nine a Palestinian boy
+crouching behind his father to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crouching behind his father to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crouching behind his father to try to
+avoid the the bullets of the Israeli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the the bullets of the Israeli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the the bullets of the Israeli
+soldiers who were shooting at them he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers who were shooting at them he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers who were shooting at them he
+failed and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed and he
+died um a couple of weeks later I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died um a couple of weeks later I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died um a couple of weeks later I think
+it was two young Israeli men I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was two young Israeli men I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was two young Israeli men I can't
+remember if they were soldiers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if they were soldiers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if they were soldiers or
+civilians I think they were soldiers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians I think they were soldiers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians I think they were soldiers but
+I may be wrong about this stay over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be wrong about this stay over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be wrong about this stay over the
+frontier into some Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier into some Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier into some Palestinian
+controlled territory and were taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled territory and were taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled territory and were taken into
+a building and they died by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building and they died by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building and they died by being
+literally torn apart by a hostile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally torn apart by a hostile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally torn apart by a hostile
+crowd now when we outside the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd now when we outside the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd now when we outside the conflict
+see that our first feeling is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that our first feeling is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that our first feeling is of the
+horror and the tragedy of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror and the tragedy of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror and the tragedy of those
+episodes but to me they have an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes but to me they have an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes but to me they have an extra
+dimension of tragedy because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of tragedy because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of tragedy because they
+contribute to the narratives we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the narratives we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the narratives we can all
+see how easy it is for the Palestinians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how easy it is for the Palestinians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how easy it is for the Palestinians
+to say we can't make peace with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we can't make peace with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we can't make peace with them
+they deliberately Target our children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deliberately Target our children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deliberately Target our children
+and we can all see how easy it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can all see how easy it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can all see how easy it is for
+the Israelis to say we can't make peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israelis to say we can't make peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israelis to say we can't make peace
+with them they're Savages who tore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them they're Savages who tore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them they're Savages who tore our
+young men to bids now it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men to bids now it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men to bids now it seems to me
+that while you can have tolerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you can have tolerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you can have tolerable
+relationships if peace is made after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships if peace is made after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships if peace is made after a
+long history of episodes of this sort if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long history of episodes of this sort if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long history of episodes of this sort if
+we're to weaken the powerful horrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to weaken the powerful horrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're to weaken the powerful horrifying
+grip of these narratives where the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of these narratives where the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of these narratives where the other
+side are always evil and it's so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are always evil and it's so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are always evil and it's so hard to
+get on with them it would help if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on with them it would help if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on with them it would help if we get
+to the point where each side says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where each side says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where each side says we
+wish the thing that our side did hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish the thing that our side did hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish the thing that our side did hadn't
+been done we're sorry it happened it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done we're sorry it happened it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done we're sorry it happened it's
+very hard to do it now one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do it now one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do it now one of the things
+which I thought came out very powerfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I thought came out very powerfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I thought came out very powerfully
+in Nim's talk is that um you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nim's talk is that um you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nim's talk is that um you can't just
+change all the psychology of nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all the psychology of nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all the psychology of nationalism
+without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the
+situation and without thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and without thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and without thinking about
+justice but if you're trapped in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice but if you're trapped in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice but if you're trapped in the
+psychology of nationalism it may be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of nationalism it may be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of nationalism it may be hard
+to bring about Justice is too and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring about Justice is too and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring about Justice is too and so
+it's very hard to know where we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to know where we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to know where we should
+start I finish on a rather pessimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I finish on a rather pessimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I finish on a rather pessimistic
+note and I apologize for again running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and I apologize for again running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and I apologize for again running
+slightly over time great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so said the answer was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city thank you that was thank you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city thank you that was thank you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city thank you that was thank you your
+response
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I0YACDaY-ww.txt b/I0YACDaY-ww.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bef4f79f41a495d576690881330d8435207f3f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I0YACDaY-ww.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10928 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning everybody I'm Bullock Weiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody I'm Bullock Weiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody I'm Bullock Weiss
+Lodge I'm a teacher substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lodge I'm a teacher substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lodge I'm a teacher substitute for
+trésor Lee who is now at some conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trésor Lee who is now at some conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trésor Lee who is now at some conference
+in China and he asked me to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China and he asked me to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China and he asked me to talk to you
+about coupled oscillators I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coupled oscillators I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coupled oscillators I understand
+that he introduced the concept last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he introduced the concept last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he introduced the concept last time
+you work through some examples so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work through some examples so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work through some examples so what
+we are going to do today is to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do today is to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do today is to basically
+go through one or two examples of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one or two examples of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one or two examples of very
+straightforward couple oscillators where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward couple oscillators where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward couple oscillators where
+I will introduce various kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will introduce various kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will introduce various kind of
+systematic calculations or techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic calculations or techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic calculations or techniques
+how to set things up how to prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set things up how to prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set things up how to prepare
+things for for calculations and also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for for calculations and also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for for calculations and also we
+may depending on how much time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depending on how much time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depending on how much time we have
+start driving have a drive driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start driving have a drive driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start driving have a drive driven
+coupled oscillators and we will work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators and we will work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators and we will work on
+two again simple physical systems one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two again simple physical systems one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two again simple physical systems one
+that consists of two pendula driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of two pendula driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of two pendula driven by
+forces of gravity each of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of gravity each of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of gravity each of them and then
+they are connected with a spring so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected with a spring so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected with a spring so each
+of those pendula each of those masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pendula each of those masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those pendula each of those masses
+will feel the effects of gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel the effects of gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel the effects of gravity and
+effects of Springs at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of Springs at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of Springs at the same time and
+they will talk to each other will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will talk to each other will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will talk to each other will be
+coupling between them so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between them so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between them so that's one
+physical example which will consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example which will consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example which will consider the
+other physical example is consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical example is consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other physical example is consists of
+two masses in a horizontal frictionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses in a horizontal frictionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses in a horizontal frictionless
+frictionless track connected by set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless track connected by set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless track connected by set of
+Springs so they are driven by forces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so they are driven by forces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so they are driven by forces of
+spring and those two systems are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and those two systems are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and those two systems are very
+similar to each other almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other almost identical
+in terms of calculations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of calculations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of calculations and they
+exhibit the same phenomena and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the same phenomena and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the same phenomena and I will be
+able to demonstrate several of the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate several of the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate several of the neat
+new things and this particular system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things and this particular system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things and this particular system is
+set up to introduce external driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to introduce external driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to introduce external driving
+force which will create new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which will create new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which will create new set of
+phenomena we'll talk about it today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena we'll talk about it today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena we'll talk about it today and
+and and what I would like to stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I would like to stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I would like to stress
+today when you when we go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you when we go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you when we go through all
+those calculations is a how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calculations is a how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calculations is a how do you
+convert the given physical system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the given physical system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the given physical system with
+all the forces etc into some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forces etc into some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forces etc into some sort of
+fixed form fixed type of notation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed form fixed type of notation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed form fixed type of notation with
+which you can treat all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can treat all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can treat all possible
+called oscillators and also will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oscillators and also will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oscillators and also will discuss
+various interesting even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interesting even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various interesting even though the
+system is very simple just two masses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is very simple just two masses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is very simple just two masses a
+spring a little bit of gravity on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring a little bit of gravity on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring a little bit of gravity on top of
+that the the way they behave is could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the way they behave is could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the way they behave is could be
+extremely complex but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex but it can be
+understood in terms of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in terms of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in terms of very simple
+systematic way of looking things through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way of looking things through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way of looking things through
+normal modes and normal frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and normal frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and normal frequent
+frequencies and set of characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and set of characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and set of characteristic
+frequencies of the system so let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system so let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the system so let's set
+things up so we'll start this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so we'll start this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so we'll start this will be
+our workhorse and by the way once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workhorse and by the way once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our workhorse and by the way once we
+understand two we will then generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand two we will then generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand two we will then generalize
+to infinite number of oscillators which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite number of oscillators which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite number of oscillators which
+is actually so this this note this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually so this this note this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually so this this note this model
+which consists of of weights hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of of weights hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of of weights hanging
+under influence of gravity plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under influence of gravity plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under influence of gravity plus the
+springs will be then used for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs will be then used for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs will be then used for many
+applications or the concepts later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or the concepts later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or the concepts later in
+this course so let's try to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so let's try to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so let's try to convert this
+physical system into a set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system into a set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system into a set of equations
+so we have we have a mass M hanging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we have a mass M hanging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we have a mass M hanging from
+from some sort of fixed support another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some sort of fixed support another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some sort of fixed support another
+mass here same mass for simplicity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass here same mass for simplicity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass here same mass for simplicity we
+connect them with a string and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them with a string and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them with a string and we know
+everything about the system we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the system we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the system we know the
+length of each of those pendula which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of each of those pendula which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of each of those pendula which is
+the same we know masses we know spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we know masses we know spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we know masses we know spring
+constant of a spring connecting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of a spring connecting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of a spring connecting those
+two things the spring has initially add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things the spring has initially add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things the spring has initially add
+its rest position such that when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its rest position such that when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its rest position such that when when
+the two pendula are hanging vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pendula are hanging vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pendula are hanging vertically
+the spring is relaxed but if you move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring is relaxed but if you move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring is relaxed but if you move it
+away from verticality the spring either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from verticality the spring either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from verticality the spring either
+compresses or or stretches and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses or or stretches and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses or or stretches and and
+everything is in Earth's gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is in Earth's gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is in Earth's gravitational
+field G we assume that this is an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field G we assume that this is an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field G we assume that this is an ideal
+system highly idealized we only consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system highly idealized we only consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system highly idealized we only consider
+motion with small angle approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with small angle approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with small angle approximation
+only small displacement there's no drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only small displacement there's no drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only small displacement there's no drag
+force assumed the spring is ideal etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force assumed the spring is ideal etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force assumed the spring is ideal etc
+etc of course this thing here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc of course this thing here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc of course this thing here is very
+from being ideal but hopefully basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being ideal but hopefully basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being ideal but hopefully basic
+behaviors are similar it's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors are similar it's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors are similar it's approximately
+ideal to study the motion of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal to study the motion of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal to study the motion of this thing
+to understand how it works let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how it works let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how it works let's try to
+let's try to parameterize it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to parameterize it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to parameterize it and and
+displace it from Michel erbium and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace it from Michel erbium and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace it from Michel erbium and look
+at the forces and try to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forces and try to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forces and try to calculate
+equations of motion so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so we will
+characterize the system by two position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the system by two position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the system by two position
+coordinates we'll have X we'll give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we'll have X we'll give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we'll have X we'll give this
+one number one this will be number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number one this will be number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number one this will be number two
+and then we have X subscript one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have X subscript one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have X subscript one which
+in general we depend on time this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we depend on time this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we depend on time this is a
+position of this mass with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this mass with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this mass with respect to
+its equilibrium position will have x2 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equilibrium position will have x2 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equilibrium position will have x2 as
+a function of T again this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T again this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T again this tells us
+everything and the full description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the full description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the full description of
+the system is to know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is to know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is to know exactly what
+happens to x1 and x2 for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to x1 and x2 for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to x1 and x2 for all possible
+times and we will impose some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and we will impose some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and we will impose some initial
+conditions we can come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can come back to that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+so again so the coordinate system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so the coordinate system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so the coordinate system is
+this two when we start talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two when we start talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two when we start talking about the
+system in principle in in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in principle in in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in principle in in the case of
+somewhat larger angles you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger angles you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger angles you have to worry
+about vertical positions as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vertical positions as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vertical positions as well so
+we'll introduce so there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll introduce so there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll introduce so there's also a
+coordinate Y which we will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Y which we will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Y which we will need
+temporarily to set things up so axis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily to set things up so axis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily to set things up so axis as
+I say axis measured from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say axis measured from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say axis measured from the equilibrium
+Y is positioned vertically so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is positioned vertically so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is positioned vertically so to
+calculate the questions of motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the questions of motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the questions of motion we
+have to look at the forces so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the forces so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the forces so let's look
+at what are the forces acting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what are the forces acting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what are the forces acting for
+example on this mass the mass which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on this mass the mass which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on this mass the mass which is
+if it's displaced from from a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's displaced from from a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's displaced from from a vertical
+position let's say this mass must one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position let's say this mass must one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position let's say this mass must one
+has moved by some distance away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved by some distance away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved by some distance away from
+being temporarily let's introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being temporarily let's introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being temporarily let's introduce an
+angle here to characterizes this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here to characterizes this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here to characterizes this place
+perform vertical and let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform vertical and let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform vertical and let's write down
+all the forces acting on this force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forces acting on this force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the forces acting on this force
+diagram acting with this mass so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram acting with this mass so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram acting with this mass so there's
+a tension in this in this in the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tension in this in this in the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tension in this in this in the string
+or the other Road let's call it t1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other Road let's call it t1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other Road let's call it t1 there
+is a force of spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a force of spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a force of spring
+acting in a horizontal direction vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in a horizontal direction vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in a horizontal direction vector
+and there is a force of gravity acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a force of gravity acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a force of gravity acting
+on this in the vertical direction we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the vertical direction we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the vertical direction we can
+write down those forces we know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down those forces we know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down those forces we know a lot
+about them this one is minus G Y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them this one is minus G Y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them this one is minus G Y hat
+this one is equal to K x2 minus x1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is equal to K x2 minus x1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is equal to K x2 minus x1 in
+the X hat direction so this is the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X hat direction so this is the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X hat direction so this is the force
+which when the spring is displaced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when the spring is displaced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when the spring is displaced from
+equilibrium there is a spring force hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there is a spring force hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there is a spring force hook
+force in the direction of in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the direction of in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the direction of in the usual
+direction right in this case is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right in this case is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right in this case is actually
+opposite direction and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction and then there's a
+tension the spring which has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension the spring which has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension the spring which has to be
+calculated such that we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated such that we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated such that we understand the
+acceleration of this object so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this object so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this object so let's
+write down the equations in the X hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equations in the X hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equations in the X hat
+direction this is M acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is M acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is M acceleration of
+object number one in X Direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object number one in X Direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object number one in X Direction is
+equal to minus t1 sine theta 1 plus K x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus t1 sine theta 1 plus K x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus t1 sine theta 1 plus K x2
+minus x1 and in the Y direction we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 and in the Y direction we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 and in the Y direction we have
+M Y One Direction is equal to T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Y One Direction is equal to T cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Y One Direction is equal to T cosine
+theta one minus mg at small angle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one minus mg at small angle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one minus mg at small angle for
+theta one much much smaller than one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one much much smaller than one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one much much smaller than one we
+can assume that cos theta one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that cos theta one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that cos theta one is
+approximately equal to 1 and sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 1 and sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 1 and sine theta
+one its we do the usual things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one its we do the usual things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one its we do the usual things so
+basically in this approximation and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in this approximation and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in this approximation and also
+by looking at the system it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the system it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the system it's clear that
+the system does not move the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does not move the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does not move the vertical
+Direction can be ignored yes choose me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the spring force is well you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring force is well you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring force is well you have to
+look at the Atmos one we're just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Atmos one we're just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Atmos one we're just looking
+at mass 1 so the spring is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mass 1 so the spring is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mass 1 so the spring is connected to
+mass 1 and the force of the spring on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 1 and the force of the spring on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 1 and the force of the spring on
+mass 1 is K times however the spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 1 is K times however the spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 1 is K times however the spring is
+squashed or stretched all right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed or stretched all right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed or stretched all right so it
+knows about the existence of mass 2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about the existence of mass 2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about the existence of mass 2 but
+only in a sense that you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a sense that you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a sense that you have to know
+the position of mass 2 so whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of mass 2 so whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of mass 2 so whatever we
+just assumed that X 2 is something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that X 2 is something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that X 2 is something and
+we just look where the spring is so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just look where the spring is so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just look where the spring is so it
+that's why the this force of spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the this force of spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the this force of spring
+depends on the difference of position X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the difference of position X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the difference of position X
+1 minus X 2 so this is this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus X 2 so this is this it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus X 2 so this is this it is
+written here and in fact interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here and in fact interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here and in fact interestingly
+that the position of the mass 1 itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the position of the mass 1 itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the position of the mass 1 itself
+there's a negative sign here so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative sign here so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative sign here so if you
+move mass 1 the spring force is is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move mass 1 the spring force is is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move mass 1 the spring force is is in
+the right direction minus KX all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction minus KX all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction minus KX all right
+so there is no motion X 1 so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no motion X 1 so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no motion X 1 so we can
+conclude from here that T cosine Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from here that T cosine Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from here that T cosine Y is
+approximately equal to 1 so T is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 1 so T is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to 1 so T is simply
+equal to mg so the tension in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg so the tension in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mg so the tension in the spring
+can be assumed to be mg we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be assumed to be mg we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be assumed to be mg we don't have to
+worry about it and then we just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it and then we just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it and then we just plug in
+there also the angle can be converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also the angle can be converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also the angle can be converted
+into position by by realizing that L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into position by by realizing that L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into position by by realizing that L the
+distance times the angle is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance times the angle is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance times the angle is equal to
+displacement usual geometry net result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement usual geometry net result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement usual geometry net result
+is that by simplifying things I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by simplifying things I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by simplifying things I can
+write down equation for acceleration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down equation for acceleration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down equation for acceleration in
+the direction in the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in the horizontal
+direction for mass 1 is equal to minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for mass 1 is equal to minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for mass 1 is equal to minus M
+G X 1 over L plus K X 2 minus X 1 ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G X 1 over L plus K X 2 minus X 1 ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G X 1 over L plus K X 2 minus X 1 ok so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+an equation of motion for mass 1 in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of motion for mass 1 in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of motion for mass 1 in our
+coupled system and most of the I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled system and most of the I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled system and most of the I could
+say most of the terms have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say most of the terms have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say most of the terms have to do with
+the motion of mass 1 itself its own this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of mass 1 itself its own this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of mass 1 itself its own this
+is mass 1 as its own pendulum and mass 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mass 1 as its own pendulum and mass 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mass 1 as its own pendulum and mass 1
+as feeling the effect of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as feeling the effect of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as feeling the effect of the of the
+spring force but because the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force but because the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force but because the force of
+the spring depends on the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring depends on the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring depends on the difference
+between positions there is this coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between positions there is this coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between positions there is this coupling
+which so the motion of mass one knows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so the motion of mass one knows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so the motion of mass one knows of
+work must OAS and this motion of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must OAS and this motion of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must OAS and this motion of some
+emotion of mass 2 influences the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion of mass 2 influences the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion of mass 2 influences the motion
+of most one that's where the how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most one that's where the how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most one that's where the how the
+coupling shows up so for most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling shows up so for most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling shows up so for most of those
+problems what you do is you simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems what you do is you simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems what you do is you simply you
+focus and on the mass in question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and on the mass in question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and on the mass in question you
+take all the forces you calculate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the forces you calculate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the forces you calculate them
+and then this coupling will somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this coupling will somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this coupling will somehow
+appear in the equations so so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the equations so so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the equations so so we can
+repeat exactly the same calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat exactly the same calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat exactly the same calculation
+focusing on master 2 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on master 2 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on master 2 and then the
+equation which you will get is will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which you will get is will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which you will get is will be
+very similar let me just slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar let me just slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar let me just slightly
+rewrite this equation here to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation here to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation here to kind of
+combine all the terms which depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the terms which depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the terms which depend on
+the position of mass 1 with terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of mass 1 with terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of mass 1 with terms with
+dependent must do so Emma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent must do so Emma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent must do so Emma
+it's a very acceleration is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very acceleration is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very acceleration is equal to
+minus k plus M G over L times X 1 plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k plus M G over L times X 1 plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k plus M G over L times X 1 plus K
+times X 2 so this is the coupling term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what makes those Pandora coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes those Pandora coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes those Pandora coupled
+alright and then I can write almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and then I can write almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and then I can write almost
+exactly the same equation for mass 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same equation for mass 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same equation for mass 2
+with the proper replacement of masses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proper replacement of masses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proper replacement of masses so
+let me write this down in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this down in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this down in the following
+way K X 1 minus k plus M over L ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way K X 1 minus k plus M over L ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way K X 1 minus k plus M over L ok so
+this is the equation so the the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation so the the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation so the the motion
+of mass X 1 depends on X 1 itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass X 1 depends on X 1 itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass X 1 depends on X 1 itself
+multiplied by something a springy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by something a springy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by something a springy term
+and gravitational term and depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gravitational term and depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gravitational term and depends on
+position of mark of mass 2 only through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of mark of mass 2 only through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of mark of mass 2 only through
+the spring mass 2 also is mostly driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring mass 2 also is mostly driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring mass 2 also is mostly driven
+by its own gravitational force on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its own gravitational force on itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its own gravitational force on itself
+plus the spring depends on position of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the spring depends on position of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the spring depends on position of X
+2 but there is this coupling term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but there is this coupling term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but there is this coupling term that
+depends on position of mass 1 so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on position of mass 1 so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on position of mass 1 so both of
+them fill the neighbor on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fill the neighbor on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fill the neighbor on the other side
+right so if I move if I keep this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I move if I keep this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I move if I keep this one
+steady of X 2 equals 0 then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady of X 2 equals 0 then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady of X 2 equals 0 then basically
+the forces here is just a spring plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces here is just a spring plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces here is just a spring plus
+the gravity if I move this one and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity if I move this one and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity if I move this one and keep
+this one at zero force on this is spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one at zero force on this is spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one at zero force on this is spring
+it and gravity but if I if this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and gravity but if I if this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and gravity but if I if this one is
+displaced and I move that guy the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and I move that guy the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and I move that guy the forces
+on this one are affected by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one are affected by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one are affected by the fact
+that number two changed okay again I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number two changed okay again I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number two changed okay again I was
+able to determine those coupling terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine those coupling terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine those coupling terms
+by simply looking at mass 1 itself must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply looking at mass 1 itself must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply looking at mass 1 itself must
+do it so right so these are the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so right so these are the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so right so these are the this is
+the set of 2 coupled equations I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of 2 coupled equations I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of 2 coupled equations I have
+accelerations here for x1 and x2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations here for x1 and x2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations here for x1 and x2 and I
+have positions here so it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positions here so it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positions here so it's like an
+oscillatory of position acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory of position acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory of position acceleration
+with a constant term accepted things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant term accepted things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant term accepted things
+here are little mixed and the trick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are little mixed and the trick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are little mixed and the trick in
+this whole mathematics and calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole mathematics and calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole mathematics and calculations
+and the and the way we do things is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the way we do things is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the way we do things is how
+do you solve those coupled equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you solve those coupled equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you solve those coupled equations
+okay so what I would like to do is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I would like to do is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I would like to do is and
+that cause multiple ways of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause multiple ways of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause multiple ways of doing that
+so let me do everything let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do everything let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do everything let's write down
+everything in a matrix form because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a matrix form because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a matrix form because it
+turns out that linear matrices are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that linear matrices are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that linear matrices are very
+useful for that we will use them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for that we will use them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for that we will use them very
+very in a very simple way so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a very simple way so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a very simple way so let's
+introduce two-dimensional vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two-dimensional vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two-dimensional vector which
+consists of X 1 and X 2 so basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of X 1 and X 2 so basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of X 1 and X 2 so basically all
+the x position X 1 and X 2 are here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x position X 1 and X 2 are here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x position X 1 and X 2 are here so
+we will be monitoring the change of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be monitoring the change of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be monitoring the change of this
+X 2 as a function of time will introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 as a function of time will introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 as a function of time will introduce
+force matrix okay which is equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force matrix okay which is equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force matrix okay which is equal to k
+plus M G over L minus K here - play here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M G over L minus K here - play here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M G over L minus K here - play here
+a plus this is a 2 by 2 matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus this is a 2 by 2 matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus this is a 2 by 2 matrix and then
+we need a third matrix mass matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a third matrix mass matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a third matrix mass matrix which
+simply says that mass masses are mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that mass masses are mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that mass masses are mass of
+first object is M and the other one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first object is M and the other one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first object is M and the other one's
+also right so these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also right so these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also right so these are the three
+matrices that basically contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that basically contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that basically contains the
+exactly same information as is out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same information as is out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same information as is out there
+I probably need another matrix I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably need another matrix I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably need another matrix I need
+inverse matrix for mass which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix for mass which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix for mass which basically
+is 1 over m 1 over m 0 and 0 this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over m 1 over m 0 and 0 this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over m 1 over m 0 and 0 this is a
+inverse inverted matrix ok and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse inverted matrix ok and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse inverted matrix ok and if I
+turns out that after I introduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that after I introduce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that after I introduce these
+matrices this set of equation can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this set of equation can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this set of equation can be
+written simply as X the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written simply as X the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written simply as X the second
+derivative of the vector capital X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector capital X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector capital X is
+equal to minus m to the minus 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus m to the minus 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus m to the minus 1 which is
+this matrix multiplying matrix K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix multiplying matrix K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix multiplying matrix K and
+then multiplying vectors X again all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplying vectors X again all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplying vectors X again all
+right so this is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is exactly the same as
+this just written a different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just written a different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just written a different way so
+it's only the question of notation so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the question of notation so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the question of notation so it
+turns out is very convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is very convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is very convenient to use
+matrix calculation to do things faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix calculation to do things faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix calculation to do things faster
+so instead of repeating writing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of repeating writing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of repeating writing all the
+X 1 X 2 it so that I just stick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 X 2 it so that I just stick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 X 2 it so that I just stick them
+into one two element object I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one two element object I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one two element object I use
+matrices to multiply things and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to multiply things and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to multiply things and if I
+want to know X 1 and X 2 I can always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know X 1 and X 2 I can always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know X 1 and X 2 I can always go
+okay the top component of vector X lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the top component of vector X lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the top component of vector X lower
+component vector X gives me the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector X gives me the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector X gives me the solution
+simple right so so let's try to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so so let's try to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so so let's try to use this
+terminology to to find solutions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology to to find solutions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology to to find solutions so the
+question is how do we find solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we find solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we find solutions to
+coupled oscillations what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillations what is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillations what is the most
+efficient way of finding the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of finding the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of finding the most
+general motion of a couple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of a couple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of a couple system
+anybody knows what's the first thing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what's the first thing yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what's the first thing yes
+it is well couple complex XS yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well couple complex XS yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well couple complex XS yes that's
+right so I can all right let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can all right let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can all right let's do it
+but hold on but what form of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hold on but what form of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hold on but what form of oscillation
+okay I all kinds of complex numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I all kinds of complex numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I all kinds of complex numbers you
+can write but any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's I think that's the physics answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's the physics answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's the physics answer
+all right complex notation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right complex notation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right complex notation is a
+mathematical answer how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical answer how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical answer how to solve
+mathematical equation but the physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical equation but the physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical equation but the physicists
+answer is to find fixed frequency modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is to find fixed frequency modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is to find fixed frequency modes
+with us such that the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us such that the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us such that the system the
+complete system oscillates at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete system oscillates at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete system oscillates at one
+frequency everybody moves together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency everybody moves together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency everybody moves together this
+is so-called normal mode it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so-called normal mode it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so-called normal mode it turns out
+that every of the system depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every of the system depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every of the system depending on
+number of dimensions will have will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimensions will have will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimensions will have will have
+certain number of of frequencies normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of of frequencies normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of of frequencies normal
+modes that would that the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that would that the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that would that the whole system
+oscillates at the same frequency both x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at the same frequency both x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at the same frequency both x1
+and x2 undergoing motion of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 undergoing motion of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 undergoing motion of the same
+frequency we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we don't know what the
+frequency is we don't know its amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is we don't know its amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is we don't know its amplitude
+etc but it is the same okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but it is the same okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but it is the same okay so so this
+means that I can write that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can write that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can write that the whole
+vector X both x1 and x2 are undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X both x1 and x2 are undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X both x1 and x2 are undergoing
+the same oscillatory motion so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same oscillatory motion so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same oscillatory motion so I
+proposed that of course we use the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that of course we use the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that of course we use the usual
+trick that that anytime we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that that anytime we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that that anytime we have a
+solution in complex variables we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in complex variables we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in complex variables we can
+always get back to real things by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get back to real things by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get back to real things by by
+taking real part so we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking real part so we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking real part so we've done this
+because I understand you've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I understand you've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I understand you've done this
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so let's introduce a variable Z just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's introduce a variable Z just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's introduce a variable Z just
+kind of two element vector which is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two element vector which is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two element vector which is has
+a complex term a fixed frequency plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex term a fixed frequency plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex term a fixed frequency plus a
+phase written complex multiplying vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase written complex multiplying vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase written complex multiplying vector
+a a fixed vector a okay and vector a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply has two components a one a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply has two components a one a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply has two components a one a true
+or maybe I should write it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I should write it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I should write it differently
+so a vector a contains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a vector a contains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a vector a contains in
+information about some sort of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about some sort of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about some sort of initial
+conditions for for position accent Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for for position accent Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for for position accent Oh
+anyway these are two constant numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are two constant numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are two constant numbers
+and also we will because we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we will because we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we will because we have this
+face here we because we keep face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here we because we keep face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here we because we keep face in
+this expression we can assume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we can assume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we can assume and
+require that is a real number so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that is a real number so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that is a real number so a is
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's that slightly different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that slightly different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that slightly different ways of
+doing things but we can assume this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things but we can assume this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things but we can assume this for
+now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right
+so the solution which is written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution which is written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution which is written here
+it's the sum two numbers or silat or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sum two numbers or silat or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sum two numbers or silat or a
+term where both x1 and x2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where both x1 and x2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where both x1 and x2 are
+oscillating with the same frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with the same frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with the same frequency and
+this is our postulated solution so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our postulated solution so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our postulated solution so we
+plug it into equation and we adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into equation and we adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into equation and we adjust
+things until it fits so let's plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things until it fits so let's plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things until it fits so let's plug this
+into into our matrix calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into our matrix calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into our matrix calculation and
+what you see here is that so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that so what do we
+have so we have a so this is the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have a so this is the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have a so this is the term
+which is second time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is second time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is second time derivative of
+vector X and because vector a vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X and because vector a vector Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X and because vector a vector Z
+really so I have to do so I plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so I have to do so I plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so I have to do so I plug this
+here so Z double dot is simply equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so Z double dot is simply equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so Z double dot is simply equal
+minus Omega squared times Z right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega squared times Z right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega squared times Z right so
+this is a simple simple thing when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple simple thing when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple simple thing when I
+plug this in here my equation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this in here my equation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this in here my equation becomes
+equation 4a because the so I have so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 4a because the so I have so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 4a because the so I have so I
+take this I have minus Omega squared Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this I have minus Omega squared Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this I have minus Omega squared Z
+hat which maybe I just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which maybe I just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which maybe I just write it
+immediately in terms of complex term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in terms of complex term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in terms of complex term by
+times the vector a so II I oh my god t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector a so II I oh my god t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector a so II I oh my god t
+plus phi x is equal to minus m2 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phi x is equal to minus m2 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phi x is equal to minus m2 minus 1
+k times e to the I Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times e to the I Omega T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times e to the I Omega T plus Phi
+crimes vector-a okay and this term is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes vector-a okay and this term is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes vector-a okay and this term is a
+it's a proportionality constant in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a proportionality constant in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a proportionality constant in a
+given moment of time so it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment of time so it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment of time so it goes through
+the matrix multiplication just delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix multiplication just delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix multiplication just delete
+this can divide both sides you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can divide both sides you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can divide both sides you have a
+signs here and then I have equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs here and then I have equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs here and then I have equation
+which it's a matrix linear matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's a matrix linear matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's a matrix linear matrix
+equation which is a minus 1 K vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a minus 1 K vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a minus 1 K vector a
+and I can rewrite it a little bit again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can rewrite it a little bit again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can rewrite it a little bit again
+so I can rewrite in this minus 1 K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite in this minus 1 K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite in this minus 1 K minus
+Omega squared times unity matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared times unity matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared times unity matrix times
+vector a is equal to 0 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a is equal to 0 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a is equal to 0 so this is the
+equation which we need to solve to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we need to solve to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we need to solve to to
+obtain the solutions to at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the solutions to at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the solutions to at least one
+normal mode and we expect that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and we expect that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and we expect that will be
+two normal modes because we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normal modes because we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normal modes because we have two
+masses okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses okay
+so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is some matrix 2 by 2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some matrix 2 by 2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some matrix 2 by 2 matrix
+which we can know very easily how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can know very easily how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can know very easily how to
+write multiplying a vector gives you 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write multiplying a vector gives you 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write multiplying a vector gives you 0
+it turns out that for this to work there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that for this to work there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that for this to work there
+are two one is a criterion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two one is a criterion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two one is a criterion which is
+which has to be satisfied namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be satisfied namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be satisfied namely the
+determinant of this 2 by 2 matrix has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this 2 by 2 matrix has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this 2 by 2 matrix has to
+be equal to 0 because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 because if you take
+determinant of both sides you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of both sides you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of both sides you have to
+have 0 on this side to be able to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 on this side to be able to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 on this side to be able to obtain
+0 on the other side so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 on the other side so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 on the other side so the
+mathematically the way to find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the way to find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the way to find out the
+oscillating frequency is you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency is you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency is you take a
+determinant of M minus 1 K minus I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M minus 1 K minus I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M minus 1 K minus I Omega
+squared must be equal to 0 so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared must be equal to 0 so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared must be equal to 0 so let's try
+to see how to calculate things so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how to calculate things so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how to calculate things so let's
+write down this matrix explicitly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this matrix explicitly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this matrix explicitly using
+this and that so let's write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that so let's write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that so let's write this down
+so so I take a big object like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I take a big object like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I take a big object like this and
+so in this element here I have I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this element here I have I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this element here I have I have to
+multiply this matrix times that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this matrix times that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this matrix times that if I
+multiply this model i simply divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this model i simply divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this model i simply divide
+divide all those effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide all those effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide all those effectively
+multiplication of m minus 1 times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of m minus 1 times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of m minus 1 times this
+matrix divides all the elements here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix divides all the elements here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix divides all the elements here by
+m that's all there is to it i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that's all there is to it i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that's all there is to it i just
+divide everything by m so I have a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by m so I have a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by m so I have a so
+the first M minus 1 K is K over m plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first M minus 1 K is K over m plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first M minus 1 K is K over m plus G
+over L this is minus K over m minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L this is minus K over m minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L this is minus K over m minus K
+over m k over m plus G over L so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m k over m plus G over L so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m k over m plus G over L so this is
+this is multiplication this is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is multiplication this is this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is multiplication this is this term
+here and then I have to do - unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I have to do - unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I have to do - unity
+matrix times Omega squared all this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times Omega squared all this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times Omega squared all this was
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is it will subtract Omega squared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is this one maybe more clear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this one maybe more clear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this one maybe more clear if
+I move alright so this is the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move alright so this is the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move alright so this is the matrix
+that contains all the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains all the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains all the information about
+our system the mass the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system the mass the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system the mass the gravitational
+acceleration the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the length
+spring strength etc and and we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring strength etc and and we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring strength etc and and we assumed
+that oscillates with a fixed frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oscillates with a fixed frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oscillates with a fixed frequency
+so I have to find I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to find I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to find I have to find
+determinant of this matrix equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix equal to zero
+okay so how do I get that and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you have a matrix and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have a matrix and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have a matrix and you want to
+make sure that its determinant is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that its determinant is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that its determinant is zero
+it turns out the only variable which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the only variable which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the only variable which we
+have to change parameters of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change parameters of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change parameters of this matrix
+you know the the spring constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the spring constant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the spring constant and the
+masses of X is given the system has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of X is given the system has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of X is given the system has been
+built it's hanging over there I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it's hanging over there I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it's hanging over there I cannot
+change anything so the only parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything so the only parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything so the only parameter
+here which I can change or adjust or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I can change or adjust or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I can change or adjust or
+find is Omega squared so I will try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is Omega squared so I will try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is Omega squared so I will try all
+possible matrices of this type until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible matrices of this type until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible matrices of this type until I
+find one or two that have a determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one or two that have a determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one or two that have a determined
+equals zero and if I find them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and if I find them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and if I find them this
+would correspond to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to the normal
+frequencies okay so how I calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so how I calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so how I calculate how
+do I calculate determinant of a 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I calculate determinant of a 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I calculate determinant of a 2 by 2
+matrix I do this by this minus this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I do this by this minus this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I do this by this minus this by
+that right so let me so that of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so let me so that of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so let me so that of this
+matrix is equal to K over m minus G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is equal to K over m minus G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is equal to K over m minus G Plus
+G over L minus Omega squared this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G over L minus Omega squared this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G over L minus Omega squared this the
+two identical terms soak into the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical terms soak into the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical terms soak into the square
+and then minus this minus K squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then minus this minus K squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then minus this minus K squared over
+m squared must be equal to zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared must be equal to zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared must be equal to zero right so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+equation which we need to solve we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we need to solve we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we need to solve we need
+to find which parameter Omega sets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find which parameter Omega sets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find which parameter Omega sets this
+to zero and then you know this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then you know this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then you know this is a this
+is a pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty straightforward
+straightforward calculation except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward calculation except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward calculation except that
+I don't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily have
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's rewrite this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's rewrite this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's rewrite this a little bit
+so this is basic equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basic equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basic equivalent to the
+following equation G over L plus K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equation G over L plus K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equation G over L plus K over
+m minus Omega squared must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m minus Omega squared must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m minus Omega squared must be equal
+either to plus or minus K over m right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to plus or minus K over m right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to plus or minus K over m right I
+took a square root of both sides if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a square root of both sides if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a square root of both sides if you
+take a square root you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a square root you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a square root you have to worry
+about plus or minus signs right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plus or minus signs right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plus or minus signs right so so
+there are two solutions watch which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two solutions watch which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two solutions watch which
+corresponds to plus here the on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to plus here the on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to plus here the on which
+corresponds to minus here so solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to minus here so solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to minus here so solution
+number one which corresponds to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one which corresponds to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one which corresponds to plus
+sign right here it basically says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right here it basically says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right here it basically says that
+Omega squared is equal to G over L right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared is equal to G over L right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared is equal to G over L right
+so there is there is one solution one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there is one solution one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there is one solution one
+oscillation that does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that does not depend on the
+spring constant because spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant because spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant because spring constant
+cancels and there's a second second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and there's a second second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and there's a second second
+solution which corresponds to mind -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which corresponds to mind -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which corresponds to mind -
+where Omega squared is equal to G over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Omega squared is equal to G over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Omega squared is equal to G over L
+plus two K over m right and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two K over m right and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two K over m right and that's it
+because there are two two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are two two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are two two possible
+solutions and this is what so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and this is what so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and this is what so we have a
+so what this says is that if I set my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that if I set my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that if I set my
+frequency to G over L if I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to G over L if I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to G over L if I set the
+system to oscillate this frequency then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to oscillate this frequency then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to oscillate this frequency then
+then it will be I will be able to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be I will be able to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be I will be able to set
+things up such the oscillates forever at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up such the oscillates forever at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up such the oscillates forever at
+this frequency one fixed frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency one fixed frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency one fixed frequency
+forever and this is interesting this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and this is interesting this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and this is interesting this is
+a frequency does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency does not depend on the
+strength of the spring how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the spring how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the spring how is it
+possible somehow spring is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible somehow spring is irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible somehow spring is irrelevant
+for this motion and turns out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this motion and turns out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this motion and turns out that there
+is a very simple oscillation easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple oscillation easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple oscillation easy to see
+if basically this is a frequency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if basically this is a frequency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if basically this is a frequency of a
+single pendulum so basically you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pendulum so basically you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pendulum so basically you get
+both pandal are going together each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pandal are going together each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pandal are going together each of
+them happily oscillating by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happily oscillating by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happily oscillating by themselves
+and the spring is complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spring is complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spring is complete
+irrelevant for this motion right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant for this motion right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant for this motion right if I
+cut it off the motion will not change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it off the motion will not change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it off the motion will not change it
+just happens at two identical pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens at two identical pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens at two identical pendula
+are going at their own natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going at their own natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going at their own natural frequency
+so the force of spring is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the force of spring is irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the force of spring is irrelevant
+nothing happens this is a normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens this is a normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens this is a normal mode
+and it can go forever at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go forever at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go forever at this particular
+frequency okay the other option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay the other option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay the other option is
+usually symmetrically I move them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually symmetrically I move them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually symmetrically I move them away
+from each other and this is the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other and this is the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other and this is the motion
+where again just not exactly ideal ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again just not exactly ideal ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again just not exactly ideal ideal
+small angle solution but less so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle solution but less so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle solution but less so this is
+the situation where the spring really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where the spring really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where the spring really
+comes in at full force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at full force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at full force
+it's being stretched maximally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being stretched maximally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being stretched maximally because
+they go away from each other so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go away from each other so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go away from each other so very
+quickly spring is stretched and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly spring is stretched and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly spring is stretched and then go
+together so it's stretched from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's stretched from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it's stretched from both
+sides and and the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and and the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and and the whole system
+oscillates at the same frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at the same frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at the same frequency and
+because of this additional force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this additional force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this additional force of
+spring there the frequencies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring there the frequencies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring there the frequencies actually
+higher is larger it's they oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is larger it's they oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is larger it's they oscillate
+faster all right so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster all right so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster all right so that's the first
+step in understanding the system we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in understanding the system we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in understanding the system we now
+know that there are two oscillations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are two oscillations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are two oscillations and
+two normal frequencies and the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normal frequencies and the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normal frequencies and the next step
+to finish our understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish our understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish our understanding of the
+system in a mathematical way to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a mathematical way to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a mathematical way to describe
+it fully I have to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fully I have to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fully I have to know what is the
+shape of stelae shion's I simply showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of stelae shion's I simply showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of stelae shion's I simply showed
+you here so you know what to expect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here so you know what to expect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here so you know what to expect but
+I have to be able to dig it out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to dig it out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to dig it out from the
+from the equations and the way to dig it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equations and the way to dig it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equations and the way to dig it
+out is to find vector a see our real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is to find vector a see our real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is to find vector a see our real
+equation of motion is up here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is up here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is up here this is
+equation of motion this is I have to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion this is I have to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion this is I have to now
+find the vector a which when you plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector a which when you plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector a which when you plug it
+in it works it satisfies this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it works it satisfies this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it works it satisfies this equation
+so I already know what are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I already know what are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I already know what are the two
+possible oh my gosh that can do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible oh my gosh that can do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible oh my gosh that can do it but
+still I have to find vector a so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I have to find vector a so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I have to find vector a so I have
+to solve two separate independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve two separate independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve two separate independent
+problems one it's fine and victory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one it's fine and victory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one it's fine and victory for
+this situation and then find vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation and then find vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation and then find vector a
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+situation and see it works so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and see it works so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and see it works so I have to
+plug in the hole I have to plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the hole I have to plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the hole I have to plug it into
+the hole equation and you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole equation and you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole equation and you can show that
+if you set if you set Omega squared to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set if you set Omega squared to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set if you set Omega squared to G
+over L and you plug it into if you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and you plug it into if you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and you plug it into if you plug
+it into this equation what you get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into this equation what you get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into this equation what you get is a
+matrix equation which looks like this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equation which looks like this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equation which looks like this K
+over m minus K over m minus K over m k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m minus K over m minus K over m k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m minus K over m minus K over m k
+over m and this is because if you plug a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m and this is because if you plug a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m and this is because if you plug a
+mega squared here equal to G over L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega squared here equal to G over L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega squared here equal to G over L then
+this cancels out and this cancels out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels out and this cancels out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels out and this cancels out so
+you plug it in here and and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in here and and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in here and and you get this
+very simple very simple matrix that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple very simple matrix that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple very simple matrix that has
+only K over m terms so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only K over m terms so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only K over m terms so the question is
+what sort of thing can you put here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing can you put here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing can you put here to
+get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero
+what kind of vector you can plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of vector you can plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of vector you can plug into
+those two places such that such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two places such that such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two places such that such that the
+matrix times vector will end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times vector will end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times vector will end up with
+zero one example is that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one example is that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one example is that basically
+amplitude is the same both of them move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is the same both of them move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is the same both of them move
+together so you plug one here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you plug one here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you plug one here and one
+here right so this is a good solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is a good solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is a good solution
+and every other solution is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other solution is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other solution is a linear
+combination in ear multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in ear multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in ear multiplication of
+this one for this frequency right this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for this frequency right this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for this frequency right this K
+over m times 1 minus K M gives you 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m times 1 minus K M gives you 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m times 1 minus K M gives you 0 so
+this is a good solution for so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good solution for so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good solution for so this is
+solution number one what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution number one what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution number one what about this
+thing here if I plug this Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here if I plug this Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here if I plug this Omega squared
+in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into this into this matrix it's G over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this into this matrix it's G over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this into this matrix it's G over L
+plus 2 K over m if I plug in here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 K over m if I plug in here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 K over m if I plug in here then
+this matrix is we more complicated will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is we more complicated will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is we more complicated will
+actually look very similar but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look very similar but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look very similar but with
+important differences so this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences so this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences so this one will
+look minus k over m minus k over m minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look minus k over m minus k over m minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look minus k over m minus k over m minus
+k over m minus K over m okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over m minus K over m okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over m minus K over m okay and then
+again for this second possible normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for this second possible normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for this second possible normal
+frequency I have to find the vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have to find the vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have to find the vector a
+which corresponds to that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to that frequency
+motion and it turns out that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and it turns out that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and it turns out that they are
+the same but the sign changes so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the sign changes so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the sign changes so one
+possible solution is minus 1 minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution is minus 1 minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution is minus 1 minus 1 and
+minus 1 if I plug in 1 and minus 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 if I plug in 1 and minus 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 if I plug in 1 and minus 1 then
+this matrix times the vector gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix times the vector gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix times the vector gives you
+automatically 0 so this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically 0 so this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically 0 so this is the second
+possible normal mode alright so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible normal mode alright so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible normal mode alright so this is
+a systematic way to solve equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic way to solve equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic way to solve equations you
+plug in all the all the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in all the all the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in all the all the information you
+know about the system into a 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the system into a 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the system into a 2 by 2
+matrix and then you calculate the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you calculate the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you calculate the normal
+mode and then you calculate a shape of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then you calculate a shape of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then you calculate a shape of a
+normal mode is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode is that clear
+any questions at this stage all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions at this stage all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions at this stage all right so
+in principle we know now at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle we know now at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle we know now at the end of
+the day I still want to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I still want to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I still want to know how much
+one moves how much to move so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moves how much to move so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moves how much to move so we have to
+put it all together we have identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together we have identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together we have identified
+the frequency and a kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and a kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and a kind of in the
+matrix notation shape of the node but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation shape of the node but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation shape of the node but of
+course the final solution is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the final solution is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the final solution is a linear
+superposition of all possible normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all possible normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all possible normal
+modes with you know described in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes with you know described in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes with you know described in a
+position of mass one position must do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of mass one position must do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of mass one position must do it
+so let's do a little bit of little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little bit of little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little bit of little bit
+of so maybe graphically I can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so maybe graphically I can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so maybe graphically I can write down
+that this is the this is the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the this is the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the this is the oscillation
+that corresponds to this type of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to this type of mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to this type of mode
+those two masses move together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two masses move together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two masses move together
+and this is oscillation that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is oscillation that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is oscillation that corresponds
+to a mode where masses move in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a mode where masses move in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a mode where masses move in opposite
+directions at any moment of time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at any moment of time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at any moment of time in this
+in this normal mode at any moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this normal mode at any moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this normal mode at any moment of
+time wherever mass one is mass two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wherever mass one is mass two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wherever mass one is mass two is
+minus the distance away from its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the distance away from its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the distance away from its own
+equilibrium so if this one is Plus sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if this one is Plus sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if this one is Plus sent
+one centimeter here the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one centimeter here the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one centimeter here the other one is
+minus one centimeters one's minus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one centimeters one's minus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one centimeters one's minus five
+this one is plus five and so on whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is plus five and so on whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is plus five and so on whereas
+in this mode both of them move together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mode both of them move together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mode both of them move together
+alright so let's try to go back to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's try to go back to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's try to go back to there
+you can get rid of this one let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this one let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this one let's try to
+go back and now with this knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and now with this knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and now with this knowledge
+let's write down X 1 and X 2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down X 1 and X 2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down X 1 and X 2 for
+positions of the two masses so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the two masses so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the two masses so so
+basically X so X 1 so so basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X so X 1 so so basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X so X 1 so so basically so
+the X will have to be I use 0 so X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X will have to be I use 0 so X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X will have to be I use 0 so X will
+be real object or Z so I take my complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real object or Z so I take my complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real object or Z so I take my complex
+numbers I take a real of them so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I take a real of them so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I take a real of them so from
+exponent I'll end up with a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent I'll end up with a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent I'll end up with a cosine
+appropriately and so on and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and so on and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and so on and then I will
+use the empty so this is real part of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the empty so this is real part of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the empty so this is real part of e
+to the I Omega plus Phi where Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Omega plus Phi where Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Omega plus Phi where Omega is
+one of the two possibilities Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two possibilities Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two possibilities Omega T
+plus Phi times vector a which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi times vector a which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi times vector a which we've
+identified here and times some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified here and times some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified here and times some some
+additional these are the those vectors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional these are the those vectors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional these are the those vectors I
+this is one possible amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible amplitude of
+notation but in general it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but in general it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but in general it can be
+anything you can multiply you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can multiply you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can multiply you can have a
+small small oscillations large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small oscillations large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small oscillations large
+oscillations so there is some overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations so there is some overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations so there is some overall
+amplitude but the shape always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but the shape always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but the shape always have to
+be same they either go together or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same they either go together or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same they either go together or they
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+so to make it more general I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make it more general I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make it more general I have to
+give some multiplicative factor there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some multiplicative factor there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some multiplicative factor there so
+so if I do everything I end up with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do everything I end up with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do everything I end up with X
+the mode 1 well in general have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode 1 well in general have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode 1 well in general have some
+sort of overall constant C cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overall constant C cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overall constant C cosine Omega
+1 T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 T plus Phi
+1 times this vector 1 1 this would be 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times this vector 1 1 this would be 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times this vector 1 1 this would be 4
+X 1 this would be 4 X 2 and the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 this would be 4 X 2 and the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 this would be 4 X 2 and the mode
+mode number 2 will be C 2 cosine Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode number 2 will be C 2 cosine Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode number 2 will be C 2 cosine Omega 2
+times T plus 5 2 times 1 all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T plus 5 2 times 1 all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T plus 5 2 times 1 all right so
+what so let's see what things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so let's see what things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so let's see what things are
+adjustable and what things are fixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable and what things are fixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable and what things are fixed so
+the Omega 1 Omega 2 affixed given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega 1 Omega 2 affixed given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega 1 Omega 2 affixed given by the
+construction of the two coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the two coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the two coupled
+oscillators this shape 1 + 1 + 1 - 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators this shape 1 + 1 + 1 - 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators this shape 1 + 1 + 1 - 1 is
+fixed because these are the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed because these are the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed because these are the shape of
+normal modes which corresponds to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes which corresponds to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes which corresponds to those
+frequencies so we have only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we have only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we have only four
+constants overall amplitude c1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants overall amplitude c1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants overall amplitude c1 for
+normal mode 1 overall impedance c2 phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode 1 overall impedance c2 phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode 1 overall impedance c2 phone
+and then relative phase of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then relative phase of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then relative phase of those two
+normal modes and the superposition of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and the superposition of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and the superposition of x1
+plus x2 gives you the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x2 gives you the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x2 gives you the most general
+combination of possible motion so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of possible motion so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of possible motion so if I
+write this down now in terms of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down now in terms of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down now in terms of position
+of number 1 number 2 so I have position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number 1 number 2 so I have position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number 1 number 2 so I have position
+of X 1 as a function of time in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 1 as a function of time in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 1 as a function of time in general
+will look like this would be some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like this would be some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like this would be some sort
+of constant alpha cosine Omega 1 T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant alpha cosine Omega 1 T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant alpha cosine Omega 1 T plus
+Phi plus constant beta cosine Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi plus constant beta cosine Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi plus constant beta cosine Omega 2
+times T plus Phi 2 by 1 so mass number 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T plus Phi 2 by 1 so mass number 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T plus Phi 2 by 1 so mass number 1
+this is position of mass 1 will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is position of mass 1 will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is position of mass 1 will in
+general be a superposition of the two as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be a superposition of the two as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be a superposition of the two as
+possible oscillations position of Moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible oscillations position of Moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible oscillations position of Moscow
+we'll be very similar but there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be very similar but there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be very similar but there will be
+very important difference alpha cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important difference alpha cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important difference alpha cosine
+Omega 1 T plus Phi 1 minus beta cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 T plus Phi 1 minus beta cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 T plus Phi 1 minus beta cosine
+Omega 2t plus 5/2 this is this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2t plus 5/2 this is this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2t plus 5/2 this is this is very
+important to understand the exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand the exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand the exactly how
+this equation came about you see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation came about you see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation came about you see this is
+the influence of the symmetric mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of the symmetric mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of the symmetric mode
+where the two things are together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two things are together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two things are together so
+they are multiplied by alpha some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are multiplied by alpha some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are multiplied by alpha some sort
+of arbitrary amplitude constant but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary amplitude constant but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary amplitude constant but with
+exactly the same sign and this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same sign and this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same sign and this is part
+which corresponds to a second mode which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to a second mode which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to a second mode which
+is with different frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with different frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with different frequencies and
+there's an opposite sign between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opposite sign between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opposite sign between the
+sampling the template so you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the template so you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the template so you have only
+for curve for officiants Alpha Beta Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curve for officiants Alpha Beta Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curve for officiants Alpha Beta Phi
+1 and Phi 2 which are determined which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Phi 2 which are determined which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Phi 2 which are determined which
+need initial conditions so any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need initial conditions so any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need initial conditions so any arbitrary
+mode this is the most general motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode this is the most general motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode this is the most general motion of
+the two coupled oscillator systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two coupled oscillator systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two coupled oscillator systems and
+to describe it in specifically to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe it in specifically to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe it in specifically to find
+for a specific configuration you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific configuration you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific configuration you will
+have to determine the values of alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to determine the values of alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to determine the values of alphas
+and Phi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi's
+ok so what I want to do is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what I want to do is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what I want to do is I want to
+write down a specific motion for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a specific motion for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a specific motion for the
+following situation so I keep position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation so I keep position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation so I keep position
+of X 1 at 0 it's not moving so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 1 at 0 it's not moving so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 1 at 0 it's not moving so it's
+velocity is 0 I displaced this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is 0 I displaced this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is 0 I displaced this one by
+small positive amount so the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive amount so the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive amount so the position of
+number 2 at T equals 0 is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 2 at T equals 0 is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 2 at T equals 0 is different than
+0 some some displacement X 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 some some displacement X 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 some some displacement X 0 or
+something and it's velocity is U and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's velocity is U and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's velocity is U and I
+let it go okay again this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go okay again this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go okay again this is not an
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+it's a coupled oscillator right okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a coupled oscillator right okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a coupled oscillator right okay but
+this is and then you see that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and then you see that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and then you see that the things
+start moving let me try to show it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving let me try to show it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving let me try to show it again
+because it's not exactly so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not exactly so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not exactly so this one
+will be going on so let's say this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be going on so let's say this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be going on so let's say this one
+it's running and then I let this one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running and then I let this one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running and then I let this one go
+and what you see here is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see here is that you know
+this one is moving and then that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is moving and then that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is moving and then that starts
+to move this one stops that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this one stops that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this one stops that's that's
+moving its that's being complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving its that's being complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving its that's being complicated
+right it's kind of complicated motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of complicated motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of complicated motion
+but whatever this motion is we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever this motion is we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever this motion is we know that
+it's simply those cosines which are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply those cosines which are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply those cosines which are kind
+of adding up to to give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding up to to give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding up to to give you this
+impression of rather ly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of rather ly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of rather ly complicated
+motion right so again I let this one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right so again I let this one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right so again I let this one out
+okay let it go this is my T 0 see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let it go this is my T 0 see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let it go this is my T 0 see this
+one slows down this starts going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slows down this starts going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slows down this starts going and
+this one then slows down the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one then slows down the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one then slows down the other one
+starts going they kind of talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going they kind of talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going they kind of talk to each
+other and it's this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and it's this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and it's this combination of
+cosines all right so let's try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines all right so let's try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines all right so let's try to write
+simplify this for a specific case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this for a specific case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this for a specific case of a
+specific initial conditions so if i if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific initial conditions so if i if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific initial conditions so if i if i
+set so i said x 1 equals 0 at t equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so i said x 1 equals 0 at t equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so i said x 1 equals 0 at t equals 0
+x 1 velocity at 0 is equal to 0 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 1 velocity at 0 is equal to 0 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 1 velocity at 0 is equal to 0 so this
+ones are not moving x2 at 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are not moving x2 at 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are not moving x2 at 0 is equal to
+some sort of X 0 and X 2 velocity at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of X 0 and X 2 velocity at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of X 0 and X 2 velocity at 0
+is equal to 0 so this one is displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 so this one is displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 so this one is displaced
+the all stationary this one is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all stationary this one is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all stationary this one is at
+position 0 if I plug this in it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 0 if I plug this in it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 0 if I plug this in it turns
+out without lots of details that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without lots of details that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without lots of details that that
+what you will get is that alpha will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will get is that alpha will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will get is that alpha will be
+equal to X 0 divided by 2 beta will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X 0 divided by 2 beta will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X 0 divided by 2 beta will be
+equal to minus X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus X 0
+by 2 and Phi 1 would be got to fight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 and Phi 1 would be got to fight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 and Phi 1 would be got to fight to
+go to 0 you can check if you plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 you can check if you plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 you can check if you plug it
+into those equations if you plug T equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those equations if you plug T equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those equations if you plug T equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is equal to 0 etcetera this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is equal to 0 etcetera this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is equal to 0 etcetera this is you
+will see that it works so you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that it works so you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that it works so you can write
+down the specific case of X 1 of T to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the specific case of X 1 of T to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the specific case of X 1 of T to be
+X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1t minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1t minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1t minus cosine
+Omega 2t is because batter has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2t is because batter has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2t is because batter has a
+negative sign and X 2 of T will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign and X 2 of T will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign and X 2 of T will be equal
+to X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1 T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1 T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X 0 over 2 cosine Omega 1 T plus
+cosine Omega T ok so each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T ok so each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T ok so each of those
+objects effectively feels the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects effectively feels the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects effectively feels the effects of
+Omega 1 Omega 2 but in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 Omega 2 but in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 Omega 2 but in a slightly
+different way that's why their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's why their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's why their relative
+motions are different so what I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions are different so what I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions are different so what I will do
+now is I will show you an animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I will show you an animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I will show you an animation
+hopefully it works and we will have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it works and we will have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it works and we will have time
+since on the computer can fix I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since on the computer can fix I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since on the computer can fix I think
+make and make things perfect let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and make things perfect let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and make things perfect let's do it
+so I'll have running a MATLAB simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have running a MATLAB simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have running a MATLAB simulation
+let's see how it goes let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how it goes let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how it goes let's make it
+large so what is going on here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what is going on here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what is going on here is the
+following I took some initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I took some initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I took some initial condition
+I'm not sure if exactly the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if exactly the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if exactly the same because
+it was for the course that I taught some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for the course that I taught some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for the course that I taught some
+time ago what you see here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago what you see here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago what you see here is the
+following you have the green is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you have the green is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you have the green is the
+normal mode number 1 the red the magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode number 1 the red the magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode number 1 the red the magenta
+is normal mode number 2 and below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal mode number 2 and below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal mode number 2 and below and
+red are the actual pendula all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red are the actual pendula all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red are the actual pendula all right and
+and the motion of blue and red is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motion of blue and red is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motion of blue and red is simply
+a linear sum of the of the two and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear sum of the of the two and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear sum of the of the two and what
+you see here is and then I plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is and then I plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is and then I plot the
+position of the blue and red in color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the blue and red in color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the blue and red in color
+the function of time so you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of time so you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of time so you see this
+weird the fact that let's say Reds now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the fact that let's say Reds now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the fact that let's say Reds now
+stopped and the blue is at maximum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and the blue is at maximum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and the blue is at maximum and
+now the red is picking up and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the red is picking up and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the red is picking up and now the
+blue stopped and the red is going full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue stopped and the red is going full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue stopped and the red is going full
+swing exactly and this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing exactly and this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing exactly and this is exactly what
+you know this is the computer simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the computer simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the computer simulation
+that shows you that one of them is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you that one of them is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you that one of them is going
+up the other and down etc and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the other and down etc and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the other and down etc and this is
+for the certain combination of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the certain combination of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the certain combination of initial
+conditions I could go you know change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I could go you know change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I could go you know change
+initial conditions in my program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in my program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions in my program and
+have a different different behavior but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different different behavior but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different different behavior but
+whatever happens I would be able to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens I would be able to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens I would be able to it
+will always be a combination of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a combination of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a combination of the two
+two motions now is there a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two motions now is there a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two motions now is there a way to
+disable one of the one of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disable one of the one of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disable one of the one of the normal
+modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+how would you disable one of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you disable one of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you disable one of the normal
+modes very quickly to set things up such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes very quickly to set things up such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes very quickly to set things up such
+that the second normal mode whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second normal mode whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second normal mode whatever
+whichever you choose doesn't show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever you choose doesn't show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever you choose doesn't show up in
+the equations at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so what you do is you just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you just change
+initial conditions so you set it up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions so you set it up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions so you set it up at
+equal zero I have initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero I have initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero I have initial conditions
+that basically favor or demand that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically favor or demand that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically favor or demand that only
+that in this general equation either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this general equation either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this general equation either
+alpha beta is equal to zero so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta is equal to zero so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta is equal to zero so for
+example I can 1/1 possibilities I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can 1/1 possibilities I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can 1/1 possibilities I move
+both of them at the same distance and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them at the same distance and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them at the same distance and I
+just let them go like this such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let them go like this such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let them go like this such that the
+spring is is irrelevant right how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is is irrelevant right how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is is irrelevant right how would
+I do it in my soft in my program I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it in my soft in my program I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it in my soft in my program I don't
+know I can for example I can for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can for example I can for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can for example I can for example
+set one of the one of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one of the one of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one of the one of the initial
+conditions to running the old one still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to running the old one still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to running the old one still
+running okay so this is the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running okay so this is the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running okay so this is the just the
+moment so what I did I just changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so what I did I just changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so what I did I just changed in
+the short condition that's and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short condition that's and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short condition that's and you see
+this is the type of motion where one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the type of motion where one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the type of motion where one of
+the modes is stopped just we switched it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes is stopped just we switched it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes is stopped just we switched it
+off and the other one is going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the other one is going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the other one is going on and
+then there of course the total motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there of course the total motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there of course the total motion is
+equal to that and and both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that and and both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that and and both of them
+happily go with the constant amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily go with the constant amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily go with the constant amplitude
+there is no shifting of energy from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no shifting of energy from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no shifting of energy from one
+to another so you can have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so you can have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so you can have all kinds of
+all kinds of motions by simply adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of motions by simply adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of motions by simply adjusting
+initial conditions and those motions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions and those motions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions and those motions can
+be can be done a very different way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be done a very different way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be done a very different way now
+so do you know so this is how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you know so this is how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you know so this is how we can
+have different shape of motion depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different shape of motion depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different shape of motion depending
+on the initial condition is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial condition is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial condition is there
+another way for me to change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way for me to change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way for me to change the way
+this system behaves let's say I take I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system behaves let's say I take I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system behaves let's say I take I
+have exactly this system and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly this system and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly this system and I want to
+change for example the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for example the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for example the frequency of
+oscillations how would I do it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations how would I do it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations how would I do it it could
+be very expensive proposition here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very expensive proposition here yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very expensive proposition here yes
+but but I don't want to drive it yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I don't want to drive it yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I don't want to drive it yet I
+just want to have it you know a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to have it you know a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to have it you know a free
+oscillation yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I could come and scratch it away a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could come and scratch it away a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could come and scratch it away a
+little bit and yes the equations depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and yes the equations depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and yes the equations depend
+on the mass no but I don't to touch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass no but I don't to touch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass no but I don't to touch I
+want to just have this thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just have this thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just have this thing I want to
+make any physical modification to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any physical modification to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any physical modification to this
+system however I can move it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however I can move it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however I can move it into
+different places any place you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places any place you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places any place you can think
+of where I could really modify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where I could really modify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where I could really modify that
+solution yeah there's a moon exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yeah there's a moon exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution yeah there's a moon exactly I
+could put it with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put it with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put it with me
+some spaceship and go to a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spaceship and go to a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spaceship and go to a place where
+gravity gravity is different right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity gravity is different right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity gravity is different right why
+not okay so what would happen so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so what would happen so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so what would happen so if
+gravity changes then basically what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity changes then basically what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity changes then basically what will
+happen is both this term and that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is both this term and that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is both this term and that term
+will change the spring will remain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the spring will remain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the spring will remain the
+same must remain the same so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same must remain the same so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same must remain the same so the
+relative magnitude of Omega 1 and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitude of Omega 1 and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitude of Omega 1 and Omega
+2 will change okay so let's say in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 will change okay so let's say in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 will change okay so let's say in fact
+do I have it in this one here yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have it in this one here yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have it in this one here yes so
+let's say I do again so this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I do again so this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I do again so this is what I
+had before right so this is the one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before right so this is the one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before right so this is the one here
+which is operating here on earth and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is operating here on earth and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is operating here on earth and I
+let it go I displaced it by certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go I displaced it by certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go I displaced it by certain
+distance let's say one millimeter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's say one millimeter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's say one millimeter and
+that's how it's going so now let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it's going so now let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it's going so now let's take
+it to for example Jupiter so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to for example Jupiter so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to for example Jupiter so what do you
+think will happen when we go to Jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jupiter G is much larger okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter G is much larger okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter G is much larger okay so what
+would happen to those so the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to those so the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to those so the frequency
+will be larger thing will be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be larger thing will be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be larger thing will be faster
+right that's the higher frequency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the higher frequency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the higher frequency but
+also the difference between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the difference between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the difference between two
+frequencies will be will be smaller okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies will be will be smaller okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies will be will be smaller okay
+and what happens when the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when the difference
+when the frequency is smaller you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the frequency is smaller you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the frequency is smaller you saw
+there's a fact that the energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fact that the energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fact that the energy was
+moving from one to the other the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from one to the other the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from one to the other the thing
+is will take so one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will take so one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will take so one of them was
+oscillating the other one stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating the other one stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating the other one stationary
+then the other one will pick up etc do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one will pick up etc do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one will pick up etc do
+you think this transfer of energy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this transfer of energy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this transfer of energy will
+be faster or slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two omegas closer to each other any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two omegas closer to each other any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two omegas closer to each other any
+guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses
+you take kind of longer let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of longer let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of longer let's see what
+happens right so we focus on a rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so we focus on a rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so we focus on a rocket
+and see nowadays you don't have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see nowadays you don't have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see nowadays you don't have to go to
+a rocket you just remove one comment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket you just remove one comment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket you just remove one comment and
+I went from about 10 meters per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went from about 10 meters per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went from about 10 meters per square
+second to 25 meters per square second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to 25 meters per square second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to 25 meters per square second
+and this is what is happening look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what is happening look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what is happening look at
+this so first of all this is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first of all this is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first of all this is identical
+system everything at the same time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system everything at the same time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system everything at the same time is
+the same and so you see that austell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and so you see that austell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and so you see that austell
+Asians are much faster so number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians are much faster so number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians are much faster so number of of
+amplitude changes per second is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude changes per second is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude changes per second is larger
+but it takes much longer for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes much longer for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it takes much longer for the energy
+so the red one is now stopping and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red one is now stopping and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red one is now stopping and you
+see now slow is coming up so because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now slow is coming up so because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now slow is coming up so because the
+two frequencies are closer to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies are closer to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies are closer to each other
+they stay stay no it takes longer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay stay no it takes longer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay stay no it takes longer for
+them to shift from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to shift from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to shift from one to the other
+okay so we are done at Jupiter let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are done at Jupiter let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are done at Jupiter let's now
+go to the moon which has much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the moon which has much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the moon which has much lower
+gravitational acceleration let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational acceleration let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational acceleration let's see
+what happens again by biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens again by biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens again by biological
+argument if something if so the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if something if so the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if something if so the smaller
+gravitational acceleration means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational acceleration means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational acceleration means that
+the frequency is now lower so we so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is now lower so we so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is now lower so we so the
+pendulum will move slower however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum will move slower however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum will move slower however the
+difference between frequency will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between frequency will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between frequency will be
+larger because the spring is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger because the spring is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger because the spring is still the
+same strength so it turns out that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strength so it turns out that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strength so it turns out that even
+though everything is slower but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though everything is slower but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though everything is slower but the
+energy transfer will actually be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer will actually be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer will actually be faster
+so let's try to see what happens on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to see what happens on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to see what happens on the
+moon it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but not completely clear what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not completely clear what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not completely clear what's going on
+but you see actually the motion is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see actually the motion is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see actually the motion is kind
+of a little strange look at the red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little strange look at the red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little strange look at the red one
+that one is stopping the ends going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is stopping the ends going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is stopping the ends going
+halfway out it's kind of messy doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway out it's kind of messy doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway out it's kind of messy doesn't
+it and so it doesn't show up here very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so it doesn't show up here very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so it doesn't show up here very
+well because because things have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because because things have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because because things have the
+parameters have changed so much but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have changed so much but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have changed so much but I
+have I have those some sort of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have those some sort of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have those some sort of fixed
+fixed pictures which are just so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pictures which are just so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pictures which are just so I can't
+I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you
+so this is okay so this is the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is okay so this is the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is okay so this is the picture
+on the some sort of stationary picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the some sort of stationary picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the some sort of stationary picture
+on there on the earth I saw one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there on the earth I saw one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there on the earth I saw one of them
+up the other one was you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the other one was you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the other one was you see that the
+shift from one to the other and can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from one to the other and can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from one to the other and can see
+kind of frequency of how the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frequency of how the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frequency of how the energy
+shifts from one to the other and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts from one to the other and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts from one to the other and also
+you can see the frequency going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the frequency going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the frequency going up and
+down for the same exactly conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for the same exactly conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for the same exactly conditions
+this is now just a moment this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now just a moment this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now just a moment this is a
+Jupiter so Jupiter you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter so Jupiter you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter so Jupiter you see that the
+frequency itself is much higher and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency itself is much higher and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency itself is much higher and the
+energy transfer between the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer between the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer between the two things
+takes longer and on the moon however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer and on the moon however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer and on the moon however the
+oscillations actually look really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations actually look really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations actually look really weird
+this is example of one of them is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is example of one of them is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is example of one of them is it's
+kind of you know you the two frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know you the two frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know you the two frequencies
+are so far away and that it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far away and that it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far away and that it's really not
+even a nice nice oscillatory motion some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a nice nice oscillatory motion some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a nice nice oscillatory motion some
+sort of you know it's much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know it's much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know it's much much more
+much less obvious that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less obvious that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less obvious that this is a
+superposition of two cosines because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two cosines because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of two cosines because
+they are kind of exactly out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are kind of exactly out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are kind of exactly out of phase
+etcetera so the motions is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera so the motions is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera so the motions is kind of
+complicated anyway so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anyway so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anyway so this is the
+actually so the lesson is that the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so the lesson is that the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so the lesson is that the exact
+shape the exact the motion we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the exact the motion we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the exact the motion we know that
+can always be decomposed into simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always be decomposed into simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always be decomposed into simple
+motions if you put them together things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions if you put them together things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions if you put them together things
+may get really interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get really interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get really interesting and
+complicated depending on that on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated depending on that on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated depending on that on what
+what sort of frequencies we are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of frequencies we are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of frequencies we are running
+and what sort of you know what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what sort of you know what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what sort of you know what sort of
+initial conditions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions we have
+all right yes any questions yes one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes any questions yes one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes any questions yes one of
+them actually the 100 on the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually the 100 on the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually the 100 on the difference
+almost doesn't matter what matters is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost doesn't matter what matters is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost doesn't matter what matters is is
+the frequency and how they move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and how they move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and how they move to the
+other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+all right let's just forget about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just forget about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just forget about it
+just keep it so let me now talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it so let me now talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it so let me now talk about
+this thing it's called beat phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's called beat phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's called beat phenomenal
+because when you look at the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you look at the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you look at the motion of
+one of those objects or the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those objects or the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those objects or the difference
+between them whatever there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them whatever there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them whatever there is something
+kind of interesting which which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting which which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting which which can be
+extracted for those equation let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted for those equation let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted for those equation let's look
+at these equations here let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these equations here let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these equations here let's look at
+mass one this is a mass one must oh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one this is a mass one must oh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one this is a mass one must oh so I
+can rewrite those solutions a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite those solutions a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite those solutions a little bit
+different way and so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and so what I want to do
+is I want to you see this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to you see this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to you see this is a
+difference of two cosines this is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two cosines this is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two cosines this is a sum
+of two cosines there are lots of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two cosines there are lots of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two cosines there are lots of neat
+trigonometrical identities which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometrical identities which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometrical identities which we can
+use so we just we do zero physics here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we just we do zero physics here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we just we do zero physics here
+we just rewrite the trigonometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just rewrite the trigonometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just rewrite the trigonometrical
+formulas so I do exactly this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so I do exactly this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so I do exactly this but I
+rewrite it I use for example some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it I use for example some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it I use for example some of you
+have a cosine alpha plus cosine beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine alpha plus cosine beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine alpha plus cosine beta is
+equal to two cosine is equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two cosine is equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two cosine is equal to two
+cosine alpha plus beta divided by two x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine alpha plus beta divided by two x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine alpha plus beta divided by two x
+cosine alpha minus beta divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine alpha minus beta divided by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine alpha minus beta divided by two
+right that's the trigonometric identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the trigonometric identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the trigonometric identity
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so let's just use this to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just use this to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just use this to write this
+down and what you get is X 1 X 1 of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what you get is X 1 X 1 of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what you get is X 1 X 1 of T is
+equal to minus X 0 sine of Omega 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus X 0 sine of Omega 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus X 0 sine of Omega 1 plus
+Omega 2 divided by 2 times sine Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 divided by 2 times sine Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 divided by 2 times sine Omega 1
+minus Omega 2 divided by 2 times T and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 divided by 2 times T and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 divided by 2 times T and X
+2 T is equal to X 0 some amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 T is equal to X 0 some amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 T is equal to X 0 some amplitude
+cosine Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by 2
+cosine Omega 1 minus Omega 2 so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 1 minus Omega 2 so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 1 minus Omega 2 so again we
+did zero physics here we just rewrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did zero physics here we just rewrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did zero physics here we just rewrote
+the simple trigonometric equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple trigonometric equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple trigonometric equations but
+what you see is something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is something interesting
+here so there is a we have doped those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there is a we have doped those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there is a we have doped those
+two frequencies which are playing a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies which are playing a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies which are playing a role
+and for example a Jupiter those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example a Jupiter those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example a Jupiter those two
+frequencies are actually very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are actually very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are actually very close to
+each other because everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because everything is
+dominated by the by the gravity and be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the by the gravity and be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the by the gravity and be a
+very weak spring so the Omega 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak spring so the Omega 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak spring so the Omega 1 and
+Omega 2 are actually very close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 are actually very close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 are actually very close to each
+other so this thing this term here kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this thing this term here kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this thing this term here kind
+of goes Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes Omega 1 plus Omega 2 divided by
+2 is like Omega right 100 plus 105
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is like Omega right 100 plus 105
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is like Omega right 100 plus 105
+divided by 2 is about 100 whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 is about 100 whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 is about 100 whereas this
+one here carries information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here carries information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here carries information about the
+difference of frequencies one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of frequencies one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of frequencies one hundred
+one hundred and two the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred and two the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred and two the difference is
+two which is very small so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is very small so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is very small so how would
+this look like so if you make a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like so if you make a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like so if you make a plot
+under some conditions you can let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the two frequencies are close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two frequencies are close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two frequencies are close to each
+other so if Omega 1 is close to Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if Omega 1 is close to Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if Omega 1 is close to Omega 2
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+oh my god one is 0.9 times Omega 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god one is 0.9 times Omega 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god one is 0.9 times Omega 2 right
+this is roughly what we have on earth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly what we have on earth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly what we have on earth in
+case of our our system here then Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of our our system here then Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of our our system here then Omega 1
+plus Omega 2 divided by 2 will be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega 2 divided by 2 will be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega 2 divided by 2 will be about
+0.95 Omega 1 we got 2 I think which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 Omega 1 we got 2 I think which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 Omega 1 we got 2 I think which is
+approximately equal to Omega 2 Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to Omega 2 Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to Omega 2 Omega 1
+and Omega 1 minus Omega 2 divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega 1 minus Omega 2 divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega 1 minus Omega 2 divided by 2
+will be about minus 0.05 times Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about minus 0.05 times Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about minus 0.05 times Omega
+much much smaller than that how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller than that how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller than that how can we
+see so we have a so this term here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we have a so this term here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we have a so this term here it
+basically oscillates at the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oscillates at the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oscillates at the frequency of
+Omega of frequency of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of frequency of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of frequency of individual
+pendulum and the other term is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and the other term is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and the other term is much much
+smaller how does this look well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller how does this look well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller how does this look well it turns
+out that if you make a sketch of this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you make a sketch of this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you make a sketch of this if
+you do a science for example it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a science for example it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a science for example it looks
+like this ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this ok so
+there are in fact two you can when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in fact two you can when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in fact two you can when you
+look at this picture you can see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this picture you can see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this picture you can see two
+frequencies one which is clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies one which is clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies one which is clearly a
+sauced elation of the high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauced elation of the high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauced elation of the high frequency
+oscillation of things moving up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of things moving up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of things moving up and down
+but there's also this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also this kind of
+overarching frequency of much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching frequency of much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching frequency of much smaller
+frequency and this is what corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is what corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is what corresponds
+to a difference of two things so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a difference of two things so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a difference of two things so in a
+sense you have if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have if you look at this
+formula here you have oscillation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here you have oscillation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here you have oscillation which
+is happening very quickly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening very quickly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening very quickly with the
+typical oscillation of the system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical oscillation of the system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical oscillation of the system but
+this is like a modulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a modulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a modulation of the
+amplitude so the amplitude of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so the amplitude of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so the amplitude of the signal
+is changing and this is what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and this is what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and this is what you see
+here this is exactly the picture out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is exactly the picture out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is exactly the picture out
+there so you have a so the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have a so the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have a so the system
+oscillates so one of those pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates so one of those pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates so one of those pendula
+either either of them it's moving fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either of them it's moving fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either of them it's moving fast
+but it's going faster its amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going faster its amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going faster its amplitude is
+larger and after some time it slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and after some time it slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and after some time it slows down
+to zero goes higher and slows down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero goes higher and slows down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero goes higher and slows down to
+zero and you've seen this we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you've seen this we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you've seen this we can do it
+again here that both of them are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here that both of them are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here that both of them are still
+ated roughly same frequency but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated roughly same frequency but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated roughly same frequency but their
+individual amplitudes are changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amplitudes are changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amplitudes are changing and
+this transmission of you know the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transmission of you know the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transmission of you know the small
+one of them moving full-blast the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them moving full-blast the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them moving full-blast the other
+one full-blast there's this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one full-blast there's this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one full-blast there's this kind of
+frequency of energy moving from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of energy moving from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of energy moving from one to
+the other which is which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which is which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which is which is something
+called beat this is a beat system beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beat this is a beat system beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beat this is a beat system beat
+phenomenon somehow that energy is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon somehow that energy is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon somehow that energy is moving
+from one place to another and we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to another and we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to another and we can we
+can have some demonstration or have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some demonstration or have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some demonstration or have the
+how this happened so we see this here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this happened so we see this here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this happened so we see this here we
+see it on the on the pendula we saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the on the pendula we saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the on the pendula we saw it
+on a computer simulation but now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer simulation but now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer simulation but now what we
+are going to do is we are going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do is we are going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do is we are going to try
+to hear it alright so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it alright so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it alright so this is the
+demonstration which maybe it works maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration which maybe it works maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration which maybe it works maybe
+not so but so let me it will work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so but so let me it will work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so but so let me it will work okay
+so let me explain what we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me explain what we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me explain what we have so we
+have two speakers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two speakers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two speakers and they
+basically go on the on very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go on the on very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go on the on very very similar
+frequencies right so they both work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies right so they both work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies right so they both work at
+at similar frequencies and so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at similar frequencies and so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at similar frequencies and so when I
+switch them well you should hear hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them well you should hear hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them well you should hear hear
+the sound okay so this is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound okay so this is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound okay so this is the frequency
+I believe it's just one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it's just one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it's just one of them is
+working and you know this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and you know this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and you know this is just one
+pendulum this is going and only given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum this is going and only given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum this is going and only given
+given the frequencies right then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the frequencies right then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the frequencies right then I'll
+switch a second loudspeaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right this is that this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is that this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is that this is not the
+frequency of the original sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the original sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the original sound
+the loudness of the sound overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loudness of the sound overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loudness of the sound overall is
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is pastor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pastor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pastor
+this kind of extra extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of extra extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of extra extra
+sound what you hear it's that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound what you hear it's that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound what you hear it's that it's the
+difference of of magnet the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of of magnet the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of of magnet the frequency is
+not stable here's what changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is again this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is again this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is again this is a single
+one perfectly constant frequency no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one perfectly constant frequency no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one perfectly constant frequency no
+change in amplitude no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in amplitude no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in amplitude no change in
+loudness put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness put them together
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right that's what that's what they do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what that's what they do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what that's what they do so
+if you have to and and I can adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to and and I can adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to and and I can adjust the
+frequency and if the frequencies close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and if the frequencies close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and if the frequencies close
+then this frequency of changing is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this frequency of changing is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this frequency of changing is very
+slow so you can actually hear it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so you can actually hear it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so you can actually hear it you
+know if you switch it off so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you switch it off so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you switch it off so this is a
+factor of beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of beats
+I can maybe show you another simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can maybe show you another simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can maybe show you another simulation
+of how this works let's see this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a second let's see what this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second let's see what this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second let's see what this okay
+so this is a this is just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is just a single
+frequency okay again I have some plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay again I have some plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay again I have some plots
+on pendulum then I can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pendulum then I can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pendulum then I can plot
+sorry no this one is this I can okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no this one is this I can okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no this one is this I can okay
+what is plotted here okay maybe what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is plotted here okay maybe what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is plotted here okay maybe what we
+can see so there's a red one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see so there's a red one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see so there's a red one and this
+blue one and I plot two plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue one and I plot two plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue one and I plot two plots
+independently on top of each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on top of each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on top of each other so
+they have amplitude of one and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have amplitude of one and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have amplitude of one and clearly
+you see that they have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they have a different
+frequency so the red one is going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so the red one is going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so the red one is going with
+some frequency that blue one's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency that blue one's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency that blue one's going
+some other frequency sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other frequency sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other frequency sometimes they
+agree sometime sometimes they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree sometime sometimes they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree sometime sometimes they do not
+agree right and the places where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree right and the places where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree right and the places where they
+meet they're on top of each other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet they're on top of each other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet they're on top of each other this
+is where the when you add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the when you add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the when you add them up
+together this is where they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is where they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is where they will be
+large in the places where they are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the places where they are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the places where they are out
+of phase they will cancel each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase they will cancel each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase they will cancel each other so
+if you could if you take two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could if you take two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could if you take two of those
+together same amplitude just slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together same amplitude just slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together same amplitude just slightly
+different frequency you will and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency you will and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency you will and you
+simply make a linear linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition of the two you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the two you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the two you will get
+exactly the beating effect so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the beating effect so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the beating effect so I just
+took two of those pictures before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two of those pictures before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two of those pictures before I
+added them together and you got exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added them together and you got exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added them together and you got exactly
+that you have a maximum minima cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a maximum minima cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a maximum minima cetera
+and you see this overall beat frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this overall beat frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this overall beat frequency
+and the courrier it's called car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the courrier it's called car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the courrier it's called car
+your frequency and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frequency and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frequency and this is something
+that again happens happens very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again happens happens very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again happens happens very often
+there's another demonstration here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another demonstration here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another demonstration here I
+have two tuning forks and they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two tuning forks and they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two tuning forks and they are they
+have very similar frequency so one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar frequency so one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar frequency so one can
+so first I will show you that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I will show you that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I will show you that they are
+coupled they are coupled because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled they are coupled because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled they are coupled because you
+know I can I gave this guy some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can I gave this guy some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can I gave this guy some initial
+condition it's going then I stopped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it's going then I stopped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it's going then I stopped it
+but there is still sound because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is still sound because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is still sound because the
+second one picked up some energy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one picked up some energy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one picked up some energy and it
+took off of course you don't see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off of course you don't see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off of course you don't see them
+but so basically what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so basically what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so basically what I'm saying is that
+I give this energy this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give this energy this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give this energy this one is
+completely stationary now energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stationary now energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stationary now energy is
+slowly moving to the other one I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving to the other one I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving to the other one I stopped
+this guy and this guy still going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and this guy still going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and this guy still going and
+you can so the energy is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so the energy is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so the energy is being
+transferred by this air oscillating here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred by this air oscillating here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred by this air oscillating here
+the coupling goes through the air to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling goes through the air to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling goes through the air to the
+sound here right and they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound here right and they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound here right and they have very
+similar frequency so they can nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar frequency so they can nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar frequency so they can nicely
+coupled okay but what we can also do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled okay but what we can also do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled okay but what we can also do we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right so they're both going they're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're both going they're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're both going they're here
+on the beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not really in fact if they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really in fact if they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really in fact if they would have
+exactly identical frequency right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly identical frequency right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly identical frequency right if
+there will be perfectly the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be perfectly the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be perfectly the same then
+the difference would be zero and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference would be zero and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference would be zero and there
+will be no bits at all that the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no bits at all that the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be no bits at all that the period
+of bits will be infinitely long so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits will be infinitely long so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits will be infinitely long so it's
+like forever for us to hear anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forever for us to hear anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forever for us to hear anything so
+what we can do it can break one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do it can break one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do it can break one of them
+we can you know add some sort of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can you know add some sort of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can you know add some sort of weight
+somewhere here there's a magic place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here there's a magic place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here there's a magic place
+where it works best so what I will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it works best so what I will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it works best so what I will do is
+I will break this one I will modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will break this one I will modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will break this one I will modify it
+frequency that's another way to modify I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's another way to modify I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's another way to modify I
+don't have to go to Jupiter to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to Jupiter to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to Jupiter to modify
+frequency of this one I just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this one I just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this one I just add a
+little mass here right so cool it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass here right so cool it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass here right so cool it really
+is actually huge effect clearly see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually huge effect clearly see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually huge effect clearly see that
+they are going up and down up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going up and down up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going up and down up and down
+right because the frequency is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the frequency is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the frequency is slightly
+different so now this thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so now this thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so now this thing is it's
+probably I know it's a period a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I know it's a period a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I know it's a period a fraction
+of a second yes both time dependent yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second yes both time dependent yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second yes both time dependent yeah
+this is the first first thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first first thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first first thing and this
+is this time-dependent modulation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this time-dependent modulation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this time-dependent modulation yeah
+all right so so this is the this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this is the this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this is the this is how
+the so we were able to set up the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we were able to set up the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we were able to set up the system
+put in some sort of matrix equation kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some sort of matrix equation kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some sort of matrix equation kind
+of solved it found two frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solved it found two frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solved it found two frequencies
+etcetera there's one more one additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera there's one more one additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera there's one more one additional
+trick which you can do to to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which you can do to to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which you can do to to describe
+the motion of a couple pendulum and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of a couple pendulum and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of a couple pendulum and that
+is in a sense force mathematically force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense force mathematically force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense force mathematically force
+the normal modes some sort of early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal modes some sort of early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal modes some sort of early on
+to instead of so far when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instead of so far when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instead of so far when we talked
+about pendula we described their motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pendula we described their motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pendula we described their motion
+in terms of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of more
+of number one motion of number two turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number one motion of number two turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number one motion of number two turns
+out we can rewrite the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can rewrite the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can rewrite the equation
+introduce some sort of new variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some sort of new variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some sort of new variables
+where check out normal coordinates where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where check out normal coordinates where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where check out normal coordinates where
+you're simultaneously described both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're simultaneously described both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're simultaneously described both of
+them and and kind of mix them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and kind of mix them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and kind of mix them together
+to have a new formula just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a new formula just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a new formula just rewrite
+equation in terms of new variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of new variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of new variables so
+you do change of variables so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do change of variables so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do change of variables so instead of
+keeping track of x1 and x2 independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of x1 and x2 independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of x1 and x2 independently
+you define something which I call u 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define something which I call u 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define something which I call u 1
+which is simply X 1 plus X 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply X 1 plus X 2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply X 1 plus X 2 and I
+define u 2 which is X 1 minus X 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define u 2 which is X 1 minus X 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define u 2 which is X 1 minus X 2 so
+instead of talking about X 1 X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about X 1 X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about X 1 X 2
+independently I have a sum of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently I have a sum of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently I have a sum of them and
+difference why not write two variables I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why not write two variables I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference why not write two variables I
+can always go back and get X 1 and X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always go back and get X 1 and X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always go back and get X 1 and X 2
+if I want to so I tells me that u 1 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to so I tells me that u 1 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to so I tells me that u 1 is 1
+centimeter and u 2 is 2 centimeters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and u 2 is 2 centimeters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and u 2 is 2 centimeters I
+can always go get X 1 X 2 if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always go get X 1 X 2 if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always go get X 1 X 2 if I want
+right so I can do it if I turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can do it if I turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can do it if I turns out that
+if I plug those those variables in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plug those those variables in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plug those those variables in in
+other words I take the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I take the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I take the original
+equations which are conveniently erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are conveniently erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are conveniently erased
+and and make a sum or difference it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and make a sum or difference it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and make a sum or difference it
+turns out that this coupling kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this coupling kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this coupling kind of
+separates so I will end up having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates so I will end up having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates so I will end up having two
+separate equations for this one so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equations for this one so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equations for this one so for
+example the equation of motion would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the equation of motion would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the equation of motion would be
+would look like sigh let's say I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like sigh let's say I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like sigh let's say I can
+write down M X 1 plus X 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down M X 1 plus X 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down M X 1 plus X 2 is equal to
+minus M G over L times X 1 plus X 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M G over L times X 1 plus X 2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M G over L times X 1 plus X 2 okay
+this is when I add two equations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when I add two equations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when I add two equations and the
+other equation I do when I subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equation I do when I subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equation I do when I subtract them
+minus X 2 is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X 2 is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X 2 is equal to minus
+and G over L plus two K x1 minus x2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G over L plus two K x1 minus x2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G over L plus two K x1 minus x2 you
+think that's what is coming out so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what is coming out so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what is coming out so if I
+add and subtract the two original motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract the two original motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract the two original motion
+equations of motion which as I have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion which as I have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion which as I have them
+somewhere and you can look back then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you can look back then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you can look back then you
+end up having those cross terms drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having those cross terms drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having those cross terms drop out
+and you have one which is has only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one which is has only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one which is has only this
+coefficient the other one which has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the other one which has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the other one which has that
+coefficient and so and this immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so and this immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so and this immediately
+and it looks if I now write it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks if I now write it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks if I now write it in terms
+of normal coordinates then I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal coordinates then I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal coordinates then I have that
+mu1 double dot is equal to simply minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 double dot is equal to simply minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 double dot is equal to simply minus
+M G over L u 1 and M u 2 double dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M G over L u 1 and M u 2 double dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M G over L u 1 and M u 2 double dot is
+equal to minus M G over L plus 2 K times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus M G over L plus 2 K times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus M G over L plus 2 K times
+u 2 and if you look at those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 2 and if you look at those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 2 and if you look at those two
+equations it turns out that they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it turns out that they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it turns out that they are not
+coupled each of them is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled each of them is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled each of them is you know
+equation of a one dimensional harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a one dimensional harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a one dimensional harmonic
+oscillator depends the first one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator depends the first one only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator depends the first one only
+depends on u one the second one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on u one the second one only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on u one the second one only
+depends on Yuto and and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Yuto and and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Yuto and and you can see the
+oscillating frequency with your own eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency with your own eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating frequency with your own eyes
+so know the terminals needed no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so know the terminals needed no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so know the terminals needed no
+mattresses no nothing we just other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattresses no nothing we just other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattresses no nothing we just other than
+subtracted two equations and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted two equations and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted two equations and things
+magically separated all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically separated all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically separated all right
+so by so sometimes especially in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by so sometimes especially in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by so sometimes especially in case of
+very simple and symmetric systems if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and symmetric systems if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and symmetric systems if you
+introduce new variables you can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new variables you can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new variables you can simplify
+your life tremendously and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life tremendously and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life tremendously and these are
+called normal normal variables normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called normal normal variables normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called normal normal variables normal
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out that you can always do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can always do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you can always do that
+so you can always have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always have a linear
+combination of partners for arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of partners for arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of partners for arbitrary
+size coupled oscillator system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size coupled oscillator system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size coupled oscillator system where you
+combine different different coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine different different coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine different different coordinates
+and you basically force the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically force the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically force the system to
+behave in in the way in which in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in in the way in which in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in in the way in which in which
+it induces the single single oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it induces the single single oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it induces the single single oscillation
+single frequency so this is a very again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frequency so this is a very again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frequency so this is a very again
+a very powerful trick but usually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful trick but usually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful trick but usually for
+most cases you can do that only after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases you can do that only after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases you can do that only after
+you have solved it after you've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have solved it after you've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have solved it after you've found
+out normal modes so after you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out normal modes so after you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out normal modes so after you know
+you're in normal mode things a hike and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in normal mode things a hike and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in normal mode things a hike and
+I can write a simple I can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write a simple I can introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write a simple I can introduce
+normal variables and make things simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal variables and make things simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal variables and make things simpler
+but at the end of the day for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day for
+complicated systems that the work is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated systems that the work is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated systems that the work is the
+same but for simple systems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but for simple systems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but for simple systems like this
+one in K where there is a good symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in K where there is a good symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in K where there is a good symmetry
+you can do it much soon anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it much soon anyway so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it much soon anyway so I
+think we are done for today and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are done for today and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are done for today and on
+Tuesday we'll continue with forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we'll continue with forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we'll continue with forced
+oscillators alright thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I2K5WnG_TLs.txt b/I2K5WnG_TLs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6251a27434b6e7f4fdf6830c92fe8872776fc276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I2K5WnG_TLs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so today's lecture is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so today's lecture is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so today's lecture is on
+transit service reliability this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit service reliability this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit service reliability this is my
+penultimate lecture because so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate lecture because so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate lecture because so let's
+start out with what is reliable tensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with what is reliable tensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with what is reliable tensed
+for you what do you think does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what do you think does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what do you think does it mean
+for you okay little variance oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay little variance oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay little variance oh yeah
+there's a word for that comes roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word for that comes roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word for that comes roughly
+right so let's ease that just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's ease that just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's ease that just because
+it's like life of disruptions so service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you kind of got it two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of got it two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of got it two of them
+disruptions is one of them you said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions is one of them you said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions is one of them you said the
+same service right so I guess pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same service right so I guess pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same service right so I guess pretty
+ability great other reason the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability great other reason the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability great other reason the word
+legibility which is that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legibility which is that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legibility which is that you sort of
+know where strength is going it it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where strength is going it it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where strength is going it it makes
+sense you can call the legibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can call the legibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can call the legibility
+legibility okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and quality of the riotous how is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality of the riotous how is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality of the riotous how is your
+saying it's always possible you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's always possible you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's always possible you enter
+the car yeah so that includes sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car yeah so that includes sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car yeah so that includes sorts
+coverage which is spatial and also staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage which is spatial and also staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage which is spatial and also staff
+service right which is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's usually consistent are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's usually consistent are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's usually consistent are you
+thinking of particular example I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of particular example I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of particular example I think
+just like what places where it keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what places where it keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what places where it keeps the
+price keeps rising like okay I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good communication of fare policy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good communication of fare policy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good communication of fare policy that's
+a clear clear policy sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think we haven't worked in like paints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we haven't worked in like paints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we haven't worked in like paints
+headways the high frequency service in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways the high frequency service in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways the high frequency service in
+here sure so we get covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sure so we get covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sure so we get covered by
+punctuality right so but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuality right so but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuality right so but it's a little
+different we're doing a lot of other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're doing a lot of other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're doing a lot of other to
+think that's up that in so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's up that in so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's up that in so yeah you
+wouldn't say like short Hedwig's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say like short Hedwig's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say like short Hedwig's it's
+not reliability well of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reliability well of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reliability well of course we're
+actually expanding the traditional I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expanding the traditional I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expanding the traditional I
+think it's weeks yeah we have this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's weeks yeah we have this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's weeks yeah we have this I'm
+on filtering too much I'll because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on filtering too much I'll because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on filtering too much I'll because I
+guess is almost up here the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is almost up here the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is almost up here the the point
+that ones of the main is that welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ones of the main is that welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ones of the main is that welcome
+back to this and Electric Reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this and Electric Reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this and Electric Reliability
+means a lot of things to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot of things to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot of things to different
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+right so and doing all these things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and doing all these things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and doing all these things it
+can be difficult so we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be difficult so we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be difficult so we're gonna talk
+about some aspects we're gonna focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some aspects we're gonna focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some aspects we're gonna focus
+more on punctuality back at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on punctuality back at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on punctuality back at the start
+the freshens predictability we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freshens predictability we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freshens predictability we'll talk
+about how many quality consistent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many quality consistent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many quality consistent that
+has to do with even headways we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with even headways we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with even headways we're not
+going to talk so much about fair policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk so much about fair policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk so much about fair policy
+or coverage or service or ability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or coverage or service or ability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or coverage or service or ability all
+right so right so impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right so impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right so impacts of
+unreliability the causes of reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability the causes of reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability the causes of reliability
+how to measure our reliability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure our reliability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure our reliability or
+reliability and then real-time control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and then real-time control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and then real-time control
+strategies we've mentioned some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies we've mentioned some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies we've mentioned some of these
+topics before and now let's focus on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics before and now let's focus on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics before and now let's focus on all
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+okay so concentrated impacts now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so concentrated impacts now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so concentrated impacts now what
+happens when sir is unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when sir is unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when sir is unreliable
+we have longer waiting times right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have longer waiting times right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have longer waiting times right we
+have the need to have a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the need to have a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the need to have a longer
+reliability buffer so what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer so what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer so what we talked
+about reliability buffer before in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reliability buffer before in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reliability buffer before in this
+course no thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course no thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course no thanks
+so if a journey if your trip to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a journey if your trip to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a journey if your trip to we're
+gonna talk more about it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk more about it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk more about it later
+I will here but if you're a trip too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know that running times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know that running times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know that running times are
+sagacity right so distribution of run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagacity right so distribution of run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagacity right so distribution of run
+times so this is frying time or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so this is frying time or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so this is frying time or in this
+case during time and this is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case during time and this is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case during time and this is it's a
+probability right so the schedule has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so the schedule has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so the schedule has to
+have a single atomistic value and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single atomistic value and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single atomistic value and you
+can go to your journey planner and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to your journey planner and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to your journey planner and it
+will say your journey takes this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say your journey takes this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say your journey takes this long
+you walk this much time you wait this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk this much time you wait this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk this much time you wait this
+much time you're right at this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time you're right at this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time you're right at this time so
+you add those components up specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add those components up specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add those components up specific
+that's a specific plan maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific plan maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific plan maybe maybe
+medium so if service is reliable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so if service is reliable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so if service is reliable then
+there's little variants in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little variants in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little variants in this
+distribution correct so you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't have much of another color game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much of another color game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much of another color game
+that doesn't work so well maybe so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work so well maybe so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work so well maybe so you
+might have one distribution order means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have one distribution order means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have one distribution order means
+that it has lower variance and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has lower variance and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has lower variance and and
+therefore you need to budget less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you need to budget less time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you need to budget less time
+to make your trip and the right one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your trip and the right one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your trip and the right one time
+correct so to the extent that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so to the extent that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so to the extent that the
+waiting is variable or your enviable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting is variable or your enviable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting is variable or your enviable
+time is variable then if you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is variable then if you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is variable then if you need to be
+at work or at school at 9:00 a.m. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work or at school at 9:00 a.m. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work or at school at 9:00 a.m. that
+means that even if on average it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that even if on average it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that even if on average it takes
+half an hour you might have to budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour you might have to budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour you might have to budget
+for 45 minutes so the X for 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 minutes so the X for 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 minutes so the X for 15 minutes
+of time that you budget that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that you budget that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that you budget that's called
+reliability buffer and people is a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer and people is a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer and people is a cost
+right if you could monetize it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you could monetize it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you could monetize it if you
+wanted to it means that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to it means that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to it means that people are
+budgeting and in some cases wasting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting and in some cases wasting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting and in some cases wasting that
+time and we want to decrease that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we want to decrease that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we want to decrease that so the
+need for your time reliability buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for your time reliability buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for your time reliability buffer
+higher loads so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher loads so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher loads so that means
+of course that be able to more people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that be able to more people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that be able to more people in
+them and therefore rides are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and therefore rides are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and therefore rides are more
+uncomfortable for passengers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable for passengers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable for passengers and they
+are also slower because be able it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also slower because be able it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also slower because be able it's
+more people in it the bus sells more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people in it the bus sells more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people in it the bus sells more
+often and the dwell process is slow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and the dwell process is slow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and the dwell process is slow we
+know that from earlier lectures we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from earlier lectures we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from earlier lectures we know
+from from random incidents that from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from random incidents that from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from random incidents that from a
+passenger perspective the customers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger perspective the customers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger perspective the customers will
+experience more crowded vehicles because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more crowded vehicles because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more crowded vehicles because
+they are more likely to board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are more likely to board the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are more likely to board the
+vehicle where there are more people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle where there are more people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle where there are more people at
+it right it's a little bit of a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's a little bit of a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's a little bit of a chicken
+and egg problem so even if on average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg problem so even if on average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg problem so even if on average or
+all the vehicles your loads are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vehicles your loads are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vehicles your loads are right
+where they should be most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they should be most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they should be most people are
+going to be on the more crowded vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the more crowded vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the more crowded vehicles
+so that's a bad thing in terms of agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bad thing in terms of agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bad thing in terms of agency
+impacts can increase cost making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts can increase cost making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts can increase cost making for
+example you need a longer recovery time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you need a longer recovery time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you need a longer recovery time
+of the terminal and therefore you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terminal and therefore you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terminal and therefore you know
+that translates to higher vehicle costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates to higher vehicle costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates to higher vehicle costs
+higher crew costs reduced ridership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher crew costs reduced ridership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher crew costs reduced ridership and
+revenue reduced operator morale but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue reduced operator morale but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue reduced operator morale but a
+public and political problem what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and political problem what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and political problem what do
+they mean by that what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by that what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by that what happens when
+public transportation is unreliable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation is unreliable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation is unreliable in
+terms of politics publication shortens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of politics publication shortens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of politics publication shortens
+that creates pressure the forces against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates pressure the forces against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates pressure the forces against
+public transportation sure so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation sure so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation sure so yeah so
+there's a funding and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funding and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funding and we'll talk more
+about this in the last two lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the last two lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the last two lectures so
+when when public transportation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when public transportation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when public transportation is
+unreliable sometimes governments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable sometimes governments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable sometimes governments are
+hesitant or the public may be hesitant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant or the public may be hesitant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant or the public may be hesitant
+to fund it more before they fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund it more before they fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund it more before they fix the
+problems right but fixing the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right but fixing the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right but fixing the problems
+might require some resources so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might require some resources so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might require some resources so it's a
+vicious cycle and then reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious cycle and then reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious cycle and then reduce the
+effective capacity and we'll show a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective capacity and we'll show a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective capacity and we'll show a real
+example here in Boston of that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here in Boston of that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here in Boston of that right so
+what causes this we could divide call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes this we could divide call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes this we could divide call
+system to external and internal causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to external and internal causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to external and internal causes
+external causes traffic demands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external causes traffic demands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external causes traffic demands and
+variability in particular incidents so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in particular incidents so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in particular incidents so a
+passenger might get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger might get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger might get sick
+these things are external they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are external they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are external they didn't
+see nodes that they could happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nodes that they could happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nodes that they could happen but
+there's not much you can do about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can do about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can do about them
+internal causes are in the control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal causes are in the control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal causes are in the control of
+the agency at least a little more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency at least a little more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency at least a little more so
+equipment failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment failure
+that's something that agency owns maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that agency owns maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that agency owns maybe
+it can't predict exactly when it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't predict exactly when it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't predict exactly when it will
+happen but it's some preventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it's some preventive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it's some preventive
+maintenance they could reduce the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance they could reduce the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance they could reduce the chance
+of this happening insufficient resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this happening insufficient resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this happening insufficient resources
+poor operations by lack of sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor operations by lack of sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor operations by lack of sufficient
+controlling human driver behavior what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling human driver behavior what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling human driver behavior what
+do I mean by human driver behavior how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by human driver behavior how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by human driver behavior how
+does that cause unreliability and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that cause unreliability and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that cause unreliability and the
+way that a driver drives can vary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that a driver drives can vary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that a driver drives can vary that
+effect run time or maybe some are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect run time or maybe some are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect run time or maybe some are more
+aggressive in somewhere yes some drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive in somewhere yes some drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive in somewhere yes some drivers
+are slowly mirtha fast and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slowly mirtha fast and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slowly mirtha fast and if you're
+running half you're gonna see service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running half you're gonna see service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running half you're gonna see service
+little bunch up and that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bunch up and that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bunch up and that could be a
+little cause of bunching or maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cause of bunching or maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cause of bunching or maybe not
+the fast driver is know and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast driver is know and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast driver is know and running
+early we're rolling along heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early we're rolling along heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early we're rolling along heavily
+service early and that's really not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service early and that's really not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service early and that's really not for
+waiting thing that's we'll see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting thing that's we'll see okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting thing that's we'll see okay so
+we look at it if we think about transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at it if we think about transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at it if we think about transit
+the whole process of planning it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole process of planning it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole process of planning it and
+delivering it as if it were a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering it as if it were a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering it as if it were a business
+process we know that we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we know that we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we know that we start with
+service planning and move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning and move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning and move on to
+operations planning and then actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning and then actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning and then actual
+operations and that each of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and that each of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and that each of these things
+are sort of the output of one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the output of one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the output of one is the
+inputs the next process and so forth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the next process and so forth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the next process and so forth the
+input to service policy among them or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to service policy among them or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to service policy among them or is
+demand estimation then we bring in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand estimation then we bring in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand estimation then we bring in sort
+of analysis of models for vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis of models for vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis of models for vehicle
+scheduling and crew scheduling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling and crew scheduling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling and crew scheduling and
+during operations to service control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during operations to service control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during operations to service control
+we'll talk about service control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about service control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about service control
+real-time control - as an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time control - as an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time control - as an input to
+operations to make them more reliable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to make them more reliable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to make them more reliable so
+there's also a feedback loop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a feedback loop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a feedback loop right
+because passengers might complain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because passengers might complain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because passengers might complain or
+somehow you have data collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have data collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have data collecting
+information on performance and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on performance and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on performance and you can
+take that back to service planning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that back to service planning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that back to service planning or
+operations planning or you could modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning or you could modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning or you could modify
+your service control to change the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your service control to change the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your service control to change the cycle
+and here we have a little different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a little different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a little different for
+the key agents in each of these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key agents in each of these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key agents in each of these steps
+right so if transit agency management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if transit agency management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if transit agency management
+mostly taking care of service policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly taking care of service policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly taking care of service policy
+then you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have some
+operation planning stuff taking care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation planning stuff taking care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation planning stuff taking care of
+operations planning and then actual for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning and then actual for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations planning and then actual for
+drivers and its factors in the field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and its factors in the field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and its factors in the field so
+I guess one thing to take away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one thing to take away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess one thing to take away from this
+is that there are many decisions across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are many decisions across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are many decisions across
+all of this process that affects and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this process that affects and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this process that affects and you
+can't really have reliable service if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really have reliable service if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really have reliable service if
+you there's many places where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's many places where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's many places where you could
+cause unreliability one of them might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause unreliability one of them might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause unreliability one of them might be
+your vehicle's breakdown right so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vehicle's breakdown right so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vehicle's breakdown right so no
+matter what you do if your fleet is bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do if your fleet is bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do if your fleet is bold
+and having difficulty of maintenance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having difficulty of maintenance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having difficulty of maintenance you
+might have the best service control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the best service control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the best service control
+policies and all these supervision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and all these supervision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and all these supervision you
+in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+and you still have unreliable service so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still have unreliable service so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still have unreliable service so
+it's a hard problem right so it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard problem right so it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard problem right so it used to
+be very hard actually because well too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very hard actually because well too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very hard actually because well too
+much for reliability you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for reliability you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for reliability you need to make
+sure the variability and things right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the variability and things right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the variability and things right so
+you know from data collection that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from data collection that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from data collection that if
+you want to measure the mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure the mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure the mean you can
+calculate your sample size measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate your sample size measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate your sample size measuring the
+variance of something requires an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of something requires an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of something requires an even
+greater data collection effort so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater data collection effort so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater data collection effort so things
+happen a lot easier with technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen a lot easier with technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen a lot easier with technology and
+so we know that we have several data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that we have several data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that we have several data
+collection systems a PLA of CA C that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection systems a PLA of CA C that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection systems a PLA of CA C that
+makes it a lot easier and cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot easier and cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot easier and cheaper to
+measure of reliability we'll give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of reliability we'll give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of reliability we'll give some
+examples then we have scheduling systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples then we have scheduling systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples then we have scheduling systems
+which make it very easy to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make it very easy to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make it very easy to make an
+adjustment in the schedule if we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment in the schedule if we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment in the schedule if we see
+that we've not scheduled enough time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've not scheduled enough time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've not scheduled enough time for
+this bus we need to add some recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus we need to add some recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus we need to add some recovery
+time it's gonna increase the size they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's gonna increase the size they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's gonna increase the size they
+want with a program software social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with a program software social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with a program software social
+selling software you can do that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling software you can do that quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling software you can do that quickly
+and react and the best systems will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react and the best systems will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react and the best systems will
+actually read AVL data in and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read AVL data in and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read AVL data in and and you
+can you don't even have to manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you don't even have to manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you don't even have to manually
+analyze it you can sort of use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it you can sort of use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it you can sort of use the
+program to analyze it and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to analyze it and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to analyze it and the same
+program will help you schedule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will help you schedule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will help you schedule and then
+there's improved communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's improved communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's improved communications
+technology which makes it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which makes it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which makes it easy to
+communicate instructions Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate instructions Hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate instructions Hey
+the part a little later from the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part a little later from the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part a little later from the stock
+or from this terminal don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from this terminal don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from this terminal don't you know
+start running without passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running without passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running without passing
+and start operating in revenue service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start operating in revenue service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start operating in revenue service
+three stops down because we have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stops down because we have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stops down because we have a long
+gap so you may have heard you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap so you may have heard you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap so you may have heard you can't
+really sort of have control there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of have control there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of have control there were
+so many ways of things but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many ways of things but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many ways of things but you can't
+really sort of do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of do something about
+something until you measure it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until you measure it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until you measure it right so
+measuring it is important and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it is important and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it is important and we'll talk
+a little bit about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about performance
+reliability as a performance metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability as a performance metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability as a performance metric
+there different key performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different key performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different key performance
+indicators you could calculate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators you could calculate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators you could calculate for
+reliability and that's the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and that's the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and that's the first step
+you want to measure it and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure it and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure it and you want to
+be able to track your reliability for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to track your reliability for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to track your reliability for a
+particular routes or system-wide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular routes or system-wide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular routes or system-wide and
+then be able to it became the policy see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to it became the policy see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to it became the policy see
+what the effect is so one thing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the effect is so one thing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the effect is so one thing about it
+is it's not the only thing that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not the only thing that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not the only thing that matters
+reliability is important it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is important it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is important it would be a
+mistake not to measure it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake not to measure it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake not to measure it because you
+might have a very productive service but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a very productive service but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a very productive service but
+you might have all these problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have all these problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have all these problems that
+we identify it on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identify it on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identify it on the other hand if you
+put too much focus on reliability then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put too much focus on reliability then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put too much focus on reliability then
+it would come at a cost if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come at a cost if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come at a cost if you want to
+make your schedule very reliable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your schedule very reliable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your schedule very reliable then
+you can add a lot of recovery time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a lot of recovery time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a lot of recovery time right
+and you you could have many timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you could have many timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you could have many timing
+appointed so make the buses hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed so make the buses hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed so make the buses hold
+everywhere now the slow service down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now the slow service down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now the slow service down it
+would increase journey times even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase journey times even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase journey times even if
+they would be very predictable they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be very predictable they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be very predictable they
+would be very long and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very long and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very long and that could
+deteriorate service so we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorate service so we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorate service so we make a
+distinction between reliability and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between reliability and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between reliability and low
+frequency service and reliability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency service and reliability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency service and reliability and
+high frequency service what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency service what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency service what's the
+difference we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we've talked about the
+waiting strategies for low and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting strategies for low and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting strategies for low and high
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've talked a little several times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a little several times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a little several times but
+happens the difference between a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the difference between a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the difference between a service
+that runs every 20 minutes now sir is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs every 20 minutes now sir is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs every 20 minutes now sir is a
+run 35 minutes with regards to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run 35 minutes with regards to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run 35 minutes with regards to your
+strategy to take that service it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to take that service it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to take that service it's more
+frequent you can just walk up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent you can just walk up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent you can just walk up okay so
+it's high-frequency services walk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high-frequency services walk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high-frequency services walk up
+service right there oils tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right there oils tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right there oils tend to be
+random they actually have to be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they actually have to be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they actually have to be for the
+Sikh for this thing to be valid for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikh for this thing to be valid for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikh for this thing to be valid for this
+distinction to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to be valid
+they've has to be independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've has to be independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've has to be independent of the
+vehicle arrivals right so yes yes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle arrivals right so yes yes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle arrivals right so yes yes we'll
+mention that so with low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that so with low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that so with low frequency
+service most people will time their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service most people will time their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service most people will time their
+arrival that stops so that they are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival that stops so that they are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival that stops so that they are with
+the schedule right so if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule right so if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule right so if people are
+arriving on schedule and passengers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving on schedule and passengers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving on schedule and passengers are
+arriving on schedule people wait very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving on schedule people wait very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving on schedule people wait very
+little time and if there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time and if there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time and if there's very little
+variability in that if service is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in that if service is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in that if service is
+incredibly punctual people would show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly punctual people would show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly punctual people would show up
+the minute before and wait almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute before and wait almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute before and wait almost
+nothing right if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right if there's some
+variability then people have to add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability then people have to add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability then people have to add some
+delay ability button right so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay ability button right so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay ability button right so even
+though it says it's gonna comment 353
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it says it's gonna comment 353
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it says it's gonna comment 353
+you might have to get there 350 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to get there 350 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to get there 350 okay so
+so you then can set because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you then can set because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you then can set because you want to
+measure reliability and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure reliability and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure reliability and people
+especially in the US we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the US we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the US we call that
+on-time performance which is a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-time performance which is a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-time performance which is a long way
+of saying punctuality um you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying punctuality um you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying punctuality um you could have
+different with threshold windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with threshold windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with threshold windows and
+we've talked about performance measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about performance measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about performance measure
+measure me before we're just here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure me before we're just here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure me before we're just here we're
+going back to its specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to its specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to its specifically
+reliability one way would be to say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability one way would be to say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability one way would be to say any
+bus that departs the stuff between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus that departs the stuff between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus that departs the stuff between one
+minute early and five minutes late is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute early and five minutes late is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute early and five minutes late is on
+time and any bus outside of that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and any bus outside of that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and any bus outside of that window
+is not on time and then you say I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on time and then you say I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on time and then you say I am
+ninety percent reliable this bus leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent reliable this bus leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent reliable this bus leaves
+that stopped 90 percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stopped 90 percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stopped 90 percent of the time
+within that window and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that window and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that window and then you could
+have tighter windows you could say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tighter windows you could say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tighter windows you could say not
+early and up to three minutes late or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and up to three minutes late or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and up to three minutes late or
+not early and up to one literally of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not early and up to one literally of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not early and up to one literally of
+course what happens well let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what happens well let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what happens well let's start
+with the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first one
+what's wrong with the first one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the first one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the first one what's
+the different than the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different than the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different than the first
+you allow early departures what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow early departures what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow early departures what's what's
+bad about early departures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about early departures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about early departures
+you know a long headway service great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a long headway service great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a long headway service great so
+if people are really timing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are really timing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are really timing their
+arrival it stops according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival it stops according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival it stops according to the
+schedule and it's 20-minute Pettway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and it's 20-minute Pettway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and it's 20-minute Pettway
+service bus leaves early you're right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service bus leaves early you're right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service bus leaves early you're right I
+mean early it's really bad really man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean early it's really bad really man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean early it's really bad really man
+this thing is a little a real thing apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a little a real thing apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a little a real thing apps
+help with this but not everyone has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with this but not everyone has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with this but not everyone has one
+and if if service tends to be reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if service tends to be reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if service tends to be reliable
+and every now and then it isn't then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every now and then it isn't then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every now and then it isn't then
+people might still have you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might still have you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might still have you know they're
+you're trying to show up to work on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to show up to work on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to show up to work on time
+right so there's not much left to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's not much left to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's not much left to do
+unless there's a good warning ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a good warning ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a good warning ahead of
+time this bus is gonna come early you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this bus is gonna come early you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this bus is gonna come early you
+better be there so you have to rush to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be there so you have to rush to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be there so you have to rush to
+get ready okay what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready okay what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready okay what happens when you
+move so it's good to not allow early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so it's good to not allow early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so it's good to not allow early
+departures what happens when you move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures what happens when you move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures what happens when you move to
+tighter downs on the late side two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter downs on the late side two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter downs on the late side two
+things happen right order to meet it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen right order to meet it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen right order to meet it so
+it's harder to meet and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to meet and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to meet and that means that
+your reported reliability comes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reported reliability comes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reported reliability comes down so
+you can imagine internally a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine internally a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine internally a pressure
+and agencies who have a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agencies who have a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agencies who have a little more
+slack right to say that you have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack right to say that you have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack right to say that you have higher
+reliability what happens in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability what happens in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability what happens in terms of
+performance or in terms of to waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or in terms of to waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or in terms of to waiting
+time benefit for the passenger if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time benefit for the passenger if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time benefit for the passenger if the
+agency actually has a holding policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency actually has a holding policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency actually has a holding policy
+that prevents a bus from the partying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents a bus from the partying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents a bus from the partying
+late more than five minutes late when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late more than five minutes late when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late more than five minutes late when I
+was three minutes late more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three minutes late more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three minutes late more than one
+minute late from a stop in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute late from a stop in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute late from a stop in the middle
+with people inside of it what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people inside of it what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people inside of it what happens
+with he moved to tighter windows will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he moved to tighter windows will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he moved to tighter windows will be
+less lenient and I'm holding the bus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less lenient and I'm holding the bus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less lenient and I'm holding the bus for
+people running after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people running after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people running after it
+especially if you're right tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're right tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're right tighter
+window on the early side more golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window on the early side more golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window on the early side more golden
+like sorry yeah yes if you so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry yeah yes if you so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry yeah yes if you so how do you
+make the bus not be late what saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the bus not be late what saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the bus not be late what saw
+strategy for that your schedule is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for that your schedule is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for that your schedule is more
+you don't schedule for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't schedule for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't schedule for me
+Yeah right he said over for some time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right he said over for some time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right he said over for some time so
+now it's easy he's okay if you placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy he's okay if you placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy he's okay if you placed
+schedule it for you know 80 percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it for you know 80 percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it for you know 80 percentile
+only 20% of those time will you be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 20% of those time will you be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 20% of those time will you be okay
+but what happens that means that 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens that means that 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens that means that 80% of
+the time you're arriving early so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you're arriving early so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you're arriving early so you
+have to hold so as you make that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hold so as you make that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hold so as you make that window
+tighter it means that you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter it means that you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter it means that you're probably
+gonna be setting your percentile higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be setting your percentile higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be setting your percentile higher
+and it means they'll be holding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means they'll be holding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means they'll be holding more
+often and slowing service down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and slowing service down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and slowing service down and
+holding is very frustrating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding is very frustrating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding is very frustrating for
+passengers please and holds always and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers please and holds always and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers please and holds always and
+for a long time okay so and in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time okay so and in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time okay so and in general I
+guess one other comment is like any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one other comment is like any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one other comment is like any kind
+of window especially on the later side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of window especially on the later side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of window especially on the later side
+the benefits of going from 5 to 3 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of going from 5 to 3 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of going from 5 to 3 to 1
+minutes are going to be marginal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes are going to be marginal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes are going to be marginal into
+the waiting and they can be substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting and they can be substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting and they can be substantial
+in terms of how often you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how often you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how often you'll have to
+hold it now slow so service will be I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it now slow so service will be I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it now slow so service will be I'm
+sorry why it's moving more often if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry why it's moving more often if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry why it's moving more often if you
+have a tighter window so so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tighter window so so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tighter window so so if you have
+a tighter window if your vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tighter window if your vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tighter window if your vehicle
+multi-part between 0 minutes early and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part between 0 minutes early and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part between 0 minutes early and 1
+plate it's a very tight window right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate it's a very tight window right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate it's a very tight window right so
+how can you guarantee about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you guarantee about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you guarantee about people
+departs that stop in the window you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departs that stop in the window you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departs that stop in the window you have
+to schedule it such that it has more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to schedule it such that it has more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to schedule it such that it has more of
+almost always arrives right you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always arrives right you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always arrives right you have to
+allow a lot of time on the schedule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a lot of time on the schedule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a lot of time on the schedule so
+that is what I've almost always that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what I've almost always that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what I've almost always that it
+can arrive and it's not arriving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arrive and it's not arriving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arrive and it's not arriving one
+minute late driven all right so your so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute late driven all right so your so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute late driven all right so your so
+that's please roll these until the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's please roll these until the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's please roll these until the late
+side by scheduling more time right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by scheduling more time right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by scheduling more time right and
+then what happens on the early side on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens on the early side on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens on the early side on
+the early side if you already early used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early side if you already early used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early side if you already early used
+you just sit you have to sit there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sit you have to sit there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just sit you have to sit there okay
+so in longhand we service or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in longhand we service or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in longhand we service or low
+frequency service there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency service there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency service there's a little
+interaction between successive people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between successive people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between successive people so
+bunching is not a normal thing so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunching is not a normal thing so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunching is not a normal thing so we'll
+talk about bunching in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bunching in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bunching in the context of
+high frequency service and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency service and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency service and then of
+course real-time information is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course real-time information is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course real-time information is changing
+this so now you have an app and your app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you have an app and your app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you have an app and your app
+you know as you're doing your breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you're doing your breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you're doing your breakfast
+the phone vibrates and says here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone vibrates and says here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone vibrates and says here's the
+time given I'm pretty at the time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given I'm pretty at the time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given I'm pretty at the time so you
+rush right maybe you'll have maybe it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush right maybe you'll have maybe it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush right maybe you'll have maybe it'll
+skip something on breakfast or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip something on breakfast or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip something on breakfast or I don't
+know so that is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that is very important
+understood from a research standpoint we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from a research standpoint we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from a research standpoint we
+don't really know how exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how exactly that
+happens how many what percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens how many what percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens how many what percentage of
+people are actually changing when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually changing when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually changing when they
+would arrive based on the app and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would arrive based on the app and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would arrive based on the app and we
+don't really know what the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what the implications
+are because you can't just say imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because you can't just say imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because you can't just say imagine
+that everybody has an app and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody has an app and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody has an app and everybody
+use the app okay so and you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the app okay so and you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the app okay so and you're running
+20 minute we service now you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minute we service now you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minute we service now you say well
+everybody is she's gonna show up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is she's gonna show up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is she's gonna show up the
+time they were able to stop right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were able to stop right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were able to stop right so
+let's not worry at all about reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry at all about reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry at all about reliability
+it doesn't matter when vehicles come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter when vehicles come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter when vehicles come
+because people know that they time their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people know that they time their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people know that they time their
+arrivals so now we can speed up service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals so now we can speed up service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals so now we can speed up service
+but there is some sense of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some sense of convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some sense of convenience
+of knowing that it runs every 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowing that it runs every 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowing that it runs every 20 minutes
+the availability of service and every 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability of service and every 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability of service and every 20
+minutes is a factor that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is a factor that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is a factor that wouldn't be
+considered if you did that right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered if you did that right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered if you did that right so so
+so in some way it is still important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way it is still important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way it is still important
+even people can find the right stop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people can find the right stop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people can find the right stop to
+keep service scheduled when it's long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep service scheduled when it's long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep service scheduled when it's long
+halfway and we don't really how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and we don't really how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and we don't really how do you
+measure that how do you quantify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that how do you quantify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that how do you quantify that
+convenience coverage all questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience coverage all questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience coverage all questions for
+researchers so is there like for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers so is there like for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers so is there like for this
+for this time window if they're like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time window if they're like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time window if they're like are
+define threshold the fun was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define threshold the fun was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define threshold the fun was something
+that is that you very tight time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you very tight time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you very tight time frame
+like medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when does it matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when does it matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when does it matter because
+obviously tithe is different in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously tithe is different in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously tithe is different in the
+mornings that decisions for up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mornings that decisions for up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mornings that decisions for up to the
+agency ranks up yeah and usually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency ranks up yeah and usually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency ranks up yeah and usually there's
+a trade-off where you want to set a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off where you want to set a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off where you want to set a goal
+that is attainable you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is attainable you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is attainable you don't want to be
+reporting thirty percent reliability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting thirty percent reliability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting thirty percent reliability so
+it's a bar that moves according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bar that moves according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bar that moves according to the
+abilities of the agency actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities of the agency actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities of the agency actually what
+happens in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in practice
+okay let's there are no more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's there are no more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's there are no more questions
+on low frequency service let's move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on low frequency service let's move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on low frequency service let's move to
+higher agency service a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher agency service a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher agency service a little more
+interesting so what do you think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what do you think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what do you think that is
+a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point
+he said depends which country you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said depends which country you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said depends which country you're in
+that's how it was a very legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it was a very legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it was a very legitimate
+observation so it's not just us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so it's not just us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so it's not just us and
+non-us it's as much to see so here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-us it's as much to see so here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-us it's as much to see so here in
+the US here in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US here in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US here in Boston
+what would you consider to be high if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be high if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be high if
+it's if it's 12 minutes the you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's 12 minutes the you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's 12 minutes the you look at
+the schedule yeah okay all right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule yeah okay all right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule yeah okay all right to
+divide so it's 15 if I just open up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so it's 15 if I just open up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so it's 15 if I just open up to
+16 and 17 so yeah off some sums agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and 17 so yeah off some sums agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and 17 so yeah off some sums agency
+say 15 in London I think it's 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 15 in London I think it's 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 15 in London I think it's 12
+you know if you go to Chile and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go to Chile and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go to Chile and you say
+that you're running ten minutes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're running ten minutes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're running ten minutes they
+think of that long very long because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that long very long because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that long very long because
+they have buses that run every minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have buses that run every minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have buses that run every minute so
+that's high frequency and seven minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's high frequency and seven minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's high frequency and seven minutes
+as long people see that sort of for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long people see that sort of for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long people see that sort of for you
+see so so it's a that's a distinction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so so it's a that's a distinction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so so it's a that's a distinction at
+least from an Operations standpoint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from an Operations standpoint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from an Operations standpoint that
+people mean differently in every country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mean differently in every country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mean differently in every country
+but in terms of waiting time strategy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of waiting time strategy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of waiting time strategy I
+think it still holds that it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it still holds that it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it still holds that it's somewhere
+between 10 and 15 maybe between 8 and 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 15 maybe between 8 and 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 15 maybe between 8 and 15
+we don't know obviously there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know obviously there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know obviously there's a
+continuum right some people it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum right some people it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum right some people it's
+something everybody switches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something everybody switches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something everybody switches that
+exactly some threshold depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly some threshold depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly some threshold depends on the
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+what technology they have and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technology they have and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technology they have and what
+serves are taking between those days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves are taking between those days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves are taking between those days and
+15 minutes or even 12 minutes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or even 12 minutes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or even 12 minutes there's
+going to be a transition from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a transition from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a transition from one
+strategy to the other and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to the other and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to the other and you know that
+when you're well in the high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're well in the high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're well in the high frequency
+zone your models of random or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone your models of random or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone your models of random or at least
+independent arrivals of passengers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent arrivals of passengers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent arrivals of passengers that
+stops Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops Oh
+whereas when you have as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you have as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when you have as you move
+towards 15 longer oh yeah I still want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards 15 longer oh yeah I still want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards 15 longer oh yeah I still want
+to sort of schedule myself so for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of schedule myself so for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of schedule myself so for 10
+minutes do you do your console to me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes do you do your console to me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes do you do your console to me I
+have to put these lines of a low lane 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put these lines of a low lane 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put these lines of a low lane 10
+training or you see this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or you see this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or you see this is a
+distinction like the way before you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction like the way before you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction like the way before you know
+I'm gonna take so that's the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take so that's the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take so that's the time you
+know for you it sounds like right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for you it sounds like right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for you it sounds like right there
+on the fence see it seems more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fence see it seems more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fence see it seems more on the
+schedule site on high frequencies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule site on high frequencies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule site on high frequencies like
+perhaps yeah okay so so but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps yeah okay so so but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps yeah okay so so but let's say
+that it's five minutes so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's five minutes so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's five minutes so now we're
+clear on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on that
+vague area so now you're in zone where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague area so now you're in zone where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague area so now you're in zone where
+most people will time their arrival the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will time their arrival the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will time their arrival the
+subs sorry will not time their articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs sorry will not time their articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs sorry will not time their articles
+stuff so they will show up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they will show up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they will show up when
+convenient and they expect to wait about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and they expect to wait about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and they expect to wait about
+half of the headway you know that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the headway you know that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the headway you know that if the
+headways are variable you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways are variable you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways are variable you're gonna have
+that waiting time increasing so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waiting time increasing so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waiting time increasing so there's
+gonna be a reliability buffer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a reliability buffer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a reliability buffer time
+population that you can do and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that you can do and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that you can do and it's
+gonna be the coefficient variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the coefficient variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the coefficient variation of
+headway well what sort of effects that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway well what sort of effects that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway well what sort of effects that's
+what the factor that sort of increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the factor that sort of increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the factor that sort of increases
+though expected waiting time right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though expected waiting time right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though expected waiting time right so
+punctuality is also critical for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuality is also critical for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuality is also critical for the
+passengers you know don't really care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you know don't really care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you know don't really care if
+every training is five minutes late as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every training is five minutes late as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every training is five minutes late as
+long as they come every five minutes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they come every five minutes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they come every five minutes it
+doesn't really matter and that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter and that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter and that they're
+all five minutes late so really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five minutes late so really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five minutes late so really what
+matters for a passenger is bunching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for a passenger is bunching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for a passenger is bunching and
+yes we talked about that before we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we talked about that before we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we talked about that before we know
+that in high-frequency service there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in high-frequency service there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in high-frequency service there is
+a lot of vehicle interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of vehicle interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of vehicle interaction
+there's the we can maybe review it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the we can maybe review it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the we can maybe review it
+quickly think of this is a vehicle each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly think of this is a vehicle each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly think of this is a vehicle each
+of these are vehicles so and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are vehicles so and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are vehicles so and there's a
+random arrival processes are arriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random arrival processes are arriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random arrival processes are arriving
+sort of randomly of the different stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of randomly of the different stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of randomly of the different stops
+so what happens when vehicles are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when vehicles are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when vehicles are not
+evenly spaced in time not in space what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced in time not in space what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced in time not in space what
+happens when they're not evenly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when they're not evenly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when they're not evenly spaced
+the one that's close to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's close to the next one
+picks up less okay so the one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up less okay so the one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up less okay so the one so this
+vehicle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle yeah
+house fewer puzzles a smaller gap ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house fewer puzzles a smaller gap ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house fewer puzzles a smaller gap ahead
+of it right and therefore because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right and therefore because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right and therefore because people
+are arriving at some rate in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arriving at some rate in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arriving at some rate in that time
+for that rate fewer passengers will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that rate fewer passengers will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that rate fewer passengers will be
+taking this bus and that means that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this bus and that means that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this bus and that means that all
+times are shorter Mabel catches up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are shorter Mabel catches up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are shorter Mabel catches up so
+now you have a bunch straight eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a bunch straight eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a bunch straight eventually
+this vehicle will catch up to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vehicle will catch up to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vehicle will catch up to this one
+hey if this vehicle work the next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey if this vehicle work the next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey if this vehicle work the next the
+one ahead of it is has a long time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ahead of it is has a long time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ahead of it is has a long time we
+have office it happens right more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office it happens right more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office it happens right more people
+than average arrive and then that Mabel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average arrive and then that Mabel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average arrive and then that Mabel
+has many more people in the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many more people in the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many more people in the load
+increase it slows down so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it slows down so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it slows down so those two
+effects work together to create bunching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects work together to create bunching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects work together to create bunching
+and we've talked about that and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about that and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about that and with
+bunching there's the counterpart is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunching there's the counterpart is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunching there's the counterpart is long
+gaps right usually have a bunch and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps right usually have a bunch and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps right usually have a bunch and a
+long gap or a long gap preceding a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long gap or a long gap preceding a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long gap or a long gap preceding a bunch
+so you'll hear passengers complaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll hear passengers complaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll hear passengers complaining
+I've been waiting you know 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been waiting you know 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been waiting you know 15 minutes
+and not three buses arrived right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not three buses arrived right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not three buses arrived right that's
+is that where I run it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that where I run it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that where I run it but that's
+actually exactly exactly why it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly exactly why it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly exactly why it happens
+so what's the best strategy to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the best strategy to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the best strategy to deal with
+budget we'll talk about many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget we'll talk about many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget we'll talk about many of them
+just okay yeah okay so one observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay yeah okay so one observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay yeah okay so one observation
+is that some high frequency return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some high frequency return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some high frequency return
+branches so they're only high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches so they're only high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches so they're only high frequency
+in the trunk and the branches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trunk and the branches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trunk and the branches in
+branches are actually long pebbly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are actually long pebbly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are actually long pebbly and
+they're your you have to run scheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're your you have to run scheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're your you have to run scheduled
+service on the ratchet and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on the ratchet and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on the ratchet and then you have
+to guess try to run scheduled service on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess try to run scheduled service on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess try to run scheduled service on
+the trunk there might be some hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trunk there might be some hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trunk there might be some hybrid
+strategies but that's still the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but that's still the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but that's still the subject
+of research and of course schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and of course schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and of course schedule
+controls much easier than that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls much easier than that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls much easier than that we
+control you can do it without technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you can do it without technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you can do it without technology
+right you can print the schedule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can print the schedule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can print the schedule and the
+driver can have the schedule in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver can have the schedule in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver can have the schedule in the
+vehicle and you could tell drivers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and you could tell drivers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and you could tell drivers don't
+leave early and if they follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave early and if they follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave early and if they follow
+instructions they won't leave early so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions they won't leave early so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions they won't leave early so
+if you want to control headways and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to control headways and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to control headways and you
+want to keep the vehicles evenly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the vehicles evenly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the vehicles evenly spaced
+now you need all this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need all this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need all this technology
+infrastructure to eject where vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to eject where vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to eject where vehicles
+are to predict the running times between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to predict the running times between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to predict the running times between
+them and to send to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to send to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to send to communicate
+instructions to those vehicles so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions to those vehicles so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions to those vehicles so the
+head weights can be adjusted here is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head weights can be adjusted here is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head weights can be adjusted here is no
+reliability buffer time so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer time so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability buffer time so let's talk
+about how to actually calculate it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to actually calculate it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to actually calculate it in a
+high frequency closes fair system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency closes fair system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency closes fair system so
+think of the London tube right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the London tube right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the London tube right you
+tapping the station and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping the station and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping the station and then you just
+hop out when you leave so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop out when you leave so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop out when you leave so you can
+measure this the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this the probability
+distribution of travel time or a journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of travel time or a journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of travel time or a journey
+time from tap in time the tap out time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from tap in time the tap out time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from tap in time the tap out time
+and we define the reliability buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the reliability buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the reliability buffer
+claim as the difference between the 95th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim as the difference between the 95th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim as the difference between the 95th
+percentile and 50th percentile of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile and 50th percentile of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile and 50th percentile of that
+journey so again if this is a story show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey so again if this is a story show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey so again if this is a story show
+we're much narrower then people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're much narrower then people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're much narrower then people would
+not have to budget that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to budget that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to budget that difference in
+there as they plan to make that trip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as they plan to make that trip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as they plan to make that trip to
+arrive at a certain time at work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a certain time at work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a certain time at work or
+school okay so one something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay so one something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay so one something interesting
+about this is that London has somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that London has somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that London has somewhat
+recently started refunding fares if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently started refunding fares if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently started refunding fares if
+people journeys exceed sort of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people journeys exceed sort of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people journeys exceed sort of 30
+minutes of the expected so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the expected so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the expected so they're not
+doing a percentile but they so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a percentile but they so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a percentile but they so this
+here's an application and fare policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an application and fare policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an application and fare policy
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+the most obvious one but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious one but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious one but you can
+certainly measure this reliability well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly measure this reliability well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly measure this reliability well
+I don't remember yeah and so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember yeah and so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember yeah and so they they
+can look at other people they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at other people they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at other people they look at
+this silliness and I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silliness and I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silliness and I'll show you the
+next slide before we move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide before we move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide before we move on to the next
+slide any other questions on this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide any other questions on this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide any other questions on this one I
+saw several hands raised so okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw several hands raised so okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw several hands raised so okay so they
+look at good days and bad days to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at good days and bad days to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at good days and bad days to answer
+your questions so they pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so they pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions so they pick some
+baseline of days have no major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline of days have no major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline of days have no major
+disruptions services running well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions services running well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions services running well it's
+the amount of the expect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of the expect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of the expect and then
+they'll measure reliability buffer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll measure reliability buffer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll measure reliability buffer time
+on those days so that is an amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those days so that is an amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those days so that is an amount that
+they say is sort of inherent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is sort of inherent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is sort of inherent to the
+operation and not much under their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and not much under their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and not much under their
+control unless they invest in better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control unless they invest in better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control unless they invest in better
+signalling systems or things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling systems or things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling systems or things like this
+right anything in excess of that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anything in excess of that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anything in excess of that if you
+look at now all days together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at now all days together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at now all days together
+we'll be something that they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be something that they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be something that they could have
+avoided that's not the idea this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided that's not the idea this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided that's not the idea this
+distinction between the baseline buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the baseline buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the baseline buffer
+time and the access buffer time so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the access buffer time so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the access buffer time so if
+that excess buffer time exceeds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excess buffer time exceeds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excess buffer time exceeds some
+amount you can then say well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you can then say well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you can then say well we have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+passengers we're taking much longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers we're taking much longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers we're taking much longer than
+we schedules for we thought they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we schedules for we thought they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we schedules for we thought they could
+take and therefore that's refund affair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and therefore that's refund affair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and therefore that's refund affair
+because bad service this yes yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bad service this yes yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bad service this yes yeah yeah
+yeah yeah and the thesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and the thesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and the thesis of the
+reference is right here okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is right here okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is right here okay so what
+happens when it's low frequency now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when it's low frequency now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when it's low frequency now
+people are not arriving necessarily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not arriving necessarily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not arriving necessarily to
+randomly or independent now they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly or independent now they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly or independent now they might
+actually be scheduling their arrival to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be scheduling their arrival to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be scheduling their arrival to
+meet particular train but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet particular train but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet particular train but of course
+trains may not be running on schedule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains may not be running on schedule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains may not be running on schedule so
+you have the spacetime diagram here at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the spacetime diagram here at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the spacetime diagram here at a
+time on the horizontal and in space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the horizontal and in space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the horizontal and in space or
+the stations on the little vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stations on the little vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stations on the little vertical and
+you see that there is some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there is some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there is some degree of
+variability and timing and if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and timing and if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and timing and if these
+vehicles were on time maybe they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles were on time maybe they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles were on time maybe they would
+be fortunately spaced so we have taps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fortunately spaced so we have taps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fortunately spaced so we have taps
+that are here they were touching at 8 o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here they were touching at 8 o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here they were touching at 8 o
+clock and so what we do is that we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and so what we do is that we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and so what we do is that we look
+at what's the next train right when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the next train right when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the next train right when the
+stop tap in a board and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop tap in a board and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop tap in a board and that's sort of
+how much they waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they waited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they waited
+you're comparing to the scheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing to the scheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing to the scheduled
+departure which is in this case 806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure which is in this case 806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure which is in this case 806
+right so because because the Train I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because because the Train I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because because the Train I
+know if I'm explaining this clearly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm explaining this clearly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm explaining this clearly so
+you you know you can match does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can match does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you can match does happen
+time to the closest scheduled departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to the closest scheduled departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to the closest scheduled departure
+that follows that topping right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows that topping right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows that topping right and
+that's the Train the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Train the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Train the first
+intense the board and that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the board and that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the board and that's how much
+the person intense the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person intense the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person intense the difference
+between those two times is the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two times is the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two times is the amount of
+time that a person intends to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that a person intends to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that a person intends to wait
+expects to wait any waiting time beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects to wait any waiting time beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects to wait any waiting time beyond
+that is access waiting time okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is access waiting time okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is access waiting time okay and
+then you're going to do the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to do the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to do the same for the
+enviable time answerable two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enviable time answerable two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enviable time answerable two components
+up and that's that's the that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and that's that's the that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and that's that's the that's how you
+get reliability of your time so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reliability of your time so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reliability of your time so you're
+now considering that the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now considering that the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now considering that the waiting
+strategy is different and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is different and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is different and here's the
+reference 2010 and other thesis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference 2010 and other thesis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference 2010 and other thesis for
+buffs there's another college so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffs there's another college so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffs there's another college so now
+well there's two challenges the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two challenges the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two challenges the first
+one is we need to distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we need to distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we need to distinguish between
+the performance of the contractor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the contractor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the contractor if
+they're if it's a private operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if it's a private operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if it's a private operator and
+you're paying that company that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying that company that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying that company that most
+companies run service for you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies run service for you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies run service for you and the
+performance as the passenger season so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as the passenger season so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as the passenger season so
+it's not someone if service is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not someone if service is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not someone if service is
+unreliable the passenger doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable the passenger doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable the passenger doesn't care
+why it's unreliable but the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's unreliable but the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's unreliable but the operator
+needs to know if it's the fault of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know if it's the fault of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know if it's the fault of the
+operator or if it was an external reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or if it was an external reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or if it was an external reason
+why why is that important if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that important if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that important if there is
+traffic then there could be traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic then there could be traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic then there could be traffic
+downstream okay but you're thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream okay but you're thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream okay but you're thinking of a
+specific trip as I'm looking more I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific trip as I'm looking more I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific trip as I'm looking more I'm
+thinking more generally so why would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more generally so why would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more generally so why would the
+agency want to distinguish between bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency want to distinguish between bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency want to distinguish between bad
+performance that can be assigned or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that can be assigned or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that can be assigned or it's
+are blamed on the operator versus bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blamed on the operator versus bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blamed on the operator versus bad
+performance that is exogenous because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that is exogenous because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that is exogenous because if
+they're bad services due to some act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bad services due to some act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bad services due to some act of
+God in the agency maybe can't hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God in the agency maybe can't hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God in the agency maybe can't hold a
+contractor accountable but if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor accountable but if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor accountable but if any
+contractor contracted service provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor contracted service provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor contracted service provider
+does something wrong there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something wrong there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something wrong there
+punishment okay yes and in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment okay yes and in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment okay yes and in this case a
+contract the punishments on a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the punishments on a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the punishments on a contract
+might be a penalty right so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a penalty right so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a penalty right so they might
+withhold some if there's a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold some if there's a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold some if there's a performance
+bonus maybe that operator does not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus maybe that operator does not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus maybe that operator does not get
+that bonus I mean there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bonus I mean there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bonus I mean there might be
+actually provisions for a penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provisions for a penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provisions for a penalty
+discount right so and it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount right so and it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount right so and it doesn't have to
+be an act of God right it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an act of God right it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an act of God right it can be a
+normal traffic and sort of reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal traffic and sort of reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal traffic and sort of reliability
+of the variability in in travel times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in in travel times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in in travel times
+that is expected because of traffic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is expected because of traffic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is expected because of traffic that
+is not under the control of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not under the control of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not under the control of the operator
+but what if the operator is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if the operator is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if the operator is not
+maintaining his buses and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining his buses and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining his buses and some people
+has to be closer so operator drop strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be closer so operator drop strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be closer so operator drop strips
+and now performance is not as good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now performance is not as good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now performance is not as good that
+is very clearly the fault of an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very clearly the fault of an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very clearly the fault of an operator
+and you want to penalize okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to penalize okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to penalize okay so that's
+one challenge so you have to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one challenge so you have to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one challenge so you have to measure
+reliability but you can't mean I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability but you can't mean I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability but you can't mean I have to
+assign its sources I have to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign its sources I have to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign its sources I have to calculate
+the sources of those and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of those and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of those and sort of
+assigned call codes to these to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned call codes to these to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned call codes to these to whatever
+you measuring and there might be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measuring and there might be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measuring and there might be it
+makes the other challenge is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the other challenge is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the other challenge is that
+typically buses are only kept on and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically buses are only kept on and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically buses are only kept on and not
+off so you have to there anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so you have to there anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so you have to there anytime
+includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes
+the enviable portion so now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enviable portion so now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enviable portion so now you have to
+figure out where this person lights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this person lights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this person lights to
+figure out the immutable component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the immutable component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the immutable component and
+waiting time is another portion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time is another portion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time is another portion of this
+and the passenger doesn't tap in until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the passenger doesn't tap in until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the passenger doesn't tap in until
+they have finished waiting so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have finished waiting so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have finished waiting so you have
+to go back and calculate how long did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and calculate how long did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and calculate how long did
+they wait so those are two minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait so those are two minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait so those are two minor
+challenges here's a strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges here's a strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges here's a strategy for
+destinations we have only X right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations we have only X right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations we have only X right so we
+can look at their next tap in we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at their next tap in we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at their next tap in we can do
+trip chaining as we discussed previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip chaining as we discussed previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip chaining as we discussed previously
+and infer the destination for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infer the destination for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infer the destination for that
+person okay for some people that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay for some people that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay for some people that will
+fail but we can scale up in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but we can scale up in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but we can scale up in probability
+we can say well if this person didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say well if this person didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say well if this person didn't
+have a neck stop let's look at a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neck stop let's look at a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neck stop let's look at a list
+revision of passengers who do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of passengers who do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of passengers who do have a
+neck stop and let's assume that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck stop and let's assume that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck stop and let's assume that these
+other people are have this the nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are have this the nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are have this the nations
+that are in proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in proportion of
+this is distributed in the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is distributed in the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is distributed in the same way as
+people who have this donations in fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have this donations in fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have this donations in fruit
+and then from AVL we can sort of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from AVL we can sort of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from AVL we can sort of do the
+same trick that we did for real we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we did for real we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we did for real we can
+we can assume that there's some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume that there's some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume that there's some process
+by which passengers arrive at stops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which passengers arrive at stops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which passengers arrive at stops so
+if it's high frequency bus service we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's high frequency bus service we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's high frequency bus service we
+say it's or some arrival rate right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's or some arrival rate right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's or some arrival rate right if
+it's low frequency service we say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low frequency service we say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low frequency service we say they
+arrive on time I'm climbing to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive on time I'm climbing to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive on time I'm climbing to match the
+schedule and then we can compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then we can compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then we can compare that
+with actual vehicle times so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actual vehicle times so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actual vehicle times so if we have
+an assumption about when the passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption about when the passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption about when the passenger
+arrive then we can cut you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive then we can cut you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive then we can cut you the
+difference and measure the waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and measure the waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and measure the waiting time
+so it's a it's more spa gastic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's more spa gastic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's more spa gastic because
+they don't know exactly when this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know exactly when this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know exactly when this person
+arrived but in probability you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived but in probability you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived but in probability you know you
+know in aggregate across all passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in aggregate across all passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in aggregate across all passengers
+any one person arrived between this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one person arrived between this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one person arrived between this bus
+and that bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bus
+so yeah questions about this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah questions about this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah questions about this process
+it's for measuring journey finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for measuring journey finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for measuring journey finding
+liability comments I just thought one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability comments I just thought one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability comments I just thought one
+day if I'm pointy about waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day if I'm pointy about waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day if I'm pointy about waiting time
+just like with the bus you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with the bus you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with the bus you know what the
+schedule those servers are personal mate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule those servers are personal mate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule those servers are personal mate
+wait one minute this rate but I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait one minute this rate but I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait one minute this rate but I mean if
+I'm waiting at my desk or in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm waiting at my desk or in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm waiting at my desk or in a minute
+sighs so now that goes back to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs so now that goes back to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs so now that goes back to to the
+discussion about apps though we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about apps though we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about apps though we have
+just a few minutes ago that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes ago that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes ago that you can't
+just say that because there are apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that because there are apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that because there are apps
+then we can just run service on reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just run service on reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just run service on reliably
+if it's that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's that way
+yeah because you so if it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you so if it's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you so if it's high
+frequency probably won't care i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency probably won't care i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency probably won't care i'll just
+still go or you'll be timing it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go or you'll be timing it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go or you'll be timing it but you
+would have arrived randomly anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have arrived randomly anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have arrived randomly anyway so
+some extent and I II your intention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent and I II your intention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent and I II your intention to
+begin the trip is random or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the trip is random or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the trip is random or at least
+independent of the schedule but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the schedule but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the schedule but if it's
+long heavily service and yes you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long heavily service and yes you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long heavily service and yes you maybe
+stay at your desk or get a cup of coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at your desk or get a cup of coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at your desk or get a cup of coffee
+but you're still inconvenienced right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still inconvenienced right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still inconvenienced right
+and so there's a penalty for it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a penalty for it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a penalty for it right
+and we need to figure out how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to figure out how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to figure out how to measure
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and one way is to assume that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way is to assume that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way is to assume that people
+still arrive or want to arrive on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still arrive or want to arrive on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still arrive or want to arrive on time
+and that's what we've been doing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've been doing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've been doing because
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+we used to do and it kind of works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to do and it kind of works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to do and it kind of works but
+there's a slightly different yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slightly different yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slightly different yes
+so how do you how do you mr. Kaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you how do you mr. Kaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you how do you mr. Kaster
+processor has to be wait time yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor has to be wait time yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor has to be wait time yeah so
+that's another timeline so this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another timeline so this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another timeline so this game is
+a time line space line so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a tap at that time and the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tap at that time and the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tap at that time and the bus
+the buses are arriving here here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buses are arriving here here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buses are arriving here here here
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+well the top has to be when the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the top has to be when the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the top has to be when the bus
+arrives or very close to it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives or very close to it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives or very close to it right
+because the so what you know for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the so what you know for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the so what you know for this
+person assuming that this bus is in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person assuming that this bus is in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person assuming that this bus is in full
+is that that person arrived as late as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that person arrived as late as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that person arrived as late as
+that exactly when that vehicle arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly when that vehicle arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly when that vehicle arrived
+and that's early as this vehicle so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's early as this vehicle so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's early as this vehicle so you
+know that the arrival time of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the arrival time of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the arrival time of that
+person and their the time I wish they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and their the time I wish they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and their the time I wish they'd
+be and waiting is a stochastic variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and waiting is a stochastic variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and waiting is a stochastic variable
+with a uniform distribution on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uniform distribution on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uniform distribution on that
+range so and you know the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so and you know the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so and you know the mean of the
+distribution is half that way right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is half that way right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is half that way right so
+if though though bus arrivals are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if though though bus arrivals are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if though though bus arrivals are high
+frequency on the person's right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on the person's right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on the person's right this is
+if the if it's monthly service then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if it's monthly service then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if it's monthly service then you
+you have to then consider what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to then consider what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to then consider what the
+scheduled times were right so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled times were right so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled times were right so now you
+have to do a process similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a process similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a process similar to what we
+did for rail where let me maybe let just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for rail where let me maybe let just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for rail where let me maybe let just
+let me just draw it here so if this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just draw it here so if this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just draw it here so if this bus
+was meant to ride here then maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to ride here then maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to ride here then maybe you
+say well this person must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this person must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this person must have been
+wanting to get on that bus and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to get on that bus and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to get on that bus and so we
+make them wait some extra time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then if this bus was scheduled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if this bus was scheduled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if this bus was scheduled to
+depart here then you know that was us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart here then you know that was us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart here then you know that was us
+early so that means that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so that means that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so that means that some of the
+people that end up toughing here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that end up toughing here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that end up toughing here we're
+probably trying to get on this bus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably trying to get on this bus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably trying to get on this bus and
+they missed it till they arrived between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they missed it till they arrived between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they missed it till they arrived between
+this and this time these mean actual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this time these mean actual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this time these mean actual and
+the departed time so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departed time so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departed time so those are the
+people who suffer the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who suffer the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who suffer the most
+right and that's more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's more difficult to
+calculate you might have to assume some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you might have to assume some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you might have to assume some
+proportion of the people you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the people you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the people you see here
+you could compare to the typical load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could compare to the typical load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could compare to the typical load
+and then see if there's an excess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see if there's an excess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see if there's an excess and
+and the sooner that excess would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sooner that excess would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sooner that excess would have
+been on the previous boss if that bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the previous boss if that bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the previous boss if that bus
+had the part a long time so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the part a long time so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the part a long time so you have to
+use more assumptions okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more assumptions okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more assumptions okay so we
+understand how to measure reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to measure reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to measure reliability
+for rail type in South long headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rail type in South long headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rail type in South long headway
+short that way and for bus so strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short that way and for bus so strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short that way and for bus so strategies
+till the question Eli had earlier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the question Eli had earlier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the question Eli had earlier was
+what do we do about it now we measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do about it now we measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do about it now we measure it
+so if you can measure something you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can measure something you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can measure something you do
+something about it what can we do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it what can we do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it what can we do about
+it so two kinds of things we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so two kinds of things we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so two kinds of things we can use
+prevented preventive strategies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented preventive strategies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented preventive strategies in
+practice preventive strategies are aimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice preventive strategies are aimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice preventive strategies are aimed
+at maintaining normal service and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at maintaining normal service and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at maintaining normal service and having
+sort of robust operations plan that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of robust operations plan that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of robust operations plan that can
+handle unreliability without having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle unreliability without having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle unreliability without having a
+domino effect over everything Cascades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domino effect over everything Cascades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domino effect over everything Cascades
+and to unreliability and that it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to unreliability and that it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to unreliability and that it reduces
+the problems the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems the probability that
+problems occur corrective strategies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur corrective strategies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur corrective strategies are
+you know if certainly no you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if certainly no you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if certainly no you were
+monitoring the system you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the system you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the system you see
+unreliability and you do something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability and you do something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability and you do something to
+the system at that time to fix it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at that time to fix it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at that time to fix it to
+make it more reliable and so minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more reliable and so minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more reliable and so minimizing
+impacts on passengers so examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on passengers so examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on passengers so examples of
+preventive strategies are having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventive strategies are having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventive strategies are having a
+reserve fleet of drivers and vehicle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve fleet of drivers and vehicle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve fleet of drivers and vehicle the
+driver is sick you know another driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is sick you know another driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is sick you know another driver
+and he sends that driver vehicle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sends that driver vehicle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sends that driver vehicle is
+operating you have another vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating you have another vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating you have another vehicle
+having exclusive bus lanes so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exclusive bus lanes so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exclusive bus lanes so you have
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+operation you get rid of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you get rid of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you get rid of some of the
+unreliability that comes from traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability that comes from traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability that comes from traffic
+right traffic signal priority trattoria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right traffic signal priority trattoria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right traffic signal priority trattoria
+that should be transit signal priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be transit signal priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be transit signal priority
+we talked about that in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that in our previous
+lecture there are really design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there are really design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there are really design
+strategies so we know we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so we know we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so we know we've seen that
+longer routes are more reliable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer routes are more reliable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer routes are more reliable because
+they have more time before or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more time before or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have more time before or between
+recovery time between lay overs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery time between lay overs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery time between lay overs
+essentially behind the stops fewer stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behind the stops fewer stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behind the stops fewer stops
+so there's less of a 12-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's less of a 12-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's less of a 12-time
+unreliability effect you can plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability effect you can plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability effect you can plan you
+mix schedules that have the good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix schedules that have the good a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix schedules that have the good a good
+amount of recovery at the end so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of recovery at the end so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of recovery at the end so you
+look at the percentiles and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the percentiles and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the percentiles and you make
+sure that you're not picking the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're not picking the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're not picking the average
+to populate your cycle times and you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to populate your cycle times and you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to populate your cycle times and you set
+the timing points at good percentiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing points at good percentiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing points at good percentiles
+maybe it's the median maybe it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the median maybe it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the median maybe it's the
+40th percentile and of course hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40th percentile and of course hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40th percentile and of course hiring
+supervisors to make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors to make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors to make sure that your
+people are showing up and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are showing up and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are showing up and they're
+leaving on time rather than whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving on time rather than whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving on time rather than whenever
+they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want
+etc so it's schedules so two critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so it's schedules so two critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so it's schedules so two critical
+decisions the cycle time we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the cycle time we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the cycle time we know about
+that we know that impacts cost and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that impacts cost and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that impacts cost and the
+reliability of the part time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of the part time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of the part time of the
+terminal and you're very familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and you're very familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and you're very familiar with
+that I think by now spends much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think by now spends much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think by now spends much time
+discussing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it
+timing points is another so you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points is another so you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points is another so you can in
+the middle of a bus route have tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a bus route have tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a bus route have tiny
+points so we know that there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we know that there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we know that there may be a
+terminal here and the terminal here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal here and the terminal here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal here and the terminal here and
+whatever a bus sort of arrives at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever a bus sort of arrives at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever a bus sort of arrives at the
+end to be they then have our layover to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to be they then have our layover to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to be they then have our layover to
+catch up right we know that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up right we know that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up right we know that from
+assignment one you but you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment one you but you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment one you but you can actually
+have points in the middle where buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points in the middle where buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points in the middle where buses
+are also not allowed to leave early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also not allowed to leave early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also not allowed to leave early and
+so if you schedule the times of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you schedule the times of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you schedule the times of these in
+some way then both Smith hold more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way then both Smith hold more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way then both Smith hold more or
+less and they will depart those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and they will depart those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and they will depart those points
+on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time
+where should you put those time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should you put those time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should you put those time points
+if at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at all
+get your transfers okay so one idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your transfers okay so one idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your transfers okay so one idea is
+that if there's a if there's a big train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a if there's a big train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a if there's a big train
+station here or another bus line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station here or another bus line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station here or another bus line that
+also runs especially for low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also runs especially for low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also runs especially for low frequency
+service and people want to connect they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and people want to connect they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and people want to connect they
+need to transfer it and they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to transfer it and they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to transfer it and they want to
+connect you may actually have a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect you may actually have a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect you may actually have a thing
+for both routes later though Gibble's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both routes later though Gibble's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both routes later though Gibble's
+meet and people can switch the vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and people can switch the vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and people can switch the vehicles
+so that's why idea what else may be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why idea what else may be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why idea what else may be like
+after a high variability section okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a high variability section okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a high variability section okay so
+you have a maybe maybe this Lane has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a maybe maybe this Lane has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a maybe maybe this Lane has a
+lot of traffic and it's costing sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of traffic and it's costing sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of traffic and it's costing sorry
+it's costing a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costing a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costing a lot of a lot of
+unreliability so you want to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability so you want to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliability so you want to take care
+of it there instead of letting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it there instead of letting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it there instead of letting it
+cascade and some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade and some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade and some more
+more valuable that ways for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable that ways for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable that ways for example what
+else high demand stations okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else high demand stations okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else high demand stations okay so what
+about demand demand this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand demand this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand demand this is important
+but what about what they mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about what they mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about what they mean for
+example what people getting off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what people getting off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what people getting off from
+this bus to take that station or twin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus to take that station or twin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus to take that station or twin to
+the train station where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train station where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train station where
+okay so right upstream of sections where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right upstream of sections where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right upstream of sections where
+there are many boards that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many boards that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many boards that's a very
+important thing because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing because that's where
+most people benefit right and what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people benefit right and what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people benefit right and what else
+what else about passengers where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else about passengers where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else about passengers where would
+you not want to do this all right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not want to do this all right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not want to do this all right what
+the bus is full when the bus is full so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is full when the bus is full so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is full when the bus is full so
+if you if your load profile looks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if your load profile looks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if your load profile looks I
+don't know people love people get on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know people love people get on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know people love people get on you
+and they're mostly not getting off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're mostly not getting off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're mostly not getting off and
+they sort of come down like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of come down like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of come down like that you
+want timing points on that buster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want timing points on that buster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want timing points on that buster
+you don't you don't want you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't want you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't want you don't want
+tiny words because most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny words because most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny words because most people are
+getting on here and they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on here and they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on here and they don't want to
+be held here and here right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held here and here right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held here and here right and the
+people few very few people might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people few very few people might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people few very few people might be
+boarding in this section so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding in this section so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding in this section so if you
+behold at timing points you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold at timing points you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold at timing points you're gonna
+benefit few passengers and penalize by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit few passengers and penalize by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit few passengers and penalize by
+longer and more frustrating vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and more frustrating vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and more frustrating vehicle
+rides many passengers so what if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides many passengers so what if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides many passengers so what if there's
+a big chunk of station here and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big chunk of station here and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big chunk of station here and a lot of
+people transfer and then here a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people transfer and then here a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people transfer and then here a lot of
+people there's another station and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there's another station and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there's another station and a lot
+of people get on so that's then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people get on so that's then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people get on so that's then this is
+a good place to to have a signing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place to to have a signing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place to to have a signing point
+right right before a lot of people board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right before a lot of people board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right before a lot of people board
+and and and when you don't have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and when you don't have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and when you don't have many
+people on the bus the load the load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the bus the load the load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the bus the load the load the
+flow profile is low you want to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow profile is low you want to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow profile is low you want to maximize
+the segments of the population that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments of the population that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments of the population that will
+benefit from the strategy and minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the strategy and minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the strategy and minimize
+the second population that will be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second population that will be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second population that will be but
+will be hurt by the strategy I eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be hurt by the strategy I eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be hurt by the strategy I eat
+people in the bus okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the bus okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the bus okay so that's that's
+a worry about number of location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worry about number of location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worry about number of location of
+timing points and then the schedule at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points and then the schedule at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points and then the schedule at
+each time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time point
+what should you set the timing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you set the timing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you set the timing the
+percentile at should these be the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile at should these be the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile at should these be the median
+should they be eighty percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be eighty percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be eighty percentile
+should they be thirty percentile so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be thirty percentile so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be thirty percentile so what
+happens if you how many of you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you how many of you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you how many of you will have
+to be held but for some people will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held but for some people will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held but for some people will have
+to be held if you set it to something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held if you set it to something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held if you set it to something so
+eighty percent the vehicles will be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent the vehicles will be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent the vehicles will be sort
+of getting here and we that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting here and we that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting here and we that may be
+acceptable if if again very few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable if if again very few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable if if again very few people
+are here and a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here and a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here and a lot of people are
+according what if it's more of a mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according what if it's more of a mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according what if it's more of a mix
+then you want to bring that down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to bring that down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to bring that down right
+you dial it down so some people say set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dial it down so some people say set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dial it down so some people say set
+the house cycle to somewhere between 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house cycle to somewhere between 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house cycle to somewhere between 90
+and 95 we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 95 we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 95 we've done that
+and then some time points to 65 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some time points to 65 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some time points to 65 I
+actually prefer that the timing points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prefer that the timing points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prefer that the timing points
+are below 50 because then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are below 50 because then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are below 50 because then you can
+advertise to your passengers you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise to your passengers you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise to your passengers you're
+essentially lying to people and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially lying to people and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially lying to people and saying
+you're motivating people to arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're motivating people to arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're motivating people to arrive
+earlier than most often though people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than most often though people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than most often though people
+arrives right so there's probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives right so there's probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives right so there's probability of
+arriving and missing a vehicle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving and missing a vehicle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving and missing a vehicle that
+departed early is lower because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed early is lower because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed early is lower because you're
+telling them expects an early departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them expects an early departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them expects an early departure
+essentially except you don't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially except you don't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially except you don't call it
+early you say that's scheduled to arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early you say that's scheduled to arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early you say that's scheduled to arrive
+okay so essentially you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially you have you can
+control this by scheduling a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this by scheduling a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this by scheduling a certain way
+and then on the other side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other side that
+controlling it push back there like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it push back there like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it push back there like oh
+the bus is always running yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is always running yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is always running yeah yeah so
+it affects there's a balance right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects there's a balance right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects there's a balance right I'm
+not saying it's scheduled at 10% though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's scheduled at 10% though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's scheduled at 10% though
+so yeah but I think a little below 50 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but I think a little below 50 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but I think a little below 50 is
+a good a good strategy because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good strategy because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good strategy because then you
+would you would minimize holding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would minimize holding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would minimize holding you
+only will be able or really early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will be able or really early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will be able or really early
+essentially and holding is frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and holding is frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and holding is frustrating
+you want to be doing it all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing it all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing it all the time so
+by scheduling at a lower for some tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scheduling at a lower for some tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scheduling at a lower for some tell
+you you don't hold off them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't hold off them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't hold off them and you
+don't hope for a long time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hope for a long time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hope for a long time all right
+you have to be careful when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful when you do this
+when you have tiny points because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have tiny points because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have tiny points because then
+you're gonna your ABL data will come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna your ABL data will come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna your ABL data will come in
+right and you're gonna say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're gonna say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're gonna say what's the
+running time well if people are a bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well if people are a bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well if people are a bite
+there are following your instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are following your instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are following your instructions
+the minimum running time will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum running time will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum running time will be
+whatever you know your timing for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know your timing for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know your timing for you
+are so maybe your distribution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so maybe your distribution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so maybe your distribution would
+look like like this but because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like like this but because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like like this but because you have
+tiny points you've chopped off the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny points you've chopped off the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny points you've chopped off the early
+version and now it looks more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and now it looks more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and now it looks more like this
+and now you're 95th percentile is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're 95th percentile is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're 95th percentile is more
+to the right than it used to be maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right than it used to be maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right than it used to be maybe
+you know maybe it stays where it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it stays where it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it stays where it is but
+you have to be careful with this your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with this your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with this your
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+your average will certainly move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average will certainly move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average will certainly move to the
+right so just be careful about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just be careful about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just be careful about that
+one strategy is to measure distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy is to measure distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy is to measure distinguish
+holding from running but that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding from running but that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding from running but that's a little
+difficult with abl sometimes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult with abl sometimes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult with abl sometimes another
+strategy is to run a month without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is to run a month without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is to run a month without
+timing points socially instruct your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points socially instruct your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing points socially instruct your
+drivers not to use signing points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers not to use signing points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers not to use signing points and
+like data for a month and then use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data for a month and then use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data for a month and then use that
+for time so think you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so think you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so think you do
+okay now correct two strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now correct two strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now correct two strategies so
+obviously supervision having supervisors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously supervision having supervisors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously supervision having supervisors
+having an operations control practice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an operations control practice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an operations control practice is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+there's different strategies this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different strategies this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different strategies this is one
+my favorite topics in transit so holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite topics in transit so holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite topics in transit so holding
+you can do holding to schedule or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do holding to schedule or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do holding to schedule or to
+headway so what is holding to schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway so what is holding to schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway so what is holding to schedule
+that's a simple one right we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple one right we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple one right we mentioned
+it a thousand times and even on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a thousand times and even on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a thousand times and even on this
+section you don't allow vehicle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you don't allow vehicle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you don't allow vehicle to
+depart from a timing point or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from a timing point or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from a timing point or from
+terminal so if the vehicle arrives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal so if the vehicle arrives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal so if the vehicle arrives a
+minute early at a timing point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute early at a timing point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute early at a timing point you
+instructs that driver not to hold one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructs that driver not to hold one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructs that driver not to hold one
+minute even though that was able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute even though that was able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute even though that was able to move
+on that bus hold for one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that bus hold for one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that bus hold for one minute
+TSP we talked about what's deadheading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say let's say that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buses here and this is your terminal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses here and this is your terminal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses here and this is your terminal and
+there's a bus that you are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bus that you are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bus that you are about to
+depart and your head way to schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart and your head way to schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart and your head way to schedule
+that way it's more like this so you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's more like this so you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's more like this so you were
+supposed to have a bus here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a bus here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a bus here but you
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+something happened and the bus wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and the bus wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and the bus wasn't
+there so and now you have two buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so and now you have two buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so and now you have two buses
+there instead of one maybe there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there instead of one maybe there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there instead of one maybe there was a
+bunch it on the way back and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch it on the way back and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch it on the way back and they got
+the bunch arrived late as it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bunch arrived late as it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bunch arrived late as it usually
+happens so one strategy that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so one strategy that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so one strategy that you can use
+is to take the first one and instruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take the first one and instruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take the first one and instruct
+the deadhead to somewhere around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadhead to somewhere around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadhead to somewhere around here
+okay so this bus would run without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this bus would run without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this bus would run without a
+headset so I'm not allowing anybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headset so I'm not allowing anybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headset so I'm not allowing anybody to
+board and that's why it's called a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that's why it's called a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that's why it's called a dead
+end to this to the stuff so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to this to the stuff so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to this to the stuff so and then
+this bus departs immediately but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus departs immediately but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus departs immediately but in
+revenue service so if at that hat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue service so if at that hat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue service so if at that hat can
+happen quickly maybe not even following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen quickly maybe not even following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen quickly maybe not even following
+the streets of the bus maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets of the bus maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets of the bus maybe there's a
+faster way and you inject it downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster way and you inject it downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster way and you inject it downstream
+you can speed things up you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed things up you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed things up you're getting
+balanced the head weighs what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced the head weighs what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced the head weighs what's
+expressing their expressing commute from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing their expressing commute from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing their expressing commute from
+the terminal right so the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal right so the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal right so the this the
+distinction between expressing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between expressing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between expressing and
+everything's that expressing is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's that expressing is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's that expressing is done
+with people inside so in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people inside so in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people inside so in this case you
+could have allowed people to board up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have allowed people to board up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have allowed people to board up
+the terminal and then said we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal and then said we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal and then said we're gonna
+run Express you tell people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run Express you tell people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run Express you tell people who are
+boarding we're gonna run Express so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding we're gonna run Express so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding we're gonna run Express so if
+you're getting off anywhere between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting off anywhere between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting off anywhere between here
+and here it's on board and the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's on board and the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's on board and the vehicle
+then skip stops and but with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then skip stops and but with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then skip stops and but with people
+inside so I don't think I need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so I don't think I need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so I don't think I need to do a
+drawing for this one expressing can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing for this one expressing can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing for this one expressing can also
+be done halfway through so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done halfway through so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done halfway through so if you have
+this situation then you could say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation then you could say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation then you could say these
+people might have boarded not knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have boarded not knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have boarded not knowing
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+to be expressed but something happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expressed but something happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expressed but something happened
+maybe is very slow maybe there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is very slow maybe there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is very slow maybe there was a
+some traffic accidents and your delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some traffic accidents and your delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some traffic accidents and your delays
+so you can then announce this bus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can then announce this bus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can then announce this bus is
+being expressed with this trains being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed with this trains being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed with this trains being
+expressed and we're gonna skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed and we're gonna skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed and we're gonna skip the
+following three stops and arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following three stops and arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following three stops and arrive
+somewhere so if you're getting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so if you're getting off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so if you're getting off
+before the Express you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Express you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Express you have to decide
+are you going to stay and then walk back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to stay and then walk back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to stay and then walk back
+are you going to stay and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to stay and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to stay and then take
+turns to the opposite way or are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns to the opposite way or are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns to the opposite way or are you
+going to get off right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get off right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get off right now
+and wait for the next be able so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait for the next be able so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait for the next be able so it's a
+higher penalty for bus murmurs okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher penalty for bus murmurs okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher penalty for bus murmurs okay what
+are short-term we've talked about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are short-term we've talked about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are short-term we've talked about all of
+these but in the context of planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but in the context of planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but in the context of planning and
+now we're using them for real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're using them for real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're using them for real-time
+control so right and then yeah so short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so right and then yeah so short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so right and then yeah so short
+trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the situation you have you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the situation you have you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the situation you have you have a
+bunch wrong direction and a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch wrong direction and a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch wrong direction and a very long
+gap in the other direction and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the other direction and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the other direction and what
+happened to punching the bus behind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to punching the bus behind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to punching the bus behind is
+usually not very cool right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very cool right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not very cool right
+some of you you stopped these buses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you stopped these buses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you stopped these buses and
+things stuff and you tell the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stuff and you tell the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stuff and you tell the people
+here to move ahead just get off the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to move ahead just get off the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to move ahead just get off the bus
+or in short term we're gonna terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in short term we're gonna terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in short term we're gonna terminate
+the trip here and those people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip here and those people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip here and those people have to
+transfer to the next box if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the next box if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the next box if you don't
+allow this to happen then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this to happen then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this to happen then it's really
+onerous for passengers because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onerous for passengers because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onerous for passengers because I have to
+get off and wait for the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off and wait for the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off and wait for the next one
+right so it's better if you coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's better if you coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's better if you coordinated
+it this way and then this post good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then this post good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then this post good
+sentence here and begin operating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here and begin operating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here and begin operating in the
+opposite direction we how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction we how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction we how much of this
+is done automatically versus like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done automatically versus like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done automatically versus like a
+person I don't know of any case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I don't know of any case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I don't know of any case where
+this is done automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done automatically
+there has been researchers here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been researchers here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been researchers here at MIT
+and elsewhere including me who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere including me who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere including me who have
+tried to to write algorithms that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to write algorithms that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to write algorithms that they
+attack these opportunities but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack these opportunities but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack these opportunities but I don't
+know of any real implementation London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any real implementation London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any real implementation London
+buses buses or at least they used to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses buses or at least they used to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses buses or at least they used to I
+think they still do so but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they still do so but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they still do so but they they
+really try to they really try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to they really try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to they really try to
+coordinate this they very rarely curtail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate this they very rarely curtail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate this they very rarely curtail
+trips without coordinating in a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips without coordinating in a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips without coordinating in a bunch
+because young people have to wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because young people have to wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because young people have to wait for
+the next train system yeah yes yes so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next train system yeah yes yes so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next train system yeah yes yes so in
+trains it's more common but it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains it's more common but it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains it's more common but it's usually
+a person in an intro Center taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person in an intro Center taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person in an intro Center taking the
+determinant they want to do this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant they want to do this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant they want to do this that's
+and then yeah I think I would say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah I think I would say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah I think I would say that's
+part of the others maybe lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the others maybe lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the others maybe lack of
+interest or lack of faith in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or lack of faith in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or lack of faith in
+looking here yeah this is a some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here yeah this is a some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here yeah this is a some places
+you know it's hard but but they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's hard but but they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's hard but but they're there
+they're two elements to this problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two elements to this problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two elements to this problem one
+is that you have to detect a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have to detect a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have to detect a problem in
+one direction and the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and the other thing is
+that you have to take an opportunity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take an opportunity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take an opportunity in
+the other gradation so this is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other gradation so this is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other gradation so this is not very
+of you there are two there are two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you there are two there are two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you there are two there are two parts
+here that are so they're completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are so they're completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are so they're completely
+independent from each other they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from each other they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from each other they're not
+independent though if the if the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent though if the if the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent though if the if the route
+is long you actually have even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long you actually have even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long you actually have even though in
+the short routes and any given if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short routes and any given if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short routes and any given if you
+have a long route it's much higher it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long route it's much higher it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long route it's much higher it's
+not like the point you brought up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the point you brought up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the point you brought up with
+doctor first professor first lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor first professor first lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor first professor first lecture you
+said oh you know chances of a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh you know chances of a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh you know chances of a bus
+benefitting from this are very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefitting from this are very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefitting from this are very small and
+then you said well what if it's the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you said well what if it's the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you said well what if it's the long
+route and there are 20 signals the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and there are 20 signals the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and there are 20 signals the same
+thing applies here you might have many a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applies here you might have many a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applies here you might have many a
+long route with many windows and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long route with many windows and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long route with many windows and the
+chances that there's one window at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that there's one window at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that there's one window at any
+given time in the rush hour is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time in the rush hour is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time in the rush hour is actually
+and then the other thing is as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing is as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing is as the
+controller suppose it suppose I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller suppose it suppose I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller suppose it suppose I have the
+I'm with control I have the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm with control I have the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm with control I have the algorithm
+and my computer starts beeping gets all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my computer starts beeping gets all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my computer starts beeping gets all
+excited I have to respond quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited I have to respond quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited I have to respond quickly to
+this because then opportunity I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because then opportunity I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because then opportunity I will
+pass yeah I am getting getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass yeah I am getting getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass yeah I am getting getting back to
+algorithms and anticipation what's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and anticipation what's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and anticipation what's sort
+of me about algorithms is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me about algorithms is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me about algorithms is that you can
+happen rather than waiting until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen rather than waiting until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen rather than waiting until it
+happens to react and if you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to react and if you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to react and if you can do that
+early enough you might actually instruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough you might actually instruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough you might actually instruct
+the bus that is departing new terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus that is departing new terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus that is departing new terminal
+too short train later on and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short train later on and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short train later on and if you do
+that then you can set the head sign on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you can set the head sign on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you can set the head sign on
+the bus to the short version and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus to the short version and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus to the short version and people
+who are boarding it are gonna know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are boarding it are gonna know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are boarding it are gonna know that
+it's gonna be short turn so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be short turn so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be short turn so you won't
+have to coordinating the bus next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinating the bus next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coordinating the bus next to it
+you have to have a bunch in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a bunch in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a bunch in other words
+so you can then minimize the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can then minimize the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can then minimize the problems of
+finding a long gap here and predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a long gap here and predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a long gap here and predicting
+when that gap will meet what do you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that gap will meet what do you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that gap will meet what do you tell
+you need algorithms for like it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need algorithms for like it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need algorithms for like it's very
+difficult what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult what you
+we tell the passengers do you tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell the passengers do you tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell the passengers do you tell the
+passengers listen guys this bus might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers listen guys this bus might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers listen guys this bus might
+get sore no no no you change the hex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sore no no no you change the hex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sore no no no you change the hex
+fine and usually this bus is running to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and usually this bus is running to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and usually this bus is running to
+obey the desk it's run sundel square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the desk it's run sundel square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the desk it's run sundel square
+instead of hard yeah where's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of hard yeah where's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of hard yeah where's like the
+red light I'm supposed to portray the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light I'm supposed to portray the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light I'm supposed to portray the
+red line is so long you know what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line is so long you know what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line is so long you know what did
+you know that would be my service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that would be my service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that would be my service
+planning for training strategy not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for training strategy not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for training strategy not a
+real pain control strategy so we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pain control strategy so we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real pain control strategy so we make
+the distinction both are short turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction both are short turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction both are short turning
+but this is something that you decide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that you decide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that you decide in
+real time to bring the sort of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time to bring the sort of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time to bring the sort of service
+that we're delivering more close to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're delivering more close to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're delivering more close to what
+you plan to deliver which is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan to deliver which is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan to deliver which is different
+from our strategy and service funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our strategy and service funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our strategy and service funding
+where you identify when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you identify when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you identify when we talk about
+high right a four-quarter strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right a four-quarter strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right a four-quarter strategies
+they're gonna be the core of your route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be the core of your route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be the core of your route
+that I'll hire the amount then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll hire the amount then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll hire the amount then you have
+short turns to have frequency high air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short turns to have frequency high air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short turns to have frequency high air
+at that point very different reasons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point very different reasons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point very different reasons and
+horizons for planning and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizons for planning and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizons for planning and all sorts of
+things okay use of reserve vehicles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay use of reserve vehicles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay use of reserve vehicles this
+happens more with rail than bus by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens more with rail than bus by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens more with rail than bus by you
+could have it with bus too though I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it with bus too though I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it with bus too though I know
+that in South America they do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in South America they do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in South America they do it with
+bus so you have some buses stationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus so you have some buses stationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus so you have some buses stationed
+somewhere in the city near key routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the city near key routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the city near key routes
+and there's waiting there for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's waiting there for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's waiting there for an
+opportunity so then someone is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity so then someone is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity so then someone is someone
+in a control center sees a long gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a control center sees a long gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a control center sees a long gap and
+they call it bus and say there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it bus and say there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it bus and say there's a big
+long gap there rush go into the corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long gap there rush go into the corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long gap there rush go into the corridor
+and start operating root X so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start operating root X so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start operating root X so they can
+inject a vehicle and you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a vehicle and you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a vehicle and you can do that
+with rail - if you have public tracks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rail - if you have public tracks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rail - if you have public tracks so
+you might have to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to track
+somewhere and sort of insert the Train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and sort of insert the Train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and sort of insert the Train
+re not something about that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re not something about that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re not something about that okay so
+mostly if you do whole thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly if you do whole thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly if you do whole thing you can
+pull things up a strategy for it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things up a strategy for it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things up a strategy for it's for
+keeping service on track you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping service on track you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping service on track you don't
+usually want to do the more aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to do the more aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to do the more aggressive
+strategies because they hurt customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies because they hurt customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies because they hurt customers
+and they require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they require
+more coordination effort but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coordination effort but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coordination effort but if you have
+a major disruption sometimes you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major disruption sometimes you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major disruption sometimes you need
+them holding myself what color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them holding myself what color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them holding myself what color
+holding can be done in a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding can be done in a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding can be done in a bunch of
+different ways you can hold to schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can hold to schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can hold to schedule
+adherence for headway we've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence for headway we've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence for headway we've kind of
+brushed it off and set ahead wait here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushed it off and set ahead wait here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushed it off and set ahead wait here
+well there's actually a lot of ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's actually a lot of ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's actually a lot of ways you
+can do that so one of them is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that so one of them is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that so one of them is to look at
+the schedule and realize that the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule and realize that the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule and realize that the time
+between schedule trips is five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between schedule trips is five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between schedule trips is five minutes
+so now instead of actively trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now instead of actively trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now instead of actively trying to
+stick to the actual times you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the actual times you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the actual times you want to
+stick to a separation of five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to a separation of five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to a separation of five minutes
+between vehicles because that's the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vehicles because that's the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vehicles because that's the time
+that was scheduled so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was scheduled so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was scheduled so that would be
+scheduled headweight hearings the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled headweight hearings the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled headweight hearings the next
+then these are in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are in order of
+sophistication so then exponents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication so then exponents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication so then exponents are
+threshold threshold headway appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold threshold headway appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold threshold headway appearance
+so if you think about it there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it there's no
+reason why the scheduled difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the scheduled difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the scheduled difference
+between departure times is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between departure times is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between departure times is the best
+threshold that you should use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that you should use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that you should use for
+holding there might be one that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there might be one that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there might be one that is a
+minute less or even higher that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute less or even higher that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute less or even higher that results
+in better performance why not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in better performance why not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in better performance why not what the
+why should spend their white what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should spend their white what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should spend their white what
+physical reason is there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reason is there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reason is there for the
+schedule time being the best one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule time being the best one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule time being the best one there
+isn't they so if you optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't they so if you optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't they so if you optimize the
+threshold you can get better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you can get better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you can get better performance
+and usually the optimal threshold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the optimal threshold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the optimal threshold is
+below is shorter than the schedule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is shorter than the schedule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is shorter than the schedule so
+you hold less often the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold less often the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold less often the problem with
+Henry adherence is that you hold too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry adherence is that you hold too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry adherence is that you hold too
+much actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much actually
+so then there's happy regularity don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's happy regularity don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's happy regularity don't
+worry about the schedule at all or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the schedule at all or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the schedule at all or about
+any predetermine that way you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any predetermine that way you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any predetermine that way you have a
+separation of between vehicles and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of between vehicles and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of between vehicles and I
+know that if I have vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if I have vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if I have vehicles
+I want my equal space this way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my equal space this way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my equal space this way but
+instead I have this situation so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I have this situation so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I have this situation so I want
+this vehicle to hold until it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vehicle to hold until it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vehicle to hold until it is here
+right or rather that people what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or rather that people what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or rather that people what will
+really happen is these people will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen is these people will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen is these people will stay
+there you will ask them to stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you will ask them to stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you will ask them to stay there
+and you you want this vehicle to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you want this vehicle to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you want this vehicle to move on
+and this people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this people
+to these positions and now they're even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these positions and now they're even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these positions and now they're even
+and I knew that let that vehicle go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I knew that let that vehicle go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I knew that let that vehicle go at
+that point so that's even that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so that's even that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so that's even that way
+holding this one's pretty easy now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this one's pretty easy now it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this one's pretty easy now it is
+it used to be very hard so with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be very hard so with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be very hard so with how
+would you implement targeted heck way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you implement targeted heck way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you implement targeted heck way
+holding without technology we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding without technology we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding without technology we're saying
+no nobody but how would you you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nobody but how would you you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nobody but how would you you can do
+it you need a supervisor supervisor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you need a supervisor supervisor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you need a supervisor supervisor in
+London there was actually a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there was actually a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there was actually a time when
+you didn't need a supervisor because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't need a supervisor because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't need a supervisor because you
+had the driver getting off the bus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the driver getting off the bus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the driver getting off the bus and
+hitting a button on a post and starts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a button on a post and starts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a button on a post and starts a
+timer and then their ever leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer and then their ever leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer and then their ever leaves the
+next bus comes along and it sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus comes along and it sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus comes along and it sees the
+time so it knows like I okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it knows like I okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it knows like I okay this is
+phoning up Salif and then so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoning up Salif and then so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoning up Salif and then so you can do
+that even without wireless communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even without wireless communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even without wireless communication
+even that way you can't do them you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that way you can't do them you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that way you can't do them you need
+you need communication somebody needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need communication somebody needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need communication somebody needs to
+know the vehicle before they'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the vehicle before they'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the vehicle before they'll be able
+after that needs to be communicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that needs to be communicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that needs to be communicated so
+it's it's much much more for a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much much more for a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much much more for a recent
+strategy in terms of this rate is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in terms of this rate is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in terms of this rate is you're
+not necessary trying to maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary trying to maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary trying to maintain a
+certain way it's often when it emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way it's often when it emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way it's often when it emerges
+from the system okay yeah and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the system okay yeah and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the system okay yeah and if
+actually if we want to split hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we want to split hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we want to split hairs
+there's different kinds of ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different kinds of ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different kinds of ways of doing
+you in that way and let's not get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in that way and let's not get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in that way and let's not get into
+it then the most super sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then the most super sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then the most super sophisticated
+class is optimization and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is optimization and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is optimization and something
+called rolling horizon optimization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rolling horizon optimization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rolling horizon optimization so
+what happens there is that you use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there is that you use of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there is that you use of a
+simulation model essentially to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation model essentially to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation model essentially to predict
+how the system would evolve if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system would evolve if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system would evolve if you're
+holding times were a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding times were a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding times were a certain
+configuration and you can test a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and you can test a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and you can test a bunch
+of different halfway holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different halfway holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different halfway holding
+configurations and pick the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and pick the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and pick the one that's
+best at a given time based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best at a given time based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best at a given time based on those
+forecasts and we'll pick the holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and we'll pick the holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and we'll pick the holding
+time that maximizes performance across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that maximizes performance across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that maximizes performance across
+forecasts and so what's neat about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and so what's neat about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and so what's neat about these
+is that they can trade off waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can trade off waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can trade off waiting time
+and enviable time when you hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enviable time when you hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enviable time when you hold the
+people inside the vehicle are waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inside the vehicle are waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inside the vehicle are waiting
+more the winners of the strategy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the winners of the strategy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the winners of the strategy are
+people who would have who would miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have who would miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would have who would miss
+that bus and have to wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bus and have to wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bus and have to wait for the
+following bus that has a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following bus that has a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following bus that has a long
+right so by evening out the head blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so by evening out the head blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so by evening out the head blades
+you make everybody wake about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make everybody wake about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make everybody wake about the same
+and that minimizes average waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that minimizes average waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that minimizes average waiting time
+an average crowding and etc so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average crowding and etc so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average crowding and etc so an
+optimization strategy you can predict or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization strategy you can predict or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization strategy you can predict or
+keep track of how many people are inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many people are inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many people are inside
+vehicles and I can know well I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and I can know well I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and I can know well I know this
+is the penalty I know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the penalty I know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the penalty I know this is the
+benefit let's trade these off and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit let's trade these off and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit let's trade these off and let's
+hold the optimal amount of time such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the optimal amount of time such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the optimal amount of time such
+that the total time is minimized and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total time is minimized and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total time is minimized and you
+can multiply by factors that take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply by factors that take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply by factors that take into
+account the disutility of waiting being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the disutility of waiting being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the disutility of waiting being
+higher than the disutility of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the disutility of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the disutility of being
+inside the vehicle so what that does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the vehicle so what that does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the vehicle so what that does is
+that it reduces excessive holding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it reduces excessive holding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it reduces excessive holding so
+right if you know that you were full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know that you were full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know that you were full
+vehicle you don't hold it even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle you don't hold it even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle you don't hold it even if it's
+very close to the next one why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the next one why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the next one why would you
+hold the vehicle at a full even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the vehicle at a full even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the vehicle at a full even if it's
+this one right here you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here you don't you don't
+want to hold it what if the ego isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold it what if the ego isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold it what if the ego isn't
+full but it will be full five stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but it will be full five stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but it will be full five stops
+ahead because the man is very high for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead because the man is very high for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead because the man is very high for
+some reason and you know that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason and you know that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason and you know that then you
+can optimization algorithm will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can optimization algorithm will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can optimization algorithm will see that
+because it's predicting for that out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's predicting for that out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's predicting for that out so
+it'll it'll be able to pick a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be able to pick a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be able to pick a strategy
+that improves performance one challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that improves performance one challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that improves performance one challenge
+is a drivers if you hold too much done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drivers if you hold too much done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drivers if you hold too much done
+drivers may be 20 minutes late further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers may be 20 minutes late further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers may be 20 minutes late further
+shift your meal break what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift your meal break what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift your meal break what do you do
+about that that's still a challenge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's still a challenge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's still a challenge and
+that's challenged throughout but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenged throughout but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenged throughout but there's
+opportunity with optimization algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity with optimization algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity with optimization algorithms
+to insert constraints that take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert constraints that take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert constraints that take those
+into account so that you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account so that you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account so that you're holding
+policy is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is something that you can
+implement this problem is np-hard and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this problem is np-hard and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this problem is np-hard and if
+you if you crunched all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you crunched all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you crunched all the
+possibilities you would never finish so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you would never finish so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you would never finish so
+you need very good algorithm to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need very good algorithm to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need very good algorithm to sort of
+find something fast yeah so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find something fast yeah so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find something fast yeah so there's two
+different ways of doing rolling carts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing rolling carts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing rolling carts
+and optimization your one way is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and optimization your one way is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and optimization your one way is to have
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+times in the mounds within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the mounds within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the mounds within the
+prediction horizon so imagine this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction horizon so imagine this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction horizon so imagine this blue
+window being your this is the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window being your this is the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window being your this is the time right
+now and you're pretty thing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you're pretty thing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you're pretty thing over the
+next say hour and that's that's the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next say hour and that's that's the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next say hour and that's that's the blue
+window yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window yeah
+what is actually happening is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually happening is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually happening is that your
+running time they're going up slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time they're going up slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time they're going up slowly
+gradually your amendments going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually your amendments going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually your amendments going on
+slowly gradually because you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly gradually because you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly gradually because you're in the
+nd if you are using static input you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd if you are using static input you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd if you are using static input you
+have to say what the running thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what the running thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what the running thing is
+for the whole horizon right so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole horizon right so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole horizon right so what you
+might do is break up the day into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is break up the day into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is break up the day into
+periods and if you start at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and if you start at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and if you start at this time
+any time before this you set some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time before this you set some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time before this you set some
+average and then once you cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and then once you cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and then once you cross that
+threshold you set different average but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you set different average but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you set different average but
+then you miss out on some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you miss out on some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you miss out on some information
+right so I worked on a mole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I worked on a mole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I worked on a mole that
+actually take some dynamic inputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take some dynamic inputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take some dynamic inputs to
+figure out to consider in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out to consider in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out to consider in these
+transitions essentially and the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions essentially and the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions essentially and the way it
+works is you have these dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have these dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have these dynamic
+functions running times on demand see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions running times on demand see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions running times on demand see
+the current system state you send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system state you send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system state you send that
+to a model the model passes on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model the model passes on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model the model passes on those
+inputs and some holding time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and some holding time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and some holding time
+configuration to a performance model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to a performance model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to a performance model
+which essentially forecasts what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially forecasts what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially forecasts what the
+system would do how they'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would do how they'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would do how they'll be able to
+move where custom move aboard all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move where custom move aboard all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move where custom move aboard all those
+things and then that gets sent to a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then that gets sent to a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then that gets sent to a cost
+model which that's how much are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which that's how much are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which that's how much are people
+waiting how much are people in vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting how much are people in vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting how much are people in vehicles
+let's add those up and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add those up and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add those up and figure out what
+the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is
+and then back to the optimization model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to the optimization model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to the optimization model
+and the optimization well says what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the optimization well says what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the optimization well says what if
+we instead of doing that let's turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we instead of doing that let's turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we instead of doing that let's turn this
+knob and increase that holding time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob and increase that holding time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob and increase that holding time
+because this one go again and so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one go again and so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one go again and so it can
+do that on a loop and suchly until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on a loop and suchly until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on a loop and suchly until it
+finds optimal times the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds optimal times the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds optimal times the objective
+function is a is the average time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a is the average time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a is the average time in the
+system so he W he is like extra trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so he W he is like extra trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so he W he is like extra trying
+in the vehicle so it's the time that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vehicle so it's the time that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vehicle so it's the time that a
+person spends out of stop in the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person spends out of stop in the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person spends out of stop in the vehicle
+not moving because will be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving because will be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving because will be able to be
+held right so you're adding time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held right so you're adding time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held right so you're adding time to the
+person and then WS is waiting time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then WS is waiting time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then WS is waiting time on
+the stop and we can multiply by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop and we can multiply by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop and we can multiply by some
+factor because we know that waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because we know that waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because we know that waiting time
+is more orders there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more orders there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more orders there's a bunch of
+constraints I'll skip the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I'll skip the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I'll skip the differences
+between static and dynamic essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between static and dynamic essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between static and dynamic essentially
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+running plans and demand can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running plans and demand can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running plans and demand can be
+functions of time now here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of time now here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of time now here's what
+happens so I tested here we test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I tested here we test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I tested here we test for
+different strategies the first one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies the first one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies the first one here
+th is a threshold holding eh is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th is a threshold holding eh is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th is a threshold holding eh is even
+halfway building Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway building Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway building Oh
+OS is a optimization of the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS is a optimization of the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS is a optimization of the static
+inputs and all these optimizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and all these optimizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and all these optimizations and
+then we tested if we look at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we tested if we look at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we tested if we look at the bottom
+sort of two sets of four these are cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two sets of four these are cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two sets of four these are cases
+where the both of the men and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the both of the men and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the both of the men and their
+infants are dynamic so they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are dynamic so they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are dynamic so they were both
+transient and we test fit a case of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient and we test fit a case of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient and we test fit a case of low
+growling in that piece of pipe body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growling in that piece of pipe body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growling in that piece of pipe body so
+what we see is that in all cases of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that in all cases of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that in all cases of the
+low growling by the way the bottom sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low growling by the way the bottom sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low growling by the way the bottom sort
+of two-thirds up sets of X runs are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-thirds up sets of X runs are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-thirds up sets of X runs are at
+cases where maybe running things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe running things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe running things are
+dynamic but the man isn't and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic but the man isn't and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic but the man isn't and so if you
+look at all the cases of low crowding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the cases of low crowding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the cases of low crowding
+the white walls here and there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white walls here and there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white walls here and there's very
+little difference performance so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difference performance so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difference performance so it
+means that you don't really need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you don't really need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you don't really need the
+most sophisticated strategy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated strategy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated strategy and the
+benefit of a very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of a very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of a very sophisticated
+optimization strategy with dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization strategy with dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization strategy with dynamic
+inputs it's not really gonna bring you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's not really gonna bring you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's not really gonna bring you a
+lot of benefit if you look at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of benefit if you look at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of benefit if you look at the high
+crowding case what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding case what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding case what you see is that the
+total there is a pretty significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total there is a pretty significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total there is a pretty significant
+benefit of even that we hold him over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of even that we hold him over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of even that we hold him over
+even optimized threshold holding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even optimized threshold holding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even optimized threshold holding but
+going moving to the model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going moving to the model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going moving to the model with
+optimization doesn't do much for you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization doesn't do much for you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization doesn't do much for you if
+if there's a lot of sort of dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a lot of sort of dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a lot of sort of dynamics and
+system eventually so part of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system eventually so part of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system eventually so part of that is
+because the static inputs high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the static inputs high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the static inputs high
+information about when those be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about when those be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about when those be able to
+fill up and when you insert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up and when you insert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up and when you insert the
+information into the system then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into the system then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into the system then the
+optimized you can see more of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized you can see more of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized you can see more of what
+happens and kind of group performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and kind of group performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and kind of group performance
+here to the left is lower cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the left is lower cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the left is lower cost and
+therefore better yeah there's more two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore better yeah there's more two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore better yeah there's more two
+parts here but we're running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts here but we're running out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts here but we're running out of time
+so you know I'm gonna skip a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I'm gonna skip a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I'm gonna skip a few slides
+so you have control problems routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have control problems routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have control problems routine
+disturbances where you lose speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances where you lose speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances where you lose speed
+adjustments and holding lightly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments and holding lightly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments and holding lightly then
+their short-term disruptions that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their short-term disruptions that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their short-term disruptions that might
+last between 5 and 30 minutes and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last between 5 and 30 minutes and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last between 5 and 30 minutes and there
+you can apply strategies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply strategies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply strategies that we
+discussed and then there's very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then there's very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then there's very long
+much longer interruptions in service for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer interruptions in service for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer interruptions in service for
+which you need to do something major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to do something major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to do something major
+like bringing out bus service to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bringing out bus service to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bringing out bus service to replace
+train service and so only holding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train service and so only holding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train service and so only holding in
+short short turning expressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short short turning expressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short short turning expressing that
+adding they're not gonna cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding they're not gonna cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding they're not gonna cut it
+you have much bigger problems to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much bigger problems to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much bigger problems to deal
+with here's a situation in a rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here's a situation in a rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here's a situation in a rail
+operation where there's a signal failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where there's a signal failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where there's a signal failure
+or perhaps there's a suicide attempt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps there's a suicide attempt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps there's a suicide attempt and
+there's a person on the tracks and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a person on the tracks and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a person on the tracks and you
+you have this train that's standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this train that's standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this train that's standing
+there and can't move so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and can't move so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and can't move so the first thing
+you do is hold the trains downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is hold the trains downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is hold the trains downstream
+immediately downstream of the blockage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately downstream of the blockage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately downstream of the blockage
+if you don't do that they will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do that they will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do that they will run
+around and queue up on the other end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and queue up on the other end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and queue up on the other end and
+the people entering these stations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people entering these stations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people entering these stations are
+going to wait a long time right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wait a long time right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wait a long time right and
+those stations are going to fill up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stations are going to fill up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stations are going to fill up the
+other thing you should do is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you should do is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you should do is these
+trains that are lined up here should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains that are lined up here should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains that are lined up here should be
+expressed as soon as the blockage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as soon as the blockage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as soon as the blockage is
+cleared up so that you can move those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared up so that you can move those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared up so that you can move those
+vehicles forward and the vehicles at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles forward and the vehicles at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles forward and the vehicles at the
+end of the queue can begin normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the queue can begin normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the queue can begin normal
+operations okay that make sense a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay that make sense a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay that make sense a lot of
+the very sophisticated models are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very sophisticated models are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very sophisticated models are not
+used to practice for a number of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to practice for a number of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to practice for a number of reasons
+some things it's that the models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things it's that the models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things it's that the models are
+simplistic sometimes it's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic sometimes it's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic sometimes it's a sort of a
+lot of faith involved often and has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of faith involved often and has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of faith involved often and has to
+do the data in real time about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the data in real time about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the data in real time about where
+vehicles are not being that good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles are not being that good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles are not being that good so
+actually detecting or beetles are could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detecting or beetles are could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detecting or beetles are could
+be a major challenge and you need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a major challenge and you need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a major challenge and you need that
+information to make a determination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to make a determination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to make a determination of
+what optimal strategy is recently our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what optimal strategy is recently our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what optimal strategy is recently our
+lab did a pilot of a real experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab did a pilot of a real experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab did a pilot of a real experiment
+with the Green Line holding to headways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Green Line holding to headways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Green Line holding to headways
+instead of the schedule so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the schedule so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the schedule so right now
+they use paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use paper
+I have a schedule and we dr. Fabian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a schedule and we dr. Fabian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a schedule and we dr. Fabian
+who's a student from the lab designed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a student from the lab designed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a student from the lab designed an
+app that has all the train and driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that has all the train and driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that has all the train and driver
+information and it also companies even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and it also companies even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and it also companies even
+happily the party of time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily the party of time so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily the party of time so that
+departure time which would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure time which would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure time which would cause
+anything that way and for two weeks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that way and for two weeks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that way and for two weeks we
+had the inspectors of the terminal use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the inspectors of the terminal use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the inspectors of the terminal use
+that instead of paper schedule and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of paper schedule and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of paper schedule and what
+happened here's a picture of the app so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here's a picture of the app so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here's a picture of the app so
+you have all the things for the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the things for the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the things for the day
+there's color coding so green is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's color coding so green is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's color coding so green is coming
+up and you can see all these times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can see all these times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can see all these times are
+different so 936 there's some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so 936 there's some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so 936 there's some extra
+holding there for the train that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there for the train that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there for the train that has
+been scheduled at 9:34 so that headways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been scheduled at 9:34 so that headways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been scheduled at 9:34 so that headways
+are even coming out and here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even coming out and here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even coming out and here's what
+happens the sort of variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the sort of variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the sort of variability
+decreased by about 40% in some cases if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by about 40% in some cases if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by about 40% in some cases if
+you look at the coefficient of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the coefficient of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the coefficient of variation
+and you only look at trains that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only look at trains that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only look at trains that were
+compliant what really happened overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant what really happened overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant what really happened overall
+was a mix of things there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mix of things there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mix of things there were some
+non-compliance with headway times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliance with headway times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliance with headway times some
+insistence in departing on time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insistence in departing on time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insistence in departing on time to the
+schedule and then sometimes compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then sometimes compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and then sometimes compliance
+to the even halfway policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the even halfway policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the even halfway policy
+so here's the coefficient of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the coefficient of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the coefficient of variation
+you know what that is you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that is you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that is you know that
+lower is better and the Green Line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower is better and the Green Line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower is better and the Green Line is
+lower so it's better you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so it's better you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so it's better you can calculate
+and the equivalence benefit that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equivalence benefit that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equivalence benefit that you
+would get by adding trains to service in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by adding trains to service in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by adding trains to service in
+terms of decreasing waiting time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of decreasing waiting time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of decreasing waiting time you can
+you know you can increase frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can increase frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can increase frequency by
+adding new trains so decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding new trains so decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding new trains so decrease in
+variability of headways was equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of headways was equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of headways was equivalent
+to dividing 1.7 trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dividing 1.7 trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dividing 1.7 trains
+we're just money right so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just money right so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just money right so there is a
+mechanism in this algorithm that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in this algorithm that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in this algorithm that tries
+to go back gradually to the schedule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back gradually to the schedule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back gradually to the schedule you
+know in I wouldn't characterize it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in I wouldn't characterize it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in I wouldn't characterize it that
+way there are constraints to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are constraints to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are constraints to prevent
+situations where there aren't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where there aren't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where there aren't enough
+trains to be already departed and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains to be already departed and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains to be already departed and there
+are some limits constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some limits constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some limits constraints on the
+holding luck indeed it's a thermic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding luck indeed it's a thermic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding luck indeed it's a thermic yeah
+so yeah there's an intention not to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's an intention not to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's an intention not to not
+to have too much of a cascading holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have too much of a cascading holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have too much of a cascading holding
+yeah throughout the day but it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah throughout the day but it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah throughout the day but it's not so
+much as a program linear trend towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a program linear trend towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a program linear trend towards
+schedule yeah or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule yeah or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule yeah or anything like that
+because because you're going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you're going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you're going off
+schedule there's slightly slightly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule there's slightly slightly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule there's slightly slightly so
+what you ever run into issues with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you ever run into issues with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you ever run into issues with like
+communicate with the Green Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the Green Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the Green Line
+especially these high frequency I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially these high frequency I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially these high frequency I'm not
+running very reliably anyway so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very reliably anyway so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very reliably anyway so I don't
+know anyone that looks at the schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyone that looks at the schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyone that looks at the schedule
+maybe very early in the morning but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe very early in the morning but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe very early in the morning but I
+don't know maybe late at night but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe late at night but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe late at night but I
+don't know my total you scream let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know my total you scream let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know my total you scream let's get
+the yes way today yeah they didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yes way today yeah they didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yes way today yeah they didn't I
+think it would happen but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would happen but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would happen but I don't think
+about during the day it would happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the day it would happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the day it would happen and
+what happened with this way the night of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with this way the night of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with this way the night of
+the schedule is reliable enough but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule is reliable enough but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule is reliable enough but even
+that wait times are the scheduled times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wait times are the scheduled times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wait times are the scheduled times
+anyway so there's no issue there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's no issue there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's no issue there
+so just to like a more robust system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to like a more robust system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to like a more robust system we
+learned a lot from this pilot and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from this pilot and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from this pilot and I
+think whoever implements the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think whoever implements the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think whoever implements the next three
+system will have to read dodges thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will have to read dodges thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will have to read dodges thesis
+because there's so much that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so much that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so much that we learned
+from about compliance about issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about compliance about issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about compliance about issues with
+data I recommend reading it you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I recommend reading it you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I recommend reading it you like
+what you saw how much determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw how much determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw how much determining the
+head way that it should be it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head way that it should be it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head way that it should be it's even
+that way it's just it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's just it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's just it's not like
+optimizing no optimization it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing no optimization it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing no optimization it's a very
+simple even have a stroke a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple even have a stroke a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple even have a stroke a prediction
+of the time it takes the string to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time it takes the string to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time it takes the string to reach
+the next one prediction of the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one prediction of the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one prediction of the time it
+takes a trailing train to arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a trailing train to arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a trailing train to arrive at the
+terminal and then you think those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and then you think those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and then you think those to
+calculate we hope the head weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate we hope the head weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate we hope the head weighs
+essentially okay and then determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially okay and then determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially okay and then determining
+the only plan to keep that tree in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only plan to keep that tree in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only plan to keep that tree in the
+middle and then Manning some constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then Manning some constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then Manning some constraints
+prevent excessive holder also to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent excessive holder also to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent excessive holder also to prevent
+like if they're what's a long gap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they're what's a long gap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they're what's a long gap you
+might want to hold a second one too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hold a second one too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hold a second one too much
+sometimes some goes together yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes some goes together yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes some goes together yeah so
+here's something interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something interesting here
+space-time graph tiny long horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time graph tiny long horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time graph tiny long horizontal
+green here shows compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here shows compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here shows compliance
+retros non-compliance so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retros non-compliance so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retros non-compliance so the first thing
+we see is that when there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that when there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that when there's a lot of
+green those lines are nicely evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green those lines are nicely evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green those lines are nicely evenly
+spaced so that's good right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so that's good right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so that's good right that's the
+lower coefficient of variation when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower coefficient of variation when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower coefficient of variation when you
+see red you see some bunching later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red you see some bunching later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red you see some bunching later on
+and it doesn't happen immediately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't happen immediately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't happen immediately and
+isacs white notice how slight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isacs white notice how slight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isacs white notice how slight the
+deviations can be but do you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations can be but do you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations can be but do you see the
+effect although the well time effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect although the well time effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect although the well time effects
+and happening the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and happening the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and happening the other thing that
+happens is that they have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that they have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that they have someone
+controlling at reservoir so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling at reservoir so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling at reservoir so they have
+someone station they're holding trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone station they're holding trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone station they're holding trains
+to keep them even evenly spaced more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them even evenly spaced more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them even evenly spaced more or
+less and women which trains are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and women which trains are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and women which trains are being
+held the ones that are known as green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held the ones that are known as green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held the ones that are known as green
+right so so you've sent the train that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you've sent the train that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you've sent the train that
+might be full of people and you decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be full of people and you decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be full of people and you decided
+that you need somehow needed to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need somehow needed to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need somehow needed to this
+depart a little bit earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart a little bit earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart a little bit earlier than
+algorithm said and then you you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm said and then you you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm said and then you you wait
+till you fall to them called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you fall to them called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you fall to them called
+two minutes you could have avoided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes you could have avoided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes you could have avoided that
+by having left a little late later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having left a little late later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having left a little late later so
+that's the end sorry for being a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end sorry for being a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end sorry for being a few
+minutes late if you have questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes late if you have questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes late if you have questions on
+holding or even control them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding or even control them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding or even control them you know
+next lecture on policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IYBYmOVmICg.txt b/IYBYmOVmICg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..347e3556b873f793c457172c660ddfdec383a9c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IYBYmOVmICg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+okay so let me yeah so let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me yeah so let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me yeah so let me tell you
+my version of what SMA is and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my version of what SMA is and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my version of what SMA is and uh what
+we're supposed to do oh before I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to do oh before I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to do oh before I do that
+let me do one more introduction this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do one more introduction this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do one more introduction this is
+Professor Colin Shepard sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Colin Shepard sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Colin Shepard sitting on the
+other side so he's the instructor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so he's the instructor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so he's the instructor on the
+Singapore side so basically the four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore side so basically the four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore side so basically the four of
+us are the team of instructors Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are the team of instructors Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are the team of instructors Professor
+Shephard sebec Pepe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shephard sebec Pepe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shephard sebec Pepe and
+myself and um the class is not quite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and um the class is not quite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and um the class is not quite an
+SMA class it is not quite part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SMA class it is not quite part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SMA class it is not quite part of the
+Singapore mat Alliance it is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore mat Alliance it is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore mat Alliance it is part of
+something else called Singapore MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else called Singapore MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else called Singapore MIT
+Alliance for research and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alliance for research and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alliance for research and Technology
+smart and uh this is a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and uh this is a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and uh this is a very complicated
+description of what smart is and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what smart is and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what smart is and why
+we're teaching the class but the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching the class but the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching the class but the bottom
+line is that this is more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that this is more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that this is more or less the
+same class uh of Optics that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class uh of Optics that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class uh of Optics that has been
+taught at MIT for the last 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught at MIT for the last 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught at MIT for the last 10 years
+actually an improved version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an improved version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an improved version of the
+class and it has been broadcast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it has been broadcast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it has been broadcast to
+Singapore at a very inconvenient time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore at a very inconvenient time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore at a very inconvenient time
+for everybody involved both in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody involved both in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody involved both in Singapore
+and for us so I think it is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is a this is a summary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a this is a summary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a this is a summary a
+little bit of what I just said about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what I just said about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what I just said about the
+instructors we also have two assistants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors we also have two assistants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors we also have two assistants
+primarily you'll be dealing with Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily you'll be dealing with Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily you'll be dealing with Kate
+those of you who are here she's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are here she's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are here she's my
+assistant at MIT and for those of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant at MIT and for those of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant at MIT and for those of you in
+Singapore if you need sometimes to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore if you need sometimes to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore if you need sometimes to tend
+in assignments or desperately get hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assignments or desperately get hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assignments or desperately get hold
+of me or whatever Adana is your contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me or whatever Adana is your contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me or whatever Adana is your contact
+she in build in in I'm sorry in Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she in build in in I'm sorry in Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she in build in in I'm sorry in Block
+s16 um uh by way in Singapore uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s16 um uh by way in Singapore uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s16 um uh by way in Singapore uses
+English as the official language but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as the official language but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as the official language but as
+you will notice throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice throughout the class
+there's some differences for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some differences for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some differences for example in
+Singapore we don't say building we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore we don't say building we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore we don't say building we say
+block so and there's also some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so and there's also some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so and there's also some other
+subtle differences in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle differences in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle differences in Singapore
+English okay uh we will seldom give any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English okay uh we will seldom give any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English okay uh we will seldom give any
+handouts in the class everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts in the class everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts in the class everything you
+need is in the website I've listed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is in the website I've listed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is in the website I've listed the
+link over here and when you log in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link over here and when you log in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link over here and when you log in there
+you will see two three things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see two three things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see two three things actually
+you'll see the syllabus has been posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the syllabus has been posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the syllabus has been posted
+uh a set of policies have been has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of policies have been has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of policies have been has been
+posted which says some obvious things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted which says some obvious things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted which says some obvious things
+like you know don't copy don't see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know don't copy don't see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know don't copy don't see on
+exams and stuff like that and uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and stuff like that and uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and stuff like that and uh and um
+also the first lecture has also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the first lecture has also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the first lecture has also been
+posted and I will tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and I will tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and I will tell you a little bit
+about how we deal with the posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we deal with the posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we deal with the posted
+lectures and so on and these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so on and these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so on and these are some
+administrative details here that uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative details here that uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative details here that uh I'm
+not sure if I want to spend any time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if I want to spend any time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if I want to spend any time on
+those for those of you who are course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for those of you who are course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for those of you who are course to
+if you're undergraduate it meets your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're undergraduate it meets your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're undergraduate it meets your
+restricted elective requirement if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted elective requirement if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted elective requirement if
+you're graduate It prepares you for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're graduate It prepares you for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're graduate It prepares you for one
+of the qualifying exams offered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualifying exams offered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualifying exams offered in the
+department um a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department um a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department um a little bit about uh
+about uh what um what the class covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what um what the class covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what um what the class covers
+so so the class is very introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the class is very introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the class is very introductory
+about light phenomena and how we design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light phenomena and how we design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light phenomena and how we design
+Optical systems um so this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical systems um so this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical systems um so this is sort of a
+bunch of pictures I sto from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pictures I sto from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pictures I sto from various
+websites it shows a rainbow it shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites it shows a rainbow it shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites it shows a rainbow it shows a
+Galaxy that we can capture with Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy that we can capture with Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy that we can capture with Advanced
+telescopes it shows here um do I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes it shows here um do I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes it shows here um do I have a
+pointer or I maybe I'll just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or I maybe I'll just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or I maybe I'll just use this
+for now um well I guess I cannot use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now um well I guess I cannot use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now um well I guess I cannot use
+anyway uh so it shows a cell over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so it shows a cell over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so it shows a cell over here
+captured with a microscope uh which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with a microscope uh which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with a microscope uh which I
+believe is a confocal microscope so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is a confocal microscope so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is a confocal microscope so it
+is Professor seer's expertise and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Professor seer's expertise and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Professor seer's expertise and this
+is the picture of the esophagus of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the picture of the esophagus of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the picture of the esophagus of a
+person captured with an endoscope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person captured with an endoscope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person captured with an endoscope so
+they basically lower the fiber uh bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically lower the fiber uh bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically lower the fiber uh bundle
+inside you know down someone's uh throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you know down someone's uh throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you know down someone's uh throat
+and using a technique called Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a technique called Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a technique called Optical
+coherence tomography it is an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence tomography it is an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence tomography it is an optical
+Imaging technique they captured the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging technique they captured the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging technique they captured the the
+the esophagus so so and finally what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esophagus so so and finally what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esophagus so so and finally what you
+see here is um is of course an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is um is of course an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is um is of course an optical
+disc you're all familiar with those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you're all familiar with those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you're all familiar with those and
+over here I believe that's a holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I believe that's a holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I believe that's a holographic
+setup it is a diffusion screen and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it is a diffusion screen and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it is a diffusion screen and uh
+this is supposed to be a um a setup for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a um a setup for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a um a setup for
+a three-dimensional display when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional display when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional display when you
+look at it it creates the illusion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it creates the illusion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it creates the illusion of a
+three-dimensional uh projection so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh projection so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh projection so if we
+had this for example in Singapore then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this for example in Singapore then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this for example in Singapore then I
+would in principle appear as if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in principle appear as if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in principle appear as if I'm
+standing over there this of course still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing over there this of course still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing over there this of course still
+at the science fiction stage but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the science fiction stage but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the science fiction stage but a lot
+of people are working on it and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are working on it and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are working on it and in fact
+nowadays um uh some companies they offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays um uh some companies they offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays um uh some companies they offer
+three-dimensional television sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional television sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional television sets that
+you can buy for a small additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy for a small additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy for a small additional
+amount I think it's a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I think it's a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I think it's a few hundred
+Samsung offers 3D TV set anyway so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung offers 3D TV set anyway so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung offers 3D TV set anyway so so
+the point of this slide is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this slide is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this slide is that there's
+many applications of Optics that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications of Optics that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications of Optics that uh that
+um are interested in engineering and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are interested in engineering and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are interested in engineering and of
+course light phenomena are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course light phenomena are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course light phenomena are sort of
+interesting for in their own right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for in their own right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for in their own right so
+the class will try to balance sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will try to balance sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will try to balance sort of a
+curiosity based sort of more the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity based sort of more the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity based sort of more the science
+approach where we learn basic facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where we learn basic facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where we learn basic facts
+about how light behaves how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how light behaves how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how light behaves how it
+propagates how it interacts with matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates how it interacts with matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates how it interacts with matter
+and we'll balance those with engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll balance those with engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll balance those with engineering
+applications that are presumably of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are presumably of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are presumably of
+interest to to many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to to many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to to many of
+you um for reasons that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um for reasons that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um for reasons that have to do with
+the expertise of both of us uh both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise of both of us uh both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise of both of us uh both of
+the the instructors we will concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the instructors we will concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the instructors we will concentrate
+most of the applications on imag so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the applications on imag so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the applications on imag so
+we'll be dealing a lot with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing a lot with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing a lot with things like
+microscopes and telescopes uh primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes and telescopes uh primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes and telescopes uh primarily
+these are the sort of the uh major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of the uh major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of the uh major
+Imaging instrument but we'll also cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging instrument but we'll also cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging instrument but we'll also cover
+some other things for fun for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things for fun for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things for fun for example we
+will talk about about the human eye will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about about the human eye will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about about the human eye will
+describe its structure its biology how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its structure its biology how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its structure its biology how
+it works not in great detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works not in great detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works not in great detail because
+this is after all not a biology class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all not a biology class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all not a biology class
+but uh just for fun because the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh just for fun because the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh just for fun because the human
+eye turns out to have some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye turns out to have some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye turns out to have some very
+interesting Optics inside it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Optics inside it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Optics inside it and it's
+kind of and also we'll discuss very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of and also we'll discuss very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of and also we'll discuss very
+briefly the eyes of insects which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the eyes of insects which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the eyes of insects which as you
+can see from the picture and you may you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from the picture and you may you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from the picture and you may you
+may already know uh they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may already know uh they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may already know uh they're very
+different than the human eye and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the human eye and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the human eye and we'll
+discuss a little bit why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit why they're
+different and and how each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and how each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and how each one of them
+operates and finally there some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and finally there some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and finally there some other
+Optical imag systems that look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical imag systems that look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical imag systems that look very
+surprising uh this picture over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising uh this picture over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising uh this picture over here is
+the is an instrument called the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is an instrument called the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is an instrument called the very
+large array telescope or vaa it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large array telescope or vaa it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large array telescope or vaa it is
+located in Soro New Mexico here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Soro New Mexico here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Soro New Mexico here in the
+states and um it's composed of 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and um it's composed of 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and um it's composed of 27
+antennas each one of these little white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas each one of these little white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas each one of these little white
+things is an antenna it's about 27 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is an antenna it's about 27 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is an antenna it's about 27 M
+tall and the diameter of the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and the diameter of the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and the diameter of the instrument
+this uh branch of here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh branch of here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh branch of here is
+approximately well it varies I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately well it varies I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately well it varies I don't
+know what it was when this picture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was when this picture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was when this picture was
+taken but it can be between 3 miles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken but it can be between 3 miles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken but it can be between 3 miles the
+diameter that is the size of Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter that is the size of Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter that is the size of Cambridge
+Massachusetts and 13 miles that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and 13 miles that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and 13 miles that is the
+size of Washington DC so that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Washington DC so that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Washington DC so that is an
+instrument an optical instrument if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument an optical instrument if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument an optical instrument if you
+can believe that has the size of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can believe that has the size of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can believe that has the size of an
+entire uh state in the US and it is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh state in the US and it is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh state in the US and it is used
+to observe a very remote galaxies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe a very remote galaxies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe a very remote galaxies with
+high resolution so so it falls a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution so so it falls a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution so so it falls a little
+bit outside the scope of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outside the scope of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outside the scope of the class
+because it uses um it uses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it uses um it uses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it uses um it uses um
+statistical Optics which we don't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Optics which we don't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Optics which we don't cover
+over here but we may mention it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but we may mention it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but we may mention it in
+passing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing a little bit
+later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um
+so and there of course some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there of course some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there of course some other things
+that you may have seen uh but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen uh but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen uh but actually
+cannot be done this is Luke Skywalker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be done this is Luke Skywalker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be done this is Luke Skywalker
+I'm old enough to to have been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm old enough to to have been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm old enough to to have been around
+when this movie came out Star Wars and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this movie came out Star Wars and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this movie came out Star Wars and I
+just want to point out that a lightsaber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that a lightsaber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that a lightsaber
+can actually not be made it is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually not be made it is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually not be made it is one of
+these impossible things that you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impossible things that you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impossible things that you will be
+you know you can see in science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see in science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see in science fiction
+but but it violates some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it violates some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it violates some physical
+principles so unfortunately it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so unfortunately it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so unfortunately it cannot be
+made but anyway it is still fun to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but anyway it is still fun to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but anyway it is still fun to to to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about okay so I think I covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so I think I covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so I think I covered the
+class objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class objectives
+uh we try to balance here physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to balance here physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to balance here physical
+intuition with with engineering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition with with engineering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition with with engineering uh
+understanding and design uh so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and design uh so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and design uh so we'll
+cover the fundamentals in pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the fundamentals in pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the fundamentals in pretty good
+detail and we'll also cover some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and we'll also cover some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and we'll also cover some
+applications in pretty good detail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in pretty good detail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in pretty good detail to
+the degree that we can within the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree that we can within the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree that we can within the scope
+of a semester right so so so we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semester right so so so we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semester right so so so we'll try
+to be uh to be very careful about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh to be very careful about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh to be very careful about that
+how we how we balance the two sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we how we balance the two sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we how we balance the two sometimes
+the two can compete right so we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two can compete right so we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two can compete right so we'll try
+to balance the competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance the competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance the competition between
+Basics and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics and and and
+application and also we'll uh we'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and also we'll uh we'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and also we'll uh we'll uh
+we'll cover some applications as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover some applications as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover some applications as I
+mentioned primarily we we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned primarily we we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned primarily we we'll deal with
+microscopy and uh also with some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy and uh also with some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy and uh also with some some
+topics related to telescopes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics related to telescopes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics related to telescopes there's
+some other topics that I will not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other topics that I will not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other topics that I will not really
+cover in class like Optical data storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in class like Optical data storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in class like Optical data storage
+but um as I will mention in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um as I will mention in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um as I will mention in a second
+there is class projects that uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is class projects that uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is class projects that uh sort of
+like a mini research project that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini research project that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini research project that you
+will do later in the semester so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do later in the semester so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do later in the semester so you're
+welcome to pick topics out of those if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to pick topics out of those if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to pick topics out of those if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+interested some Basics about the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested some Basics about the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested some Basics about the sort of
+prerequisites this is some basic math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites this is some basic math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites this is some basic math
+and and uh and physics that you need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and physics that you need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and physics that you need I
+think most of you have covered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you have covered these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you have covered these
+topics in your at least on the MIT side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in your at least on the MIT side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in your at least on the MIT side
+you covered those in places like 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you covered those in places like 1803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you covered those in places like 1803
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+two4 and 802 so I I assume that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two4 and 802 so I I assume that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two4 and 802 so I I assume that all of
+you who are undergraduates have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are undergraduates have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are undergraduates have taken
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and
+um and there is two textbooks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there is two textbooks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there is two textbooks so the
+class is a little bit expensive sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a little bit expensive sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a little bit expensive sorry
+about that there's two textbooks hect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that there's two textbooks hect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that there's two textbooks hect
+and Goodman uh will be using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Goodman uh will be using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Goodman uh will be using uh
+throughout the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the first half of the
+semester mostly hecked and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester mostly hecked and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester mostly hecked and then
+throughout the second half mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the second half mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the second half mostly
+Goodman but um the textbooks uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman but um the textbooks uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman but um the textbooks uh we would
+not really cover the sequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really cover the sequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really cover the sequence of the
+textbooks so you you should use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks so you you should use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks so you you should use them
+primarily as a reference uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as a reference uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as a reference uh all the
+stuff is posted by the way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is posted by the way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is posted by the way in the
+website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so
+so um you don't need to to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you don't need to to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you don't need to to write down
+the book names but anyway so so so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book names but anyway so so so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book names but anyway so so so who
+the textbooks as reference your primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks as reference your primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks as reference your primary
+resources are the notes and what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources are the notes and what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources are the notes and what we do
+in class and then you can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and then you can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and then you can go back and
+read them and there are some other texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them and there are some other texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them and there are some other texts
+that are sort of sort of useful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of sort of useful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of sort of useful if you
+have access to them through the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to them through the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to them through the library
+and so on some other administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on some other administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on some other administrative
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+uh this is a great distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a great distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a great distribution for the
+undergraduate class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class
+271 30 homeworks 30 quizzes 40 final we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+271 30 homeworks 30 quizzes 40 final we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+271 30 homeworks 30 quizzes 40 final we
+have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight
+homeworks um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks um and
+um oh and the homeworks are du actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and the homeworks are du actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and the homeworks are du actually
+they do 9 days after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do 9 days after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do 9 days after
+the after they're posted so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after they're posted so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after they're posted so you have
+plenty of time to work on them and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time to work on them and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time to work on them and also
+Pepe will strategically schedule his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepe will strategically schedule his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepe will strategically schedule his
+office hours so that you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours so that you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours so that you can ask
+questions before the homework and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before the homework and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before the homework and uh
+we'll see how to do the office hours for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to do the office hours for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to do the office hours for
+the Singapore students we work something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Singapore students we work something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Singapore students we work something
+out when they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when they get
+there anyway the first homework is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway the first homework is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway the first homework is not
+due until February 18 so so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due until February 18 so so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due until February 18 so so so there's
+no need to panic about that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to panic about that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to panic about that yet
+uh and the homeworks will also be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the homeworks will also be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the homeworks will also be posted
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+website and the 710 is very similar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the 710 is very similar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the 710 is very similar but
+710 The Graduate version also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+710 The Graduate version also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+710 The Graduate version also has a
+project so the project also counts for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so the project also counts for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so the project also counts for a
+significant portion of the grade and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of the grade and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of the grade and I
+think I already mentioned it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I already mentioned it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I already mentioned it's like a
+mini research project where you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini research project where you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini research project where you either
+give a short lecture on a sort of a Hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a short lecture on a sort of a Hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a short lecture on a sort of a Hot
+Topic in current Optics research or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in current Optics research or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in current Optics research or
+you sort of pick your own topic and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of pick your own topic and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of pick your own topic and and
+um and you you do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you you do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you you do a little bit of
+calculation or um you know some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or um you know some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or um you know some uh some
+simple thinking or you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thinking or you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thinking or you know it's
+supposed to be a class topic it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a class topic it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a class topic it's not a
+thesis or anything but like I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis or anything but like I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis or anything but like I me
+research topic in fact a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topic in fact a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topic in fact a couple of
+people already asked me if they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already asked me if they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already asked me if they can do
+something related to their current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to their current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to their current
+research and that's perfectly fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and that's perfectly fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and that's perfectly fine but
+you have to sell it because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sell it because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sell it because this is a
+this is a team project right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a team project right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a team project right so if you
+want to do something related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something related to your
+research you will need to recruit two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you will need to recruit two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you will need to recruit two
+three four other colleagues from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four other colleagues from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four other colleagues from the
+class and form a team around it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and form a team around it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and form a team around it so so
+it's up to you I'm certainly I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you I'm certainly I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you I'm certainly I certainly
+encourage actually um research related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage actually um research related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage actually um research related
+projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in the
+class so this is only for 710 if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this is only for 710 if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so this is only for 710 if you are
+enrolled in 71 and would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in 71 and would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in 71 and would like to be
+involved in this uh you're welcome to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this uh you're welcome to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this uh you're welcome to do
+it but uh you know to be fair you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh you know to be fair you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh you know to be fair you cannot
+get credit however you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get credit however you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get credit however you can be
+undergraduate and enroll in The Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and enroll in The Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and enroll in The Graduate
+version of the class so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the class so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the class so for example if
+you are uh planning to stay on at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh planning to stay on at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh planning to stay on at MIT
+for graduate school it's not a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graduate school it's not a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graduate school it's not a bad idea
+because the class is H level so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the class is H level so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the class is H level so it will
+already count to towards some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already count to towards some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already count to towards some of your
+credits later so anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits later so anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits later so anyway this is
+something that we can discuss um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can discuss um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can discuss um
+separately if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately if you
+like and finally the ugly side we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and finally the ugly side we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and finally the ugly side we do
+have quizzes and exams and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quizzes and exams and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quizzes and exams and all that
+stuff I hatte them myself I hated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I hatte them myself I hated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I hatte them myself I hated them
+when I was a student but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student but a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student but a little bit
+like the dentist right you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dentist right you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dentist right you know you you
+hate it but you have to do it so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it but you have to do it so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it but you have to do it so so this
+is the um distribution of the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um distribution of the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um distribution of the quizzes
+and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the
+final uh one important thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh one important thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh one important thing I would
+like to emphasize which is uh I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to emphasize which is uh I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to emphasize which is uh I always
+deliver a small sermon when I start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a small sermon when I start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a small sermon when I start a
+class and that has to do with asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that has to do with asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that has to do with asking
+questions uh I really think that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh I really think that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh I really think that you get
+the most benefit not from listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benefit not from listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benefit not from listening to
+me while I lecture especially at 7:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me while I lecture especially at 7:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me while I lecture especially at 7:00
+a.m. you know when including me you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. you know when including me you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. you know when including me you you
+know you're all sleepy and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all sleepy and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all sleepy and I will be
+sleepy in Singapore too because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepy in Singapore too because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepy in Singapore too because it's
+going to be late anyway so you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late anyway so you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late anyway so you don't get
+the most benefit out of that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benefit out of that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benefit out of that you don't
+get the most benefit by reading your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most benefit by reading your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most benefit by reading your
+book alone at home in your bed or or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book alone at home in your bed or or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book alone at home in your bed or or and
+so on the most benefit you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the most benefit you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the most benefit you get is
+actually from uh participating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from uh participating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from uh participating in
+discussions in the classroom with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the classroom with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the classroom with uh
+your peers with the instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers with the instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers with the instructors
+everybody so it so I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it so I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it so I would like to
+encourage you to not hesitate for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to not hesitate for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to not hesitate for no
+reason whatsoever if there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason whatsoever if there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason whatsoever if there's something
+that bothers you some question something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothers you some question something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothers you some question something
+you're not understanding something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not understanding something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not understanding something you
+are um uncertain or whatever please do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uncertain or whatever please do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uncertain or whatever please do
+ask you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know there's
+no no reason to be S um very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no reason to be S um very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no reason to be S um very often
+um people myself included you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people myself included you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people myself included you know if
+you're in a big audience you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a big audience you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a big audience you may be
+reluctant because you say well gee what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant because you say well gee what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant because you say well gee what
+if my question is not good or or what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my question is not good or or what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my question is not good or or what if
+I embarrass myself so there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I embarrass myself so there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I embarrass myself so there's no such
+thing okay if you are if if a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay if you are if if a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay if you are if if a question
+pops up in your mind the prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up in your mind the prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up in your mind the prob
+probability is very high that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very high that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very high that someone
+else in the class has the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the class has the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the class has the exact same
+question and this person is equally shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this person is equally shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this person is equally shy
+as you are to ask that question so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are to ask that question so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are to ask that question so you
+do yourself a favor and you do many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yourself a favor and you do many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yourself a favor and you do many of
+your other classmates a favor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other classmates a favor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other classmates a favor if you
+just interrupt me and ask a question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interrupt me and ask a question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interrupt me and ask a question so
+please do that and and I will also on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do that and and I will also on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do that and and I will also on my
+side I will treat all questions equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I will treat all questions equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I will treat all questions equally
+and I will do my best to answer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will do my best to answer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will do my best to answer every
+possible question sometimes I might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible question sometimes I might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible question sometimes I might not
+answer a question if I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a question if I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a question if I don't know the
+answer myself and this happens very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer myself and this happens very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer myself and this happens very
+often in my classes in I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in my classes in I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in my classes in I think in
+everybody's classes always someone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's classes always someone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's classes always someone can
+come up with a question that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a question that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a question that I don't
+know the answer if that happens I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer if that happens I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer if that happens I'll
+tell you sorry I'll get back to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you sorry I'll get back to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you sorry I'll get back to you in
+the next lecture right or by anyway uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture right or by anyway uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture right or by anyway uh I
+I think it will take a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it will take a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it will take a few lectures
+usually in my classes it takes a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in my classes it takes a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in my classes it takes a few
+lectures for the students to to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for the students to to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for the students to to overcome
+that threshold but I think it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold but I think it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold but I think it becomes
+very productive actually when you engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive actually when you engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive actually when you engage
+in discussions in the class and uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions in the class and uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions in the class and uh yeah
+don't worry about falling behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about falling behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about falling behind the
+syllabus or anything it is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus or anything it is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus or anything it is much more
+important that we learn well what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we learn well what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we learn well what we do
+learn than that we cover a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn than that we cover a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn than that we cover a lot of
+material and in the end nothing has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the end nothing has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the end nothing has been
+left in your mind right so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your mind right so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your mind right so one of the
+benefit of discussions especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of discussions especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of discussions especially
+arguments if we get into an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments if we get into an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments if we get into an argument
+about something then everybody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something then everybody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something then everybody will
+remember right because it's kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right because it's kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right because it's kind of fun
+right to watch people argue a topic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to watch people argue a topic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to watch people argue a topic so
+yeah by all means please interrupt and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah by all means please interrupt and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah by all means please interrupt and U
+and ask and uh we don't have recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask and uh we don't have recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask and uh we don't have recitations
+but as you notice the class has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you notice the class has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you notice the class has a
+slightly unusual schedule we have have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly unusual schedule we have have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly unusual schedule we have have a
+2hour lecture on Wednesday and 1 hour on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2hour lecture on Wednesday and 1 hour on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2hour lecture on Wednesday and 1 hour on
+Monday so who have structured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday so who have structured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday so who have structured the
+syllabus so that most of the material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so that most of the material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus so that most of the material is
+covered on Wednesday and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on Wednesday and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on Wednesday and most of the
+examples and practice and so on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and practice and so on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and practice and so on they
+happen on Mondays so this is how we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on Mondays so this is how we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on Mondays so this is how we deal
+with the recitation issue and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recitation issue and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the recitation issue and of course
+there's also the office hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh yeah um sometimes H we cover some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah um sometimes H we cover some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah um sometimes H we cover some
+mathematical topics that um some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical topics that um some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical topics that um some of you
+may have forgotten or may not be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have forgotten or may not be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have forgotten or may not be sort of
+um very up to speed with especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very up to speed with especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very up to speed with especially for
+it transforms so when the time comes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transforms so when the time comes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transforms so when the time comes we
+might do a special lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do a special lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do a special lecture in the
+evening MIT time uh and if we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening MIT time uh and if we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening MIT time uh and if we need to do
+that in Singapore we'll do it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Singapore we'll do it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Singapore we'll do it actually
+individually with me sort of in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually with me sort of in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually with me sort of in my
+office or something like that those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or something like that those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or something like that those of
+you at MIT you'll probably do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at MIT you'll probably do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at MIT you'll probably do it with
+sebec or Pepe come back one evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sebec or Pepe come back one evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sebec or Pepe come back one evening
+after 7 p.m. so we obey Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 7 p.m. so we obey Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 7 p.m. so we obey Institute
+policies and do like a math review so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and do like a math review so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and do like a math review so
+this may happen once or twice in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may happen once or twice in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may happen once or twice in the
+semester especially when it comes to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester especially when it comes to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester especially when it comes to F
+transforms because in my experience um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms because in my experience um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms because in my experience um
+um you need sort of the logistics of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need sort of the logistics of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need sort of the logistics of f
+transform in order to follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in order to follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in order to follow a
+significant fraction of the class so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the class so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the class so if
+you are not really you know up to speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not really you know up to speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not really you know up to speed
+with your basic F transforms from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your basic F transforms from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your basic F transforms from uh
+wherever you learn those things 1803 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you learn those things 1803 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you learn those things 1803 or
+2671 and so on we'll we'll do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2671 and so on we'll we'll do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2671 and so on we'll we'll do that for
+you okay um this is a list of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay um this is a list of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay um this is a list of topics
+that we cover in the class you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cover in the class you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cover in the class you can
+browse them in the website I will not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browse them in the website I will not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browse them in the website I will not go
+through each topic now because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each topic now because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each topic now because you know
+I don't want to give it away right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to give it away right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to give it away right I
+want to leave an element of of surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave an element of of surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave an element of of surprise
+uh but basically the class is divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but basically the class is divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but basically the class is divided
+into geometrical Optics and wave Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into geometrical Optics and wave Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into geometrical Optics and wave Optics
+and we'll start with geometrical Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with geometrical Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with geometrical Optics
+for about 4 weeks and then we'll move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 4 weeks and then we'll move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 4 weeks and then we'll move to
+wave Optics so the differences really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave Optics so the differences really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave Optics so the differences really
+has to do with approximations of um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with approximations of um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with approximations of um when
+we deal with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with light
+phenomena it's actually very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it's actually very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena it's actually very complicated
+how light interacts with matter and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light interacts with matter and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light interacts with matter and how
+it propagates and so on it is a really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it propagates and so on it is a really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it propagates and so on it is a really a
+horrendous problem but over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous problem but over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrendous problem but over the years
+over the centuries actually people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the centuries actually people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the centuries actually people have
+come up with different approximations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with different approximations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with different approximations of
+progressive accuracy so geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive accuracy so geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive accuracy so geometrical
+Optics is the simplest o imation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics is the simplest o imation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics is the simplest o imation that
+gives you very simple formulas very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very simple formulas very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very simple formulas very
+simple math uh and actually describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math uh and actually describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math uh and actually describes
+light quite well up to a point so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light quite well up to a point so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light quite well up to a point so we'll
+do that first and then we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first and then we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first and then we'll sort of
+graduate to wave Optics which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate to wave Optics which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate to wave Optics which is a
+little bit more involved mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more involved mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more involved mathematically
+but it also gives better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also gives better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also gives better
+approximations about the propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations about the propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations about the propagation of
+light and then finally in the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then finally in the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then finally in the very last
+few probably in the last lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few probably in the last lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few probably in the last lecture and
+only if we have time we'll cover a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if we have time we'll cover a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if we have time we'll cover a topic
+called subwavelength Optics which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called subwavelength Optics which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called subwavelength Optics which is an
+even better approximation but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better approximation but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better approximation but that is
+actually pretty much impossible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty much impossible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty much impossible to do
+analytically so one has to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so one has to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so one has to go to a
+computer and do numerical solution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and do numerical solution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and do numerical solution of a
+nasty set of coupled differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty set of coupled differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty set of coupled differential
+equations so anyway we'll we'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so anyway we'll we'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so anyway we'll we'll do that
+not in the computational way but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the computational way but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the computational way but we'll
+cover some of the related phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover some of the related phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover some of the related phenomena and
+what is approximations give but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is approximations give but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is approximations give but um but
+roughly anyway the class is structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly anyway the class is structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly anyway the class is structured
+according to this uh approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far I if you think of a question you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I if you think of a question you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I if you think of a question you can
+also interrupt me right you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interrupt me right you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interrupt me right you're always
+welcome oh and one more thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome oh and one more thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome oh and one more thing yeah
+anyway I I I'll tell you the one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I I I'll tell you the one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I I I'll tell you the one more
+thing perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing perhaps
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+um let me start with a little bit of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me start with a little bit of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me start with a little bit of of
+a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history
+this of course not the subject of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course not the subject of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course not the subject of the
+class but it's kind of fun to do I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's kind of fun to do I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's kind of fun to do I used
+to start my classes with a joke that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start my classes with a joke that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start my classes with a joke that not
+everybody got I used to start by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got I used to start by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got I used to start by saying
+that um Optics is the most ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Optics is the most ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Optics is the most ancient
+science not the most ancient profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science not the most ancient profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science not the most ancient profession
+that's something else but it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something else but it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something else but it's the most
+ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+um and I think the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think the reason is because
+humans are um very visual animals our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are um very visual animals our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are um very visual animals our
+vision for those of us who are lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for those of us who are lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for those of us who are lucky
+enough to have it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have it uh
+um our vision is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our vision is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our vision is one of the most
+dominant senses so people got interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant senses so people got interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant senses so people got interested
+in phenomena involving light relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phenomena involving light relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phenomena involving light relatively
+early on in the sort of in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in the sort of in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in the sort of in the early
+ages and this probably happened across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages and this probably happened across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages and this probably happened across
+civilizations Chinese Egyptian um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations Chinese Egyptian um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations Chinese Egyptian um
+Western Greek and so on uh but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Greek and so on uh but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Greek and so on uh but as it
+happens the Greeks were the only ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the Greeks were the only ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the Greeks were the only ones to
+publish you know they were open about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish you know they were open about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish you know they were open about
+what they were discovering uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were discovering uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were discovering uh the
+Egyptians and the Chinese they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptians and the Chinese they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptians and the Chinese they were the
+priests kept every everything under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priests kept every everything under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priests kept every everything under
+control so we don't know much about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so we don't know much about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so we don't know much about what
+they did but from what we've discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did but from what we've discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did but from what we've discovered
+we you know archaeologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know archaeologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know archaeologists have
+discovered in ancient tombs and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in ancient tombs and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in ancient tombs and so on
+they also knew quite a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also knew quite a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also knew quite a bit about
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+um uh of course the Greeks made a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of course the Greeks made a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of course the Greeks made a major
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+so Greek science was very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Greek science was very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Greek science was very interesting
+because it was the flip side of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the flip side of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the flip side of modern
+science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the
+Greeks had the sort of the attitude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks had the sort of the attitude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks had the sort of the attitude that
+um you can understand nature just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can understand nature just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can understand nature just by
+thinking uh so the Greeks actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh so the Greeks actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh so the Greeks actually
+discour discouraged the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discour discouraged the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discour discouraged the experiment
+strangely enough this tradition has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely enough this tradition has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely enough this tradition has
+followed the Greek psyche because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the Greek psyche because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the Greek psyche because if you
+look at the faculty in the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the faculty in the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the faculty in the mechanical
+engineering department there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department there's a lot of
+Greeks uh or you know professors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks uh or you know professors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks uh or you know professors of
+Greek origin and most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek origin and most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek origin and most of them are
+theoreticians anyway I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians anyway I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians anyway I'm just
+joking but anyway the ancient Greeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking but anyway the ancient Greeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking but anyway the ancient Greeks
+they have this attitude that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this attitude that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this attitude that you know
+you don't need to do experiment in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to do experiment in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to do experiment in fact
+you must not do experiment you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must not do experiment you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must not do experiment you have to
+understand everything everything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything everything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything everything by
+thought so because of that they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so because of that they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so because of that they came up
+with some strange ideas so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some strange ideas so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some strange ideas so for example
+the Greeks they thought that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks they thought that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks they thought that when you
+look at something your eyes emit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something your eyes emit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something your eyes emit some
+substance which they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance which they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance which they called
+simulacra and this substance is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulacra and this substance is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulacra and this substance is kind of
+the their thought of what light is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their thought of what light is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their thought of what light is so
+you know when I look at you I transmit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I look at you I transmit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I look at you I transmit a
+substance the substance comes back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the substance comes back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the substance comes back to me
+and that's how I see you which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how I see you which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how I see you which is of
+course a very bizarre bizarre way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a very bizarre bizarre way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a very bizarre bizarre way of
+thinking but anyway that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but anyway that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but anyway that's what I
+thought and it was the Arabs much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and it was the Arabs much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and it was the Arabs much later
+in the 10th Century or so who read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 10th Century or so who read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 10th Century or so who read the
+Greek scripts and they said well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek scripts and they said well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek scripts and they said well that
+doesn't make any sense at all so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense at all so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense at all so the
+Arabs for the first time thought well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabs for the first time thought well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabs for the first time thought well it
+must be the other way around there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the other way around there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the other way around there must
+be light sources like the Sun or a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be light sources like the Sun or a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be light sources like the Sun or a fire
+or that's about it at the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's about it at the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's about it at the time right
+they didn't have light bulbs yet so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have light bulbs yet so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have light bulbs yet so so
+they must be that they emit something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be that they emit something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be that they emit something
+that is called light and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called light and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called light and that's how we
+see so it took about a thousand years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it took about a thousand years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it took about a thousand years I
+guess to to resolve that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to to resolve that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to to resolve that that
+question and also the Arabs did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and also the Arabs did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and also the Arabs did a lot of
+the very first basic work in optics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first basic work in optics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first basic work in optics for
+example Snell slow the low of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Snell slow the low of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Snell slow the low of refraction
+that I will cover in in a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will cover in in a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will cover in in a little bit the
+Arabs discovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabs discovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabs discovered it
+first uh and then much later another 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh and then much later another 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh and then much later another 400
+400 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 years later
+H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the
+cart sort of he did two things he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart sort of he did two things he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart sort of he did two things he put
+the basic foundations of science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic foundations of science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic foundations of science the
+cart in case you may not you may you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart in case you may not you may you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart in case you may not you may you may
+Noti this the cart was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noti this the cart was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noti this the cart was the first
+philosopher I should say who flipped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher I should say who flipped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher I should say who flipped the
+Greek point of view and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek point of view and he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek point of view and he said that
+it's actually the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the other way around
+science must follow experiment instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science must follow experiment instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science must follow experiment instead
+of Jud thinking about nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jud thinking about nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jud thinking about nature and
+explaining it he said that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it he said that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it he said that it's the
+other way around science must be driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around science must be driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around science must be driven
+by observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observation
+so we observe something we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we observe something we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we observe something we create
+experimental conditions to to test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental conditions to to test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental conditions to to test it
+and then we come up with a theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come up with a theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come up with a theory that
+tries to explain the observation not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to explain the observation not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to explain the observation not the
+other way around and of course modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around and of course modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around and of course modern
+science still follows follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science still follows follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science still follows follows that
+principle that principle at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that principle at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that principle at least
+hopefully right because there there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully right because there there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully right because there there have
+been you know occasions of cheating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know occasions of cheating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know occasions of cheating and
+so on right you probably see those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right you probably see those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right you probably see those in
+newspaper I think there was a guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper I think there was a guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper I think there was a guy who
+invent who sort of created data at HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent who sort of created data at HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent who sort of created data at HP
+laborat what HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborat what HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborat what HP
+Labs anyway so so there's some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs anyway so so there's some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs anyway so so there's some people
+who violate that principle but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who violate that principle but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who violate that principle but hopefully
+99.9999% of us we actually followed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9999% of us we actually followed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9999% of us we actually followed the
+cart we we make an observation we report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart we we make an observation we report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart we we make an observation we report
+it faithfully and then we try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faithfully and then we try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faithfully and then we try to explain
+it to the best we can and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the best we can and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the best we can and in the
+simplest way that we can that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way that we can that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way that we can that that's the
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+method but also the cart as it ends out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but also the cart as it ends out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but also the cart as it ends out
+worked on Optics and he also derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on Optics and he also derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on Optics and he also derived
+snails law in his own way and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snails law in his own way and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snails law in his own way and uh this
+something called the decart sphere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the decart sphere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the decart sphere which
+was invented independently by the Arabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented independently by the Arabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented independently by the Arabs
+in the 11th century or 12th I forget 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 11th century or 12th I forget 9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 11th century or 12th I forget 9th
+actually and uh then uh the cart sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and uh then uh the cart sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and uh then uh the cart sort of
+reinvented it about four or 500 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented it about four or 500 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented it about four or 500 years
+later uh then the next major advanc Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh then the next major advanc Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh then the next major advanc Sy
+Optics came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics came from
+Newton uh uh actually Newton and hens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton uh uh actually Newton and hens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton uh uh actually Newton and hens
+who tried to explain light in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who tried to explain light in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who tried to explain light in two
+different ways Newton was of the opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways Newton was of the opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways Newton was of the opinion
+that light is a bunch of particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a bunch of particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a bunch of particles that
+travel sort of in air and um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel sort of in air and um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel sort of in air and um and he
+tried to explain various phenomena like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to explain various phenomena like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to explain various phenomena like
+refraction from a prism and so on based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction from a prism and so on based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction from a prism and so on based
+on this idea hens thought that light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this idea hens thought that light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this idea hens thought that light is
+a wave very similar to water waves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave very similar to water waves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave very similar to water waves they
+did not know about actually Newton also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know about actually Newton also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not know about actually Newton also
+postulated that sound is a wave but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated that sound is a wave but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulated that sound is a wave but for
+some reason Newton thought that light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason Newton thought that light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason Newton thought that light is
+not not a wave in fact the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not a wave in fact the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not a wave in fact the two of them
+fought I don't know fought over it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought I don't know fought over it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought I don't know fought over it but
+they you know they they disagreed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know they they disagreed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know they they disagreed over
+it but I guess because Newton was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess because Newton was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess because Newton was more
+famous uh he was a professor at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh he was a professor at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh he was a professor at you know
+a Lucasian professor at Cambridge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Lucasian professor at Cambridge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Lucasian professor at Cambridge right
+so Newton's view actually prevailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Newton's view actually prevailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Newton's view actually prevailed
+prevailed for for several years uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed for for several years uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed for for several years uh it
+prevailed and the particle theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed and the particle theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailed and the particle theory of
+light was dominant until about a century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light was dominant until about a century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light was dominant until about a century
+later when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when people
+experimentally again here comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally again here comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally again here comes the
+scientific method people experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method people experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method people experiment
+Mally observed phenomena like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mally observed phenomena like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mally observed phenomena like
+interference that could only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference that could only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference that could only be
+described as if light were a wave so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as if light were a wave so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as if light were a wave so the
+particle theory got a big hit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle theory got a big hit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle theory got a big hit then
+because it could not explain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could not explain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could not explain uh
+defraction interference and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction interference and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction interference and so on so
+forth but yet people were observing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but yet people were observing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but yet people were observing them
+in the laboratory of course now after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory of course now after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory of course now after
+one more Century people discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more Century people discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more Century people discovered that
+guess what both theories are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what both theories are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what both theories are correct
+with quantum mechanics light can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics light can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics light can be
+thought of as both as particle and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as both as particle and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as both as particle and as
+and as a wave and in fact Einstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a wave and in fact Einstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a wave and in fact Einstein and
+some other scientists shinger Plank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other scientists shinger Plank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other scientists shinger Plank and
+so on they they reconciled um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on they they reconciled um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on they they reconciled um the two
+points of view not perfectly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view not perfectly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view not perfectly there's
+still some puzzling aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some puzzling aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some puzzling aspects of the
+quantum theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory of
+light but I think nowadays most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but I think nowadays most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but I think nowadays most people
+are comfortable with the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comfortable with the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comfortable with the idea that you
+can use both approaches to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use both approaches to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use both approaches to describe
+light phenomena you simply select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light phenomena you simply select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light phenomena you simply select the
+one that best suits your approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that best suits your approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that best suits your approximations
+and your conditions at any given moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your conditions at any given moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your conditions at any given moment
+so for example if a particle approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if a particle approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if a particle approach is
+sufficient to describe a phenomenon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to describe a phenomenon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to describe a phenomenon then
+you use it and of course there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it and of course there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it and of course there's also
+typically or not typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically or not typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically or not typically
+always let me State there better be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let me State there better be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let me State there better be an
+equivalent wave description of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent wave description of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent wave description of whatever
+phenomenon you're describing but it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you're describing but it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you're describing but it may
+be more complicated right so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more complicated right so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more complicated right so in that
+case you use the particle theory or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you use the particle theory or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you use the particle theory or the
+other way around if if it is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if if it is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if if it is easier to
+describe something as a wave you opt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something as a wave you opt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something as a wave you opt for
+the wave Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Des
+description so of course in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so of course in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so of course in this class
+we don't cover Quantum Optics at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't cover Quantum Optics at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't cover Quantum Optics at all
+professor sapiro in the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor sapiro in the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor sapiro in the electrical
+engineering department offers a class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department offers a class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department offers a class on
+Quantum Optics and I suppose at n us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics and I suppose at n us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics and I suppose at n us
+there is also a Quantum Optics class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a Quantum Optics class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a Quantum Optics class for
+those of you who are interested it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested it's a
+very elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other major advanc synoptics came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other major advanc synoptics came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other major advanc synoptics came
+um in the mid in the middle of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the mid in the middle of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the mid in the middle of the last
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+when uh the laser was invented and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the laser was invented and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the laser was invented and a
+technique called hologra holography was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called hologra holography was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called hologra holography was
+invented not because holography is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented not because holography is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented not because holography is
+somehow dominant in practice I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dominant in practice I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dominant in practice I mean you
+see Holograms typically in museums it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Holograms typically in museums it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Holograms typically in museums it's
+no big deal but holography turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal but holography turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal but holography turned out to
+be a very interesting mathematical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very interesting mathematical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very interesting mathematical way
+of looking at Optics now that really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at Optics now that really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at Optics now that really had
+a major impact in the subsequent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major impact in the subsequent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major impact in the subsequent um
+subsequent developments of optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent developments of optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent developments of optical
+science so for this reason both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so for this reason both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so for this reason both of these
+inventions led to Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions led to Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions led to Nobel
+prizes there were you know very major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes there were you know very major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes there were you know very major
+advances in in the theory of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in in the theory of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in in the theory of light and
+especially after the invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially after the invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially after the invention of the
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+uh Optical science had a huge impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Optical science had a huge impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Optical science had a huge impact on
+everyday applications if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday applications if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday applications if you think about
+devices you use in your everyday life uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you use in your everyday life uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you use in your everyday life uh
+when you every time you pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you every time you pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you every time you pick up a
+telephone or um you use the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone or um you use the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone or um you use the internet
+there's typically especially if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically especially if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically especially if you use
+a long distance there's some Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long distance there's some Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long distance there's some Optics
+involved because uh the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because uh the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because uh the signals
+propagate through Optical fibers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through Optical fibers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through Optical fibers at
+least in part of the part of the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in part of the part of the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in part of the part of the part of
+the telecommunication networks um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telecommunication networks um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telecommunication networks um if
+you're are unlucky enough to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are unlucky enough to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are unlucky enough to have
+surgery there's many kind of many kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery there's many kind of many kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery there's many kind of many kinds
+of laser surgery uh lots of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laser surgery uh lots of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laser surgery uh lots of clinical
+medical diagnosis is done using high-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical diagnosis is done using high-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical diagnosis is done using high-end
+microscopes including confocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes including confocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes including confocal
+microscopes Optical coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes Optical coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes Optical coherence
+tomographers and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomographers and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomographers and so on and so forth
+these are all commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all commercial
+instruments these applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments these applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments these applications in
+industry for example laser cutting laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for example laser cutting laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for example laser cutting laser
+welding laser Metrology that is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding laser Metrology that is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding laser Metrology that is used in
+in in in um high-end um Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in um high-end um Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in um high-end um Precision
+Engineering applications and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering applications and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering applications and of course
+finally every time you pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally every time you pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally every time you pick up a
+computer the chips that are in there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the chips that are in there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the chips that are in there are
+all made using optical lithography which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made using optical lithography which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made using optical lithography which
+is a really high highly sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really high highly sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really high highly sophisticated
+form of optical Imaging and I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of optical Imaging and I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of optical Imaging and I use the
+term Optical here in a very general way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Optical here in a very general way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Optical here in a very general way
+uh most of it is really Optical they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of it is really Optical they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of it is really Optical they use
+light in some really extreme high-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in some really extreme high-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in some really extreme high-end
+applications they use electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications they use electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications they use electron
+lithography but still electrons behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography but still electrons behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography but still electrons behave
+like light when it comes to these um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like light when it comes to these um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like light when it comes to these um to
+these scales so basically they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scales so basically they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scales so basically they use the
+same equations that we use to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equations that we use to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equations that we use to describe
+light they use them to describe Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light they use them to describe Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light they use them to describe Imaging
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+electrons so so so it is really a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so so so it is really a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so so so it is really a huge
+huge huge um U domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge um U domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge um U domain of
+application it Still Remains a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it Still Remains a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it Still Remains a very
+active scientific field so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active scientific field so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active scientific field so if you look
+at the list of Nobel prizes this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the list of Nobel prizes this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the list of Nobel prizes this is a
+very incomplete list that I compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very incomplete list that I compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very incomplete list that I compiled
+from the Nobel uh website um even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nobel uh website um even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nobel uh website um even the
+latest Nobel Prize that was awarded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest Nobel Prize that was awarded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest Nobel Prize that was awarded uh
+in chemistry actually it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry actually it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry actually it was in the
+field of Optics um these fellows um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Optics um these fellows um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Optics um these fellows um they
+invented something green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something green fluorescent
+protein which is um um I may embarrass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is um um I may embarrass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is um um I may embarrass
+myself now because I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself now because I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself now because I don't understand
+the biology of it but my of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology of it but my of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology of it but my of very simple
+understanding is that uh they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that uh they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that uh they can
+genetically program this protein to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically program this protein to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically program this protein to get
+into some animals DNA so they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some animals DNA so they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some animals DNA so they basically
+create animals that have this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create animals that have this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create animals that have this protein
+embedded in their genes and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in their genes and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in their genes and then this
+protein can also be designed to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can also be designed to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can also be designed to turn
+itself on or off depending on what on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on or off depending on what on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on or off depending on what on
+What happens to the animal for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens to the animal for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens to the animal for example
+if the animal is exposed to a disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the animal is exposed to a disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the animal is exposed to a disease or
+if it is exposed to a certain chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is exposed to a certain chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is exposed to a certain chemical
+agent or you know anyway whatever is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent or you know anyway whatever is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent or you know anyway whatever is of
+to the particular biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particular biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the particular biological
+experiment it's sounds kind of funny but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it's sounds kind of funny but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it's sounds kind of funny but
+the animal becomes fluorescent so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal becomes fluorescent so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal becomes fluorescent so or
+more more interestingly certain parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more interestingly certain parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more interestingly certain parts of
+the tissue of the animal for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue of the animal for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue of the animal for example the
+liver or or you know some tissue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or or you know some tissue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or or you know some tissue of
+Interest becomes fluoresent so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest becomes fluoresent so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest becomes fluoresent so then you
+can pump the animal with a laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pump the animal with a laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pump the animal with a laser beam
+you can measure the fluoresence that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the fluoresence that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the fluoresence that is
+coming out of the animal's tissue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the animal's tissue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the animal's tissue and
+then you can derive conclusions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can derive conclusions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can derive conclusions about
+what happened to the animal so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the animal so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the animal so this is a
+fantastic fantastic way of studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic fantastic way of studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic fantastic way of studying
+genetics studying diseases studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics studying diseases studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics studying diseases studying a
+number of different um and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different um and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different um and very
+important biological phenomena so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important biological phenomena so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important biological phenomena so for
+that reason these fellows were awarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason these fellows were awarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason these fellows were awarded
+the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel
+Prize and actually many people including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and actually many people including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize and actually many people including
+myself uh at least not yet but I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh at least not yet but I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh at least not yet but I'm sure
+in Collins lab already uh uh we use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Collins lab already uh uh we use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Collins lab already uh uh we use um
+uh animals that are sort of genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh animals that are sort of genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh animals that are sort of genetically
+modified with this it's called gfp Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with this it's called gfp Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified with this it's called gfp Green
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+to study various biological phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study various biological phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study various biological phenomena
+now it is a very commonly used technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is a very commonly used technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is a very commonly used technique
+in microscope so this was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microscope so this was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in microscope so this was the most
+recent Optics related Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent Optics related Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent Optics related Nobel Prize
+there's a bunch of others my well uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of others my well uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of others my well uh my
+favorite is actually where is it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is actually where is it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is actually where is it this
+one uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh in
+1997 uh this was given for optical traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 uh this was given for optical traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 uh this was given for optical traps
+so Optical trap is actually a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Optical trap is actually a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Optical trap is actually a way to
+move particles by using light it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move particles by using light it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move particles by using light it's a
+very surprising thing because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprising thing because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprising thing because we don't
+none of us in everyday life will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us in everyday life will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us in everyday life will
+experience mechanical force from a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience mechanical force from a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience mechanical force from a light
+beam but in actuality there is one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam but in actuality there is one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam but in actuality there is one if
+you're sitting on the path of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting on the path of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting on the path of the light
+you're feeling a force this force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're feeling a force this force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're feeling a force this force is
+very weak is the range of f to newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak is the range of f to newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak is the range of f to newtons
+typically really tiny tiny Force but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically really tiny tiny Force but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically really tiny tiny Force but if
+you're but we're also very big so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're but we're also very big so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're but we're also very big so the
+force is not enough to move us but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not enough to move us but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not enough to move us but if
+you're really tiny like a cell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really tiny like a cell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really tiny like a cell for
+example the force especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the force especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the force especially if you
+design the Optics right with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the Optics right with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the Optics right with a very
+highly focused beam you can boost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly focused beam you can boost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly focused beam you can boost that
+Force to the range of perhaps a few pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the range of perhaps a few pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the range of perhaps a few pick
+Newtons not really that's a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons not really that's a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons not really that's a very high
+Force but anyway in that order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but anyway in that order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but anyway in that order of
+magnitude it can be enough to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude it can be enough to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude it can be enough to actually
+move a particle so you can make you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a particle so you can make you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a particle so you can make you can
+apply mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply mechanical
+forces using light so this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces using light so this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces using light so this this was
+another Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Nobel
+Prize so anyway the reason I'm bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize so anyway the reason I'm bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize so anyway the reason I'm bring
+bringing this up is because uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this up is because uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this up is because uh this is a
+very exciting field at least well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting field at least well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting field at least well I'm
+partially because I work on it but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I work on it but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I work on it but but
+it's a very exciting field people come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very exciting field people come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very exciting field people come
+up with clever crazy inventions all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with clever crazy inventions all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with clever crazy inventions all the
+time and uh many many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh many many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh many many of these
+inventions have a you know usually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions have a you know usually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions have a you know usually they
+have a very high impact and um so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high impact and um so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high impact and um so it is
+kind of interesting to to see both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to to see both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to to see both sides
+of the coin both the science side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin both the science side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin both the science side of the
+coin that is purely curiosity driven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that is purely curiosity driven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that is purely curiosity driven and
+very often people in government question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often people in government question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often people in government question
+it because they say well why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they say well why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they say well why are you
+guys doing all this crazy stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys doing all this crazy stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys doing all this crazy stuff you know
+who cares about Optical forces but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares about Optical forces but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares about Optical forces but of
+course these people are shortsighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these people are shortsighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these people are shortsighted
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+history shows that most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history shows that most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history shows that most of the time
+these curiosity driven discoveries they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curiosity driven discoveries they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curiosity driven discoveries they
+end up having a huge impact in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having a huge impact in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having a huge impact in every
+everyday life some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life some
+crazy you know person you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy you know person you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy you know person you know there
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+friends American and Chinese American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends American and Chinese American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends American and Chinese American
+right three crazy persons thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three crazy persons thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three crazy persons thought about
+focusing light to move particles then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing light to move particles then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing light to move particles then
+all of a sudden this is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden this is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden this is used in
+biological research to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological research to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological research to try to understand
+diseases like malaria I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like malaria I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like malaria I don't know if
+any of Professor subra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of Professor subra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of Professor subra
+students are here but the the one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are here but the the one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are here but the the one of my
+colleagues subes study in malaria using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues subes study in malaria using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues subes study in malaria using
+this technique that won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique that won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique that won the Nobel Prize
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1997 so so it is so it's kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 so so it is so it's kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 so so it is so it's kind of our
+duty as Engineers or scientists whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty as Engineers or scientists whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty as Engineers or scientists whatever
+the case might be to emphasize to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case might be to emphasize to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case might be to emphasize to the
+people in government and politics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in government and politics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in government and politics that
+yes there is value in fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is value in fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is value in fundamental
+science when they Basit thre and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science when they Basit thre and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science when they Basit thre and they
+say that why you guys are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that why you guys are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that why you guys are playing
+Laboratories and so on okay so I went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and so on okay so I went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories and so on okay so I went on
+my tiid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tiid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tiid and
+um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I've got one yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I've got one yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I've got one yeah so I think
+I'm on yeah said that can you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on yeah said that can you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on yeah said that can you hear
+him okay you said that you can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay you said that you can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay you said that you can describe
+how an electron beam images you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an electron beam images you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an electron beam images you know
+similar way as Optics but electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way as Optics but electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way as Optics but electrons
+interact with matter and so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with matter and so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with matter and so how does
+light interact with matter yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interact with matter yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interact with matter yeah so we
+will cover that of course they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover that of course they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover that of course they interact
+in very different ways right uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very different ways right uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very different ways right uh uh the
+fundamental difference is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference is that um
+electrons are fa imun so they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are fa imun so they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are fa imun so they cannot
+really go be in the same in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go be in the same in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go be in the same in the same
+state uh photons are bosons so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh photons are bosons so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh photons are bosons so they can
+actually be in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in the same
+state so what I really should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so what I really should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so what I really should have said
+and thank you for pointing it out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for pointing it out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for pointing it out is
+that in free space they're described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in free space they're described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in free space they're described by
+the same equations of course when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations of course when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations of course when they
+get inside matter the behavior is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside matter the behavior is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside matter the behavior is quite
+different but again for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but again for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but again for example if you
+look at the electrons that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the electrons that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the electrons that go
+ballistically through matter they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistically through matter they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistically through matter they
+experience an effect that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an effect that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an effect that is very
+similar to refraction so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to refraction so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to refraction so you can
+describes you know you still see snail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes you know you still see snail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes you know you still see snail
+low and so on but of course you see add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and so on but of course you see add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and so on but of course you see add
+additional phenomena like o electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional phenomena like o electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional phenomena like o electrons
+right which you don't see in light beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which you don't see in light beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which you don't see in light beams
+so you're absolutely right there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right there is some
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+um which are very important but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are very important but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are very important but there's
+also some very very dominant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some very very dominant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some very very dominant and
+prominent commonalities the same goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent commonalities the same goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent commonalities the same goes
+for light and sound um in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light and sound um in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light and sound um in our our
+department recently um merged with ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department recently um merged with ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department recently um merged with ocean
+engineering and in oan engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in oan engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in oan engineering
+there's a lot of professors who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of professors who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of professors who do
+Acoustics so as a result I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics so as a result I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics so as a result I started
+sitting in at the beginning out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in at the beginning out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in at the beginning out of
+curiosity I started sitting in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity I started sitting in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity I started sitting in a couple
+of the acoustic classes and also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the acoustic classes and also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the acoustic classes and also this
+year I sat in the doctoral exam in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I sat in the doctoral exam in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I sat in the doctoral exam in
+Acoustics and I was surprised to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics and I was surprised to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics and I was surprised to see the
+same terms defraction refraction snails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same terms defraction refraction snails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same terms defraction refraction snails
+low wave guiding all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low wave guiding all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low wave guiding all of these things
+they happen in Acoustics as well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen in Acoustics as well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen in Acoustics as well so you
+could say the same thing about sound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the same thing about sound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the same thing about sound to
+some approximation sound effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximation sound effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximation sound effects are
+identical to Optics identical to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to Optics identical to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to Optics identical to light
+defraction but there's also cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction but there's also cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction but there's also cases of
+interaction between sound and matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between sound and matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between sound and matter
+that is radically different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is radically different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is radically different than
+interaction between light and matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between light and matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between light and matter for
+example it is I think it is impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is I think it is impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is I think it is impossible
+for sound to ionize matter right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sound to ionize matter right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sound to ionize matter right you
+know light can ionize matter I think s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know light can ionize matter I think s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know light can ionize matter I think s
+have to pretty pretty darn strong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pretty pretty darn strong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pretty pretty darn strong to
+ionize right so you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize right so you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize right so you know there's
+significant differences but but um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant differences but but um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant differences but but um uh
+but also some very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also some very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also some very convenient
+commonalities so all of a sudden by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities so all of a sudden by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities so all of a sudden by
+study in one field all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in one field all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in one field all of a sudden you
+discover that you can understand quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that you can understand quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that you can understand quite a
+bit about a different field so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about a different field so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about a different field so that's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions let's start by saying a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's start by saying a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's start by saying a few
+things about what is light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what is light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what is light
+so light is actually a form of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light is actually a form of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light is actually a form of energy
+that's the really that's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really that's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really that's the simplest
+that's the only correct to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only correct to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only correct to describe it
+it is a form of energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a form of energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a form of energy that is
+transmitted as an electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted as an electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted as an electromagnetic wave
+that's that's a quite correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a quite correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a quite correct
+description but as I said before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but as I said before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but as I said before you can
+think of it either as particles or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it either as particles or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it either as particles or as
+waves so the particles are officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so the particles are officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so the particles are officially
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+photons and um what is a photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and um what is a photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and um what is a photon is
+actually not an easy thing to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an easy thing to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not an easy thing to describe
+various scientists over the centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various scientists over the centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various scientists over the centuries
+fought over the definition of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought over the definition of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought over the definition of a photon
+and we certainly don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we certainly don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we certainly don't want to go into
+Quantum Optics in this class so so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics in this class so so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics in this class so so we'll
+think of photons in a very simpleminded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of photons in a very simpleminded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of photons in a very simpleminded
+way as bullets that carry energy a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as bullets that carry energy a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as bullets that carry energy a very
+small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of
+energy uh as we'll see in a second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh as we'll see in a second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh as we'll see in a second um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh they follow certain trajectories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they follow certain trajectories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they follow certain trajectories so
+the trajectories we will call rays and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories we will call rays and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories we will call rays and I
+will describe these Rays a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe these Rays a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe these Rays a little bit
+later now the photon um one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now the photon um one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now the photon um one thing that
+the photons do have in common is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons do have in common is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons do have in common is their
+speed it is of course the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it is of course the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it is of course the speed of light
+which in vacuum is the familiar 3 * 10 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in vacuum is the familiar 3 * 10 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in vacuum is the familiar 3 * 10 8
+m/s um how much energy they carry well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s um how much energy they carry well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s um how much energy they carry well
+the amount of energy is given by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy is given by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy is given by uh
+planks constant which is um a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant which is um a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant which is um a very small
+amount of um 6.6 10us 34 4 juw time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of um 6.6 10us 34 4 juw time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of um 6.6 10us 34 4 juw time
+second and then multiply by a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then multiply by a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then multiply by a frequency
+okay so the frequency is of course her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the frequency is of course her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the frequency is of course her
+so the units work out the product over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units work out the product over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units work out the product over
+there is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um is
+energy uh what is the frequency where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh what is the frequency where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh what is the frequency where
+does it come about well to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come about well to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come about well to really
+justify the presence of a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the presence of a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the presence of a frequency
+there I have to cheat I have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have to cheat I have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have to cheat I have to go
+actually to the other way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to the other way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to the other way of describing
+light which is as an electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is as an electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is as an electromagnetic
+wave and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and um
+of course the the name wave implies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the name wave implies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the name wave implies some
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+oscillatory motion so the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory motion so the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory motion so the horizontal
+axis here is the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis here is the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis here is the direction of the
+propagation of the light so the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the light so the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the light so the light is
+propagating sort of from the left to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating sort of from the left to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating sort of from the left to the
+right what is the vertical axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is the vertical axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is the vertical axis the
+vertical axis is electric field actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is electric field actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is electric field actually
+it is the same stuff that you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same stuff that you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same stuff that you have in a
+capacitor where you charge it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor where you charge it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor where you charge it right so
+it is convenient to describe as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is convenient to describe as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is convenient to describe as an
+electric field you can also describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you can also describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you can also describe it
+as a magnetic field the same stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a magnetic field the same stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a magnetic field the same stuff that
+you see when you have a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when you have a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when you have a sort of a
+refrigerator magnet you can put either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator magnet you can put either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator magnet you can put either
+quantity over here on the vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over here on the vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over here on the vertical axis
+because they're coupled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're coupled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're coupled the
+electromagnetic field by as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field by as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field by as the name
+suggests it is a coupled illation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it is a coupled illation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it is a coupled illation of
+electric and magnetic fields for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields for now
+let's stick to Electric fields in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to Electric fields in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to Electric fields in this
+class I will say very little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I will say very little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I will say very little about
+magnetic fields when I describe light as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields when I describe light as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields when I describe light as
+a wave I will sort of by default refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave I will sort of by default refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave I will sort of by default refer
+to an electric field okay so light is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electric field okay so light is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electric field okay so light is an
+electric field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that
+oscillates as a function of position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates as a function of position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates as a function of position and
+of course a wave is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a wave is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a wave is not
+static you all of you have seen waves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static you all of you have seen waves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static you all of you have seen waves in
+the Singapore Harbor the Singapore River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Singapore Harbor the Singapore River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Singapore Harbor the Singapore River
+you cannot see waves on the Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see waves on the Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see waves on the Charles
+right now because it is frozen but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because it is frozen but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because it is frozen but uh
+during more normal times you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during more normal times you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during more normal times you can see
+waves on the chge right so you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves on the chge right so you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves on the chge right so you know a
+wave implies both a spatial structure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave implies both a spatial structure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave implies both a spatial structure if
+you look at the picture of wave you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the picture of wave you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the picture of wave you see
+sort of oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oscillatory
+picture but also time because the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but also time because the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but also time because the wave
+travels in time right so in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels in time right so in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels in time right so in the context
+here the time variable um well okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the time variable um well okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the time variable um well okay I'll
+go to that back but after some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that back but after some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that back but after some time
+lapse the wave will actually move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse the wave will actually move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse the wave will actually move a
+little bit further okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further okay so this is the
+sense of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the wave
+propagation so since we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation so since we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation so since we have an
+oscillatory quantity here the period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory quantity here the period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory quantity here the period is
+called the wavelength in the the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the wavelength in the the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the wavelength in the the period
+in the space domain so the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space domain so the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space domain so the distance
+between two peaks of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two peaks of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two peaks of the electric field
+um oscillation there we Define it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oscillation there we Define it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oscillation there we Define it as a
+wavelength and it is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and it is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and it is related to the
+frequency this quantity that enters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this quantity that enters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this quantity that enters in
+the particle description of light using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle description of light using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle description of light using
+this equation here the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here the speed of light
+equals the product of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the product of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the product of the wavelength
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+frequency so let's do a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+well before we do a calculation I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we do a calculation I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we do a calculation I need
+to say something about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about what is
+oh I think I did something I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think I did something I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think I did something I was not
+supposed to do here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do here but
+any the the Blackboard went up by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any the the Blackboard went up by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any the the Blackboard went up by itself
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh um this classroom is highly automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this classroom is highly automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this classroom is highly automated
+so I guess there's some things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess there's some things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess there's some things that that
+cannot cannot be done okay so so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cannot be done okay so so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cannot be done okay so so so what
+are the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the typical
+wavelengths so the the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so the the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so the the electromagnetic
+spectrum actually SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum actually SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum actually SP
+all wavelengths from sort of infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths from sort of infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths from sort of infinitely
+long or kilometers long to very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or kilometers long to very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or kilometers long to very very
+short down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short down to
+nanometers the visible light the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers the visible light the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers the visible light the light
+that we see with our own eyes is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see with our own eyes is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see with our own eyes is in this
+range over here between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range over here between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range over here between uh
+approximately um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately um uh
+650 Nom or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 Nom or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 Nom or so and
+450 nanom or or so so what's a nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 nanom or or so so what's a nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 nanom or or so so what's a nanometer
+it is 10- 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 10- 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 10- 9
+M so let's pick a convenient number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so let's pick a convenient number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so let's pick a convenient number here
+let's say Lambda equals I I okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Lambda equals I I okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Lambda equals I I okay how
+about I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is the
+wavelength uh so our equation is Cals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh so our equation is Cals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh so our equation is Cals
+Lambda new so it means that new equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new so it means that new equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new so it means that new equals
+um 3 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 3 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 3 * 10
+8 over 5 * 10- 7 so this is something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 over 5 * 10- 7 so this is something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 over 5 * 10- 7 so this is something of
+the order uh 6 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order uh 6 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order uh 6 * 10
+14 uh what hertz right it's a temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh what hertz right it's a temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh what hertz right it's a temporal
+frequency so this oscillation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so this oscillation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so this oscillation that I
+showed before is a very high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before is a very high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before is a very high frequency
+oscillation it is in the in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it is in the in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it is in the in the order of
+10 to the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 14
+Herz now we don't listen to the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz now we don't listen to the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz now we don't listen to the radio
+anymore we listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we listen
+to uh you know podcasts or or satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know podcasts or or satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know podcasts or or satellite
+and so on so we're not very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so we're not very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so we're not very familiar
+with um with um radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with um radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with um radio
+frequencies but I'm old enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but I'm old enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but I'm old enough to
+remember when you tune your radio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you tune your radio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you tune your radio to
+104.3 mehz that happens to be Boston's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.3 mehz that happens to be Boston's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.3 mehz that happens to be Boston's
+wbcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wbcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wbcn
+station so okay Boston's wbca station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station so okay Boston's wbca station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station so okay Boston's wbca station
+emits at 100 mahz it is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits at 100 mahz it is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits at 100 mahz it is actually the
+same stuff I'm going to force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff I'm going to force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff I'm going to force the
+machine to do what I wanted to do so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do what I wanted to do so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do what I wanted to do so I'm
+going to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this
+down Okay so let's say new equals 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MHz that is 10 to the 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz that is 10 to the 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz that is 10 to the 8th
+correct so therefore the the frequ the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so therefore the the frequ the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so therefore the the frequ the H
+the wavelength now is what C over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength now is what C over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength now is what C over the
+frequency so it is 3 * 10 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it is 3 * 10 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it is 3 * 10 8
+m/s over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s over 10
+8 Herz so this is now 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Herz so this is now 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Herz so this is now 3
+m so it is still the same stuff it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so it is still the same stuff it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so it is still the same stuff it is
+still light if you wish but of a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still light if you wish but of a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still light if you wish but of a much
+much longer wavelength at the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer wavelength at the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer wavelength at the radio
+frequencies so you can see that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so you can see that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so you can see that you can
+you can see that electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that electromagnetic waves
+can span a very broad range of scales in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can span a very broad range of scales in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can span a very broad range of scales in
+this class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the
+the wavelengths of Interest are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths of Interest are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths of Interest are in this
+range between the dust lines at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between the dust lines at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between the dust lines at the
+infrared which is sort of nominally ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared which is sort of nominally ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared which is sort of nominally ends
+at about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 10
+micromet and the ultraviolet which Nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromet and the ultraviolet which Nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromet and the ultraviolet which Nom
+nominally ends at about 30 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally ends at about 30 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally ends at about 30 nanometers
+where do the names come from infra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the names come from infra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the names come from infra in
+Latin means below below red so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin means below below red so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin means below below red so therefore
+the term infra refers to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term infra refers to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term infra refers to what the
+frequency or the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the frequency right infrared has longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency right infrared has longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency right infrared has longer
+wavelengths than visible and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths than visible and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths than visible and therefore
+it has smaller frequencies so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has smaller frequencies so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has smaller frequencies so it is
+below the red in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the red in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the red in
+frequency Ultra of course means higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Ultra of course means higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Ultra of course means higher
+also in Latin so ultraviolet means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Latin so ultraviolet means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Latin so ultraviolet means
+higher frequency than violet light not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency than violet light not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency than violet light not
+violent light but violet light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent light but violet light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent light but violet light
+okay uh and the meure difference if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and the meure difference if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and the meure difference if you
+look at light propagation in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at light propagation in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at light propagation in free space
+it doesn't really matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter which
+wavelength you are considering but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you are considering but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength you are considering but of
+course the interaction with matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the interaction with matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the interaction with matter is
+radically different as you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different as you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different as you change
+wavelength uh so it is kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh so it is kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh so it is kind of similar
+to the question you asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question you asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question you asked about
+electrons it is also true for micro you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it is also true for micro you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it is also true for micro you
+know for even for electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for even for electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for even for electromagnetic waves
+themselves the way visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the way visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the way visible light
+interacts with matter is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter is very different
+than microwaves and RF waves and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than microwaves and RF waves and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than microwaves and RF waves and it's
+also very different than x-rays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very different than x-rays so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very different than x-rays so
+x-rays are actually the next higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are actually the next higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are actually the next higher in
+frequency after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency after
+ultraviolet and even higher in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet and even higher in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet and even higher in frequency
+are gamma rays and I guess we stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gamma rays and I guess we stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gamma rays and I guess we stop there
+but actually we don't stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually we don't stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually we don't stop the
+frequencies can go in principle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies can go in principle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies can go in principle or the
+way to Infinity but gamma ray is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to Infinity but gamma ray is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to Infinity but gamma ray is the
+highest that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observe now I promise to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe now I promise to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe now I promise to do a
+calculation of the energy how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the energy how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the energy how much
+energy is carried by by a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is carried by by a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is carried by by a photon
+remember the Formula E = H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Formula E = H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Formula E = H
+new uh where H is 6.6 * 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh where H is 6.6 * 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh where H is 6.6 * 10 to the
+remember how much it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how much it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how much it was the
+exponent 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's pick one here let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's pick one here let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's pick one here let's say
+this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is
+a a visible wavelength so it is 6 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a visible wavelength so it is 6 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a visible wavelength so it is 6 * 10
+14 Herz inverse second right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 Herz inverse second right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 Herz inverse second right okay so
+this conveniently cancel and 6 * 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conveniently cancel and 6 * 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conveniently cancel and 6 * 6 is
+let's call it uh let's call it 10 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it uh let's call it 10 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it uh let's call it 10 for
+convenience so it is 10 and this is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience so it is 10 and this is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience so it is 10 and this is 14
+of course so this is 10us 20 Jew okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so this is 10us 20 Jew okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so this is 10us 20 Jew okay my
+arithmetic is obviously wrong okay ped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is obviously wrong okay ped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is obviously wrong okay ped
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+PED pedagogical message here that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED pedagogical message here that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED pedagogical message here that when
+we do order of magnitude calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do order of magnitude calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do order of magnitude calculations
+6.6 * 6.6 * equals 10 right actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.6 * 6.6 * equals 10 right actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.6 * 6.6 * equals 10 right actually got
+it wrong you should have put a 100 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong you should have put a 100 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong you should have put a 100 so
+minus 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 19
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so just order of magnitude right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just order of magnitude right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just order of magnitude right
+I'm Lo I'm not looking for the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Lo I'm not looking for the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Lo I'm not looking for the exact
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+here actually very interesting when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually very interesting when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually very interesting when I
+did mind a graduate in Greece and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did mind a graduate in Greece and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did mind a graduate in Greece and over
+there the professors were very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the professors were very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the professors were very careful
+so here they would have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they would have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they would have written
+39.6 or whatever is the actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39.6 or whatever is the actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39.6 or whatever is the actual number
+then went to graduate school at Caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to graduate school at Caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to graduate school at Caltech
+and had I took my first class in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had I took my first class in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had I took my first class in Quantum
+Electronics by fellow called amnon J who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics by fellow called amnon J who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics by fellow called amnon J who
+is he's pretty well known in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's pretty well known in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's pretty well known in the field
+of lasers so he walked into classes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers so he walked into classes he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers so he walked into classes he
+he started doing things like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started doing things like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started doing things like that that
+Pi = 3 < Square = 10 and at first I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi = 3 < Square = 10 and at first I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi = 3 < Square = 10 and at first I was
+horrified but then I realized he had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrified but then I realized he had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrified but then I realized he had the
+point that you know very often it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know very often it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know very often it is
+pointless to do exact calculations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless to do exact calculations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless to do exact calculations if
+you're looking for an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for an order of magnitude
+result right for example is the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result right for example is the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result right for example is the bullet
+going to crash into a wall or is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crash into a wall or is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crash into a wall or is going
+to go through it's going to go back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it's going to go back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it's going to go back or
+what then you don't need exact numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then you don't need exact numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then you don't need exact numbers
+of course exact numbers are valuable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course exact numbers are valuable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course exact numbers are valuable in
+some other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases
+it's kind of an interesting skill to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an interesting skill to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an interesting skill to
+know when to do a rough calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when to do a rough calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when to do a rough calculation and
+when to do a sort of an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to do a sort of an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to do a sort of an exact
+calculation and what level of accurac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and what level of accurac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and what level of accurac
+you need depending on the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need depending on the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need depending on the resources that
+you have the time that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the time that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the time that you have the
+nature of the answer you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the answer you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the answer you're looking for
+and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth
+okay okay so for our purposes here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so for our purposes here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so for our purposes here for
+now 6 * 6 = 100 so we get a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 6 * 6 = 100 so we get a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 6 * 6 = 100 so we get a very small
+energy right it is 10us 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right it is 10us 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right it is 10us 19
+Jew if you go to higher frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew if you go to higher frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew if you go to higher frequencies in
+the range of xray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of xray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of xray
+the energy would go up by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy would go up by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy would go up by a factor of
+maybe a couple of orders of magnitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple of orders of magnitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a couple of orders of magnitude so
+in this kind of frequ of energies if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of frequ of energies if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of frequ of energies if you
+go to 10 Theus 16 Jew or so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 10 Theus 16 Jew or so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 10 Theus 16 Jew or so it becomes
+comparable with the ionizing radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable with the ionizing radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable with the ionizing radiation
+so you see now why light frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see now why light frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see now why light frequency is
+very important when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important when it comes to
+interaction with matter because visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with matter because visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with matter because visible
+light the photon each Photon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the photon each Photon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the photon each Photon that
+impedes on an atom in a material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedes on an atom in a material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedes on an atom in a material has
+relatively low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy
+it can do something to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do something to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do something to the material
+we'll talk about it later but it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it later but it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it later but it cannot
+ionize it if you increase the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize it if you increase the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize it if you increase the frequency
+you increase the energy of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the energy of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the energy of the photon
+and all of a sudden you can get ioniz in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you can get ioniz in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you can get ioniz in
+effect so it is so so so this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it is so so so this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it is so so so this sort of
+calculations give you an idea of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations give you an idea of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations give you an idea of what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um and of course U if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course U if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course U if you compute the
+fre I mean the energy carried by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre I mean the energy carried by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre I mean the energy carried by a
+microwave Photon it would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave Photon it would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave Photon it would be you know
+several Ord of magnitude lower right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Ord of magnitude lower right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Ord of magnitude lower right you
+know something like five or six orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like five or six orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like five or six orders
+of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude
+smaller okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay any questions about that
+about photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or let me say a few things about wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me say a few things about wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me say a few things about wave
+propagation the at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation the at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation the at the beginning of the
+class we'll do geometrical Optics but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll do geometrical Optics but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll do geometrical Optics but I
+want to say a few things about waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a few things about waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a few things about waves
+that we kind of need because before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of need because before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of need because before
+geometrical Optics begins to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics begins to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics begins to make sense
+so the first thing that we learned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that we learned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that we learned is
+wavelength and frequency right these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and frequency right these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and frequency right these two
+things are important even in geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are important even in geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are important even in geometrical
+Optics right the wavelength a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics right the wavelength a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics right the wavelength a very
+important concept the thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept the thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept the thing I want to
+talk about is a little bit to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is a little bit to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is a little bit to show you
+what a wave looks like so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a wave looks like so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a wave looks like so this is a very
+simple onedimensional wave and what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple onedimensional wave and what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple onedimensional wave and what I've
+done is I've plotted it at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is I've plotted it at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is I've plotted it at different
+snapshots in time so the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots in time so the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots in time so the horizontal axis
+again is the propagation distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the propagation distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the propagation distance that
+the wave is propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating
+and the vertical axis is well each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical axis is well each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical axis is well each one
+of the small axis is time and then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small axis is time and then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small axis is time and then I've
+capsuled different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsuled different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsuled different
+snapshots so as you can see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots so as you can see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots so as you can see there's a
+sense of motion here if you if you latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of motion here if you if you latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of motion here if you if you latch
+on a peak of the wave you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a peak of the wave you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a peak of the wave you will see that
+at different instances the peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different instances the peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different instances the peak is
+moving from the left to the right and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the left to the right and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the left to the right and of
+course the symbol upper case T here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the symbol upper case T here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the symbol upper case T here is
+the frequency I think it was defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency I think it was defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency I think it was defined in
+an early slide it is simply the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early slide it is simply the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early slide it is simply the inverse
+I'm sorry the t is the period the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the t is the period the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the t is the period the
+temporal period the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal period the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal period the inverse of the
+temporal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal um
+frequency and of course after one full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and of course after one full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and of course after one full
+um time period the wave replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um time period the wave replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um time period the wave replicates
+itself so if you look carefully at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if you look carefully at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if you look carefully at this
+wfront over here it is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront over here it is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront over here it is identical to the
+wfront at equal Z that I'm not tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront at equal Z that I'm not tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront at equal Z that I'm not tall
+enough to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to
+reach so you can pick arbitrarily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach so you can pick arbitrarily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach so you can pick arbitrarily you
+can pick any point in the wave okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick any point in the wave okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick any point in the wave okay I
+happen to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick
+I happen to pick a peak okay I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to pick a peak okay I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to pick a peak okay I happen to
+pick a peak and I track the peak as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a peak and I track the peak as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a peak and I track the peak as the
+wave propagates I could equally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates I could equally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates I could equally well
+have picked a point over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked a point over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked a point over here and
+tracked it it would also have propagated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked it it would also have propagated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked it it would also have propagated
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+way um so this concept of a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so this concept of a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so this concept of a point in the
+wave if you wish or more generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave if you wish or more generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave if you wish or more generally a
+surface on the wave that propagates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on the wave that propagates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on the wave that propagates with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+wave as a function of time this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a function of time this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a function of time this called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wfront and uh the the term is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront and uh the the term is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront and uh the the term is very
+suggestive it implies motion right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive it implies motion right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive it implies motion right it's
+like a Battlefront what is a Battlefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Battlefront what is a Battlefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Battlefront what is a Battlefront
+is the people who are unlucky enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the people who are unlucky enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the people who are unlucky enough to
+have been picked to be at the front line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been picked to be at the front line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been picked to be at the front line
+of a battle right so if you've seen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a battle right so if you've seen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a battle right so if you've seen all
+these old horrible movies about middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old horrible movies about middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old horrible movies about middle
+you know battles in the Middle Ages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know battles in the Middle Ages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know battles in the Middle Ages you
+see all these guys with the seals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these guys with the seals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these guys with the seals you
+know going ahead and so okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know going ahead and so okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know going ahead and so okay that's the
+Battlefront right moving so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battlefront right moving so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battlefront right moving so the way
+front is kind of a similar concept right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is kind of a similar concept right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is kind of a similar concept right
+you have a front that is moving uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a front that is moving uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a front that is moving uh as
+the energy of the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the wave is
+propagating so this perhaps not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating so this perhaps not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating so this perhaps not a very
+interesting wavefront because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wavefront because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wavefront because it is
+onedimensional right the the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional right the the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional right the the wave is
+propagating along a sort of linear axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating along a sort of linear axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating along a sort of linear axis
+in a second I will show you sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second I will show you sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second I will show you sort of more
+interesting wonts that are of relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wonts that are of relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wonts that are of relevance
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+class the thing I want to point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the thing I want to point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the thing I want to point out here
+is again I want to bring up the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again I want to bring up the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again I want to bring up the concept
+of the wavelength and we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength and we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength and we Define the
+wavelength for as the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for as the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for as the distance between
+two peaks right so if you look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peaks right so if you look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peaks right so if you look at two
+peaks over here the distance is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks over here the distance is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks over here the distance is by
+definition of a wavelength but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a wavelength but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a wavelength but also the
+wavelength it has a different meaning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength it has a different meaning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength it has a different meaning if
+you look at it from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it from the point of view of
+propagation of the wave it is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the wave it is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the wave it is also the
+distance that the wave propagated in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the wave propagated in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the wave propagated in how
+long well one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long well one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long well one period
+right and in fact this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact this is where the
+equation Cals lamb new comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I let you do that as a homework but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let you do that as a homework but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let you do that as a homework but uh
+if you think about it if you treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it if you treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it if you treat the
+wave as a particle that took T seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a particle that took T seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a particle that took T seconds
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+move Lambda units of distance then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Lambda units of distance then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Lambda units of distance then its
+velocity C must obey this equation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity C must obey this equation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity C must obey this equation over
+here it's a one line derivation kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a one line derivation kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a one line derivation kind of
+thing and let you do it as a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and let you do it as a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and let you do it as a homework
+and also I want to emphasize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I want to emphasize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I want to emphasize that this
+equation that we call this persion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we call this persion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we call this persion
+relation in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation in the previous
+slide it is only true if light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it is only true if light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it is only true if light
+propagates in free space or in uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in free space or in uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in free space or in uniform
+media if you put light for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media if you put light for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media if you put light for example in a
+well in a confined space this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a confined space this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a confined space this equation
+changes and it becomes a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it becomes a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it becomes a little bit more
+complicated uh but in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh but in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh but in this class we
+don't deal with this phenomenon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't deal with this phenomenon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't deal with this phenomenon if you
+want to if you want to learn about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to learn about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to learn about sort
+of more complicated dispersion relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more complicated dispersion relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more complicated dispersion relations
+you would have to take Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to take Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to take Professor
+fujimoto's class in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fujimoto's class in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fujimoto's class in electrical
+engineering uh I might mention something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh I might mention something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh I might mention something
+like this in passing but not in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in passing but not in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in passing but not in great
+detail for us we'll be happy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail for us we'll be happy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail for us we'll be happy enough to
+take this as the dispersion equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as the dispersion equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as the dispersion equation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+light but but again I want to alert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but but again I want to alert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but but again I want to alert you
+that there's also other dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also other dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also other dispersion
+relations that may may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that may may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that may may
+occur okay the other thing that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur okay the other thing that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur okay the other thing that uh I
+will not spend too much time here but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not spend too much time here but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not spend too much time here but it
+will come up later with great force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up later with great force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up later with great force and
+and great uh detail is the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and great uh detail is the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and great uh detail is the concept of
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+delay so um you probably remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so um you probably remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so um you probably remember this
+this from your trigonometry class uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from your trigonometry class uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from your trigonometry class uh if
+you have a periodic phenomenon or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a periodic phenomenon or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a periodic phenomenon or a
+periodic function you can pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function you can pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function you can pick an
+arbitrary point in time and call it your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary point in time and call it your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary point in time and call it your
+reference and then as the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and then as the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and then as the phenomenon
+evolves you can refer to this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves you can refer to this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves you can refer to this initial
+Point as the with with a phase DeLay So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point as the with with a phase DeLay So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point as the with with a phase DeLay So
+the phase delay is relative to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase delay is relative to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase delay is relative to 2 pi
+which measures one full cycle so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures one full cycle so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures one full cycle so the you
+can interpret this snap snapshots over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interpret this snap snapshots over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interpret this snap snapshots over
+here as phase delay versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as phase delay versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as phase delay versions of the
+original wave so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave so for example
+between 0 and 1/8 of a period your phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1/8 of a period your phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1/8 of a period your phase
+delay equals pi over 4 right because 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay equals pi over 4 right because 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay equals pi over 4 right because 2
+pi/ 8 equals pi over 4 so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 8 equals pi over 4 so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 8 equals pi over 4 so this is a
+concept that will come up again again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that will come up again again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that will come up again again as
+I said in great detail I just wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in great detail I just wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in great detail I just wanted you
+to be a little bit aware of it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit aware of it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit aware of it right
+now what I really wanted to to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I really wanted to to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I really wanted to to emphasize
+over here is that light does not usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is that light does not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is that light does not usually
+propagate along as just one line as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate along as just one line as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate along as just one line as I
+showed in the previous slide but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the previous slide but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the previous slide but it
+propagates in 3D space so it can expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in 3D space so it can expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in 3D space so it can expand
+it can contract it can do weird things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can contract it can do weird things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can contract it can do weird things
+right so to do those we need a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to do those we need a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to do those we need a slightly
+more elaborate description so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate description so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate description so this is
+sort of an attempt to to plot 3D space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an attempt to to plot 3D space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an attempt to to plot 3D space
+and if you think about the W in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about the W in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about the W in this
+case it is a surface that moves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a surface that moves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a surface that moves from
+left to right as a function of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right as a function of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right as a function of time so
+as the wave front propagates the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wave front propagates the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wave front propagates the surface
+is moving by the way this a fictious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving by the way this a fictious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving by the way this a fictious
+surface I I'm not thinking of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface I I'm not thinking of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface I I'm not thinking of a physical
+surface or anything but um if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or anything but um if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or anything but um if you think
+about the energy that the light carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy that the light carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy that the light carries
+the energy is actually moving uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is actually moving uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is actually moving uh as the
+wave propagates this is how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates this is how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagates this is how you can
+connect the two if you go out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the two if you go out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the two if you go out to the
+charge okay you have to wait until April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay you have to wait until April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay you have to wait until April
+when it unfreezes but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it unfreezes but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it unfreezes but if you look at the
+waves on water of course you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves on water of course you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves on water of course you can do it
+at home on on a bucket or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home on on a bucket or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home on on a bucket or something like
+that but if you look at the waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you look at the waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you look at the waves
+there's also a physical sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a physical sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a physical sense because
+the water waves they have a Crest so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water waves they have a Crest so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water waves they have a Crest so the
+wfront of the water wave is the crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront of the water wave is the crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wfront of the water wave is the crest
+that moves as the as the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves as the as the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves as the as the wave
+propagates so so this surfaces the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates so so this surfaces the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates so so this surfaces the wave
+they can have different shapes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have different shapes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have different shapes they
+cannot have arbitrary shapes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have arbitrary shapes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have arbitrary shapes because
+they're governed by the laws of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're governed by the laws of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're governed by the laws of light
+propagation okay but um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay but um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay but um certain
+allowable shapes then now to to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable shapes then now to to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable shapes then now to to be very
+simple and we will be dealing with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and we will be dealing with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and we will be dealing with them
+a lot so the simplest is the planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot so the simplest is the planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot so the simplest is the planer
+wavefront that is as the name implies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront that is as the name implies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront that is as the name implies is
+a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan
+and the next simpler is the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next simpler is the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next simpler is the spherical
+wavefront which again as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront which again as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront which again as the name
+implies is a sphere so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is a sphere so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies is a sphere so you can think of
+those as sort of our two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as sort of our two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as sort of our two major
+wavefronts that we'll be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefronts that we'll be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefronts that we'll be dealing with
+throughout the class the planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the class the planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the class the planer
+wavefront and the spherical and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront and the spherical and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront and the spherical and we'll
+yeah so in the last slide you showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the last slide you showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the last slide you showed the
+electric field as being the Y AIS but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field as being the Y AIS but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field as being the Y AIS but
+here it's it's space not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's space not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's space not
+field ah yes so that is correct so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ah yes so that is correct so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ah yes so that is correct so so
+and thank you and I should relabel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you and I should relabel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you and I should relabel the
+slides here the two axes the two axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides here the two axes the two axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides here the two axes the two axes
+they correspond to X and Y the the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they correspond to X and Y the the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they correspond to X and Y the the space
+coordinates yeah and the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates yeah and the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates yeah and the electric field
+is not shown here because I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not shown here because I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not shown here because I don't have a
+I cannot plot a fourth dimension so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot plot a fourth dimension so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot plot a fourth dimension so what
+is happening here is the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here is the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here is the electric field
+is maximum equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maximum equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maximum equal to
+e0 so at t equal Z the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so at t equal Z the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so at t equal Z the electric field is
+maximum on this plane if you wait 1/8 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum on this plane if you wait 1/8 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum on this plane if you wait 1/8 of
+a period the field will be maximum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period the field will be maximum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period the field will be maximum at
+this plane if you wait another eigh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane if you wait another eigh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane if you wait another eigh of a
+period the field is maximum on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the field is maximum on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the field is maximum on this
+plane so the wfront in this case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the wfront in this case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the wfront in this case is the
+maximum of the electric field the crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the electric field the crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the electric field the crest
+if you wish of the electric field as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish of the electric field as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish of the electric field as it
+propagates through space and the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates through space and the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates through space and the same is
+here again these surfaces mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again these surfaces mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again these surfaces mean that the
+field is maximum on the surface at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is maximum on the surface at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is maximum on the surface at T
+equals z and then eighth of a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and then eighth of a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and then eighth of a period
+later the field is maximum on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the field is maximum on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the field is maximum on this
+surface and so on and so forth thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and so on and so forth thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and so on and so forth thanks
+yeah so that's that's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's a very important
+clarification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do you think should happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you think should happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you think should happen to
+the energy density in the two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density in the two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density in the two cases
+suppose I have a fixed amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a fixed amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a fixed amount of energy
+that is entering on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is entering on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is entering on the
+left are they different in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right can I ask you to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right can I ask you to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right can I ask you to push
+the botton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the botton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the botton and
+repeat yeah the plane waves energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat yeah the plane waves energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat yeah the plane waves energy is
+constant energy density is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant energy density is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant energy density is constant and
+the spherical waves energy density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical waves energy density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical waves energy density is
+smaller corre as a experence correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller corre as a experence correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller corre as a experence correct
+yeah because uh energy have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because uh energy have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because uh energy have to be
+conserved so in this case the wfront is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so in this case the wfront is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so in this case the wfront is
+is uh is um invariant so the energy must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is um invariant so the energy must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is um invariant so the energy must
+remain constant in this case the won is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain constant in this case the won is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain constant in this case the won is
+expanding so the energy density will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so the energy density will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so the energy density will
+decrease as you go away we'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as you go away we'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as you go away we'll make this
+more precise later we'll Define what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise later we'll Define what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise later we'll Define what we
+mean by energy density in fact it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by energy density in fact it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by energy density in fact it is
+called intensity so will Define that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called intensity so will Define that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called intensity so will Define that uh
+so so basically if you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically if you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically if you measure the
+energy in watts per area watts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in watts per area watts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in watts per area watts per
+centim square in this case it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centim square in this case it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centim square in this case it has to
+decrease in order to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in order to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in order to make sure that the
+energy you started with at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you started with at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you started with at the center of
+the sphere is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere is preserved
+throughout the next concept I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the next concept I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the next concept I would like
+to Define is the Rays and and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define is the Rays and and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define is the Rays and and the reason
+I introduced wave front is primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced wave front is primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced wave front is primarily
+because I wanted to Define relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to Define relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to Define relatively
+precisely now what I mean by array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely now what I mean by array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely now what I mean by array
+and for the next four weeks we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next four weeks we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next four weeks we'll be
+talking about Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Rays
+exclusively okay so array is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively okay so array is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively okay so array is basically a
+normal to the wfront that is the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the wfront that is the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the wfront that is the correct
+accurate definition of array you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate definition of array you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate definition of array you take
+the surfaces you plot the normals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces you plot the normals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces you plot the normals and
+these lines are the Rays so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are the Rays so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are the Rays so in this case
+the rays are parallel because of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays are parallel because of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays are parallel because of all the
+surfaces are parallel planes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces are parallel planes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces are parallel planes in this
+case the rays form a fan like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the rays form a fan like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the rays form a fan like a
+Divergent fan that at at each point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent fan that at at each point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent fan that at at each point on
+this spheric on these spheres the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spheric on these spheres the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spheric on these spheres the fan
+components are normal to the surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are normal to the surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are normal to the surfaces
+and you can also think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also think of them as
+trajectories over which the particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories over which the particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories over which the particles of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+propagate um is not perhaps very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate um is not perhaps very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate um is not perhaps very
+accurate to think of the particles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to think of the particles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to think of the particles as
+photons in this case just think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in this case just think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in this case just think of them
+as sort of some sort of fictitious light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of some sort of fictitious light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of some sort of fictitious light
+bullets that propagate down the Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets that propagate down the Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets that propagate down the Ray
+trajectories and the rest have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and the rest have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and the rest have several
+properties which I will justify later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which I will justify later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which I will justify later in
+the class the Rays have to be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the Rays have to be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the Rays have to be continuous
+and piecewise differentiable array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and piecewise differentiable array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and piecewise differentiable array
+cannot jump for example you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot jump for example you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot jump for example you cannot have
+a array that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that cannot happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forbidden array can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden array can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden array can have
+a continuous but perhaps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous but perhaps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous but perhaps not
+differentiable uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable uh like
+like a bent like this so that's allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bent like this so that's allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bent like this so that's allowed
+and it can also have a smooth continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can also have a smooth continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can also have a smooth continuous
+path that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that's also
+allowed okay that is sort of obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed okay that is sort of obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed okay that is sort of obviously
+why it is forbidden it is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is forbidden it is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is forbidden it is kind of
+strange to imagine the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to imagine the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to imagine the photon
+disappearing and appearing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing and appearing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing and appearing again
+someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else
+um the other the others we will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other the others we will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other the others we will sort of
+see later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later in
+action um for our experience raise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um for our experience raise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um for our experience raise a
+straight lines and why do we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and why do we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and why do we say that
+that from our experience where have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from our experience where have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from our experience where have you
+seen rays in everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life but lasers lasers is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but lasers lasers is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but lasers lasers is one that
+usually if you have a sort of the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you have a sort of the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you have a sort of the beam
+kind of the laser it looks kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the laser it looks kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the laser it looks kind of like
+a like a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a straight
+line another example perhaps from even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line another example perhaps from even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line another example perhaps from even
+more everyday life yeah um Shadows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more everyday life yeah um Shadows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more everyday life yeah um Shadows
+Shadows that's right if if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows that's right if if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows that's right if if you look at
+Shadows the light appears to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows the light appears to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows the light appears to come out
+Straight Out of The Shadow right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Straight Out of The Shadow right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Straight Out of The Shadow right um so
+it's a little bit strange that the aray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit strange that the aray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit strange that the aray
+as a curved trajectory we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a curved trajectory we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a curved trajectory we will see a
+little bit later maybe even today if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later maybe even today if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later maybe even today if we
+don't run out of time that light rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run out of time that light rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run out of time that light rays
+can actually follow curved paths under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow curved paths under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow curved paths under
+certain conditions but what is for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions but what is for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions but what is for sure
+that in free space or uniform space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in free space or uniform space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in free space or uniform space like
+air we observe shadows in air right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we observe shadows in air right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we observe shadows in air right so
+air is pretty much uniform and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is pretty much uniform and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is pretty much uniform and for that
+reason U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason U
+um uh Rays propagating straight lines by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Rays propagating straight lines by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Rays propagating straight lines by
+the way you don't have to go too far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you don't have to go too far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you don't have to go too far to
+see examples of curved Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples of curved Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples of curved Ray
+propagation uh the best example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation uh the best example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation uh the best example is
+flicker if you go up in the mountain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker if you go up in the mountain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker if you go up in the mountain at
+night and you look down at the City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and you look down at the City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and you look down at the City
+Beneath I don't think you can do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beneath I don't think you can do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beneath I don't think you can do that in
+Boston we don't have any mountains high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston we don't have any mountains high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston we don't have any mountains high
+enough but in Los Angeles for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but in Los Angeles for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but in Los Angeles for example is
+very pronounced if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pronounced if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pronounced if you go to the
+Hollywood Hills and look down you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood Hills and look down you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood Hills and look down you see
+flicker the lights in the city they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker the lights in the city they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker the lights in the city they're
+not steady they kind of okay flicker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not steady they kind of okay flicker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not steady they kind of okay flicker so
+the reason of that is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason of that is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason of that is because the
+atmosphere it is not exactly uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it is not exactly uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it is not exactly uniform
+medium you have uh temperature changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you have uh temperature changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you have uh temperature changes
+air currents and so on and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents and so on and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents and so on and because of
+that the ray between the city lights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ray between the city lights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ray between the city lights in
+your eye the r follow a sort of curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye the r follow a sort of curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye the r follow a sort of curved
+path very slightly curved but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path very slightly curved but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path very slightly curved but because
+they propagate a long distance it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate a long distance it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate a long distance it is
+enough to result in this flicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to result in this flicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to result in this flicker
+phenomenon okay so from that it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon okay so from that it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon okay so from that it is not
+quite obvious as in the shadow but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obvious as in the shadow but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obvious as in the shadow but from
+that we have kind of experienced all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have kind of experienced all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have kind of experienced all of
+us that the ray might actually will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the ray might actually will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the ray might actually will not
+propagate along straight paths and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate along straight paths and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate along straight paths and in a
+second I will Define when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I will Define when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I will Define when that happens
+when a ray can propagate in a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a ray can propagate in a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a ray can propagate in a curved
+um in a cavity trajectory before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a cavity trajectory before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a cavity trajectory before I do
+that I already implied that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already implied that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already implied that the reason
+Rays might do strange things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays might do strange things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays might do strange things like
+deviate from the straight and narrow I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from the straight and narrow I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from the straight and narrow I'm
+sorry they might deviate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry they might deviate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry they might deviate from the
+straight path is because of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight path is because of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight path is because of interaction
+with matter right it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter right it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter right it is the
+non-uniformity in air in my a example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity in air in my a example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity in air in my a example
+that caused the Rays to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused the Rays to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused the Rays to to
+bend so then the next topic is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend so then the next topic is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend so then the next topic is sort of a
+a very simple description of how light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple description of how light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple description of how light
+interacts with matter and for now we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter and for now we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter and for now we I
+will say it as a fairy tale because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say it as a fairy tale because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say it as a fairy tale because we
+don't know enough electromagnetics yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know enough electromagnetics yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know enough electromagnetics yet I
+will come back to this topic after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to this topic after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to this topic after we
+Define light as an electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define light as an electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define light as an electromagnetic wave
+I will come back to this topic and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will come back to this topic and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will come back to this topic and tell
+you more rigorously how light interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more rigorously how light interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more rigorously how light interacts
+with matter for now very briefly I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter for now very briefly I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter for now very briefly I will
+tell you that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there is
+three types of interaction that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of interaction that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of interaction that we'll
+discuss in this class absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in this class absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in this class absorption
+refraction and scattering so today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and scattering so today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and scattering so today I
+will Define absorption and refraction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Define absorption and refraction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Define absorption and refraction in
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+phenomenological terms anybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological terms anybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological terms anybody knows
+what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+phenomenological I am Greek so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological I am Greek so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological I am Greek so I have a
+kind of a benefit of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language phenomenological means based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language phenomenological means based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language phenomenological means based on
+observation it means uh we Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it means uh we Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it means uh we Define this
+phenomena based on what we observe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena based on what we observe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena based on what we observe but
+we don't try to dig any deeper into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't try to dig any deeper into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't try to dig any deeper into the
+basic principles Define this phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles Define this phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles Define this phenomena
+you will see in a second what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see in a second what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see in a second what I mean
+anyway we'll Define absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll Define absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll Define absorption and
+refraction and uh what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and uh what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and uh what I want to
+emphasize also that this is not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize also that this is not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize also that this is not the only
+three types of interaction like can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of interaction like can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types of interaction like can do a
+lot of other things there's fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things there's fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things there's fluorescence
+that you are familiar if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are familiar if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are familiar if you go to
+nightclubs where they use ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightclubs where they use ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightclubs where they use ultraviolet
+right people look kind of funny that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people look kind of funny that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people look kind of funny that is
+fluoresence um there is a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence um there is a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence um there is a nonlinear
+phenomena there's ionization that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena there's ionization that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena there's ionization that can
+happen so a lot of different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so a lot of different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so a lot of different things that
+can happen but I will not cover them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen but I will not cover them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen but I will not cover them in
+this class okay so as they say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class okay so as they say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class okay so as they say they're
+outside the scope of our interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of our interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of our interest
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um going on with it let me Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on with it let me Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on with it let me Define
+absorption first so from experience we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption first so from experience we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption first so from experience we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that anything that travels through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything that travels through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything that travels through a
+medium suffers losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium suffers losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium suffers losses
+you know many of you mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of you mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of you mechanical
+engineers you know that if you um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you know that if you um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you know that if you um have a
+mechanical disturbance like sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbance like sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbance like sound
+propagating down a medium at the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating down a medium at the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating down a medium at the exit
+you see less of the energy that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see less of the energy that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see less of the energy that you put
+in some of you electrical engineers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of you electrical engineers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of you electrical engineers you
+know that if you run current through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you run current through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you run current through a
+device typically at the exit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device typically at the exit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device typically at the exit of the
+device you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you see
+less current or less electrical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less current or less electrical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less current or less electrical energy
+typically you see a voltage drop than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you see a voltage drop than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you see a voltage drop than
+the energy that you put in so why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that you put in so why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that you put in so why does
+this happen well because of uh why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen well because of uh why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen well because of uh why why
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right it is conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it is conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it is conversion of
+energy to heat right and generally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to heat right and generally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to heat right and generally is
+undesirable unless anyway we seldom hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable unless anyway we seldom hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable unless anyway we seldom hit
+ourselves with well unless it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves with well unless it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves with well unless it's the
+light on a day like this we appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a day like this we appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a day like this we appreciate
+the heating right but um in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating right but um in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating right but um in Singapore
+generally we don't appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we don't appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we don't appreciate the
+heating because the sunlight is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating because the sunlight is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating because the sunlight is too
+intense typically to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense typically to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense typically to to
+tolerate but yeah the fact of the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate but yeah the fact of the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate but yeah the fact of the matter
+is that that there is omic losses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that there is omic losses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that there is omic losses or
+dissipation like you very correctly said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation like you very correctly said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation like you very correctly said
+that cause a decrease in power so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause a decrease in power so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause a decrease in power so the uh
+phenomenological law that describes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological law that describes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological law that describes this
+effect is exponential in the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is exponential in the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is exponential in the length of
+propagation in matter so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in matter so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in matter so by
+phenomenological what I mean is but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological what I mean is but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological what I mean is but that
+I throw this equation at you but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I throw this equation at you but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I throw this equation at you but I
+haven't told you why okay I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you why okay I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you why okay I will tell
+you why later when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why later when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why later when we do
+electromagnetics I will justify why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics I will justify why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics I will justify why this
+law comes about and strangely enough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law comes about and strangely enough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law comes about and strangely enough it
+is called Beer's Law no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Beer's Law no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Beer's Law no it's not
+pronounced beer it is pronounced bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced beer it is pronounced bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced beer it is pronounced bear
+this fellow was German but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow was German but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow was German but
+anyway and light does get absorbed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and light does get absorbed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and light does get absorbed by
+beer actually and um strangely enough I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer actually and um strangely enough I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer actually and um strangely enough I
+did see a paper at conference on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did see a paper at conference on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did see a paper at conference on where
+someone was measuring the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was measuring the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was measuring the optical
+properties of beer I'm not kidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of beer I'm not kidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of beer I'm not kidding
+actually they were they had they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they were they had they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they were they had they had a
+project funded by I don't know whom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project funded by I don't know whom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project funded by I don't know whom to
+shot laser beams through big you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot laser beams through big you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot laser beams through big you know
+containers of beer and then I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers of beer and then I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers of beer and then I don't know
+exactly what they measuring but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they measuring but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they measuring but I
+thought it was a very cleverly conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a very cleverly conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a very cleverly conceived
+project because after you finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because after you finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because after you finish the
+experiment what you do you drink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what you do you drink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what you do you drink the
+beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer
+okay so now so I said that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so I said that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so I said that the output
+energy DEC exponentially as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy DEC exponentially as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy DEC exponentially as a function
+of the length of the medium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of the medium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of the medium the
+coefficient that goes in the exponent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that goes in the exponent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that goes in the exponent is
+again very highly dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very highly dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very highly dependent on the
+material that the light propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that the light propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that the light propagates
+conductors like metals that do have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors like metals that do have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors like metals that do have they
+tend to have very high dissipation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have very high dissipation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have very high dissipation if
+you might propagate a few microns inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might propagate a few microns inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might propagate a few microns inside
+the metal and the light is all lost it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the light is all lost it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the light is all lost it
+is all converted to heat so on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all converted to heat so on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all converted to heat so on the other
+hand the electrics like glass they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the electrics like glass they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the electrics like glass they can
+have very low dissipation in fact some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low dissipation in fact some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low dissipation in fact some
+materials that they use some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they use some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they use some special
+glasses in Optical fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses in Optical fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses in Optical fibers
+that they use to transmit light over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use to transmit light over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use to transmit light over
+very long distances in these cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distances in these cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distances in these cases the
+dissipation is in the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation is in the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation is in the order of a
+fraction of a DB per kilometer so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a DB per kilometer so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a DB per kilometer so it is
+I don't know how many orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many orders of
+magnitude there around eight or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude there around eight or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude there around eight or nine
+orders of magnitude in the dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude in the dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude in the dissipation
+coefficient and again that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again that depends on
+the way light interacts with matter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way light interacts with matter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way light interacts with matter I
+will say a little bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say a little bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say a little bit more about that
+later but for now again take it take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for now again take it take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for now again take it take me
+to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my
+word never take anybody to their word by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word never take anybody to their word by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word never take anybody to their word by
+the way but I think for reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but I think for reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but I think for reasons of
+organizing the presentation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing the presentation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing the presentation of the
+material sometimes I will ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material sometimes I will ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material sometimes I will ask you to
+take my word for granted and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for granted and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for granted and usually
+when I ask you to do that I will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I ask you to do that I will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I ask you to do that I will come
+back and justify myself perhaps a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and justify myself perhaps a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and justify myself perhaps a few
+lectures later or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures later or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures later or something like
+that okay um the other thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um the other thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um the other thing I want to
+emphasize is that um dissipation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that um dissipation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that um dissipation or
+absorption depends strongly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption depends strongly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption depends strongly on
+wavelength and that again goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that again goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that again goes back to
+what we were saying before different w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were saying before different w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were saying before different w
+lengths carry different energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths carry different energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths carry different energy and
+different energies of the photons they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies of the photons they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies of the photons they
+will interact with matter in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interact with matter in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interact with matter in different
+ways they might set into oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they might set into oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they might set into oscillation
+they might set it into dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might set it into dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might set it into dipole
+polarization they might set matter they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization they might set matter they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization they might set matter they
+might ionize It Whatever right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ionize It Whatever right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ionize It Whatever right so
+depending on what happen you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what happen you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what happen you get
+different Behavior so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Behavior so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Behavior so this is the
+atmosphere uh the percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere uh the percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere uh the percent of
+transmission not exactly the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission not exactly the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission not exactly the alpha
+coefficient but the transmission percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient but the transmission percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient but the transmission percent
+transmission throughout the a nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission throughout the a nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission throughout the a nominal
+length I believe it is a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I believe it is a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I believe it is a in the
+order of of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of a few
+meters as a function of wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters as a function of wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters as a function of wavelength so
+you can see that it varies quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it varies quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it varies quite a bit
+even within the visible range the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the visible range the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the visible range the
+atmosphere is not completely transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is not completely transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is not completely transparent
+it is a little bit less transparent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a little bit less transparent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a little bit less transparent at
+um at um blue wavelengths becomes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at um blue wavelengths becomes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at um blue wavelengths becomes then
+um almost transparent at longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost transparent at longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost transparent at longer
+wavelengths and then at this is infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and then at this is infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and then at this is infrared
+now in the infrared you see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the infrared you see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the infrared you see you have
+some very strong um absorption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very strong um absorption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very strong um absorption the
+transmission coefficient goes down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient goes down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient goes down that
+means strong absorption here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means strong absorption here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means strong absorption here that
+actually has to do with molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to do with molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to do with molecular
+resonances you can think of molecules as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances you can think of molecules as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances you can think of molecules as
+little Mass spring dumper systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass spring dumper systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mass spring dumper systems and
+the photon comes in and kicks them so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon comes in and kicks them so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon comes in and kicks them so it
+sets them into oscillation when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets them into oscillation when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets them into oscillation when that
+happens the energy of the photon gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the energy of the photon gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the energy of the photon gets
+transferred resonantly into the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred resonantly into the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred resonantly into the molecule
+and then you get lost right so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get lost right so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get lost right so so this
+case it is a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a little bit more complicated
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+than heating than simple heating but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than heating than simple heating but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than heating than simple heating but the
+net effect is still the same you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is still the same you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is still the same you still
+get heating from the motion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get heating from the motion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get heating from the motion of these
+molecules but anyway that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but anyway that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but anyway that's the reason
+you why you get this this strong um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why you get this this strong um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why you get this this strong um
+absorption maximum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what I really wanted to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I really wanted to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I really wanted to get to
+today so that so that we can progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that so that we can progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that so that we can progress
+with geometrical Optics is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with geometrical Optics is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with geometrical Optics is the
+phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of
+refraction so refraction is a refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction so refraction is a refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction so refraction is a refers to
+actually a rather strange thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a rather strange thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a rather strange thing that
+that again I will ask you to take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again I will ask you to take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again I will ask you to take for
+granted until we talk in detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted until we talk in detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted until we talk in detail about
+polarization and that is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that is the fact that
+the speed of light changes when light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light changes when light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light changes when light
+enters the material in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the material in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the material in this case we're
+talking primarily about di electrics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking primarily about di electrics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking primarily about di electrics but
+it's also true for Metals but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also true for Metals but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also true for Metals but of course
+in metals the light doesn't go very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals the light doesn't go very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals the light doesn't go very far
+so okay the speed changes but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay the speed changes but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay the speed changes but it doesn't
+go very far in the electric the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very far in the electric the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very far in the electric the light
+can go quite far but it speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go quite far but it speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go quite far but it speed is
+different and again phenomenologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and again phenomenologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and again phenomenologically
+without describing the physical origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without describing the physical origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without describing the physical origins
+of Y the speed is of course reduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y the speed is of course reduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y the speed is of course reduced and
+reduced by a constant that is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by a constant that is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by a constant that is known as
+index of refraction or refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction or refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction or refractive index
+and most books use the symbol n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denoted and um the value of n can vary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted and um the value of n can vary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted and um the value of n can vary a
+lot in in vacuum n equals exactly one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in in vacuum n equals exactly one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in in vacuum n equals exactly one so
+the speed of light in vacuum equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light in vacuum equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light in vacuum equals
+exactly C in air it is close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly C in air it is close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly C in air it is close to one
+within two significant digits maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within two significant digits maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within two significant digits maybe
+1.005 or something like that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.005 or something like that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.005 or something like that and it
+depends also on the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends also on the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends also on the temperature the
+pressure a number of different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure a number of different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure a number of different um
+properties of the air as we will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the air as we will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the air as we will see in
+the and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and again
+later and then typical di electrics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then typical di electrics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then typical di electrics that
+we see are water of course so in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see are water of course so in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see are water of course so in what
+why is water interesting well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is water interesting well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is water interesting well because
+well water but also because our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well water but also because our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well water but also because our bodies
+are composed mostly of water tissue is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are composed mostly of water tissue is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are composed mostly of water tissue is a
+approximately 70 or 75% water so light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 70 or 75% water so light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 70 or 75% water so light
+index of refraction in our body is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction in our body is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction in our body is also
+equal to the same quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the same quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the same quantity
+1.3 actually this would be 1.33 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 actually this would be 1.33 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 actually this would be 1.33 you know
+if you if you really want to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you really want to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you really want to be more
+accurate and glass so glass is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and glass so glass is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and glass so glass is used in
+pretty much every Optical instrument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every Optical instrument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every Optical instrument for
+Visible wavelengths so in glass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visible wavelengths so in glass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visible wavelengths so in glass the
+index of refraction is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.5 okay what does this mean now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 okay what does this mean now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 okay what does this mean now the
+speed of light changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light changes
+another way to to say it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to to say it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to to say it is that the
+wavelength of the light changes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light changes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light changes and this
+is actually a more proper way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a more proper way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a more proper way to think
+of the phenomenon when we'll see when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phenomenon when we'll see when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phenomenon when we'll see when we
+do uh electromagnetics we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh electromagnetics we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh electromagnetics we'll see that
+you know the change in speed is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the change in speed is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the change in speed is actually
+derived from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from that
+observation and um the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and um the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and um the way the
+wavelength changes it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength changes it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength changes it becomes
+shorter so if you have a light happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so if you have a light happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so if you have a light happily
+propagating in free space and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in free space and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in free space and then all
+of a sudden there's an abrupt interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden there's an abrupt interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden there's an abrupt interface
+and light enters a DI electric the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light enters a DI electric the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light enters a DI electric the
+wavelength become shorter now what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength become shorter now what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength become shorter now what does
+this mean does it mean that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean does it mean that uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean does it mean that uh for
+example if I have red light and the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have red light and the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have red light and the red
+light goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes into
+glass the light becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass the light becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass the light becomes
+green that is certainly not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that is certainly not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that is certainly not what we
+observe right if you if you I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right if you if you I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right if you if you I'm sure
+many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen if you put a yellow pencil in glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if you put a yellow pencil in glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if you put a yellow pencil in glass
+the pencil remains yellow it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pencil remains yellow it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pencil remains yellow it does not
+and blue right so what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue right so what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue right so what what is a
+possible does anybody know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible does anybody know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible does anybody know the
+explanation or yeah the frequency stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation or yeah the frequency stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation or yeah the frequency stays
+the same so you you see frequency as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so you you see frequency as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so you you see frequency as it
+comes out it's going to be vacuum pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out it's going to be vacuum pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out it's going to be vacuum pretty
+much any that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so very correctly he said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very correctly he said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very correctly he said that the
+frequency of the light Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light Remains the Same
+anybody want to guess why the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess why the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess why the frequency
+of the light might remain the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light might remain the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light might remain the same but
+the wavelength can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the speed changes that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed changes that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the speed changes that's right
+the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right so both of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so both of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so both of you are
+right so first of all they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first of all they can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first of all they can change
+simultaneously the wavelength and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the wavelength and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the wavelength and the
+speed because of this equation we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed because of this equation we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed because of this equation we said
+that the speed of light I mean the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of light I mean the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of light I mean the speed
+of light in vacuum or in general in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in vacuum or in general in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in vacuum or in general in you
+know in well in vacuum it is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in well in vacuum it is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in well in vacuum it is related to
+the frequency I'm sorry to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency I'm sorry to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency I'm sorry to the frequency
+of the wavelength by this equation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength by this equation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelength by this equation over
+here well you can just divide the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you can just divide the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you can just divide the two
+sides of the equation by n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the equation by n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the equation by n and the
+equation Remains the Same but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Remains the Same but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Remains the Same but that's not
+very physical I did the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical I did the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical I did the mathematical
+trick what the hell does that mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick what the hell does that mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick what the hell does that mean I
+divide both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+um that is out to be correct and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is out to be correct and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is out to be correct and this is
+indeed the dispersion relation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the dispersion relation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the dispersion relation in a
+dialectric material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric material
+but you don't really know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't really know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't really know which one
+should you divide should you divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you divide should you divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you divide should you divide the
+wavelength by n or should you divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by n or should you divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by n or should you divide the
+frequency by n or maybe divide both by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency by n or maybe divide both by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency by n or maybe divide both by
+square root n or you know all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n or you know all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n or you know all of these
+are possibilities right so the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possibilities right so the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possibilities right so the physical
+argument that allows you to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that allows you to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that allows you to decide what
+to divide is what I'm sorry your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide is what I'm sorry your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide is what I'm sorry your name
+what Al Al right Li I'm sorry so the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Al Al right Li I'm sorry so the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Al Al right Li I'm sorry so the so
+the physical argument is what Liz just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical argument is what Liz just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical argument is what Liz just
+said which is that the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is that the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is that the energy of the
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+cannot change because the photon well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change because the photon well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change because the photon well I
+haven't said that yet but the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said that yet but the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said that yet but the photon is
+a fundamental Quant mechanical particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental Quant mechanical particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental Quant mechanical particle
+it cannot be divid well okay it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be divid well okay it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be divid well okay it can be
+divided in some special cases but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in some special cases but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in some special cases but in the
+approximation that we deal with here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we deal with here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we deal with here the
+photon must maintain its energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon must maintain its energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon must maintain its energy so
+therefore the frequency of of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of of the photon
+must remain the same new the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must remain the same new the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must remain the same new the temporal
+frequency is conserved so if the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is conserved so if the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is conserved so if the wave
+length changes because light entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length changes because light entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length changes because light entered
+into matter then the velocity must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matter then the velocity must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matter then the velocity must
+change to compensate in the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to compensate in the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to compensate in the dispersion
+relationship okay in our context here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay in our context here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay in our context here
+the only thing that can happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that can happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that can happen to the
+photon is it can disappear it can con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is it can disappear it can con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is it can disappear it can con
+and it doesn't really disappear it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't really disappear it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't really disappear it gets
+converted to heat right so when a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to heat right so when a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to heat right so when a light
+hits a material it actually hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits a material it actually hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits a material it actually hits the
+material in discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in discrete
+Quant some of the photons that that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant some of the photons that that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant some of the photons that that come
+from the light source discrete discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the light source discrete discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the light source discrete discrete
+quantities that equal to you cannot see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that equal to you cannot see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that equal to you cannot see
+it over there because I rais it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there because I rais it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there because I rais it but
+discrete quantities of approximately 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantities of approximately 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantities of approximately 10
+Theus 19 Jew one of them at a time can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 19 Jew one of them at a time can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 19 Jew one of them at a time can
+be converted to heat and hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted to heat and hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be converted to heat and hit the
+material but you cannot get 60% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you cannot get 60% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you cannot get 60% of the
+photon energy to go to heat the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy to go to heat the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy to go to heat the material
+that's not the correct way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the correct way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the correct way to think
+about it if 60% of the energy goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if 60% of the energy goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if 60% of the energy goes into
+heat in the material it means that 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in the material it means that 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in the material it means that 60%
+of individual photons died and gave up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual photons died and gave up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual photons died and gave up
+their energy to the molecules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy to the molecules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy to the molecules of the
+material if you have a single Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you have a single Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you have a single Photon
+arriving into a material it will either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving into a material it will either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving into a material it will either
+survive and go through intact or it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and go through intact or it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and go through intact or it will
+die and be converted to heat you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and be converted to heat you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and be converted to heat you cannot
+have 60% of an individual Photon heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60% of an individual Photon heat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60% of an individual Photon heat in
+a material okay so because of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material okay so because of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material okay so because of this line
+of reasoning that really requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning that really requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning that really requires
+quantum mechanics so I cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so I cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so I cannot really
+justify it very well without spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it very well without spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it very well without spending a
+semester of quantum mechanics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of quantum mechanics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of quantum mechanics but
+because of this of reasoning the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this of reasoning the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this of reasoning the energy
+of the photon is invariant therefore new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon is invariant therefore new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon is invariant therefore new
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+invariant so believe it or not I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so believe it or not I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so believe it or not I've
+watched someone at a conference stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched someone at a conference stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched someone at a conference stand up
+and say well does the light really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well does the light really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well does the light really
+become green and that was an Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become green and that was an Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become green and that was an Optics
+conference so it was very embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so it was very embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so it was very embarrassing
+but but it's very useful to remember no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's very useful to remember no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's very useful to remember no
+light does not become green when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light does not become green when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light does not become green when uh
+enters when it enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters when it enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters when it enters
+glass and in any case your eyes respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and in any case your eyes respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and in any case your eyes respond
+to the energy of the photon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy of the photon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy of the photon right
+because well I haven't said how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well I haven't said how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well I haven't said how your
+lies perceive color yet but they respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies perceive color yet but they respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies perceive color yet but they respond
+to the energy so you still perceive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy so you still perceive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy so you still perceive it
+as red because the energy of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as red because the energy of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as red because the energy of the photon
+it is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still
+red okay so having said that now having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red okay so having said that now having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red okay so having said that now having
+said that the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the index of
+refraction is a property of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is a property of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is a property of the material
+I can consider materials where the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can consider materials where the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can consider materials where the index
+of refraction is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction is a function of
+position and that was the case oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bad thing about animations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing about animations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing about animations you have
+to wait for them to finish okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for them to finish okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for them to finish okay so you
+can conceive materials where the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conceive materials where the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conceive materials where the index
+of refraction is variable so the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction is variable so the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction is variable so the example
+I gave before is air where because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave before is air where because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave before is air where because of
+temperature pressure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and so
+on the index changes so if the index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the index changes so if the index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the index changes so if the index is
+functional position you can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional position you can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional position you can define a
+quantity that is called the optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is called the optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is called the optical path
+length so if you follow the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so if you follow the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so if you follow the trajectory
+of the aray so here is a aray and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aray so here is a aray and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aray so here is a aray and that's
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+trajectory you can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of
+refraction in small individual segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction in small individual segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction in small individual segments
+as the light propagates along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the light propagates along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the light propagates along the
+R so the basic principle that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the basic principle that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so the basic principle that I would
+like to I would like to carry with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to I would like to carry with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to I would like to carry with you
+when you leave this class today is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you leave this class today is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you leave this class today is that
+the basic law that covers light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic law that covers light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic law that covers light
+propagation in the aray description is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in the aray description is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in the aray description is
+that this quantity the optical path must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity the optical path must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity the optical path must
+be preserved uh I'm sorry it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved uh I'm sorry it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved uh I'm sorry it must be
+minimized of course it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized of course it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized of course it has to be
+preserved but also has to be minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved but also has to be minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved but also has to be minimized
+so if you have different paths for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have different paths for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have different paths for
+example if you compare the path gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you compare the path gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you compare the path gamma
+and the path gamma Prime the light will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the path gamma Prime the light will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the path gamma Prime the light will
+take the path where this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the path where this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the path where this quantity is
+minimal okay now that sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal okay now that sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal okay now that sounds very
+abstract I know but I will make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract I know but I will make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract I know but I will make it more
+specific with examples to those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific with examples to those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific with examples to those of you
+who are mechanical engineers or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are mechanical engineers or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are mechanical engineers or more
+likely applied mechanicians this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely applied mechanicians this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely applied mechanicians this is
+reminisent of another principle that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminisent of another principle that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminisent of another principle that you
+may have learned in your lran mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have learned in your lran mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have learned in your lran mechanics
+uh you can make the same the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make the same the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make the same the exact same
+arguments about particles moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about particles moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about particles moving in a
+gravitational field particles moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field particles moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field particles moving in
+you know that's the reason why Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the reason why Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the reason why Stars
+rotate around the sun why they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the sun why they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the sun why they have
+electrical trajectories and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical trajectories and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical trajectories and so on so
+forth is because they also obey a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth is because they also obey a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth is because they also obey a
+minimum path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle and um well let's see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and um well let's see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and um well let's see it in
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+here so we apply this principle we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we apply this principle we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we apply this principle we'll
+apply it in seven locations during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it in seven locations during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it in seven locations during the
+class but today I would like to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but today I would like to apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but today I would like to apply it
+to the to discover what happens to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to discover what happens to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to discover what happens to light
+when it arrives at an interface between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it arrives at an interface between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it arrives at an interface between
+two dielectrics so on the left you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dielectrics so on the left you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dielectrics so on the left you have
+one dialectric say air and on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dialectric say air and on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dialectric say air and on the right
+hand side of an interface you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of an interface you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of an interface you have
+another the electric say glass so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the electric say glass so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the electric say glass so what
+will happen to the light well two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the light well two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the light well two things
+will happen some fraction of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen some fraction of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen some fraction of the light
+energy that is some fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is some fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is some fraction of
+individual photons will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual photons will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual photons will be
+reflected and some other fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and some other fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected and some other fraction of the
+light will be will enter the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be will enter the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be will enter the interface
+but it might enter at an angle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might enter at an angle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might enter at an angle that is
+different than the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrival that portion of light that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival that portion of light that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival that portion of light that goes
+in we call it refracted so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we call it refracted so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we call it refracted so this is the
+refracted portion of the light it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted portion of the light it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted portion of the light it's a
+little bit confusing because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing because the two
+terms are the same except for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are the same except for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are the same except for two
+letters so hope you can sort of capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so hope you can sort of capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so hope you can sort of capture
+the difference one is reflected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference one is reflected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference one is reflected and the
+other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+refracted so the question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted so the question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted so the question is what is the
+direction that these Rays propagate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that these Rays propagate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that these Rays propagate at
+the interface so we will invoke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface so we will invoke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface so we will invoke the
+minimum path principle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path principle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path principle for
+that so consider first reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so consider first reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so consider first reflection and
+what I'm about to say applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to say applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to say applies to the
+electric interface just as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric interface just as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric interface just as well as a
+mirror a metal a metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror a metal a metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror a metal a metallic
+mirror so the minimum path principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so the minimum path principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so the minimum path principle
+says that the light must be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the light must be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the light must be reflected
+symmetrically so the reflect reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically so the reflect reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically so the reflect reflected
+ray makes the same angle with the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray makes the same angle with the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray makes the same angle with the normal
+as the incident Ray because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the incident Ray because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the incident Ray because that's the
+minimum path really if you if you force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path really if you if you force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path really if you if you force
+the light to go to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light to go to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light to go to a different
+path for example this way then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for example this way then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for example this way then you can
+see very easily it is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very easily it is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very easily it is a very simple
+calculation to show that p o the P Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to show that p o the P Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to show that p o the P Prime
+is longer than p o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is longer than p o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is longer than p o
+p okay I will let you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p okay I will let you think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p okay I will let you think about that
+on yourselves you can very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourselves you can very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourselves you can very easily
+convince yourselves that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourselves that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourselves that that this is
+true and therefore the light must follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and therefore the light must follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and therefore the light must follow
+the symmetric path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric path
+so this is rule number one let me skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is rule number one let me skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is rule number one let me skip
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+slide I'll skip a little bit and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I'll skip a little bit and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I'll skip a little bit and then uh
+I'll come back to this later but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to this later but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to this later but I want
+to First say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+okay now let's think about the LW of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's think about the LW of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's think about the LW of
+let's think about the refracted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the refracted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the refracted light
+the light that end as the medium okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that end as the medium okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that end as the medium okay so
+the first thing to we need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to we need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to we need to do in
+order to complete this calculation is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to complete this calculation is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to complete this calculation is to
+Define two points on the R so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two points on the R so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two points on the R so let's say
+you have Point p on the incident Ray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Point p on the incident Ray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Point p on the incident Ray and
+then point P Prime on the refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ray so let's compute this quantity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray so let's compute this quantity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray so let's compute this quantity the
+optical path so the optical path equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path so the optical path equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path so the optical path equals
+the index of refraction on the leg on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction on the leg on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction on the leg on
+the left times the length of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left times the length of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left times the length of the array
+from P to the interface and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to the interface and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to the interface and then
+the index of refraction n Prime on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction n Prime on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction n Prime on the
+right hand side times the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side times the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side times the length of the
+ray from the interface to P Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray from the interface to P Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray from the interface to P Prime so
+this I will I will repeat what I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I will I will repeat what I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I will I will repeat what I have on
+the slide I will repeat it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Blackboard so you have n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard so you have n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard so you have n times the
+hypotenuse so my notation here is X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so my notation here is X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so my notation here is X for
+this distance Z for this distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance Z for this distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance Z for this distance so
+that's the hypotenuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus n Prime Times the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n Prime Times the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n Prime Times the other
+hypotenuse so this other hypotenuse if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so this other hypotenuse if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so this other hypotenuse if I
+call H the vertical distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call H the vertical distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call H the vertical distance between the
+two points simple geometry shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points simple geometry shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points simple geometry shows that
+this other hypotenuse is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the question here how do I pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question here how do I pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question here how do I pause
+the question what is the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what have I
+left un specified let me start with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left un specified let me start with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left un specified let me start with what
+I have already specified a specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have already specified a specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have already specified a specified
+Theta the angle of incidence I specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the angle of incidence I specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the angle of incidence I specify
+the two points p and p Prime and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two points p and p Prime and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two points p and p Prime and I
+specify the vertical distance h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the vertical distance h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the vertical distance h
+and also should say that Z Prime is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also should say that Z Prime is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also should say that Z Prime is also
+specified because Z and Z Prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified because Z and Z Prime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified because Z and Z Prime are
+specified because okay I have specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified because okay I have specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified because okay I have specified
+the coordinates of p and p Prime what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Theta
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+or another quantity that is also left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unspecified x and x Prime right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified x and x Prime right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified x and x Prime right because
+the a might go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all we know is that light starts at p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know is that light starts at p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know is that light starts at p
+and ends at P prime it can go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at P prime it can go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at P prime it can go like this
+it can go like this it can go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go like this it can go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go like this it can go like this
+it can go like this right which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go like this right which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go like this right which is the
+case Okay so therefore each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so therefore each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so therefore each one of those
+has a different value of x right so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different value of x right so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different value of x right so how
+do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find
+X well fat says that uh light must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well fat says that uh light must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well fat says that uh light must
+minimize this quantity the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quantity the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quantity the quantity that
+I wrote on the Blackboard and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote on the Blackboard and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote on the Blackboard and on the
+slide FMA says that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide FMA says that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide FMA says that it has to be
+minimized and opl by the way stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized and opl by the way stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized and opl by the way stands for
+optical path length right so to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length right so to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length right so to minimize
+it I have to compute the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to compute the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to compute the derivative
+right with respect of this quantity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with respect of this quantity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with respect of this quantity with
+respect to my unknown I manage to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my unknown I manage to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my unknown I manage to have
+only one unknown in this quantity so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one unknown in this quantity so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one unknown in this quantity so to
+find this unknown I better take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this unknown I better take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this unknown I better take the
+derivative and set it to zero so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and set it to zero so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and set it to zero so if I
+take the derivative I will get n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative I will get n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative I will get n times
+what is the derivative huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone I guess I had more coffee than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I guess I had more coffee than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I guess I had more coffee than
+everyone so I can still do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so I can still do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so I can still do the
+derivative so it is NX / theare root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so it is NX / theare root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so it is NX / theare root
+minus n Prime H - x divided by the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n Prime H - x divided by the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n Prime H - x divided by the other
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay give me now a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay give me now a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay give me now a simple
+observation that solves the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that solves the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that solves the problem
+right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+X over the hypotenuse is the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over the hypotenuse is the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over the hypotenuse is the sign of
+this angle this angle is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle this angle is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle this angle is the same as
+this angle right so for therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle right so for therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle right so for therefore this
+quantity is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is its
+sign and the same for the other one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the same for the other one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the same for the other one the
+other quantity over here is the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantity over here is the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantity over here is the S of
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+Prime so if you substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so if you substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so if you substitute
+these quantities into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities into the
+derivation then you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation then you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation then you find this
+relationship over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship over
+here n * sin Theta must equal n Prime *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n * sin Theta must equal n Prime *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n * sin Theta must equal n Prime *
+sin Theta Prime and this is the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta Prime and this is the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta Prime and this is the law of
+refraction also known as Snell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law so officially I think we're run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so officially I think we're run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so officially I think we're run out
+of time but I can take a couple of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I can take a couple of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I can take a couple of very
+few I should say very quick questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few I should say very quick questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few I should say very quick questions
+about that or about anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or about anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or about anything else
+yeah so you how is it that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you how is it that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you how is it that you can
+assume p and p Prime without knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume p and p Prime without knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume p and p Prime without knowing
+these other things yes okay so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things yes okay so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things yes okay so I was
+hoping that you would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you would ask
+that that's a very good question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a very good question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a very good question so the
+way this problem is posed is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows I take for Gra granted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I take for Gra granted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I take for Gra granted that
+there is a light Ray that goes between p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a light Ray that goes between p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a light Ray that goes between p
+and p Prime the reason I can take it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p Prime the reason I can take it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p Prime the reason I can take it for
+granted is another very basic principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted is another very basic principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted is another very basic principle
+that says that if I have a light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if I have a light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if I have a light source
+say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at
+P then light propagates in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then light propagates in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then light propagates in spherical
+bundles so I will actually have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles so I will actually have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles so I will actually have many
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rays uh coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays uh coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays uh coming from
+p and if I have another Point any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if I have another Point any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if I have another Point any point
+out here P Prime I'll also have I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here P Prime I'll also have I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here P Prime I'll also have I will
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many many
+Rays arriving here from the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays arriving here from the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays arriving here from the left hand
+side one of these Rays has come from P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side one of these Rays has come from P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side one of these Rays has come from P
+right so the question is how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is how can you
+connect these Rays right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these Rays right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these Rays right
+well the principle that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the principle that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the principle that allows you to
+connect them is the minimum path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them is the minimum path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them is the minimum path
+principle the problem can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the problem can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the problem can become
+impossible I will show you examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I will show you examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I will show you examples
+later where in fact you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where in fact you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where in fact you might have a
+case where no rise reach P Prime you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where no rise reach P Prime you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where no rise reach P Prime you can
+see that here if I play with the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that here if I play with the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that here if I play with the numbers
+and make one of these if I play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make one of these if I play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make one of these if I play with
+these numbers so that one of the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers so that one of the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers so that one of the sign
+becomes bigger than one then the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger than one then the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes bigger than one then the problem
+becomes impossible right so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes impossible right so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes impossible right so what that
+means is that light never makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that light never makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that light never makes it
+there so so this way of thinking is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so this way of thinking is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so this way of thinking is very
+typical when we deal with minimum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical when we deal with minimum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical when we deal with minimum with
+minimization principles like FMA in lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization principles like FMA in lran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization principles like FMA in lran
+principle in mechanics we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in mechanics we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in mechanics we assume that
+our particle or our system or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle or our system or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle or our system or whatever
+has follow the trajectory that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has follow the trajectory that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has follow the trajectory that connects
+an initial point in the space with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial point in the space with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial point in the space with a
+final point in the space and then we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point in the space and then we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final point in the space and then we try
+to find the trajectory that minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the trajectory that minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the trajectory that minimizes
+the path between the two points whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path between the two points whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path between the two points whether
+it is Optical path length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Optical path length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Optical path length
+or lagrangian in mechanics or there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lagrangian in mechanics or there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lagrangian in mechanics or there's a
+lot of other different contexts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other different contexts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other different contexts where
+the same thinking applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so we see you I will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so we see you I will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so we see you I will see
+you all in Singapore next week and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all in Singapore next week and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all in Singapore next week and I
+will see you all in video next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K8ZfzNN1miQ.txt b/K8ZfzNN1miQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6cbb425134bf39dc3a02c89f15fc8ed1a1d8e90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K8ZfzNN1miQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we come to the part that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come to the part that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come to the part that a lot of
+students have been asking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have been asking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have been asking about but
+which in fact is entirely optional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact is entirely optional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact is entirely optional so
+that if you care to skip this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you care to skip this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you care to skip this little
+piece of video you're welcome to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of video you're welcome to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of video you're welcome to it's
+not going to appear on any exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to appear on any exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to appear on any exam or
+anything but um people have consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but um people have consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but um people have consistently
+ask whether uh how they choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether uh how they choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether uh how they choose which
+method of proof to use among ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of proof to use among ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of proof to use among ordinary
+induction or strong induction or well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or strong induction or well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or strong induction or well
+ordering uh and the answer is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering uh and the answer is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering uh and the answer is that it's
+hard to tell them apart because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell them apart because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell them apart because in a
+technical easy technical sense they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical easy technical sense they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical easy technical sense they
+really all equivalent so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all equivalent so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all equivalent so let's look at
+them one by one um first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one by one um first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one by one um first of all it's
+clear that ordinary induction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that ordinary induction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that ordinary induction is a
+special case of strong induction in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of strong induction in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of strong induction in uh
+ordinary induction you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction you're allowed to
+assume only P of n in strong you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume only P of n in strong you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume only P of n in strong you can
+assign everything uh from P of Zer up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign everything uh from P of Zer up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign everything uh from P of Zer up to
+P of n to prove P of n plus one but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of n to prove P of n plus one but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of n to prove P of n plus one but you
+don't have to use all the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use all the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use all the extra
+assumptions you could just use P of n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you could just use P of n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you could just use P of n so
+that any ordinary induction can be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any ordinary induction can be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any ordinary induction can be seen
+as just a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a special case of
+uh strong induction it would be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strong induction it would be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strong induction it would be a little
+misleading to call it strong induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading to call it strong induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading to call it strong induction
+but it is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is strong
+induction so why bother with it well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so why bother with it well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so why bother with it well the
+is basically it's it's an expository
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically it's it's an expository
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically it's it's an expository
+difference it helps your reader to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it helps your reader to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it helps your reader to know
+that the proof for n plus one is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proof for n plus one is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proof for n plus one is only
+going to depend on N not on the ks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on N not on the ks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on N not on the ks that
+are less than n as they would typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than n as they would typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than n as they would typically
+in a genuine strong induction proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a genuine strong induction proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a genuine strong induction proof
+second there's some argument that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's some argument that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's some argument that uh
+ordinary induction uh going from n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction uh going from n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction uh going from n to n
+plus one is more intuitive than strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one is more intuitive than strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one is more intuitive than strong
+induction that goes from anywhere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction that goes from anywhere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction that goes from anywhere uh
+less than or equal to n up to n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to n up to n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to n up to n plus one
+I'm not sure that I subscribe to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that I subscribe to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that I subscribe to that
+but I've heard people make that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've heard people make that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've heard people make that claim
+all right uh there's another perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh there's another perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh there's another perspective
+which is uh interesting and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh interesting and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh interesting and maybe
+surprising which is why not always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising which is why not always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising which is why not always use
+ordinary induction oh wait a minute how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction oh wait a minute how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction oh wait a minute how
+do you replace strong induction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you replace strong induction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you replace strong induction with
+ordinary IND induction well it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary IND induction well it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary IND induction well it's easy
+suppose that you've proved for all MP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you've proved for all MP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you've proved for all MP of
+M uh using strong induction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh using strong induction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh using strong induction with
+induction hypothesis P of M what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis P of M what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis P of M what have
+you done well you've it's the same base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done well you've it's the same base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done well you've it's the same base
+case whether you're using ordinary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case whether you're using ordinary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case whether you're using ordinary or
+strong but in strong you would do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong but in strong you would do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong but in strong you would do an
+inductive step where you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step where you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step where you actually
+assumed not just P of n but P of K for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed not just P of n but P of K for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed not just P of n but P of K for
+all K less than or equal to n right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all K less than or equal to n right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all K less than or equal to n right and
+then using all those hypotheses about P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using all those hypotheses about P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using all those hypotheses about P
+of K you Pro P of n plus 1 in the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you Pro P of n plus 1 in the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you Pro P of n plus 1 in the strong
+induction well how do you turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction well how do you turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction well how do you turn it into
+an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary
+induction just let Q of n be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction just let Q of n be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction just let Q of n be that
+assumption that for all K less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that for all K less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that for all K less than or
+equal to n p of K and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n p of K and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n p of K and if you think about
+it for a moment just revising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a moment just revising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a moment just revising the
+induction hypothesis to include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis to include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis to include that
+Universal quantifier for all K less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal quantifier for all K less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal quantifier for all K less than
+or equal to N means that the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to N means that the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to N means that the strong
+induction on P of K becomes an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on P of K becomes an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on P of K becomes an ordinary
+induction on Q of n and we have with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on Q of n and we have with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on Q of n and we have with a
+trivial change decorating a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial change decorating a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial change decorating a bunch of
+occurrences of formulas with with fals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of formulas with with fals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of formulas with with fals
+we have converted an strong induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have converted an strong induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have converted an strong induction
+into an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction so we see that strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so we see that strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so we see that strong
+induction adds no power above Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction adds no power above Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction adds no power above Beyond
+ordinary induction it just lets you omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction it just lets you omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction it just lets you omit
+um a bunch of universal quantifiers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bunch of universal quantifiers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bunch of universal quantifiers that
+would otherwise have to to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise have to to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise have to to be made
+explicit if you were going to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit if you were going to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit if you were going to do it by
+ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary
+induction okay um then why you strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay um then why you strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay um then why you strong
+just precisely because it's cleaner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just precisely because it's cleaner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just precisely because it's cleaner you
+don't have to write those for all K less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write those for all K less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write those for all K less
+than or equal to n's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over and now we come to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and now we come to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and now we come to the final
+question about what's the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what's the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what's the relation
+between the well ordering principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the well ordering principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the well ordering principle and
+induction well um it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction well um it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction well um it's basically the
+same deal you can easily rephrase an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal you can easily rephrase an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal you can easily rephrase an
+induction proof an induction proof just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proof an induction proof just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proof an induction proof just
+transform its template to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform its template to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform its template to fit the
+template of a template of a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template of a template of a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template of a template of a well
+ordering proof and vice versa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering proof and vice versa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering proof and vice versa and
+without going into the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into the details of
+exactly how because it's not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how because it's not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how because it's not important
+but it is routine um uh it follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is routine um uh it follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is routine um uh it follows that
+well ordering principle is not adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ordering principle is not adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ordering principle is not adding
+any new power or even New Perspective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new power or even New Perspective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new power or even New Perspective uh
+on the mathematics of Any Given proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mathematics of Any Given proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mathematics of Any Given proof
+it's just a different way to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different way to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different way to organize
+and tell the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell the same
+story um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um
+and it also means conceptually which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means conceptually which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means conceptually which is
+nice that these apparently different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that these apparently different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that these apparently different
+inference rules strong induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rules strong induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rules strong induction
+ordinary induction well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction well ordering
+principle there's really only one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there's really only one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there's really only one and
+the others can be justified in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others can be justified in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others can be justified in terms of
+it and explained as variations of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and explained as variations of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and explained as variations of it so
+that's intellectually economical to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intellectually economical to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intellectually economical to not
+have a proliferation of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a proliferation of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a proliferation of different
+reasoning principles which brings us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning principles which brings us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning principles which brings us to
+the question of which one to use and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of which one to use and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of which one to use and all
+I can say is that it's a matter of taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say is that it's a matter of taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say is that it's a matter of taste
+the truth is that when I'm writing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is that when I'm writing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is that when I'm writing up
+proofs I will often try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs I will often try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs I will often try different
+versions I'll try it by ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions I'll try it by ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions I'll try it by ordinary
+induction and I'll try it by well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and I'll try it by well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and I'll try it by well
+ordering and I'll read the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and I'll read the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and I'll read the two and
+decide which one seems to come out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one seems to come out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one seems to come out uh
+more cleanly and I'll go with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cleanly and I'll go with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cleanly and I'll go with that one
+so there isn't any simple rule about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there isn't any simple rule about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there isn't any simple rule about
+which to choose but in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to choose but in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to choose but in a certain sense
+it really doesn't matter uh just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't matter uh just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't matter uh just pick
+one the only exception to that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the only exception to that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the only exception to that of course
+is when on an exam or similar setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when on an exam or similar setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when on an exam or similar setting
+you're told to use one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told to use one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told to use one of these
+particular methods as it way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular methods as it way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular methods as it way to
+demonstrate that you understand it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that you understand it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that you understand it then
+of course you can't pick and choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can't pick and choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can't pick and choose so
+finally we come to a pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we come to a pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we come to a pedagogical
+question about why is it that uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why is it that uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about why is it that uh in this
+in 6042 we taught well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 6042 we taught well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 6042 we taught well ordering
+principle first in fact the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle first in fact the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle first in fact the second
+lecture and are only now in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and are only now in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and are only now in the third
+week at the end of the third week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week at the end of the third week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week at the end of the third week
+getting to uh the induction principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to uh the induction principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to uh the induction principle
+which is much more familiar and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is much more familiar and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is much more familiar and and
+people argue is uh they like it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue is uh they like it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue is uh they like it better
+at least most of them well um the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least most of them well um the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least most of them well um the answer
+is that there it's a pedag ogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there it's a pedag ogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there it's a pedag ogical
+strategy and it's one in fact which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and it's one in fact which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and it's one in fact which the
+authors disagree with so I'm not United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors disagree with so I'm not United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors disagree with so I'm not United
+on my view is that we're better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my view is that we're better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my view is that we're better off
+doing well ordering principle first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well ordering principle first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well ordering principle first and
+the reason is that our impression from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that our impression from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that our impression from
+conversations with students and surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with students and surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with students and surveys
+and from exam performance shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from exam performance shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from exam performance shows that
+only about 20% of the students get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 20% of the students get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 20% of the students get
+induction no matter how hard we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction no matter how hard we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction no matter how hard we try to
+explain it and teach it they worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and teach it they worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and teach it they worry about
+they report worrying about things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they report worrying about things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they report worrying about things about
+that assuming P ofn to proof P of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assuming P ofn to proof P of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assuming P ofn to proof P of n
+plus1 is somehow circular and they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 is somehow circular and they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 is somehow circular and they and
+it's certainly measurable that 20% or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly measurable that 20% or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly measurable that 20% or so
+of the class just can't reliably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class just can't reliably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class just can't reliably do
+proofs by induction now this baffles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs by induction now this baffles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs by induction now this baffles the
+80% to whom it's obvious and who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% to whom it's obvious and who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% to whom it's obvious and who know
+how to do it easily and it baffles us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it easily and it baffles us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it easily and it baffles us
+instructors we can't figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors we can't figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors we can't figure out what the
+problem is that those 20% have and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that those 20% have and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that those 20% have and we've
+been trying to teach induction lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to teach induction lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to teach induction lots of
+different ways um on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways um on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways um on the other hand
+nobody has trouble believing the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has trouble believing the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has trouble believing the well
+ordering principle and working with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle and working with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle and working with it
+uh and it C they certainly don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it C they certainly don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it C they certainly don't have
+any harder time using it than they do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any harder time using it than they do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any harder time using it than they do uh
+using ordinary induction or strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ordinary induction or strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ordinary induction or strong
+induction and this conceptual problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and this conceptual problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and this conceptual problem
+about is it safe and do I really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it safe and do I really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it safe and do I really believe
+and it just doesn't come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just doesn't come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just doesn't come up with the
+well ordering principle everybody agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ordering principle everybody agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ordering principle everybody agrees
+that it's obvious that a non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's obvious that a non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's obvious that a non- negative
+set of a non-empty set of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of a non-empty set of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of a non-empty set of non- negative
+inages is going to have a least one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inages is going to have a least one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inages is going to have a least one uh
+and so we chose to do well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we chose to do well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we chose to do well ordering
+right away because there's no overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away because there's no overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away because there's no overhead
+in explaining it and it lets us get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in explaining it and it lets us get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in explaining it and it lets us get
+going on interesting proofs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on interesting proofs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on interesting proofs from the
+get-go as opposed to waiting a while or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-go as opposed to waiting a while or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-go as opposed to waiting a while or
+spending a couple of lectures working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a couple of lectures working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a couple of lectures working
+through induction and uh leaving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through induction and uh leaving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through induction and uh leaving that
+with the main if only method that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the main if only method that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the main if only method that people
+have for proving things about non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for proving things about non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for proving things about non-
+negative integers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KAySmSEGc9U.txt b/KAySmSEGc9U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8252f3500e37984501f26842142ca986feb3418
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KAySmSEGc9U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folks
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here we are again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again
+welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+for another episode of theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another episode of theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another episode of theory of
+computation this is lecture number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation this is lecture number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation this is lecture number three
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+am fir i'm going to review how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am fir i'm going to review how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am fir i'm going to review how what
+we've been doing um we've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing um we've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing um we've been looking
+at finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finite automata
+and regular languages those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regular languages those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regular languages those are the
+languages that the fine automata can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that the fine automata can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that the fine automata can
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+non-determinism so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism so we had
+non-deterministic finite automata and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automata and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automata and
+deterministic finite automata we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic finite automata we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic finite automata we showed
+that they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equivalent
+we looked at the closure properties over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the closure properties over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the closure properties over
+the regular operations union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular operations union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular operations union
+concatenation and star and showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star and showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star and showed that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+regular language is really the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language is really the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language is really the class of
+regular languages is closed under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages is closed under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages is closed under those
+regular operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations
+and we used the constructions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we used the constructions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we used the constructions that we
+developed in the proof of those closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the proof of those closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the proof of those closure
+properties to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to show that the
+we can give away to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give away to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can give away to convert
+regular expressions to finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+part way toward our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part way toward our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part way toward our goal
+of showing that these regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that these regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that these regular
+expressions and finite automata are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and finite automata are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and finite automata are
+equivalent with respect to the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent with respect to the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent with respect to the class of
+languages they describe namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they describe namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they describe namely the
+regular languages so regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages so regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages so regular expressions
+of finite autonomic are interchangeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite autonomic are interchangeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite autonomic are interchangeable
+from the perspective of what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of what kinds of
+languages you can do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you can do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you can do with them
+so we're going to finish that off today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to finish that off today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to finish that off today
+so let's take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at what
+our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next
+topics we're going to be covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we're going to be covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we're going to be covering
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+construction that we gave last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we gave last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we gave last time
+which allowed us to convert regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allowed us to convert regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allowed us to convert regular
+expressions to finite automata now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to finite automata now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to finite automata now we're
+going to go backwards we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go backwards we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go backwards we're going to
+show how to convert finite automata back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to convert finite automata back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to convert finite automata back
+to regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regular expressions
+and um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+constructions together uh show us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions together uh show us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions together uh show us that
+the regular expressions finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expressions finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expressions finite automata
+can be inter interconverted from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be inter interconverted from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be inter interconverted from one
+another and they're therefore equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and they're therefore equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and they're therefore equivalent
+with respect to the kinds of things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the kinds of things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the kinds of things they
+they can do in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do in language
+recognition or generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition or generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition or generation
+then we're going to prove that uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to prove that uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to prove that uh we're
+going to look at how you prove certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how you prove certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how you prove certain
+languages are not regular they're beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are not regular they're beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are not regular they're beyond
+the capabilities of fine art automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capabilities of fine art automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capabilities of fine art automata
+and finally at the end we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally at the end we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally at the end we're going to
+introduce a new model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new model of computation
+which is more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more powerful
+than the finite automata and regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the finite automata and regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the finite automata and regular
+expressions namely the context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions namely the context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions namely the context-free
+grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars
+those can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can do
+other kinds of languages that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of languages that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of languages that the
+simpler find at a time but the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler find at a time but the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler find at a time but the regular
+expressions models can't do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions models can't do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions models can't do um
+and i i would also just like to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i would also just like to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i would also just like to note
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a lot of what we're doing is a warm up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what we're doing is a warm up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what we're doing is a warm up
+toward the more powerful models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the more powerful models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the more powerful models of
+computation that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we're going to be
+looking at later um well in a week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at later um well in a week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at later um well in a week or so
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+more kind of general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of general purpose
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+but along the way introducing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way introducing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way introducing these
+models of finite automata in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of finite automata in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of finite automata in
+context-free languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free languages
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+interesting and helpful because many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and helpful because many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and helpful because many of
+those um a number of those models turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um a number of those models turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um a number of those models turn
+out to be useful in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful in a number of
+applications um whether it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um whether it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um whether it's from
+you know pro linguistics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pro linguistics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pro linguistics to
+uh programming languages um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programming languages um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programming languages um and a
+variety of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different uh
+parts of computer science and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of computer science and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of computer science and other
+fields as well use those notions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields as well use those notions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields as well use those notions so
+they're they're useful notions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're useful notions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're useful notions um
+and beyond just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond just uh
+in this course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanted
+a couple of administrative things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of administrative things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of administrative things to
+touch on uh we are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on uh we are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on uh we are going to have
+additional check-ins today um as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional check-ins today um as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional check-ins today um as i
+uh mentioned to you we're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mentioned to you we're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mentioned to you we're gonna start
+counting participation not correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting participation not correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting participation not correctness
+of just participation in the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just participation in the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just participation in the live
+check-ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-ins
+so um with that let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um with that let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um with that let us
+move on to today's material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to today's material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to today's material um
+as i mentioned we're going to be showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned we're going to be showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned we're going to be showing
+how to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert
+finite automata to regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata to regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata to regular expressions
+um and that's going to complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to complete our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to complete our
+equivalence of finite automata and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of finite automata and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of finite automata and
+regular expressions so just to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions so just to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions so just to recap
+what we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time
+we showed that if you have a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that if you have a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that if you have a regular
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and it describes some language then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it describes some language then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it describes some language then that
+language is regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is regular
+uh so in other words um we have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in other words um we have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in other words um we have a way of
+we gave a way of converting regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a way of converting regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a way of converting regular
+expressions to finite automata as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to finite automata as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to finite automata as kind
+of shown in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shown in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shown in this diagram
+that's what we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did last time
+now we're going to go the other way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to go the other way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to go the other way um
+we're going to show how to convert oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show how to convert oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show how to convert oh
+and just a reminder in case you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a reminder in case you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a reminder in case you're just
+getting yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yourself
+your memory size your memory uh to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory size your memory uh to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory size your memory uh to work
+um maybe it'll help you just to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe it'll help you just to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe it'll help you just to remember
+that we actually did an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually did an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually did an example of that
+conversion we looked at this um regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we looked at this um regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we looked at this um regular
+expression a union a b star and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a union a b star and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a union a b star and we
+actually worked through the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked through the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked through the process of
+converting that oops i need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that oops i need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that oops i need to make
+myself smaller so you can see all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself smaller so you can see all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself smaller so you can see all that
+we went through the process of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through the process of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through the process of um
+converting a union a b star as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a union a b star as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a union a b star as an
+example of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that um
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+minimus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we went through the process of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through the process of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through the process of actually
+doing that conversion and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that conversion and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that conversion and now we're
+going to show how to do it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show how to do it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show how to do it the other way
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we're going to invert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to invert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to invert that
+and go backwards the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go backwards the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go backwards the other way
+um so today's theorem is to show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so today's theorem is to show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so today's theorem is to show that if
+a is regular namely its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is regular namely its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is regular namely its
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+the language of some finite automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of some finite automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of some finite automaton
+um then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you can convert it to a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert it to a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert it to a regular
+expression which will describe that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which will describe that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which will describe that same
+language so basically we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so basically we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so basically we're going to
+give a conversion from finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a conversion from finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a conversion from finite automata
+to regular expressions okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regular expressions okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regular expressions okay um
+but before we do that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that we're going to
+have to introduce a new concept um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to introduce a new concept um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to introduce a new concept um so
+we're not going to be able to dive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to dive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to dive right
+into that conversion we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that conversion we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that conversion we're going to have
+to do introduce a new model first which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do introduce a new model first which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do introduce a new model first which
+is going to facilitate that conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to facilitate that conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to facilitate that conversion
+and that new model is called it's in yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that new model is called it's in yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that new model is called it's in yet
+another kind of finite automaton called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of finite automaton called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of finite automaton called
+a generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalized
+non-deterministic finite automaton or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automaton or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automaton or a
+generalized nfa or just simply a gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized nfa or just simply a gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized nfa or just simply a gnfa
+okay so this is yet another variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is yet another variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is yet another variant of
+the finite automaton model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite automaton model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite automaton model um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+conceptually it's very sim simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it's very sim simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it's very sim simple it's
+similar to the nfas i'll give you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the nfas i'll give you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the nfas i'll give you here's
+a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of a
+gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+g1 very similar to the nfas but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 very similar to the nfas but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 very similar to the nfas but if you
+look at it for a second you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it for a second you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it for a second you'll see that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+transitions have more complicated labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions have more complicated labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions have more complicated labels
+for the anaphase who are only allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the anaphase who are only allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the anaphase who are only allowing
+just single symbols or the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just single symbols or the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just single symbols or the empty string
+to appear on the labels now i'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear on the labels now i'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear on the labels now i'm actually
+allowing you to put full regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to put full regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to put full regular
+expressions on the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions on the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions on the labels
+for the automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the automaton
+now we have to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to understand how
+a gnfa process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gnfa process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gnfa process as
+its input and the way it works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input and the way it works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input and the way it works is
+um not complicated to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not complicated to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not complicated to understand
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you're getting an input string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting an input string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting an input string
+feeding when the when a gnfa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding when the when a gnfa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding when the when a gnfa is
+processing an input string it starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing an input string it starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing an input string it starts at
+the start state just like you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start state just like you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start state just like you would
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+but now to go along a transition instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now to go along a transition instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now to go along a transition instead
+of reading just a single symbol or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading just a single symbol or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading just a single symbol or the
+empty string as a as in the case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string as a as in the case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string as a as in the case for the
+nondeterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic machine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it actually gets to read a whole string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually gets to read a whole string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually gets to read a whole string
+at one step kind of at one byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one step kind of at one byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one step kind of at one byte
+it can read an entire string um and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can read an entire string um and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can read an entire string um and go
+along that transition um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that transition um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that transition um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+arrow provided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow provided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow provided that
+trunk of the input that it read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunk of the input that it read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunk of the input that it read
+is in the regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the regular expression
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+transition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh
+has as its label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has as its label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has as its label
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this you can go from q1 to q2 in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go from q1 to q2 in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go from q1 to q2 in one
+step in this gnfa by reading the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this gnfa by reading the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this gnfa by reading the by
+reading aabb off the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading aabb off the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading aabb off the input
+so it reads all those four symbols all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reads all those four symbols all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reads all those four symbols all
+at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once
+it just swoops them up and then moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just swoops them up and then moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just swoops them up and then moves
+from q1 to q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q1 to q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q1 to q2
+in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step
+okay and then when it's in q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when it's in q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when it's in q2
+it can read aab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can read aab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can read aab
+and move to q3 and q3 happens there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move to q3 and q3 happens there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move to q3 and q3 happens there's
+nowhere to go um so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to go um so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to go um so this is going to be
+a non-deterministic machine there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine there might
+be several different ways of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several different ways of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several different ways of processing
+the input and if any one of them gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and if any one of them gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and if any one of them gets to
+an accepting state at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state at the end of the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+we say the gnfa accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the gnfa accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the gnfa accepts
+so it's similar to non-deterministic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's similar to non-deterministic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's similar to non-deterministic to
+nfa's in in the way the acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfa's in in the way the acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nfa's in in the way the acceptance
+criterion works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion works
+um so you know you could do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you could do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you could do an example
+but hopefully the concept of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully the concept of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully the concept of how this
+works is reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is reasonably
+you know you can at least buy it um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can at least buy it um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can at least buy it um that
+it processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it processes
+um the input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chunks at a time and those chunks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks at a time and those chunks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks at a time and those chunks have
+to be described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be described by the
+uh regular expressions on the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regular expressions on the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regular expressions on the transition
+our arrows as it moves along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our arrows as it moves along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our arrows as it moves along those
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to convert
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+dfas to regular expressions we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas to regular expressions we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas to regular expressions we're going
+to convert gnfas to regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert gnfas to regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert gnfas to regular expression
+that's even harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even harder
+because gnfas are allow you to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gnfas are allow you to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gnfas are allow you to do all
+sorts of other things besides just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other things besides just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other things besides just
+ordinary dfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary dfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary dfas
+so that's a harder job why am i making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a harder job why am i making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a harder job why am i making
+my life harder well you'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life harder well you'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life harder well you'll see in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+that it's going to actually turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to actually turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to actually turn out to
+be helpful to be working with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful to be working with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful to be working with a more
+powerful model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model um
+in the way this construction is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way this construction is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way this construction is going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now before i dive in and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before i dive in and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before i dive in and do the
+construction from gnfas to regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction from gnfas to regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction from gnfas to regular
+expressions i'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions i'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions i'm going to make a
+simplifying assumption about the g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption about the g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption about the g
+anaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphase
+i'm going to put them in a special form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put them in a special form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put them in a special form
+that's going to make it easier to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make it easier to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make it easier to do the
+conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+and that simpler form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that simpler form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that simpler form is
+first of all i'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i'm going to assume that
+gnfa has just a single accepting state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa has just a single accepting state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa has just a single accepting state
+and that accepting state is not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that accepting state is not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that accepting state is not allowed
+to be the start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the start state
+okay so it has to have just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it has to have just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it has to have just a single
+accepting state i've already violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state i've already violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state i've already violated
+that um convenient assumption in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um convenient assumption in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um convenient assumption in this
+gnfa because i have here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa because i have here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa because i have here two
+uh accepting states that's not what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting states that's not what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting states that's not what i
+want i want to have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want i want to have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want i want to have just one
+well the thing is it's easy to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing is it's easy to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing is it's easy to obtain
+just one just to modify the machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one just to modify the machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one just to modify the machine so
+that i have just one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have just one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have just one by
+adding a new accepting state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a new accepting state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a new accepting state which is
+branch two from the former accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch two from the former accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch two from the former accepting
+states by empty transition so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states by empty transition so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states by empty transition so i can
+always jump from q2 to q4 at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jump from q2 to q4 at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always jump from q2 to q4 at any time
+without even reading any input just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even reading any input just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even reading any input just
+going along this empty transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along this empty transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along this empty transition
+and then i declassify the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i declassify the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i declassify the former
+accepting states as accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states as accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states as accepting
+and now i have here just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have here just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have here just a single
+accepting state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and
+because it's going to be a new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a new state
+that i added it won't be the start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i added it won't be the start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i added it won't be the start state
+and i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have
+accomplished that one aspect of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished that one aspect of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished that one aspect of my
+assumption about the form of the gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the form of the gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the form of the gnfa
+but there's another thing that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing that i want to
+do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too
+i want to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to assume
+um as you'll see which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you'll see which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you'll see which is going to be
+convenient in my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in my uh
+construction that we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we will have
+transition arrows going from every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows going from every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows going from every state
+to every other state in fact i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other state in fact i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other state in fact i want
+transition i was going from every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition i was going from every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition i was going from every state
+even back to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back to themselves
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i want the there to be all of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the there to be all of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the there to be all of all
+possible transition arrows should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transition arrows should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transition arrows should be
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh with with two exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with two exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with two exceptions
+uh for for the start state there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the start state there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the start state there should
+be only transition arrows exiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only transition arrows exiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only transition arrows exiting the
+start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state
+and for the accepting state there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the accepting state there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the accepting state there's just
+one now there should be only transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now there should be only transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now there should be only transition
+arrows coming in to the start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows coming in to the start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows coming in to the start state
+so it's kind of what you would imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of what you would imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of what you would imagine
+as being reasonable um for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being reasonable um for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being reasonable um for the other
+states which are not accepting or or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which are not accepting or or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which are not accepting or or um
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be
+transition arrows leaving and coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows leaving and coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows leaving and coming
+from everywhere else but for the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everywhere else but for the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everywhere else but for the start
+states just leaving and from the except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states just leaving and from the except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states just leaving and from the except
+state just coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state just coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state just coming in
+and you could easily modify the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could easily modify the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could easily modify the machine
+to achieve that um let's just see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that um let's just see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that um let's just see how to
+do that in one example so from notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in one example so from notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in one example so from notice
+that from q3 to q2 there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from q3 to q2 there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from q3 to q2 there is no
+transition right now and that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right now and that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right now and that's not good
+that's not what i want i want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what i want i want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what i want i want that to be
+a transition from q3 to q2 well i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from q3 to q2 well i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from q3 to q2 well i'll
+just add that transition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add that transition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add that transition in
+but i'm going to label it with the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to label it with the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to label it with the empty
+language regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language regular expression
+so that means yeah the transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means yeah the transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means yeah the transition is
+there but you never can take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you never can take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you never can take it
+so it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+language that the machine is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that the machine is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that the machine is going to be
+recognizing but it fulfills my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing but it fulfills my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing but it fulfills my um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+my assumption my convenient assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assumption my convenient assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assumption my convenient assumption
+that we have all of these transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have all of these transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have all of these transition
+arrows being present in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows being present in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows being present in the machine
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+anyway i hope you uh will buy it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i hope you uh will buy it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i hope you uh will buy it it's
+not gonna be re if you don't quite get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be re if you don't quite get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be re if you don't quite get
+this don't worry it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry it's not totally
+critical that you're following or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that you're following or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that you're following or these
+little these little adjustments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little adjustments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little adjustments and
+modifications to the gnf8 but it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the gnf8 but it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the gnf8 but it will be
+helpful to understand what gnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to understand what gnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to understand what gnf
+themselves how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves how they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves how they work
+so as i mentioned we can easily modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i mentioned we can easily modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i mentioned we can easily modify
+gnfa to have the special form that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa to have the special form that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa to have the special form that we're
+assuming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here
+all right so now we're going to jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're going to jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're going to jump in
+and start doing the conversion so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start doing the conversion so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start doing the conversion so we're
+going to have a lemma which is like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lemma which is like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lemma which is like a a
+theorem that really is just a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that really is just a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that really is just a local
+interest here it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here it's not a
+general interest theorem it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest theorem it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest theorem it's going to
+be relevant just to gnfa which it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant just to gnfa which it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant just to gnfa which it really
+just defined to help us do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined to help us do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined to help us do this
+conversion they really don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion they really don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion they really don't have any
+other independent value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other independent value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other independent value
+so every you want to show that every g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every you want to show that every g n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every you want to show that every g n
+of a has an equivalent regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a has an equivalent regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a has an equivalent regular
+expression r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression r
+that's really my goal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really my goal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really my goal um
+and the way we're going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to prove that
+is by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by induction
+it's going to be by induction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be by induction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be by induction on the
+number of states of the gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states of the gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states of the gnfa
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you really should be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should be familiar with
+induction as one of the uh expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction as one of the uh expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction as one of the uh expectations
+for being in this course but in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being in this course but in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being in this course but in case
+you're a little shaky on it don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little shaky on it don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little shaky on it don't worry
+i'm gonna unpack it um as a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna unpack it um as a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna unpack it um as a procedure
+it's really just recursion you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just recursion you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just recursion you know
+induction is just a and a proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is just a and a proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is just a and a proof that
+uses induction is really just a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses induction is really just a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses induction is really just a proof
+that calls itself it's just a proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calls itself it's just a proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calls itself it's just a proof that
+it's a recursive proof that's all it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a recursive proof that's all it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a recursive proof that's all it is
+so if you're comfortable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're comfortable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're comfortable with the
+recursion you'll be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you'll be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you'll be comfortable with
+induction um but anyway i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction um but anyway i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction um but anyway i'm going to
+describe this as a procedure so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this as a procedure so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this as a procedure so if
+you're a little shaky on induction don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little shaky on induction don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little shaky on induction don't
+worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the basis is so first i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basis is so first i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basis is so first i'm going to
+handle the case where the gnfa has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the case where the gnfa has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the case where the gnfa has just
+two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+now remember i'm assuming now my gnfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember i'm assuming now my gnfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember i'm assuming now my gnfas
+are in the special form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the special form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the special form
+so you can't even have a gnfa with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't even have a gnfa with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't even have a gnfa with one
+state because it has to have a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because it has to have a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because it has to have a start
+state and it has to have an accept state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it has to have an accept state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it has to have an accept state
+and they have to not be the same so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to not be the same so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to not be the same so the
+smallest possible gnfa to worry about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible gnfa to worry about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible gnfa to worry about is
+a two-state gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-state gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-state gnfa
+okay now if we have a if we happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we have a if we happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we have a if we happen to
+have a two-state gnfa it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-state gnfa it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-state gnfa it turns out to be
+very easy to find the equivalent regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to find the equivalent regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to find the equivalent regular
+expression why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+that tuesday gnfa can only look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tuesday gnfa can only look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tuesday gnfa can only look like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+it can have a start state can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a start state can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a start state can have an
+accept state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state
+and it can only have a transition going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can only have a transition going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can only have a transition going
+from the start to the accept because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start to the accept because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start to the accept because no
+other transitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transitions are
+allowed um it only has outgoing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed um it only has outgoing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed um it only has outgoing from the
+start only incoming from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start only incoming from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start only incoming from the uh
+to the except and so there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the except and so there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the except and so there's only one
+transition and it has a label with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it has a label with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and it has a label with a
+regular expression r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression r
+so what do you think the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think the equivalent
+regular expression is for this g nfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression is for this g nfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression is for this g nfa
+it's just simply the one that's labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just simply the one that's labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just simply the one that's labeling
+that transition because that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition because that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition because that tells us
+when i can go from the start to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i can go from the start to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i can go from the start to the
+accept and there's nothing else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and there's nothing else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and there's nothing else the
+machine can do it just makes one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can do it just makes one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can do it just makes one step
+which is to accept its input if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to accept its input if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to accept its input if it's
+described by that regular expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by that regular expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by that regular expression so
+therefore the equivalent regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the equivalent regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the equivalent regular
+expression that we're looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we're looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we're looking for is
+simply label on that single transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply label on that single transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply label on that single transition
+okay so two state g nfas are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so two state g nfas are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so two state g nfas are easy
+um but what if what happens if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what if what happens if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what if what happens if you have
+more states then you're gonna actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more states then you're gonna actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more states then you're gonna actually
+have to do some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we call that the induction step that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the induction step that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the induction step that's
+when we have more than two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have more than two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have more than two states
+and what that the way the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that the way the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that the way the induction
+works is we're going to assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is we're going to assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is we're going to assume we
+already know how to do it for k minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do it for k minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do it for k minus 1
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to use that knowledge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use that knowledge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use that knowledge to
+show how to do it for k-states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to do it for k-states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to do it for k-states
+so in other words um we already know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words um we already know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words um we already know how
+to do it for two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for two states
+i'm going to use that fact to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use that fact to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use that fact to show how
+to do it for three states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for three states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for three states
+and then use the fact that i can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the fact that i can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the fact that i can do it
+for three states to show how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three states to show how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three states to show how to do it
+for four states and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four states and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four states and so on and so on
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and the idea for how to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea for how to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea for how to do that is
+actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+uh easy to to grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy to to grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy to to grasp
+um what we're going to do is if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do is if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do is if we have
+a k-state gnfa that we want to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k-state gnfa that we want to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k-state gnfa that we want to convert
+we're going to con we're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to con we're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to con we're going to change
+that k state g n of a to a k minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k state g n of a to a k minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k state g n of a to a k minus 1
+state g n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state g n of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state g n of a
+and then use our assumption that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use our assumption that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use our assumption that we
+already know how to do the k minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do the k minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do the k minus 1
+state g nfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+in terms of a picture i'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a picture i'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a picture i'm going to take
+a k-state to prove that i can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k-state to prove that i can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k-state to prove that i can always
+convert k-state g-n-phase uh to regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert k-state g-n-phase uh to regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert k-state g-n-phase uh to regular
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+i'm going to show how to convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show how to convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show how to convert the
+k-state um one into an equivalent k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-state um one into an equivalent k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-state um one into an equivalent k
+minus one state g of a and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one state g of a and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one state g of a and then if you
+just like to think of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to think of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to think of it this
+procedurally the k minus one will gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally the k minus one will gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally the k minus one will gets
+converted to a k minus two gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a k minus two gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a k minus two gets
+converted to a k minus three and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a k minus three and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a k minus three and so on
+and so on until i get down to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on until i get down to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on until i get down to two
+which then i know how to do directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then i know how to do directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then i know how to do directly
+okay so the whole name of the game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the whole name of the game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the whole name of the game here
+is figuring out how to convert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out how to convert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out how to convert a
+gnfa that has k states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa that has k states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfa that has k states
+into another one that has one fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another one that has one fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another one that has one fewer
+state that does the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that does the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that does the same language
+okay so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to
+hold that in your head i mean i wish i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold that in your head i mean i wish i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold that in your head i mean i wish i
+had more blackboard space here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more blackboard space here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more blackboard space here but you
+know it's very limited here so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very limited here so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very limited here so you have
+to remember what would what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what would what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what would what we're going
+to be doing on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing on the next slide
+because that's going to finish the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to finish the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to finish the job
+for us as long as i can show in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as long as i can show in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as long as i can show in general
+how to convert a k-state gnfa to a gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert a k-state gnfa to a gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert a k-state gnfa to a gnfa
+that is one fewer state but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one fewer state but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one fewer state but it still
+does the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the same language
+i'm good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm good
+because then i can keep iterating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i can keep iterating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i can keep iterating that
+till i get down to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till i get down to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till i get down to two
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+the guts of the argument um so i have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts of the argument um so i have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts of the argument um so i have my
+k-state machine here's my my start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-state machine here's my my start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-state machine here's my my start state
+here's my accept state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my accept state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my accept state
+um here's my k minus one state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's my k minus one state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's my k minus one state that
+machine that i'm going to be uh building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that i'm going to be uh building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that i'm going to be uh building
+for you it's actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's actually going to be
+be look almost exactly the same i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be look almost exactly the same i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be look almost exactly the same i'm just
+going to remove one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove one state
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from the from the from the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the from the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the from the bigger
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+so i'm going to pick any state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to pick any state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to pick any state which is
+not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the
+start state or the accept state um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state or the accept state um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state or the accept state um here
+it is pictured here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pictured here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pictured here
+i mean all of the states of the k-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean all of the states of the k-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean all of the states of the k-state
+machine are going to appear in the k-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are going to appear in the k-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are going to appear in the k-1
+state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine
+except for one state that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one state that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one state that i'm going to
+rip out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip out
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the state x it's now here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state x it's now here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state x it's now here as a
+ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost
+it's been removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been removed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh it's not there anymore okay but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not there anymore okay but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not there anymore okay but i'm
+just helping you to remember that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just helping you to remember that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just helping you to remember that used
+to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there
+by showing his shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing his shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing his shadow
+but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+uh i have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have taken
+my original machine that had k-states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original machine that had k-states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original machine that had k-states
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and basically just ripped out of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically just ripped out of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically just ripped out of state
+um and now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now i've
+you know one fewer state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one fewer state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one fewer state
+so the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good news
+is that i now have a machine with k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i now have a machine with k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i now have a machine with k
+minus one states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one states
+that's what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i want
+but the bad news is that it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bad news is that it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bad news is that it doesn't do
+the same language anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same language anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same language anymore
+it's i i broke the machine by rip just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i i broke the machine by rip just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i i broke the machine by rip just
+if you're just going to rip out a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just going to rip out a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just going to rip out a state
+you know who knows what the machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who knows what the machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who knows what the machine is
+going to do it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it's going to be
+probably not the same as what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the same as what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the same as what the
+original machine did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original machine did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original machine did
+so what i need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i need to do
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+is repair the damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repair the damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repair the damage
+i've got to fix the damage that i caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got to fix the damage that i caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got to fix the damage that i caused
+by removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by removing
+x okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+x was playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x was playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x was playing
+in the original machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original machine
+i've got to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got to make sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the the new machine that i have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new machine that i have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new machine that i have which
+doesn't have x anymore can still do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have x anymore can still do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have x anymore can still do the
+same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things
+um that the original machine did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the original machine did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the original machine did
+um and so the way i'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the way i'm going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the way i'm going to do that
+is look at all of the paths that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at all of the paths that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at all of the paths that could
+go through x and make sure that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through x and make sure that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through x and make sure that they're
+still present even though i don't have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still present even though i don't have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still present even though i don't have x
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+and the way i'm going to do that is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to do that is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to do that is i'm
+going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+a part of a path that might use x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of a path that might use x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of a path that might use x
+so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts
+let's pick two states q i and two j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick two states q i and two j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick two states q i and two j
+in the uh machine that had k states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh machine that had k states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh machine that had k states
+let me just here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just here
+i know this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+we have if we have uh we'll pick two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have if we have uh we'll pick two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have if we have uh we'll pick two
+states q i and q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states q i and q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states q i and q j
+um in in in the original machine now qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in in the original machine now qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in in the original machine now qi
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+have the possibility of going to state x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the possibility of going to state x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the possibility of going to state x
+and then x might have a self loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then x might have a self loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then x might have a self loop
+and then it might go to 2j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the new machine doesn't have any x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new machine doesn't have any x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new machine doesn't have any x
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way i'm going to fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm going to fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm going to fix that
+is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+replacing the label that goes directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the label that goes directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the label that goes directly
+from i to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i to j
+with a new label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new label
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+adds in all of the things i lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds in all of the things i lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds in all of the things i lost
+when i removed x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+that's the whole idea here so here is q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea here so here is q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea here so here is q
+i to q j but there's no x anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i to q j but there's no x anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i to q j but there's no x anymore
+how could i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could i get
+from q i to q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q i to q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q i to q j
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+you know what what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what were the
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+that could have brought us from qi to qj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have brought us from qi to qj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have brought us from qi to qj
+via x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well they would have been an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they would have been an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they would have been an input
+that read a string described by r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that read a string described by r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that read a string described by r1
+i might have self-looped at x a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might have self-looped at x a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might have self-looped at x a few
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+so i might have read several strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might have read several strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might have read several strings
+that are described by r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are described by r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are described by r2
+and then i would have read a string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i would have read a string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i would have read a string that
+was described by r3 and now i'm at qj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh the new label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new label
+that i'm going to place over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to place over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to place over here is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the strings that i get from reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the strings that i get from reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the strings that i get from reading
+are one you know reading a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one you know reading a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one you know reading a a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a string that described by r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that described by r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that described by r1
+then multiple copies of a stretch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiple copies of a stretch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiple copies of a stretch you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+multiple strings that are possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple strings that are possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple strings that are possibly
+describing r2 which is the same as r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing r2 which is the same as r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing r2 which is the same as r2
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+or and then multiples and then a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and then multiples and then a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and then multiples and then a string
+that would be described by r3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be described by r3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be described by r3
+so that is a new addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a new addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a new addition to the
+transition that takes me from q i to q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course i need to include the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i need to include the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i need to include the things
+that would have taken me from q i to q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have taken me from q i to q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have taken me from q i to q j
+in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+so i'm also unioning in r4 what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm also unioning in r4 what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm also unioning in r4 what was the
+direct route from qy to qj that did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct route from qy to qj that did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct route from qy to qj that did not
+uh transit through x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transit through x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transit through x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so by making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by making that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+um regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regular expression
+on the q i to q j transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the q i to q j transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the q i to q j transition
+i have compensated for the loss of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for paths that go from q i to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for paths that go from q i to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for paths that go from q i to x
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+out to q j now what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to q j now what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to q j now what i
+need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+do that same thing for every pair qi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that same thing for every pair qi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that same thing for every pair qi and
+qj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qj
+that are in the original machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if i do that for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i do that for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i do that for every possible
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+i'll be modifying all of the transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be modifying all of the transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be modifying all of the transitions
+in the new machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new machine
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+compensates for the loss of x and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for the loss of x and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates for the loss of x and now
+the new machine has been repaired from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new machine has been repaired from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new machine has been repaired from
+the damage that i caused by removing x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage that i caused by removing x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage that i caused by removing x
+and it does the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does the same language
+it's kind of thing you need to think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of thing you need to think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of thing you need to think a
+little bit about i understand um but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about i understand um but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about i understand um but at
+least hopefully uh the uh the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least hopefully uh the uh the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least hopefully uh the uh the spirit
+of what i just described to you uh comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i just described to you uh comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i just described to you uh comes
+through that we're going to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that we're going to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that we're going to convert this
+case machine with k states to one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case machine with k states to one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case machine with k states to one with
+uh k minus one states by removing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k minus one states by removing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k minus one states by removing a
+state and repairing the damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and repairing the damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and repairing the damage
+and now it does the same language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it does the same language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it does the same language and
+then i can remove another state and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can remove another state and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can remove another state and do
+the same thing over and over again until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing over and over again until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing over and over again until
+i get down to two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get down to two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get down to two states
+okay so that's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the um
+idea and that really completes uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that really completes uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that really completes uh the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows
+that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+convert every gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert every gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert every gnfa
+to a regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a regular expression
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+and that really is uh the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really is uh the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really is uh the end of the
+story for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for this um
+and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+i claim that dfas now and regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that dfas now and regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that dfas now and regular
+expressions are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are equivalent
+so let me get going to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get going to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get going to give you a little
+check in here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in here on this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+really just to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to see
+if high level if you're following what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if high level if you're following what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if high level if you're following what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh so just take a look so we just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just take a look so we just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just take a look so we just showed
+how to convert g n of a to regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert g n of a to regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convert g n of a to regular
+expression but we really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but we really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but we really wanted to
+convert dfas to regular expressions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert dfas to regular expressions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert dfas to regular expressions so
+how do we go from g n f converting g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go from g n f converting g n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go from g n f converting g n
+of a is to converting dfas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is to converting dfas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is to converting dfas because
+they're not the same obviously right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same obviously right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same obviously right um
+so how do we finish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we finish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we finish that
+so there are three choices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are three choices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are three choices here
+first we have to try to convert dfa to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to try to convert dfa to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to try to convert dfa to g
+interface maybe or sure to convert gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface maybe or sure to convert gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface maybe or sure to convert gnfa
+to df dfas or maybe we're already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to df dfas or maybe we're already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to df dfas or maybe we're already done
+so maybe i better launch that poll while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i better launch that poll while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i better launch that poll while
+you're while you're reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're while you're reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're while you're reading that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you
+go hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+why don't i end this it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i end this it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i end this it's a little
+worrying worrisome because uh i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying worrisome because uh i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying worrisome because uh i would
+say we have a plurality who got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a plurality who got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a plurality who got the
+right answer but not a majority uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but not a majority uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer but not a majority uh
+so uh let us share the results um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let us share the results um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let us share the results um i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+so uh i sense not all of you are with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i sense not all of you are with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i sense not all of you are with me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but uh um you're gonna have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um you're gonna have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um you're gonna have to uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tr either that or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr either that or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr either that or you're
+you know you're uh playing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're uh playing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're uh playing you're
+reading your email while we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your email while we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your email while we're uh
+talking i'm not sure but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking i'm not sure but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking i'm not sure but um
+whatever it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is um
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+need to think a little bit about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think a little bit about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think a little bit about what's
+going on here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+you know the reason why we are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason why we are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason why we are done
+is because dfas are a kind of g-n-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because dfas are a kind of g-n-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because dfas are a kind of g-n-phase
+they're just they have a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just they have a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just they have a very simple
+kind of regular expression on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regular expression on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regular expression on each
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they
+just have the regular expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the regular expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the regular expression which
+is just a single symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a single symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a single symbol
+so all dfas are automatically gnaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all dfas are automatically gnaphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all dfas are automatically gnaphase
+so if i can convert g anaphase i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can convert g anaphase i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can convert g anaphase i can
+certainly convert dfas because dnf's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly convert dfas because dnf's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly convert dfas because dnf's
+include the dfas i'm done it really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the dfas i'm done it really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the dfas i'm done it really was
+number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c
+was the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct answer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's a good thing we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing we're not
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+correctness here so participation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness here so participation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness here so participation is
+good enough but i do think you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough but i do think you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough but i do think you need to
+think about what's going on and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's going on and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's going on and making
+sure that you're you know you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're you know you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're you know you're you're
+you're following along so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following along so anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're following along so anyway that's
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know we'll carry on here but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll carry on here but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll carry on here but um
+makes me a little concerned um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me a little concerned um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me a little concerned um
+okay uh so um let us now move on um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so um let us now move on um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so um let us now move on um so
+we're going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit about
+non-regular languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-regular languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-regular languages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so somebody's asking don't we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody's asking don't we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody's asking don't we have to
+still make the dfas into the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make the dfas into the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make the dfas into the special
+type yes we do we have to make them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type yes we do we have to make them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type yes we do we have to make them to
+the special type but we already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special type but we already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special type but we already showed
+how to make g interface into the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make g interface into the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make g interface into the special
+type and dfa that that is going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and dfa that that is going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and dfa that that is going to apply
+to dfas as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dfas as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dfas as well um
+you know they'll become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll become
+gnfas you know you can add the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfas you know you can add the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfas you know you can add the extra
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+at a new start state and at a new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new start state and at a new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new start state and at a new uh
+accept state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept state
+add in all the transitions with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in all the transitions with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in all the transitions with which
+you didn't have before with the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have before with the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have before with the empty
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+and you'll have a gnfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have a gnfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have a gnfa
+from um a dfa but that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um a dfa but that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um a dfa but that applies to
+gnaphase as a in general so it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnaphase as a in general so it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnaphase as a in general so it's nothing
+special about dfas there anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about dfas there anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about dfas there anyway
+uh i think you need to chew on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think you need to chew on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think you need to chew on that
+hopefully uh you know you're you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh you know you're you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh you know you're you'll be
+uh following going forward anyway let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh following going forward anyway let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh following going forward anyway let us
+look now at non-proving non-regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at non-proving non-regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at non-proving non-regularity
+so we're finished with our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're finished with our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're finished with our goal
+of showing that regular languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that regular languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that regular languages that
+the regular languages can either come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages can either come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages can either come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+dfas or from regular expressions those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas or from regular expressions those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas or from regular expressions those
+are the same in terms of from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in terms of from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in terms of from the
+perspective of our course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of our course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of our course they're
+interchangeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable
+okay so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh
+as we mentioned there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned there are going to be
+some languages which are not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages which are not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages which are not regular
+which can't be done by dfas uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can't be done by dfas uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can't be done by dfas uh their
+actual dfas are actually pretty weak as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dfas are actually pretty weak as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual dfas are actually pretty weak as
+a computational model and so there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational model and so there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational model and so there's all
+sorts of very simple things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of very simple things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of very simple things that they
+cannot do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do um
+uh those there are some fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those there are some fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those there are some fairly
+complicated things that they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things that they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things that they can do
+surprisingly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly enough
+but anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+there are some simple things they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some simple things they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some simple things they can't
+do and so we have to develop a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so we have to develop a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and so we have to develop a method
+for showing that a language is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing that a language is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing that a language is not
+regular um and that's going to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular um and that's going to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular um and that's going to be useful
+for your homework um and in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your homework um and in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your homework um and in general for
+just understanding the uh the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understanding the uh the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understanding the uh the power of
+dfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfas
+so how do we show our language is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we show our language is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we show our language is not
+regular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular so
+remember if you want to show a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you want to show a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you want to show a language
+is regular basically what you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular basically what you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular basically what you need to do
+is give a dfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give a dfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give a dfa
+or you know you can use the closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know you can use the closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know you can use the closure
+properties that's another way of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that's another way of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that's another way of showing
+a language is regular but underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language is regular but underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language is regular but underneath
+that it's basically constructing dfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's basically constructing dfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's basically constructing dfas
+all right um to show a language is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um to show a language is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um to show a language is not
+regular you have to give a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you have to give a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you have to give a proof
+uh generally not a construction it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generally not a construction it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generally not a construction it's a
+proof that there is no uh dfa or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that there is no uh dfa or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that there is no uh dfa or that
+whatever uh that it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh that it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh that it's just going to be
+impossible to make a dfa um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to make a dfa um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to make a dfa um
+and we have to develop a method what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to develop a method what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to develop a method what
+what is that proof method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that proof method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that proof method
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+there is a tempting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a tempting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a tempting um
+you know i've taught this course many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i've taught this course many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i've taught this course many
+times and there's a kind of attempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+uh that many people have um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that many people have um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that many people have um it's not
+only going to apply for finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to apply for finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to apply for finite automata
+but for other things too and believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for other things too and believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for other things too and believe me
+it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only
+people in this class it's for people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this class it's for people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this class it's for people uh
+out there in the um who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the um who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the um who are trying to
+think about computation in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about computation in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about computation in general
+which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know i have some language of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have some language of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have some language of trying
+to figure out if it's regular or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if it's regular or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if it's regular or not and
+so i thought really hard how to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought really hard how to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought really hard how to make a
+dfa and i couldn't find one therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfa and i couldn't find one therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfa and i couldn't find one therefore
+it's not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not regular
+that's that's not that's not a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not that's not a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not that's not a proof
+just because you couldn't find a dfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you couldn't find a dfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you couldn't find a dfa
+doesn't mean there is no dfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there is no dfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there is no dfa
+you need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prove
+that the language is not regular using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the language is not regular using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the language is not regular using
+some method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some method
+um so i'm going to give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm going to give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm going to give you an example
+where that kind of approach can lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that kind of approach can lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that kind of approach can lead you
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+and that is i'll give two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is i'll give two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is i'll give two examples
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+languages where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages where
+you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+try to prove they're regular or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove they're regular or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove they're regular or not and
+you could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be uh
+in trouble if you just follow uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble if you just follow uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble if you just follow uh that
+kind of informal approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of informal approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of informal approach
+so if you take the language b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the language b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the language b
+where these are string well let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are string well let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are string well let's assume
+our alphabet is zeros and ones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alphabet is zeros and ones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alphabet is zeros and ones uh
+b is the language of all strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is the language of all strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is the language of all strings that
+have an equal number of zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equal number of zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equal number of zeros and ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so you wanna know you know if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you wanna know you know if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you wanna know you know if i have
+a thousand zeros i need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand zeros i need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand zeros i need to have a
+thousand ones so basically the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand ones so basically the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand ones so basically the way you
+test that you'd have to count up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that you'd have to count up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that you'd have to count up the
+number of zeros count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zeros count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zeros count up the number of
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+and see if those two counts are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those two counts are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those two counts are the same
+and that's going to be really tough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be really tough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be really tough to
+make a dfa do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a dfa do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a dfa do
+um because it's you know how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's you know how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's you know how you're
+going to remember such you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember such you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember such you know that
+really big number of zeros that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big number of zeros that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big number of zeros that you know
+the dfa might have 50 states but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dfa might have 50 states but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dfa might have 50 states but you
+might need to count up to a hundred or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to count up to a hundred or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to count up to a hundred or a
+million to figure out to count up how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to figure out to count up how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to figure out to count up how
+many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um
+zeros you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you've seen
+and it seems really hard to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems really hard to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems really hard to be able to
+do that kind of account when you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of account when you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of account when you only
+have 50 states uh some so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 states uh some so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 states uh some so whatever
+number of states you have it's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states you have it's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states you have it's you're
+not it seems hard to count uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it seems hard to count uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it seems hard to count uh when you
+have a lim when you have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lim when you have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lim when you have a finite
+automaton so the intuition is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton so the intuition is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton so the intuition is it's not
+regular because a finite atomic done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular because a finite atomic done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular because a finite atomic done
+can't count um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't count um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't count um which
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+you can convert that intuition into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert that intuition into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert that intuition into a
+real proof i would say it's not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real proof i would say it's not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real proof i would say it's not a real
+proof yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof yet
+but it can be made into a real proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be made into a real proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be made into a real proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but compare that case with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but compare that case with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but compare that case with another
+language which i'll call c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which i'll call c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which i'll call c
+which instead of uh looking at its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which instead of uh looking at its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which instead of uh looking at its input
+to see whether it has an equal number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it has an equal number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it has an equal number of
+zeros and ones i'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones i'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones i'm going to look at the
+input and look at the substrings of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and look at the substrings of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and look at the substrings of zero
+ones and one zeros those two substrings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and one zeros those two substrings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and one zeros those two substrings
+and count the number of occurrences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of occurrences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of occurrences of
+zero one as a substring and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one as a substring and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one as a substring and the number
+of occurrences of one zero as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences of one zero as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences of one zero as a
+substring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring
+okay just to make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to make sure you're
+understanding let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding let's look at some
+examples uh two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh two examples
+so the string zero one zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the string zero one zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the string zero one zero one
+is not going to be in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be in c
+because if you count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you count up the number of
+zero ones and the number of one zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ones and the number of one zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ones and the number of one zeros
+not the same so i'm even going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same so i'm even going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same so i'm even going to help
+you here uh if you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here uh if you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here uh if you can see that the
+number of zero ones is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zero ones is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zero ones is two
+but there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's uh
+there's only a single occurrence of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a single occurrence of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a single occurrence of one
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so those are those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are those two
+counts are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts are different
+and so that's why this input string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why this input string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why this input string is
+not in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in c
+compare that with the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with the string
+zero one one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one one zero
+now if you count up the number of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you count up the number of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you count up the number of zero
+one and one zero sub strings you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one zero sub strings you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one zero sub strings you're
+going to get the same value because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value because here
+we have a single zero one and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single zero one and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single zero one and a single
+one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero
+and so now the two counts of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the two counts of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the two counts of those
+number of substrings are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of substrings are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of substrings are the same
+and so that's why you're in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why you're in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why you're in c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my question is
+is c a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c a regular language
+well it looks like it shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looks like it shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looks like it shouldn't be
+regular for the same reason that b is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular for the same reason that b is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular for the same reason that b is in
+regular because you have to count up two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular because you have to count up two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular because you have to count up two
+quantities and and compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and and compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and and compare them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know so that's our intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that's our intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that's our intuition that
+you just can't do it for the with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do it for the with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do it for the with a
+finite automaton because you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton because you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton because you have to do
+the same kind of counting that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of counting that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of counting that you would
+have had to do for language b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to do for language b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to do for language b
+but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+you'll be you would be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be you would be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be you would be wrong
+because c in fact is regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because c in fact is regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because c in fact is regular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it has a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a much
+simpler description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler description
+than the one i gave over here uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one i gave over here uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one i gave over here uh at the
+beginning there's a the there's the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there's a the there's the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there's a the there's the very
+same language c can be described in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same language c can be described in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same language c can be described in a
+much much simpler way i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much simpler way i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much simpler way i'm not going to
+tell you what it is you can mull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is you can mull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is you can mull that
+over you can try some examples uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you can try some examples uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you can try some examples uh to
+figure it out but it has a much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out but it has a much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out but it has a much simpler
+description it's not totally trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's not totally trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's not totally trivial
+description i mean there is some content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description i mean there is some content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description i mean there is some content
+there but there is um you know it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is um you know it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is um you know it is the
+kind of thing that a finite automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that a finite automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that a finite automaton
+can do it wouldn't do the counting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it wouldn't do the counting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it wouldn't do the counting this
+way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+so the moral is the punch line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moral is the punch line is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moral is the punch line is that
+sometimes the intuition works but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the intuition works but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the intuition works but it can
+also be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be wrong
+um and so the moral of the stories you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the moral of the stories you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the moral of the stories you
+need to give a proof when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give a proof when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give a proof when you're when
+you're doing things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing things like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what we're going to do next in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do next in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do next in the
+second half of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture
+is to give a method for proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give a method for proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give a method for proving
+languages are not regular and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are not regular and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are not regular and again
+you're going to need to use that on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to use that on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to use that on your
+homework so i hope you get it um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so i hope you get it um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so i hope you get it um but uh
+first of all oh did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all oh did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all oh did i
+never stop sharing that poll forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stop sharing that poll forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stop sharing that poll forgive me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so with that i think we'll take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with that i think we'll take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with that i think we'll take our
+little requested break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little requested break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little requested break
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and um for five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for five minutes
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we'll be back in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be back in five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be back in five minutes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+break time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alrighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty
+we are done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done here
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+proving languages not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving languages not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving languages not regular
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the way we're going to prove languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to prove languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to prove languages
+are not regular is by introducing um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not regular is by introducing um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not regular is by introducing um a
+method called the pumping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the pumping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the pumping lemma
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the overarching plan at the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overarching plan at the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overarching plan at the pumping
+lemma without getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma without getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma without getting into the
+specifics of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it
+is to say show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say show that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that lemma says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that lemma says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that lemma says
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+regular languages have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages have a certain
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+which we will describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will describe
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+to show a language is not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a language is not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a language is not regular
+you simply show the language doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply show the language doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply show the language doesn't
+have that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property
+um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because
+all regular languages have to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all regular languages have to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all regular languages have to have that
+property and so by showing a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and so by showing a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and so by showing a language
+fails to have the property it could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to have the property it could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to have the property it could not
+be regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regular
+okay that's that's the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the plan
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+the property itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property itself
+is a little complicated um to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little complicated um to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little complicated um to describe
+um but not too bad i'll try to unpack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but not too bad i'll try to unpack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but not too bad i'll try to unpack it
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+but first let's look at the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's look at the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's look at the statement of
+dilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that
+whenever you have a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a regular language
+let's call it a so for every regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a so for every regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a so for every regular
+language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+there's always a special value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a special value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a special value
+called the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pump
+a number uh p we'll call it called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number uh p we'll call it called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number uh p we'll call it called the
+pumping length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping length
+okay it's a special number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a special number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a special number and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+whenever a string is in that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a string is in that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a string is in that language
+and it's longer than that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's longer than that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's longer than that length
+then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+something special happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens
+you can take that string and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that string and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that string and you can
+modify it and you still stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it and you still stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it and you still stay in the
+language so anything that's longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so anything that's longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so anything that's longer than
+that special length can be modified in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special length can be modified in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special length can be modified in a
+certain way and you still say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way and you still say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way and you still say in the
+language so let's look at the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so let's look at the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so let's look at the the actual
+um statement of the lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statement of the lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um statement of the lemma
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a number p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a number p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a number p
+such that if s is a string in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if s is a string in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if s is a string in the
+language and it's longer than p or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and it's longer than p or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and it's longer than p or at
+least of length p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least of length p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least of length p
+then you can take s and you can cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take s and you can cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take s and you can cut it
+up into three pieces x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into three pieces x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into three pieces x y and z
+so they're just breaking s into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just breaking s into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just breaking s into three
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can take that middle piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that middle piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that middle piece
+repeat it as many times as you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it as many times as you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it as many times as you like
+and you're still staying the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what the pumping llama is saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the pumping llama is saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the pumping llama is saying and
+there's a bunch of other conditions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of other conditions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of other conditions here
+too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but
+the the spirit of the pumping lumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spirit of the pumping lumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spirit of the pumping lumber
+says whenever you have a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says whenever you have a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says whenever you have a regular
+language there's some cut off such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's some cut off such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's some cut off such that
+all strings longer than that cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings longer than that cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings longer than that cut off
+can be what we call pumped you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be what we call pumped you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be what we call pumped you can take
+that string you can find a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string you can find a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string you can find a section
+somewhere in the middle of that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle of that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle of that string
+or somewhere you cut it up in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somewhere you cut it up in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somewhere you cut it up in three
+piece pieces you take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece pieces you take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece pieces you take them
+that center piece and you can repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that center piece and you can repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that center piece and you can repeat it
+you can pump it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pump it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pump it up
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+by repeating that string and repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating that string and repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating that string and repeating
+that piece the string gets longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece the string gets longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece the string gets longer and
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+but you still stay in the language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still stay in the language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still stay in the language um
+that's the special property that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the special property that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the special property that all
+regular languages have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages have
+so kind of in an informal way and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of in an informal way and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of in an informal way and we'll
+do so i'll try to help you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so i'll try to help you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so i'll try to help you get the
+feeling for this um formally it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for this um formally it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for this um formally it says
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know if you have a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a regular language
+then every long string so as long as by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every long string so as long as by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every long string so as long as by
+informing my informal way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing my informal way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing my informal way of saying
+bigger than this value p every long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this value p every long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this value p every long
+string in the language can be pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language can be pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language can be pumped
+and this result still stays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this result still stays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this result still stays in the
+language and by pumped means i can cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and by pumped means i can cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and by pumped means i can cut
+the string into three pieces and repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string into three pieces and repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string into three pieces and repeat
+that middle piece as many times as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle piece as many times as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle piece as many times as i
+want that's what i mean by pumping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that's what i mean by pumping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that's what i mean by pumping a
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+uh we'll do some examples uh in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do some examples uh in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll do some examples uh in a second
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but first we're going to un see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to un see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to un see how to
+prove this and hopefully that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this and hopefully that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this and hopefully that will give
+you some feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some feeling
+also for why it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for why it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for why it's true
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and actually maybe before i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and actually maybe before i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and actually maybe before i actually
+jump into the proof let me let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into the proof let me let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into the proof let me let's look at
+these three conditions here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three conditions here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three conditions here just to
+understand it a little bit more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it a little bit more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it a little bit more uh
+uh thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoroughly
+uh so condition one kind of says what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so condition one kind of says what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so condition one kind of says what i
+just uh was was telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh was was telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh was was telling you
+um i can break s into three pieces x y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can break s into three pieces x y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can break s into three pieces x y z
+such that if i take x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if i take x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if i take x
+y to the i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to the i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to the i z
+so that's repeating y as many times as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's repeating y as many times as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's repeating y as many times as i
+want so here's y to the i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so here's y to the i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so here's y to the i kind of
+defined if that's helpful to you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if that's helpful to you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if that's helpful to you it's
+just y i copies of y so i can take x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just y i copies of y so i can take x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just y i copies of y so i can take x y
+to the i z and i remain in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i z and i remain in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i z and i remain in in the
+language for every value of i even i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for every value of i even i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for every value of i even i
+equals zero which means we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero which means we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero which means we're just
+removing y uh which is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing y uh which is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing y uh which is sometimes
+actually a useful thing to do but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a useful thing to do but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a useful thing to do but you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+let's not get ahead of ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not get ahead of ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not get ahead of ourselves
+um you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+you know i can cut s i can i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can cut s i can i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can cut s i can i'm
+guaranteed to be able to cut s up into x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to cut s up into x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to cut s up into x
+y z so that the string x y y y is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z so that the string x y y y is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z so that the string x y y y is still
+on the language or x y y y y y it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the language or x y y y y y it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the language or x y y y y y it's
+still in the language um that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the language um that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the language um that's going to
+be guaranteed for every regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed for every regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed for every regular language
+that's good that's that's a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's that's a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's that's a feature
+that's going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be true
+um and furthermore and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and furthermore and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and furthermore and this is going to
+be turning out to be it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turning out to be it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turning out to be it's not really
+kind of part of the core idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of part of the core idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of part of the core idea of the
+pumping lamb but it actually turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping lamb but it actually turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping lamb but it actually turns out
+to be very helpful in applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very helpful in applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very helpful in applying the
+pumping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping lemma
+you can always cut it up in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always cut it up in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always cut it up in such a way
+that the first two pieces are not longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two pieces are not longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two pieces are not longer
+than that value p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that value p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that value p
+um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+it restricts on the ways you can cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it restricts on the ways you can cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it restricts on the ways you can cut the
+thing up and that actually turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up and that actually turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up and that actually turns out to
+be very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful
+um but let's first just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's first just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's first just look at the
+proof of this uh giving kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this uh giving kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this uh giving kind of a little
+bit the high level picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the high level picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the high level picture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my job is to show if i have a have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to show if i have a have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to show if i have a have a
+string in my language let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in my language let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in my language let's say
+think of it as a long string really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a long string really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a long string really long
+um so it's length is more than p but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's length is more than p but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's length is more than p but i
+think intuitively it's just a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively it's just a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively it's just a very long
+string um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string um
+and i'm going to feed that string into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to feed that string into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to feed that string into
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+and watch what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch what happens
+something special happens when i feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens when i feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens when i feed
+the string and i look at how the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string and i look at how the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string and i look at how the machine
+proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds
+on that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as i wander around inside the machine i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i wander around inside the machine i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i wander around inside the machine i
+end have to end up coming back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have to end up coming back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have to end up coming back to the
+same place more than once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's like you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like you know if you have a
+small park and you go for a long walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small park and you go for a long walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small park and you go for a long walk
+you're going to end up coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up coming back to
+wave or what you've already seen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or what you've already seen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or what you've already seen you
+just can't keep on seeing new stuff when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't keep on seeing new stuff when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't keep on seeing new stuff when
+you have a more small area of space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more small area of space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more small area of space to
+explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're guaranteed that m is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're guaranteed that m is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're guaranteed that m is going to
+end up repeating some state when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up repeating some state when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up repeating some state when it's
+reading s because s is so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading s because s is so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading s because s is so long
+so in terms pictorially um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms pictorially um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms pictorially um if you
+imagine here this wiggly line is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here this wiggly line is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here this wiggly line is kind of
+describing the path that m follows when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the path that m follows when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the path that m follows when
+it's reading s it ends up coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reading s it ends up coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reading s it ends up coming back to
+that state q j more than once so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state q j more than once so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state q j more than once so it
+comes back here cycles around comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back here cycles around comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back here cycles around comes back
+again before it ends up accepting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again before it ends up accepting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again before it ends up accepting we
+know what it ends up accepting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it ends up accepting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it ends up accepting because
+we're assuming we have a string that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming we have a string that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming we have a string that's
+in the language so we picked s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language so we picked s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language so we picked s in the
+language so it has to be accepted by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it has to be accepted by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it has to be accepted by m
+but the important thing is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that it
+repeats a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats a state
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+how does that tell me i can cut s up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that tell me i can cut s up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that tell me i can cut s up
+into those three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those three pieces
+well i'm going to get those three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to get those three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to get those three pieces
+here um first of all let's observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um first of all let's observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um first of all let's observe that
+here is a process you know as processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a process you know as processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a process you know as processing
+s here is the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s here is the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s here is the that
+written right on top of the string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right on top of the string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right on top of the string that
+state repetition occurring uh qj more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state repetition occurring uh qj more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state repetition occurring uh qj more
+than once and now if i look inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once and now if i look inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once and now if i look inside the
+machine the part of s that took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the part of s that took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the part of s that took me
+to q j i'm going to call x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q j i'm going to call x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q j i'm going to call x
+the part that took me from q j back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that took me from q j back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that took me from q j back to
+itself is i'm going to call y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is i'm going to call y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is i'm going to call y and the
+partner took qj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner took qj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner took qj
+to the accept state i'm going to call z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the accept state i'm going to call z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the accept state i'm going to call z
+and i'm going to mark those often in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to mark those often in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to mark those often in s
+and that gives me the way to cut s up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me the way to cut s up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me the way to cut s up
+into three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three pieces
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you're appreciating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're appreciating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're appreciating
+um what's going on inside the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on inside the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on inside the machine
+you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+m will also accept the string x y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m will also accept the string x y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m will also accept the string x y y
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+every time you know once you're at q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you know once you're at q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you know once you're at q j
+you know if you go around once you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go around once you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go around once you come
+back to q j and then if you go again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to q j and then if you go again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to q j and then if you go again
+you'll come back to q j and as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come back to q j and as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come back to q j and as many
+times as you keep seeing that y you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you keep seeing that y you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you keep seeing that y you're
+just going to keep coming back to q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep coming back to q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep coming back to q j
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it doesn't matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how many
+y's you have you're going to still if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's you have you're going to still if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's you have you're going to still if
+you follow it by z which is what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow it by z which is what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow it by z which is what you'll
+do you'll end up accepting the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'll end up accepting the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'll end up accepting the string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's really the proof um i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the proof um i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the proof um i mean
+you have to do a little bit more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a little bit more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a little bit more um
+uh here just to understand i i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here just to understand i i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here just to understand i i should
+have mentioned why i want to forbid y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned why i want to forbid y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned why i want to forbid y
+being the empty string because if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the empty string because if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the empty string because if it was
+the empty string it's not interesting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string it's not interesting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string it's not interesting it
+doesn't change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change uh
+um you know repeating it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know repeating it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know repeating it doesn't
+actually change anything so i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change anything so i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change anything so i have to
+make sure it's not empty but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's not empty but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's not empty but anyway
+that's kind of a detail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a detail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a detail here
+uh if you look at the string x y y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the string x y y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the string x y y z
+that's still going to be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be accepted
+okay so that's the proof of the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the proof of the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the proof of the pumping
+lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+all right uh so let's have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so let's have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so let's have a little
+check-in uh related to that uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in uh related to that uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in uh related to that uh this is
+not gonna be again not super hard but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be again not super hard but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be again not super hard but uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+more just a curiosity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just a curiosity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just a curiosity uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the pumping alignment depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pumping alignment depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pumping alignment depends on the
+fact that if m has p states and it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if m has p states and it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if m has p states and it runs
+for more than p steps then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than p steps then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than p steps then it's going to
+enter some state twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter some state twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter some state twice
+so you may have seen that before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have seen that before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have seen that before it
+actually has a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a name
+um which some of you may have seen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which some of you may have seen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which some of you may have seen um
+so let's see how to just get a poll here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hope not too many of you are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope not too many of you are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope not too many of you are gonna
+pick c i said some of you are oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+i think this one most of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this one most of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this one most of you are
+you've seen this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before
+this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+i think you pretty much all got it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you pretty much all got it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you pretty much all got it um
+this is what's known as the pigeonhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as the pigeonhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as the pigeonhole
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+you know here uh sharing the results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here uh sharing the results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here uh sharing the results uh
+obviously i was having a little fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously i was having a little fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously i was having a little fun with
+this and sure some of you are having fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and sure some of you are having fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and sure some of you are having fun
+back at me that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at me that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at me that's okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so let's continue on um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue on um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue on um let's see
+how to use the pumping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the pumping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the pumping lemma
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+prove the language is not regular um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the language is not regular um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the language is not regular um so
+i put the pumping limb up here just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put the pumping limb up here just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put the pumping limb up here just uh
+so you can remember the statement of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can remember the statement of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can remember the statement of it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so let's take the language d which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's take the language d which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's take the language d which is
+the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+0 to the k1 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the k1 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the k1 to the k
+for any k so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any k so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any k so that's
+some number of zeros followed by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of zeros followed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of zeros followed by an
+equal number of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of ones
+we're going to prove that language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that language is
+not regular by using the pumping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not regular by using the pumping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not regular by using the pumping lemma
+okay and this is going to be just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to be just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to be just an
+iron-clad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron-clad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron-clad
+proof it's not going to say well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's not going to say well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's not going to say well i
+couldn't think of how to find you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't think of how to find you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't think of how to find you know i
+you know i couldn't think of how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i couldn't think of how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i couldn't think of how to find
+a finite automaton this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton this is going to be
+you know this is going to really uh be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to really uh be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to really uh be a
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+okay so we want to show that d is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to show that d is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to show that d is not
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and we're going to give uh these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give uh these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give uh these things
+always go as a proof by contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go as a proof by contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go as a proof by contradiction so
+proof by contradiction hopefully as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction hopefully as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction hopefully as a
+reminder to you the way that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to you the way that works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to you the way that works is
+you're going to assume the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to assume the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to assume the opposite of
+what you're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to prove
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh from that something crazy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that something crazy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that something crazy is going to
+happen something you know is obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen something you know is obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen something you know is obviously
+false or wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or wrong
+and so therefore your assumption which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore your assumption which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore your assumption which
+is the opposite of what you were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite of what you were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite of what you were trying
+to prove had to be wrong and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove had to be wrong and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove had to be wrong and so
+therefore the thing you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the thing you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the thing you're trying to
+prove has to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove has to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove has to be right
+um that's the essence of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the essence of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the essence of what's called
+proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction
+so first of all we're going to assume to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we're going to assume to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we're going to assume to
+get our contradiction that is regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our contradiction that is regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our contradiction that is regular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and which is what we're trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is what we're trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is what we're trying to show
+is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case
+now if the is regular then we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the is regular then we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the is regular then we can apply
+the pumping lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lamp
+um up above here uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up above here uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up above here uh which
+gives us that pumping length p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that pumping length p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that pumping length p
+which says that any string longer than p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that any string longer than p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that any string longer than p
+can be pumped and you stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pumped and you stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pumped and you stay in the
+language that's what the pumping limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's what the pumping limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's what the pumping limit
+tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+so let's pick the string s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pick the string s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's pick the string s
+uh which is the string zero to the p one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the string zero to the p one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the string zero to the p one
+to the p here's sort of a picture of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p here's sort of a picture of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the p here's sort of a picture of s
+off on the side here so a bunch of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the side here so a bunch of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the side here so a bunch of zeros
+followed by an equal number of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that string is in d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that string is in d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that string is in d
+because d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because d is
+strings of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of that form
+and it's longer than p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's longer than p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's longer than p
+obviously it's a blank 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's a blank 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's a blank 2p
+so the pumping limit tells us there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pumping limit tells us there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pumping limit tells us there's a
+way to cut it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to cut it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to cut it up
+um satisfying those three conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfying those three conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfying those three conditions
+so how in the world could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how in the world could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how in the world could we
+possibly cut s s up well remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly cut s s up well remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly cut s s up well remember the
+three conditions and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions and especially
+condition three is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition three is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition three is going to come in
+handy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy here
+say that you can cut s up into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can cut s up into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you can cut s up into three
+pieces x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces x y and z
+where the first two pieces lie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first two pieces lie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first two pieces lie in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+uh symbols of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symbols of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symbols of s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at most
+p long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p long
+so x and y together are not very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x and y together are not very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x and y together are not very big
+they don't extend beyond the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't extend beyond the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't extend beyond the first half
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and first half of s and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first half of s and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first half of s and in particular
+they're all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all zeros
+x and y are going to be all zeros z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are going to be all zeros z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are going to be all zeros z is
+going to perhaps have some zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to perhaps have some zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to perhaps have some zeros and
+we'll have the rest of the ones we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the rest of the ones we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the rest of the ones we'll
+have the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pumping limit says if you cut it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping limit says if you cut it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping limit says if you cut it up
+that way you can repeat why as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can repeat why as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can repeat why as many
+times as you like and you stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you like and you stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you like and you stay in the
+language but that's obviously false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but that's obviously false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but that's obviously false
+because if you repeat y which is now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you repeat y which is now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you repeat y which is now has
+only zeros you're going to have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only zeros you're going to have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only zeros you're going to have too many
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+and so the resulting string is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the resulting string is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the resulting string is no longer
+going to be of the form 0 to the k 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form 0 to the k 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form 0 to the k 1 to
+the k it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k it's going to be
+lots of zeros followed by not so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros followed by not so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros followed by not so many
+ones that's not in the language and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's not in the language and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's not in the language and that
+violates what the pumping limit tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what the pumping limit tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what the pumping limit tells
+you is supposed to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is supposed to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is supposed to happen
+and that's a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a contradiction
+so therefore our assumption that d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore our assumption that d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore our assumption that d is
+regular is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular is false
+and so we conclude that d is not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we conclude that d is not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we conclude that d is not regular
+so that's a fairly simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a fairly simple one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a fairly simple one
+i thought i would do another couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i would do another couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i would do another couple of
+examples because you have this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because you have this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because you have this on your
+homework and i thought it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and i thought it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and i thought it might be
+helpful so here's the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so here's the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so here's the second one
+slightly harder but not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder but not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder but not too much
+let's take the language f which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the language f which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the language f which is
+looks like this strings ww
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this strings ww
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this strings ww
+um these are strings that uh two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are strings that uh two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are strings that uh two copies
+of the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for any string uh that might be in sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any string uh that might be in sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any string uh that might be in sigma
+star so for any string at all i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so for any string at all i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so for any string at all i'm going
+to have two copies of that string and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two copies of that string and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two copies of that string and so
+f is those strings can which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is those strings can which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is those strings can which can be
+which are just you know two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just you know two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just you know two copies of
+the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same string
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're going to show that f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to show that f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to show that f is not
+regular these things always go the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular these things always go the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular these things always go the same
+way it's the same pattern you prove by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's the same pattern you prove by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's the same pattern you prove by
+contradiction so you assume for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so you assume for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so you assume for a
+contradiction that oh d that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction that oh d that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction that oh d that's bad
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that was copied from my other slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was copied from my other slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was copied from my other slide
+that's wrong let's see if i can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong let's see if i can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong let's see if i can actually
+make this work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+assume for a contradiction that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for a contradiction that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for a contradiction that f is
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pumping limit gives f is above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping limit gives f is above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping limit gives f is above and
+so now we need to choose a string s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we need to choose a string s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we need to choose a string s
+that's in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in f
+okay to do the pumping and show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to do the pumping and show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to do the pumping and show that
+the pumping lemma is going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma is going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma is going to fail
+um you know it's you're going to pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's you're going to pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's you're going to pump
+and you're going to get something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get something which
+is not in language which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in language which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in language which is uh
+you know shows that the pump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shows that the pump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shows that the pump is
+something has gone wrong but which s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has gone wrong but which s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has gone wrong but which s to
+choose and and sometimes that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and and sometimes that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and and sometimes that's where
+the creativity in applying the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity in applying the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity in applying the pumping
+lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in
+because you have to figure out which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to figure out which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to figure out which is
+the right string you're going to pump on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right string you're going to pump on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right string you're going to pump on
+um so you know you might try the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you might try the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you might try the string
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+0 to the p 0 to the p that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the p 0 to the p that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the p 0 to the p that's certainly
+in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f
+it's two copies of the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two copies of the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two copies of the same string
+here it is i've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is i've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is i've written
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+lots of zeros followed by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros followed by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros followed by the same
+number of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zeros
+the problem is if you use that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is if you use that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is if you use that string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually
+uh is a string that you can pump you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a string that you can pump you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a string that you can pump you can
+break that string up into three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that string up into three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that string up into three pieces
+and then if you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you let
+uh y be the string zero zero that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y be the string zero zero that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y be the string zero zero that you
+have to be a little careful just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little careful just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little careful just the
+string just zero it doesn't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string just zero it doesn't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string just zero it doesn't work because
+there's an evenness oddness phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an evenness oddness phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an evenness oddness phenomenon
+going here so you might want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here so you might want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here so you might want to just
+think about that but if you let this y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but if you let this y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but if you let this y
+be the string 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the string 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the string 0 0
+then if you have the string x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the string x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the string x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+x any number of y's it's still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x any number of y's it's still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x any number of y's it's still just
+going to be a bunch of zeros and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bunch of zeros and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bunch of zeros and you're
+going to be able to see that that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see that that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see that that string
+is still in the language so you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still in the language so you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still in the language so you haven't
+learned anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned anything
+if the pumping lemon works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the pumping lemon works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the pumping lemon works
+and and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're
+satisfying the pumpkin you haven't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the pumpkin you haven't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the pumpkin you haven't you
+haven't learned anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't learned anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't learned anything
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what you need to find is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to find is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to find is some other
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+so that was a bad choice for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a bad choice for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a bad choice for s
+find a different string so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a different string so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a different string so here's a
+different choice 0 to the p1 0 to the p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice 0 to the p1 0 to the p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice 0 to the p1 0 to the p1
+so that's two copies of the same string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two copies of the same string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two copies of the same string
+and you're going to show it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to show it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to show it can't be
+we're going to show it can't be pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show it can't be pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show it can't be pumped
+so here's a picture of that string here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a picture of that string here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a picture of that string here
+so 0 is followed by 1 0's followed by 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 is followed by 1 0's followed by 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0 is followed by 1 0's followed by 1.
+and now it's very similar to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's very similar to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's very similar to the first
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+if you cut it into three pieces in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cut it into three pieces in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cut it into three pieces in such
+a way that it satisfies the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that it satisfies the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that it satisfies the conditions
+the first two pieces are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two pieces are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two pieces are going to be
+residing only among the zeros and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residing only among the zeros and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residing only among the zeros and so
+therefore when you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you repeat
+a y um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y um
+you're no longer going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no longer going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're no longer going to have two
+copies of the same string um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the same string um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the same string um and so
+won't be in the language so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be in the language so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be in the language so therefore
+you've got a contradiction and f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a contradiction and f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a contradiction and f is not
+regular so you have to i you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular so you have to i you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular so you have to i you have to
+play with the pumping lemma a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the pumping lemma a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the pumping lemma a little bit
+if you haven't seen that before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen that before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen that before it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+you know it takes a little getting used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it takes a little getting used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it takes a little getting used
+to but you have a few homework questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you have a few homework questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you have a few homework questions
+that need to be solved using the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be solved using the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be solved using the pumping
+level all right so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so now um
+let's look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh
+lastly there is another method that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there is another method that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there is another method that can
+come in which is combining closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in which is combining closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in which is combining closure
+properties with the pumping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with the pumping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with the pumping lemma
+so closure properties sometimes help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closure properties sometimes help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closure properties sometimes help you
+so let's look at the language b which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the language b which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the language b which is
+actually we saw earlier in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we saw earlier in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we saw earlier in the lecture
+where we have an equal number of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an equal number of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an equal number of zeros
+and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones
+now we could prove that directly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could prove that directly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could prove that directly using
+the pumping lemma as not being regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma as not being regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma as not being regular
+but it's actually even easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually even easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually even easier
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to prove
+uh that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it
+we're going to prove that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that it's not
+regular in a different way first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular in a different way first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular in a different way first we're
+going to assume for contradiction as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume for contradiction as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume for contradiction as we
+often do that it is regular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do that it is regular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do that it is regular um
+and now we're going to use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to use something
+we're going to use some other knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use some other knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use some other knowledge
+we're not going to use the pumping llama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to use the pumping llama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to use the pumping llama
+here um because we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because we're going to take
+advantage of an earlier case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of an earlier case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of an earlier case where we
+use the pumping level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pumping level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pumping level
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+now we know that the string the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that the string the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that the string the language
+0 star 1 star is a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 star 1 star is a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 star 1 star is a regular language
+because it's described by a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's described by a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's described by a regular
+expression if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you take the
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+which is the equal numbers of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the equal numbers of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the equal numbers of zeros and
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+and you intersect it with zero star one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you intersect it with zero star one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you intersect it with zero star one
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+that's going to be a regular language if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a regular language if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a regular language if
+b was regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was regular
+using closure under intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this language b intersect zero star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this language b intersect zero star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this language b intersect zero star
+one star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one star
+is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+equal numbers of zeros and ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers of zeros and ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers of zeros and ones where
+the zeros come first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros come first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros come first
+and that's the language d that we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the language d that we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the language d that we show
+two slides back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides back
+that we already know can't be regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already know can't be regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already know can't be regular
+so that intersection cannot be regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that intersection cannot be regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that intersection cannot be regular
+and so it violates the closure property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it violates the closure property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it violates the closure property
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and again we get a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we get a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we get a contradiction
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+um that's a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a different way of
+sometimes making a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes making a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes making a shortcut
+to prove a language is not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a language is not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a language is not regular
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we have in our last uh ten minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have in our last uh ten minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have in our last uh ten minutes or
+so we're going to shift gears totally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to shift gears totally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to shift gears totally in
+an entirely different way and consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely different way and consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely different way and consider a
+new model of computation uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new model of computation uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new model of computation uh which is
+more powerful that can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful that can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful that can actually do
+things that we can't do with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can't do with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can't do with a with
+finite automata and these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata and these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata and these are called
+context-free grammars so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammars so this is really
+just a kind of an introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a kind of an introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a kind of an introduction
+we're going to spend uh all of next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend uh all of next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend uh all of next
+lecture uh looking at context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh looking at context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh looking at context-free
+grammars um and their associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars um and their associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars um and their associated
+languages uh but let's just to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh but let's just to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh but let's just to kind of
+get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+get a preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a preview
+so a context-free grammar looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a context-free grammar looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a context-free grammar looks like
+this you have a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a bunch of these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um what we call substitution rules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we call substitution rules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we call substitution rules or
+rules sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules sometimes
+would just look like a symbol arrow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just look like a symbol arrow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just look like a symbol arrow a
+string of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of symbols
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+that's what a context-free grammar looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a context-free grammar looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a context-free grammar looks
+like at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a high level
+let's define some terms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define some terms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define some terms um
+so a rule as i just described is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rule as i just described is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rule as i just described is uh
+going to be look it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be look it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be look it's going to be a
+symbol which we're going to call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which we're going to call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which we're going to call a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+um and that's going to have an arrow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to have an arrow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to have an arrow to
+a string of other possibly other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of other possibly other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of other possibly other
+variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and
+symbols called terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols called terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols called terminals
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so a variable is a symbol that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a variable is a symbol that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a variable is a symbol that appears
+on the left hand side of a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of a rule
+anything that appears on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that appears on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that appears on the left hand
+side is going to be considered to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to be considered to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is going to be considered to be a
+very ver a variable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ver a variable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ver a variable um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so s and r are both variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s and r are both variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s and r are both variables
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+other symbols that appear in the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that appear in the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbols that appear in the grammar
+which don't appear in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't appear in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't appear in the in in the
+left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+are going to be called terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be called terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be called terminals
+so here 0 and 1 are terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here 0 and 1 are terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here 0 and 1 are terminals
+now you may think that empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may think that empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may think that empty string
+should also be a terminal but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be a terminal but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be a terminal but that's not
+a symbol an empty string is a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbol an empty string is a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbol an empty string is a string
+it's just a string of length zero so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a string of length zero so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a string of length zero so i'm
+not considering empty string to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considering empty string to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considering empty string to be a
+terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and then there's going to be a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a special
+variable which is going to be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is going to be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is going to be considered
+the starting variable just like we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting variable just like we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting variable just like we had a
+starting state and that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state and that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state and that's typically
+going to be written as the top left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be written as the top left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be written as the top left
+symbol so this symbol s here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so this symbol s here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so this symbol s here is going to
+be the starting symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the starting symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the starting symbol
+and grammars can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grammars can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grammars can be used to
+uh define languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define languages
+and to gen well to generate strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to gen well to generate strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to gen well to generate strings and
+to define languages so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define languages so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define languages so first of all
+let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how
+a grammar using this as an illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grammar using this as an illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grammar using this as an illustration
+can generate strings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually just to emphasize this uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just to emphasize this uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just to emphasize this uh these
+terminology here in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here in this particular
+example we had three rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had three rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had three rules
+uh the two variables were r and s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two variables were r and s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two variables were r and s the
+two terminals were zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terminals were zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terminals were zero and one
+and the start variable was this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the start variable was this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the start variable was this top
+left-hand symbol as i mentioned the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand symbol as i mentioned the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand symbol as i mentioned the s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so grammars generate strings the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grammars generate strings the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grammars generate strings the way
+they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is
+you follow a certain procedure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow a certain procedure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow a certain procedure which is
+really pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty simple
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+write down first of all the starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down first of all the starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down first of all the starts
+variable and i'll do an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and i'll do an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and i'll do an example in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+you write down the start variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the start variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the start variable
+and then you take a look what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a look what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a look what you've
+written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+and if it has any variables in it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it has any variables in it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it has any variables in it you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+one of the corresponding right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the corresponding right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the corresponding right hand
+sides of a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of a rule
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to as a substitution for that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a substitution for that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a substitution for that variable
+and so like for example if you have an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like for example if you have an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like for example if you have an s
+in the thing you've written down you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing you've written down you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing you've written down you can
+substitute for that s a zero s one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you can substitute for that s and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can substitute for that s and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can substitute for that s and r
+or if you have an r you can substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have an r you can substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have an r you can substitute
+for that's an empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're just going to keep on doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're just going to keep on doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're just going to keep on doing
+that substitutions over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitutions over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitutions over and over again
+until there are no variables left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there are no variables left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there are no variables left so
+there's nothing left to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing left to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing left to substitute
+only terminals remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only terminals remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only terminals remain
+at that point you have generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you have generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you have generated a
+string in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language
+okay so the language then is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the language then is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the language then is the
+collection of all generated strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do an example here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do an example here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do an example here's an
+example of g1 generating some string so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of g1 generating some string so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of g1 generating some string so
+as i mentioned first of all you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned first of all you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned first of all you're going
+to write down the start variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the start variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the start variable
+and i'm just going to illustrate this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to illustrate this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to illustrate this in
+sort of two parallel tracks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two parallel tracks here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two parallel tracks here
+on the left side i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side i'm going to show you
+the tree of substitutions and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of substitutions and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of substitutions and on the
+right side i'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side i'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side i'm going to show you the
+resulting string that you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting string that you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting string that you get by
+applying those substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying those substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying those substitutions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so over here i'm going to substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here i'm going to substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here i'm going to substitute for
+s the string 0 s1 so on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the string 0 s1 so on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the string 0 s1 so on the right hand
+side i just have 0 s1 because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side i just have 0 s1 because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side i just have 0 s1 because that's
+what i substituted for s but you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i substituted for s but you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i substituted for s but you'll see
+it's not going to it's going to look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to it's going to look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to it's going to look a
+little different in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different in a second
+here i'm going to again i still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm going to again i still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm going to again i still have a
+variable so i'm going to substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so i'm going to substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so i'm going to substitute for
+s 0 s 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 s 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 s 1.
+now i have the string resulting string 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have the string resulting string 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have the string resulting string 0
+0 s 1 1 because i've substituted 0 s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 s 1 1 because i've substituted 0 s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 s 1 1 because i've substituted 0 s 1
+for the previous s but the 0 and 1 stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the previous s but the 0 and 1 stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the previous s but the 0 and 1 stick
+around from before they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from before they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from before they don't go
+anywhere so i have at this point 0 0 s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so i have at this point 0 0 s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so i have at this point 0 0 s 1
+1. now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. now
+uh i'm going to take a different choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm going to take a different choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm going to take a different choice
+i'm going to substitute for s you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to substitute for s you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to substitute for s you know i
+could have gone either way this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone either way this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone either way this sort of
+something like almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like almost like
+non-determinism here because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism here because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism here because you have a
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+uh i'm going to substitute for s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm going to substitute for s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm going to substitute for s um
+instead of 0 s1 i'm going to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 0 s1 i'm going to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 0 s1 i'm going to substitute
+r because that's also legitimate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r because that's also legitimate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r because that's also legitimate in
+terms of the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the rules
+and so now i'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm going to have
+0 0 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 r
+1 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1.
+and now r has there's no choices here r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now r has there's no choices here r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now r has there's no choices here r
+can only be substituted for by an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be substituted for by an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be substituted for by an empty
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+so i get to r becomes just empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get to r becomes just empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get to r becomes just empty string
+and in terms of the string generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of the string generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of the string generated
+empty string doesn't add anything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string doesn't add anything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string doesn't add anything it
+just really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really is
+nothing it's a nothing so i get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's a nothing so i get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's a nothing so i get the
+string 0 0 1 1 and this is a string just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string 0 0 1 1 and this is a string just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string 0 0 1 1 and this is a string just
+of terminal symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminal symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminal symbols
+and so that is a string in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is a string in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is a string in the language
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the grammar g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar g1
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you think about it g1's language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it g1's language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it g1's language is
+that language that we saw before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language that we saw before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language that we saw before uh
+which i think we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think we called
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+zero to the k one to the k for k greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the k one to the k for k greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the k one to the k for k greater
+than or equal to zero so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so this is an
+example of the language that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the language that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the language that a
+context-free grammar can do but i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar can do but i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-free grammar can do but i find
+that automaton cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automaton cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automaton cannot do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that is our little introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is our little introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is our little introduction to
+con oops there's one more check in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con oops there's one more check in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con oops there's one more check in here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh yeah so i'm asking you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so i'm asking you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so i'm asking you to actually
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+let me get myself a look out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get myself a look out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get myself a look out of this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+don't see me blocking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see me blocking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see me blocking things
+and we will do one last check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sure you're staying around for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're staying around for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're staying around for the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+now you can now there could be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can now there could be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can now there could be several
+of these strings that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these strings that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these strings that are in the
+language you have to click them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you have to click them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you have to click them all
+all the ones that you have found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones that you have found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones that you have found that
+are in the language of this grammar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the language of this grammar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the language of this grammar that
+can be generated by grammar g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generated by grammar g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generated by grammar g2
+you have to click those i'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to click those i'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to click those i'll give you a
+little bit more time on this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time on this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time on this one um
+to see which ones uh g2 can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see which ones uh g2 can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see which ones uh g2 can generate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'll give you a hint it's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint it's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint it's more than one
+but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so i see you're making some progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i see you're making some progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i see you're making some progress
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+so please uh we're gonna wrap this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please uh we're gonna wrap this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please uh we're gonna wrap this up
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+uh you can't call us somebody's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't call us somebody's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't call us somebody's telling
+me you can't unclick thank you good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you can't unclick thank you good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you can't unclick thank you good to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay so still things are coming in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still things are coming in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still things are coming in here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's not we're we're running toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not we're we're running toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not we're we're running toward the
+end of the hour here i don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the hour here i don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the hour here i don't want to go
+over so i'm going to end it in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so i'm going to end it in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so i'm going to end it in five
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+uh click away and don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh click away and don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh click away and don't forget
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we're not uh going to charge you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not uh going to charge you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not uh going to charge you if you
+get it wrong um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong um
+sharing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing results
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't know why it has an orange one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why it has an orange one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why it has an orange one
+there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because
+there are several correct answers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several correct answers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several correct answers here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's a b and d are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a b and d are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a b and d are correct
+um you can get any of any of those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get any of any of those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get any of any of those um
+it's really sort of two copies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really sort of two copies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really sort of two copies of the
+language we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we had before
+uh next to one another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next to one another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next to one another uh
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the only thing you cannot get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you cannot get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you cannot get is
+one zero one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero
+um so i encourage you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i encourage you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i encourage you to think about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and i will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+come to our last side of today um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to our last side of today um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to our last side of today um which
+is just a quick review um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a quick review um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a quick review um
+i can put myself back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we show how to convert dfas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we show how to convert dfas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we show how to convert dfas to
+regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions
+and the summary is that dfas nfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the summary is that dfas nfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the summary is that dfas nfas
+gnfas even ray and regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfas even ray and regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnfas even ray and regular expressions
+are all equivalent um in the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all equivalent um in the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all equivalent um in the class of
+languages they can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they can describe
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the second thing we did was a method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we did was a method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we did was a method for
+proving languages not regular by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving languages not regular by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving languages not regular by using
+the pumping lemma or closure properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma or closure properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping lemma or closure properties
+and lastly we introduced context-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly we introduced context-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly we introduced context-free
+grammars and we're going to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars and we're going to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars and we're going to see more
+about those on thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those on thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those on thursday
+so with that i think we're out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that i think we're out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that i think we're out of time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+other thank you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thank you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thank you for the
+notes of appreciation and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes of appreciation and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes of appreciation and um
+i will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will um
+i think we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're gonna
+end here um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here um and uh
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+um on thursday if not before
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Kfe5XlHX64E.txt b/Kfe5XlHX64E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5f950285690d2cea6089366d40b8cf63a78f9ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Kfe5XlHX64E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8663 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um we're going to uh go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we're going to uh go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we're going to uh go through a
+little bit um a topic that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um a topic that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um a topic that you've
+unlocked now with the end of problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked now with the end of problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked now with the end of problem set
+three uh which wasn't totally wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh which wasn't totally wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh which wasn't totally wasn't
+officially locked but we didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially locked but we didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially locked but we didn't really
+talk about it and that's stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it and that's stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it and that's stream
+filtering so let me put this down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so let me put this down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so let me put this down and
+let's do a little bit of Jupiter work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a little bit of Jupiter work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a little bit of Jupiter work so
+go ahead and get get yourself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and get get yourself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and get get yourself um
+situated in that give you second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two I and I think I saw scores generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I and I think I saw scores generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I and I think I saw scores generated
+in text um for everybody um there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text um for everybody um there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text um for everybody um there was a
+great question on the list what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question on the list what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question on the list what do you
+do if you're score if you're not yet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you're score if you're not yet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you're score if you're not yet on
+Version 9 which none of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Version 9 which none of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Version 9 which none of us are
+um and you want to see more the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you want to see more the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you want to see more the score
+you can do showmusic xml. PDF and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do showmusic xml. PDF and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do showmusic xml. PDF and if you
+have M score that will um that will open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M score that will um that will open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M score that will um that will open
+um that'll automatically generate you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that'll automatically generate you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that'll automatically generate you a
+PDF of more than just the first page you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of more than just the first page you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of more than just the first page you
+can also just um do show. music show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also just um do show. music show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also just um do show. music show
+musicxml sorry those should be straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicxml sorry those should be straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicxml sorry those should be straight
+quotes I'm just used to putting them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes I'm just used to putting them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes I'm just used to putting them as
+curly quotes you all know that right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly quotes you all know that right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly quotes you all know that right um
+and that will just open it in your U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will just open it in your U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will just open it in your U
+favorite notation editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite notation editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite notation editor
+great um so let's get started let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so let's get started let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so let's get started let's
+um let's not load our favorite bakal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's not load our favorite bakal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's not load our favorite bakal but
+let's load our new favorite piece by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's load our new favorite piece by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's load our new favorite piece by um
+a Boston based composer Amy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Boston based composer Amy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Boston based composer Amy
+Beach and it's um a piece for you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beach and it's um a piece for you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beach and it's um a piece for you see I
+even start typing Bach it makes life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start typing Bach it makes life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start typing Bach it makes life
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ah um when I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah um when I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah um when I'm not
+teaching in the semester I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in the semester I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in the semester I have
+um let's import start all right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's import start all right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's import start all right now so
+we don't have to remember everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to remember everything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to remember everything but
+not every module is unlocked yet usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every module is unlocked yet usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every module is unlocked yet usually
+when I'm not teaching class I make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not teaching class I make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not teaching class I make it so
+that that's automatically imported for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's automatically imported for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's automatically imported for
+me you um so I don't have to type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you um so I don't have to type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you um so I don't have to type that
+so if you see me make that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you see me make that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you see me make that mistake
+that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+um we'll just start by looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll just start by looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll just start by looking at this
+piece and it has a similar structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it has a similar structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and it has a similar structure to
+the piece that we have been doing o we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that we have been doing o we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that we have been doing o we
+have some layout errors today on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some layout errors today on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some layout errors today on my
+thing but uh it's piece called prayer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but uh it's piece called prayer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but uh it's piece called prayer of
+a tired child for four-part uh chorus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tired child for four-part uh chorus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tired child for four-part uh chorus of
+women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's
+voices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and see that the four parts are soprano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that the four parts are soprano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that the four parts are soprano
+1 soprano 2 Alto 1 Alto 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 soprano 2 Alto 1 Alto 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 soprano 2 Alto 1 Alto 2 and then
+there's a fifth part the piano and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fifth part the piano and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fifth part the piano and the
+piano part has well we'll we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano part has well we'll we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano part has well we'll we'll see what
+it what it is in just a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what it is in just a bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what it is in just a bit um
+so how would we get this um soprano 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we get this um soprano 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we get this um soprano 2
+part what do we want to do you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what do we want to do you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what do we want to do you all have
+been gotten pretty good at at manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filtering so beach. something actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so beach. something actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so beach. something actually
+talk talk with your talk with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk with your talk with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk with your talk with your
+neighbors a little bit about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors a little bit about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors a little bit about that we
+have some odd number neighbors and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some odd number neighbors and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some odd number neighbors and try
+to try to talk through what you do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to talk through what you do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to talk through what you do it's
+more important that you can talk can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that you can talk can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important that you can talk can
+explain things then do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantly you want to get the um soprano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly you want to get the um soprano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly you want to get the um soprano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so good good one way if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so good good one way if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so good good one way if you if you
+find one way keep going for another or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one way keep going for another or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one way keep going for another or
+two until we get it there's about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two until we get it there's about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two until we get it there's about five
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here everybody give a thumbs up if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody give a thumbs up if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody give a thumbs up if you
+think you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know how to do
+it if not keep talking with is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if not keep talking with is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if not keep talking with is that
+almost that's almost Universal thumbs up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost that's almost Universal thumbs up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost that's almost Universal thumbs up
+Jonathan was that a thumbs up yep good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan was that a thumbs up yep good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan was that a thumbs up yep good
+okay great um let's see uh Jordan what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great um let's see uh Jordan what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great um let's see uh Jordan what
+how would you do it dot parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it dot parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it dot parts and
+brackets for one brackets for one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets for one brackets for one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets for one brackets for one good
+so we've already started with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already started with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already started with one of the
+things on today uh this was in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on today uh this was in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on today uh this was in one of
+the users guide thing dot Parts is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users guide thing dot Parts is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users guide thing dot Parts is a
+kind of filter that filters out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filter that filters out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filter that filters out
+everything that is not a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is not a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is not a part
+object and so this will let you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and so this will let you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and so this will let you find
+things good what's another way we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it somebody else uh who have I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody else uh who have I've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody else uh who have I've not
+been calling on so much Derek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling on so much Derek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling on so much Derek
+I think you can like put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you can like put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you can like put in
+quotes as the like the index uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes as the like the index uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes as the like the index uh for the
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Parts oops sometimes that autocomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts oops sometimes that autocomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts oops sometimes that autocomplete
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helpful oops what do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what am I looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what am I looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what am I looking
+for somebody help soprano two yep great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody help soprano two yep great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody help soprano two yep great
+so he has to be exact does not grab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has to be exact does not grab the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has to be exact does not grab the
+first one that kind of makes that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that kind of makes that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that kind of makes that good
+what's another way somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else Vanessa the first one you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Vanessa the first one you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Vanessa the first one you did the
+first one great Matthew get element by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one great Matthew get element by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one great Matthew get element by
+ID good get element by ID soprano 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID good get element by ID soprano 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID good get element by ID soprano 2
+that's helpful if you don't know um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's helpful if you don't know um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's helpful if you don't know um well
+for instance uh well not piano piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh well not piano piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh well not piano piano
+let's try that um part do get element by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that um part do get element by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that um part do get element by
+ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID
+piano you actually get nothing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano you actually get nothing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano you actually get nothing in that
+case they'll we'll see that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they'll we'll see that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they'll we'll see that there's some
+interesting things when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things when it comes to
+piano um let's let's do this for p in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano um let's let's do this for p in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano um let's let's do this for p in
+beach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach.
+Parts print p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can actually see a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually see a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually see a couple things
+here one is that the piano is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is that the piano is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is that the piano is
+represented by two of something called A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by two of something called A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by two of something called A
+Part staff that are separate parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part staff that are separate parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part staff that are separate parts in
+the ontology of Music 21 in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ontology of Music 21 in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ontology of Music 21 in a lot of
+other systems they are the same part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems they are the same part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems they are the same part and
+they're two staves within a part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two staves within a part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two staves within a part and
+every one of these representation things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these representation things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these representation things
+has huge drawbacks to them and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has huge drawbacks to them and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has huge drawbacks to them and when
+somebody comes up with a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody comes up with a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody comes up with a representation
+for piano music that does not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for piano music that does not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for piano music that does not have the
+drawback um you can please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawback um you can please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawback um you can please please
+publish that and you will make the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish that and you will make the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish that and you will make the world
+so happy because everything is fine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy because everything is fine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy because everything is fine with
+treating a piano as two parts let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a piano as two parts let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a piano as two parts let's say
+it's in 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as two separate parts as long as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as two separate parts as long as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as two separate parts as long as I'm
+try should try to make this at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try should try to make this at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try should try to make this at least
+vaguely consonant um as as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely consonant um as as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely consonant um as as long as you
+do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like
+this it's when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing that should go up shouldn't it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that should go up shouldn't it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that should go up shouldn't it do
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stemming that you have the problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stemming that you have the problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stemming that you have the problem right
+that suddenly a musical melody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suddenly a musical melody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suddenly a musical melody that
+starts in one part continues into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in one part continues into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in one part continues into
+another part does your ontology allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part does your ontology allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part does your ontology allow
+for beams to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beams to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beams to cross
+Parts well you I I never you asked me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts well you I I never you asked me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts well you I I never you asked me to
+create an ontology for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an ontology for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an ontology for something that
+wasn't Western classical music I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't Western classical music I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't Western classical music I have no
+ontology for yeah but this is this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology for yeah but this is this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology for yeah but this is this ends
+up being uh one of the main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being uh one of the main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being uh one of the main things
+whenever somebody says they've created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever somebody says they've created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever somebody says they've created a
+new way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of
+representing um classical music thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing um classical music thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing um classical music thing I
+always do because I'm a smart alec and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do because I'm a smart alec and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do because I'm a smart alec and
+if you want to be a smart alec just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be a smart alec just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be a smart alec just
+always go up to that person who's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go up to that person who's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go up to that person who's like
+oh I have a mtip just ask them how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have a mtip just ask them how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have a mtip just ask them how do
+you do cross staff beams in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do cross staff beams in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do cross staff beams in your
+ontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology
+and they go well we haven't gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go well we haven't gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go well we haven't gotten to
+that this is like the this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is like the this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is like the this is the first
+thing that almost every ontology should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that almost every ontology should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that almost every ontology should
+start with how do we represent cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with how do we represent cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with how do we represent cross
+staff beams if you figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff beams if you figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff beams if you figured out how to
+represent cross staff beams or or chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cross staff beams or or chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cross staff beams or or chords
+that span what would be a good chord on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that span what would be a good chord on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that span what would be a good chord on
+this uh I guess we're in first inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I guess we're in first inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I guess we're in first inversion
+Here chords that span multiple staves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here chords that span multiple staves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here chords that span multiple staves
+it'll figure it out the music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll figure it out the music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll figure it out the music 21
+ontology on this is uh it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology on this is uh it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology on this is uh it's really not
+what it should be on the other hand when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be on the other hand when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be on the other hand when
+you represent everything as one staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you represent everything as one staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you represent everything as one staff
+and you have to say Okay well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to say Okay well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to say Okay well this is a
+note on staff one this is a note on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on staff one this is a note on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on staff one this is a note on
+staff two then your sort of left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff two then your sort of left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff two then your sort of left to
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+parser ends up failing quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser ends up failing quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser ends up failing quite a bit
+because you go left to right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you go left to right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you go left to right and then
+you say okay now let's jump backwards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay now let's jump backwards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay now let's jump backwards a
+bit and um when you have some sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and um when you have some sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and um when you have some sort of an
+array some sort of a sequence of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array some sort of a sequence of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array some sort of a sequence of objects
+that go all in a row but then sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go all in a row but then sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go all in a row but then sometimes
+jump backwards and fill things in uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump backwards and fill things in uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump backwards and fill things in uh I
+guarantee you you will be managing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you you will be managing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you you will be managing what
+we call cursor hell for the rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call cursor hell for the rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call cursor hell for the rest of your
+life trying to figure out where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to figure out where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to figure out where you are
+left to right and how if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and how if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and how if you're thinking
+about uh your Big O algorithmic notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh your Big O algorithmic notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh your Big O algorithmic notation
+um you know how how can we simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how how can we simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how how can we simplify
+things how can we make walking through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how can we make walking through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how can we make walking through a
+score uh be o of n or how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score uh be o of n or how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score uh be o of n or how can we
+do if if we do guess a number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if if we do guess a number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if if we do guess a number between
+one and one 100 and I tell you higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one 100 and I tell you higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one 100 and I tell you higher or
+lower what's the uh Big O we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower what's the uh Big O we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower what's the uh Big O we're talking
+about log log n good good yeah some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about log log n good good yeah some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about log log n good good yeah some
+things M does really really well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things M does really really well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things M does really really well with
+this is great A lot of things I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great A lot of things I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great A lot of things I might as
+well yeah so you all know log n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so you all know log n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so you all know log n well
+what happens to your log 10 log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to your log 10 log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to your log 10 log n
+guessing if you have an array of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing if you have an array of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing if you have an array of things
+that go 0 1 2 5 11 14 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go 0 1 2 5 11 14 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go 0 1 2 5 11 14 8
+2 suddenly what are we back to to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 suddenly what are we back to to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 suddenly what are we back to to find
+any element in something o of and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any element in something o of and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any element in something o of and you
+have to look at every element so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at every element so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at every element so you
+can't know where something is yes Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know where something is yes Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know where something is yes Adam
+you were reciting the Cal numbers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were reciting the Cal numbers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were reciting the Cal numbers for a
+bit I think I was yes but but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think I was yes but but something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think I was yes but but something
+something we we will get to later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we we will get to later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we we will get to later in the
+class the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the strong
+law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+numbers you can look at this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can look at this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can look at this up
+somewhere it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it is the
+number numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number numbers
+numbers it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it is
+one of the biggest mistakes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest mistakes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest mistakes with
+computational work in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work in any
+non-computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-computational
+non-traditionally computational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditionally computational field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditionally computational field
+like musicology and that is to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like musicology and that is to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like musicology and that is to say you
+don't have to look it up now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to look it up now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to look it up now you can
+look at it later basically there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it later basically there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it later basically there aren't
+enough small numbers for all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough small numbers for all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough small numbers for all the things
+that you want so anytime you're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want so anytime you're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want so anytime you're giving
+out small numbers there's almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out small numbers there's almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out small numbers there's almost always
+going to be a pattern it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pattern it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pattern it's going to be
+Catalin numbers it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalin numbers it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalin numbers it's going to be
+Fibonacci numbers and people always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers and people always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers and people always find
+patterns in all these um these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in all these um these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in all these um these things
+okay that was degression on a degression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was degression on a degression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was degression on a degression
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on a slight degression so we'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slight degression so we'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slight degression so we'll go back
+to the main thing which is finding Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main thing which is finding Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main thing which is finding Parts
+in here good so we have a way of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here good so we have a way of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here good so we have a way of going
+through and finding interesting Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and finding interesting Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and finding interesting Parts
+I'm going to turn this off sorry so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn this off sorry so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn this off sorry so we
+can see better is that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see better is that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see better is that a little bit
+better yeah good okay great so um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yeah good okay great so um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yeah good okay great so um we can
+figure out all the parts some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out all the parts some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out all the parts some of the
+other things you can do it for for thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you can do it for for thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you can do it for for thing
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+beach. recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. recurse
+if is instance help me I'm going start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is instance help me I'm going start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is instance help me I'm going start
+with this if is instance be my GitHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if is instance be my GitHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if is instance be my GitHub
+autop pilot I've typed this oh good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autop pilot I've typed this oh good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autop pilot I've typed this oh good good
+some people have played with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have played with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have played with with this
+if is instance thing thing comma what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is instance thing thing comma what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is instance thing thing comma what
+what are we looking for stream stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking for stream stream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking for stream stream.
+part if um well we can say here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if um well we can say here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if um well we can say here we can
+start with this part num equal 0 do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this part num equal 0 do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this part num equal 0 do we
+want to do NE one we'll say negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do NE one we'll say negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do NE one we'll say negative 1
+um part num equal 1 uh here we we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part num equal 1 uh here we we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part num equal 1 uh here we we'll say
+soprano 2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soprano 2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soprano 2 equals
+none part n not equals one plus equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none part n not equals one plus equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none part n not equals one plus equals 1
+If part num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If part num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If part num
+equals so we start with negative 1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so we start with negative 1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so we start with negative 1 so we
+get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+one um soprano 2 equals thing and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um soprano 2 equals thing and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um soprano 2 equals thing and let's
+see if that works coding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that works coding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that works coding on the
+Fly okay good I can still do that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly okay good I can still do that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fly okay good I can still do that that's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+really really brutally awful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really brutally awful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really brutally awful way of
+doing it right but you can can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right but you can can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right but you can can do it
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so there's one other way that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's one other way that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's one other way that I'm
+going to get you and why did I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you and why did I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you and why did I come back
+to the recurse way of of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the recurse way of of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the recurse way of of doing this
+because there is one particular shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is one particular shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is one particular shortcut
+that you're going to find very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to find very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to find very useful
+um and that is so we so Beach index you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is so we so Beach index you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is so we so Beach index you
+know this one right index zero oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one right index zero oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one right index zero oh this
+one uh for those of you who just assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for those of you who just assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for those of you who just assumed
+that everything starts with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything starts with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything starts with a lot of
+things we have a whole bunch of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have a whole bunch of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have a whole bunch of text
+boxes what happens around 10 we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes what happens around 10 we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes what happens around 10 we're still
+doing text boxes which appear somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing text boxes which appear somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing text boxes which appear somewhere
+on oh there we go part 19 is soprano too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh there we go part 19 is soprano too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh there we go part 19 is soprano too
+but here's another way that we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another way that we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another way that we can start
+getting two parts this is exact um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two parts this is exact um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two parts this is exact um a
+little bit different we have but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different we have but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different we have but instead
+of putting a number in there we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting a number in there we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting a number in there we can put
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class and that lets us go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that lets us go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that lets us go through
+everything so we can say for p in Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we can say for p in Beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we can say for p in Beach
+stream. part print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and that will be one of your simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and that will be one of your simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and that will be one of your simplest
+ways of going through things for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of going through things for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of going through things for um for
+instance for our in stream uh Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for our in stream uh Beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for our in stream uh Beach
+sorry I should scroll down a bit Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I should scroll down a bit Beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I should scroll down a bit Beach
+note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note.
+rest print R and now you can see quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest print R and now you can see quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest print R and now you can see quickly
+get a sense of what durations are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what durations are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what durations are used
+in every rest in the piece sorry I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every rest in the piece sorry I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every rest in the piece sorry I'm not
+going to scroll down because people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scroll down because people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scroll down because people want
+to see that give you a chance to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that give you a chance to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that give you a chance to catch
+up and see what are some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and see what are some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and see what are some of your
+favorite um things does the piece have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite um things does the piece have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite um things does the piece have
+any cleft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes actually let's just not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes actually let's just not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes actually let's just not say
+cleft Chang does it have any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleft Chang does it have any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleft Chang does it have any time
+signature changes so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature changes so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature changes so let's see if we can
+how quickly you can have the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can have the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can have the computer
+figure out does this piece change time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out does this piece change time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out does this piece change time
+signature have any no are there any cff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature have any no are there any cff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature have any no are there any cff
+changes let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes let's try
+that I'll code one behind you I'll code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll code one behind you I'll code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll code one behind you I'll code
+doesn't have any time C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes in case you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this what do we think about CFT changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do we think about CFT changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do we think about CFT changes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+no no we got yes we got yes ready got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we got yes we got yes ready got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we got yes we got yes ready got
+yes it does have some Cliff changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does have some Cliff changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does have some Cliff changes
+so shall you do the same I'll get let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shall you do the same I'll get let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shall you do the same I'll get let
+people have a little bit more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a little bit more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a little bit more and then
+we'll let um we'll let a yes give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let um we'll let a yes give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let um we'll let a yes give me the
+code for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay I talking who uh yes Jason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay I talking who uh yes Jason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay I talking who uh yes Jason you
+were you yes or yeah so what should I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you yes or yeah so what should I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you yes or yeah so what should I be
+typing uh for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing uh for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing uh for.
+recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse
+recurse if is is instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse if is is instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse if is is instant
+okay let's let's go to the new new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's go to the new new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's go to the new new thing
+instead of if is instance what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of if is instance what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of if is instance what do you
+want to do instead of that you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do instead of that you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do instead of that you're you're
+on the right track but now we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track but now we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track but now we have a new
+way of doing it so this is a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it so this is a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it so this is a shortcut
+for recurse and things Jonathan c. cf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for recurse and things Jonathan c. cf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for recurse and things Jonathan c. cf.
+cleff yeah so it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff yeah so it's basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff yeah so it's basically the same
+thing and um oh here is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and um oh here is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and um oh here is something that
+came up in a couple things now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up in a couple things now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up in a couple things now I know
+it's going to be a cleff so maybe thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a cleff so maybe thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a cleff so maybe thing
+isn't the best thing best so that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the best thing best so that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the best thing best so that do you
+like that no this this comes up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that no this this comes up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that no this this comes up a lot
+what um Adam doesn't like it somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um Adam doesn't like it somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um Adam doesn't like it somebody
+else not who not anybody else not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else not who not anybody else not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else not who not anybody else not like
+this yeah Paul what do you not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah Paul what do you not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah Paul what do you not like
+about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because
+it's because C is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because C is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because C is part of the
+music yeah because cleff is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music yeah because cleff is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music yeah because cleff is part of the
+music 21 input um some people who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 input um some people who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 input um some people who uh
+hate that I recommend um uh importing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate that I recommend um uh importing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate that I recommend um uh importing
+all of music 21 so you could do this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of music 21 so you could do this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of music 21 so you could do this if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+wanted and then clef is only referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and then clef is only referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and then clef is only referenced
+with a what do you call it with a prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a what do you call it with a prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a what do you call it with a prefix
+of Music 21 and some people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music 21 and some people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music 21 and some people really
+insist on that uh you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on that uh you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on that uh you might have a
+friend who talks about don't pollute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who talks about don't pollute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who talks about don't pollute
+your name Space by things you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name Space by things you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name Space by things you don't know
+um which is can be pretty good advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is can be pretty good advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is can be pretty good advice
+but yeah you can do that um so so thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can do that um so so thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can do that um so so thing
+is not bad I sometimes do um leave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bad I sometimes do um leave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bad I sometimes do um leave off
+the vowel um some people don't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel um some people don't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel um some people don't like that
+uh somebody in pet 3 did a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody in pet 3 did a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody in pet 3 did a lot of this
+with Note putting an underscore after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Note putting an underscore after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Note putting an underscore after
+afterwards that's a pretty good um thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards that's a pretty good um thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards that's a pretty good um thing
+the other thing I will often do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I will often do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I will often do is just
+use the first letter um even though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the first letter um even though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the first letter um even though I
+usually like verbose things if I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like verbose things if I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like verbose things if I'm going
+to do that so okay um and uh Jason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so okay um and uh Jason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so okay um and uh Jason or
+Jonathan whoever was starting wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan whoever was starting wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan whoever was starting wants to
+go next priny is that what you did or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go next priny is that what you did or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go next priny is that what you did or
+yep right I'm going through well and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep right I'm going through well and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep right I'm going through well and we
+have a CL change so cluff change anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CL change so cluff change anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CL change so cluff change anybody
+object Angelica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object Angelica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object Angelica
+go Adam has a but yeah Vincent um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Adam has a but yeah Vincent um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Adam has a but yeah Vincent um I
+think I tried that at first but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I tried that at first but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I tried that at first but I didn't
+really know if like the base Cut Thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know if like the base Cut Thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know if like the base Cut Thing
+belong to like the Chanel part never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to like the Chanel part never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to like the Chanel part never
+changed and so maybe like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so maybe like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so maybe like you could
+probably print out the part and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably print out the part and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably print out the part and then the
+C that it corresponds to oh okay within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that it corresponds to oh okay within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that it corresponds to oh okay within
+the part good so what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part good so what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part good so what we could
+do let's see how how can we get the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's see how how can we get the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's see how how can we get the part
+name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on
+this for yeah good I just have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for yeah good I just have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for yeah good I just have another
+fold before that that in the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold before that that in the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold before that that in the parts
+repeat and Beach and now we'll um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and Beach and now we'll um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and Beach and now we'll um so the
+diff Difference by the way dot Parts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff Difference by the way dot Parts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff Difference by the way dot Parts is
+not recursive but we're hopefully the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recursive but we're hopefully the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recursive but we're hopefully the
+parts are at the topmost level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are at the topmost level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are at the topmost level of the
+score so it doesn't matter we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so it doesn't matter we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so it doesn't matter we could do
+either way yep and then for print P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way yep and then for print P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way yep and then for print P
+maybe print P actually I usually like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe print P actually I usually like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe print P actually I usually like to
+do something like this when I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this when I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this when I have an
+outer loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop
+oops then we'll do for C in Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then we'll do for C in Beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then we'll do for C in Beach
+C.C print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C what did I do wrong recursing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what did I do wrong recursing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what did I do wrong recursing I'm
+recursing and Beach what should I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing and Beach what should I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing and Beach what should I be
+doing P cl. cluff good don't um in no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing P cl. cluff good don't um in no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing P cl. cluff good don't um in no in
+any life don't let me make a fool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any life don't let me make a fool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any life don't let me make a fool of
+myself especially not when we're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself especially not when we're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself especially not when we're when
+we're filming this class so yeah call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're filming this class so yeah call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're filming this class so yeah call me
+out when I do something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I do something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I do something like that but
+great so now we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+oh so there are there actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so there are there actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so there are there actually is a
+cluff change but not in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluff change but not in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluff change but not in one of the
+voices I was thinking none the voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices I was thinking none the voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices I was thinking none the voices
+did but the piano part does change CLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the piano part does change CLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the piano part does change CLS
+here's another way we can um we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another way we can um we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another way we can um we can do
+this I'm going to be unlocking some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to be unlocking some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to be unlocking some nice
+stream things for this we can just skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream things for this we can just skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream things for this we can just skip
+that outer loop for C you can just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outer loop for C you can just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outer loop for C you can just keep
+going and um doing things for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and um doing things for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and um doing things for in
+Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C.C let's do this print C comma I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C.C let's do this print C comma I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C.C let's do this print C comma I'll let
+everybody get caught up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that c. get context by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c. get context by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c. get context by
+Class stream. part and make sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class stream. part and make sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class stream. part and make sure to
+close your second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your second
+parenthesis so this is a way of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis so this is a way of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis so this is a way of moving
+upward in a hierarchy to try to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward in a hierarchy to try to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward in a hierarchy to try to get what
+the most recent part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is same type of information but maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is same type of information but maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is same type of information but maybe a
+little bit easier for your computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for your computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for your computer to
+parse what what should we do if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse what what should we do if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse what what should we do if we want
+to know bless you uh where that uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know bless you uh where that uh base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know bless you uh where that uh base
+cluff change takes place let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluff change takes place let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluff change takes place let's assume
+it's like vogner's loow grin we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like vogner's loow grin we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like vogner's loow grin we want to
+switch the whole thing yeah you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the whole thing yeah you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the whole thing yeah you can get
+jet context by class for stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet context by class for stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet context by class for stream
+measuring great so I'm going to cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring great so I'm going to cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring great so I'm going to cut and
+paste cuz uh we don't want to spend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste cuz uh we don't want to spend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste cuz uh we don't want to spend this
+whole class watching me make um make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class watching me make um make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class watching me make um make
+typos context by class stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos context by class stream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos context by class stream.
+measure it's a lot of things when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it's a lot of things when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it's a lot of things when you're
+zoomed in you don't get very much maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed in you don't get very much maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed in you don't get very much maybe
+I should print that in separate lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should print that in separate lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should print that in separate lines
+but I want to look at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to look at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to look at the bottom
+one measure 29 off set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure 29 off set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure 29 off set
+112 uh here's a trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112 uh here's a trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112 uh here's a trick that
+um that I explained at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I explained at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I explained at the beginning of
+this class I'll open it up in a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I'll open it up in a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I'll open it up in a PDF
+reader um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and hopefully this one has measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this one has measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this one has measure
+numbers defined yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+112 no 29 29 there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally there what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there what is
+that give me some ideas what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give me some ideas what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give me some ideas what what's the
+piece scored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for what what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what what are the what are the
+instruments in this women's course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in this women's course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in this women's course and
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+piano what are you going to guess unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano what are you going to guess unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano what are you going to guess unless
+uh Amy Beach likes to use 20 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amy Beach likes to use 20 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amy Beach likes to use 20 million
+Ledger lines there's something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger lines there's something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger lines there's something about the
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+peace about the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part that's M it's like pretty high up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's M it's like pretty high up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's M it's like pretty high up
+yeah so it's up with the voices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's up with the voices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's up with the voices the
+whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time
+until right at the very end and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right at the very end and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right at the very end and so you
+can probably take a guess that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably take a guess that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably take a guess that something
+dramatically changes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changes at the
+end and it doesn't just go down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and it doesn't just go down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and it doesn't just go down because
+well we're a tiny bit where where's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're a tiny bit where where's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're a tiny bit where where's that
+note we're a tiny bit too low for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we're a tiny bit too low for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we're a tiny bit too low for
+trouble cff so we're going to drop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble cff so we're going to drop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble cff so we're going to drop down
+into Bas clo no no we get very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Bas clo no no we get very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Bas clo no no we get very very low
+again um so you could think about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so you could think about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so you could think about it you
+know immediately you could kind of ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately you could kind of ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately you could kind of ask
+what are pieces that have a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are pieces that have a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are pieces that have a dramatic
+change in range only at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in range only at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in range only at the very
+end anytime you see something like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end anytime you see something like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end anytime you see something like like
+this always be thinking of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always be thinking of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always be thinking of what are the
+next three questions you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three questions you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three questions you can go from
+here so this is um pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is um pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is um pretty interesting
+type of research problem that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of research problem that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of research problem that becomes
+faster to find with the computer um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to find with the computer um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to find with the computer um we
+could also you all know how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also you all know how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also you all know how to find the
+highest or the lowest note in a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest or the lowest note in a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest or the lowest note in a part
+right yeah okay you're all you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay you're all you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay you're all you're all
+experts at that now after problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts at that now after problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts at that now after problem set
+three so um we can figure out this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so um we can figure out this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so um we can figure out this um
+thing from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from from
+here uh I by the way given the um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I by the way given the um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I by the way given the um let's
+let's look at the beginning and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the beginning and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the beginning and stuff
+and is there anything always take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there anything always take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there anything always take a
+second when you have a new piece I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second when you have a new piece I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second when you have a new piece I
+should um there isn't a good recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um there isn't a good recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um there isn't a good recording
+of this piece if anybody sings in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this piece if anybody sings in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this piece if anybody sings in a
+four-part women's choir um or AC capella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-part women's choir um or AC capella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-part women's choir um or AC capella
+group that could do it it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that could do it it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that could do it it would be
+really nice to get a good recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to get a good recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to get a good recording of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but what is where where is the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is where where is the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is where where is the interest
+in this piece is in Soprano 1 soprano 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this piece is in Soprano 1 soprano 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this piece is in Soprano 1 soprano 2
+Alto one or Alto 2 or more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto one or Alto 2 or more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto one or Alto 2 or more than one
+place Adams will give other people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Adams will give other people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Adams will give other people just
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time Adam where do you think interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Adam where do you think interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Adam where do you think interest is
+the middle two the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle two the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle two the middle
+two who uh we we asked this before who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who uh we we asked this before who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who uh we we asked this before who
+who sings Al um a middle voice an alto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sings Al um a middle voice an alto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sings Al um a middle voice an alto
+me of soprano uh tener voice and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of soprano uh tener voice and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of soprano uh tener voice and some
+people how often is that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how often is that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how often is that the most
+interesting part in the piece almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part in the piece almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part in the piece almost
+never Almost Never ever okay so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never Almost Never ever okay so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never Almost Never ever okay so either
+um either Amy Beach is very very kind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either Amy Beach is very very kind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either Amy Beach is very very kind to
+Middle voiced people or um there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle voiced people or um there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle voiced people or um there might
+be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another
+reason what's the name of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason what's the name of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason what's the name of this
+piece told you a little bit ago you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece told you a little bit ago you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece told you a little bit ago you have
+it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on your
+computer see if see how much that sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer see if see how much that sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer see if see how much that sticks
+in when we're doing these kind of Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we're doing these kind of Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we're doing these kind of Corpus
+analysis I'm going to give it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm going to give it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm going to give it back to
+you in a second when we given one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a second when we given one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a second when we given one of
+these Corpus analyses try to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Corpus analyses try to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Corpus analyses try to think of
+what kinds of questions you might answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions you might answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions you might answer
+based on thing what's the prayer of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on thing what's the prayer of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on thing what's the prayer of a
+tired child how do you think I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired child how do you think I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired child how do you think I don't
+know why the layout's so bad today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why the layout's so bad today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why the layout's so bad today but
+uh I think there might be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there might be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there might be any
+connection of the title to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opening just spread around I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see well first what what makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well first what what makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well first what what makes it a
+prayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah starting with our father starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah starting with our father starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah starting with our father starting
+with our father yeah depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our father yeah depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our father yeah depending on your
+religious tradition that that's a uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious tradition that that's a uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious tradition that that's a uh for
+some Christians that can be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Christians that can be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Christians that can be a pretty
+standard thing what makes it do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing what makes it do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing what makes it do you
+think the um prayer of a tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child okay good call on somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child okay good call on somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child okay good call on somebody else
+let's put somebody else else on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put somebody else else on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put somebody else else on the
+spot Vanessa what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tired Tire okay so the Texs definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired Tire okay so the Texs definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired Tire okay so the Texs definitely
+good good always go go with that uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good always go go with that uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good always go go with that uh yeah
+you I think it's of how soft it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think it's of how soft it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think it's of how soft it starts
+out so it's definitely soft yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's definitely soft yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's definitely soft yeah so we
+want to do that good anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that good anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that good anything
+else pie Jonathan I me two the part just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else pie Jonathan I me two the part just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else pie Jonathan I me two the part just
+the samee over right so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samee over right so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samee over right so what does that
+what might that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might that have to do with
+tiredness I mean you're just not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiredness I mean you're just not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiredness I mean you're just not moving
+you're just not moving you're yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just not moving you're yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just not moving you're yeah
+you're you're either not moving because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're either not moving because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're either not moving because
+you're you're falling asleep or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're falling asleep or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're falling asleep or you're
+not moving because you're you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving because you're you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving because you're you don't have
+the energy to move up or down so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to move up or down so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to move up or down so this is
+one of the things you can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can start thinking
+about how is uh how in a text can uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how is uh how in a text can uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how is uh how in a text can uh how
+might the text have something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the text have something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the text have something to do with
+the amount of motion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of motion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of motion in a
+piece um so you know we can look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um so you know we can look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um so you know we can look at that
+and then finally finally um you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally finally um you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally finally um you measure
+four they finally get to move and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four they finally get to move and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four they finally get to move and which
+direction does the soprano 1 move when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does the soprano 1 move when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does the soprano 1 move when
+it finally gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally gets to
+move down okay so so these are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down okay so so these are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down okay so so these are some of
+the things that you guys were putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you guys were putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you guys were putting in
+your questions on the bach Corrals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions on the bach Corrals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions on the bach Corrals um
+that can apply to other pieces not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can apply to other pieces not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can apply to other pieces not just
+by Bach by the way how long yeah then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bach by the way how long yeah then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bach by the way how long yeah then
+when the lowest voice I always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lowest voice I always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lowest voice I always want to
+say Bas but uh Alto 2 moves where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Bas but uh Alto 2 moves where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Bas but uh Alto 2 moves where does
+it finally go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally go down
+also great so um some of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also great so um some of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also great so um some of the things we
+can do with this now let's get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with this now let's get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with this now let's get back to
+filtering back to the piece um let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering back to the piece um let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering back to the piece um let's say
+we want to see this um measure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see this um measure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see this um measure here
+let's grab the entire context for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's grab the entire context for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's grab the entire context for um for
+where this happens and just show show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this happens and just show show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this happens and just show show it
+so what we can do is we can do Beach do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is we can do Beach do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is we can do Beach do
+measures let's say 28 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doow hopefully I got the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so everything gets cleaned up when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so everything gets cleaned up when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so everything gets cleaned up when I
+don't show the the beginning um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the the beginning um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the the beginning um so you
+can get another one of these commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get another one of these commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get another one of these commonly
+used filters is the measures thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used filters is the measures thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used filters is the measures thing now
+um I don't know if this was a mistake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if this was a mistake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if this was a mistake in
+ont ology or not but decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ont ology or not but decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ont ology or not but decided that
+measures will um be based on how um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures will um be based on how um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures will um be based on how um how
+a musician thinks of them so 28 to 30 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician thinks of them so 28 to 30 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician thinks of them so 28 to 30 is
+28 measure number 28 to measure number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 measure number 28 to measure number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 measure number 28 to measure number
+30 inclusive um so some of you guys saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 inclusive um so some of you guys saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 inclusive um so some of you guys saw
+this what are some things that can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are some things that can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are some things that can cause
+the number of let's say bar lines um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of let's say bar lines um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of let's say bar lines um
+minus one uh to be not the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one uh to be not the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one uh to be not the same as the
+number as the the meas the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as the the meas the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as the the meas the measure
+number the highest measure what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the highest measure what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the highest measure what are some
+some things that might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that might look like
+measures that don't get counted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that don't get counted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that don't get counted as
+measure numbers in your experience yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure numbers in your experience yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure numbers in your experience yep
+Vanessa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa
+pickups great pickups did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickups great pickups did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickups great pickups did you have
+another one that you're saying no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you're saying no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you're saying no good
+anybody else think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something ah if you have a Koda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ah if you have a Koda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ah if you have a Koda or
+repeat and then you expand the repeat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and then you expand the repeat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and then you expand the repeat we
+tend to call that like measure 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to call that like measure 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to call that like measure 1 2 3 4
+five well we'll say six cuz you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five well we'll say six cuz you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five well we'll say six cuz you usually
+repeat even numbered measures and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat even numbered measures and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat even numbered measures and then
+you repeat it we sometimes call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat it we sometimes call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat it we sometimes call that
+like 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a the measure
+after 6 is usually seven it is not 13 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 6 is usually seven it is not 13 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 6 is usually seven it is not 13 if
+you repeat right we don't count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat right we don't count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat right we don't count that
+here's another commonly encountered one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another commonly encountered one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another commonly encountered one
+especially seems to happen in 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here we'll sorry let me start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we'll sorry let me start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we'll sorry let me start that
+again pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure anyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure anyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure anyone see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Etc where you have a incomplete measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc where you have a incomplete measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc where you have a incomplete measure
+a repeat sign and then you begin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat sign and then you begin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat sign and then you begin the
+pickup again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup again
+afterwards generally we'd call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards generally we'd call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards generally we'd call this
+measure one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure one 2
+3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four
+five but most computer representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but most computer representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but most computer representations
+will represent this as a measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent this as a measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent this as a measure and
+this as a measure that are both part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a measure that are both part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a measure that are both part of
+the same conceptual measure um why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same conceptual measure um why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same conceptual measure um why it's
+easier sometimes to to only look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier sometimes to to only look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier sometimes to to only look for
+repeat signs at the ends of measures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat signs at the ends of measures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat signs at the ends of measures and
+not have to look through between every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to look through between every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to look through between every
+note to see if there's a repeat sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to see if there's a repeat sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to see if there's a repeat sign so
+those are some of the reasons it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are some of the reasons it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are some of the reasons it might
+uh call off so here's how we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call off so here's how we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call off so here's how we can do it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way um another thing that you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um another thing that you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um another thing that you'll find
+quite often uh and it said what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often uh and it said what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often uh and it said what the
+offset of that offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of that offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of that offset
+112 we could say um well piano right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112 we could say um well piano right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112 we could say um well piano right uh
+yeah left hand equals beach. Parts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah left hand equals beach. Parts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah left hand equals beach. Parts the
+final part and then um Pian left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final part and then um Pian left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final part and then um Pian left hand
+get Elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by
+offset uh what do we say one time oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh what do we say one time oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset uh what do we say one time oh
+let's let's grab a little bit of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's grab a little bit of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's grab a little bit of context
+100 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+150 oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 oops
+and want to cast that into like a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to cast that into like a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to cast that into like a list
+or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like
+that and so that lets you get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that lets you get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that lets you get things
+from um from within a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from within a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from within a smaller
+area you'll find there is also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you'll find there is also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area you'll find there is also because
+get Elements by offset is not recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by offset is not recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by offset is not recursive
+there is a recursive version get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recursive version get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recursive version get
+Elements by offset in hierarchy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by offset in hierarchy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by offset in hierarchy and I
+wish I had come up with a shorter name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had come up with a shorter name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had come up with a shorter name
+for that but um so you can be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but um so you can be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but um so you can be able to
+find anything at a particular element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anything at a particular element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anything at a particular element
+within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+hierarchy so these are some standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy so these are some standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy so these are some standard
+things some other people were putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some other people were putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some other people were putting in
+using uh Lambda filters in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh Lambda filters in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh Lambda filters in some of the
+code do that who has worked with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code do that who has worked with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code do that who has worked with a
+Lambda filter before in their life not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda filter before in their life not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda filter before in their life not
+everybody most people okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody most people okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody most people okay so you can
+you can say you can write a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say you can write a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say you can write a little piece
+of code to say just get me things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code to say just get me things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code to say just get me things that
+aren't on here um one thing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't on here um one thing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't on here um one thing that one
+reason you might want to use some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to use some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to use some of
+these built-in uh features is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these built-in uh features is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these built-in uh features is that it's
+a little bit expensive to iterate over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit expensive to iterate over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit expensive to iterate over a
+stream so uh the filters do sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so uh the filters do sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so uh the filters do sort of a
+pre- iteration um for those uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- iteration um for those uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- iteration um for those uh who are
+in finance it's kind of like a tax uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance it's kind of like a tax uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance it's kind of like a tax uh
+tax free tax exempt uh Savings Plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax free tax exempt uh Savings Plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax free tax exempt uh Savings Plan
+you'll just you only get out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just you only get out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just you only get out the
+elements and unwrap them and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and unwrap them and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and unwrap them and make them
+look really nice once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really nice once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really nice once you have
+it peek under here see if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it peek under here see if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it peek under here see if there was
+anything else I wanted to do nope that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I wanted to do nope that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I wanted to do nope that's
+basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it
+on any other questions yeah um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other questions yeah um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other questions yeah um yeah so
+uh during the pie I forgot if we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the pie I forgot if we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the pie I forgot if we cover
+this um at some point in class but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um at some point in class but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um at some point in class but when
+I when you flatten um it loses some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when you flatten um it loses some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when you flatten um it loses some of
+the information when I try to then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information when I try to then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information when I try to then get
+CL get um context by class um like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL get um context by class um like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL get um context by class um like for
+for example I think like yeah it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I think like yeah it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I think like yeah it just
+assumes everything is the last part even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes everything is the last part even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes everything is the last part even
+though it's not is that because of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not is that because of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not is that because of like
+how flat these are yeah it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flat these are yeah it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flat these are yeah it's because
+it's um here so let's let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um here so let's let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um here so let's let's do this
+we'll say Beach flat equals beach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say Beach flat equals beach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say Beach flat equals beach.
+flatten and now um here we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten and now um here we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten and now um here we'll look at
+the first like 100 things in Beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first like 100 things in Beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first like 100 things in Beach
+flat and yeah so we get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and yeah so we get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and yeah so we get everything
+that's here and within that um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and within that um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and within that um so we're
+getting all of these things here almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of these things here almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of these things here almost
+all the other get contexts will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other get contexts will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other get contexts will work
+really well we'll get to slurs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we'll get to slurs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we'll get to slurs and
+Dynamics and how they're represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and how they're represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and how they're represented
+because they're fascinating uh later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're fascinating uh later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're fascinating uh later but
+the thing is Beach flat itself oh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is Beach flat itself oh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is Beach flat itself oh is a
+score with um in this case sorry so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score with um in this case sorry so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score with um in this case sorry so the
+in some cases if if you flatten a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases if if you flatten a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases if if you flatten a part
+it becomes a part if you flatten a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a part if you flatten a score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a part if you flatten a score
+it becomes a score so if you flatten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a score so if you flatten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a score so if you flatten a
+part you won't be able to get the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you won't be able to get the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you won't be able to get the its
+original part context but you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original part context but you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original part context but you should be
+able to get it with this were you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it with this were you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it with this were you not
+able to um yeah like if if you iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um yeah like if if you iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um yeah like if if you iterate
+through these and then like through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these and then like through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these and then like through the
+notes in the flat for example will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the flat for example will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the flat for example will you
+be able to get the correct like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get the correct like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get the correct like all the
+parts yep uh let's see I they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yep uh let's see I they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yep uh let's see I they should be
+different right let's hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right let's hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right let's hope so
+Class stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part sorry is that the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part sorry is that the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part sorry is that the very
+end that's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting that seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that seems to be a
+bug I'll look into that see what see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug I'll look into that see what see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug I'll look into that see what see
+what might have caused that to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might have caused that to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might have caused that to come in
+um we have a pretty rigorous testing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a pretty rigorous testing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a pretty rigorous testing but
+I don't remember ever testing on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember ever testing on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember ever testing on that
+particular one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one um
+yep that's why I have you thank you yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's why I have you thank you yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's why I have you thank you yep
+um yeah that'll be interesting what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that'll be interesting what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that'll be interesting what you
+might be able to do um I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do um I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do um I'm not going to
+try to no part of this class is about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to no part of this class is about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to no part of this class is about uh
+working around music 21 bugs um though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working around music 21 bugs um though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working around music 21 bugs um though
+you will find them let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find them let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find them let's see what
+happens if we do uh we get context by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we do uh we get context by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we do uh we get context by
+class stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class stream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class stream.
+measure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay
+and okay so that one does change so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that one does change so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that one does change so I
+suppose you could do this you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could do this you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could do this you get the
+streams measures context and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams measures context and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams measures context and then get
+that measures uh context by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures uh context by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures uh context by
+Class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class
+part and now we have different stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and now we have different stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and now we have different stuff
+I'll try to figure out exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to figure out exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to figure out exactly what's
+happening to not make it not make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to not make it not make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to not make it not make that
+work properly um it um but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work properly um it um but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work properly um it um but it was
+happening with the B Cals also right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the B Cals also right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the B Cals also right so
+it's not a piano bug the piano paring H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a piano bug the piano paring H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a piano bug the piano paring H
+still has bugs um that's why you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has bugs um that's why you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has bugs um that's why you're not
+going to be working too often with piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working too often with piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working too often with piano
+scores only when I I've um really done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores only when I I've um really done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores only when I I've um really done
+that great any other things before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great any other things before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great any other things before we
+move on to the next and most fun topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next and most fun topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next and most fun topic
+for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little
+bit okay I'm going to move over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay I'm going to move over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay I'm going to move over to the
+board for a little bit and let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for a little bit and let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for a little bit and let's um
+let's just do some by hand warm-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do some by hand warm-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do some by hand warm-ups
+we're going to be moving on to intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be moving on to intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be moving on to intervals
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these will all supposedly notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will all supposedly notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will all supposedly notes
+there supposed to be lined up just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there supposed to be lined up just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there supposed to be lined up just write
+them down here I'll give them as number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down here I'll give them as number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down here I'll give them as number
+one 2 3 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 3 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 3 4 5 6
+seven want you to say um and actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven want you to say um and actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven want you to say um and actually I
+won't put them as chords I'll always put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't put them as chords I'll always put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't put them as chords I'll always put
+them here so that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so that there's a
+directionality on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and go ahead and work through as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go ahead and work through as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go ahead and work through as I'm
+writing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that
+what the interval is in terms of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the interval is in terms of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the interval is in terms of not
+number of semitones but we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of semitones but we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of semitones but we'll call it
+we'll call this the dionic interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this the dionic interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this the dionic interval
+these are one of these things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one of these things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one of these things people
+haven't completely done so like major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completely done so like major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completely done so like major
+third perfect fourth things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third perfect fourth things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third perfect fourth things like that
+for all these just do it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these just do it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these just do it as a
+review second one's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually sorry I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry I'm going to change
+number four for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four for a
+second want to have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second want to have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second want to have at least
+one goes the other direction I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes the other direction I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes the other direction I'll put
+this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+for a second okay just so we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second okay just so we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second okay just so we're on the
+same page everybody just one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page everybody just one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page everybody just one second
+everybody shout out number one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody shout out number one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody shout out number one on the
+count of 3 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of 3 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of 3 1 2
+three major third okay good keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major third okay good keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major third okay good keep
+working I just want to make sure we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I just want to make sure we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I just want to make sure we're
+all using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using the same
+system so let's let's get back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let's let's get back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so let's let's get back together
+even if you don't have them all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have them all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have them all we have
+a ma 3D the top um and we'll we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ma 3D the top um and we'll we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ma 3D the top um and we'll we'll start
+with Angelica um and we'll move uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Angelica um and we'll move uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Angelica um and we'll move uh no
+we'll move this way um what what' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move this way um what what' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move this way um what what' you
+get get for this one do you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get for this one do you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get for this one do you have that
+diminish fifth diminish fifth anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish fifth diminish fifth anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish fifth diminish fifth anybody
+get another answer it's good anyone any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another answer it's good anyone any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another answer it's good anyone any
+other answers yeah diminish 12 diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other answers yeah diminish 12 diminish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other answers yeah diminish 12 diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah any other
+answers augmented fourth anybody we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers augmented fourth anybody we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers augmented fourth anybody we have
+augmented fourth on the table okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented fourth on the table okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented fourth on the table okay so we
+have a couple different contexts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple different contexts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple different contexts where
+any of these things can be right oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things can be right oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things can be right oh and
+uh I want on this one also I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want on this one also I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want on this one also I should have
+been um pretty anal from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been um pretty anal from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been um pretty anal from the beginning
+if I want to say a direction before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to say a direction before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to say a direction before the
+major 3D what do we want to say up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 3D what do we want to say up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 3D what do we want to say up or
+let's let's be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's be a little bit more
+elevated it is a an ascending ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated it is a an ascending ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated it is a an ascending ascending
+major third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+good this is usend I'm just going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is usend I'm just going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is usend I'm just going to do
+that for a little bit so we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a little bit so we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a little bit so we can keep
+going with that um so it's a diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with that um so it's a diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with that um so it's a diminished
+fifth what's a context where diminish uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth what's a context where diminish uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth what's a context where diminish uh
+fifth is as good an answer as diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth is as good an answer as diminish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth is as good an answer as diminish
+12th and what's one that doesn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th and what's one that doesn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th and what's one that doesn't what
+are we assuming which type you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming which type you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming which type you've been
+doing some of the reading what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some of the reading what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some of the reading what's the
+equivalence class that we're using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class that we're using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class that we're using that
+allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows
+this o octave equivalent so the O of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this o octave equivalent so the O of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this o octave equivalent so the O of
+OPEC if we allow the o equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC if we allow the o equivalence class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC if we allow the o equivalence class
+then we don't care if it's diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we don't care if it's diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we don't care if it's diminished
+fifth or diminished 12th when might who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth or diminished 12th when might who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth or diminished 12th when might who
+who is a stakeholder who might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a stakeholder who might care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a stakeholder who might care
+about um can you sing this can you sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um can you sing this can you sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um can you sing this can you sing
+this piece uh it has a whole bunch of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece uh it has a whole bunch of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece uh it has a whole bunch of um
+diminished fifths in it I go yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifths in it I go yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifths in it I go yeah no
+problem I'm an experienced singer great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm an experienced singer great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm an experienced singer great
+so you're going to sing uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to sing uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to sing uh what what
+notes that you're going to sing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that you're going to sing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that you're going to sing this
+note and then you're going to sing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and then you're going to sing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and then you're going to sing uh
+this note you said you had no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note you said you had no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note you said you had no problem
+seeing diminished fifths right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing diminished fifths right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing diminished fifths right so there
+are contexts where we will very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contexts where we will very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contexts where we will very much
+care about not having octave equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about not having octave equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about not having octave equivalence
+and there's other ones where we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other ones where we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other ones where we won't
+um we'll I'll give you the music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll I'll give you the music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll I'll give you the music 21
+terms for um for how these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for um for how these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for um for how these things work
+but we sometimes call this a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we sometimes call this a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we sometimes call this a simple
+versus a compound interval so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a compound interval so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a compound interval so sometimes
+we care only about simple intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care only about simple intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care only about simple intervals
+sometimes we care about compound uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we care about compound uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we care about compound uh uh
+when's time that we might be okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's time that we might be okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's time that we might be okay with
+calling it augmented fourth what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it augmented fourth what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it augmented fourth what
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+class uh might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play spelling spelling or and harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play spelling spelling or and harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play spelling spelling or and harmonic
+yeah so if spelling doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if spelling doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if spelling doesn't
+matter what's what's an app that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what's what's an app that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what's what's an app that you
+might make um that I have made I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make um that I have made I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make um that I have made I suppose
+where um where when you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where when you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where when you're doing this
+kind of interval ident ification you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interval ident ification you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interval ident ification you
+want to be careful and turn off spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful and turn off spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful and turn off spelling
+for a bit what's the context of interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bit what's the context of interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bit what's the context of interval
+um identification where you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identification where you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identification where you don't want
+to be too uptight about whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too uptight about whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too uptight about whether they
+hear it as a whether I gave it away kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it as a whether I gave it away kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it as a whether I gave it away kind
+of diminished fourth or augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diminished fourth or augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diminished fourth or augmented
+diminished fifth or augmented fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifth or augmented fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifth or augmented fourth
+yeah is it one where you're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it one where you're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it one where you're just like
+train your like interval training yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train your like interval training yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train your like interval training yeah
+where you're doing ear training right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're doing ear training right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're doing ear training right
+can you you can't usually hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can't usually hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can't usually hear the
+difference between diminished fourth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between diminished fourth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between diminished fourth and
+augmented fifth at least not till you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented fifth at least not till you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented fifth at least not till you
+hear the next note right when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the next note right when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the next note right when you hear
+the opening of The Simpsons then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of The Simpsons then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of The Simpsons then you
+know it's augmented fourth and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's augmented fourth and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's augmented fourth and non
+divish fifth based on where it goes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divish fifth based on where it goes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divish fifth based on where it goes um
+good okay then um next one let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay then um next one let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay then um next one let's keep
+going don't want to spend too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going don't want to spend too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going don't want to spend too much time
+on this want to get some programing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this want to get some programing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this want to get some programing what
+uh Paul do you want to take a shot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paul do you want to take a shot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paul do you want to take a shot on
+this one you can take a shot or pass go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can take a shot or pass go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can take a shot or pass go
+but you take a shot augmented second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you take a shot augmented second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you take a shot augmented second
+augmented second and just three put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second and just three put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second and just three put
+identic what what direction ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic what what direction ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic what what direction ascending
+augmented second good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second good
+great I don't think there's any way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I don't think there's any way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I don't think there's any way that
+you could say it's an augmented ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say it's an augmented ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say it's an augmented ninth
+you can always reduce the octave but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always reduce the octave but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always reduce the octave but you
+cannot that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot that's an interesting
+non-equivalence class right you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equivalence class right you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equivalence class right you would
+never be allowed to call that augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be allowed to call that augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be allowed to call that augmented
+ninth but you can call this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth but you can call this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth but you can call this one in
+diminished fifth great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifth great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished fifth great
+uh number four uh let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number four uh let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number four uh let's continue
+Jonathan uh descending augmented octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan uh descending augmented octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jonathan uh descending augmented octave
+good descending augmented uh augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good descending augmented uh augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good descending augmented uh augmented
+octave great now let's uh keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave great now let's uh keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave great now let's uh keep going
+around to Matthew um what do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to Matthew um what do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to Matthew um what do you want to
+call number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call number
+five for lack of a better word I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five for lack of a better word I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five for lack of a better word I might
+say augmented augmented augmented second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say augmented augmented augmented second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say augmented augmented augmented second
+augmented augmented augmented second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented augmented augmented second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented augmented augmented second
+everyone agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone agree with
+that well let's look at let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's look at let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's look at let's look at
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+uh D2 e is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D2 e is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D2 e is what
+kind what's that note what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what's that note what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what's that note what's that
+interval major second so D to e sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval major second so D to e sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval major second so D to e sharp
+is augmented so anything bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is augmented so anything bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is augmented so anything bigger than
+major is augmented I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major is augmented I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major is augmented I want to make sure
+that this year we don't lose any points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this year we don't lose any points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this year we don't lose any points
+on the problem set from uh from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set from uh from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set from uh from us
+teaching the computer wrong so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the computer wrong so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the computer wrong so good
+augmented second so what's this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be augmented augmented second or doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be augmented augmented second or doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be augmented augmented second or doubly
+augmented second so good so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second so good so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second so good so what do we
+have to add this what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add this what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add this what do
+we triply augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second quadruply augmented second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quadruply augmented second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second quadruply augmented second you
+know those um quadruply augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+right uh let's do your tonal theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh let's do your tonal theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh let's do your tonal theory is
+that consonant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consonant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consonant or
+dissonant consonant consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all diminished or augmented intervals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all diminished or augmented intervals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all diminished or augmented intervals or
+doubly diminished or doubly augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly diminished or doubly augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly diminished or doubly augmented
+whatever are traditionally considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever are traditionally considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever are traditionally considered
+dissonances no matter what they sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonances no matter what they sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonances no matter what they sound
+like so if you doubly augment triply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you doubly augment triply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you doubly augment triply
+augment quadruply augment they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment quadruply augment they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment quadruply augment they will
+generally be regarded as dissonances be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be regarded as dissonances be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be regarded as dissonances be
+because you're they're either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're they're either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're they're either a
+dissonance or you have written them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance or you have written them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance or you have written them
+wrong and the one um that comes up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the one um that comes up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the one um that comes up is
+aug augmented second which sounds just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug augmented second which sounds just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug augmented second which sounds just
+like the beautiful minor third but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the beautiful minor third but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the beautiful minor third but there
+so we have quadruply augmented very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have quadruply augmented very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have quadruply augmented very very
+close Matthew you shouldn't you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Matthew you shouldn't you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Matthew you shouldn't you should
+feel proud on that uh quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel proud on that uh quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel proud on that uh quadruple
+augmented second ascending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second ascending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented second ascending or
+descending ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending ascending
+good great and Misha you get this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great and Misha you get this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great and Misha you get this one
+I'm not sure okay good pass on Jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure okay good pass on Jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure okay good pass on Jason
+good uh doubly diminish second doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh doubly diminish second doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh doubly diminish second doubly
+diminish second let's let's double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish second let's let's double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish second let's let's double check
+that here that's a minor second right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here that's a minor second right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here that's a minor second right so
+diminish second dou diminish Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish second dou diminish Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish second dou diminish Second
+Great ascending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great ascending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great ascending or
+descending spell this way ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending spell this way ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending spell this way ascending
+spelled this way it's ascending and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled this way it's ascending and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled this way it's ascending and so
+let's hear those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes ascending doubly diminish second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes ascending doubly diminish second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes ascending doubly diminish second
+anyone want to make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument yes Adam you should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yes Adam you should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yes Adam you should just
+consider what the final pitches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what the final pitches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what the final pitches are
+actually what the final pitches are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the final pitches are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the final pitches are what
+do you mean by final pitches eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean by final pitches eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean by final pitches eventually
+it turns out to be an f and a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be an f and a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be an f and a e
+eventually it turns out to be Adam has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it turns out to be Adam has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it turns out to be Adam has
+an ontology that pray that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ontology that pray that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ontology that pray that um that
+privileges the ear over the written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges the ear over the written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges the ear over the written
+ontology that will do him very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology that will do him very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology that will do him very well in
+most contexts except for in a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most contexts except for in a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most contexts except for in a sheet
+music Factory right yeah so so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Factory right yeah so so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Factory right yeah so so sometimes
+we'll want that sometimes uh we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want that sometimes uh we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want that sometimes uh we won't
+but yeah so you could do that uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so you could do that uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so you could do that uh any
+other argument about when so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other argument about when so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other argument about when so we have
+ascending but sounds descending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending but sounds descending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending but sounds descending or
+descending sounds ascending how um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending sounds ascending how um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending sounds ascending how um if
+you wanted to say I'm on midi note what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to say I'm on midi note what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to say I'm on midi note what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+65 this is midi note 65 and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 this is midi note 65 and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 this is midi note 65 and this one is
+midi note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi note
+64 what's the chromatic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 what's the chromatic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 what's the chromatic number of
+semitones distance sorry for writing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semitones distance sorry for writing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semitones distance sorry for writing so
+small minus one right so if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minus one right so if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small minus one right so if we don't
+care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about
+spelling it is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling it is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling it is a negative
+interval um here is a context where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um here is a context where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um here is a context where you
+might care about how it's written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about how it's written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about how it's written in
+particular let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's say for
+some deranged reason you needed to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deranged reason you needed to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deranged reason you needed to write
+this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+chord oops sorry there are certain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord oops sorry there are certain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord oops sorry there are certain rules
+about where the accidentals go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the accidentals go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the accidentals go from
+bottom note to next note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the things that
+come up with computers these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with computers these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with computers these are
+underdefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdefined
+parts of Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory underdefined parts of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory underdefined parts of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory underdefined parts of music
+theory that um that will come up quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that um that will come up quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that um that will come up quite
+often that nobody has absolutely decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that nobody has absolutely decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that nobody has absolutely decided
+on these things because you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things because you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things because you will see
+that they do come up in real music music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do come up in real music music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do come up in real music music
+but they're very very rare and they're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're very very rare and they're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're very very rare and they're I
+mean um believe the number of doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um believe the number of doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um believe the number of doubly
+diminished octaves in the music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished octaves in the music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished octaves in the music 21
+Corpus of tonal music of music of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus of tonal music of music of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus of tonal music of music of the
+18th 19th century out of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th 19th century out of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th 19th century out of millions of
+notes there's about 28 times that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's about 28 times that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's about 28 times that it
+happens it happens once in the beach p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens once in the beach p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens once in the beach p
+no it happens in the climan piece um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it happens in the climan piece um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it happens in the climan piece um so
+it does happen in pretty normal music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does happen in pretty normal music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does happen in pretty normal music
+but when you see this what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you see this what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you see this what do you think
+is Happening by the way when you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Happening by the way when you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Happening by the way when you might
+have this happening at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time what's context Adam maybe two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's context Adam maybe two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's context Adam maybe two parts
+have a crossover two parts are having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crossover two parts are having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crossover two parts are having a
+crossover what's what's the top part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover what's what's the top part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover what's what's the top part
+doing the one that starts off higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the one that starts off higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the one that starts off higher the
+top part is going down it's the one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top part is going down it's the one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top part is going down it's the one with
+the right the one with the the the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the one with the the the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the one with the the the F
+flat yeah so sometimes when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat yeah so sometimes when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat yeah so sometimes when you're
+writing a chromatic scale for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a chromatic scale for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a chromatic scale for an
+instrument or something you'll use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument or something you'll use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument or something you'll use a lot
+of uh flats and then the other one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh flats and then the other one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh flats and then the other one could
+be going up um I think you'll that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going up um I think you'll that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going up um I think you'll that this
+happens in John Philips Souza's March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in John Philips Souza's March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in John Philips Souza's March
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thunderer is a melody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baseline and that there's um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and that there's um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and that there's um I think
+that's one where there's a d there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where there's a d there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where there's a d there's
+either a diminished octave or W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a diminished octave or W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a diminished octave or W
+diminished octave in the piano part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished octave in the piano part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished octave in the piano part and
+in the instrumental Parts you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the instrumental Parts you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the instrumental Parts you get these
+uh doubly diminished seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doubly diminished seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doubly diminished seconds and
+diminished seconds that happen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished seconds that happen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished seconds that happen there
+good so one of the debates is whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so one of the debates is whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so one of the debates is whether or
+not this number tells you ascending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this number tells you ascending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this number tells you ascending or
+descending versus the other one now last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending versus the other one now last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending versus the other one now last
+one uh we ended with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we ended with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we ended with
+Jason Vincent did you no go ahead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason Vincent did you no go ahead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason Vincent did you no go ahead uh
+like diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diminished
+Unis one diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unis one diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unis one diminished
+one ascending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ascending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ascending or
+descending n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending n
+n null poter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n null poter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n null poter
+exception uh what do you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception uh what do you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception uh what do you want to call it
+then let's come up with a music term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's come up with a music term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's come up with a music term
+besides null like a new term uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides null like a new term uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides null like a new term uh no
+anyone know a music term that's neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know a music term that's neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know a music term that's neither
+ascending or descending for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval you don't usually use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you don't usually use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval you don't usually use it in
+intervals but you might use it for types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals but you might use it for types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals but you might use it for types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+motion the stationary we use another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the stationary we use another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the stationary we use another one
+sometimes um oblique has anyone heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um oblique has anyone heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um oblique has anyone heard
+that term no okay so some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term no okay so some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term no okay so some people have
+when there's some motion and some not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's some motion and some not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's some motion and some not
+motion so some people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so some people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so some people say
+that yeah so there's kind of a B so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so there's kind of a B so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so there's kind of a B so you
+could say it's no motion is a diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it's no motion is a diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it's no motion is a diminished
+Unison um the other thing that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unison um the other thing that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unison um the other thing that some
+people want to do is to make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do is to make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do is to make everything
+always be positive so you can call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be positive so you can call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be positive so you can call this
+also what's another term we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what's another term we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what's another term we could also
+say I'm just going to get a fresh thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm just going to get a fresh thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm just going to get a fresh thing
+over here so we can look at that from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so we can look at that from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so we can look at that from e
+natural to E flat we can call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to E flat we can call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to E flat we can call this
+diminished Unison what we we also call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Unison what we we also call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Unison what we we also call
+this augmented Unison and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmented Unison and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmented Unison and then
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+directionality uh descend descending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality uh descend descending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality uh descend descending so
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+people descending augmented Unis some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people descending augmented Unis some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people descending augmented Unis some
+people who have done some programming um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have done some programming um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have done some programming um
+things have thought about maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have thought about maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have thought about maybe the
+diminished Unison should vanish from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Unison should vanish from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Unison should vanish from our
+vocabulary because it's unclear whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary because it's unclear whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary because it's unclear whether
+music works like um integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music works like um integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music works like um integer
+multiplication if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication if you have a
+descending diminished Unison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending diminished Unison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending diminished Unison
+descending diminished Unison does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending diminished Unison does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending diminished Unison does that
+mean descending multiplied by diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean descending multiplied by diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean descending multiplied by diminished
+Unison which is negative negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unison which is negative negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unison which is negative negative
+negative means you're going up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means you're going up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means you're going up a
+negative times a negative is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative times a negative is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative times a negative is a positive
+at least the descending augmented Unison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the descending augmented Unison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the descending augmented Unison
+escapes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes that
+argument so some of the weird things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so some of the weird things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so some of the weird things
+that come up great let's start um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up great let's start um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up great let's start um any
+any questions on this before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this before we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this before we move on
+thanks let's get aead start on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks let's get aead start on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks let's get aead start on one of
+the hardest parts of problem set 4 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest parts of problem set 4 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest parts of problem set 4 uh
+what I'd like you to do is given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is given two
+music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21
+notes first give me what the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes first give me what the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes first give me what the number one
+2 three we call this the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three we call this the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three we call this the generic
+interval some people use the term dionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval some people use the term dionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval some people use the term dionic
+interval for this but we'll use dionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for this but we'll use dionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for this but we'll use dionic
+interval for things like perfect Unison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for things like perfect Unison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for things like perfect Unison
+major 2 minor 3D so on first given any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 2 minor 3D so on first given any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 2 minor 3D so on first given any
+two notes what's the um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes what's the um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes what's the um what's the
+generic interval between them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic interval between them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic interval between them and then
+let's see if we can work up to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can work up to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can work up to what the
+dionic interval is just as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic interval is just as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic interval is just as a reminder
+there is a class called interval you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a class called interval you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a class called interval you it
+is still locked on this so we'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still locked on this so we'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still locked on this so we'll do this
+for about the last six minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about the last six minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about the last six minutes and
+that's how we'll end the class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we'll end the class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we'll end the class today
+I'll just be going around and helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just be going around and helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just be going around and helping
+people get started thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KhwQKE_tld0.txt b/KhwQKE_tld0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dcc2d583f237e65f949974cdc8c05f53c284f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KhwQKE_tld0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2035 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, today
+we are continuing
+
+with this last unit.
+
+Unit 5, continued.
+
+The informal title of this unit
+is Dealing With Infinity.
+
+That's really the extra little
+piece that we're putting in to
+
+our discussions of things like
+limits and integrals.
+
+To start out with today, I'd
+like to recall for you,
+
+L'Hopital's Rule.
+
+And in keeping with the spirit
+here, we're just going to do
+
+the infinity / infinity case.
+
+I stated this a little
+differently last time, and I
+
+want to state it again today.
+
+Just to make clear what the
+hypotheses are and what the
+
+conclusion is.
+
+We start out with, really,
+three hypotheses.
+
+Two of them are kind
+of obvious.
+
+The three hypotheses are that
+f (x) tends to infinity, g (
+
+x) tends to infinity, that's
+what it means to be in this
+
+infinity / infinity case.
+
+And then the last assumption
+is that f ' ( x) / g ' (x),
+
+tends to a limit, L. And this
+is all as x tends to some a.
+
+Some limit a.
+
+And then the conclusion is that
+f( x) / g ( x) also tends
+
+to L, as x goes to a.
+
+Now, so that's the way it is.
+
+So it's three limits.
+
+But presumably these are
+obvious, and this one is
+
+exactly what we were going
+to check anyway.
+
+Gives us this one limit.
+
+So that's the statement.
+
+And then the other little
+interesting point here, which
+
+is consistent with this idea of
+dealing with infinity, is
+
+that a equals plus or minus
+infinity and L equals plus or
+
+minus infinity are OK.
+
+That is, the numbers capital L,
+the limit capital L and the
+
+number a can also be infinite.
+
+Now in recitation yesterday,
+you should have discussed
+
+something about rates of growth,
+which follow from what
+
+I said in lecture last time and
+also maybe from some more
+
+detailed discussions that
+you had in recitation.
+
+And I'm going to introduce a
+notation to compare functions.
+
+Namely, we say that f ( x) is
+a lot less than g ( x).
+
+So this means that the limit,
+as it goes to infinity, this
+
+tends to 0.
+
+As x goes to infinity,
+this would be.
+
+So this is a notation, a new
+notation for us. f is a lot
+
+less than g.
+
+And it's meant to be read
+only asymptotically.
+
+It's only in the limit
+as x goes to
+
+infinity that this happens.
+
+And implicitly here, I'm always
+assuming that these are
+
+positive quantities. f
+and g are positive.
+
+What you saw in recitation was
+that you can make a systematic
+
+comparison of all the standard
+functions that we know about.
+
+For example, the ln function
+goes to infinity.
+
+But a lot more slowly
+than x to a power.
+
+A lot more slowly then e^ x.
+
+A lot more slowly than,
+say, e ^ x ^2.
+
+So this one is slow.
+
+This one is moderate.
+
+And this one is fast.
+And this one is very
+
+fast. Going to infinity.
+
+Tends to infinity, and
+this is of course
+
+as x goes to infinity.
+
+All of them go to infinity, but
+at quite different rates.
+
+And, analogous to this, and
+today we're going to be doing
+
+this, needing to do this quite
+a bit, is rates of decay,
+
+which are more or less the
+opposite of rates of growth.
+
+So rates of decay are rates
+at which things tend to 0.
+
+So the rate of decay, and for
+that I'm just going to take
+
+reciprocals of these numbers.
+
+So 1 / ln x tends to 0.
+
+But rather slowly.
+
+It's much bigger
+than 1 / x ^ p.
+
+Oh, I didn't mention that
+this exponent p
+
+is meant to be positive.
+
+That's a convention that I'm
+using without saying.
+
+I should've told you that.
+
+So think x ^ 1/2, x ^ 1, x ^2,
+they're all in this sort of
+
+moderate intermediate range.
+
+And then that, in turn, goes to
+0 but much more slowly then
+
+1 / e ^ x, also known
+as e^ - x.
+
+And that, in turn, this guy
+here goes to 0 incredibly
+
+fast. e ^ - x ^2 vanishes
+really, really fast. So this
+
+is a review of the
+L'Hopital's Rule.
+
+What we said last time, and the
+application of it, which
+
+is to rates of growth and tells
+us what these rates of
+
+growth are.
+
+Today, I want to talk about
+improper integrals.
+
+And improper integrals, we've
+already really seen one or two
+
+of them on your exercises.
+
+And we mention them a
+little bit, briefly.
+
+I'm just going to go through
+them more carefully and more
+
+systematically now.
+
+And we want to get just exactly
+what's going on with
+
+these rates of decay and
+their relationship
+
+with improper integrals.
+
+So I need for you to understand
+on the spectrum of
+
+the range of functions like
+this, which ones are suitable
+
+for integration as x
+goes to infinity.
+
+Well, let's start out
+with the definition.
+
+The integral from a to infinity
+of f(x) dx is, by
+
+definition the limit as n goes
+to infinity of the ordinary
+
+definite integral up to some
+fixed, finite level.
+
+That's the definition.
+
+And there's a word that we use
+here, which is that we say the
+
+integral, so this is terminology
+for it, converges
+
+if the limit exists.
+
+And diverges if not.
+
+Well, these are the key
+words for today.
+
+So here's the issue that we're
+going to be addressing.
+
+Which is whether the limit
+exists or not.
+
+In other words, whether
+the integral
+
+converges or diverges.
+
+These notions have a geometric
+analog, which you should
+
+always be thinking of at
+the same time in the
+
+back of your head.
+
+I'll draw a picture of the
+function Here it's
+
+starting out at a.
+
+And maybe it's going
+down like this.
+
+And it's interpreting
+it geometrically.
+
+This would only work
+if f is positive.
+
+Then the convergent
+case is the case
+
+where the area is finite.
+
+So the total area is finite
+under this curve.
+
+And the other case is the
+total area is infinite.
+
+I claim that both of these
+things are possible.
+
+Although this thing goes on
+forever, if you stop it at one
+
+stage, n, then of course
+it's a finite number.
+
+But as you go further and
+further and further, there's
+
+more and more and more area.
+
+And there are two
+possibilities.
+
+Either as you go all the way
+out here to infinity, the
+
+total that you get adds
+up to a finite total.
+
+Or else, maybe there's
+infinitely much.
+
+For instance, if it's a straight
+line going across,
+
+there's clearly infinitely
+much area underneath.
+
+So we need to do a bunch
+of examples.
+
+And that's really our main job
+for the day, and to make sure
+
+that we know exactly what
+to expect in all cases.
+
+The first example is the
+integral from 0 to infinity of
+
+e^ - kx dx.
+
+Where k is going to be
+some positive number.
+
+Some positive constant.
+
+This is the most fundamental,
+by far, of
+
+the definite integrals.
+
+Improper integrals.
+
+And in order to handle this, the
+thing that I need to do is
+
+to check the integral from
+0 up to n. e ^ - kx dx.
+
+And since this is an easy
+integral to evaluate, we're
+
+going to do it.
+
+It's - 1 / k e ^ - kx, that's
+the antiderivative.
+
+Evaluated at 0 and n.
+
+And that, if I plug in these
+values, is - 1 / k, e^ - k N.
+
+Minus, and if I evaluate it at
+0, I get a (- 1 / k) e^ 0.
+
+So there's the answer.
+
+And now we have to think
+about what happens
+
+as n goes to infinity.
+
+So as n goes to infinity, what's
+happening is the second
+
+term here stays unchanged.
+
+But the first term is e to
+some negative power.
+
+And the exponent is getting
+larger and larger.
+
+That's because k is
+positive here.
+
+You've definitely got
+to pay attention.
+
+Even though I'm doing this with
+general variables here,
+
+you've got to pay attention
+to signs of things.
+
+Because otherwise you'll always
+get the wrong answer.
+
+So you have to pay very
+close attention here.
+
+So this is, if you like, e ^
+minus infinity in the limit,
+
+which is 0.
+
+And so in the limit, this
+thing tends to 0.
+
+And this thing is just
+equal to 1 / k.
+
+And so all told, the answer
+is 1 / k And that's it.
+
+Now we're going to abbreviate
+this a little bit.
+
+This thought process, you're
+going to have to go through
+
+every single time you do this.
+
+But after a while you also get
+good enough at it that you can
+
+make it a little bit
+less cluttered.
+
+So let me show you a shorthand
+for this same calculation.
+
+Namely, I write 0 to infinity
+e ^ - kx dx.
+
+And that's equal to - 1 / k
+e ^ - kx 0 to infinity.
+
+That was cute.
+
+Not small enough, however.
+
+So, here we are.
+
+We have the same calculation
+as we had before.
+
+But now we're thinking, really,
+in our minds that this
+
+infinity is some very,
+very enormous number.
+
+And we're going to plug it in.
+
+And you can either do this
+in your head or not.
+
+You say - 1 / k e^ - infinity.
+
+Here's where I've used the
+fact that k is positive.
+
+Because e ^ - k times a large
+number is minus infinity.
+
+And then here + 1
+/ k - (- 1 / k).
+
+Let me write it the same
+way I did before.
+
+And that's just equal to 0 + 1
+/ k, which is what we want.
+
+So this is the same calculation,
+just slightly
+
+abbreviated.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+The question is, what
+about the case when
+
+the limit is infinity?
+
+I'm distinguishing between
+something existing and its
+
+limit being infinity here.
+
+Whenever I make a discussion
+of limits, I say a finite
+
+limit, or in this case, it works
+for infinite limits.
+
+So in other words, when
+I say exists, I mean
+
+exists and is finite.
+
+So here, when I say that it
+converges and I say the limit
+
+exists, what I mean is that
+it's a finite number.
+
+And so that's indeed
+what I said here.
+
+The total area is finite.
+
+And, similarly, over here.
+
+I might add, however, that
+there is another
+
+part of this subject.
+
+Which I'm skipping entirely.
+
+Which is a little bit subtle.
+
+Which is the following.
+
+If f changes sign, there can
+be some cancellation and
+
+oscillation.
+
+And then sometimes the limit
+exists, but the total area, if
+
+you counted it all positively,
+is actually still infinite.
+
+And we're going to
+avoid that case.
+
+We're we're just going to treat
+these positive cases.
+
+So don't worry about
+that for now.
+
+That's the next layer of
+complexity which we're not
+
+addressing in this class.
+
+Another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+would this be OK on tests.
+
+The answer is, absolutely yes.
+
+I want to encourage
+you to do this.
+
+If you can think about
+it correctly.
+
+The subtle point is
+just, you have to
+
+plug in infinity correctly.
+
+Namely, you have to realize
+that this only
+
+works if k is positive.
+
+This is the step where you're
+plugging in infinity.
+
+And I'm letting you put this
+infinity up here as an
+
+endpoint value.
+
+So in fact that's exactly
+the theme.
+
+The theme is dealing
+with infinity here.
+
+And I want you to be able
+to deal with it.
+
+That's my goal.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so another
+question is, so let's be sure
+
+here when the limit exists,
+I say it has to be finite.
+
+That means it's finite,
+not infinite.
+
+The limit can be 0.
+
+It can also be - 1.
+
+It can be anything.
+
+Doesn't have to be a
+positive number.
+
+Other questions.
+
+So we've had our
+first example.
+
+And now I just want to add one
+physical interpretation here.
+
+This is Example 1,
+if you like.
+
+And this is something that was
+on your problem set, remember.
+
+That we talked about the
+probability, or the number, if
+
+you like, the number of
+particles on average that
+
+decay in some radioactive
+substance.
+
+Say, in time between 0 and some
+capital T. And then that
+
+would be this integral, 0 to
+capital T, some total quantity
+
+times this integral here.
+
+This is the typical kind
+of radioactive decay
+
+number that one gets.
+
+Now, in the limit, so this is
+some number of particles.
+
+If the substance is radioactive,
+then in the
+
+limit, we have this.
+
+Which is equal to the total
+number of particles.
+
+And that's something that's
+going to be important for
+
+normalizing and understanding.
+
+How much does the whole
+substance, how many moles do
+
+we have of this stuff.
+
+What is it.
+
+And so this is a number that
+is going to come up.
+
+Now, I emphasize that this
+notion of T going to infinity
+
+is just an idealization.
+
+We don't really believe that
+we're going to wait forever
+
+for this substance to decay.
+
+Nevertheless, as theorists, we
+write down this quantity.
+
+And we use it.
+
+All the time.
+
+Furthermore, there's other good
+reasons for using it, and
+
+why physicists accept
+it immediately.
+
+Even though it's not really
+completely physically
+
+realistic ever to let
+time go very, very
+
+far into the future.
+
+And the reason is, if you notice
+this answer here, look
+
+at how much simpler this number
+is, 1 / k, than the
+
+numbers that I got in the
+intermediate stages here.
+
+These are all ugly, the
+limits are simple.
+
+And this is a theme that
+I've been trying to
+
+emphasize all semester.
+
+Namely, that the infinitesimal,
+the things that
+
+you get when you do
+differentiation, are the
+
+easier formulas.
+
+The algebraic ones, the things
+in the process of getting to
+
+the limit, are the ugly ones.
+
+These are the easy ones, these
+are the hard ones.
+
+So in fact, infinity is
+basically easier than any
+
+finite number.
+
+And a lot of appealing formulas
+come from those kinds
+
+of calculations.
+
+Another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+shouldn't the answer be a?
+
+Well, the answer turns
+out to be a / k.
+
+Which means that when you set
+up your arithmetic, and you
+
+model this to a collection
+of particles.
+
+So you said it should be a.
+
+But that's because you
+made an assumption.
+
+Which was that a was the total
+number of particles.
+
+But that's just false, right?
+
+This is the total number
+of particles.
+
+So therefore, if you want to set
+it up, you want set up so
+
+that this number's the total
+number of particles.
+
+And that's how you set up a
+model is, you do all the
+
+calculations and you see what
+it's coming out to be.
+
+And that's why you need to do
+this kind of calculation.
+
+OK, so.
+
+The main thing is, you shouldn't
+make assumptions
+
+about models.
+
+You have to follow what the
+calculations tell you.
+
+They're not lying.
+
+OK, so now.
+
+We carried this out.
+
+There's one other example which
+we talked about earlier
+
+in the class.
+
+And I just wanted to
+mention it again.
+
+It's probably the most famous
+after this one.
+
+Namely, the integral from minus
+infinity to infinity of
+
+e^ - x ^2 dx.
+
+Which turns out, amazingly, to
+be able to be evaluated.
+
+It turns out to be the
+square root of pi.
+
+So this one is also great.
+
+This is the constant which
+allows you to compute all
+
+kinds of things in
+probability.
+
+So this is a key number
+in probability.
+
+It basically is the key to
+understanding things like
+
+standard deviation and basically
+any other thing in
+
+the subject of probability.
+
+It's also what's driving these
+polls that tell you within 4%
+
+accuracy we know that
+people are going to
+
+vote this way or that.
+
+So in order to interpret all of
+those kinds of things, you
+
+need to know this number.
+
+And this number was only
+calculated numerically
+
+starting in the 1700s or so by
+people who, actually, by one
+
+guy whose name was de Moivre,
+who was selling his services
+
+to various royalty who were
+running lotteries.
+
+In those days they ran
+lotteries, too.
+
+And he was able to tell them
+what the chances were of the
+
+various games.
+
+And he worked out this number.
+
+He realized that this
+was the pattern.
+
+Although he didn't know that it
+was the square root of pi,
+
+he knew it to sufficient
+accuracy that he could tell
+
+them the correct answer to how
+much money their lotteries
+
+would make.
+
+And of course we do this
+nowadays, too.
+
+In all kinds of ways.
+
+Including slightly more legit
+businesses like insurance.
+
+So now, I I'm going to give
+you some more examples.
+
+And and the other examples are
+much more close to the edge
+
+between infinite and finite.
+
+This distinction between
+convergence and divergence.
+
+And let me just, maybe I'll say
+one more word about why we
+
+care about this very gross issue
+of whether something is
+
+finite or infinite.
+
+When you're talking about
+something like this normal
+
+curve here, there's an issue of
+how far out you have to go
+
+before you can ignore
+the rest.
+
+So we're going to ignore what's
+called the tail here.
+
+Somehow you want to know that
+this is negligible.
+
+And you want to know how
+negligible it is.
+
+And this is the job of a
+mathematician, is to know what
+
+finite region you have to
+consider and which one you're
+
+going to carefully calculate
+numerically.
+
+And then the rest, you're going
+to have to take care of
+
+by some theoretical reasoning.
+
+You're going to have to know
+that these tails are small
+
+enough that they don't matter
+in your finite calculation.
+
+And so, we care very much
+about the tails.
+
+Because they're the only
+thing that the
+
+machine won't tell us.
+
+So that's the part that
+we have to know.
+
+And these tails are also
+something which are discussed
+
+all the time in financial
+mathematics.
+
+They're very worried
+about fat tails.
+
+That is, unlikely events that
+nevertheless happen sometimes.
+
+And they get burned fairly
+regularly with them.
+
+As they have recently, with
+the mortgage scandal.
+
+So, these things are pretty
+serious and they really are
+
+spending a lot of
+time on them.
+
+Of course, there are lots of
+other practical issues besides
+
+just the mathematics.
+
+But you've got to get
+the math right, too.
+
+So we're going to now talk about
+some borderline cases
+
+for these fat tails.
+
+Just how fat do they have to be
+before they become infinite
+
+and overwhelm the
+central bump.
+
+So we'll save this for
+just a second.
+
+And what I'm saving up here is
+the borderline case, which I'm
+
+going to concentrate on, which
+is this moderate rate, which
+
+is x to powers.
+
+Here's our next example.
+
+I guess we'll call
+this Example 3.
+
+It's the integral from
+1 to infinity dx / x.
+
+That's the power p = 1.
+
+And this turns out to be
+a borderline case.
+
+So it's worth carrying
+out carefully.
+
+Now, again I'm going to do
+it by the slower method.
+
+Rather than the shorthand
+method.
+
+But ultimately, you can
+do it by the short
+
+method if you'd like.
+
+I break it up into an integral
+that goes up to some
+
+large number, n.
+
+I see that its logarithm
+function is the
+
+antiderivative.
+
+And so what I get is ln n
+- ln 1, which is just 0.
+
+So this is just log n.
+
+In any case, it tends
+to infinity
+
+as n goes to infinity.
+
+So the conclusion is, since the
+limit is infinite, that
+
+this thing diverges.
+
+Now, I'm going to do this
+systematically now with all
+
+powers p, to see what happens.
+
+I'll look at the integral.
+
+Sorry, I'm going to have
+to start at 1 here.
+
+From 1 to infinity, dx
+/ x ^p, and see what
+
+happens with these.
+
+And you'll see that p = 1 is
+a borderline when I do this
+
+calculation.
+
+This time I'm going to do the
+calculation the hard way.
+
+But now you're going to have to
+think and pay attention to
+
+see what it is that I'm doing.
+
+First of all, I'm going to
+take the antiderivative.
+
+And this is x ^ - p, so it's
+- p + 1 / - p + 1.
+
+That's the antiderivative of
+the function 1 / x ^ - p.
+
+And then I have to evaluate
+that at 1 and infinity.
+
+So now, I'll write this down.
+
+But I'm going to be particularly
+careful here.
+
+I'll write it down.
+
+It's infinity to the -
+p + 1 / - p + 1 -,
+
+so I plug in 1 here.
+
+So I get 1 / - p + 1.
+
+So this is what I'm getting.
+
+Again, what you should be
+thinking here is this is a
+
+very large number
+to this power.
+
+Now, there are two cases.
+
+There are two cases.
+
+And they exactly
+split at p = 1.
+
+When p = 1, this number is 0.
+
+This exponent is 0, and in fact
+this expression doesn't
+
+make any sense because the
+denominator is also 0.
+
+But for all of the
+other values, the
+
+denominator makes sense.
+
+But what's going on is that
+this is infinite when this
+
+exponent is infinity to
+a positive power.
+
+And it's 0 when it's infinity
+to a negative power.
+
+So I'm going to say it
+here, and you must
+
+check this at home.
+
+Because this is exactly what
+I'm going to ask you
+
+about on the exam.
+
+This is it.
+
+This type of thing, maybe with
+a specific value of p here.
+
+When p < 1, this thing
+is infinite.
+
+On the other hand, when p
+> 1, this thing is 0.
+
+So when p > 1, this
+thing is 0.
+
+It's just equal to 0.
+
+And so the answer
+is 1 / p - 1.
+
+Because that's this number.
+
+Minus the quantity
+1 / - p + 1.
+
+This is a finite number here.
+
+Notice that the answer would
+be weird if this thing went
+
+away in the p < 1 case.
+
+Then it would be a
+negative number.
+
+It would be a very strange
+answer to this question.
+
+So, in fact that's
+not what happens.
+
+What happens is that the answer
+doesn't make sense.
+
+It's infinite.
+
+So let me just write this
+down again, under here.
+
+This is a test in a
+particular case.
+
+And here's the conclusion.
+
+Ah.
+
+No, I'm sorry.
+
+I think I was going to write
+it over on this board here.
+
+So the conclusion is that the
+integral from 1 to infinity dx
+
+/ x^p diverges if p <= 1.
+
+And converges if p > 1.
+
+And in fact, we can actually
+evaluate it.
+
+It's equal to 1 / p - 1.
+
+It's got a nice, clean
+formula even.
+
+Alright, now let
+me remind you.
+
+So I didn't spell the word
+diverges right, did I?
+
+Oh no, that's an r.
+
+I guess that's right.
+
+Diverges if p <= 1.
+
+So really, I needed both of
+these arguments, which are
+
+sitting above it in
+order to do it.
+
+Because the second argument
+didn't work at all when p = 1
+
+because the formula for the
+antiderivative is wrong.
+
+The formula for the
+antiderivative is given by the
+
+ln function when p = 1.
+
+So I had to do this
+calculation too.
+
+This is the borderline case,
+between p > 1 and p < 1.
+
+When p > 1, we got
+convergence.
+
+We could calculate
+the integral.
+
+When p < 1, when we got
+divergence and we calculated
+
+the integral over there.
+
+And here in the borderline case,
+we got a logarithm. and
+
+we also got divergence.
+
+So it failed at the edge.
+
+Now, this takes care
+of all the powers.
+
+Now, there are a number of
+different things that one can
+
+deduce from this.
+
+And let me carry them out.
+
+So this is more or less
+the second thing that
+
+you'll want to do.
+
+And I'm going to emphasize
+maybe one aspect of it.
+
+I guess we'll get rid of this.
+
+But it's still the issue that
+we're discussing here.
+
+Is whether this area
+is fat or thin.
+
+I'll remind you of that.
+
+So here's the next idea.
+
+Something called limit
+comparison.
+
+Limit comparison is what you're
+going to use when,
+
+instead of being able actually
+to calculate the number, you
+
+don't yet know what
+the number is.
+
+But you can make a comparison to
+something whose convergence
+
+properties you already
+understand.
+
+Now, here's the statement.
+
+If a function, f, is similar to
+a function, asymptotically
+
+the same as a function, g, as
+x goes to infinity, I'll
+
+remind you what that
+means in a second.
+
+Then the integral starting at
+some point out to infinity of
+
+f(x) dx, and the other
+one, converge and
+
+diverge at the same time.
+
+So both, either, either
+-- sorry, let's try
+
+it the other way.
+
+Either, both.
+
+Either both converge,
+or both diverge.
+
+They behave exactly
+the same way.
+
+In terms of whether they're
+infinite or not.
+
+And, let me remind you what
+this tilde means.
+
+This thing means that f(
+x) / g ( x) tends to 1.
+
+So if you have a couple of
+functions like that, then
+
+their behavior is the same.
+
+This is more or less obvious.
+
+It's just because far enough
+out, this is for
+
+large a, if you like.
+
+We're not paying any attention
+to what happens.
+
+It just has to do with the tail,
+and after a while f ( x)
+
+and g(x) are comparable
+to each other.
+
+So their integrals are
+comparable to each other.
+
+So let's just do a couple
+of examples here.
+
+If you take the integral from 0
+to infinity dx / the square
+
+root of x ^2 + 10, then I claim
+that the square root of
+
+x^2 + 10 resembles the square
+root of x ^2, which is just x.
+
+So this thing is going
+to be like.
+
+So now I'm going to have to
+do one thing to you here.
+
+Which is, I'm going to
+change this to 1.
+
+To infinity. dx /x And the
+reason is that this x = 0 is
+
+extraneous.
+
+Doesn't have anything to
+do with what's going
+
+on with this problem.
+
+This guy here, the piece of it
+from, so we're going to ignore
+
+the part integral from 0 to 1 dx
+/ square root of x ^2 + 10,
+
+which is finite anyway.
+
+And unimportant.
+
+Whereas, unfortunately, the
+integral of dx will have a
+
+singularity at x = 0.
+
+So we can't make the
+comparison there.
+
+Anyway, this one is infinite.
+
+So this is divergence.
+
+Using what I knew from before.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is, why
+did we switch from 0 to 1?
+
+So I'm going to say a little
+bit more about that later.
+
+But let me just make
+it a warning here.
+
+Which is that this guy here is
+infinite for other reasons.
+
+Unrelated reasons.
+
+The comparison that we are
+trying to make is with the
+
+tail as x goes to infinity.
+
+So another way of saying this
+is that I should stick an a
+
+here and an a here and
+stay away from 0.
+
+So, say a = 1.
+
+If I make these both 1,
+that would be OK.
+
+If I make them both 2,
+that would be OK.
+
+If I make them both 100,
+that would be OK.
+
+So let's leave it as
+100 right now.
+
+And it's acceptable.
+
+I want you to stay away
+from the origin here.
+
+Because that's another
+bad point.
+
+And just talk about what's
+happening with the tail.
+
+So this is a tail, and I
+also had a different
+
+name for it up top.
+
+Which is emphasizing this.
+
+Which is limit comparison.
+
+It's only what's happening at
+the very end of the picture
+
+that we're interested in.
+
+So again, this is as
+x goes to infinity.
+
+That's the limit we're talking
+about, the limiting behavior.
+
+And we're trying not to pay
+attention to what's happening
+
+for small values of x.
+
+So to be consistent, if I'm
+going to do it up to 100 I'm
+
+ignoring what's happening up
+to the first 100 values.
+
+In any case, this
+guy diverged.
+
+And let me give you
+another example.
+
+This one, you could
+have computed.
+
+This one you could have
+computed, right?
+
+Because it's a square root of
+quadratic, so there's a trig
+
+substitution that evaluates
+this one.
+
+The advantage of this limit
+comparison method is, it makes
+
+no difference whether you can
+compute the thing or not.
+
+You can still decide whether
+it's finite or infinite,
+
+fairly easily.
+
+So let me give you an
+example of that.
+
+So here we have another
+example.
+
+We'll take the integral dx
+/ square root of x^3 + 3.
+
+Let's say, for the
+sake of argument.
+
+From 0 to infinity.
+
+Let's leave off, let's make it
+10 to infinity, whatever.
+
+Now this one is problematic
+for you.
+
+You're not going to be able
+to evaluate it, I promise.
+
+So on the other hand 1 / the
+square root of x^3 + 3 is
+
+similar to 1 / the square root
+of x ^3, which is 1 / x ^ 3/2.
+
+So this thing is going to
+resemble this integral here.
+
+Which is convergent.
+
+According to our rule.
+
+So those are the, more or less
+the main ingredients.
+
+Let me just mention one other
+integral, which was the one
+
+that we had over here.
+
+This one here.
+
+If you look at this integral, of
+course we can compute it so
+
+we know the area is finite.
+
+But the way that you would
+actually carry this out, if
+
+you didn't know the number and
+you wanted to check that this
+
+integral were finite, then you
+would make the following
+
+comparison.
+
+This one is not so difficult.
+
+First of all, you would write it
+as twice the integral from
+
+0 to infinity of e^ - x ^2 dx.
+
+This is a new example here, and
+we're just checking for
+
+convergence only.
+
+Not evaluation.
+
+And now, I'm going to make a
+comparison here, Rather than a
+
+limit, comparison I'm actually
+just going to make an ordinary
+
+comparison.
+
+That's because this thing
+vanishes so fast. It's so
+
+favorable that we can only put
+something on top of it, we
+
+can't get something underneath
+it that exactly
+
+balances with it.
+
+In other words, this wiggle was
+something which had the
+
+same growth rate as the
+function involved.
+
+This thing just vanishes
+incredibly fast. It's great.
+
+It's too good for us,
+for this comparison.
+
+So instead what I'm going
+to make is the following
+
+comparison. e ^ - x
+^2 < = e ^ - x.
+
+At least for x >= 1.
+
+When x > = 1, then x ^2 >=
+x, and so - x ^2 < - x.
+
+And so e^ - x^2 is
+less than this.
+
+So this is the reasoning
+involved.
+
+And so what we have here
+is two pieces.
+
+We have 2, the integral from
+0 to 1, of e^ - x ^2.
+
+That's just a finite part.
+
+And then we have this other
+part, which I'm going to
+
+replace with the e ^ - x here.
+
+2 times 1 to infinity
+e ^ -x dx.
+
+So this is, if you like,
+this is ordinary
+
+comparison of integrals.
+
+It's something that we did way
+at the beginning of the class.
+
+Or much earlier on, when we were
+dealing with integrals.
+
+Which is that if you have a
+larger integrand, then the
+
+integral gets larger.
+
+So we've replaced
+the integral.
+
+We've got the same integrand
+on 0 to 1.
+
+And we have a larger integrand
+on, so this
+
+one is larger integrand.
+
+And this one we know
+is finite.
+
+This one is a convergent
+integral.
+
+So the whole business
+is convergent.
+
+But of course we replaced it
+by a much larger thing.
+
+So we're not getting the right
+number out of this.
+
+We're just showing that
+it converges.
+
+So these are the main
+ingredients.
+
+As I say, once the thing gets
+really, really fast decaying,
+
+it's relatively straightforward.
+
+There's lots of room to show
+that it converges.
+
+Now, there's one last item of
+business here which I have to
+
+promise you.
+
+Which I promised you, which had
+to do with dealing with
+
+this bottom piece here.
+
+So I have to deal with what
+happens when there's a
+
+singularity.
+
+This is known as an improper
+integral of the second type.
+
+And the idea of these examples
+is the following.
+
+You might have something
+like this.
+
+Something like this.
+
+Or something like this.
+
+These are typical sorts
+of examples.
+
+And before actually describing
+what happens, I
+
+just want to mention.
+
+So first of all, the key point
+here is you can just calculate
+
+these things.
+
+And plug in 0 and it works and
+you'll get the right answer.
+
+So you'll determine, you'll
+figure out, that it turns out
+
+that this one will converge,
+this one will diverge, and
+
+this one will diverge.
+
+That's what will turn
+out to happen.
+
+However, I want to warn you that
+you can fool yourself.
+
+And so let me give you a
+slightly different example.
+
+Let's consider this
+integral here.
+
+The integral from -
+1 to 1 dx / x ^2.
+
+If you carry out this integral
+without thinking, what will
+
+happen is, you'll get the
+antiderivative, which is - x ^
+
+-1, evaluated at - 1 and 1.
+
+And you plug it in.
+
+And what do you get?
+
+You get - 1 (1 ^ - 1) -,
+uh-oh. (- ( -1) ^ - 1).
+
+There's a lot of - 1's
+in this problem.
+
+OK, so that's - 1.
+
+And this one, if you work it all
+out, as I sometimes don't
+
+get the signs right, but this
+time I really paid attention.
+
+It's - 1, I'm telling you
+that's what it is.
+
+So that comes out to be - 2.
+
+Now, this is ridiculous.
+
+This function here
+looks like this.
+
+It's positive, right?
+
+1 / x ^2 is positive.
+
+How exactly is it that the area
+between - 1 and 1 came
+
+out to be a negative number?
+
+That can't be.
+
+There was clearly something
+wrong with this.
+
+And this is the kind of thing
+that you'll get regularly if
+
+you don't pay attention to
+convergence of integrals.
+
+So what's going on here is
+actually that this area in
+
+here is infinite.
+
+And this calculation that
+I made is nonsense.
+
+So it doesn't work.
+
+This is wrong.
+
+Because it's divergent.
+
+Actually, when you get to
+imaginary numbers, it'll turn
+
+out that there's a way
+of rescuing it.
+
+But, still, it means something
+totally different when that
+
+integral is thought
+to be at - 2.
+
+So.
+
+What I want you to do here, so
+I think we'll have to finish
+
+this up very briefly
+next time.
+
+We'll do these three
+calculations and you'll see
+
+that these two guys
+are divergent
+
+and this one converges.
+
+And we'll do that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KmGPMec8-iU.txt b/KmGPMec8-iU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80d463ab2f5d414489a5d6e0784ba17d4a63be9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KmGPMec8-iU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we analyzed a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyzed a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyzed a one-dimensional
+elastic collision in in any frame and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision in in any frame and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision in in any frame and we
+had a velocity v1 initial and v2 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a velocity v1 initial and v2 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a velocity v1 initial and v2 initial
+that we saw that we could reduce this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw that we could reduce this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw that we could reduce this is
+a one-dimensional elastic collision we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional elastic collision we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional elastic collision we
+could reduce our and we always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reduce our and we always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reduce our and we always have the
+energy condition and the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy condition and the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy condition and the momentum
+condition but when we combine the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but when we combine the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but when we combine the energy
+momentum together we found the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum together we found the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum together we found the following
+idea that the relative velocity v1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the relative velocity v1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the relative velocity v1 -
+which we call the relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the relative velocity
+initial was just equal to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial was just equal to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial was just equal to the final
+relative velocity the statement there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity the statement there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity the statement there
+was that v1 initial minus v2 initial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that v1 initial minus v2 initial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that v1 initial minus v2 initial is
+equal to minus the one final minus v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus the one final minus v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus the one final minus v2
+final and we call this the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and we call this the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and we call this the energy
+momentum relation for our classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum relation for our classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum relation for our classical
+mechanics and then we could combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then we could combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then we could combine that
+with our conservation of energy law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our conservation of energy law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our conservation of energy law
+conservation of momentum and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum and we've got a
+linear system of equations that is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of equations that is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of equations that is much
+easier to solve than the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve than the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve than the quadratic
+system now what I'd like to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now what I'd like to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now what I'd like to show is that
+this concept of relative velocity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of relative velocity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of relative velocity that
+the v1 to relative velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v1 to relative velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v1 to relative velocity is
+independent of the choice of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the choice of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the choice of reference
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we want to analyze a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we want to analyze a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we want to analyze a collision
+in any other reference frame then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any other reference frame then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any other reference frame then we
+always can keep this result so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always can keep this result so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always can keep this result so now let's
+look at that so again let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so again let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so again let's imagine that
+we have two particles where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two particles where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two particles where we have
+particle 1 and particle 2 we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 and particle 2 we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 and particle 2 we have some
+origin R 1 and R 2 and now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin R 1 and R 2 and now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin R 1 and R 2 and now we want to
+choose another reference ring so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another reference ring so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another reference ring so suppose
+that we pick a second reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pick a second reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pick a second reference frame
+which has maybe some origin over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has maybe some origin over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has maybe some origin over here
+and we have the vectors our 1 prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the vectors our 1 prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the vectors our 1 prime and
+R 2 prime and the relative vector from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 prime and the relative vector from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 prime and the relative vector from
+the center of one reference frame to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of one reference frame to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of one reference frame to the
+center of the other reference frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the other reference frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the other reference frame so
+what we have are the two conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have are the two conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have are the two conditions that
+R 1 is equal to capital R plus R 1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 is equal to capital R plus R 1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 is equal to capital R plus R 1 prime
+R 1 is capital R plus R 1 prime R 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 is capital R plus R 1 prime R 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 is capital R plus R 1 prime R 2 is
+capital R plus R 2 Prime and now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R plus R 2 Prime and now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R plus R 2 Prime and now if we
+subtract these two equations we have R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these two equations we have R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these two equations we have R 1
+minus R 2 equals R 1 prime minus R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R 2 equals R 1 prime minus R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R 2 equals R 1 prime minus R 2
+prime and this shows us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and this shows us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and this shows us that the
+relative position vectors and let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative position vectors and let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative position vectors and let's draw
+that are this one from 2 to 1 and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are this one from 2 to 1 and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are this one from 2 to 1 and even
+in our diagram we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our diagram we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our diagram we can see that the
+vector from 2 to 1 does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from 2 to 1 does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from 2 to 1 does not depend on
+the choice of reference frame and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of reference frame and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of reference frame and even
+more importantly when we differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly when we differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly when we differentiate
+we get that V 1 minus V 2 is equal to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that V 1 minus V 2 is equal to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that V 1 minus V 2 is equal to V
+1 prime minus V 2 Prime and that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime minus V 2 Prime and that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime minus V 2 Prime and that becomes
+our statement that the relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our statement that the relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our statement that the relative velocity
+vector is independent of the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is independent of the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is independent of the choice of
+reference frame
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KvBk_u8NNp4.txt b/KvBk_u8NNp4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e612a96e998eb98b546045841e0d3db4f9d6222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KvBk_u8NNp4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+6890 uh today we're we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6890 uh today we're we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6890 uh today we're we're going to look
+at a bunch of different graph problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bunch of different graph problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bunch of different graph problems
+that is their unifying feature their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is their unifying feature their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is their unifying feature their
+problems on graphs we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on graphs we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on graphs we're going to look
+at vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vertex
+cover uh we're going to look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh we're going to look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh we're going to look at uh
+vertex coloring of graphs and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex coloring of graphs and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex coloring of graphs and we're
+going to look at some ordering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some ordering problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some ordering problems
+on graphs and I think one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphs and I think one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphs and I think one more
+orientations of graphs uh so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations of graphs uh so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations of graphs uh so these are
+all going to be some kind of constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to be some kind of constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to be some kind of constraint
+that we place on the graph or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we place on the graph or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we place on the graph or something
+we want to do with the graph um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do with the graph um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do with the graph um this is
+sort of a miscell lecture um we've spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a miscell lecture um we've spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a miscell lecture um we've spent
+a lot of time talking about threat most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time talking about threat most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time talking about threat most
+recently hamiltonicity and before all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently hamiltonicity and before all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently hamiltonicity and before all
+that three partition which are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three partition which are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three partition which are the most
+popular most useful I would say uh ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular most useful I would say uh ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular most useful I would say uh ways
+of doing NP hardness reductions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing NP hardness reductions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing NP hardness reductions but
+there are few others that are good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few others that are good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few others that are good to
+know that are sometimes relevant and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that are sometimes relevant and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that are sometimes relevant and so
+this is that uh each one is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh each one is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh each one is a little bit
+smaller in content so we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in content so we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in content so we're just going
+to blump them all together uh so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blump them all together uh so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blump them all together uh so we'll
+start with vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with vertex cover
+uh we saw this slide from lecture four I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw this slide from lecture four I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw this slide from lecture four I
+think uh from planer threat uh lonstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh from planer threat uh lonstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh from planer threat uh lonstein
+uh proved planer vertex cover is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proved planer vertex cover is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proved planer vertex cover is hard
+vertex cover remember is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover remember is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover remember is this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you want to choose a set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to choose a set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to choose a set of vertices
+let's say k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say k
+vertices to hit all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a different way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different way of thinking about
+this problem and a lot of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and a lot of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and a lot of these problems
+you can think of in a more logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of in a more logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of in a more logical
+context formulas and so on uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context formulas and so on uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context formulas and so on uh this is
+essentially a form of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh
+with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K
+true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh
+variables it's even uh positive two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because you essentially you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you essentially you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you essentially you can think
+of there being a variable for each Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there being a variable for each Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there being a variable for each Ed
+for each vertex whether you choose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each vertex whether you choose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each vertex whether you choose it
+and then the edge is just stating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the edge is just stating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the edge is just stating the
+constraint that you should choose one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that you should choose one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that you should choose one or
+the other of the end points and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of the end points and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of the end points and so
+that's a two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two set
+constraint uh and two set is easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh and two set is easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh and two set is easy but
+when you say I want to solve two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say I want to solve two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say I want to solve two set
+with only setting K of the variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only setting K of the variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only setting K of the variables to
+be true then it becomes this NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true then it becomes this NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true then it becomes this NP hard
+problem vertex cover and so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem vertex cover and so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem vertex cover and so we have this
+was a reduction from planer threat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reduction from planer threat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reduction from planer threat to
+planer vertex cover so we know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer vertex cover so we know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer vertex cover so we know this
+problem is hard uh let let's use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is hard uh let let's use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is hard uh let let's use it for
+some things uh and let's also prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things uh and let's also prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things uh and let's also prove some
+even more special versions uh or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more special versions uh or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more special versions uh or some
+some more related versions are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more related versions are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more related versions are hard
+so this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one was
+already uh maximum degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh maximum degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh maximum degree
+3 might have some if we have some unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 might have some if we have some unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 might have some if we have some unused
+copies we'll get degree 2 ver uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies we'll get degree 2 ver uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies we'll get degree 2 ver uh
+vertices but certainly every vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but certainly every vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but certainly every vertex is
+at most degree three and it was planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most degree three and it was planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most degree three and it was planer
+so that's already cool uh planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max degree
+3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is
+hard uh some polinomial versions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh some polinomial versions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh some polinomial versions to be
+careful of if you're using vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful of if you're using vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful of if you're using vertex cover
+as a starting point uh one is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a starting point uh one is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a starting point uh one is what I
+call exact vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh incident to exactly one chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex so vertex cover could be one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so vertex cover could be one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so vertex cover could be one or
+the other uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh if you
+have uh exclusively or between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh exclusively or between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh exclusively or between those two
+it's easy um and another version sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy um and another version sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy um and another version sort of
+the duel between uh vertices and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duel between uh vertices and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duel between uh vertices and edges
+might call it Edge cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it Edge cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it Edge cover
+which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be
+choose K edges to hit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices an exact Edge cover perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices an exact Edge cover perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices an exact Edge cover perfect
+matching exact exact vertex cover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching exact exact vertex cover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching exact exact vertex cover is
+perfect matching thank you uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching thank you uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching thank you uh this is
+also essentially maximum cardinality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also essentially maximum cardinality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also essentially maximum cardinality
+matching uh because the more you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh because the more you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching uh because the more you can be
+a matching the more efficient you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matching the more efficient you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matching the more efficient you're
+going to be and then every isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and then every isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and then every isolated
+vertex after you have a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex after you have a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex after you have a maximum
+cardinality matching you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality matching you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality matching you just have to
+cover those with one more so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover those with one more so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover those with one more so both of
+these reduce to matching so but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reduce to matching so but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reduce to matching so but it's
+obvious in hindsight but be careful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in hindsight but be careful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in hindsight but be careful if
+you're ever doing vertex cover not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever doing vertex cover not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever doing vertex cover not to
+accidentally uh do one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally uh do one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally uh do one of
+these okay so are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warnings here's a a cool version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings here's a a cool version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings here's a a cool version of
+vertex cover can be useful we'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover can be useful we'll use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover can be useful we'll use it
+in a moment to prove particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment to prove particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment to prove particular problem
+hard connected vertex cover so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard connected vertex cover so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard connected vertex cover so usually
+with a Vertex cover you imagine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Vertex cover you imagine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Vertex cover you imagine you're
+just grabbing vertices from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grabbing vertices from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grabbing vertices from all over the
+graph with connected vertex cover you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with connected vertex cover you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with connected vertex cover you
+require that the chosen vertices induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the chosen vertices induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the chosen vertices induce
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+connected subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not obviously easier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not obviously easier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not obviously easier or
+harder as a problem it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as a problem it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as a problem it's more
+restrictive on the cover uh but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive on the cover uh but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive on the cover uh but we can
+prove that it's NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's NP
+hard uh by a reduction from this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh by a reduction from this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh by a reduction from this problem
+and so in particular we get that it's MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular we get that it's MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular we get that it's MP
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+for uh planer Max degree 4 graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh here's the reduction I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's the reduction I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's the reduction I think this
+reduction is quite cool because it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is quite cool because it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is quite cool because it it
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+planarity it may not be necessary to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity it may not be necessary to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity it may not be necessary to use
+planarity but this reduction definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity but this reduction definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity but this reduction definitely
+uses planarity in a rich way uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses planarity in a rich way uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses planarity in a rich way uh even
+though so even if you're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so even if you're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so even if you're trying to prove
+this without planarity it' be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without planarity it' be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without planarity it' be kind of
+more awkward so suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more awkward so suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more awkward so suppose you have a
+planer graph you want to find a minim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer graph you want to find a minim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer graph you want to find a minim
+vertex cover in this graph we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover in this graph we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover in this graph we're going
+to modify the graph in this way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the graph in this way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the graph in this way this is
+yet another Gary and Johnson paper uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another Gary and Johnson paper uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another Gary and Johnson paper uh so
+you can see the original faces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the original faces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the original faces of the
+graph and then for each face we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then for each face we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then for each face we're going
+to add in uh sort of a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in uh sort of a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in uh sort of a copy of the
+face um so also the outside face gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face um so also the outside face gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face um so also the outside face gets
+this kind of curvy copy um and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of curvy copy um and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of curvy copy um and so in
+particular at every vertex there's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at every vertex there's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at every vertex there's now
+going to be five copies of the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be five copies of the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be five copies of the vertex
+one on the one incident face one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the one incident face one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the one incident face one on the
+other incident face and then for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other incident face and then for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other incident face and then for every
+one of these we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these we're going to have an
+extra Leaf hanging off why leaves leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Leaf hanging off why leaves leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Leaf hanging off why leaves leaves
+are really cool or really annoying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cool or really annoying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cool or really annoying or
+whatever they're um very forceful in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're um very forceful in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're um very forceful in the
+case of vertex cover if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of vertex cover if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of vertex cover if you look at a
+leaf uh so here's a leaf it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh so here's a leaf it's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh so here's a leaf it's connected
+to some vertex it's presumably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some vertex it's presumably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some vertex it's presumably not a
+leaf otherwise that' be an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf otherwise that' be an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf otherwise that' be an isolated
+component um it's never useful to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component um it's never useful to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component um it's never useful to put
+this in the vertex cover if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the vertex cover if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the vertex cover if you just
+decide to put this in the vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to put this in the vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to put this in the vertex cover
+you might as well choose this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well choose this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well choose this guy
+instead because this covers more covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead because this covers more covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead because this covers more covers
+all the edges that this one did namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges that this one did namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges that this one did namely
+that one Edge and some other edges maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one Edge and some other edges maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one Edge and some other edges maybe
+it was already in the vertex cover then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already in the vertex cover then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already in the vertex cover then
+it wasn't minimum then you got smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't minimum then you got smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't minimum then you got smaller
+uh but you can assume there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can assume there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can assume there is an
+optimal solution where you never put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where you never put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where you never put
+leaves in the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in the vertex
+cover uh what that means is if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh what that means is if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh what that means is if you uh
+wherever we add a leaf like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we add a leaf like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we add a leaf like this it
+basically forces you it lets you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically forces you it lets you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically forces you it lets you know
+that you might as well have this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might as well have this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might as well have this in the
+vertex cover there is an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover there is an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover there is an optimal
+solution where this is in the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where this is in the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where this is in the vertex
+cover uh because the only other option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh because the only other option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh because the only other option
+is that this one is and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this one is and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this one is and then you can
+move it over so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over so these
+vertices on the copies of the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the copies of the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the copies of the faces
+those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all
+forced to be in the cover which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be in the cover which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be in the cover which means
+this entire copy of the face the inset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire copy of the face the inset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire copy of the face the inset
+copy of the face is completely covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the face is completely covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the face is completely covered
+already plus these edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already plus these edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already plus these edges are
+covered connecting the inner copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered connecting the inner copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered connecting the inner copy of the
+face to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face to the original
+face uh uh now we have to be so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face uh uh now we have to be so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face uh uh now we have to be so there's
+still stuff to cover um so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stuff to cover um so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stuff to cover um so in particular
+it's still interesting to put one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still interesting to put one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still interesting to put one of the
+original vertices in the cover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original vertices in the cover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original vertices in the cover that
+would cover these three now they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cover these three now they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cover these three now they're uh
+the every Edge got cut into three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every Edge got cut into three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the every Edge got cut into three parts
+so this would be this would cover 1/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be this would cover 1/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be this would cover 1/3 of
+the edge the idea is if you put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge the idea is if you put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge the idea is if you put this in
+the cover and you cover those three guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover and you cover those three guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover and you cover those three guys
+uh we still have to cover these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still have to cover these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still have to cover these two and
+we'll do that by putting this vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that by putting this vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that by putting this vertex in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cover uh cuz one of these two has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh cuz one of these two has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh cuz one of these two has to be
+in in order to cover this middle Edge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in order to cover this middle Edge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in order to cover this middle Edge um
+and the idea is that you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that you'll be able to
+just put one of them in you'll put be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put one of them in you'll put be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put one of them in you'll put be
+able to put exactly one of these two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put exactly one of these two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put exactly one of these two on
+every subdivided Edge if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subdivided Edge if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subdivided Edge if and only if
+there was a Vertex cover of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Vertex cover of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a Vertex cover of the right
+size so if I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if I do the
+arithmetic here uh claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic here uh claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic here uh claim
+is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+exactly five times the the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly five times the the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly five times the the original
+number of edges uh to the vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges uh to the vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges uh to the vertex cover
+to the optimal vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimal vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimal vertex
+cover five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover five
+because uh for every original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh for every original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh for every original
+Edge uh we added two here two here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh we added two here two here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh we added two here two here and
+then one of these two so there were six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of these two so there were six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of these two so there were six
+sort of vertices around this Edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vertices around this Edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vertices around this Edge that
+we added uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added uh
+and if if we can cover say this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we can cover say this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we can cover say this Edge
+using that Vertex or cover this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that Vertex or cover this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that Vertex or cover this Edge
+using that vertex which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that vertex which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that vertex which is the same as
+saying that this original Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this original Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this original Edge is
+covered by one side or the other then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by one side or the other then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by one side or the other then we
+only need one of these two guys and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one of these two guys and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one of these two guys and then
+we'll get away with just five per Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get away with just five per Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get away with just five per Edge
+so if the original thing the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the original thing the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the original thing the original
+thing has a Vertex cover of size K if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has a Vertex cover of size K if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has a Vertex cover of size K if
+and only if this new thing has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if this new thing has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if this new thing has the
+vertex cover of size K plus five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover of size K plus five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover of size K plus five times
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+edges question um what stops you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges question um what stops you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges question um what stops you from
+taking one of the uh well you you taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one of the uh well you you taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one of the uh well you you taking
+both of these for example yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these for example yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these for example yeah so that's
+a good thing to worry about maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing to worry about maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing to worry about maybe you
+take both and then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take both and then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take both and then you don't have to
+choose either one so doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose either one so doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose either one so doesn't look like a
+Vertex cover but this is a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex cover but this is a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex cover but this is a similar
+argument to the leaves if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to the leaves if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to the leaves if you choose
+both of these guys cuz you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these guys cuz you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these guys cuz you know that
+these the other four are there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the other four are there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the other four are there you can
+always move one of them to the vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always move one of them to the vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always move one of them to the vertex so
+you'll get a recover vertex cover yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a recover vertex cover yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a recover vertex cover yeah
+you need five times the edges plus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need five times the edges plus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need five times the edges plus like
+the number of vertices because you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices because you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices because you also
+have to cover the leaves off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cover the leaves off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cover the leaves off the
+vertices the these leaves oh these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices the these leaves oh these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices the these leaves oh these ones
+ah whoops oh so it looks like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah whoops oh so it looks like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah whoops oh so it looks like they're
+always increasing the degree to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increasing the degree to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increasing the degree to four
+connected vert Ser is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected vert Ser is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected vert Ser is actually an
+important problem people think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem people think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem people think about it
+a lot uh for some kind of uh networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh for some kind of uh networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh for some kind of uh networking
+applications you want to build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want to build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want to build some
+backbone that can reach everybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone that can reach everybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone that can reach everybody you
+need a connected Network um but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a connected Network um but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a connected Network um but uh the
+garyan Johnson's Original motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garyan Johnson's Original motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garyan Johnson's Original motivation for
+introducing that problem uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing that problem uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing that problem uh is
+rectilinear Steiner tree also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear Steiner tree also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear Steiner tree also an
+important networking problem Steiner Tre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important networking problem Steiner Tre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important networking problem Steiner Tre
+is about uh you usually you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh you usually you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about uh you usually you're you
+imagine you're given some you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're given some you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're given some you're given
+some space where you can build a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space where you can build a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some space where you can build a network
+and you're given some things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're given some things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're given some things that you
+want to inter connect so maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inter connect so maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inter connect so maybe you're
+building a new city you've uh around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new city you've uh around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new city you've uh around
+some existing houses so you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some existing houses so you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some existing houses so you're given
+some points in the plane that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points in the plane that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points in the plane that represent
+houses now you want to build roads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses now you want to build roads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses now you want to build roads to
+connect them all together you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them all together you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them all together you want to
+minimize the amount of Roads you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of Roads you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of Roads you have to
+build uh so you're going to build a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh so you're going to build a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh so you're going to build a tree
+and Steiner tree means that you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Steiner tree means that you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Steiner tree means that you can add
+intersections wherever you want as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections wherever you want as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections wherever you want as
+opposed to uh minimum spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh minimum spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh minimum spanning tree
+where you can only turn at the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can only turn at the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can only turn at the given
+vertices so if you have some points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so if you have some points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so if you have some points uh
+like this in the plane uh the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the plane uh the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the plane uh the the best
+way to connect them together in the ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to connect them together in the ukan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to connect them together in the ukan
+metric is to have uh didn't draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is to have uh didn't draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is to have uh didn't draw it
+super well but to have 120 degree angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super well but to have 120 degree angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super well but to have 120 degree angles
+uh at all the intersections something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at all the intersections something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at all the intersections something
+you can prove here we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove here we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove here we're thinking about
+reinar Steiner tree which is a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinar Steiner tree which is a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinar Steiner tree which is a version
+where sort of the Manhattan version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the Manhattan version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the Manhattan version
+where you're only allowed to draw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're only allowed to draw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're only allowed to draw uh
+orthogonal connections like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal connections like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal connections like that so you
+can still add extra vertices you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still add extra vertices you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still add extra vertices you want to
+minimize the total length of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total length of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total length of these
+connections given end points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections given end points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections given end points in the
+plane this problem is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this problem is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this problem is NP
+hard and you can prove it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and you can prove it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and you can prove it in a very
+simple way this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way this is the
+reduction uh from the previous problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh from the previous problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh from the previous problem
+so the first step is and the reason they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step is and the reason they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step is and the reason they
+care about Max degree 4 in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about Max degree 4 in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about Max degree 4 in the previous
+problem is to draw the graph in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to draw the graph in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to draw the graph in the
+plane in orthogonal drawing so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in orthogonal drawing so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in orthogonal drawing so every
+vertex becomes a point every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex becomes a point every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex becomes a point every Edge
+becomes some orthogonal path connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes some orthogonal path connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes some orthogonal path connecting
+two vert veres we've done that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vert veres we've done that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vert veres we've done that in
+previous proofs so now everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous proofs so now everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous proofs so now everything's
+drawn in the plane something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the plane something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the plane something like this
+and then at each vertex we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at each vertex we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at each vertex we're going to
+erase a little circle of radius 2 um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase a little circle of radius 2 um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase a little circle of radius 2 um and
+then that leaves a bunch of segments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that leaves a bunch of segments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that leaves a bunch of segments and
+the segments connected together uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments connected together uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments connected together uh and
+now we're just going to place along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just going to place along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just going to place along
+those segments a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those segments a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those segments a whole bunch of
+points and so the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so the idea is that the
+Steiner tree should connect all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steiner tree should connect all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steiner tree should connect all those
+together and then it's left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then it's left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then it's left with a
+choice um and those are all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um and those are all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice um and those are all going to be
+distance one apart and it's left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance one apart and it's left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance one apart and it's left with a
+choice of where to connect things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of where to connect things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of where to connect things
+together which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which
+vertices uh so a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh so a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh so a little bit more
+formally what's going on each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what's going on each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what's going on each of these
+edges is going to be scaled up by a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is going to be scaled up by a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is going to be scaled up by a huge
+Factor 4 * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor 4 * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor 4 * n
+2 uh where N I think is the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh where N I think is the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh where N I think is the dimension of
+the grid n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid n byn
+grid so these are of the original grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so these are of the original grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so these are of the original grid
+the dash lines so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash lines so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash lines so we're going to
+originally when you draw it on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally when you draw it on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally when you draw it on a on a
+graph on a on a grid you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on a on a grid you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on a on a grid you imagine
+probably these are unit length scale it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably these are unit length scale it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably these are unit length scale it
+up to length 4 n^2 and then uh the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to length 4 n^2 and then uh the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to length 4 n^2 and then uh the rule
+is wherever you have an integer point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wherever you have an integer point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wherever you have an integer point
+along that line add a DOT and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line add a DOT and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line add a DOT and so they
+will be spaced with distances of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be spaced with distances of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be spaced with distances of one
+over here we have distances of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have distances of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have distances of two
+between the vertex which is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the vertex which is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the vertex which is not actually
+a point in the Set uh and here and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in the Set uh and here and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in the Set uh and here and so a
+distance of four between any pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of four between any pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of four between any pairs of
+those points because these distances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points because these distances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points because these distances are
+so huge you never want to connect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huge you never want to connect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huge you never want to connect from
+here to anywhere else that's not at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to anywhere else that's not at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to anywhere else that's not at this
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+intersection okay so and the there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection okay so and the there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection okay so and the there's an
+argument about that looking at the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about that looking at the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about that looking at the these
+sort of regions of where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regions of where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regions of where you could
+possibly want to go and there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want to go and there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want to go and there's only
+those uh end points in there and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh end points in there and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh end points in there and these
+are really cheap to connect so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cheap to connect so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cheap to connect so really
+only pays to connect things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pays to connect things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pays to connect things in
+between uh so uh basically you show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh so uh basically you show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh so uh basically you show that
+you're forced to do all the unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to do all the unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to do all the unit length
+connections and now you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and now you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and now you just have to
+make the thing connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the thing connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the thing connected
+question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why
+two uh because two is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yeah I guess so the vertex covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah I guess so the vertex covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah I guess so the vertex covers
+that you'd want to fill in that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want to fill in that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want to fill in that whole
+cross but maybe there's a fear that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross but maybe there's a fear that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross but maybe there's a fear that you
+would just connect no you won't fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just connect no you won't fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just connect no you won't fill in
+the whole cross in the vertex cover let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole cross in the vertex cover let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole cross in the vertex cover let
+me tell you what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you what you're going to
+do yeah I agree this proof is I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I agree this proof is I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I agree this proof is I mean the
+reduction is super simple but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is super simple but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is super simple but the
+argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is
+confusing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's essentially two things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's essentially two things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's essentially two things going
+on but let's let's first think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but let's let's first think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but let's let's first think about the
+case where I give you a connected vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I give you a connected vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I give you a connected vertex
+cover of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of some
+size what I'm going to do is uh first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size what I'm going to do is uh first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size what I'm going to do is uh first or
+you can think of it in either order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it in either order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it in either order I
+I'm in particular going to connect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in particular going to connect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in particular going to connect all
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+vertices together now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices together now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices together now there's no
+particular reason to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason to connect the
+vertices but I'm just going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but I'm just going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but I'm just going to do it
+anyway or think about doing it anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway or think about doing it anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway or think about doing it anyway um
+by a spanning tree so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a spanning tree so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a spanning tree so there's lots of
+EXT redundant connectivity here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXT redundant connectivity here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXT redundant connectivity here I don't
+need to connect this to this to this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to connect this to this to this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to connect this to this to this all
+the way around I can drop one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around I can drop one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around I can drop one of those
+connections because I'm just uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because I'm just uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because I'm just uh I just
+need to be connected just need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be connected just need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be connected just need a
+spanning tree and in general uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and in general uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree and in general uh there
+are V vertices to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V vertices to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are V vertices to connect
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them
+costs uh two in a certain sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs uh two in a certain sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs uh two in a certain sense to
+connect a Vertex to an incident Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a Vertex to an incident Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a Vertex to an incident Edge
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+two and so uh V minus1 edges in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so uh V minus1 edges in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so uh V minus1 edges in the
+spanning tree so I'm going to pay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree so I'm going to pay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree so I'm going to pay that
+on the other other hand I also need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other other hand I also need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other other hand I also need that
+every Edge is connected to some vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge is connected to some vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge is connected to some vertex
+that's the vertex cover constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the vertex cover constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the vertex cover constraint and
+so every Edge is going to pay two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every Edge is going to pay two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every Edge is going to pay two in
+order to connect to a Vertex so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to connect to a Vertex so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to connect to a Vertex so the
+weird thing here is the the involvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing here is the the involvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing here is the the involvement
+of the vertices even though there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices even though there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices even though there's no
+point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there
+um that's funny uh maybe we could add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's funny uh maybe we could add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's funny uh maybe we could add a
+point there and make it a little clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there and make it a little clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there and make it a little clearer
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um instead of thinking about connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of thinking about connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of thinking about connections
+from edges to edges which would cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from edges to edges which would cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from edges to edges which would cost
+four that's sort of the wrong way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's sort of the wrong way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's sort of the wrong way to
+think about because there's two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about because there's two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about because there's two things
+going on one is just to get the edges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one is just to get the edges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one is just to get the edges to
+connect to something and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to something and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to something and then there's
+getting all the something connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the something connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the something connected
+together so this is sort of a spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is sort of a spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is sort of a spanning
+tree thing and this is a more the vert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree thing and this is a more the vert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree thing and this is a more the vert
+actual vertex cover constraint together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vertex cover constraint together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vertex cover constraint together
+they give the connected vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the connected vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the connected vertex cover
+constraint it would be impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it would be impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it would be impossible for
+for Steiner tree to do one without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Steiner tree to do one without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Steiner tree to do one without the
+other uh but essentially I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh but essentially I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh but essentially I mean I'm
+going to wave my hands a little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wave my hands a little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wave my hands a little bit here
+but you work it out in all cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you work it out in all cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you work it out in all cases the
+number of uh connections you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh connections you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh connections you need is
+exactly this if there's a Vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this if there's a Vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this if there's a Vertex cover
+and this will have to go up if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will have to go up if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will have to go up if there
+isn't a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover that was vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that was vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that was vertex
+cover Let's Do coloring this will be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover Let's Do coloring this will be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover Let's Do coloring this will be I
+think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more
+fun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh
+so first let's prove that coloring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's prove that coloring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's prove that coloring is
+hard uh so in general uh you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh so in general uh you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh so in general uh you're the
+coloring problem also called chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring problem also called chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring problem also called chromatic
+number you're given a graph and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you're given a graph and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you're given a graph and you're
+given a number K you want to color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a number K you want to color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a number K you want to color the
+vertices of the graph using K different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the graph using K different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the graph using K different
+colors so that's a a mapping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so that's a a mapping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so that's a a mapping from the
+vertices to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to the
+colors such that no Edge is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monochromatic so you want a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic so you want a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic so you want a mapping
+let's call it C from the vertices to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it C from the vertices to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it C from the vertices to one
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+K such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K such
+that uh for every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for every Edge
+let me call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VW uh the color of V does not equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW uh the color of V does not equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW uh the color of V does not equal the
+color of w so that's the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of w so that's the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of w so that's the no
+monochromatic Edge constraint it's usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic Edge constraint it's usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic Edge constraint it's usual
+coloring for vertex coloring you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring for vertex coloring you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring for vertex coloring you can
+also talk about Edge coloring and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about Edge coloring and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about Edge coloring and so on
+um and this problem is easy if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this problem is easy if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this problem is easy if K is
+one then you better not have any edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you better not have any edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you better not have any edges
+it's easy if K is two that's bipartitus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy if K is two that's bipartitus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy if K is two that's bipartitus
+testing can just greedily color and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing can just greedily color and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing can just greedily color and you
+can never make a mistake unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never make a mistake unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never make a mistake unless the
+graph isn't bipartite but it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isn't bipartite but it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph isn't bipartite but it becomes
+hard when k equals 3 so it's fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard when k equals 3 so it's fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard when k equals 3 so it's fun
+transition and so here is why vertex 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so here is why vertex 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so here is why vertex 3
+coloring is hard it's proved by Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is hard it's proved by Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is hard it's proved by Gary
+Johnson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson
+stock uh reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock uh reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock uh reduction from
+threat so we have on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat so we have on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat so we have on the one hand
+variable Gadget we're going to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Gadget we're going to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Gadget we're going to represent
+XI and x i bar like this um this this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and x i bar like this um this this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and x i bar like this um this this I
+mean coloring should feel a lot like sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean coloring should feel a lot like sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean coloring should feel a lot like sat
+in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this
+is uh you might think of this as xr2 sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you might think of this as xr2 sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you might think of this as xr2 sat
+if you think of xor as the not equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of xor as the not equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of xor as the not equals
+operator but uh it's over turnery uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but uh it's over turnery uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but uh it's over turnery uh
+logic so this gets back to a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so this gets back to a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so this gets back to a question
+from class what about Turner logic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from class what about Turner logic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from class what about Turner logic you
+can think of three coloring is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of three coloring is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of three coloring is like
+Turner logic uh just like on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner logic uh just like on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner logic uh just like on the problem
+set so um what we're going to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so um what we're going to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so um what we're going to do is have
+this we're going to have one copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to have one copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to have one copy of
+this gadget I call it a colors Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget I call it a colors Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget I call it a colors Gadget
+it's just a triangle and so all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a triangle and so all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a triangle and so all three
+colors must appear on that triangle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors must appear on that triangle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors must appear on that triangle uh
+we don't know in what order but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know in what order but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know in what order but we don't
+really care we can just Define the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care we can just Define the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care we can just Define the one
+that this the color that this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the color that this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the color that this guy's
+assigned will call it red could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned will call it red could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned will call it red could be one
+two or three but it doesn't matter call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three but it doesn't matter call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three but it doesn't matter call
+the one that this one the color this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that this one the color this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that this one the color this
+guy's assigned green and this one blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's assigned green and this one blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's assigned green and this one blue
+and hopefully you're not sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you're not sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you're not sufficiently
+color blind to be unable to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blind to be unable to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blind to be unable to distinguish
+those but I did check with a color blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but I did check with a color blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but I did check with a color blind
+tester they do seem at least different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester they do seem at least different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tester they do seem at least different
+uh but it might be hard to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it might be hard to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it might be hard to know the
+names all right so this green vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names all right so this green vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names all right so this green vertex is
+connected to both XI and x i bar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to both XI and x i bar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to both XI and x i bar for
+each of the variables which means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the variables which means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the variables which means they
+can either be red or blue and I want red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be red or blue and I want red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be red or blue and I want red
+to mean false blue to mean true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean false blue to mean true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean false blue to mean true so
+that's cool that's nice regular binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool that's nice regular binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool that's nice regular binary
+logic and then we're going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and then we're going to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and then we're going to combine
+those variables with this Clause Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables with this Clause Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables with this Clause Gadget
+Clause Gadget also has one no out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause Gadget also has one no out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause Gadget also has one no out at the
+end here connected to both green and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here connected to both green and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here connected to both green and red
+which forces it to be blue but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which forces it to be blue but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which forces it to be blue but otherwise
+it's kind of free so we have instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of free so we have instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of free so we have instances
+of of literals these don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of literals these don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of literals these don't have to be
+the positive forms this could be x i bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive forms this could be x i bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive forms this could be x i bar
+XJ bar whatever and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ bar whatever and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ bar whatever and now we're going to
+think about coloring so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about coloring so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about coloring so let me show you
+a couple of possible colorings uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of possible colorings uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of possible colorings uh here's
+a valid coloring it's valid because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid coloring it's valid because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid coloring it's valid because at
+least this is going to be three set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this is going to be three set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this is going to be three set so
+at least one of these should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of these should be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of these should be true
+true means blue this guy is blue and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true means blue this guy is blue and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true means blue this guy is blue and in
+general so what we're doing is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so what we're doing is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so what we're doing is kind of
+taking a an ore of this pair and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a an ore of this pair and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a an ore of this pair and then an
+ore of that pair with this one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore of that pair with this one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore of that pair with this one variable
+one one literal I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one literal I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one literal I should
+say and uh because this is not red I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh because this is not red I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh because this is not red I can
+put red here again all three colors must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put red here again all three colors must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put red here again all three colors must
+appear so in general what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear so in general what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear so in general what I want to do
+you'll see why in a moment is push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why in a moment is push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why in a moment is push the
+Reds as far back as possible so if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reds as far back as possible so if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reds as far back as possible so if I can
+put a red or red here or here I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a red or red here or here I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a red or red here or here I'm happy
+and I put some other color over there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put some other color over there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put some other color over there uh
+I guess I'll put yeah any any it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'll put yeah any any it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'll put yeah any any it doesn't
+matter whe which one is blue or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whe which one is blue or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whe which one is blue or green
+here as long as I can put red back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as I can put red back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as I can put red back here
+I can also put red back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also put red back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also put red back
+here and it could be if this one is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it could be if this one is blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it could be if this one is blue
+I could also put the red guy here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could also put the red guy here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could also put the red guy here I have
+the flexibility but as long as I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility but as long as I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility but as long as I can put
+red either here or here this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red either here or here this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red either here or here this one will
+not be red and furthermore I can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be red and furthermore I can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be red and furthermore I can make it
+not green and that's what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not green and that's what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not green and that's what these
+constraints tell me they should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints tell me they should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints tell me they should not be
+this vertex should not be red or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex should not be red or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex should not be red or green
+that's satisfi here and the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's satisfi here and the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's satisfi here and the one and
+that's you can show you can check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can show you can check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you can show you can check all
+cases or just uh sort of go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases or just uh sort of go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases or just uh sort of go through that
+argument um the only bad case is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um the only bad case is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um the only bad case is when
+they're all red because then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all red because then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all red because then just
+looking at this triangle the red one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this triangle the red one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this triangle the red one has
+to be pushed forward and then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushed forward and then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushed forward and then because
+this one is red and this one is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is red and this one is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is red and this one is red
+again this red has to be pushed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this red has to be pushed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this red has to be pushed forward
+but then we have a red red adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have a red red adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have a red red adjacency
+that's not allowed okay so that is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed okay so that is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowed okay so that is three
+sat to vertex 3 coloring cool now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat to vertex 3 coloring cool now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat to vertex 3 coloring cool now uh
+this does not preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not preserve
+planarity uh because the colors Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity uh because the colors Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity uh because the colors Gadget
+is connected to pretty much everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to pretty much everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to pretty much everything
+and it does not preserve bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does not preserve bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does not preserve bounded degree
+question yeah the variable Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah the variable Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah the variable Gadget
+doesn't seem to be connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be connected to the
+Clause Gadget here uh sorry I mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause Gadget here uh sorry I mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause Gadget here uh sorry I mean when
+I say WR XI here I mean it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say WR XI here I mean it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say WR XI here I mean it's the same
+vertex as one of these yeah so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex as one of these yeah so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex as one of these yeah so there's
+if there's n variables M Clauses going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's n variables M Clauses going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's n variables M Clauses going
+to be 2 N of these vertices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2 N of these vertices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2 N of these vertices and then
+they're shared among the M Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shared among the M Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shared among the M Clauses
+yeah yeah it's hard to draw because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's hard to draw because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's hard to draw because
+they're actually the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the same they're
+identified as opposed to Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as opposed to Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as opposed to Connected
+bed other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed other
+questions all right so I think first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so I think first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so I think first we
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+planer uh we have a new crossover gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh we have a new crossover gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh we have a new crossover gadget
+for specific to three coloring um planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific to three coloring um planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific to three coloring um planer
+three set doesn't seem to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set doesn't seem to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set doesn't seem to help
+immediately so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so we're just going to
+because we have all these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these connections
+from colors Gadget to everybody uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from colors Gadget to everybody uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from colors Gadget to everybody uh so
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+to plug this in whenever we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug this in whenever we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug this in whenever we have an
+intersection and the idea uh locally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and the idea uh locally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and the idea uh locally is
+that whatever color is assigned to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever color is assigned to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever color is assigned to this
+vertex X must be the same as the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex X must be the same as the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex X must be the same as the color
+assigned to this vertex X Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to this vertex X Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to this vertex X Prime and
+similarly Y and Y Prime and they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly Y and Y Prime and they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly Y and Y Prime and they're in
+they're free of each other you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're free of each other you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're free of each other you can do
+any assignment to X any assignment to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assignment to X any assignment to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any assignment to X any assignment to Y
+and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be
+satisfiable uh give you some colorings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable uh give you some colorings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable uh give you some colorings
+to give you I mean this's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you I mean this's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you I mean this's essentially
+two cases which is either x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases which is either x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases which is either x and x Prime
+have the same color as Y and Y prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same color as Y and Y prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same color as Y and Y prime or
+they have different colors so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different colors so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different colors so here's the
+same color case you get this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same color case you get this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same color case you get this nice
+rotational symmetry in general there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry in general there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry in general there's
+you've got this uh this wheel pattern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this uh this wheel pattern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this uh this wheel pattern uh
+for triangles and that forces you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for triangles and that forces you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for triangles and that forces you have
+some color here and then that forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some color here and then that forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some color here and then that forces
+these guys to alternate in the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys to alternate in the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys to alternate in the other two
+colors available around that Center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available around that Center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available around that Center and
+that essentially communicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially communicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially communicates the
+information you need um it's hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need um it's hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need um it's hard to do
+sort of a straight line argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a straight line argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a straight line argument about
+why this is the case other than to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the case other than to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is the case other than to just
+try all the possibilities uh but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try all the possibilities uh but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try all the possibilities uh but there's
+again lots of triangles so once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again lots of triangles so once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again lots of triangles so once you know
+this is red you know one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is red you know one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is red you know one of these is
+green one of them is blue uh could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one of them is blue uh could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one of them is blue uh could go
+one way or the other at this point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other at this point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other at this point I
+think you can actually do it one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can actually do it one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can actually do it one way or
+the other and just flip all the greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and just flip all the greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and just flip all the greens
+with blues and vice versa because green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blues and vice versa because green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blues and vice versa because green
+and blue is in this case is local to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue is in this case is local to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue is in this case is local to the
+gadget um and anyway you end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget um and anyway you end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget um and anyway you end up with the
+once these two are set red these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once these two are set red these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once these two are set red these two are
+forced to be set Red by case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be set Red by case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to be set Red by case
+work uh here is the other case when X XX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh here is the other case when X XX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh here is the other case when X XX
+Prime is different from y y Prime uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is different from y y Prime uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is different from y y Prime uh or
+you could say X and Y are different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say X and Y are different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say X and Y are different and
+then again it forces X to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again it forces X to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again it forces X to propagate
+through y to propagate through we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through y to propagate through we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through y to propagate through we still
+get alternation here but uh it's now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get alternation here but uh it's now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get alternation here but uh it's now the
+unused color is in the center whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused color is in the center whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused color is in the center whereas
+before four in this picture we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before four in this picture we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before four in this picture we had the
+center color was the color used by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center color was the color used by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center color was the color used by all
+three or all four of them around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or all four of them around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or all four of them around the
+outside here it's the color that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here it's the color that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here it's the color that's not
+any of those two and uh yeah again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those two and uh yeah again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those two and uh yeah again it's
+forced by playing around okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by playing around okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by playing around okay so that
+means uh and we have a figure here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh and we have a figure here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh and we have a figure here about
+how you actually use this crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually use this crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually use this crossover
+Gadget because there's a again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget because there's a again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget because there's a again there's
+this issue of identification which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of identification which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of identification which is a
+little bit subtle so we if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle so we if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle so we if you have an
+edge that's crossed by a bunch of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that's crossed by a bunch of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that's crossed by a bunch of edges
+you intuitively want to stick this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you intuitively want to stick this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you intuitively want to stick this into
+each of the Crossings uh but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the Crossings uh but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the Crossings uh but because
+this is copying the value here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is copying the value here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is copying the value here to here
+it's really just like taking this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just like taking this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just like taking this vertex
+and pushing it to the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushing it to the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushing it to the other side of the
+edge so when you throw in this crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so when you throw in this crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so when you throw in this crossover
+you want to identify the left vertex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to identify the left vertex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to identify the left vertex of
+the crossover with with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover with with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crossover with with the original
+vertex on the left side but not identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the left side but not identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the left side but not identify
+it on the right side therefore overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the right side therefore overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the right side therefore overall
+there's still one Edge connecting X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still one Edge connecting X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still one Edge connecting X and
+Y because this is essentially a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y because this is essentially a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y because this is essentially a copy of
+X but you still need that edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but you still need that edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but you still need that edge to
+connect to Y so you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to Y so you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to Y so you don't want to
+identify on both sides you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify on both sides you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify on both sides you don't want to
+identify on neither side is that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify on neither side is that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify on neither side is that would
+be two edges identify on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two edges identify on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two edges identify on one side and
+just pick it's like a Vertex cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick it's like a Vertex cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick it's like a Vertex cover but
+here you just pick uh one side for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you just pick uh one side for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you just pick uh one side for each
+Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+arbitrarily and that is planer vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily and that is planer vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily and that is planer vertex
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+coloring not bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring not bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring not bounded degree
+yet okay next reduction same all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay next reduction same all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay next reduction same all this
+this is in the same paper um here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the same paper um here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the same paper um here's how
+to simulate High degree I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate High degree I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate High degree I mean it's
+pretty intuitive once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty intuitive once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty intuitive once you have the
+ability to copy a color you can can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to copy a color you can can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to copy a color you can can use
+it to get high degree uh now uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get high degree uh now uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get high degree uh now uh okay
+I'll talk about the actual degree Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the actual degree Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the actual degree Bound
+in the moment I mean we're we're but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moment I mean we're we're but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moment I mean we're we're but
+let's say we're aiming for Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're aiming for Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're aiming for Max degree
+4 uh uh this one you can actually argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh uh this one you can actually argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh uh this one you can actually argue
+in a very simple way so here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple way so here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple way so here's a little
+Gadget I claim it makes it three copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget I claim it makes it three copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget I claim it makes it three copies
+of this color or two copies of the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this color or two copies of the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this color or two copies of the color
+at X um so you've got these two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X um so you've got these two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X um so you've got these two vertices
+one of them is blue one of them is green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is blue one of them is green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is blue one of them is green
+doesn't matter which is which but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which is which but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which is which but then
+this vertex must be red because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex must be red because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex must be red because of that
+triangle and then this vertex must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then this vertex must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then this vertex must be
+green because of that triangle then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green because of that triangle then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green because of that triangle then this
+vertex must be blue because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex must be blue because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex must be blue because of that
+triangle this one must be red and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this one must be red and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this one must be red and this
+one must be red so that's an really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be red so that's an really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be red so that's an really easy
+one to argue and so uh this is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to argue and so uh this is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to argue and so uh this is not very
+interesting because we made two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because we made two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because we made two copies
+this will simulate a degree 3 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simulate a degree 3 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will simulate a degree 3 vertex
+which we don't worry about but uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't worry about but uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't worry about but uh where
+it gets interesting if you just string a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets interesting if you just string a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets interesting if you just string a
+bunch of these together here we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these together here we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these together here we end up
+with five copies of a single color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five copies of a single color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five copies of a single color and
+so you can connect with a single edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can connect with a single edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can connect with a single edge
+out here let's say um you could maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here let's say um you could maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here let's say um you could maybe
+even I guess you could even for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I guess you could even for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I guess you could even for two
+edges is there but in particular we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is there but in particular we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is there but in particular we can
+use this to simulate one vertex uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to simulate one vertex uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to simulate one vertex uh and
+of degree 5 and we will end up with Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree 5 and we will end up with Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree 5 and we will end up with Max
+degree 4 degree 4 because some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 4 degree 4 because some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 4 degree 4 because some of these
+vertices have degree 4 actually most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have degree 4 actually most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have degree 4 actually most of
+them do could you just use the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do could you just use the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do could you just use the crossover
+Gadget as a high degree Gadget oh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget as a high degree Gadget oh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget as a high degree Gadget oh in a
+circle yeah that would also work I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle yeah that would also work I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle yeah that would also work I think
+if a problem there are degree s vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a problem there are degree s vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a problem there are degree s vertices
+when you put together two of these ohg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put together two of these ohg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put together two of these ohg
+six yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six yeah
+so well okay so that would give you Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well okay so that would give you Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well okay so that would give you Max
+degree six and this gives you Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree six and this gives you Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree six and this gives you Max degree
+four yeah if we do this after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah if we do this after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah if we do this after the
+crossover Gadget then the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Gadget then the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Gadget then the crossover
+Gadget will become happy uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget will become happy uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget will become happy uh so this is
+so what's the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the conclusion
+planer uh Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh three
+coloring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard uh but be careful Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three
+coloring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is
+easy polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time uh unless your graph is K4 it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh unless your graph is K4 it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh unless your graph is K4 it's the
+one counter example this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one counter example this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one counter example this is always
+possible this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is
+called Brooks theorem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Brooks theorem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Brooks theorem from
+1941 uh so in general if you have ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 uh so in general if you have ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 uh so in general if you have ma
+degree Delta there's a Delta coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Delta there's a Delta coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Delta there's a Delta coloring
+unless a couple of things bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless a couple of things bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless a couple of things bad things
+happen odd cycle or um or complete graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen odd cycle or um or complete graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen odd cycle or um or complete graph
+so that's cool what do you mean if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cool what do you mean if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cool what do you mean if it's
+K4 then it doesn't work uh K4 requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K4 then it doesn't work uh K4 requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K4 then it doesn't work uh K4 requires
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors but K4 has Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors but K4 has Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors but K4 has Max degree
+three figure out thereor it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three figure out thereor it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three figure out thereor it's it's
+polinomial in all cases but I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in all cases but I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in all cases but I'm saying
+every graph every Max degree 3 graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph every Max degree 3 graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph every Max degree 3 graph is
+colable except for K4 so the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colable except for K4 so the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colable except for K4 so the decision
+problem is MI K4 or I guess Mi not K4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is MI K4 or I guess Mi not K4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is MI K4 or I guess Mi not K4
+would be the three coloring problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the three coloring problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the three coloring problem yeah
+word planer is not right even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word planer is not right even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word planer is not right even without
+planer uh it's polinomial don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh it's polinomial don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh it's polinomial don't need
+planarity for that algorithm for testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity for that algorithm for testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planarity for that algorithm for testing
+for k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k
+forness um and I'm I didn't check but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forness um and I'm I didn't check but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forness um and I'm I didn't check but
+I'm pretty sure usually once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure usually once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure usually once the
+decision problem is easy also the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem is easy also the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem is easy also the actual
+coloring algorithm is easy but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring algorithm is easy but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring algorithm is easy but I didn't
+check I assume there's a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I assume there's a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I assume there's a polinomial
+coloring algorithm not just decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring algorithm not just decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring algorithm not just decision
+algorithm but we should double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but we should double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but we should double check
+before you cite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result you can certain you make yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you can certain you make yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you can certain you make yourself
+a color Gadget and then try probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color Gadget and then try probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color Gadget and then try probing
+things oh right you could reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh right you could reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh right you could reduce the
+decision problem to the actual coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem to the actual coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem to the actual coloring
+problem you can test whether two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can test whether two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can test whether two guys
+have the same color by a bunch of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same color by a bunch of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same color by a bunch of probes
+yeah okay so what why graph coloring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so what why graph coloring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so what why graph coloring um
+there aren't a ton of proofs that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't a ton of proofs that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't a ton of proofs that use
+coloring uh because usually threat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring uh because usually threat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring uh because usually threat is
+simpler because it only has binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because it only has binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because it only has binary
+values but there situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but there situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but there situations where
+coloring is helpful I have one here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is helpful I have one here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring is helpful I have one here uh
+that we used in the context of pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used in the context of pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used in the context of pushing
+blocks we covered push Stars hard we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we covered push Stars hard we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we covered push Stars hard we
+covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered
+push push one is hard these we covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push push one is hard these we covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push push one is hard these we covered
+these two proofs in that lecture um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two proofs in that lecture um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two proofs in that lecture um and
+then apply push push we didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply push push we didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply push push we didn't talk
+about push X push X was the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about push X push X was the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about push X push X was the version
+where you're not allowed to revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not allowed to revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not allowed to revisit the
+same square twice like every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same square twice like every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same square twice like every time you
+leave a square falls down into the abyss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a square falls down into the abyss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a square falls down into the abyss
+behind you so you can never step on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you so you can never step on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you so you can never step on that
+square again um so uh our hardness proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square again um so uh our hardness proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square again um so uh our hardness proof
+for that uses coloring and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uses coloring and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uses coloring and I think it's
+instructive not because I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive not because I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive not because I care
+especially about push 1X but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about push 1X but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about push 1X but it seems
+like a general approach to representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a general approach to representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a general approach to representing
+coloring so good to see the gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so good to see the gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so good to see the gadgets
+first uh simple idea is that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh simple idea is that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh simple idea is that if I have
+some planer graph I want to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planer graph I want to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planer graph I want to take an
+Oiler tour a tour that visits every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler tour a tour that visits every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler tour a tour that visits every Edge
+exactly twice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly twice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly twice um
+and I want to do that in a planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do that in a planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do that in a planer
+way so the idea is I don't want my tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the idea is I don't want my tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the idea is I don't want my tour
+to come down this way through a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come down this way through a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come down this way through a vertex
+and then later come through this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later come through this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later come through this way in
+a Vertex okay that's a meaningful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex okay that's a meaningful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex okay that's a meaningful thing
+because uh I know that planer coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I know that planer coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I know that planer coloring
+is hard so I'm going to reduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard so I'm going to reduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard so I'm going to reduce from
+planer Max degree 4 three coloring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer Max degree 4 three coloring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer Max degree 4 three coloring so
+I've got a planer graph I draw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a planer graph I draw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a planer graph I draw it in the
+plane and then given that relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then given that relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then given that relative to
+that drawing I want to make sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drawing I want to make sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drawing I want to make sure there's
+no Crossings in my tour that visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Crossings in my tour that visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Crossings in my tour that visits
+every Edge exactly twice these always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge exactly twice these always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge exactly twice these always
+exist simple inductive proof start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist simple inductive proof start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist simple inductive proof start with
+one vertex visit the star around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex visit the star around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex visit the star around it and
+then just start gluing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just start gluing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just start gluing these things
+together in an inductive way you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in an inductive way you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in an inductive way you will
+get uh a planer orian tour standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a planer orian tour standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a planer orian tour standard
+trick okay now we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay now we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay now we're going to use that
+tour so here we see an actual graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour so here we see an actual graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour so here we see an actual graph in
+the dash lines and then we see the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash lines and then we see the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dash lines and then we see the oiler
+tour in the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour in the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour in the red
+lines and I want this to rep the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and I want this to rep the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and I want this to rep the and the
+the red path is essentially the tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red path is essentially the tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red path is essentially the tour
+taken by the robot that's pushing ing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the robot that's pushing ing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the robot that's pushing ing
+the blocks around so it's walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks around so it's walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks around so it's walking around
+in some direction somewhere I think not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction somewhere I think not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction somewhere I think not
+drawn here maybe that I'm going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here maybe that I'm going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here maybe that I'm going to break
+this apart and I'm going to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apart and I'm going to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apart and I'm going to say the
+robot starts here there's an obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot starts here there's an obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot starts here there's an obstacle
+here and the goal is to get here so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the goal is to get here so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the goal is to get here so your
+sole purpose in this puzzle is to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole purpose in this puzzle is to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole purpose in this puzzle is to start
+here and get all the way around the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get all the way around the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get all the way around the loop
+and you're just going to be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to be able to go
+along the red path but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the red path but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the red path but there's some
+interactions there's the blue arrows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there's the blue arrows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there's the blue arrows and
+then there's the green Wiggly lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the green Wiggly lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the green Wiggly lines and
+that's all you'll need uh one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you'll need uh one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you'll need uh one of them is
+an equal constraint and one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal constraint and one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal constraint and one of them is a
+not equal constraint and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal constraint and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal constraint and the idea is
+that when you visit a Vertex so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you visit a Vertex so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you visit a Vertex so let's
+say you start here at U I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you start here at U I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you start here at U I'm going to
+pick a color one two or three and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a color one two or three and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a color one two or three and there
+will actually be three red paths here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be three red paths here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be three red paths here
+then those three red paths will interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those three red paths will interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those three red paths will interact
+with these three red paths to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these three red paths to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these three red paths to force
+equality the wiggly lines mean equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality the wiggly lines mean equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality the wiggly lines mean equality
+uh so I want that whatever color I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I want that whatever color I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I want that whatever color I've
+chosen here is the same as the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen here is the same as the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen here is the same as the color
+I've chosen here because I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen here because I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen here because I want you to
+have one color only allowed to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one color only allowed to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one color only allowed to assign
+one color to you so we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color to you so we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color to you so we're going to look
+at how to do that equality constraint U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how to do that equality constraint U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how to do that equality constraint U
+and then we have these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these types of
+constraints which say uh that the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints which say uh that the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints which say uh that the colors
+are different non equal because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different non equal because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different non equal because I want
+the color assigned to you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color assigned to you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color assigned to you to be
+different from the color assigned to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the color assigned to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the color assigned to V
+and this path was coming from V so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this path was coming from V so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this path was coming from V so at
+this point you the color that you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you the color that you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you the color that you're on
+you know which of the red rails you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which of the red rails you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which of the red rails you're
+on says which color is assigned to V you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on says which color is assigned to V you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on says which color is assigned to V you
+want that color to be different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that color to be different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that color to be different from the
+color assigned to youu then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color assigned to youu then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color assigned to youu then you
+transition and say okay now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and say okay now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and say okay now I'm going to
+start over and pick another color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over and pick another color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over and pick another color
+between one and three and then here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and three and then here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and three and then here it's
+constrained to be equal to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to be equal to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to be equal to this one
+so I think the arrows are delate delting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the arrows are delate delting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the arrows are delate delting
+the transitions from the color here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions from the color here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions from the color here it
+should all be color V well that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be color V well that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be color V well that's that's
+maybe not suppurate but somewhere along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not suppurate but somewhere along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not suppurate but somewhere along
+this Edge you're going to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge you're going to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge you're going to switch to
+thinking about the color of V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the color of V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the color of V to
+thinking about the color of U you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the color of U you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the color of U you only
+need one color at any moment so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one color at any moment so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one color at any moment so there
+will only have to be three parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have to be three parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have to be three parallel
+tracks for each of these things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks for each of these things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks for each of these things that's
+the highle picture let me tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highle picture let me tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highle picture let me tell you how
+to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do
+it so here's this left part expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's this left part expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's this left part expanded
+into a slightly more detailed picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly more detailed picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly more detailed picture
+still a bunch of details to be filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a bunch of details to be filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a bunch of details to be filled in
+uh but we see still the non-equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we see still the non-equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we see still the non-equal and
+the equal gadgets just like before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal gadgets just like before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal gadgets just like before uh
+but here I've explicitly shown the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I've explicitly shown the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I've explicitly shown the three
+tracks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks okay
+so let's we were looking at this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we were looking at this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we were looking at this Edge
+before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so
+uh so let's say w here here's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's say w here here's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's say w here here's where you
+choose the color for you so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the color for you so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the color for you so we're going
+to use what we call a fork Gadget we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what we call a fork Gadget we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use what we call a fork Gadget we've
+maybe seen something like this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe seen something like this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe seen something like this before
+you come in you can choose one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in you can choose one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in you can choose one of these
+three paths once you choose you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three paths once you choose you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three paths once you choose you can't
+unchoose there's a one-way Gadget uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchoose there's a one-way Gadget uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchoose there's a one-way Gadget uh and
+so let's say you choose path one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you choose path one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you choose path one that
+means that this vertex U is colored one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this vertex U is colored one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this vertex U is colored one
+then you're going to have some equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have some equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have some equal
+Gadget these these three paths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget these these three paths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget these these three paths are
+connected over to here uh but you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected over to here uh but you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected over to here uh but you'll be
+forced that this path is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced that this path is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced that this path is the same as the
+one chosen over here we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chosen over here we'll get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chosen over here we'll get to that
+one later then you go over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one later then you go over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one later then you go over here you
+forced that among these three paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced that among these three paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced that among these three paths
+you're different from the three paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're different from the three paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're different from the three paths
+over here uh cuz that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh cuz that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh cuz that's going to be the
+color of v and then then you now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of v and then then you now want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of v and then then you now want to
+switch from the U color to the V color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the U color to the V color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the U color to the V color
+so I'm just going to have some one-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to have some one-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to have some one-way
+gadgets here that uh coales these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets here that uh coales these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets here that uh coales these three
+wires into one and then uh whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires into one and then uh whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires into one and then uh whatever is
+next but let's say this is next B was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next but let's say this is next B was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next but let's say this is next B was a
+leaf uh then you have a fork again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh then you have a fork again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh then you have a fork again to
+choose the color for V so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the color for V so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the color for V so it's kind of
+weird you get to choose the color for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird you get to choose the color for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird you get to choose the color for a
+Vertex several times here we're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex several times here we're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex several times here we're choosing
+it for U here we're choosing it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for U here we're choosing it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for U here we're choosing it again
+for you but they're combined together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but they're combined together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but they're combined together
+with this equal Gadget so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equal Gadget so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equal Gadget so those two
+choices are forced to be the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are forced to be the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are forced to be the same okay
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+the idea and then the non-equal gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea and then the non-equal gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea and then the non-equal gadgets
+are doing the actual coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the actual coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the actual coloring
+constraint of no monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of no monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of no monochromatic
+edges so uh looks complicated but uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so uh looks complicated but uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so uh looks complicated but uh all
+you really need are these things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need are these things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need are these things and the
+fork in the one way let's do the fork in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork in the one way let's do the fork in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork in the one way let's do the fork in
+the one way because those are easy we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one way because those are easy we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one way because those are easy we've
+basically seen them before pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically seen them before pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically seen them before pretty sure
+we did this gadget the oneway gadget you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this gadget the oneway gadget you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this gadget the oneway gadget you
+can go from A to B uh but not from B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from A to B uh but not from B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from A to B uh but not from B to
+a uh cool so that means when I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh cool so that means when I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh cool so that means when I come
+through here I can't back up along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here I can't back up along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here I can't back up along some
+other path that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other path that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other path that would be
+bad uh and the fork Gadget uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and the fork Gadget uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and the fork Gadget uh this is a
+two-way Fork you come in from a and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way Fork you come in from a and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way Fork you come in from a and you
+can either push this in and then choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either push this in and then choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either push this in and then choose
+to go to C but then you'll never be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to C but then you'll never be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to C but then you'll never be able
+to go to b or you can push this down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to b or you can push this down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to b or you can push this down and
+then go to B and you'll never be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to B and you'll never be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go to B and you'll never be able to
+go to C so that's when you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to C so that's when you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to C so that's when you make this
+choice you can't undo the choice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't undo the choice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't undo the choice you
+just chain two of these together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chain two of these together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chain two of these together to make
+the three-way choice and the one ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way choice and the one ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way choice and the one ways
+prevent you from going back along one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from going back along one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from going back along one of
+these paths Okay so so that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths Okay so so that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths Okay so so that's the easy
+part um then what about the equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um then what about the equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um then what about the equal and
+the non-equal gadgets these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-equal gadgets these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-equal gadgets these are
+complicated but in the end they reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but in the end they reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but in the end they reduce
+to some very simple gadgets so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very simple gadgets so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very simple gadgets so let's
+start with the non-equal gadget so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the non-equal gadget so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the non-equal gadget so we
+have three possible color choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three possible color choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three possible color choices for
+one edge up uh for the um for one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge up uh for the um for one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge up uh for the um for one vertex
+and we have three possible choices down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have three possible choices down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have three possible choices down
+here for the other vertex together those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the other vertex together those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the other vertex together those
+vertices should form the edge e and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices should form the edge e and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices should form the edge e and this
+is written as e going one way or e going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written as e going one way or e going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written as e going one way or e going
+the other way coming from one vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way coming from one vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way coming from one vertex and
+coming from the other vertex end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the other vertex end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the other vertex end and
+what we want is to forbid blue blue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is to forbid blue blue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is to forbid blue blue or
+to forbid red red or to forbid orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forbid red red or to forbid orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forbid red red or to forbid orange
+orange and because this is this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and because this is this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and because this is this paper
+was also printed in black and white the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also printed in black and white the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also printed in black and white the
+dash patterns also duplicate the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash patterns also duplicate the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash patterns also duplicate the color
+information so even if you lost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so even if you lost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so even if you lost all
+color you can distinguish these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you can distinguish these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you can distinguish these types of
+lines um so we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um so we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um so we need this
+gadget which I'm calling a we called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget which I'm calling a we called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget which I'm calling a we called a
+nand Gadget that you should not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nand Gadget that you should not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nand Gadget that you should not have
+both of these and there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these and there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these and there's a couple
+different cases depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases depending on the
+orientation uh but for example if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation uh but for example if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation uh but for example if you go
+from A to B you have to push this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B you have to push this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B you have to push this down
+which because this is push one you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which because this is push one you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which because this is push one you only
+have strength one you're not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strength one you're not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strength one you're not able to
+push up you're not able to Traverse CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push up you're not able to Traverse CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push up you're not able to Traverse CD
+anymore if you do a to B uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you do a to B uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you do a to B uh this is the
+symmetric version where if you first do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version where if you first do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric version where if you first do
+B to a then that prevents CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a then that prevents CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to a then that prevents CD
+traversal and and symmetric so vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and and symmetric so vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and and symmetric so vice
+versa okay so that's the gadget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so that's the gadget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so that's the gadget that
+plugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs in
+here and so now we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so now we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so now we know that if we
+follow the path along three um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path along three um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path along three um that we
+the the blue path for this vertex we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue path for this vertex we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue path for this vertex we
+won't be able to Traverse the blue path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to Traverse the blue path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to Traverse the blue path
+and so whatever choice you made here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever choice you made here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever choice you made here at
+the fork has to be different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fork has to be different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fork has to be different from this
+Choice okay it's kind of a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice okay it's kind of a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice okay it's kind of a fun
+non-local effect and it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-local effect and it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-local effect and it doesn't matter
+whoever makes a choice first will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever makes a choice first will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever makes a choice first will will
+block the choice for the other guy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the choice for the other guy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the choice for the other guy if
+you had multiple robots simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had multiple robots simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had multiple robots simultaneously
+doing things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things then
+uh it would get tricky when there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would get tricky when there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would get tricky when there's two
+robots right here at the same time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots right here at the same time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots right here at the same time but
+probably even then it would work as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even then it would work as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even then it would work as long
+as everything eventually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as everything eventually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as everything eventually gets
+traversed okay uh so we prevent uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed okay uh so we prevent uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed okay uh so we prevent uh so
+then we also need some cross limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also need some cross limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also need some cross limited
+kinds of crossovers to make this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crossovers to make this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crossovers to make this happen
+because we need to take this Orange Path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to take this Orange Path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to take this Orange Path
+I don't know why it's orange it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why it's orange it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why it's orange it should
+be green but there you go uh bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be green but there you go uh bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be green but there you go uh bring it
+down here and then bring it back up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and then bring it back up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and then bring it back up so
+that's going to require the orange path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to require the orange path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to require the orange path
+to cross the red path and the blue path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the red path and the blue path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the red path and the blue path
+good news we know that only one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news we know that only one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news we know that only one of these
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+traversed uh because we had the fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed uh because we had the fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed uh because we had the fork
+Gadget has that property if you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget has that property if you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget has that property if you end up
+following the One path you know that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the One path you know that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the One path you know that two
+will not have to be traversed so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have to be traversed so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have to be traversed so this is
+what we called an exort crossover back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called an exort crossover back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called an exort crossover back
+when we were doing pushing blocks it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing pushing blocks it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing pushing blocks it's a
+crossover that works as long as you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover that works as long as you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover that works as long as you only
+are visiting it once one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are visiting it once one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are visiting it once one way or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+way uh so for example if you come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so for example if you come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so for example if you come and
+it's also unidirectional so if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also unidirectional so if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also unidirectional so if you come
+from a you can push that down but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a you can push that down but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a you can push that down but then
+you won't be able to go to C or D um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to go to C or D um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to go to C or D um and
+then you can leave through b and from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can leave through b and from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can leave through b and from C
+you you can push this over go to D um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can push this over go to D um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can push this over go to D um
+and that's those are the only cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's those are the only cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's those are the only cases we
+need with various Reflections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need with various Reflections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need with various Reflections and
+rotations uh we either go from up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations uh we either go from up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations uh we either go from up to
+down here or we go from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here or we go from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here or we go from right to left
+here through that XR crossover and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here through that XR crossover and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here through that XR crossover and so
+you just plug those crossovers in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug those crossovers in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug those crossovers in and
+you can get each of these paths to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get each of these paths to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get each of these paths to where
+you need them to be and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to be and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to be and you know that
+they'll work because you won't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll work because you won't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll work because you won't have to
+do both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both of those
+traversals uh and there you go so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals uh and there you go so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals uh and there you go so in
+general as long as you have an n Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as long as you have an n Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as long as you have an n Gadget
+and an XR Gadget then you can do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an XR Gadget then you can do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an XR Gadget then you can do this to
+make a not equal Gadget so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a not equal Gadget so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a not equal Gadget so there's a lot
+of pieces here but in the end it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces here but in the end it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces here but in the end it reduces
+to very few things we had a oneway a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very few things we had a oneway a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very few things we had a oneway a
+fork an exor and an an if you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork an exor and an an if you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork an exor and an an if you have those
+things you can simulate three coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can simulate three coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can simulate three coloring
+in this in this planer way now I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this planer way now I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this planer way now I didn't
+cover one more Gadget which is the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one more Gadget which is the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one more Gadget which is the equal
+Gadget uh it's just a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget uh it's just a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget uh it's just a more complicated
+version of the non-equal gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the non-equal gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the non-equal gadget
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so uh you need to prevent this one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you need to prevent this one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you need to prevent this one from
+being blue when the bottom one is orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being blue when the bottom one is orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being blue when the bottom one is orange
+you need to prevent this one from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prevent this one from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prevent this one from being
+blue when the bottom one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue when the bottom one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue when the bottom one is
+red and you need to prevent this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and you need to prevent this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and you need to prevent this one
+from being red when that one's orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being red when that one's orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being red when that one's orange
+you need to prevent this one from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prevent this one from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to prevent this one from being
+red when that one's blue and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red when that one's blue and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red when that one's blue and you know
+all the pair wise things that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pair wise things that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pair wise things that you don't
+want to have happen just make them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen just make them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen just make them not
+happen so you can imagine of course much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you can imagine of course much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you can imagine of course much
+more General gadgets than this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General gadgets than this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General gadgets than this we're
+probably doing much more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doing much more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doing much more than three
+coloring but uh again all we need are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring but uh again all we need are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring but uh again all we need are
+the exors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exors and the
+nant so that proves push One X is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nant so that proves push One X is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nant so that proves push One X is NP
+complete for free uh and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete for free uh and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete for free uh and this this
+approach has been used by a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach has been used by a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach has been used by a couple of
+papers so here is uh another one push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so here is uh another one push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so here is uh another one push
+one G uh this is pushing blocks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one G uh this is pushing blocks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one G uh this is pushing blocks with
+gravity so imagine this happens in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so imagine this happens in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so imagine this happens in a lot
+of games uh when you're pushing a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games uh when you're pushing a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games uh when you're pushing a block
+the block will fall if it ever has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block will fall if it ever has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block will fall if it ever has a
+hole below it uh let's say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole below it uh let's say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole below it uh let's say that you
+don't fall though or you can do lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall though or you can do lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall though or you can do lots of
+jumps and or flying or whatever you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and or flying or whatever you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and or flying or whatever you can
+do something to avoid I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to avoid I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to avoid I don't think
+we'll need any big jumps for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need any big jumps for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need any big jumps for this to
+work um so there are lots of video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um so there are lots of video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um so there are lots of video games
+that follow these kinds of rules here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follow these kinds of rules here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follow these kinds of rules here's
+a one way in that model uh you just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one way in that model uh you just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one way in that model uh you just uh
+push this block over it will fall uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this block over it will fall uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this block over it will fall uh so
+you can't push it the other way uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't push it the other way uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't push it the other way uh but
+once you push it forward it's open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you push it forward it's open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you push it forward it's open and
+we're going to denote that with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to denote that with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to denote that with an
+arrow this is Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow this is Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow this is Eric
+Freedman uh and here is an exort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman uh and here is an exort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman uh and here is an exort
+crossover it's kind of fun if I come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover it's kind of fun if I come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover it's kind of fun if I come in
+this way I push this guy over it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I push this guy over it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I push this guy over it falls
+down blocking that path but I can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down blocking that path but I can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down blocking that path but I can still
+go through here and if I push this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through here and if I push this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through here and if I push this one
+over the block Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the block Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the block Falls
+uh and I can go this way but I'm blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I can go this way but I'm blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I can go this way but I'm blocked
+from going this way or that way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going this way or that way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going this way or that way so that
+again works as long as I'm only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again works as long as I'm only doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again works as long as I'm only doing
+one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two
+traversals uh we have a fork Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals uh we have a fork Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals uh we have a fork Gadget
+which is familiar if you're coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is familiar if you're coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is familiar if you're coming up
+from here you can push this over then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can push this over then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can push this over then
+you'd be prevented from going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be prevented from going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be prevented from going the other
+way because you again only have strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because you again only have strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because you again only have strength
+one and symmetrically the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and symmetrically the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and symmetrically the other side
+then the nand gate yeah for the the xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nand gate yeah for the the xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the nand gate yeah for the the xor
+crossover um you said you couldn't when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover um you said you couldn't when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover um you said you couldn't when
+you're going from the bottom one yep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from the bottom one yep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from the bottom one yep you
+push P that over it falls Y and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push P that over it falls Y and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push P that over it falls Y and then you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+go back up because you couldn't push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back up because you couldn't push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back up because you couldn't push
+that block uh yeah so I maybe need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block uh yeah so I maybe need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block uh yeah so I maybe need a
+wiggle here the arrow is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle here the arrow is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle here the arrow is already
+representing a oneway gadget oh yes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a oneway gadget oh yes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a oneway gadget oh yes good
+it's already here because the arrow is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already here because the arrow is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already here because the arrow is a
+oneway forgot the notation yeah it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway forgot the notation yeah it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway forgot the notation yeah it's not
+the input and the output this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the output this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the output this is an
+actual one way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual one way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual one way yeah
+good okay uh so and here's a fun thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay uh so and here's a fun thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay uh so and here's a fun thing I
+learned from reading this paper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from reading this paper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from reading this paper you
+don't even need a nand gadget because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need a nand gadget because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need a nand gadget because
+you can simulate a Gadget with xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can simulate a Gadget with xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can simulate a Gadget with xor
+crossovers uh this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers uh this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers uh this is kind of like
+Jason's idea of using the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason's idea of using the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason's idea of using the crossover
+Gadget to make copies um here if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget to make copies um here if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget to make copies um here if you if
+you Traverse through this way um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Traverse through this way um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Traverse through this way um and
+through this way we know that's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way we know that's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way we know that's possible
+and if you have a setup where by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a setup where by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a setup where by going
+through a crossover you block the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a crossover you block the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a crossover you block the other
+traversal so that would be a true xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so that would be a true xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so that would be a true xor
+crossover once you do uh uh yeah so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover once you do uh uh yeah so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover once you do uh uh yeah so once
+I push this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I push this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I push this one over
+um if I tried to go through this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I tried to go through this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I tried to go through this way
+down to here I would hit the block here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here I would hit the block here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here I would hit the block here
+that had fallen from there and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had fallen from there and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had fallen from there and vice
+versa so if it actually prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so if it actually prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so if it actually prevents the
+second traversal and in push 1X it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second traversal and in push 1X it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second traversal and in push 1X it also
+prevented the second traversal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented the second traversal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented the second traversal because
+we had non-crossing paths we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had non-crossing paths we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had non-crossing paths we weren't
+allowed to revisit the same square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to revisit the same square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to revisit the same square so
+there it was really trivial here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was really trivial here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was really trivial here with
+gravity it's a little more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it's a little more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it's a little more subtle
+because the second time you come through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the second time you come through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the second time you come through
+maybe you could go back that way but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could go back that way but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could go back that way but uh
+the key thing is that second time you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is that second time you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is that second time you go
+through you won't be able to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you won't be able to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you won't be able to go through
+in the regular crossover way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regular crossover way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regular crossover way
+and then you just string two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just string two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just string two of them
+together and you can either Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can either Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can either Traverse
+this way or Traverse this way and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Traverse this way and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Traverse this way and each
+one will block the other so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will block the other so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will block the other so in the end
+you just need a one way fork and an XR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need a one way fork and an XR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need a one way fork and an XR
+crossover and some kind of notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and some kind of notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and some kind of notion of
+sequential traversal uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential traversal uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential traversal uh and you can
+simulate three coloring so this is fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate three coloring so this is fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate three coloring so this is fun I
+haven't seen this technique used too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this technique used too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this technique used too
+much but in a few papers and maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in a few papers and maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in a few papers and maybe we
+could use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+U cool I didn't mention but the push one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U cool I didn't mention but the push one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U cool I didn't mention but the push one
+proof that we saw before lecture four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that we saw before lecture four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that we saw before lecture four or
+whatever um revisit the same square many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um revisit the same square many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um revisit the same square many
+times so we can't use those proofs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we can't use those proofs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we can't use those proofs for
+push 1X just all the gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push 1X just all the gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push 1X just all the gadgets
+break uh the next problem I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh the next problem I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh the next problem I want to talk
+about a little different another graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem it's called graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation kind of like Edge coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation kind of like Edge coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation kind of like Edge coloring
+but the colors differ on each side uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation uh this is a pretty recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation uh this is a pretty recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation uh this is a pretty recent
+problem it's introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's introduced in
+2012 but I think is very cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 but I think is very cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 but I think is very cool and
+deserves much more study um so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves much more study um so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves much more study um so you're
+given an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you want to uh find an orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to uh find an orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to uh find an orientation
+orientation means for every Edge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation means for every Edge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation means for every Edge you
+give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh
+satisfying certain vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints and and there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and and there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and and there are three
+types of vert of vertices three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vert of vertices three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vert of vertices three types of
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints they
+are uh 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh 1 and
+three two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two and
+three and zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and zero or
+three they all end in three I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they all end in three I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they all end in three I didn't
+mention this is a three regular graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this is a three regular graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this is a three regular graph
+every vertex has degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex has degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex has degree
+3 and so uh if you look at an orentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so uh if you look at an orentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so uh if you look at an orentation
+every vertex either has three in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex either has three in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex either has three in zero
+out two in one out one in two out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two in one out one in two out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two in one out one in two out
+or zero in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero in three
+out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um
+and this problem is empty hard here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem is empty hard here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem is empty hard here is a
+simple reduction from three Set uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reduction from three Set uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reduction from three Set uh sorry
+one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three
+set so we're going to have a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we're going to have a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we're going to have a variable
+Gadget which is just this Loop of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget which is just this Loop of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget which is just this Loop of a
+cycle in the graph and for uh uh each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the graph and for uh uh each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the graph and for uh uh each of
+these vertices that's a solid black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices that's a solid black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices that's a solid black
+circle is a zero or three so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is a zero or three so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is a zero or three so that means
+in any solution here's a solution you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any solution here's a solution you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any solution here's a solution you're
+going to alternate between Allin and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to alternate between Allin and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to alternate between Allin and all
+out and then all in all out so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then all in all out so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then all in all out so this is
+going to represent X and xar you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent X and xar you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent X and xar you what
+the par of that cycle is is up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the par of that cycle is is up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the par of that cycle is is up to you
+you could either make the all the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could either make the all the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could either make the all the X's
+all in or all the X bars all in and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in or all the X bars all in and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in or all the X bars all in and that
+corresponds to X being true or false I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X being true or false I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X being true or false I
+think in means false in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in means false in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in means false in this case and
+then for the Clauses we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the Clauses we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the Clauses we're going to have
+uh we're going to use a one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use a one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use a one and three
+Gadget um because that's a one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget um because that's a one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget um because that's a one and three
+set Clause we want exactly one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Clause we want exactly one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Clause we want exactly one of these
+three things to be incoming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to be incoming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to be incoming to the
+Clause that gives us exactly one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause that gives us exactly one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause that gives us exactly one of the
+me set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set to
+True um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True um
+now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+um here we're allowing negations we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're allowing negations we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're allowing negations we know
+that's not necessary for one and three C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessary for one and three C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessary for one and three C
+but we can in this proof so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can in this proof so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can in this proof so they're
+drawn here anyway um but to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here anyway um but to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here anyway um but to make it a
+little bit weird so one issue in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird so one issue in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird so one issue in this
+this style or in this this reduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this style or in this this reduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this style or in this this reduction uh
+really I just want a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I just want a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I just want a whole bunch of
+copies of X but I get all these copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of X but I get all these copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of X but I get all these copies
+of X xar and I need to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X xar and I need to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X xar and I need to put them
+somewhere every vertex has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere every vertex has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere every vertex has to have
+degree 3 so this has to go to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 so this has to go to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 so this has to go to something
+um and so their solution for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so their solution for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so their solution for doing that
+is for every Clause we also build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every Clause we also build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every Clause we also build the
+antic clause and make it false so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antic clause and make it false so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antic clause and make it false so we
+want exactly two of the negated versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want exactly two of the negated versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want exactly two of the negated versions
+of these variables to be set to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables to be set to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables to be set to true
+that's the same thing as exactly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as exactly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as exactly one of
+the positive forms of them being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive forms of them being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive forms of them being uh
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+yes uh so we just negate everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so we just negate everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so we just negate everything in
+the clause and then wherever we use x we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause and then wherever we use x we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause and then wherever we use x we
+also use xar and vice versa uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use xar and vice versa uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use xar and vice versa uh so that
+guarantees that we use up all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that we use up all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that we use up all of these
+instances if there are K occurrences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances if there are K occurrences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances if there are K occurrences of
+X then we'll make K occurrences of xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we'll make K occurrences of xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we'll make K occurrences of xar
+and turn and make them all used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn and make them all used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn and make them all used by the
+corresponding anti Clauses so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding anti Clauses so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding anti Clauses so this is
+why we need those three types of gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need those three types of gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need those three types of gadgets
+we also if we're doing a problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also if we're doing a problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also if we're doing a problem in the
+plane we'll also need a crossover for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we'll also need a crossover for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we'll also need a crossover for
+this to work um but at this point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work um but at this point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work um but at this point it's
+just a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a graph
+problem okay so that's cool and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's cool and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's cool and this
+problem was introduced uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was introduced uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was introduced uh in order to
+solve a packing problem a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a packing problem a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a packing problem a little bit of
+History uh some time ago I think the 7s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History uh some time ago I think the 7s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History uh some time ago I think the 7s
+there's a paper about if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper about if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper about if I give you a
+polygon some orthogonal polygon shape uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon some orthogonal polygon shape uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon some orthogonal polygon shape uh
+with holes in it and I want to pack as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with holes in it and I want to pack as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with holes in it and I want to pack as
+many say 3x3 squares in the polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many say 3x3 squares in the polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many say 3x3 squares in the polygon
+that's NP hard if I want to pack as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's NP hard if I want to pack as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's NP hard if I want to pack as many
+2 by two squares that's NP hard that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two squares that's NP hard that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two squares that's NP hard that was
+a later paper um and so how much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later paper um and so how much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later paper um and so how much smaller
+can a of a square can you make well 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a of a square can you make well 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a of a square can you make well 1 by
+one square that's pretty easy in a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square that's pretty easy in a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square that's pretty easy in a grid
+polygon how many 1 by one squares can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon how many 1 by one squares can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon how many 1 by one squares can I
+pack the area um in a grid polygon how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack the area um in a grid polygon how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack the area um in a grid polygon how
+many 2x one rectangles can I pack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many 2x one rectangles can I pack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many 2x one rectangles can I pack this
+way or this way that's um maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or this way that's um maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or this way that's um maximum
+cardinality matching so the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality matching so the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality matching so the next thing
+left is trinos three squares and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is trinos three squares and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is trinos three squares and they
+could be an in an l-shape or they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an in an l-shape or they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an in an l-shape or they could
+be in an i shape uh here we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in an i shape uh here we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in an i shape uh here we're thinking
+about both problems separately so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both problems separately so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both problems separately so
+suppose you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a whole bunch of
+L-shaped packages that you want to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped packages that you want to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped packages that you want to fit
+into this weirdly shaped Warehouse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this weirdly shaped Warehouse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this weirdly shaped Warehouse uh
+that is NP hard it's even hard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is NP hard it's even hard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is NP hard it's even hard in the
+exact packing case there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact packing case there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact packing case there will be no
+holes sorry there will be no gaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes sorry there will be no gaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes sorry there will be no gaps in
+this packing every every unit Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packing every every unit Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packing every every unit Square
+will be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be filled
+and I think that's quite particular th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's quite particular th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's quite particular th
+those other proofs of of packing the 2x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other proofs of of packing the 2x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other proofs of of packing the 2x2
+and the 3X3 square into polygon I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 3X3 square into polygon I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 3X3 square into polygon I should
+have shown them but uh they're from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown them but uh they're from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown them but uh they're from
+threat or planer planer threat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat or planer planer threat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat or planer planer threat they
+leave gaps all over the place here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave gaps all over the place here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave gaps all over the place here you
+don't leave gaps and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave gaps and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave gaps and I think it's
+somehow fundamental to this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow fundamental to this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow fundamental to this graph
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh
+so here is the idea for an edge in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the idea for an edge in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the idea for an edge in that
+graph orientation problem uh it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph orientation problem uh it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph orientation problem uh it's this
+it's basically a rectangle with a bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a rectangle with a bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a rectangle with a bump
+every other Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other Square
+so this is a big hole you're not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big hole you're not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big hole you're not allowed
+to put anything down there and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put anything down there and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put anything down there and the idea
+is um you can either have the L's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you can either have the L's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you can either have the L's all
+pointing to the right or all pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right or all pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right or all pointing to
+the left and so you think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and so you think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and so you think of these as
+kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the
+communication uh position uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh position uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh position uh one of
+these will correspond to the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will correspond to the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will correspond to the edge
+pointing to the right one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the right one will
+correspond to the edges pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the edges pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the edges pointing to the
+left okay and you can build a turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay and you can build a turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay and you can build a turn
+Gadget it works pretty cleanly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget it works pretty cleanly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget it works pretty cleanly it
+doesn't matter whether this is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether this is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether this is covered
+by that guy or covered by that guy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that guy or covered by that guy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that guy or covered by that guy it
+behaves the same as a regular wire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the same as a regular wire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves the same as a regular wire so
+again it's either this or this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's either this or this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's either this or this is
+occupied exactly one of them that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied exactly one of them that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied exactly one of them that tell
+you tells you the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tells you the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tells you the orientation of the
+edge so that's an edge uh you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so that's an edge uh you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so that's an edge uh you can also
+build a crossover this is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a crossover this is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a crossover this is a little more
+casework but again uh if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casework but again uh if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casework but again uh if this is
+occupied if and only if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied if and only if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied if and only if this is not
+occupied and this is occupied if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and this is occupied if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and this is occupied if and
+only if this is not occupied and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this is not occupied and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this is not occupied and all
+combinations are possible you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are possible you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are possible you just need
+to check that there is a valid packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that there is a valid packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that there is a valid packing
+no matter which of those choices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter which of those choices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter which of those choices you
+want either left and top being empty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want either left and top being empty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want either left and top being empty or
+left and bottom being empty or top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and bottom being empty or top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and bottom being empty or top and
+right being empty or bottom and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right being empty or bottom and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right being empty or bottom and right
+being empty those are the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being empty those are the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being empty those are the four
+cases uh cool crossover now we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh cool crossover now we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh cool crossover now we need the
+uh zero or three 1 and three and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero or three 1 and three and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero or three 1 and three and two and
+three uh so they built instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh so they built instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh so they built instead of a
+single zero or three they built two in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single zero or three they built two in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single zero or three they built two in a
+row I don't know if this is required but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I don't know if this is required but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I don't know if this is required but
+it's fine for the proof because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine for the proof because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine for the proof because in the
+proof it was always XI XI bar so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it was always XI XI bar so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it was always XI XI bar so there
+are always two zero or threes in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always two zero or threes in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always two zero or threes in a row
+um and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there it
+is um so in in this setting essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so in in this setting essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so in in this setting essentially
+either the left two will have bumps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the left two will have bumps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the left two will have bumps and
+the right two will not have bumps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right two will not have bumps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right two will not have bumps or
+vice versa the right two will have bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa the right two will have bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa the right two will have bumps
+this corresponds to uh these guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to uh these guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to uh these guys all
+being out in all three directions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being out in all three directions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being out in all three directions these
+guys all being in in all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all being in in all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all being in in all three
+directions or vice versa these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions or vice versa these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions or vice versa these are all
+out and these are all in so that's the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are all in so that's the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are all in so that's the x
+or xar and this gadget does it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or xar and this gadget does it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or xar and this gadget does it again
+check the cases uh we have a one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the cases uh we have a one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the cases uh we have a one and
+exactly one and three if exactly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one and three if exactly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one and three if exactly one of
+these is in then this will be packable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is in then this will be packable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is in then this will be packable
+and otherwise it won't that's the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise it won't that's the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise it won't that's the part
+that's hard to show but you check it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to show but you check it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to show but you check it and
+if you want a two and three Gadget you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a two and three Gadget you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a two and three Gadget you
+just add a couple more blocks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a couple more blocks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a couple more blocks right
+there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it
+works uh so that's it once you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh so that's it once you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh so that's it once you have all
+those gadgets you can do graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gadgets you can do graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gadgets you can do graph
+orientation and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then your
+hard that was for L tromino do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was for L tromino do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was for L tromino do the same
+thing for it tromino this is hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for it tromino this is hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for it tromino this is hard to see
+where the Bold lines are but uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Bold lines are but uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Bold lines are but uh if you
+look in if you download the slid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in if you download the slid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in if you download the slid it's
+probably a little easier to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little easier to see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little easier to see but
+again you can build here an edge Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can build here an edge Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can build here an edge Gadget
+is fairly uh straightforward um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly uh straightforward um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly uh straightforward um just
+wiggle a path and you'll either have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle a path and you'll either have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle a path and you'll either have it
+bump uh this these Wiggles are in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump uh this these Wiggles are in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump uh this these Wiggles are in order
+to guarantee there's actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee there's actually three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee there's actually three
+possible parodies you could have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible parodies you could have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible parodies you could have right
+sticking out by one or sticking out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out by one or sticking out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out by one or sticking out by
+two with an eye Gadget this force it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with an eye Gadget this force it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with an eye Gadget this force it to
+be just one or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one or or
+zero uh so we because we don't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so we because we don't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so we because we don't want it
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+two uh and then the crossover is ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and then the crossover is ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and then the crossover is ugly
+but it works um and the zero three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works um and the zero three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works um and the zero three and
+the one and three are not too hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and three are not too hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and three are not too hard and
+do I have the two and I think um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have the two and I think um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have the two and I think um this is
+a two and three I didn't label it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and three I didn't label it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and three I didn't label it so
+presumably for any polyomino shape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably for any polyomino shape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably for any polyomino shape you
+want you can build such Gadget so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can build such Gadget so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can build such Gadget so that
+we don't have such a theorem uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have such a theorem uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have such a theorem uh but I
+think this is neat it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is neat it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is neat it's a little
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+a lot of the other proofs similar to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other proofs similar to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other proofs similar to one
+of the problem set problems where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem set problems where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem set problems where we had
+some constraints on the neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constraints on the neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constraints on the neighboring
+things but instead of about constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but instead of about constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but instead of about constraints
+on the neighboring colors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the neighboring colors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the neighboring colors of the
+vertices or whatever or the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or whatever or the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or whatever or the truth
+assignments in the vertices here it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the vertices here it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the vertices here it's an
+edge Direction so the edge directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge Direction so the edge directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge Direction so the edge directions
+are interesting because uh first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting because uh first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting because uh first of all
+there's only two choices but also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two choices but also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two choices but also that
+what you see on one side is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on one side is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on one side is the opposite
+of what you see on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you see on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you see on the other
+side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh
+yeah questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah questions
+all right so that is graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that is graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that is graph
+orientation and I have one more set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and I have one more set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and I have one more set of
+problems I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about they have many names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they have many names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they have many names
+but uh let's say the general family is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say the general family is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say the general family is
+usually called something like linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called something like linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called something like linear
+layout of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it's
+a bje it's called f from the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bje it's called f from the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bje it's called f from the vertices
+to one up to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one up to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one up to the number of
+vertices so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so in other
+words uh thinking of a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh thinking of a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh thinking of a one-dimensional
+diagram and the coordinates I have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the coordinates I have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the coordinates I have are
+one two up to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two up to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two up to the number of
+vertices and I just want to put exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I just want to put exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I just want to put exactly
+one vertex at each of these spots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex at each of these spots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex at each of these spots so
+it's I basically want a permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I basically want a permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I basically want a permutation of
+the vertices and then and I slap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices and then and I slap them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices and then and I slap them
+down in that order and then I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in that order and then I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in that order and then I measure
+something about the quality of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the quality of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the quality of that
+layout based on the edges we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout based on the edges we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout based on the edges we haven't
+involved edges yet and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved edges yet and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved edges yet and there are many
+different measures you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measures you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measures you might
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+um here are many of them so but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are many of them so but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are many of them so but without
+definitions so let me tell you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so let me tell you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so let me tell you some
+definitions uh so the first one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh so the first one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh so the first one one of
+the earliest uh to be considered is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest uh to be considered is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest uh to be considered is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+bandwidth um bandwidth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth um bandwidth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth um bandwidth is
+in in uh you know if you look at an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh you know if you look at an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh you know if you look at an edge
+one end point of The Edge gets mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end point of The Edge gets mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end point of The Edge gets mapped to
+one coordinate and the other end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and the other end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and the other end point
+gets M to another coordinate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets M to another coordinate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets M to another coordinate you can
+measure the length of that edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the length of that edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the length of that edge in the
+embedding I shouldn't call it embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding I shouldn't call it embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding I shouldn't call it embedding
+because it's not non-crossing but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not non-crossing but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not non-crossing but in the
+layout so for some Edge VW can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout so for some Edge VW can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout so for some Edge VW can measure
+the length of the edge if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the edge if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the edge if I want to
+minimize the maximum length of any Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum length of any Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum length of any Edge
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+bandwidth why is it called bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth why is it called bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth why is it called bandwidth
+anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no one does matrices anymore uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one does matrices anymore uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one does matrices anymore uh or
+numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear
+algebra so I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why if you have a matrix let's say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you have a matrix let's say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you have a matrix let's say of
+zeros and ones that's a graph of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones that's a graph of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones that's a graph of course
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and all of the nonzero elements are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the nonzero elements are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the nonzero elements are in
+that band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that band
+then we call this uh bandwidth W okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call this uh bandwidth W okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call this uh bandwidth W okay if
+it's zero out here and zero out here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero out here and zero out here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero out here and zero out here why
+are these interesting because then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these interesting because then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these interesting because then if
+you run Gan elimination you always stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run Gan elimination you always stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run Gan elimination you always stay
+within the band uh so this was some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the band uh so this was some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the band uh so this was some of
+the early approaches to solving sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early approaches to solving sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early approaches to solving sparse
+linear systems if you can get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems if you can get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems if you can get all the
+zeros into the into the corners then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros into the into the corners then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros into the into the corners then you
+can focus here especially if your Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus here especially if your Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus here especially if your Tri
+diagonal is a common case anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is a common case anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is a common case anyway that's
+called bandwidth and what this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bandwidth and what this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bandwidth and what this problem
+is saying is I I'm allowed to permute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is I I'm allowed to permute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is I I'm allowed to permute
+the RO Columns of my Matrix in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RO Columns of my Matrix in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RO Columns of my Matrix in order to
+minimize how many diagonals I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize how many diagonals I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize how many diagonals I need to
+use so that is permutation and minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so that is permutation and minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so that is permutation and minimize
+bandwidth it would be great except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth it would be great except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth it would be great except it's
+NP hard so uh it's NP hard even on trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard so uh it's NP hard even on trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard so uh it's NP hard even on trees
+of Maximum degree 3 then be hard even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum degree 3 then be hard even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum degree 3 then be hard even on
+caterpillars uh almost caterpillars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caterpillars uh almost caterpillars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caterpillars uh almost caterpillars
+Caterpillar is a graph uh something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh I think this is caterpillar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I think this is caterpillar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I think this is caterpillar with
+hair length at most three so these may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair length at most three so these may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair length at most three so these may
+be Paths of length three maybe they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Paths of length three maybe they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Paths of length three maybe they even
+Branch a little bit but every vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch a little bit but every vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch a little bit but every vertex is
+within distance three of a single path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within distance three of a single path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within distance three of a single path
+that's a so even for such graphs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so even for such graphs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so even for such graphs when
+mapped into matri uh this problem is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into matri uh this problem is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into matri uh this problem is NP
+hard lots of cases are NP hard even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard lots of cases are NP hard even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard lots of cases are NP hard even for
+grid graphs that's maybe even might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid graphs that's maybe even might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid graphs that's maybe even might
+think of that as more General but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as more General but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as more General but it's
+not immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immediately
+implied okay cool that was bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied okay cool that was bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied okay cool that was bandwidth
+next one uh which I've seen used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one uh which I've seen used in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one uh which I've seen used in a
+few different hardness proofs is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different hardness proofs is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different hardness proofs is uh
+minimum linear Arrangement almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement almost the
+same problem but instead of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem but instead of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem but instead of taking the
+maximum Edge length and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Edge length and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Edge length and trying to
+minimize that take the sum of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that take the sum of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that take the sum of the edge
+lengths and try to minimize that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and try to minimize that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and try to minimize that that's
+minimum linear arrangement we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear arrangement we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear arrangement we will see a
+reduction from that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from that in a
+moment uh it's going be hard even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh it's going be hard even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh it's going be hard even for
+bip parte graphs cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bip parte graphs cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bip parte graphs cut
+width uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width uh this
+is you draw all the edges as horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you draw all the edges as horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you draw all the edges as horizontal
+segments and then I come in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and then I come in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and then I come in with a
+vertical line and see how many edges can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and see how many edges can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and see how many edges can
+I cross I want to find a permutation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross I want to find a permutation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cross I want to find a permutation so
+I minimize the maximum you might call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minimize the maximum you might call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minimize the maximum you might call it
+stabbing width the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing width the maximum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing width the maximum number of
+edges that cross from the left side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that cross from the left side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that cross from the left side to
+the right side where I take the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side where I take the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side where I take the maximum
+over all Notions of side take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all Notions of side take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all Notions of side take the
+maximum over all choices of this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all choices of this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all choices of this x
+coordinate and I want to minimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and I want to minimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and I want to minimize that
+maximum that is cutwidth why do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that is cutwidth why do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that is cutwidth why do I want
+to minimize the maximum as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the maximum as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the maximum as opposed to
+say minimizing the sum of those cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say minimizing the sum of those cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say minimizing the sum of those cut
+values because that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because that's the same as
+minimum linear Arrangement if I minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement if I minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement if I minimize
+the sum of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all of these
+Cuts that's the same thing as minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts that's the same thing as minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts that's the same thing as minimizing
+the sum of the lengths of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the lengths of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the lengths of the edges
+right so that's the same problem so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the same problem so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the same problem so okay
+we got rid of one that was cut with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got rid of one that was cut with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got rid of one that was cut with it's
+hard for planer graphs Max degree 3 grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for planer graphs Max degree 3 grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for planer graphs Max degree 3 grid
+graphs lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs lots of
+things uh I'm going to skip mod cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I'm going to skip mod cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I'm going to skip mod cut
+that's just a slight different variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a slight different variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a slight different variation
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+definition uh next one is vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh next one is vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh next one is vertex
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+uh okay this is a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay this is a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay this is a different way of
+counting um so here I was counting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting um so here I was counting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting um so here I was counting how
+many edges cross but maybe many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many edges cross but maybe many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many edges cross but maybe many of those
+edges come from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges come from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges come from the same
+vertex I don't want to double count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex I don't want to double count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex I don't want to double count
+those let's say I just want to count how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those let's say I just want to count how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those let's say I just want to count how
+many vertices on the left side have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices on the left side have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices on the left side have at
+least one Edge that goes to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one Edge that goes to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one Edge that goes to the right
+side and only count it once instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and only count it once instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and only count it once instead of
+three times in this picture okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times in this picture okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times in this picture okay same
+otherwise the same problem as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the same problem as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the same problem as uh
+cutwidth that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutwidth that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutwidth that is also
+hard uh that problem is different if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh that problem is different if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh that problem is different if you
+look at the sum version so you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sum version so you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sum version so you can uh
+count for every partition Point how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for every partition Point how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for every partition Point how many
+vertices in the left have a edge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the left have a edge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the left have a edge to the
+right side sum that over all of these X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side sum that over all of these X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side sum that over all of these X
+values and then that is uh sum cut all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then that is uh sum cut all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then that is uh sum cut all
+of these have been considered in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have been considered in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have been considered in various
+contexts uh last one is Edge bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts uh last one is Edge bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts uh last one is Edge bisection
+this is where you only look at cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you only look at cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you only look at cutting
+in the middle at v/2 so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle at v/2 so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle at v/2 so you want to
+balance partition all the things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance partition all the things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance partition all the things on the
+left you want to have very few edges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you want to have very few edges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you want to have very few edges to
+the things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things on the
+right uh or the vertex version you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or the vertex version you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or the vertex version you want
+to minimize the number of vertices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the number of vertices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the number of vertices on
+the left to have edges to the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left to have edges to the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left to have edges to the right half
+but exactly half v over2 v over2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly half v over2 v over2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly half v over2 v over2 okay
+ton of problems I mentioned them so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of problems I mentioned them so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of problems I mentioned them so that
+if you ever run into a problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever run into a problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever run into a problem about
+ordering vertices on a line you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering vertices on a line you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering vertices on a line you should
+look at all of those and see which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of those and see which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of those and see which one
+is the most useful sort of like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful sort of like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most useful sort of like we have
+three set and one and three set and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set and one and three set and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set and one and three set and all
+equal set choose the one that's easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal set choose the one that's easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal set choose the one that's easiest
+for you if you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if you have some kind of
+ordering problem choose the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering problem choose the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering problem choose the one that's
+easiest for you good to know that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest for you good to know that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest for you good to know that these
+are out there um they come from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there um they come from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there um they come from various
+applications cutwidth is studied a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications cutwidth is studied a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications cutwidth is studied a lot
+in graph Theory graph minor stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph Theory graph minor stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph Theory graph minor stuff um
+it's closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closely related to
+pathwidth um some of these Pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathwidth um some of these Pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathwidth um some of these Pro the
+bisection comes from uh numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection comes from uh numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection comes from uh numerical linear
+algebra uh minimum linear Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh minimum linear Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh minimum linear Arrangement
+comes I think originally from vsi layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes I think originally from vsi layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes I think originally from vsi layout
+chip design it's like a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip design it's like a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip design it's like a very simple
+version if you just have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version if you just have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version if you just have a bunch of
+ports on the bottom and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the bottom and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports on the bottom and you know that
+certain things need to be connected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things need to be connected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things need to be connected by
+wires that's your graph you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires that's your graph you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires that's your graph you want to
+minimize the total amount of wire stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total amount of wire stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total amount of wire stuff
+you have to to minimum minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to to minimum minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to to minimum minimize the
+total wire lengths uh so that's minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wire lengths uh so that's minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wire lengths uh so that's minimum
+linear Arrangement very simple version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Arrangement very simple version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Arrangement very simple version
+of of some kind of vsi layout problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of some kind of vsi layout problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of some kind of vsi layout problem uh
+and there's this survey if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this survey if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this survey if you want to
+see all these problems uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these problems uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these problems uh there's one
+problem not on the survey because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not on the survey because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not on the survey because it's
+not about a graph it's about a hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about a graph it's about a hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about a graph it's about a hyper
+graph but it's a useful one among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but it's a useful one among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but it's a useful one among
+ordering problems it's the one I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering problems it's the one I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering problems it's the one I know
+the best I've tried to use it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I've tried to use it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I've tried to use it a couple
+times but rarely have I succeeded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but rarely have I succeeded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but rarely have I succeeded in
+getting actual NP hardness proof from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actual NP hardness proof from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actual NP hardness proof from it
+but I will show you one uh and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will show you one uh and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will show you one uh and it is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+betweenness so in this case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweenness so in this case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweenness so in this case I'm
+given uh a bunch of triples instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a bunch of triples instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a bunch of triples instead of
+pairs of things it's not a graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of things it's not a graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of things it's not a graph of the
+form uh Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh Y is
+between x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and z
+and what that means is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is uh
+either it's between x and z in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's between x and z in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's between x and z in that
+sense or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or it's
+between uh X to Z in the other sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh X to Z in the other sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh X to Z in the other sense
+where either X is to Left Of Z or Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either X is to Left Of Z or Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either X is to Left Of Z or Z is
+to left of X but Y is always between and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left of X but Y is always between and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left of X but Y is always between and
+here of course I really mean f ofx and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course I really mean f ofx and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course I really mean f ofx and f
+of Y I mean them in the linear embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y I mean them in the linear embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y I mean them in the linear embedding
+okay so you're given a bunch of triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're given a bunch of triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're given a bunch of triples
+like this and then you want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then you want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then you want to find a
+linear out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear out of your
+letters uh so again it's a bje from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters uh so again it's a bje from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters uh so again it's a bje from 1 to
+n and uh you uh such that these all hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh you uh such that these all hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh you uh such that these all hold
+so there's no objective function to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no objective function to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no objective function to Max
+minimize here it's just you want each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize here it's just you want each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize here it's just you want each of
+these things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be
+true okay this is nice because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay this is nice because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay this is nice because it's a
+pretty clean constraint and yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean constraint and yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean constraint and yet it's
+hard if I for example was just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard if I for example was just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard if I for example was just giving
+you if I gave you a bunch of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I gave you a bunch of inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I gave you a bunch of inequality
+constraints like X is less than y that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like X is less than y that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints like X is less than y that's
+easy that's sorting a partial order but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that's sorting a partial order but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that's sorting a partial order but
+here you have a little bit of ambigu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a little bit of ambigu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a little bit of ambigu
+you don't know how x and z relate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how x and z relate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how x and z relate you
+just know that Y is in between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that Y is in between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that Y is in between them
+that's enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough to get
+hardness so I'm not going to prove any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness so I'm not going to prove any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness so I'm not going to prove any
+of those problems hard but I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those problems hard but I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those problems hard but I will show
+you two examples of hardness proofs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two examples of hardness proofs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two examples of hardness proofs from
+uh first one is going to be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one is going to be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one is going to be from
+minimum linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear
+arrangement in case you haven't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement in case you haven't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement in case you haven't already
+memorized all of the problems I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized all of the problems I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized all of the problems I just
+described let me remind you minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described let me remind you minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described let me remind you minimum
+linear Arrangement uh was minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Arrangement uh was minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Arrangement uh was minimize the
+sum of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the edge
+lengths that was the second problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths that was the second problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths that was the second problem I
+described that was like the vsi layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that was like the vsi layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that was like the vsi layout
+minimize the sum of all the red lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the sum of all the red lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the sum of all the red lines
+find the permutation that does that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the permutation that does that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the permutation that does that so
+uh we're going to reduce it first to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to reduce it first to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to reduce it first to a
+problem called bipartite Crossing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called bipartite Crossing number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called bipartite Crossing number
+it's a bit of a weird problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a weird problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a weird problem it's
+mostly a stop gap on the way to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a stop gap on the way to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a stop gap on the way to another
+problem which is Crossing number suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is Crossing number suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is Crossing number suppose
+you're given a bipar graph which is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a bipar graph which is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a bipar graph which is hard
+to see in this picture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in this picture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in this picture um
+given a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a bipartite
+graph and you want to draw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+so uh have some bipar graph I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh have some bipar graph I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh have some bipar graph I want to
+draw it in the plane in or uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in the plane in or uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in the plane in or uh in a
+special way I want all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way I want all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way I want all of the
+vertices uh on in one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh on in one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh on in one side of the
+bipartition to be on a horizontal line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartition to be on a horizontal line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartition to be on a horizontal line I
+want all the vertices in the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all the vertices in the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all the vertices in the other uh
+side of the bipartition to be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the bipartition to be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the bipartition to be on a
+parallel horizontal line okay and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel horizontal line okay and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel horizontal line okay and all
+the edges are in between they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are in between they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are in between they're
+straight lines and I want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and I want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines and I want to minimize
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+Crossings okay so it's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings okay so it's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings okay so it's this very
+specific kind of graph layout problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of graph layout problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of graph layout problem
+but minimizing number of Crossing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minimizing number of Crossing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minimizing number of Crossing is
+clearly good we want to draw as planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly good we want to draw as planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly good we want to draw as planer
+as possible so here's a reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so here's a reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so here's a reduction from
+minimum linear arrangement to bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear arrangement to bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear arrangement to bipartite
+Crossing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh in this problem we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in this problem we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in this problem we're given a
+general graph not necessarily bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general graph not necessarily bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general graph not necessarily bipartite
+we want to convert it into a bipar graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to convert it into a bipar graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to convert it into a bipar graph
+how do we do that make two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that make two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that make two copies of
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+vertex okay so for every vertex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so for every vertex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so for every vertex in the
+minimum linear Arrangement problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear Arrangement problem we're
+going to make two copies uh call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make two copies uh call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make two copies uh call them
+bottom one and top one top two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom one and top one top two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom one and top one top two and
+bottom two bottom two and top two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two bottom two and top two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two bottom two and top two and so
+on so the there's n top vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the there's n top vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the there's n top vertices and
+bottom vertices and I'm going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom vertices and I'm going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom vertices and I'm going to do two
+things one is uh connect a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is uh connect a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is uh connect a whole bunch
+of edges and a whole bunch means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges and a whole bunch means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges and a whole bunch means
+e^2 uh and between bottom eye and top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 uh and between bottom eye and top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 uh and between bottom eye and top
+eye okay I just do that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye okay I just do that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye okay I just do that that will
+basically Force this kind of layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Force this kind of layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Force this kind of layout
+where uh basically the order on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh basically the order on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh basically the order on the top
+has to be identical to the order on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be identical to the order on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be identical to the order on the
+bottom because if ever any of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because if ever any of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because if ever any of these two
+bundles of edges crossed you would get e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of edges crossed you would get e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of edges crossed you would get e
+to the fourth Crossings and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth Crossings and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth Crossings and so if you
+ever want to get less than e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to get less than e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to get less than e to the
+fourth Crossings and that's what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth Crossings and that's what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth Crossings and that's what we will
+hopefully do then these must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully do then these must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully do then these must
+appear same order on top and bottom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear same order on top and bottom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear same order on top and bottom but
+we don't know what the order is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what the order is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what the order is right
+that you could still permute the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could still permute the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could still permute the bottom
+just correspondingly permute the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correspondingly permute the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correspondingly permute the top and
+all will be well as far as these Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all will be well as far as these Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all will be well as far as these Edge
+bundles go so that's good because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles go so that's good because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles go so that's good because it has
+exactly the flexibility we have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the flexibility we have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the flexibility we have exactly
+one permutation on N Things that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one permutation on N Things that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one permutation on N Things that's what
+we want to represent with minimum linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent with minimum linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent with minimum linear
+Arrangement then the only other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement then the only other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement then the only other thing we
+do is add in the edges of the graph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is add in the edges of the graph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is add in the edges of the graph but
+in the in the minimum linear Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the minimum linear Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the minimum linear Arrangement
+problem the edges are are like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the edges are are like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the edges are are like from
+vertex I to vertex J we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex I to vertex J we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex I to vertex J we're going to make
+that a connection from bottom I to top J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a connection from bottom I to top J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a connection from bottom I to top J
+there's a choice but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a choice but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a choice but it doesn't matter
+which is which so the idea is then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which so the idea is then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which so the idea is then that
+edge will cross a bunch of bundles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge will cross a bunch of bundles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge will cross a bunch of bundles the
+number of bundles it crosses is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bundles it crosses is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bundles it crosses is the
+length of the edge minus one I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the edge minus one I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the edge minus one I think so
+I I'll ignore these uh additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll ignore these uh additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll ignore these uh additive
+constants you have to be careful to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants you have to be careful to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants you have to be careful to make
+sure everything adds up the right way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything adds up the right way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything adds up the right way um
+if if you have a length zero Edge well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have a length zero Edge well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have a length zero Edge well
+you never have a length zero Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have a length zero Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have a length zero Edge
+because vertices mapped to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vertices mapped to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vertices mapped to different
+places if you have a length one Edge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places if you have a length one Edge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places if you have a length one Edge you
+won't cross anything so zero Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cross anything so zero Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cross anything so zero Crossings
+you have a length two Edge you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a length two Edge you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a length two Edge you will
+cross exactly one bundle uh and you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross exactly one bundle uh and you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross exactly one bundle uh and you pay
+e squ for that in general be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squ for that in general be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squ for that in general be something
+like e^2 times the sum of the lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e^2 times the sum of the lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e^2 times the sum of the lengths of
+the edges not exactly you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges not exactly you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges not exactly you have to
+subtract off some things but for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off some things but for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off some things but for the um
+you just compute what that is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just compute what that is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just compute what that is it will
+always be uh basically some some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be uh basically some some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be uh basically some some fixed
+constant times the minimum linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the minimum linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the minimum linear
+Arrangement cost which was the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement cost which was the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement cost which was the sum of
+the lengths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of the
+edges uh plus some fixed constant and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh plus some fixed constant and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh plus some fixed constant and so
+you can solve the Bor Crossing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve the Bor Crossing number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve the Bor Crossing number
+with a given spec specified number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given spec specified number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given spec specified number of
+Crossings if and only if you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings if and only if you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings if and only if you can solve
+minimum linear rangement with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear rangement with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum linear rangement with a
+specified sum of edge lengths question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified sum of edge lengths question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified sum of edge lengths question
+what about the crossings between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges uh yes there's also Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh yes there's also Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh yes there's also Crossings
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+edges um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um
+and that's you have to count them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you have to count them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you have to count them it's
+fine because you can't get more than e s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because you can't get more than e s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because you can't get more than e s
+of those right in the normal case yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those right in the normal case yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those right in the normal case yes so
+so that will be in the noise uh the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be in the noise uh the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be in the noise uh the bulk
+of the number of Crossings will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of Crossings will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of Crossings will be uh
+will be from the crossing the bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be from the crossing the bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be from the crossing the bundles
+with the single edges you can never you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the single edges you can never you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the single edges you can never you
+don't want to have uh bundle bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have uh bundle bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have uh bundle bundle
+Crossings those you can never afford so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings those you can never afford so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings those you can never afford so
+you're basically counting bundles versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically counting bundles versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically counting bundles versus
+single edges the total number of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single edges the total number of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single edges the total number of single
+edge Crossings will be strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge Crossings will be strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge Crossings will be strictly less
+than e^ squ and so it will be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e^ squ and so it will be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e^ squ and so it will be strictly
+less than a single guy crossing a bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a single guy crossing a bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a single guy crossing a bundle
+so you have to you have to inflate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to you have to inflate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to you have to inflate it's
+not an exact counting because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exact counting because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exact counting because you don't
+know how many of those single edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of those single edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of those single edge
+Crossings you're going to get uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings you're going to get uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings you're going to get uh so you
+have to add almost uh e^2 I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add almost uh e^2 I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add almost uh e^2 I have the
+exact count here I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact count here I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact count here I don't know how
+interesting it is but it what they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it is but it what they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it is but it what they wrote
+is it's e^2 * K minus E + 1 - 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's e^2 * K minus E + 1 - 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's e^2 * K minus E + 1 - 1 is the
+exact number in the paper k here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number in the paper k here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number in the paper k here is the
+to the sum of the lengths of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the lengths of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the lengths of the edges
+in that problem this is um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that problem this is um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that problem this is um I think the
+minus one per Edge all that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one per Edge all that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one per Edge all that gets
+multiplied by e^ S and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by e^ S and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by e^ S and then we're
+basically adding e^2 minus one at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adding e^2 minus one at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adding e^2 minus one at the
+end so almost e^ s to allow for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so almost e^ s to allow for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so almost e^ s to allow for any
+number of Crossings between the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Crossings between the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Crossings between the single
+guys good does make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys good does make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys good does make a lot of
+sense okay so that was B part Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that was B part Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that was B part Crossing
+number but the more natural problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the more natural problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the more natural problem I
+would say is I give you a graph I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is I give you a graph I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is I give you a graph I want
+to draw it in the plane with fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it in the plane with fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it in the plane with fewest
+Crossing that is Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing that is Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing that is Crossing
+number and it's a reduction from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's a reduction from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's a reduction from the
+previous problem so uh basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem so uh basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem so uh basically you can
+force these vertices to be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force these vertices to be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force these vertices to be on a
+horizontal line and these vertices to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line and these vertices to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line and these vertices to be
+on another horizontal line and to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another horizontal line and to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another horizontal line and to only
+have edges between here and here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges between here and here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges between here and here by
+adding huge bundles out here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding huge bundles out here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding huge bundles out here to
+basically prevent anything from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically prevent anything from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically prevent anything from going
+out there and so remember now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and so remember now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and so remember now we're
+given a bipartite graph we want to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a bipartite graph we want to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a bipartite graph we want to draw
+it in this kind of way minimizing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this kind of way minimizing number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this kind of way minimizing number
+of Crossings in between and so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crossings in between and so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crossings in between and so this will
+turn that into a reg a general graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into a reg a general graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into a reg a general graph
+it's uh actually still by partite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh actually still by partite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh actually still by partite but
+now the planer embedding is forced more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the planer embedding is forced more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the planer embedding is forced more
+or less I mean it's not an embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less I mean it's not an embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less I mean it's not an embedding
+keep using that word the planer drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep using that word the planer drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep using that word the planer drawing
+is more or less forced you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less forced you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less forced you can show
+these guys have to be in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have to be in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have to be in this kind of
+topology and then there's some Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and then there's some Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and then there's some Crossings
+in here but none of these edges could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but none of these edges could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here but none of these edges could
+ever cross this because this is way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever cross this because this is way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever cross this because this is way more
+than the number of Crossings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of Crossings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of Crossings in the
+input graph yeah what about uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input graph yeah what about uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input graph yeah what about uh not
+multigraphs not multigraphs good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigraphs not multigraphs good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigraphs not multigraphs good
+question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I
+assume I assume you can split these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I assume you can split these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I assume you can split these
+things up or maybe subdivide the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up or maybe subdivide the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up or maybe subdivide the edges
+or some some trick but I have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some trick but I have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some trick but I have to be very
+careful I don't know for sure definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful I don't know for sure definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful I don't know for sure definitely
+not mentioned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mentioned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mentioned in this
+paper Okay so that was Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so that was Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so that was Crossing
+number bipartite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number bipartite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number bipartite and
+unconstrained and I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained and I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained and I have one
+more sketch of a proof uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sketch of a proof uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sketch of a proof uh which is
+mostly for fun uh and I get to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for fun uh and I get to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for fun uh and I get to use my
+favorite phrase how to kill log end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite phrase how to kill log end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite phrase how to kill log end
+birds with one stone or order one Stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with one stone or order one Stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with one stone or order one Stones
+uh so suppose you have a rubrics cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so suppose you have a rubrics cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so suppose you have a rubrics cube
+but you know 3x3x3 that's easy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know 3x3x3 that's easy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know 3x3x3 that's easy so you
+have an N byn byn rubrics Cube like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N byn byn rubrics Cube like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N byn byn rubrics Cube like this
+7 by7 by7 V Cube uh and you know moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 by7 by7 V Cube uh and you know moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 by7 by7 V Cube uh and you know moves
+are I assume you've all know how Rubik's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I assume you've all know how Rubik's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I assume you've all know how Rubik's
+Cube works you can rotate in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube works you can rotate in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube works you can rotate in each of
+these directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions
+uh and I hope not to mess it up too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I hope not to mess it up too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I hope not to mess it up too much
+um and your goal is to get to this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your goal is to get to this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your goal is to get to this state
+where it's all solved now usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's all solved now usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's all solved now usually you
+someone's mean and they mix it all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's mean and they mix it all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's mean and they mix it all up
+and they just give it to you and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just give it to you and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just give it to you and like
+okay solve it I don't just want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay solve it I don't just want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay solve it I don't just want to solve
+it I want to solve it with the fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to solve it with the fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to solve it with the fewest
+moves because it's polinomial time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves because it's polinomial time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves because it's polinomial time to
+solve it at all I want to solve it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it at all I want to solve it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it at all I want to solve it in
+the fewest moves so if I'm given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest moves so if I'm given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest moves so if I'm given this
+position I want to know it's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I want to know it's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I want to know it's only one
+move away from soft sad uh we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from soft sad uh we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from soft sad uh we do not
+know the complexity of that problem let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the complexity of that problem let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the complexity of that problem let
+me first tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first tell you
+uh an easy way a nice way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an easy way a nice way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an easy way a nice way to think about
+this problem is actually in the 2D case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is actually in the 2D case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is actually in the 2D case
+so these are not built super large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are not built super large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are not built super large but
+again I can rotate either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a
+column so at a high level you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so at a high level you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so at a high level you can think
+of the picture like this you have a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture like this you have a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture like this you have a red
+side and a blue side and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and a blue side and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and a blue side and there's a
+certain uh it's if if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh it's if if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh it's if if you think about
+where this Square goes it can go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this Square goes it can go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this Square goes it can go to this
+position to this position and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to this position and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to this position and this
+position in general one a little Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in general one a little Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in general one a little Cube
+can only go to four different spots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only go to four different spots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only go to four different spots in
+2D on the 3D cube there's 24 spots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D on the 3D cube there's 24 spots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D on the 3D cube there's 24 spots you
+can go to because there are 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to because there are 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to because there are 24
+automorphisms on the cube it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automorphisms on the cube it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automorphisms on the cube it's just a
+lot harder to see but it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to see but it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to see but it's essentially
+the same thing going on so here's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing going on so here's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing going on so here's a a
+sort of thing you could do if I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing you could do if I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing you could do if I flip
+this column these guys go over to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column these guys go over to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column these guys go over to here
+and they flip upside down so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they flip upside down so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they flip upside down so whatever
+was red here becomes blue down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was red here becomes blue down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was red here becomes blue down here and
+it gets reflected across this line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets reflected across this line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets reflected across this line so
+when I do this move I get this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this move I get this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this move I get this pattern
+for that row that column if I also do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that row that column if I also do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that row that column if I also do it
+at this column I get that pattern okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this column I get that pattern okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this column I get that pattern okay
+so now maybe I do these two columns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now maybe I do these two columns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now maybe I do these two columns they
+completely flip become all blue now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flip become all blue now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flip become all blue now
+maybe I do these two columns and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I do these two columns and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I do these two columns and I get
+this picture because these red spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture because these red spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture because these red spots
+become blue up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blue up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blue up
+here uh and and so on and then if I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and and so on and then if I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and and so on and then if I flip
+these two rows hey I solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rows hey I solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rows hey I solved the
+puzzle okay and in general if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle okay and in general if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle okay and in general if you look
+at a QB and the four the four other QBs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a QB and the four the four other QBs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a QB and the four the four other QBs
+that it can go to they have some pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go to they have some pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go to they have some pattern
+there's a constant number of patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of patterns
+they can have for 2D it's I forget like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have for 2D it's I forget like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have for 2D it's I forget like
+10 or 20 different patterns in 3D it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 different patterns in 3D it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 different patterns in 3D it's
+like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot
+more uh billions or something anyway uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh billions or something anyway uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh billions or something anyway uh
+but it's constant even for an N byn by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's constant even for an N byn by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's constant even for an N byn by n
+Cube uh and so you can characterize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube uh and so you can characterize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube uh and so you can characterize for
+each such pattern whether it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each such pattern whether it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each such pattern whether it what it
+needs to be solved so these QB for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be solved so these QB for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be solved so these QB for
+example need a column row column row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example need a column row column row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example need a column row column row
+that's what we showed we flipped its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we showed we flipped its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we showed we flipped its
+column then we flipped its row then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then we flipped its row then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then we flipped its row then we
+flipped it column then we flipped it row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it column then we flipped it row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it column then we flipped it row
+that solved it that's exactly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solved it that's exactly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solved it that's exactly what they
+need and a minimal solution you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and a minimal solution you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and a minimal solution you will do
+that but what you see here is if suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what you see here is if suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what you see here is if suppose
+I had a big grid of them I could do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a big grid of them I could do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a big grid of them I could do all
+the columns then all the rows containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns then all the rows containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns then all the rows containing
+them then all the row columns than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then all the row columns than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then all the row columns than all
+the rows if they were in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows if they were in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows if they were in the same
+initial pattern I get a a big savings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial pattern I get a a big savings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial pattern I get a a big savings in
+how quickly I can solve it uh if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly I can solve it uh if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly I can solve it uh if I have
+an X by y grid of of identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X by y grid of of identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X by y grid of of identically
+oriented QB I can solve in at about X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented QB I can solve in at about X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented QB I can solve in at about X
+Plus Y moves instead of x time Y moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Y moves instead of x time Y moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Y moves instead of x time Y moves
+and this is something we use to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something we use to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something we use to prove
+that you can solve an N by n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve an N by n by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve an N by n by n
+Rubik's Cube and n^2 ID log n moves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube and n^2 ID log n moves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube and n^2 ID log n moves in
+the worst case so you can kill log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case so you can kill log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case so you can kill log n
+birds with one stone there's always such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with one stone there's always such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with one stone there's always such
+a grid uh of area roughly log n okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid uh of area roughly log n okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid uh of area roughly log n okay but
+uh here I want to do it for I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I want to do it for I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I want to do it for I want to
+use that idea for hardness in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that idea for hardness in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that idea for hardness in some sense
+that was to give you some intuition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was to give you some intuition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was to give you some intuition uh
+sadly we don't know whether this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly we don't know whether this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly we don't know whether this problem
+is NP hard minimizing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard minimizing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard minimizing the number of
+moves but what we do know is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but what we do know is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but what we do know is that if
+some of the stickers fell off your Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stickers fell off your Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stickers fell off your Cube
+then it's NP heart so the white things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's NP heart so the white things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's NP heart so the white things
+here are don't care you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are don't care you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are don't care you don't care
+whether what state they end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what state they end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what state they end up in
+they're sort of wild cards so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of wild cards so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of wild cards so it could
+be the sticker came off or maybe it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sticker came off or maybe it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sticker came off or maybe it just
+changes its color to whatever is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its color to whatever is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its color to whatever is correct
+at the moment uh but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment uh but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment uh but some of the
+stickers are still on and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers are still on and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers are still on and they have to
+be solved and this is a reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved and this is a reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved and this is a reduction from
+betweenness uh this gadget will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweenness uh this gadget will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betweenness uh this gadget will be
+solvable in a certain number of moves if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in a certain number of moves if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in a certain number of moves if
+and only if the first time you make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the first time you make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the first time you make uh
+the X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2
+column move is between the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column move is between the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column move is between the first time
+you make the X1 column move and the X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the X1 column move and the X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the X1 column move and the X3
+column move I think these are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column move I think these are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column move I think these are in this
+situation that they want to do column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that they want to do column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that they want to do column
+row column row something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row column row something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row column row something like that so
+each one is going to get used twice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is going to get used twice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is going to get used twice it's
+a matter of how you intersperse those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of how you intersperse those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of how you intersperse those
+orders so it's an ordering problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so it's an ordering problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so it's an ordering problem and
+this ends up being between this I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being between this I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being between this I will
+not go through the proof it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through the proof it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through the proof it's quite
+tedious uh but basically so this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious uh but basically so this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious uh but basically so this column
+is going to get used many times in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get used many times in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get used many times in the
+reduction you basically you just work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you basically you just work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you basically you just work in
+the upper left corner of the picture be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left corner of the picture be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left corner of the picture be
+uh because the other quarters sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the other quarters sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the other quarters sort of
+move similarly uh we you introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move similarly uh we you introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move similarly uh we you introduce some
+extra rows and columns that are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra rows and columns that are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra rows and columns that are specific
+to this between this gadget and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this between this gadget and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this between this gadget and uh if
+you want to have more between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have more between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have more between this
+gadgets you add more such columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets you add more such columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets you add more such columns and
+rows uh to in this pattern and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows uh to in this pattern and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows uh to in this pattern and as long
+as they're sort of off diagonal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're sort of off diagonal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're sort of off diagonal from
+each other they won't interact and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they won't interact and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they won't interact and so
+you end up with a big betweenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a big betweenness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a big betweenness
+reduction uh so that's it for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MZTmdqC49WA.txt b/MZTmdqC49WA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cf7ad0387356a9e236d2cf431e80ea5497a00c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MZTmdqC49WA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and as far as tablets are concerned yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as tablets are concerned yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as tablets are concerned yes
+you could make some okay images of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make some okay images of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make some okay images of your
+work very quickly like we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very quickly like we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very quickly like we did here
+here's the music box which you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the music box which you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the music box which you've seen
+before this one was made with the tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one was made with the tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one was made with the tablet
+but always keep in mind that the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always keep in mind that the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always keep in mind that the file
+size is not even close to what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not even close to what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not even close to what we get
+with a full-size camera and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a full-size camera and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a full-size camera and it's
+certainly not as convenient as a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not as convenient as a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not as convenient as a camera
+phone in in my opinion but I thought I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in in my opinion but I thought I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in in my opinion but I thought I'd
+show you something I was playing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something I was playing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something I was playing around
+with a while ago um here's an image I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a while ago um here's an image I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a while ago um here's an image I
+made of an area of a device and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of an area of a device and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of an area of a device and we could
+actually see 30 Micron structures I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see 30 Micron structures I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see 30 Micron structures I made
+the images with a tablet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images with a tablet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images with a tablet it's
+considerably cropped from the full image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably cropped from the full image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably cropped from the full image
+now here's the setup I put the tablet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the setup I put the tablet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the setup I put the tablet's
+camera on selfie mode that is using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on selfie mode that is using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on selfie mode that is using the
+front camera the idea is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front camera the idea is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front camera the idea is that you can
+see exactly what the camera is seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what the camera is seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what the camera is seeing
+and so that you could make adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you could make adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you could make adjustments
+to the setup in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the setup in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the setup in real time
+here's the jeweler's lens that I placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the jeweler's lens that I placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the jeweler's lens that I placed
+over the camera in the tablet and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the camera in the tablet and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the camera in the tablet and here's
+the setup from another angle let's zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup from another angle let's zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup from another angle let's zoom
+in so that you see how it looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that you see how it looks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that you see how it looks so
+basically I am making a microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I am making a microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I am making a microscopic
+image with this setup you can adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with this setup you can adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with this setup you can adjust the
+distance of the lens from the device by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the lens from the device by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the lens from the device by
+using different wooden blocks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different wooden blocks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different wooden blocks for
+example there are a number of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there are a number of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there are a number of companies
+selling supposedly microscopic lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling supposedly microscopic lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling supposedly microscopic lenses
+which you attached to your phone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you attached to your phone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you attached to your phone or
+tablet but I'm not convinced the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet but I'm not convinced the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet but I'm not convinced the quality
+of the Optics is what we want here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Optics is what we want here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Optics is what we want here we
+see some very fine detail because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some very fine detail because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some very fine detail because of the
+quality of the lens but unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the lens but unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the lens but unfortunately
+the file size as we said is pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file size as we said is pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file size as we said is pretty low
+but that is improving rapidly so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is improving rapidly so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is improving rapidly so this
+could be a a quick way of sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a a quick way of sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a a quick way of sharing your
+work with your colleagues through emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your colleagues through emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your colleagues through emails
+for example it's just something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's just something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's just something to think
+about
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MfocEPhmyV0.txt b/MfocEPhmyV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d6ec6c925f4f20d07b85840ad32294c1002a5b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MfocEPhmyV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+uh team8 the reduced fat double stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team8 the reduced fat double stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team8 the reduced fat double stuff
+Oreos back in the air uh flying slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreos back in the air uh flying slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreos back in the air uh flying slightly
+slower under the advice of Colonel young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower under the advice of Colonel young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower under the advice of Colonel young
+maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little
+lower a little more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower a little more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower a little more in
+control now that they understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+and still says that little to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+High a little rough Landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High a little rough Landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High a little rough Landing
+there no rush team has 2 minutes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no rush team has 2 minutes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no rush team has 2 minutes I
+believe they posted a score of 96 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they posted a score of 96 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they posted a score of 96 points
+on their first trial we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their first trial we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their first trial we're going to see
+if they can best that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can best that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can best that
+number several team me team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number several team me team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number several team me team
+members uh around the airplane now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting the eggs loaded on the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the eggs loaded on the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the eggs loaded on the aircraft
+looks like the eggs are flying are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the eggs are flying are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the eggs are flying are
+seated on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated on top of the
+wing yep yep looks like the eggs are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing yep yep looks like the eggs are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing yep yep looks like the eggs are on
+top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+wing 2 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing 2 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing 2 minutes
+now team members probably want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now team members probably want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now team members probably want to pull
+the plane back to allow for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane back to allow for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane back to allow for a little
+more ground roll increased weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we'll see how they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we looks like we're down for the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looks like we're down for the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looks like we're down for the count
+maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+eight seconds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seconds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seconds in the
+air we'll try to get you a score in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we'll try to get you a score in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we'll try to get you a score in a
+minute here on the reduced fat double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute here on the reduced fat double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute here on the reduced fat double
+stuffed Oreos
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N3I2ZLbh6zQ.txt b/N3I2ZLbh6zQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a03e34e50440c24c4eb6803b51568916797f2bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N3I2ZLbh6zQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now continue and derive some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now continue and derive some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now continue and derive some
+additional properties of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional properties of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional properties of probability
+laws which are again consequences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws which are again consequences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws which are again consequences of the
+axioms that we have introduced the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that we have introduced the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that we have introduced the first
+property is the following if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is the following if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is the following if we have two
+sets and one set is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one set is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one set is smaller than the
+other so we have a picture as follows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we have a picture as follows we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we have a picture as follows we
+have our sample space and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our sample space and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our sample space and we have a
+certain set a and then we have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set a and then we have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set a and then we have a certain
+set B which is even bigger so the set B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B which is even bigger so the set B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B which is even bigger so the set B
+is the bigger blue set so if B is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger blue set so if B is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger blue set so if B is a set
+which is larger than a then naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is larger than a then naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is larger than a then naturally
+the probability that the outcome falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome falls
+inside B should be at least as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside B should be at least as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside B should be at least as big as
+the probability that the outcome falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome falls
+inside a how do we prove this formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a how do we prove this formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a how do we prove this formally
+the set B can be expressed as a union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B can be expressed as a union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B can be expressed as a union of
+two pieces one piece is the set a itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces one piece is the set a itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces one piece is the set a itself
+the second piece is whatever elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second piece is whatever elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second piece is whatever elements of
+B there are that do not belong in a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B there are that do not belong in a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B there are that do not belong in a what
+are these elements they are elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these elements they are elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these elements they are elements
+that belong to B and they do not belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to B and they do not belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to B and they do not belong
+to a which means that they belong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a which means that they belong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a which means that they belong to the
+complement of a so we have expressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of a so we have expressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of a so we have expressed the
+set B as the union of two pieces now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B as the union of two pieces now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B as the union of two pieces now
+this piece is a this piece here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is a this piece here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is a this piece here is
+outside a so these two pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a so these two pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a so these two pieces are
+disjoint and so we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and so we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and so we can apply the
+additivity axiom and write that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity axiom and write that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity axiom and write that the
+probability of B is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is equal to the
+probability of a plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+the other set and since probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other set and since probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other set and since probabilities
+are non-negative this expression here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non-negative this expression here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non-negative this expression here is
+at least as large as the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as large as the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as large as the probability of
+a and this concludes the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this concludes the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this concludes the proof of the
+property that we wanted to show indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we wanted to show indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we wanted to show indeed
+the probability of a is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a is less than or
+equal to the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next property we will show is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next property we will show is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next property we will show is the
+following it allows us to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it allows us to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it allows us to write the
+probability of the union of two sets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the union of two sets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the union of two sets for
+the case now where the two sets are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now where the two sets are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now where the two sets are not
+necessarily disjoint so the picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disjoint so the picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disjoint so the picture is
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows
+we have our two sets a and B these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two sets a and B these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two sets a and B these sets
+are not necessarily disjoint and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily disjoint and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily disjoint and we want
+to say something about the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about the probability
+of the union of a and B okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the union of a and B okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the union of a and B okay now the
+union of a and B consists of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of a and B consists of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of a and B consists of three
+pieces one piece is this one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces one piece is this one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces one piece is this one here and
+that piece consists of those elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece consists of those elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece consists of those elements of
+a that do not belong to B so they belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that do not belong to B so they belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that do not belong to B so they belong
+to B complement this set has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B complement this set has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B complement this set has a certain
+probability let's call it little a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability let's call it little a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability let's call it little a and
+indicate it on this diagram so a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it on this diagram so a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it on this diagram so a is the
+probability of this piece another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this piece another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this piece another piece
+is this one here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one here which is the
+intersection of a and B it has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of a and B it has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of a and B it has a certain
+probability that we denote by little B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we denote by little B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we denote by little B
+this is the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability of a
+intersection B and finally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B and finally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B and finally there's
+another piece which is out here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece which is out here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece which is out here and that
+piece has a certain probability C it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece has a certain probability C it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece has a certain probability C it's
+the probability of that set and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that set and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that set and what is
+that set that set is the following it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set that set is the following it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set that set is the following it's
+that part of B that consists of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of B that consists of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of B that consists of elements
+that do not belong in a so it's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not belong in a so it's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not belong in a so it's B
+intersection with the complement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's express the two sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's express the two sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's express the two sides of this
+equality here in terms of little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here in terms of little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here in terms of little a
+little B and little C and see whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B and little C and see whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B and little C and see whether we
+get the same thing so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing so the probability of
+a union B a union B consists of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union B a union B consists of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union B a union B consists of these
+three pieces that have probabilities a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces that have probabilities a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces that have probabilities a
+little a little B and little C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little B and little C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little B and little C
+effectively and by the additivity axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and by the additivity axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and by the additivity axiom
+the probability of the union of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the union of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the union of a and B
+is the sum of the probabilities of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the probabilities of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the probabilities of these
+three pieces let's look now at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces let's look now at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces let's look now at the right
+hand side of that equation and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of that equation and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of that equation and see
+whether we get the same thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we get the same thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we get the same thing the
+probability of a plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+B minus the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus the probability of a
+intersection B is equal to the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B is equal to the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B is equal to the following
+a consists of two pieces that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consists of two pieces that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consists of two pieces that have
+probabilities little a and little B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities little a and little B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities little a and little B the
+set B consists of two pieces that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B consists of two pieces that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B consists of two pieces that have
+probabilities little B and little C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities little B and little C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities little B and little C and
+then we subtract the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we subtract the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we subtract the probability of the
+intersection which is B and we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which is B and we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which is B and we notice
+that we can cancel here one be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can cancel here one be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can cancel here one be with
+another B and what we are left with is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another B and what we are left with is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another B and what we are left with is a
+plus B plus C so this checks and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B plus C so this checks and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B plus C so this checks and indeed
+we have this equality here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equality here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equality here we have
+verified that it is true one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified that it is true one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified that it is true one particular
+consequence of the Equality that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the Equality that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the Equality that we
+derived is the following since this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is the following since this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is the following since this term
+here is always non-negative this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is always non-negative this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is always non-negative this means
+that the probability of a union B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a union B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of a union B is
+always less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than or equal to the
+probability of a plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+B this inequality here is quite useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this inequality here is quite useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this inequality here is quite useful
+whenever we want to argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we want to argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we want to argue that the
+certain probability is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability is smaller than
+something and it has a name it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it has a name it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it has a name it's called
+the Union bound we finally consider one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Union bound we finally consider one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Union bound we finally consider one
+last consequence of our axioms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last consequence of our axioms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last consequence of our axioms and
+namely we're going to derive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we're going to derive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we're going to derive an
+expression a way of calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a way of calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a way of calculating the
+probability of a union of three sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a union of three sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a union of three sets
+not necessarily disjoint so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily disjoint so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily disjoint so we have our
+sample space and within the sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space and within the sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space and within the sample space
+there are three sets set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three sets set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three sets set a
+set B and set C we're going to use a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B and set C we're going to use a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set B and set C we're going to use a set
+theoretic relation we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic relation we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic relation we're going to
+express the union of these three sets as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the union of these three sets as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the union of these three sets as
+the union of three disjoint pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of three disjoint pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of three disjoint pieces
+what are these disjoint pieces one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these disjoint pieces one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these disjoint pieces one piece
+is the set a itself the second piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set a itself the second piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set a itself the second piece is
+going to be that part of B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that part of B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that part of B which is
+outside a so this is the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a so this is the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a so this is the intersection of
+B with the complement of a the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with the complement of a the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with the complement of a the third
+piece is going to be whatever is left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is going to be whatever is left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is going to be whatever is left in
+order to form the union of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to form the union of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to form the union of the three
+sets what is left is that part of C that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets what is left is that part of C that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets what is left is that part of C that
+does not belong to a and that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to a and that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to a and that does not
+belong in to B so that part is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in to B so that part is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in to B so that part is C
+intersection with a complement and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with a complement and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with a complement and B
+complement now this set here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement now this set here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement now this set here of course
+is the same as that said because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that said because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that said because
+intersection of two set is the same no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two set is the same no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two set is the same no
+matter in which order we take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in which order we take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in which order we take the two
+sets and similarly the set that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and similarly the set that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and similarly the set that we have
+here is the same one that appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same one that appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same one that appears in
+that expression now we notice that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression now we notice that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression now we notice that these
+three pieces the red the blue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces the red the blue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces the red the blue and the
+green are disjoint from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are disjoint from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are disjoint from each other
+so by the additivity axiom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the additivity axiom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the additivity axiom the
+probability of this Union here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this Union here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this Union here is going
+to be the sum of the probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the probabilities of
+the three pieces and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three pieces and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three pieces and that's exactly the
+expression that we have up here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NMxLL3D5qd8.txt b/NMxLL3D5qd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7475e22b180842004c6b70ac7e6c4f0579a6c7a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NMxLL3D5qd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+so today we start out geometry geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we start out geometry geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we start out geometry geometric
+data structures this there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures this there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures this there are two
+lectures on this this is lect one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this this is lect one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this this is lect one and
+we're going to solve two main problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve two main problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve two main problems
+today one is point location which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one is point location which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one is point location which is
+finding yourself in a map and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding yourself in a map and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding yourself in a map and the other
+is orthogonal rain searching which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal rain searching which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal rain searching which is
+catching a bunch of dots with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a bunch of dots with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a bunch of dots with a
+rectangular net and they're they're fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular net and they're they're fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular net and they're they're fun
+problems and they're good illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they're good illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they're good illustrations
+of a couple of techniques we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of techniques we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of techniques we're going to
+cover two general techniques for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover two general techniques for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover two general techniques for data
+structure building one is dynamizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure building one is dynamizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure building one is dynamizing
+static data structures turning static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structures turning static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structures turning static
+into Dynamic using a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Dynamic using a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Dynamic using a technique called
+weight balance which is really cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight balance which is really cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight balance which is really cool and
+another one's called fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one's called fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one's called fractional
+cascading which has probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which has probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which has probably one of the
+coolest names of any algorithmic or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest names of any algorithmic or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest names of any algorithmic or data
+structures technique is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures technique is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures technique is actually a very
+simple idea it sounds very scary um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea it sounds very scary um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea it sounds very scary um so
+uh and with Point location we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and with Point location we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and with Point location we're going
+to see some fun connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some fun connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some fun connections to
+persistence and retroactivity which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence and retroactivity which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence and retroactivity which was
+topic of the last two lectures you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the last two lectures you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the last two lectures you may
+recall and so we'll start out with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and so we'll start out with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and so we'll start out with that
+uh planer Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planer Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planer Point
+location you can do it in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you can do it in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you can do it in higher
+dimensions and as well in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and as well in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and as well in general
+geometric data structure are about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric data structure are about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric data structure are about going
+to more than one dimension most data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more than one dimension most data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more than one dimension most data
+structures are about onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are about onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are about onedimensional
+ordered data now we have points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered data now we have points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered data now we have points in the
+plane we might have polygons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we might have polygons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we might have polygons in the
+plane so this is what we call a planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so this is what we call a planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so this is what we call a planer
+map got a bunch of line segments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map got a bunch of line segments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map got a bunch of line segments and
+points forming a graph structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points forming a graph structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points forming a graph structure so
+think of it as a planer graph drawn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a planer graph drawn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a planer graph drawn in
+the plane where every Edge is a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane where every Edge is a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane where every Edge is a straight
+line segment and none of the edges cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment and none of the edges cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment and none of the edges cross
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+planer map it's also called a planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer map it's also called a planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer map it's also called a planer
+straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+graph and uh the static version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and uh the static version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and uh the static version of this
+problem so there's two versions one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so there's two versions one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so there's two versions one is
+static you want to pre-process the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static you want to pre-process the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static you want to pre-process the map
+so I give it give you a single map up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give it give you a single map up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give it give you a single map up
+front and then I want to support Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then I want to support Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then I want to support Dynamic
+queries which are uh which face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P so that point p is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so that point p is going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so that point p is going to be given
+to you as coordinates X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as coordinates X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as coordinates X and
+Y so maybe I Mark a point like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so maybe I Mark a point like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so maybe I Mark a point like this one
+I give you those X and Y coordinates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you those X and Y coordinates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you those X and Y coordinates I
+want to quickly determine that this face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quickly determine that this face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quickly determine that this face
+is the one that contains it give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that contains it give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that contains it give you
+another point over here quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point over here quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point over here quickly
+determines this face this has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines this face this has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines this face this has a lot of
+applications if you're writing a gooey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you're writing a gooey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you're writing a gooey
+and someone clicks on the screen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone clicks on the screen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone clicks on the screen you
+need to map the coordinates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to map the coordinates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to map the coordinates that the
+mouse gives you to which goey element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse gives you to which goey element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse gives you to which goey element
+you're clicking on um if you have a GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clicking on um if you have a GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're clicking on um if you have a GPS
+device and it has a map so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and it has a map so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and it has a map so it's
+pre-processed the map all it once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed the map all it once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed the map all it once and
+now given to GPS coordinates latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given to GPS coordinates latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given to GPS coordinates latitude
+longitude it needs to know which city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude it needs to know which city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude it needs to know which city
+you're in which part of the map you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in which part of the map you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in which part of the map you're
+in so that it knows what to display that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that it knows what to display that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that it knows what to display that
+sort of thing uh these are all planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing uh these are all planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing uh these are all planer
+Point location problems comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point location problems comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point location problems comes up in
+simulation lots of things it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation lots of things it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation lots of things it's actually
+one of the first problems I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first problems I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first problems I got
+interested in uh algorithms way back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh algorithms way back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh algorithms way back in
+my oceanography days so uh that's planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my oceanography days so uh that's planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my oceanography days so uh that's planer
+Point location that's the static version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point location that's the static version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point location that's the static version
+the dynamic version make things harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic version make things harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic version make things harder
+is the map is dynamic so here the map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the map is dynamic so here the map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the map is dynamic so here the map is
+static the queries are still coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static the queries are still coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static the queries are still coming
+online Dynamic version uh you can insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online Dynamic version uh you can insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online Dynamic version uh you can insert
+and delete edges in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map and let's say if you get a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and let's say if you get a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and let's say if you get a Vertex
+down to degree zero you can delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to degree zero you can delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to degree zero you can delete the
+vertex as well add new degree zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex as well add new degree zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex as well add new degree zero
+vertices as long as you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as long as you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as long as you don't have
+Crossings introduced by inserting edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings introduced by inserting edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings introduced by inserting edges
+you can change things so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change things so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change things so that's
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+harder uh and we can solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder uh and we can solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder uh and we can solve this problem
+using persistence and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using persistence and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using persistence and using
+retroactivity in a pretty simple way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity in a pretty simple way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity in a pretty simple way uh
+using a technique which you may have SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a technique which you may have SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a technique which you may have SE
+seen before pretty classic technique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before pretty classic technique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before pretty classic technique in
+computational Geometry so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Geometry so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Geometry so this is a
+technique that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that comes from the
+algorithm's world and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's world and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's world and we're going to
+apply it to the data structures world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the data structures world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the data structures world
+uh so sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sweep line
+technique it's a very simple idea uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's a very simple idea uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's a very simple idea uh say
+you have some line segments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane something like
+this and I'm going to take a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to take a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to take a vertical
+line I I want so the the algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I I want so the the algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I I want so the the algorithmic
+problem is I want to know are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I want to know are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I want to know are there any
+Crossings do any of these segments cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings do any of these segments cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings do any of these segments cross
+this is where sweep line technique comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where sweep line technique comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where sweep line technique comes
+from I believe so the idea is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I believe so the idea is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I believe so the idea is we're
+going to we want to linearize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we want to linearize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we want to linearize or
+one-dimensional ify the problem so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional ify the problem so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional ify the problem so just
+take a slice of the problem with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slice of the problem with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slice of the problem with a
+vertical line and imagine sweeping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and imagine sweeping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and imagine sweeping that
+line from left to right so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from left to right so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from left to right so it's going to
+you imagine it moving continuously of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine it moving continuously of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine it moving continuously of
+course in reality it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discreetly let me uh un amigu this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly let me uh un amigu this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly let me uh un amigu this a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there are discret moments in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are discret moments in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are discret moments in time
+when what is hit by this sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when what is hit by this sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when what is hit by this sweep line
+changes initially uh let me maybe label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes initially uh let me maybe label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes initially uh let me maybe label
+these segments we got a b c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these segments we got a b c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these segments we got a b c and
+d so initially we hit nothing then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so initially we hit nothing then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so initially we hit nothing then we
+hit a then we hit B why do we hit B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a then we hit B why do we hit B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a then we hit B why do we hit B
+because we saw the left end point of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw the left end point of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw the left end point of B
+uh then we see the right end point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we see the right end point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we see the right end point of a
+which means we no longer sor sorry at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we no longer sor sorry at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we no longer sor sorry at
+this point we see both A and B in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we see both A and B in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we see both A and B in that
+order uh then we lose a so we're down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh then we lose a so we're down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh then we lose a so we're down to
+B uh then we see c c is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then we see c c is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then we see c c is above
+B uh then we see d d is above C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then we see d d is above C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then we see d d is above C and
+B uh then C and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then C and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then C and D
+cross so C and D change positions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so C and D change positions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so C and D change positions and
+then we have B uh then we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have B uh then we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have B uh then we lose
+B then we lose C then we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we lose C then we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we lose C then we lose
+okay this is a this is classic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a this is classic algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a this is classic algorithm
+for detecting these intersections I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting these intersections I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting these intersections I
+don't want to get into details how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into details how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into details how you
+do this but you're trying to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but you're trying to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but you're trying to look for
+when things change in order in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things change in order in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things change in order in these
+cross-sections the way you do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections the way you do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections the way you do that is
+you maintain the cross-section in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maintain the cross-section in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maintain the cross-section in a
+binary search tree so you maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree so you maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree so you maintain the
+order if you hit a left end point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if you hit a left end point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if you hit a left end point you
+insert into the binary search tree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert into the binary search tree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert into the binary search tree if
+you see a right end point you delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a right end point you delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a right end point you delete
+from the binary search tree and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the binary search tree and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the binary search tree and you do
+some stuff to check for Crossings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff to check for Crossings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff to check for Crossings in
+this problem there are no Crossings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem there are no Crossings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem there are no Crossings so
+we don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to worry about
+that okay but we're taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but we're taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but we're taking this
+technique say okay there's a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique say okay there's a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique say okay there's a data
+structure here which is the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here which is the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here which is the binary
+search tree maintaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-section okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically the cross-section data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is a
+regular balanced binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Str our idea is what if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str our idea is what if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str our idea is what if we add
+persistence to that binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence to that binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence to that binary search tree
+so instead of using a regular binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of using a regular binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of using a regular binary
+search tree we use a partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree we use a partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree we use a partially
+persistent balanced binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent balanced binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent balanced binary search tree
+which we know how to do this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know how to do this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know how to do this is a
+bounded ingree structure we can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded ingree structure we can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded ingree structure we can make it
+partially persistent constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially persistent constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially persistent constant
+overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead
+so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+add partial persistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that let us do well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that let us do well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that let us do well let's just
+look at a moment in the past partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a moment in the past partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a moment in the past partial
+persistence about querying the past so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence about querying the past so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence about querying the past so
+there's a sequence of insertions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of insertions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of insertions and
+deletions that occur from The Sweep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions that occur from The Sweep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions that occur from The Sweep line
+but now if we can query in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we can query in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we can query in the past
+that's like going to a desired x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like going to a desired x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like going to a desired x
+coordinate and saying what does my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and saying what does my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and saying what does my data
+structure look like at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure look like at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure look like at this
+moment okay now the data structure let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now the data structure let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now the data structure let's
+maybe look at this one because it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look at this one because it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look at this one because it's got
+three elements very exciting uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements very exciting uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements very exciting uh so
+you've got D then C then B so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got D then C then B so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got D then C then B so you've got
+a little data structure it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little data structure it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little data structure it looks
+something like this it understands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it understands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it understands the
+order of the cross-section of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the cross-section of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the cross-section of those
+segments and so for example if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and so for example if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and so for example if I was
+given a query Point like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a query Point like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a query Point like this
+one I could figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could figure out what is the
+segment above me what is the segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment above me what is the segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment above me what is the segment
+below me that is a successor query and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below me that is a successor query and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below me that is a successor query and a
+predecessor query in that binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor query in that binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor query in that binary search
+tree okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so a
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+uh this notation maybe a query at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this notation maybe a query at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this notation maybe a query at time T
+of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say
+successor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y is what we call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is what we call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is what we call an
+upward Ray shooting query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from coordinates T comma y so T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from coordinates T comma y so T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from coordinates T comma y so T the
+time is acting as x coordinate time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is acting as x coordinate time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is acting as x coordinate time is
+left right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right
+here and so what what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what what's happening is
+we're imagining from this point shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining from this point shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining from this point shooting
+a ray upward and asking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ray upward and asking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ray upward and asking what is the
+segment that I hit first that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that I hit first that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that I hit first that's an
+upward ratio inquiry and this is uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward ratio inquiry and this is uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward ratio inquiry and this is uh from
+a problem called vertical ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is more or less equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more or less equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more or less equivalent to
+planer Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location so vertical r shooting again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so vertical r shooting again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so vertical r shooting again
+you're given a map planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a map planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a map planer
+map and the queries are like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and the queries are like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and the queries are like this uh
+what is the first segment that you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first segment that you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first segment that you hit
+with an upward Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I give you a point XY and I ask if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you a point XY and I ask if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you a point XY and I ask if I
+go up from there what's the next Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up from there what's the next Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up from there what's the next Edge
+that I hit that's a vertical Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hit that's a vertical Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hit that's a vertical Ray
+shooting problem and we just solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting problem and we just solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting problem and we just solve the
+vertical Ray shooting problem if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Ray shooting problem if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Ray shooting problem if for
+static if you're given a static map you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static if you're given a static map you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static if you're given a static map you
+run this algorithm once assume there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this algorithm once assume there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this algorithm once assume there are
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+Crossings uh then to answer vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings uh then to answer vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings uh then to answer vertical
+rting query we just go back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rting query we just go back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rting query we just go back in time to
+time t do the a successor query which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t do the a successor query which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t do the a successor query which
+take log n time and then we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log n time and then we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log n time and then we get the
+answer to this so we can do this in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this so we can do this in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this so we can do this in log
+n per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n per
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+static uh this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static uh this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static uh this is all
+two-dimensional I should probably say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional I should probably say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional I should probably say
+that you can generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but questions this is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but questions this is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but questions this is actually really
+easy this is the stuff we get for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is the stuff we get for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is the stuff we get for free
+out of persistence and in the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of persistence and in the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of persistence and in the moment
+retroactivity I believe this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity I believe this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity I believe this is one of
+the reasons persistence was invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons persistence was invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons persistence was invented in
+the first place there were a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place there were a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place there were a bunch of
+early persistent data structures then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early persistent data structures then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early persistent data structures then
+there was the General Driscoll paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the General Driscoll paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the General Driscoll paper
+which I talked about um but I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I talked about um but I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I talked about um but I think this
+geometry was one of the main motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry was one of the main motivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry was one of the main motivations
+because it lets you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimension as long as that Dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension as long as that Dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension as long as that Dimension is
+Tim likee then you get the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim likee then you get the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim likee then you get the dimension
+sort of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for
+free so that's nice okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so that's nice okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so that's nice okay what about
+retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we're going to use partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to use partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to use partial
+retroactivity and I can tell you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and I can tell you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and I can tell you for
+certainty because I was there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty because I was there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty because I was there this is
+why retroactivity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why retroactivity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why retroactivity was
+invented um so retroactivity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented um so retroactivity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented um so retroactivity so that
+would mean that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that we get
+to dynamically add and delete insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamically add and delete insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamically add and delete insertions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+deletions so that's like adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions so that's like adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions so that's like adding and
+deleting segments from the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting segments from the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting segments from the structure
+again we have a linear timeline we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a linear timeline we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a linear timeline we
+always want to maintain a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to maintain a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to maintain a linear
+timeline because that is reality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline because that is reality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline because that is reality that
+corresponds to the x coordinate and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the x coordinate and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the x coordinate and now
+I want to be able to add a segment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be able to add a segment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be able to add a segment like
+this which means there was an insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means there was an insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means there was an insertion
+at this time a deletion at this time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time a deletion at this time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time a deletion at this time now
+this doesn't quite work because uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't quite work because uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't quite work because uh this
+point in cross-section is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in cross-section is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in cross-section is actually
+moving over time binary search trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving over time binary search trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving over time binary search trees
+that's okay things are simple but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay things are simple but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay things are simple but at the
+moment all we know how to do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment all we know how to do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment all we know how to do is actually
+horizontal segments which are inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal segments which are inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal segments which are inserted
+and deleted at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deleted at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deleted at the same
+y-coordinate so then we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so then we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so then we do
+insert uh let's see a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert uh let's see a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert uh let's see a Time
+T1 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 an
+insertion of some y-coordinate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion of some y-coordinate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion of some y-coordinate and then
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+insert at some later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert at some later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert at some later
+time the deletion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y-coordinate so this is a partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so this is a partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate so this is a partially
+retroactive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive uh
+successor problem this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor problem this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor problem this is equal to
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh vertical Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shooting or I guess this insertion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting or I guess this insertion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting or I guess this insertion is
+corresponds the insertion of a Thing If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the insertion of a Thing If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the insertion of a Thing If
+you instead do delete here then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead do delete here then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead do delete here then you're
+deleting one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting one of the
+segments uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments uh this is
+among horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+segments so if your map is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so if your map is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so if your map is made of
+horizontal and vertical segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical segments
+so it's an orthogonal map then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an orthogonal map then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an orthogonal map then you can
+solve the dynamic problem using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the dynamic problem using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the dynamic problem using a
+partially retroactive successor again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially retroactive successor again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially retroactive successor again we
+want to do successor just like before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do successor just like before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do successor just like before
+query in the past uh but now our updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in the past uh but now our updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in the past uh but now our updates
+are different now we have retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different now we have retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different now we have retroactive
+updates that lets us dynamically change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates that lets us dynamically change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates that lets us dynamically change
+the past which is like inserting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past which is like inserting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past which is like inserting and
+deleting edges through that algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting edges through that algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting edges through that algorithm
+but at the moment we only know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the moment we only know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the moment we only know how to do
+this for horizontal segments so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for horizontal segments so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for horizontal segments so this
+gives us if you remember the retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us if you remember the retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us if you remember the retroactive
+successor result I haven't we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor result I haven't we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor result I haven't we haven't
+seen that how it works it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that how it works it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that how it works it's complicated
+but it achieves log in insert delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it achieves log in insert delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it achieves log in insert delete
+successor R actively um and so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor R actively um and so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor R actively um and so we get a
+log in which an optimal solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in which an optimal solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in which an optimal solution for
+dynamic vertical range shooting among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic vertical range shooting among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic vertical range shooting among
+horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+segments uh there are a bunch of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments uh there are a bunch of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments uh there are a bunch of open
+problems what about General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maps so for a dynamic vertical range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps so for a dynamic vertical range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps so for a dynamic vertical range
+shooting race shooting sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in general Maps the best result is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general Maps the best result is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general Maps the best result is if
+you want log and query the best results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want log and query the best results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want log and query the best results
+are log to the one plus Epsilon insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are log to the one plus Epsilon insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are log to the one plus Epsilon insert
+log to the 2 plus Epsilon delete there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the 2 plus Epsilon delete there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the 2 plus Epsilon delete there's
+some other tradeoffs you can get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other tradeoffs you can get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other tradeoffs you can get log
+Times log log n query and reduce still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log log n query and reduce still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log log n query and reduce still
+uh we don't know how to do delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know how to do delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know how to do delete
+deletes faster than log squared in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes faster than log squared in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes faster than log squared in any
+of the general Solutions so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the general Solutions so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the general Solutions so you can do
+log squared for everything uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squared for everything uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squared for everything uh but the
+hope would be you could do log for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope would be you could do log for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope would be you could do log for
+everything even when the segments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything even when the segments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything even when the segments are
+not horizontal but here retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not horizontal but here retroactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not horizontal but here retroactivity
+doesn't seem to buy you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to buy you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to buy you things
+so be nice if you could another fun open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be nice if you could another fun open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be nice if you could another fun open
+problem is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is what about
+nonvertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonvertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonvertical
+Rays General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays General
+Rays non horizontal nonvertical Rays oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays non horizontal nonvertical Rays oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays non horizontal nonvertical Rays oh
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+um so what if I I can now query you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what if I I can now query you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what if I I can now query you know
+I give you a point and I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a point and I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a point and I give you a
+vector I want to know what do I hit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I want to know what do I hit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I want to know what do I hit in
+that direction this is a lot harder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction this is a lot harder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction this is a lot harder you
+can't use any of these tricks and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use any of these tricks and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use any of these tricks and in
+fact it's believed you cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's believed you cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's believed you cannot get
+polylog performance unless you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog performance unless you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog performance unless you have a
+ton of space so the best known result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of space so the best known result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of space so the best known result
+is uh just throw this up here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just throw this up here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just throw this up here you can
+get n over s < TK s poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n over s < TK s poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n over s < TK s poly
+log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and
+query if you use basically s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so you need quite a bit of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you need quite a bit of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you need quite a bit of space
+because fuse like uh n to the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fuse like uh n to the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fuse like uh n to the 1 plus
+Epsilon space you can get roughly root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon space you can get roughly root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon space you can get roughly root
+end query time if you use uh you n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end query time if you use uh you n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end query time if you use uh you n to
+the five space then you get somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five space then you get somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five space then you get somewhat
+better query time but not still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better query time but not still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better query time but not still not
+great can maybe get down to end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great can maybe get down to end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great can maybe get down to end to the
+Epsilon if you have very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you have very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you have very large
+polinomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space
+uh but this is conjectured to be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is conjectured to be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is conjectured to be roughly
+optimal I assume other than the poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal I assume other than the poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal I assume other than the poly log
+factors belief is you cannot beat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors belief is you cannot beat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors belief is you cannot beat this
+for General Rays this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General Rays this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General Rays this is kind of
+annoying because this is a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because this is a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because this is a problem we
+care about especially in 3D this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about especially in 3D this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about especially in 3D this is uh
+Ray tracing shoot a ray what does it hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray tracing shoot a ray what does it hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray tracing shoot a ray what does it hit
+it bounces you shoot another ray I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounces you shoot another ray I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounces you shoot another ray I
+always want to know what objects am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to know what objects am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to know what objects am I
+hitting and there are lots of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting and there are lots of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting and there are lots of for
+special cases you can do better but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases you can do better but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases you can do better but in
+general it seems quite hard this is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it seems quite hard this is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it seems quite hard this is even
+in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+Dimensions there are a bunch of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there are a bunch of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there are a bunch of papers
+on 3D and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 3D and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 3D and so
+on I just wanted to give you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to give you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to give you those
+connections to persistence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to persistence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to persistence and
+retroactivity and that's Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and that's Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and that's Point
+location and now I want to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and now I want to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and now I want to go on to
+orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal range
+searching we can do some new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching we can do some new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching we can do some new data
+structures new to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us so uh first what is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh it's sort of the reverse kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's sort of the reverse kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's sort of the reverse kind of
+problem here you're given a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points before the query was a point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points before the query was a point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points before the query was a point and
+uh the query in this case is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the query in this case is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the query in this case is going to be
+in two dimensions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions a
+rectangle a window if you will and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle a window if you will and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle a window if you will and you
+want to know what points are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so
+given end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given end
+points in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in D
+Dimensions query in general is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions query in general is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions query in general is going to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+box so it's in 2D it's an interval cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so it's in 2D it's an interval cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so it's in 2D it's an interval cross
+an interval in 3D it's three intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval in 3D it's three intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval in 3D it's three intervals
+cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together okay so um in the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so um in the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so um in the static
+version you get to pre-process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you get to pre-process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you get to pre-process the
+points in the dynamic version the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the dynamic version the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the dynamic version the points
+are being added and deleted uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being added and deleted uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being added and deleted uh and in
+all cases we have Dynamic queries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases we have Dynamic queries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases we have Dynamic queries which
+are what are the points in the box now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are the points in the box now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are the points in the box now
+there are different versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different versions of this
+query there's an existence query which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query there's an existence query which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query there's an existence query which
+is are there any points in the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there any points in the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there any points in the box
+that's sort of the easiest Next Level Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the easiest Next Level Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the easiest Next Level Up
+is how many points are in the box which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many points are in the box which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many points are in the box which
+you can use to solve existence Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to solve existence Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to solve existence Next
+Level Up is give me all the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level Up is give me all the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level Up is give me all the points in
+the box or give me 10 points in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box or give me 10 points in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box or give me 10 points in the Box
+give me a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a point in the
+Box um all these problems are more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box um all these problems are more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box um all these problems are more or
+less the same they do differ in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same they do differ in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same they do differ in some
+cases but the things we'll see today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but the things we'll see today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but the things we'll see today you
+can solve them all about as efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve them all about as efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve them all about as efficiently
+of course if you want to list all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you want to list all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you want to list all the
+points in the Box it could be everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the Box it could be everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the Box it could be everything
+and so that could take linear time so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that could take linear time so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that could take linear time so in
+general our goal is to get a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general our goal is to get a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general our goal is to get a running
+time something like log n plus K where K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something like log n plus K where K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something like log n plus K where K
+is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output so if you're asking how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so if you're asking how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so if you're asking how many
+points are in there size of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in there size of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are in there size of the output
+is a single number so K is one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single number so K is one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single number so K is one you
+should get log end time if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get log end time if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get log end time if you want to
+list 100 points in there K is 100 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list 100 points in there K is 100 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list 100 points in there K is 100 and so
+you have to pay that to list them uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay that to list them uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay that to list them uh if
+you want to know all of them well then K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know all of them well then K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know all of them well then K
+is the number of points that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of points that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of points that are in
+there and we'll be able to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll be able to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll be able to achieve
+this uh these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh these kinds of
+bounds uh pretty much all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh pretty much all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh pretty much all the time
+definitely in two dimensions in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in two dimensions in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in two dimensions in D
+Dimensions it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions it's going to get
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+okay um so I want to start out with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so I want to start out with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so I want to start out with one
+dimension just to make sure we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension just to make sure we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension just to make sure we're on the
+same page uh and in general this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page uh and in general this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page uh and in general this we're
+going to start with a solution called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a solution called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a solution called
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees which were simultaneously invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which were simultaneously invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which were simultaneously invented
+by a lot of people in the late 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot of people in the late 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot of people in the late 70s
+Bentley one of the main guys and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bentley one of the main guys and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bentley one of the main guys and in
+general we're going to aim here for log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we're going to aim here for log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we're going to aim here for log
+to the D N plus K query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so like this but now we have have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so like this but now we have have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so like this but now we have have a
+dependence on Dimension and for 2D this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on Dimension and for 2D this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on Dimension and for 2D this
+is not great it's log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not great it's log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not great it's log
+squared and we're going to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we're going to do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we're going to do better
+okay but let's start with D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's start with D equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's start with D equal
+1 how do you do this how do I achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 how do you do this how do I achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 how do you do this how do I achieve
+log n plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query sort the points yeah I could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query sort the points yeah I could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query sort the points yeah I could sort
+the points then do binary search so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points then do binary search so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points then do binary search so the
+query now is just an interval that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query now is just an interval that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query now is just an interval that's the
+one-dimensional version of a box so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional version of a box so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional version of a box so if I
+search for a search for b in a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a search for b in a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a search for b in a sorted
+list then it's all the points in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then it's all the points in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then it's all the points in between
+I can count the different indices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can count the different indices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can count the different indices or
+subtract the two indices into the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the two indices into the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the two indices into the array
+that'll give me how many points there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give me how many points there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give me how many points there
+are in the Box all these things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the Box all these things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the Box all these things um
+that's not arrays aren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not arrays aren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not arrays aren't going to
+generalize super nicely although it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize super nicely although it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize super nicely although it is
+actually we we'll come back to arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we we'll come back to arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we we'll come back to arrays
+later for now I'd like to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later for now I'd like to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later for now I'd like to think of a
+binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search
+tree balance binary search tree and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree balance binary search tree and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree balance binary search tree and I'm
+going to make it a little different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it a little different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it a little different from
+the usual kind of binary search tree uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual kind of binary search tree uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual kind of binary search tree uh
+I want the data to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaves so I want the leaves to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so I want the leaves to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so I want the leaves to be my
+points and this will be convenient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this will be convenient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this will be convenient for
+higher Dimensions doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimensions doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimensions doesn't really matter
+for one dimension but it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one dimension but it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one dimension but it's kind of nice
+to think about so you've got a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so you've got a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so you've got a binary
+search tree and then here is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then here is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then here is the data
+sorted by the only coordinate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by the only coordinate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by the only coordinate that
+exists the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the x
+coordinate and so of course I can search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so of course I can search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so of course I can search
+for a here's a maybe search for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a here's a maybe search for B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a here's a maybe search for B
+and the stuff in between here that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stuff in between here that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stuff in between here that is my
+result and a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and a little more
+detail uh as you search for A and B at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh as you search for A and B at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh as you search for A and B at
+some point they will diverge one will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point they will diverge one will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point they will diverge one will go
+left one will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right at some point you reach a maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some point you reach a maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some point you reach a maybe a
+isn't actually in the structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually in the structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually in the structure you
+you're searching for everything between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for everything between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for everything between
+A and B inclusive but a may not be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B inclusive but a may not be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B inclusive but a may not be there
+so in general we're going to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we're going to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we're going to find the
+predecessor and successor of a in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor of a in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor of a in this
+case I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm interested in the
+predecessor and similarly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and similarly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and similarly over
+here eventually I find this is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eventually I find this is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eventually I find this is all of
+course logarithmic time I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course logarithmic time I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course logarithmic time I find the
+successor of B those are the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor of B those are the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor of B those are the two things
+I'm interested in and now all the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in and now all the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in and now all the leaves
+in between here that's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between here that's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between here that's the result
+question so if you have the data just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if you have the data just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if you have the data just on
+the leaves what do you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves what do you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves what do you have in the
+intermediate ah right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate ah right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate ah right so in the
+intermediate nodes I need to know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes I need to know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes I need to know let's
+say if every sub tree knows the Min and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if every sub tree knows the Min and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if every sub tree knows the Min and
+the max then at a Noe I can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max then at a Noe I can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max then at a Noe I can decide
+should I go left should I go right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I go left should I go right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I go left should I go right uh
+you could I think every node could store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could I think every node could store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could I think every node could store
+the max of the left sub tree if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the left sub tree if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the left sub tree if you just
+want one key per node but yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one key per node but yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one key per node but yeah good
+question sorry I forgot to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry I forgot to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry I forgot to mention that
+you store one of a representative sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store one of a representative sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store one of a representative sort
+of in the middle that lets you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the middle that lets you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the middle that lets you decide
+whether to go left and right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to go left and right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to go left and right so you can
+still do searches we can find these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do searches we can find these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do searches we can find these two
+nodes and now the answer is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and now the answer is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and now the answer is basically
+all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I did not leave myself enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not leave myself enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not leave myself enough
+space that's a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child okay so uh wherever this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child okay so uh wherever this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child okay so uh wherever this left
+Branch went left the right branch is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch went left the right branch is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch went left the right branch is in
+the answer whenever this right Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer whenever this right Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer whenever this right Branch
+went right the left branch is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right the left branch is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right the left branch is the answer
+but from here there's no sub tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from here there's no sub tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from here there's no sub tree that
+we care about because this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about because this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about because this is all
+greater than what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than what we care about
+okay but the good news is there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the good news is there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the good news is there's only
+log n of these subtes maybe two log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of these subtes maybe two log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of these subtes maybe two log n
+because there's the left side the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's the left side the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's the left side the right
+side okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so the
+answer is implicitly represented we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is implicitly represented we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is implicitly represented we
+don't have to explicitly touch all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to explicitly touch all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to explicitly touch all these
+items we just know that they live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items we just know that they live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items we just know that they live in
+those sub trees and is order log n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub trees and is order log n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub trees and is order log n uh
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+trees so in particular if every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so in particular if every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so in particular if every node
+stores the size of its sub tree then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the size of its sub tree then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the size of its sub tree then we
+can add up these log n numbers and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add up these log n numbers and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add up these log n numbers and we
+get the size of the answer if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the size of the answer if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the size of the answer if we want
+the first K items we can you know visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first K items we can you know visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first K items we can you know visit
+the first K items here in order K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first K items here in order K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first K items here in order K
+time okay so in log and time we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so in log and time we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so in log and time we get a
+nice representation of the answers log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice representation of the answers log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice representation of the answers log
+and sub trees uh of course we also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sub trees uh of course we also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sub trees uh of course we also had a
+nice answer when we had an array but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice answer when we had an array but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice answer when we had an array but
+this one will be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be easier to
+generalize and that's range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees so that was a 1D range tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so that was a 1D range tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so that was a 1D range tree the
+only difference is we put data at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is we put data at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is we put data at the
+leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree has a simple idea we have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has a simple idea we have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has a simple idea we have the data
+in these subtes These are the matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these subtes These are the matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these subtes These are the matches
+let's think we have x coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think we have x coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think we have x coordinate and
+y-coordinate we have an X range and a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate we have an X range and a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate we have an X range and a y
+range let's do this for X now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range let's do this for X now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range let's do this for X now we have a
+representation of all the matches in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of all the matches in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of all the matches in X
+so we want this rectangle but we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want this rectangle but we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want this rectangle but we can get
+this entire slab in log n time and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire slab in log n time and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire slab in log n time and we
+have log n subt trees that we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log n subt trees that we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log n subt trees that we now have
+to filter in terms of Y there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter in terms of Y there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter in terms of Y there's these
+points out here that we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out here that we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out here that we don't care about
+we want to get rid of those and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get rid of those and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get rid of those and just
+focus in on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in on these
+points so we're going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we're going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we're going to do the same
+thing on y but we want to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on y but we want to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on y but we want to do that for
+this sub tree and we want to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree and we want to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree and we want to do it for
+this sub tree and for this sub tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree and for this sub tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree and for this sub tree so
+simple idea for each sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea for each sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea for each sub
+tree uh let's call it an x sub tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh let's call it an x sub tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh let's call it an x sub tree so
+we have one tree which represents all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one tree which represents all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one tree which represents all
+the X data looks just like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X data looks just like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X data looks just like this and then
+for each sub tree of that X tree uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each sub tree of that X tree uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each sub tree of that X tree uh we
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+a let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer to a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a y
+tree which is also a 1D range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which is also a 1D range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which is also a 1D range
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this guy has a pointer to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy has a pointer to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy has a pointer to a a
+similarly sized triangle except this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly sized triangle except this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly sized triangle except this one
+is on y this one sorted by X this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on y this one sorted by X this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on y this one sorted by X this one's
+sorted by y same points okay this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by y same points okay this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by y same points okay this sub
+tree also has one same data as over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree also has one same data as over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree also has one same data as over here
+uh but now sorted on y instead of x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now sorted on y instead of x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now sorted on y instead of x uh
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example the there's a smaller tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the there's a smaller tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the there's a smaller tree
+inside this one that one also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this one that one also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this one that one also has a
+pointer to a smaller y tree except now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a smaller y tree except now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a smaller y tree except now
+these are disjoint because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint because these are
+completely well yeah this is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely well yeah this is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely well yeah this is a subset of
+that one but we're going to store a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but we're going to store a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one but we're going to store a y
+tree for this one and a y tree for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for this one and a y tree for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for this one and a y tree for this
+one so we're blowing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're blowing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're blowing up
+space uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh
+every element every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh
+lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+in basically log n y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basically log n y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basically log n y
+trees okay because if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay because if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay because if you look at a
+point there's the tiny y tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's the tiny y tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's the tiny y tree that
+contains it bigger bigger bigger bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains it bigger bigger bigger bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains it bigger bigger bigger bigger
+until the entire tree also contains it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the entire tree also contains it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the entire tree also contains it
+each of those has a corresponding y tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those has a corresponding y tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those has a corresponding y tree
+so the overall space will be uh n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're repeating points here but the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're repeating points here but the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're repeating points here but the good
+news is now I can do search really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is now I can do search really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is now I can do search really
+efficiently Well Log squared efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently Well Log squared efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently Well Log squared efficiently
+I spend log time to find these X trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend log time to find these X trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend log time to find these X trees
+that represent the slabs that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent the slabs that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent the slabs that I care
+about so it's it's more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it's it's more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it's it's more like this
+picture so there's a bunch of disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so there's a bunch of disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so there's a bunch of disjoint
+slabs which together contain my points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs which together contain my points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs which together contain my points
+in X and now I want to filter each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X and now I want to filter each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X and now I want to filter each of
+them by y so for each of them I'm jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by y so for each of them I'm jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by y so for each of them I'm jump
+over to yspace and do a range query in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to yspace and do a range query in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to yspace and do a range query in
+yspace uh just like what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace uh just like what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace uh just like what we're doing
+here so search for a search for B but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so search for a search for B but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so search for a search for B but in
+y-coordinate and then I get log and subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and then I get log and subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and then I get log and subt
+trees in here log and subt trees in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in here log and subt trees in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in here log and subt trees in here
+log and sub trees in here so the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and sub trees in here so the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and sub trees in here so the query
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+me uh log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared y sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared y sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared y sub
+trees takes me log squ n time to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees takes me log squ n time to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees takes me log squ n time to find
+them if I have subt Tre sizes I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I have subt Tre sizes I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I have subt Tre sizes I compute
+the number of matches in log squ n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of matches in log squ n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of matches in log squ n time
+if I have if I want K items I can grab k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I want K items I can grab k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I want K items I can grab k
+items out of them in order K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items out of them in order K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items out of them in order K
+time okay pretty easy of course D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay pretty easy of course D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay pretty easy of course D
+Dimensions is just the same trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is just the same trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is just the same trick you
+have X tree every sub tree links to a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X tree every sub tree links to a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X tree every sub tree links to a y
+tree every y sub tree links to a z tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree every y sub tree links to a z tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree every y sub tree links to a z tree
+every Z sub tree links to a w tree so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Z sub tree links to a w tree so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Z sub tree links to a w tree so on
+okay for D Dimensions you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for D Dimensions you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for D Dimensions you're going to
+get uh log to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh log to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh log to the D
+query as I claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query as I claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query as I claimed
+before how much space well every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how much space well every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how much space well every
+Dimension you add adds another log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you add adds another log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you add adds another log
+factor of space so it's going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of space so it's going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of space so it's going to be n
+log to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D
+minus1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 uh
+space and if you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and if you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and if you want to do this
+statically uh you can also build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically uh you can also build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically uh you can also build the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in N log to the D minus1 N time except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N log to the D minus1 N time except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N log to the D minus1 N time except
+for D equals 1 where we need n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D equals 1 where we need n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D equals 1 where we need n log n
+time to sort but as long as D is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to sort but as long as D is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to sort but as long as D is bigger
+than one this is the right Bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this is the right Bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this is the right Bound for
+higher Dimensions it takes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimensions it takes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimensions it takes a little bit
+of effort to actually build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort to actually build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort to actually build the
+structure in that much time but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in that much time but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in that much time but it can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done okay that's the very simple data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay that's the very simple data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay that's the very simple data
+structure any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure any questions about that
+before we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we make it
+cooler you may have seen this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler you may have seen this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler you may have seen this data
+structure before it's kind of classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure before it's kind of classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure before it's kind of classic
+but you can do much better well at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do much better well at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do much better well at least
+a log Factor better yeah so when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor better yeah so when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor better yeah so when you say
+that uh sorry when you're storing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh sorry when you're storing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh sorry when you're storing one
+pointer for each St tree you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer for each St tree you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer for each St tree you essentially
+like have a pointer for each root like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have a pointer for each root like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have a pointer for each root like
+yeah right every node so I know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right every node so I know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right every node so I know these
+are the nodes that the stuff below them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nodes that the stuff below them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nodes that the stuff below them
+represents my answer in X and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents my answer in X and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents my answer in X and so I
+teleport over to the Y Universe from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport over to the Y Universe from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport over to the Y Universe from the
+X Universe so it's basically it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Universe so it's basically it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Universe so it's basically it has all
+of the same noes of that sub but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same noes of that sub but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same noes of that sub but all the
+points that are in here also live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in here also live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in here also live in
+here except these ones are SED by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except these ones are SED by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except these ones are SED by X
+these ones are sorted by y if I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are sorted by y if I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are sorted by y if I kept
+following pointers I get to Z and W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers I get to Z and W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers I get to Z and W and
+so on yep other questions yeah so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on yep other questions yeah so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on yep other questions yeah so if we
+were doing a dynamic case how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing a dynamic case how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing a dynamic case how would we
+rotations the okay Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations the okay Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations the okay Dynamic
+um Dynamic is annoying yeah rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dynamic is annoying yeah rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dynamic is annoying yeah rotations
+are annoying I think we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are annoying I think we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are annoying I think we'll come back to
+that um we can solve that I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can solve that I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can solve that I thought it
+was easy but you're right rotations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy but you're right rotations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy but you're right rotations are
+kind of annoying and we can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying and we can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of annoying and we can solve it
+using this dynamization trick so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this dynamization trick so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this dynamization trick so we
+don't have to worry about it till we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it till we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it till we get
+there it's going to get even harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to get even harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to get even harder to
+make things Dynamic and so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things Dynamic and so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things Dynamic and so then we
+really need to pull out the black Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to pull out the black Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to pull out the black Black
+Box uh well it's not a black box we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box uh well it's not a black box we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box uh well it's not a black box we're
+going to see how it works but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see how it works but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see how it works but it's a
+general transformation that makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay before we get to Dynamic stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before we get to Dynamic stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before we get to Dynamic stick with
+static and let's improve things by a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor this is an idea called layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor this is an idea called layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor this is an idea called layered
+range trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+also also sometimes called fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also sometimes called fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also sometimes called fractional
+cascading which is the technique we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which is the technique we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which is the technique we're
+going to get to later I would say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to later I would say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to later I would say it
+involves one half of fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves one half of fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves one half of fractional
+cascading fractional cascading has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading fractional cascading has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading fractional cascading has two
+ideas and the one that it's named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and the one that it's named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and the one that it's named after
+is not this idea so idea one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this idea so idea one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this idea so idea one is
+basically to reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to reuse
+searches the idea is we're searching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches the idea is we're searching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches the idea is we're searching in
+this sub tree or I guess this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree or I guess this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree or I guess this sub tree
+uh with respect to y we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to y we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to y we're also
+searching for the same interval of Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the same interval of Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the same interval of Y in
+this subt tree completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subt tree completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subt tree completely different
+elements but if there's some way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but if there's some way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but if there's some way we
+could reuse the searches for y in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reuse the searches for y in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reuse the searches for y in all of
+these log N Sub trees we could save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these log N Sub trees we could save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these log N Sub trees we could save a
+log factor and it turns out we can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor and it turns out we can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor and it turns out we can this
+is one idea in fractional cascading but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one idea in fractional cascading but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one idea in fractional cascading but
+there will be another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so fun stuff this is where I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun stuff this is where I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun stuff this is where I want to
+change my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my notes
+so we're searching an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're searching an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're searching an
+X with a regular 1D range tree I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with a regular 1D range tree I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with a regular 1D range tree I also
+want to have a regular 1D range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a regular 1D range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a regular 1D range
+tree range tree sure actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree range tree sure actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree range tree sure actually doesn't
+matter too much I want to have an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much I want to have an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much I want to have an array
+of all the items sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the items sorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the items sorted by
+y-coordinate and I we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and I we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and I we're going to
+simplify things here instead of pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things here instead of pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things here instead of pointing
+to a tree I'm going to point to an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tree I'm going to point to an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tree I'm going to point to an array
+sorted by y this is totally static and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by y this is totally static and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted by y this is totally static and
+this is where Dynamic gets harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where Dynamic gets harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where Dynamic gets harder
+um not that we know how to do it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that we know how to do it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that we know how to do it over
+there yet uh so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet uh so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet uh so for
+each x sub tree we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each x sub tree we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each x sub tree we're going to have a
+pointer to the same elements sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay so all the leaves that are down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so all the leaves that are down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so all the leaves that are down
+here basically also up there but by y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically also up there but by y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically also up there but by y
+coordinate instead of X okay obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate instead of X okay obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate instead of X okay obviously
+we can still do the same thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still do the same thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still do the same thing we could
+do before spend log n time to search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before spend log n time to search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before spend log n time to search in
+this in each of these log n arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in each of these log n arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in each of these log n arrays
+corresponding to these log N Sub trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these log N Sub trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these log N Sub trees
+and in log squ n we'll have our answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in log squ n we'll have our answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in log squ n we'll have our answers
+but we can do better now I only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can do better now I only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can do better now I only want to
+do one binary search in y and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one binary search in y and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one binary search in y and that will
+be at the root so the root there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the root so the root there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the root so the root there's an
+array representing everything sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array representing everything sorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array representing everything sorted by
+y i search for the lower y-coordinate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i search for the lower y-coordinate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i search for the lower y-coordinate I
+search for the upper y-coordinate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the upper y-coordinate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the upper y-coordinate some
+things uh it's hard to draw this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh it's hard to draw this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh it's hard to draw this because
+it's in the dimensional orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the dimensional orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the dimensional orthogonal to
+this one I guess I should really draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I guess I should really draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I guess I should really draw
+the arrays like this but so this guy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrays like this but so this guy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrays like this but so this guy has
+an array we find the upper and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array we find the upper and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array we find the upper and lower
+bounds for the y-coordinate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for the y-coordinate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for the y-coordinate in the
+global space this takes log and time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global space this takes log and time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global space this takes log and time to
+do two searches question so those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two searches question so those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two searches question so those the
+upper lower bounds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lower bounds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lower bounds from
+the yeah right so we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah right so we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah right so we're doing a
+predecessor and a successor search let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and a successor search let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and a successor search let's
+say in this array binary search we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this array binary search we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this array binary search we find
+uh we want to do I didn't give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to do I didn't give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to do I didn't give them
+names but uh in the notes there A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but uh in the notes there A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but uh in the notes there A1
+through A2 sorry through B1 in X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through A2 sorry through B1 in X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through A2 sorry through B1 in X and
+their A2 through B2 in y so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their A2 through B2 in y so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their A2 through B2 in y so that's my
+query it's this rectangle I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query it's this rectangle I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query it's this rectangle I'm doing the
+search for A2 and for B2 in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for A2 and for B2 in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for A2 and for B2 in the top
+array now what I'd like to do is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array now what I'd like to do is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array now what I'd like to do is keep
+that information as I walk down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information as I walk down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information as I walk down the
+tree okay so so that in the end when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so so that in the end when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so so that in the end when I
+get to these nodes I know where I am in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to these nodes I know where I am in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to these nodes I know where I am in
+those arrays in y so let's think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrays in y so let's think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrays in y so let's think of that
+just step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just step by
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so imagine in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so imagine in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so imagine in the X
+tree I'm at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'm at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'm at some
+node and then I follow let's say a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then I follow let's say a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then I follow let's say a right
+pointer to the right child okay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the right child okay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the right child okay now in
+yspace maybe I should switch to red for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace maybe I should switch to red for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace maybe I should switch to red for
+yspace this guy has a really big array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace this guy has a really big array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yspace this guy has a really big array
+representing all of the nodes down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all of the nodes down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all of the nodes down here
+but sorted by y-coordinate this guy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorted by y-coordinate this guy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorted by y-coordinate this guy has
+a corresponding array with some subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding array with some subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding array with some subset
+of the nodes which subset the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes which subset the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes which subset the ones that
+are to the right of this x coordinate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to the right of this x coordinate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to the right of this x coordinate so
+there's no relation I mean some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no relation I mean some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no relation I mean some of the
+guys that are here let me Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are here let me Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are here let me Circle
+them some of these guys exist over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of these guys exist over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of these guys exist over here
+they'll be in the same relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in the same relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in the same relative
+order so here's those four guys then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so here's those four guys then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so here's those four guys then one
+and two so some of these gu will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two so some of these gu will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two so some of these gu will be
+preserved over here some of them won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved over here some of them won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved over here some of them won't
+because their x coordinate smaller it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their x coordinate smaller it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their x coordinate smaller it's
+an arbitrary subset these guys will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary subset these guys will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary subset these guys will also
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+here okay the idea is store pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the idea is store pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the idea is store pointers
+from every element over here to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every element over here to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every element over here to let's
+say the successor over here here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the successor over here here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the successor over here here okay so
+store these red arrows but also store uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these red arrows but also store uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these red arrows but also store uh
+let's say these guys all point to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these guys all point to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these guys all point to this
+node these guys I'll point to that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node these guys I'll point to that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node these guys I'll point to that node
+I guess these guys just point to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess these guys just point to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess these guys just point to some
+adjacent node either the predecessor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent node either the predecessor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent node either the predecessor or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+successor so the result is if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor so the result is if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor so the result is if I know
+where A2 and B2 live in this array I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A2 and B2 live in this array I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A2 and B2 live in this array I can
+figure out where they live in this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where they live in this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where they live in this array
+I just follow the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just follow the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just follow the pointer
+easy done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy done
+okay let's think about what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about what this means
+so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers uh
+from the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array of some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node let's call that node uh V in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree to the course responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places corresponding points let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places corresponding points let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places corresponding points let's
+say in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrays of left of V the left child of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of left of V the left child of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of left of V the left child of v
+and the right child of V so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right child of V so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right child of V so actually
+every uh array item is going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh array item is going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh array item is going to have two
+pointers one if you're going right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers one if you're going right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers one if you're going right in
+the X tree one if you're going left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X tree one if you're going left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X tree one if you're going left in
+the X tree but we can afford a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X tree but we can afford a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X tree but we can afford a constant
+number pointers per node so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number pointers per node so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number pointers per node so only
+increases Space by constant factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases Space by constant factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases Space by constant factor and
+now it tells me exactly what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it tells me exactly what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it tells me exactly what I need to
+know I start at the root I do a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I start at the root I do a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I start at the root I do a binary
+search that's the slow part I spend log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that's the slow part I spend log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that's the slow part I spend log
+n time find those two slots every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time find those two slots every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time find those two slots every time I
+go down I follow the pointer I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down I follow the pointer I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down I follow the pointer I know
+exactly where uh A2 and B2 live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where uh A2 and B2 live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where uh A2 and B2 live in the
+next array in constant time as I walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next array in constant time as I walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next array in constant time as I walk
+down I can figure this out I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I can figure this out I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I can figure this out I can
+remember the information both sides here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the information both sides here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the information both sides here
+and every time I go to one of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time I go to one of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time I go to one of these sub
+trees I know exactly where I live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I know exactly where I live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I know exactly where I live in
+it's no longer a tree now in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a tree now in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a tree now in that uh
+array so I can identify the regions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so I can identify the regions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so I can identify the regions in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+arrays they correspond to these matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays they correspond to these matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays they correspond to these matching
+sub rectangles with no extra time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub rectangles with no extra time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub rectangles with no extra time so I
+saved that last log Factor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved that last log Factor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved that last log Factor if you
+generalize this to D Dimensions it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to D Dimensions it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to D Dimensions it only
+works in the last Dimension you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the last Dimension you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the last Dimension you can use
+this trick in the last Dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick in the last Dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick in the last Dimension and
+improve from log to the D query to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve from log to the D query to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve from log to the D query to log
+to the D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D minus
+one in the higher Dimensions we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the higher Dimensions we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the higher Dimensions we just use
+regular range trees and when we get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular range trees and when we get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular range trees and when we get down
+to the two-dimensional case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two-dimensional case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two-dimensional case it's a
+recursion before we were stopping at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion before we were stopping at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion before we were stopping at the
+one-dimensional case we use a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional case we use a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional case we use a regular
+binary search tree now we stop at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree now we stop at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree now we stop at the
+two-dimensional case and we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case and we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case and we use this
+fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I call this crosslinking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I call this crosslinking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I call this crosslinking a lot of
+people call it fractional cascading both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it fractional cascading both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it fractional cascading both
+are valid valid names it's a cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid valid names it's a cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid valid names it's a cool idea
+but simple once you can see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simple once you can see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simple once you can see both
+dimensions at once which I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions at once which I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions at once which I know it's
+hard to see in two Dimensions but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see in two Dimensions but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see in two Dimensions but it can
+be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh I guess the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh I guess the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh I guess the obvious
+question is dynamic now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is dynamic now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is dynamic now we're going to
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+Dynamic uh this is a very static thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic uh this is a very static thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic uh this is a very static thing
+to be doing how in the world would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing how in the world would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing how in the world would we
+maintain this if the point set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this if the point set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this if the point set is
+changing all these pointers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing all these pointers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing all these pointers are going to
+move around life seems so hard but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around life seems so hard but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around life seems so hard but it's
+not in fact updates are a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in fact updates are a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in fact updates are a lot easier
+than you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you may believe this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may believe this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may believe this in your
+heart some of you may not but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart some of you may not but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart some of you may not but uh if
+you've ever seen an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen an
+amortization argument that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization argument that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization argument that says
+basically when you modify tree only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you modify tree only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you modify tree only a
+constant number of things happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of things happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of things happen and
+they usually happen near the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually happen near the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually happen near the leaves
+think of a binary search tree uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a binary search tree uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a binary search tree uh the
+easiest way to see it is in a b tree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to see it is in a b tree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to see it is in a b tree if
+you know B trees um usually you do maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know B trees um usually you do maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know B trees um usually you do maybe
+if you do insertion you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do insertion you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do insertion you're going to do
+maybe one or two splits at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or two splits at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or two splits at the bottom
+and that's it constant fraction of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it constant fraction of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it constant fraction of time
+that's all there is so it should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is so it should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is so it should only
+take constant time to do an update this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take constant time to do an update this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take constant time to do an update this
+structure is easy to update at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is easy to update at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is easy to update at the
+leaves because at the leaves the you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves because at the leaves the you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves because at the leaves the you if
+you look at one of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at one of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at one of these structures
+constant number of items there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of items there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of items there's a
+constant size array you could update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size array you could update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size array you could update
+everything in constant time if most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in constant time if most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in constant time if most of
+if we're only updating near the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're only updating near the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're only updating near the leaves
+then life is good occasionally though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then life is good occasionally though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then life is good occasionally though
+we're going to have to update these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to update these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to update these
+giant structures and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant structures and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant structures and then we're going to
+have to spend giant time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend giant time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend giant time that's
+okay uh the only thing we need out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the only thing we need out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the only thing we need out of
+this data structure is that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure is that it takes
+same amount of space and pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of space and pre-processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of space and pre-processing
+time n log to D minus one space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n log to D minus one space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n log to D minus one space and time
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+buildt this static data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildt this static data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildt this static data
+structure if we have this it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we have this it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if we have this it turns out
+we can make a dynamic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a dynamic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a dynamic for
+free this is the magic of weight balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees in general there's a there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in general there's a there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in general there's a there could
+be many different there are many kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many different there are many kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many different there are many kinds
+of weight Balan trees we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight Balan trees we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight Balan trees we're going to
+look at one called BB Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one called BB Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one called BB Alpha
+trees which are the oldest and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which are the oldest and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which are the oldest and sort of
+the simplest and well you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest and well you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest and well you'll see it's
+pretty easy to do uh you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to do uh you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to do uh you've already seen
+height balance trees AVL trees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height balance trees AVL trees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height balance trees AVL trees for
+example you keep the left and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you keep the left and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you keep the left and the right
+sub tree that you want their height to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree that you want their height to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree that you want their height to
+be within an additive constant of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within an additive constant of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within an additive constant of each
+other one um red black trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one um red black trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one um red black trees are
+multiplicative Factor two left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative Factor two left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative Factor two left and right
+sub tree will the heights will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree will the heights will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree will the heights will be
+roughly the same weight balance trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same weight balance trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same weight balance trees
+weight is the number of number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is the number of number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is the number of number of nodes
+in a sub tree weight balance trees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sub tree weight balance trees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sub tree weight balance trees I
+want to keep the size of the left sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the size of the left sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the size of the left sub
+tree and the size of the right sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the size of the right sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the size of the right sub tree
+to be roughly the same so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be roughly the same so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be roughly the same so here's
+definition of BB Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of BB Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of BB Alpha
+trees for each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for each node
+V size of left sub tree of V is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V size of left sub tree of V is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V size of left sub tree of V is at least
+Alpha times the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha times the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha times the size of
+v and size of the right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and size of the right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and size of the right sub
+tree of V is at least Alpha time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of V is at least Alpha time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of V is at least Alpha time the
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+V now size I didn't Define size it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now size I didn't Define size it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now size I didn't Define size it could
+be the total number of nodes in the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total number of nodes in the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total number of nodes in the sub
+tree it could be the number of leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it could be the number of leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it could be the number of leaves in
+the sub tree doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub tree doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub tree doesn't really
+matter um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um what
+else what's Alpha if Alpha is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's Alpha if Alpha is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's Alpha if Alpha is a half
+you're in trouble because then it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble because then it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble because then it has to
+be perfectly balanced um but if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly balanced um but if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly balanced um but if you just
+make alpha small like a tenth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make alpha small like a tenth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make alpha small like a tenth or
+something any constant less than a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something any constant less than a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something any constant less than a half
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+do and um right the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and um right the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and um right the nice thing about
+weight balance is they imply height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight balance is they imply height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight balance is they imply height
+balance if you have this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if you have this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if you have this property that
+no no neither your left nor your right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no neither your left nor your right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no neither your left nor your right
+sube are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sube are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sube are too
+small then uh you know as you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then uh you know as you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then uh you know as you go down
+every time you take a left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you take a left or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you take a left or right
+child you throw away an alpha fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you throw away an alpha fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you throw away an alpha fraction
+of your nodes so initially you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your nodes so initially you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your nodes so initially you have all
+the nodes every time you go down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes every time you go down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes every time you go down you
+lose an alpha fraction how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an alpha fraction how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an alpha fraction how many times
+can that happen log base Alpha basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that happen log base Alpha basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that happen log base Alpha basically
+so log base one over Alpha so the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log base one over Alpha so the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log base one over Alpha so the height
+is uh log base 1 over Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh log base 1 over Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh log base 1 over Alpha of
+n so this is really a stronger property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is really a stronger property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is really a stronger property
+than height balance it implies that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than height balance it implies that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than height balance it implies that your
+Heights are good so it implies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights are good so it implies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights are good so it implies the
+height of the left and right sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the left and right sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the left and right sub tree
+are not too far from each other but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too far from each other but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too far from each other but it's
+a lot stronger it lets you do updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot stronger it lets you do updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot stronger it lets you do updates
+licky fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licky fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licky fast
+basically um so how do we do an update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is normally you you insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is normally you you insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is normally you you insert a
+leaf I mean do a regular BST insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf I mean do a regular BST insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf I mean do a regular BST insert a
+delete you add a leaf at the bottom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete you add a leaf at the bottom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete you add a leaf at the bottom or
+delete a leaf and so you have to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete a leaf and so you have to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete a leaf and so you have to update
+like that node and maybe it's parent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that node and maybe it's parent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that node and maybe it's parent as
+long as you have weight balance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have weight balance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have weight balance you're
+just making little constant size changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making little constant size changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making little constant size changes
+at the bottom everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom everything's
+good okay the trouble is when one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay the trouble is when one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay the trouble is when one of
+these constraints becomes violated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints becomes violated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints becomes violated then
+you want to do a rotation or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do a rotation or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do a rotation or something
+okay so when a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when a node
+is not weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balanced it's pretty loose algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced it's pretty loose algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced it's pretty loose algorithm uh
+but it's easy to find nodes when if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easy to find nodes when if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easy to find nodes when if you
+just store all the weights store the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store all the weights store the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store all the weights store the sub
+tree sizes which we're doing already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree sizes which we're doing already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree sizes which we're doing already uh
+you can detect when nodes are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect when nodes are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect when nodes are no longer
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+balanced and then we just want to weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and then we just want to weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and then we just want to weight
+balance it how do we weight balance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it how do we weight balance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it how do we weight balance it
+we rebuild the entire subtree from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rebuild the entire subtree from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rebuild the entire subtree from
+scratch this is sort of the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch this is sort of the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch this is sort of the only thing
+we know how to do we have a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do we have a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do we have a data
+structure this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is a general
+transformation dynamization when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation dynamization when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation dynamization when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+augmentation uh we have this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation uh we have this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation uh we have this data
+structure it's got all these augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's got all these augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's got all these augmented
+things it's complicated but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's complicated but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's complicated but at least
+it's sort of downward looking I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of downward looking I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of downward looking I mean you
+only need to store pointers from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to store pointers from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to store pointers from here
+down not up I mean your parent points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down not up I mean your parent points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down not up I mean your parent points
+into you but that's you're sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you but that's you're sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you but that's you're sort of you
+have a nice local thing so this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice local thing so this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice local thing so this guy is
+not weight balanced if it you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not weight balanced if it you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not weight balanced if it you know this
+left sub tree is is way heavier than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree is is way heavier than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sub tree is is way heavier than the
+right sub Tree by this Alpha Factor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub Tree by this Alpha Factor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub Tree by this Alpha Factor one
+over Alpha Factor then just redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alpha Factor then just redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alpha Factor then just redo
+everything in here find the median split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in here find the median split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in here find the median split
+make a perfect binary search tree then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a perfect binary search tree then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a perfect binary search tree then
+the weights between the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights between the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights between the left and the
+right will be perfectly balanced we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will be perfectly balanced we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will be perfectly balanced we'll
+have achieved the 1 half one half split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have achieved the 1 half one half split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have achieved the 1 half one half split
+of weight how long before it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight how long before it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight how long before it gets
+unbalanced again a long time if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced again a long time if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced again a long time if I if I
+start with a 1/2 one/ half split and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a 1/2 one/ half split and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a 1/2 one/ half split and
+then I have to get to an alpha 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to get to an alpha 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to get to an alpha 1 minus
+Alpha split this uh a lot of nodes had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha split this uh a lot of nodes had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha split this uh a lot of nodes had
+to move from one side to the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from one side to the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from one side to the other uh
+some the alpha gets messy so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the alpha gets messy so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the alpha gets messy so let me just
+say uh when this happens rebuild entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtree I guess it's like a half minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree I guess it's like a half minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree I guess it's like a half minus
+Alpha had to move halfus Alpha times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha had to move halfus Alpha times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha had to move halfus Alpha times the
+size of the sub tree had to be inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the sub tree had to be inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the sub tree had to be inserted
+or deleted that to happen or maybe half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deleted that to happen or maybe half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or deleted that to happen or maybe half
+of that some some constant fraction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that some some constant fraction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that some some constant fraction I
+don't really care Alpha is a constant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care Alpha is a constant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care Alpha is a constant uh
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+charge to the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the Theta
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates uh that that
+brought uh that unbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things okay K here is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay K here is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay K here is the size of the
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree okay so when I see a node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so when I see a node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so when I see a node is
+unbalanced just fix it make it perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced just fix it make it perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced just fix it make it perfect
+and I if I started out perfect if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I if I started out perfect if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I if I started out perfect if the
+sub tree started out perfect I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree started out perfect I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree started out perfect I know
+there were Theta K updates I can charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Theta K updates I can charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Theta K updates I can charge
+to the only catch is I'm actually double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the only catch is I'm actually double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the only catch is I'm actually double
+charging a uh quite a bit actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging a uh quite a bit actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging a uh quite a bit actually if
+you look at here's a tree if I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at here's a tree if I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at here's a tree if I do an
+insert here it makes this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert here it makes this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert here it makes this sub tree
+potentially slightly imbalanced it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially slightly imbalanced it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially slightly imbalanced it makes
+this sub tree slightly imbalanced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree slightly imbalanced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree slightly imbalanced it
+makes this sub tree slightly imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this sub tree slightly imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this sub tree slightly imbalance
+there are log and sub trees that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are log and sub trees that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are log and sub trees that contain
+that item each of them may be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item each of them may be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item each of them may be getting
+worse so if I say well yeah they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so if I say well yeah they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so if I say well yeah they're
+these sta K updates but actually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sta K updates but actually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sta K updates but actually they're
+log n different subt trees that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n different subt trees that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n different subt trees that will
+charge to the same update so I lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the same update so I lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the same update so I lose a
+log n factor in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n factor in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n factor in this
+amortization but it's not so bad I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization but it's not so bad I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization but it's not so bad I get
+log and amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update uh this is if a rebuild costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh this is if a rebuild costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh this is if a rebuild costs
+linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is pretty nifty I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty nifty I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty nifty I don't have to
+do rotations per se I just take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations per se I just take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations per se I just take all the
+nodes in the subtree write them down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the subtree write them down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the subtree write them down I
+have them do an in order traversal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do an in order traversal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do an in order traversal I
+have them sorted take the median build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them sorted take the median build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them sorted take the median build a
+nice perfect binary search tree on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice perfect binary search tree on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice perfect binary search tree on those
+items I can easily do that in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I can easily do that in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I can easily do that in linear
+time and so this is like a the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so this is like a the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so this is like a the brain
+dead way to keep make things make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead way to keep make things make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead way to keep make things make this
+uh weight balance tree Dynamic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weight balance tree Dynamic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weight balance tree Dynamic the
+original BB Alpha trees use rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original BB Alpha trees use rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original BB Alpha trees use rotations
+but you don't have to you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to you can do this
+very simple thing and still get log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple thing and still get log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple thing and still get log and
+advertised update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised update
+and the good news is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news is if you have
+augmentation as well because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation as well because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmentation as well because we have
+with this sub tree there's tons of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sub tree there's tons of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sub tree there's tons of extra
+stuff all these arrays and pointers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all these arrays and pointers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all these arrays and pointers and
+stuff it's easy to build from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's easy to build from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's easy to build from scratch
+but it's hard to maintain dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to maintain dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to maintain dynamically
+point is now we don't have to if ever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is now we don't have to if ever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is now we don't have to if ever we
+need to change a node we just rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change a node we just rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change a node we just rebuild
+the entire sub tree and we can afford it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire sub tree and we can afford it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire sub tree and we can afford it
+at the loss of a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the loss of a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the loss of a logarithmic
+overhead so we had n log to the D minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead so we had n log to the D minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead so we had n log to the D minus1
+N time to build the structure so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N time to build the structure so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N time to build the structure so for
+structure size K it's going to be K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure size K it's going to be K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure size K it's going to be K *
+log to the D - one of k um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D - one of k um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D - one of k um we're going
+to lose an extra log Factor so this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose an extra log Factor so this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose an extra log Factor so this D
+minus1 is going to turn into a D minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is going to turn into a D minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is going to turn into a D minus 2
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+um that was the generic structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was the generic structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was the generic structure and
+now if we apply this to layered range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees we get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we get uh
+log to the D and amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update because we had uh K * log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update because we had uh K * log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update because we had uh K * log to the
+D minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus1
+one of K uh pre-processing to rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of K uh pre-processing to rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of K uh pre-processing to rebuild
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+node uh and just to recall we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh and just to recall we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh and just to recall we still have
+log to the D minus one of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D minus one of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the D minus one of n
+query so this was regular range trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so this was regular range trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query so this was regular range trees
+and we've basically we've made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've basically we've made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've basically we've made them
+Dynamic the same time as range trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic the same time as range trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic the same time as range trees and
+still the query is a log Factor faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the query is a log Factor faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the query is a log Factor faster
+so for 2D we get log n query log squ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 2D we get log n query log squ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 2D we get log n query log squ n
+update insertion and deletion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update insertion and deletion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update insertion and deletion of
+points any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that cool well that is range searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool well that is range searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool well that is range searching
+orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+uh let's see there is there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see there is there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see there is there are more
+results which I don't want to cover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which I don't want to cover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which I don't want to cover in
+detail here but should at least know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but should at least know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but should at least know
+about them and then we're going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then we're going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then we're going to turn
+to fractional cascading a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fractional cascading a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fractional cascading a little more
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where is this result somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for static orthogonal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for static orthogonal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for static orthogonal range
+searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range searching is a big area we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range searching is a big area we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range searching is a big area we're
+looking at the orthogonal case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the orthogonal case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the orthogonal case there's
+other versions where you're querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other versions where you're querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other versions where you're querying
+with a triangle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a triangle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a triangle or
+Simplex um you can query with two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplex um you can query with two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplex um you can query with two-sided
+box which goes out to Infinity here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which goes out to Infinity here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which goes out to Infinity here all
+sorts of things are out there but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things are out there but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things are out there but let me
+stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to
+rectangles that's what we've seen and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that's what we've seen and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that's what we've seen and we
+can relate to um you can achieve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to um you can achieve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to um you can achieve these
+same bounds oh sorry no update you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same bounds oh sorry no update you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same bounds oh sorry no update you can
+achieve the log to the D minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the log to the D minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the log to the D minus1 and
+query using less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query using less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query using less
+space so I can get uh log to D minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I can get uh log to D minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I can get uh log to D minus1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+query and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and
+N log to the D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N log to the D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N log to the D minus one
+n space that's what we were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n space that's what we were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n space that's what we were getting
+before divided by log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before divided by log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before divided by log log
+n slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n slight
+Improvement and in a certain model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and in a certain model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and in a certain model this
+is basically optimal which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically optimal which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically optimal which is kind of
+even crazier this is an old result by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even crazier this is an old result by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even crazier this is an old result by
+chazelle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chazelle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chazelle uh
+1986 okay uh this is 2D I should or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 okay uh this is 2D I should or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 okay uh this is 2D I should or
+sorry not 2D it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not 2D it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not 2D it's in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+um turns out this query time is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out this query time is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out this query time is not
+optimal if you allow the space to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if you allow the space to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if you allow the space to go up
+a little bit you can get another log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you can get another log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you can get another log
+Improvement so I can get log to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so I can get log to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so I can get log to the D
+minus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and
+query if I'm willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query if I'm willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query if I'm willing to
+pay I didn't say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay I didn't say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay I didn't say this is
+space if I'm willing to pay n log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I'm willing to pay n log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I'm willing to pay n log to the
+D and space so if I give up another log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and space so if I give up another log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and space so if I give up another log
+factor in space I can get another log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in space I can get another log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in space I can get another log
+factor in query I don't think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in query I don't think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in query I don't think you can
+keep doing that but for one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that but for one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that but for one more step
+you can and I believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and I believe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and I believe this is
+conjectured optimal for query don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured optimal for query don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured optimal for query don't know
+if it's proved um and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's proved um and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's proved um and this was
+originally done by chazelle and gibus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally done by chazelle and gibus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally done by chazelle and gibus
+using fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fractional
+cascading and we'll see if there's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading and we'll see if there's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading and we'll see if there's time
+next class I'll show you how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class I'll show you how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class I'll show you how this works
+but for now I want to tell you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now I want to tell you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now I want to tell you in
+general how fractional cascading Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how fractional cascading Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how fractional cascading Works
+in generality we've act this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generality we've act this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generality we've act this is part of
+fractional cascading this idea of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading this idea of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading this idea of of
+cross linking from a bigger structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking from a bigger structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking from a bigger structure to
+a smaller one so that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one so that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one so that you don't have to
+keep research you just reuse where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep research you just reuse where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep research you just reuse where you
+were but there's another idea I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but there's another idea I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but there's another idea I want to
+show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that
+idea so fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cascading uh for D equals 2 no it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading uh for D equals 2 no it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading uh for D equals 2 no it does
+not work so this is for I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work so this is for I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work so this is for I should say
+this is for 2D and higher D has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for 2D and higher D has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for 2D and higher D has to be
+bigger than one because you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one because you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one because you can never
+beat log in okay so for 2D and higher we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat log in okay so for 2D and higher we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat log in okay so for 2D and higher we
+could use the trick that we just did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the trick that we just did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the trick that we just did for
+3D and higher you can improve by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and higher you can improve by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and higher you can improve by another
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+thanks other question you can never beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks other question you can never beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks other question you can never beat
+log we can never beat log n in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log we can never beat log n in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log we can never beat log n in this
+model uh which is basically comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh which is basically comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh which is basically comparison
+model we're comparing coordinates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we're comparing coordinates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we're comparing coordinates in
+that model and many other models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and many other models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and many other models you
+can't beat log n query because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't beat log n query because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't beat log n query because in
+particular you have to solve the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you have to solve the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you have to solve the search
+problem in 1D so we're always hampered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in 1D so we're always hampered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in 1D so we're always hampered
+by that but it's the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that but it's the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that but it's the question is how
+does it grow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it grow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it grow with
+d and claim is we can get Logan all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and claim is we can get Logan all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and claim is we can get Logan all the
+way up to three dimensions only at four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to three dimensions only at four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to three dimensions only at four
+dimensions do we have to pay log squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions do we have to pay log squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions do we have to pay log squared
+it's pretty amazing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing I
+think okay fractional cascading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+super cool name kind of scary name but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool name kind of scary name but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cool name kind of scary name but I
+was always scared of when I heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always scared of when I heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always scared of when I heard about
+fractional cascading but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading but it turns out
+very simple goal today is to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple goal today is to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple goal today is to not be
+scared okay um let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared okay um let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared okay um let's start with a
+warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up
+problem okay then I'll tell you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay then I'll tell you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay then I'll tell you it's
+full generality but simple version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full generality but simple version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full generality but simple version of
+the problem is not geometry per se it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is not geometry per se it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is not geometry per se it's
+kind of one and a half Dimensions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one and a half Dimensions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one and a half Dimensions if you
+will suppose I have K lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suppose I have K lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suppose I have K lists
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+each uh has size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh has size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh has size
+n they're they're sorted lists think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n they're they're sorted lists think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n they're they're sorted lists think of
+them so uh they we have n items come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh they we have n items come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh they we have n items come
+from an ordered Universe here's list one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an ordered Universe here's list one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an ordered Universe here's list one
+here's list two here's list three it's K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's list two here's list three it's K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's list two here's list three it's K
+of them each of them has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them each of them has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them each of them has n
+items I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I would like to
+search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query we'll just do static here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query we'll just do static here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query we'll just do static here
+original fractional cascading was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fractional cascading was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fractional cascading was just
+static and these results are just static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and these results are just static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and these results are just static
+uh you can make it Dynamic but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make it Dynamic but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make it Dynamic but there is
+some overhead and I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overhead and I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overhead and I don't want to get
+into that it's even Messier um or it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that it's even Messier um or it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that it's even Messier um or it is
+messy fractional cascading by itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy fractional cascading by itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy fractional cascading by itself is
+very simple idea uh query is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea uh query is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea uh query is
+search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for
+X in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lists okay so I want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists okay so I want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists okay so I want to know what is the
+predecessor and successor of X in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor of X in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor of X in this
+list I want to know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I want to know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I want to know what's the
+predecessor successor in this list I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor successor in this list I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor successor in this list I
+want to know what's the predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the predecessor and
+successor in this list all of them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor in this list all of them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor in this list all of them there
+more information if I just merge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information if I just merge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information if I just merge the
+list and search for X I would find where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and search for X I would find where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and search for X I would find where
+X fits globally but I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fits globally but I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fits globally but I want to know how
+it fits relative to this list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits relative to this list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits relative to this list and
+relative to this list and relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this list and relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this list and relative to
+this list how do I do it I can just do K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list how do I do it I can just do K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list how do I do it I can just do K
+binary searches so this is an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searches so this is an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary searches so this is an easy
+problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+solve you get K * log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you get K * log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you get K * log
+n ah but now fractional cascading comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ah but now fractional cascading comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ah but now fractional cascading comes
+in and uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and uh we can
+get the optimal bound which is K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the optimal bound which is K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the optimal bound which is K plus
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+n okay I need K to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay I need K to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay I need K to write down the
+answers I need log n to do search in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I need log n to do search in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I need log n to do search in one
+list turns out I can search in all K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list turns out I can search in all K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list turns out I can search in all K
+lists simultaneously get all K answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists simultaneously get all K answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists simultaneously get all K answers
+in K plus log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n
+time it's kind of cool and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's kind of cool and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's kind of cool and actually
+quite easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to do
+uh we want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to use this
+concept if we could have if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept if we could have if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept if we could have if I could
+search for my item for X in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for my item for X in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for my item for X in here and
+then basically follow a pointer to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically follow a pointer to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically follow a pointer to where
+I want to go in here I'd be done sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go in here I'd be done sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to go in here I'd be done sadly
+that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be
+done why because who knows what elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why because who knows what elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why because who knows what elements
+are in here all of these elements could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here all of these elements could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here all of these elements could
+fit right in this slot and so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit right in this slot and so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit right in this slot and so how do I
+know where to go in this giant list if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where to go in this giant list if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where to go in this giant list if
+these all fit in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all fit in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all fit in here
+and and recursively these all fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and recursively these all fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and recursively these all fit in
+here then by searching up here I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then by searching up here I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then by searching up here I learned
+nothing about where X fits in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about where X fits in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about where X fits in here I
+have to do another search then I learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do another search then I learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do another search then I learn
+nothing about where X fits in here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about where X fits in here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about where X fits in here so it
+doesn't work straight up but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work straight up but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work straight up but if we
+combine this idea with fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this idea with fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this idea with fractional
+cascading then we can do it so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading then we can do it so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading then we can do it so I can
+erase this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do idea is very simple so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do idea is very simple so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do idea is very simple so I'm going to
+call these lists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these lists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these lists uh
+L1 L2 L3 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LK I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add every other item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+to LK minus one and produce a new list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LK minus one and produce a new list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LK minus one and produce a new list
+LK minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LK minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LK minus one
+prime okay so I take every second item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just insert them into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just insert them into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just insert them into this
+list okay it getes a constant fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay it getes a constant fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay it getes a constant fraction
+bigger and then repeat this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then repeat this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then repeat this is the
+fractional part here fraction is 1/2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional part here fraction is 1/2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional part here fraction is 1/2 you
+can make it whatever fraction you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it whatever fraction you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it whatever fraction you like
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+one in general I'm going to add every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in general I'm going to add every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in general I'm going to add every
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item this is in sorted order in LK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item this is in sorted order in LK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item this is in sorted order in LK of
+course uh that's in Li I prime the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh that's in Li I prime the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh that's in Li I prime the prime
+is the important part here to Li IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the important part here to Li IUS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the important part here to Li IUS
+one to form Li IUS One Prime so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to form Li IUS One Prime so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to form Li IUS One Prime so I've got
+this new larger version of L2 I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new larger version of L2 I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new larger version of L2 I take
+half the items from here some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the items from here some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the items from here some of them
+may be items that were in L3 some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be items that were in L3 some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be items that were in L3 some of
+them are items that were originally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are items that were originally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are items that were originally in
+L2 but all of them get promoted or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 but all of them get promoted or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 but all of them get promoted or all
+half of them get promoted to L1 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them get promoted to L1 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them get promoted to L1 so I
+keep promoting from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep promoting from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep promoting from the bottom
+up how big do my lists get what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how big do my lists get what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how big do my lists get what is the
+size of Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Li
+Prime well it started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well it started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well it started with
+Li and then I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li and then I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li and then I added
+half of the items that were in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the items that were in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the items that were in the next
+level down Li I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down Li I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level down Li I +
+one okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this is
+n and so this is going to be half of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so this is going to be half of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so this is going to be half of n
+plus half of another n plus half of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus half of another n plus half of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus half of another n plus half of I
+mean it's going to be n plus a half n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be n plus a half n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be n plus a half n
+plus a qu n plus an e n it's a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a qu n plus an e n it's a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a qu n plus an e n it's a geometric
+Series this is just a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series this is just a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series this is just a constant Factor
+growth I'm assuming all the lists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth I'm assuming all the lists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth I'm assuming all the lists have
+the same size here for Simplicity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size here for Simplicity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size here for Simplicity you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+generalize uh so I didn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize uh so I didn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize uh so I didn't really make
+the lists any bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists any bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists any bigger
+per se but I fixed this problem if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se but I fixed this problem if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se but I fixed this problem if all
+of the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in
+L2 fit right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 fit right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 fit right here in
+L1 it's it's no longer a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 it's it's no longer a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 it's it's no longer a problem because
+now half of the items from L2 now live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now half of the items from L2 now live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now half of the items from L2 now live
+in L1 so when I search among L1 I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L1 so when I search among L1 I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L1 so when I search among L1 I'm not
+quite doing a global search but I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doing a global search but I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doing a global search but I'm I'm
+finding where I fit in L1 I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding where I fit in L1 I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding where I fit in L1 I mean I
+didn't contaminate it too much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contaminate it too much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contaminate it too much from
+L2 and then now I can afford or now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 and then now I can afford or now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 and then now I can afford or now it's
+useful to have pointers from L1 to to L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have pointers from L1 to to L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have pointers from L1 to to L2
+let me draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a picture
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so uh there's
+L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1
+L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+L3 so half of the items here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have been inserted into here now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been inserted into here now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been inserted into here now we
+don't really know maybe some many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know maybe some many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know maybe some many of
+them went to the near the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them went to the near the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them went to the near the same
+location okay but they want there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay but they want there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay but they want there and
+I'm going to have pointers in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have pointers in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have pointers in both
+directions mostly I need them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions mostly I need them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions mostly I need them
+down uh so that if I search in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh so that if I search in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh so that if I search in here I
+can figure out where I am down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out where I am down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out where I am down
+here uh then half of these guys I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then half of these guys I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then half of these guys I use
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+color get promoted the next level up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color get promoted the next level up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color get promoted the next level up so
+maybe this one gets promoted maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one gets promoted maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one gets promoted maybe this
+one gets promoted I guess half it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets promoted I guess half it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gets promoted I guess half it would
+be that one that one that one that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that one that one that one that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that one that one that one that one
+that one these guys get promoted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one these guys get promoted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one these guys get promoted to the
+next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I claim this is enough information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim this is enough information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim this is enough information
+this is fractional cascading in its full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fractional cascading in its full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fractional cascading in its full
+generality we have the cross linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality we have the cross linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality we have the cross linking
+that we had in the layered range trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had in the layered range trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had in the layered range trees
+but now we also have the fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we also have the fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we also have the fractional
+cascading part which is you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading part which is you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading part which is you take a
+fraction you Cascade it into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you Cascade it into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you Cascade it into the next
+layer the cascading refers to those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the cascading refers to those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the cascading refers to those guys
+continue to get promoted half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to get promoted half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to get promoted half of them
+get promoted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get promoted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get promoted up
+recursively okay that's where the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay that's where the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay that's where the name
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+from uh so now how do we do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh so now how do we do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh so now how do we do a search
+we're going to start at the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start at the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start at the top and
+we're going to do regular binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do regular binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do regular binary search
+at the top because we can afford log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top because we can afford log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top because we can afford log
+once so we do the binary search at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so we do the binary search at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so we do the binary search at the
+top so maybe we find that our item fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so maybe we find that our item fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so maybe we find that our item fits
+here in this search so that tells us oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this search so that tells us oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this search so that tells us oh
+well you know this is where item X fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is where item X fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is where item X fits
+in this list great now I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this list great now I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this list great now I need to know
+where it fits in the next list in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits in the next list in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits in the next list in
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+time well I need some more pointers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I need some more pointers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I need some more pointers for
+this so for each item in here I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for each item in here I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for each item in here I'm going
+to store a pointer to the previous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store a pointer to the previous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store a pointer to the previous and
+next let's say red node I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's say red node I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's say red node I mean the the
+previous and next node that was promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and next node that was promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and next node that was promoted
+from the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list
+below okay so now I basically know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below okay so now I basically know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below okay so now I basically know where
+it fits here not quite because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits here not quite because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits here not quite because this is
+only half the items so I know uh that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the items so I know uh that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the items so I know uh that it
+fits between this guy and this guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits between this guy and this guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits between this guy and this guy in
+list 2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list 2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list 2 Prime
+technically uh so the only thing I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically uh so the only thing I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically uh so the only thing I don't
+know is is it here or here so I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is it here or here so I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is it here or here so I compare
+with this one item and if this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one item and if this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one item and if this is in
+general if it's not two if it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if it's not two if it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if it's not two if it's not a
+half if the fraction is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if the fraction is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if the fraction is some other
+constant I spend constant time to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I spend constant time to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I spend constant time to look
+at a constant number of items figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a constant number of items figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a constant number of items figure out
+where it fits among those items now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits among those items now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits among those items now I
+know where it fits in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it fits in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it fits in L2
+Prime then I uh again I'm follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then I uh again I'm follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then I uh again I'm follow
+pointers to the next items in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the next items in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the next items in this case
+they're the white items so let's say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the white items so let's say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the white items so let's say it
+fits here basically I have a pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits here basically I have a pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits here basically I have a pointer to
+the previous and next white item from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous and next white item from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous and next white item from
+that item follow those pointers down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item follow those pointers down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item follow those pointers down and
+now I know it's either you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know it's either you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know it's either you know
+basically here here here it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically here here here it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically here here here it's somewhere
+in that little range of either equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that little range of either equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that little range of either equaling
+this or being between these two items or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or being between these two items or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or being between these two items or
+on this item or between those two items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this item or between those two items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this item or between those two items
+or on this item and again constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on this item and again constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on this item and again constant
+number of things to look at I figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things to look at I figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things to look at I figure out
+where I belong in the primed list which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I belong in the primed list which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I belong in the primed list which
+is not quite the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite the original
+list um right maybe I determine that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um right maybe I determine that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um right maybe I determine that x
+Falls here and what I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls here and what I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls here and what I really want to
+know is it's between uh this item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it's between uh this item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it's between uh this item and
+that item of the original list I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item of the original list I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that item of the original list I don't
+care so much about the promoted lists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so much about the promoted lists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so much about the promoted lists so
+I need more pointers which tell me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need more pointers which tell me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need more pointers which tell me if
+you know if I know if it happens that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I know if it happens that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I know if it happens that I
+fall here basically every red item has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall here basically every red item has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall here basically every red item has a
+pointer to the previous and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the previous and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the previous and every
+promoted item has a pointer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted item has a pointer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted item has a pointer to the
+previous and next unpromoted item from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and next unpromoted item from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and next unpromoted item from
+the original list you know this is pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original list you know this is pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original list you know this is pre
+this is static I can have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is static I can have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is static I can have all these
+pointers let's write them down uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers let's write them down uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers let's write them down uh so
+every um promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item in Li Prime that means it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in Li Prime that means it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in Li Prime that means it came from
+a promotion from From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a promotion from From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a promotion from From
+Below has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+previous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and
+next uh nonpromoted item so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh nonpromoted item so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh nonpromoted item so that's an
+item in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in
+Li okay that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li okay that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li okay that's two
+pointers and what that's what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and what that's what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and what that's what we just
+used so I found where I was among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so I found where I was among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so I found where I was among the
+entire L L1 Prime which is almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire L L1 Prime which is almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire L L1 Prime which is almost like a
+global search not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global search not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global search not quite
+and uh then I follow these poins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then I follow these poins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then I follow these poins to
+figure out where it was in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was in the original
+L1 but then there was the walking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 but then there was the walking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 but then there was the walking down
+well so if I found that I was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if I found that I was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if I found that I was in the
+middle of this big white region I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this big white region I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this big white region I need
+to find the next red region so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the next red region so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the next red region so it's
+basically the reverse every nonpromoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item every item in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item every item in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item every item in
+Li has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer so this is basically Li Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so this is basically Li Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so this is basically Li Prime
+minus Li if you will uh and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Li if you will uh and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Li if you will uh and then these
+guys need a pointer to the next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need a pointer to the next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need a pointer to the next and
+previous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that previous and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+in Li Prime minus Li so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Li Prime minus Li so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Li Prime minus Li so these are the
+promoted items these are the unpromoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted items these are the unpromoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted items these are the unpromoted
+items so it's actually just two pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so it's actually just two pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so it's actually just two pointers
+per item if you're promoted you store to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per item if you're promoted you store to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per item if you're promoted you store to
+the previous and next unpromoted if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous and next unpromoted if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous and next unpromoted if
+you're unpromoted you store the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unpromoted you store the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unpromoted you store the previous
+and next promoted it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next promoted it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next promoted it's nice and
+symmetric it's pretty clean a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's pretty clean a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's pretty clean a lot of
+pointers hard to draw but quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers hard to draw but quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers hard to draw but quite simple
+in the end there two main ideas one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end there two main ideas one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end there two main ideas one is
+to promote recursively up just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote recursively up just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote recursively up just a
+constant fraction so the lists don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction so the lists don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction so the lists don't get
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+bigger because it's a constant fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger because it's a constant fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger because it's a constant fraction
+the gaps when you walk down are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps when you walk down are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps when you walk down are constant
+size and so you basically get free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and so you basically get free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and so you basically get free
+relocalization within each list with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocalization within each list with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocalization within each list with the
+help of some pointers to walk down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of some pointers to walk down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of some pointers to walk down and
+jump left and right between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump left and right between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump left and right between the two
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+okay that's basic fractional cascading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's basic fractional cascading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's basic fractional cascading
+in that it sort we solved this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it sort we solved this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it sort we solved this problem
+of search within K lists each of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search within K lists each of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search within K lists each of size n
+in K plus log n time which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n time which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n time which is kind of
+amazing I think pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I think pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I think pretty pretty
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+uh but there's a more general form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's a more general form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's a more general form of
+this uses the exact same ideas but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uses the exact same ideas but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uses the exact same ideas but I
+just want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell
+you how they generalized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is chazelle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+General fractional C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skating if you look at what cascading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skating if you look at what cascading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skating if you look at what cascading is
+happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+uh here being here uh we essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here being here uh we essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here being here uh we essentially
+have a path of Cascades we start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path of Cascades we start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path of Cascades we start at the
+bottom and push into the predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and push into the predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and push into the predecessor and
+the path we push into the predecessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path we push into the predecessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path we push into the predecessor of
+the path in the general case we do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path in the general case we do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path in the general case we do it on
+a graph instead of a path arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph instead of a path arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph instead of a path arbitrary
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+so we have a graph the input in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a graph the input in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a graph the input in some
+sense this you can think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this you can think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this you can think of this as a
+transformation um but it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation um but it's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation um but it's for a
+specific kind of data structure the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of data structure the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of data structure the data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+is represented by a graph and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by a graph and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by a graph and each
+vertex of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of the
+graph uh has a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements okay or a list of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay or a list of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay or a list of elements
+that's what we had here we had a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we had here we had a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we had here we had a path
+here and each note in the path had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and each note in the path had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and each note in the path had a
+corresponding list of elements and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding list of elements and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding list of elements and we
+wanted to search among the those lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to search among the those lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to search among the those lists
+before I tell you exactly what search is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I tell you exactly what search is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I tell you exactly what search is
+let me tell you about the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about the rest of the
+graph every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph every
+edge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and this is sorry in an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is sorry in an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is sorry in an ordered
+universe so it's onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Edge is
+labeled with a range from that ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a range from that ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a range from that ordered
+Universe AB every Edge has some range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can think of it as a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can think of it as a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can think of it as a directed
+graph it's probably cleaner so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's probably cleaner so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's probably cleaner so it's like
+when I follow this Edge there's a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I follow this Edge there's a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I follow this Edge there's a range
+here and basically I'm only allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically I'm only allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically I'm only allowed to
+follow that edge if the range contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that edge if the range contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that edge if the range contains
+the thing I'm searching for so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I'm searching for so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I'm searching for so here I
+was searching for some item X in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was searching for some item X in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was searching for some item X in all the
+lists there's no ranges here but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists there's no ranges here but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists there's no ranges here but in
+general you get to specify a range why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you get to specify a range why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you get to specify a range why
+do we want to specify a range we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to specify a range we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to specify a range we need a
+sort of bounded degree constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to have bounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have bounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have bounded in
+degree so here we had in degree one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so here we had in degree one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so here we had in degree one for
+every node in general we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node in general we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node in general we don't want to
+have too many nodes pointing in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many nodes pointing in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many nodes pointing in because
+we want to take half the items in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to take half the items in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to take half the items in here
+and or constant fraction of the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or constant fraction of the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or constant fraction of the items
+here and promote them into all the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and promote them into all the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and promote them into all the nodes
+that point to it so that when we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to it so that when we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to it so that when we follow
+the pointer we get to know where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer we get to know where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer we get to know where we
+belong here that's the general concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here that's the general concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here that's the general concept
+so ideally we have bounded in degree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally we have bounded in degree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally we have bounded in degree if
+we do we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're done
+we can have a slightly weaker condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a slightly weaker condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a slightly weaker condition
+which is called locally bounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called locally bounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called locally bounded in
+degree where the number of incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for a
+node uh whose labels the labels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh whose labels the labels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh whose labels the labels are
+ranges the labels have to have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the labels have to have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the labels have to have a common
+intersection X so if the we're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection X so if the we're searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection X so if the we're searching
+for some item X and if all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some item X and if all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some item X and if all the possible
+ways we could enter this node given item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we could enter this node given item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we could enter this node given item
+X so this x has to fall in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this x has to fall in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this x has to fall in all those
+ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+bounded say at most some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded say at most some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded say at most some constant
+C if it's always at most C for all nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if it's always at most C for all nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if it's always at most C for all nodes
+and for all X's then this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all X's then this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all X's then this is sort of
+locally bounded degree and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally bounded degree and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally bounded degree and this is the
+these range labels help you achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these range labels help you achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these range labels help you achieve this
+property if you can constrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you can constrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you can constrain that
+you're only going to fall this Edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to fall this Edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to fall this Edge in
+certain situations and there aren't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations and there aren't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations and there aren't too
+many ways you could have gotten to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways you could have gotten to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways you could have gotten to a
+node then you have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x uh contain contain X is a backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh contain contain X is a backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh contain contain X is a backwards
+containment so X has to be let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment so X has to be let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment so X has to be let me put it
+this way have a node all these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way have a node all these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way have a node all these edges
+coming into it I want X to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into it I want X to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into it I want X to be a valid
+choice for each of these edges meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for each of these edges meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for each of these edges meaning
+the range each of them is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range each of them is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range each of them is some
+interval on the line all those intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on the line all those intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on the line all those intervals
+should contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should contain
+X so I'm looking at for for whatever CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm looking at for for whatever CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'm looking at for for whatever CH
+it's basically if you if you laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically if you if you laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically if you if you laid out
+all the intervals incoming into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intervals incoming into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intervals incoming into this
+node what is the maximum depth of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what is the maximum depth of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what is the maximum depth of those
+intervals what's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals what's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals what's the maximum
+intersection between all those intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between all those intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between all those intervals
+that is your local degree and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your local degree and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your local degree and as long as
+that's the constant you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy all
+right so now let me specify what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let me specify what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let me specify what a
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means this is the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the problem that
+fractional cascading can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading can
+solve goal is to find X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve goal is to find X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve goal is to find X
+in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+K uh vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh vertex
+vert vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert vertex
+sets so K vertices each of them has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so K vertices each of them has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so K vertices each of them has a
+set I want to find X in K of them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I want to find X in K of them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I want to find X in K of them not
+all of them K of them that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them K of them that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them K of them that's the general
+problem I have a constraint on how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a constraint on how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a constraint on how those
+sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found they're found by navigating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found they're found by navigating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found they're found by navigating this
+graph starting from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex uh and we navigate by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges uh whose labels contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so we started some vertex in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we started some vertex in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we started some vertex in the graph
+we can follow some edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can follow some edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can follow some edges
+that contain x x is a valid Choice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain x x is a valid Choice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain x x is a valid Choice here
+that's inside the interval then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inside the interval then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inside the interval then from
+here maybe we follow some more where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe we follow some more where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe we follow some more where X
+is a valid choice and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a valid choice and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a valid choice and so
+on could look like anything I don't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on could look like anything I don't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on could look like anything I don't it's
+doesn't have to be death first or breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be death first or breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be death first or breath
+first it's just you follow some tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's just you follow some tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's just you follow some tree
+from some node where all of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some node where all of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some node where all of the edges
+are valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid for
+X at some point you decide that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at some point you decide that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at some point you decide that I've
+seen enough and uh now the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen enough and uh now the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen enough and uh now the goal is to
+find in this set where is x in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this set where is x in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this set where is x in this set
+where is x in this set where is X each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is x in this set where is X each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is x in this set where is X each
+of the sets corresponding in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sets corresponding in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sets corresponding in each of
+these lists what is a predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lists what is a predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lists what is a predecessor and
+successor of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh I believe you do not need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I believe you do not need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I believe you do not need a
+single root node each search could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single root node each search could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single root node each search could start
+from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different
+point but you're told where so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but you're told where so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but you're told where so imagine
+this is like an interaction between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like an interaction between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like an interaction between two
+parties so the input basically says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties so the input basically says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties so the input basically says look
+I'm searching for X and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm searching for X and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm searching for X and I'm going to
+start at this node and then fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this node and then fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this node and then fractional
+cascading data structure says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading data structure says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading data structure says okay
+here's where X is in that node tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where X is in that node tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where X is in that node tells you
+immediately why not then it says okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately why not then it says okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately why not then it says okay uh
+I'd like to follow this Edge and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to follow this Edge and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to follow this Edge and go to
+this node and fractional cascading says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and fractional cascading says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and fractional cascading says
+okay here's where X is in this nodee in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's where X is in this nodee in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's where X is in this nodee in
+constant time okay then now these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time okay then now these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time okay then now these two
+guys are active and uh now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are active and uh now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are active and uh now the the
+adversary the input whatever can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the input whatever can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the input whatever can decide
+okay I'm going to follow this Edge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to follow this Edge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to follow this Edge or
+this Edge doesn't any order it can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge doesn't any order it can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge doesn't any order it can build
+this tree in any order and every time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree in any order and every time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree in any order and every time it
+say say here's a new here's the edge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say here's a new here's the edge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say here's a new here's the edge I
+want to follow the fractional cascading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow the fractional cascading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow the fractional cascading
+in data structure in constant time tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data structure in constant time tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data structure in constant time tells
+you here's where X is among all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's where X is among all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's where X is among all the
+items in that note how does it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in that note how does it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in that note how does it do that
+with fractional cascading you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractional cascading you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractional cascading you just take
+half the items it's half doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the items it's half doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the items it's half doesn't work
+anymore now depends on that bounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now depends on that bounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now depends on that bounded in
+degree but you take some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but you take some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but you take some function of
+that degree C uh take some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degree C uh take some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degree C uh take some constant
+fraction of the items promote them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the items promote them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the items promote them to
+all the things keep going it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things keep going it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things keep going it's a little
+trickier cuz now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier cuz now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier cuz now you have
+Cycles uh so you could actually promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles uh so you could actually promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles uh so you could actually promote
+back into yourself eventually by Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into yourself eventually by Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into yourself eventually by Chain
+reactions but if you set the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but if you set the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but if you set the constant
+low enough I mean it's it's like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low enough I mean it's it's like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low enough I mean it's it's like uh
+radioactive decay you know eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay you know eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay you know eventually
+all goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goes away
+right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I
+wish so it's it's much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish so it's it's much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish so it's it's much better than
+radioactive decay radioactive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay radioactive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay radioactive is
+logarithmic this is exponential so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic this is exponential so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic this is exponential so it's
+decreasing very quickly after lend steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing very quickly after lend steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing very quickly after lend steps
+all your items are gone so yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your items are gone so yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your items are gone so yeah maybe
+you go in a short Loop for a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in a short Loop for a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in a short Loop for a while but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+after log n steps it's all gone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after log n steps it's all gone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after log n steps it's all gone so
+you're most increasing by a log factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most increasing by a log factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most increasing by a log factor
+in fact you just increase by a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you just increase by a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you just increase by a constant
+Factor because the number of items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because the number of items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because the number of items that
+remain gets so tiny very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain gets so tiny very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain gets so tiny very
+quickly uh so I'm not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh so I'm not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh so I'm not going to go into
+the details but you just take this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but you just take this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but you just take this list
+idea apply it to a graph it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea apply it to a graph it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea apply it to a graph it works it
+gets Messier but in this very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets Messier but in this very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets Messier but in this very general
+scenario you can support these searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you can support these searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you can support these searches
+in K plus log n where n let's say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n where n let's say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K plus log n where n let's say is the
+maximum size of uh of any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set so it just directly generalizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so it just directly generalizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so it just directly generalizes and
+this is the thing that you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that you can use to
+get this log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this log Factor
+Improvement so and many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so and many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement so and many other things
+there's actually this was such a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually this was such a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually this was such a big
+thing at the time there were two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the time there were two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the time there were two papers
+on fractional Cas gting part one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fractional Cas gting part one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fractional Cas gting part one and
+part two part one is what is is solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two part one is what is is solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two part one is what is is solving
+this and part two is applications they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and part two is applications they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and part two is applications they
+solved a ton of problems that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved a ton of problems that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved a ton of problems that no one
+knew how to solve using this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to solve using this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to solve using this General
+fractional cascading technique that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading technique that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional cascading technique that's it
+for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NjhuAak0jmM.txt b/NjhuAak0jmM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..998a4e5107a6879bb8f14b762e7f9f03ec2bcdfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NjhuAak0jmM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this we can face the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we can face the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we can face the construction
+of the operators that are going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operators that are going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operators that are going to help
+us build totally symmetric States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us build totally symmetric States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us build totally symmetric States and
+totally anti symmetric States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally anti symmetric States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally anti symmetric States and
+understand why this solve the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this solve the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this solve the problem of
+degeneracy exchange degeneracy so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy exchange degeneracy so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy exchange degeneracy so let us
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+look into that so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that so this is called
+complete symmetry xor's and anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete symmetry xor's and anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete symmetry xor's and anti
+symmetry search complete symmetry sirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry search complete symmetry sirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry search complete symmetry sirs
+and anti symmetry sirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation operators don't commute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators don't commute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators don't commute so
+there's no hope ever of simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no hope ever of simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no hope ever of simultaneously
+diagonalizing them there's some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing them there's some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing them there's some of them
+are not even hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even hermitian
+so even worse you cannot find that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even worse you cannot find that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even worse you cannot find that I'm
+gonna get a complete basis of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a complete basis of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a complete basis of state
+simultaneously diagonalized some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously diagonalized some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously diagonalized some
+permutation operators are hermitian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators are hermitian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators are hermitian the
+majority are unitary the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are unitary the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are unitary the transposition
+operators are the hermitian ones those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are the hermitian ones those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are the hermitian ones those
+you could try to diagonalize but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to diagonalize but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to diagonalize but if you
+have the whole permutation group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole permutation group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole permutation group you
+cannot hide analyze it it's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot hide analyze it it's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot hide analyze it it's just too
+many things that don't commute but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that don't commute but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that don't commute but well
+you kind of dive analyze these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of dive analyze these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of dive analyze these things
+you can find special states that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find special states that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find special states that are
+eigenstates of all of the elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of all of the elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of all of the elements of a
+permutation group so you remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group so you remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group so you remember when
+you say this is a very important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is a very important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is a very important point
+whenever you say you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you say you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you say you cannot
+simultaneously diagonalize two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously diagonalize two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously diagonalize two operators
+it means that you cannot find a basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you cannot find a basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that you cannot find a basis of
+states that are simultaneous eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are simultaneous eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are simultaneous eigen
+States but it may happen that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but it may happen that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but it may happen that you have
+one state that this is an eigenstate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state that this is an eigenstate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state that this is an eigenstate of
+all these other things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other things that don't
+commute it is possible to have operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute it is possible to have operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute it is possible to have operators
+that don't commute and have one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't commute and have one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't commute and have one state
+this is an eigenstate of all of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an eigenstate of all of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an eigenstate of all of them you
+cannot have a basis that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a basis that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a basis that is an
+eigenstate of all of them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of all of them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of all of them because they
+don't commute but one state is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute but one state is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute but one state is possible
+so we can find special States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are eigenstates of all permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are eigenstates of all permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are eigenstates of all permutation
+operators so let's assume have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so let's assume have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so let's assume have n
+particles each living on V in V so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles each living on V in V so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles each living on V in V so that
+the n particles live on V tensor n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n particles live on V tensor n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n particles live on V tensor n
+people write it like that V tensor n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write it like that V tensor n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write it like that V tensor n
+which supposed to mean V tensor V with V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supposed to mean V tensor V with V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supposed to mean V tensor V with V
+appearing n times so here is a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing n times so here is a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing n times so here is a claim
+that we're going to postulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to postulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to postulate the
+existence of symmetric States those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of symmetric States those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of symmetric States those are
+the states that eventually we'll see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that eventually we'll see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that eventually we'll see are
+the ones physics ones so postulate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones physics ones so postulate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones physics ones so postulate that
+there are the existence of symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States sy s in the whole big space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States sy s in the whole big space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States sy s in the whole big space
+they're symmetric States and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're symmetric States and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're symmetric States and what is the
+characteristic of a symmetric state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of a symmetric state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of a symmetric state that
+P alpha any permutation remember alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P alpha any permutation remember alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P alpha any permutation remember alpha
+means all these set of indices on sy s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means all these set of indices on sy s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means all these set of indices on sy s
+is equal to sy s for all alpha so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to sy s for all alpha so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to sy s for all alpha so the
+state is invariant so we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is invariant so we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is invariant so we want to see
+that there is such a thing states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is such a thing states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is such a thing states that
+are environed and there are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are environed and there are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are environed and there are all the
+permutation operators that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators that we've
+constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this States would be eigenstates of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this States would be eigenstates of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this States would be eigenstates of all
+the permutation operators with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation operators with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation operators with
+eigenvalue equals to 1 so it's a simile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equals to 1 so it's a simile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equals to 1 so it's a simile
+Gnaeus eigenvector of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gnaeus eigenvector of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gnaeus eigenvector of all these
+operators but since the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but since the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but since the permutation
+operators don't commute you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators don't commute you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators don't commute you cannot
+expect the basis so if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the basis so if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the basis so if there are
+symmetric States they cannot form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States they cannot form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States they cannot form a
+basis in the fulfil workspace they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the fulfil workspace they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the fulfil workspace they must
+be some smaller space so we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some smaller space so we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some smaller space so we should be
+able to reach them by a projector into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reach them by a projector into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reach them by a projector into a
+subspace of symmetric States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about defining now postulate anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about defining now postulate anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about defining now postulate anti
+symmetric States sigh a P alpha on sy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States sigh a P alpha on sy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric States sigh a P alpha on sy a
+should then be equal to what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be equal to what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be equal to what should I
+put negative sy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well yeah that's the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah that's the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah that's the first thing we
+would put but that's pretty problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put but that's pretty problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put but that's pretty problematic
+actually so even when you postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so even when you postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so even when you postulate
+things you know postulate means okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know postulate means okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know postulate means okay we
+think they exist and we'll try to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they exist and we'll try to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they exist and we'll try to build
+them here we're trying to postulate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here we're trying to postulate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here we're trying to postulate that
+there are states that do this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states that do this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states that do this there's a
+little bit of problems with it so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of problems with it so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of problems with it so first
+obvious problem you say oh well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious problem you say oh well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious problem you say oh well this is
+a mathematical technicality the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical technicality the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical technicality the identity
+element is supposed to be a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is supposed to be a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is supposed to be a permutation
+P one two three and they then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P one two three and they then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P one two three and they then that the
+element is not going to change this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is not going to change this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is not going to change this one
+so that's not good so suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not good so suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not good so suppose you have
+one transposition and changes the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transposition and changes the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transposition and changes the state
+a transposition should produce a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transposition should produce a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transposition should produce a minus
+sign business is anti symmetric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign business is anti symmetric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign business is anti symmetric but
+suppose you have now two transpositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have now two transpositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have now two transpositions
+you act on them with two transpositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act on them with two transpositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act on them with two transpositions
+one will change the sign the other will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will change the sign the other will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will change the sign the other will
+change its sign now the total double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its sign now the total double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its sign now the total double
+transposition is a permutation operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition is a permutation operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition is a permutation operator
+shouldn't change the sign of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't change the sign of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't change the sign of the state
+so in fact this is untenable we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this is untenable we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this is untenable we're not
+even you so even if we postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you so even if we postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you so even if we postulate
+something we have to post it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have to post it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have to post it something
+that makes some sense and so far it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some sense and so far it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some sense and so far it
+doesn't make sense so what can we use we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense so what can we use we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense so what can we use we
+can use the fact that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the fact that there are some
+even permutations and some odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutations and some odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutations and some odd
+permutation so we'll put a sign factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so we'll put a sign factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so we'll put a sign factor
+here sigh a this is the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sigh a this is the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sigh a this is the only way to
+solve this problem is to put the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is to put the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is to put the sign
+factor epsilon sub alpha associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor epsilon sub alpha associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor epsilon sub alpha associated to
+the permutation sometimes it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation sometimes it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation sometimes it's going to
+be a minus sometimes it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus sometimes it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus sometimes it's going to be a
+plus for example for the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for example for the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for example for the identity
+operator should be a plus for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator should be a plus for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator should be a plus for a
+transposition it should be a minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition it should be a minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition it should be a minus so
+what is this epsilon alpha epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this epsilon alpha epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this epsilon alpha epsilon alpha
+is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one
+if P alpha is an even transpose even or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P alpha is an even transpose even or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P alpha is an even transpose even or
+minus 1 if P alpha is odd so an alt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 if P alpha is odd so an alt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 if P alpha is odd so an alt
+permutation is one that has an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation is one that has an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation is one that has an odd
+number of transpositions that that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transpositions that that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transpositions that that make
+sense this is a way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is a way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is a way to do this
+consistently if you have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently if you have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently if you have a single
+transposition we'll put a minus but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition we'll put a minus but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition we'll put a minus but you
+have two transposition it will put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two transposition it will put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two transposition it will put a
+plus as it should and the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus as it should and the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus as it should and the identity
+element is an even permutation therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is an even permutation therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is an even permutation therefore
+it works as well so this is a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works as well so this is a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works as well so this is a nice thing
+this is the only way you can define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only way you can define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only way you can define this
+anti-symmetric States even before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric States even before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric States even before we
+construct them so here are the names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct them so here are the names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct them so here are the names and
+we'll stop and build them next time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop and build them next time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop and build them next time so
+the symmetric state symmetric States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric state symmetric States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric state symmetric States
+form a subspace of V and called sim + V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric in n states of V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in n states of V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in n states of V the
+anti-symmetric States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric States
+form a subspace of V and called untie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a subspace of V and called untie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a subspace of V and called untie
+and of V and our task for next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of V and our task for next time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of V and our task for next time is
+to construct the projectors that bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the projectors that bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the projectors that bring
+you down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down to the
+spaces analyze what are the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces analyze what are the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces analyze what are the properties
+of these spaces and show that it solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spaces and show that it solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spaces and show that it solves
+the problem of exchanges generous e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of exchanges generous e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of exchanges generous e and
+that requires an extra postulate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires an extra postulate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires an extra postulate in
+quantum mechanics a postulate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics a postulate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics a postulate for
+identical particles
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NzHt2WqrS88.txt b/NzHt2WqrS88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2512d8a766c8960de767211121c5bfa3d551320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NzHt2WqrS88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu due to technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu due to technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu due to technical
+difficulties only a portion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties only a portion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties only a portion of this
+lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's
+population in that state so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develop what are the changes ined state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what are the changes ined state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what are the changes ined state
+population as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a
+result a slight twe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically okay so what did we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so what did we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so what did we find out
+in general what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what we're doing is we're
+going through formalism to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through formalism to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through formalism to start with
+and hopefully as we move along clear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully as we move along clear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully as we move along clear on
+what it means in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in the first place
+um so the idea is nonlinear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is nonlinear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is nonlinear response
+functions take this form I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take this form I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take this form I've just
+written second order because it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written second order because it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written second order because it just
+starts to get more and more painful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get more and more painful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get more and more painful as
+you go to higher orders the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to higher orders the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to higher orders the idea is
+you'll see a form that involves nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a form that involves nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a form that involves nest
+commutators in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators in the
+DI and um we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DI and um we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DI and um we are looking
+at we looking at a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we looking at a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we looking at a variety of
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+functions um of the form that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um of the form that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um of the form that really
+just involved a sequence of interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just involved a sequence of interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just involved a sequence of interactions
+between the incident electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incident electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incident electric field and
+the matter separated by time under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter separated by time under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter separated by time under a
+material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intera
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+Andi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all the electric field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the electric field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the electric field so
+um this this is a super complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is a super complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is a super complicated
+thing it's uh you know this dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's uh you know this dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's uh you know this dipole
+operator is all the charges in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is all the charges in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is all the charges in your
+system and we haven't specified anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we haven't specified anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we haven't specified anything
+about what kind of Life Field this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kind of Life Field this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kind of Life Field this is so
+you know this responds en codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this responds en codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this responds en codes
+everything every possible spectral range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every possible spectral range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every possible spectral range
+um and and uh then what is this what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh then what is this what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh then what is this what of
+these correlation functions tell you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correlation functions tell you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correlation functions tell you one
+of the things that becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that becomes very
+different with nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with nonlinear
+linear is that when you recognize life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear is that when you recognize life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear is that when you recognize life
+creates coherences in matter that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates coherences in matter that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates coherences in matter that the
+moment you have more than one life nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you have more than one life nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you have more than one life nor
+you have more than one period that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than one period that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than one period that the
+quantum coherences can involve then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum coherences can involve then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum coherences can involve then you
+have to take to keep track of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to keep track of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to keep track of the phase
+in which Coes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Coes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Coes are
+invol um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol um and
+so this is really the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really the difference between
+the different correlation companies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different correlation companies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different correlation companies this
+response compan you just the the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response compan you just the the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response compan you just the the way it
+plays out mathematically is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays out mathematically is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays out mathematically is that we
+talked about action of the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about action of the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about action of the dipole
+operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on
+the of the density Matrix said in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the density Matrix said in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the density Matrix said in you
+know another way we talking about does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another way we talking about does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another way we talking about does
+the wave function do we evolve the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function do we evolve the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function do we evolve the wave
+function for its conjugate in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for its conjugate in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for its conjugate in a sort of
+microscopic sense what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic sense what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic sense what we're talking
+about is you know just think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know just think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know just think a little
+bit about what happens when you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what happens when you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what happens when you create a
+wave package but there are two ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave package but there are two ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave package but there are two ways that
+this wave fact can evolve and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave fact can evolve and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave fact can evolve and they just
+differ by the phase in which they point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by the phase in which they point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by the phase in which they point
+it may propagate One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may propagate One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may propagate One
+Direction and the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the difference between
+those two things is a phase Factor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things is a phase Factor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things is a phase Factor but
+it also uh is different in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also uh is different in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also uh is different in terms of the
+momentum that the light is imparted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that the light is imparted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that the light is imparted to
+the system we when we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we when we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we when we're doing a
+semiclassical version we've thrown away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical version we've thrown away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical version we've thrown away
+the light matter the light part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light matter the light part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light matter the light part of the
+but actually you have to remember look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you have to remember look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you have to remember look
+the light has moment and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light has moment and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light has moment and depending on
+whether you have absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have absorption and
+stimulated emission processes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission processes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission processes this
+influences the momentum which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the momentum which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the momentum which you can
+kick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick the
+molecules and so with with a one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so with with a one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so with with a one a
+linear spectroscopy you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear spectroscopy you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear spectroscopy you don't really
+need to worry too much about the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry too much about the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry too much about the state
+but the moment you start doing multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the moment you start doing multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the moment you start doing multiple
+interactions with evolving wave effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with evolving wave effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with evolving wave effects
+you better darn well take keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better darn well take keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better darn well take keep track of
+the phase of where you stand so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of where you stand so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of where you stand so that's
+the essence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of this
+thing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're this is secondary linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're this is secondary linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're this is secondary linear
+nonlinear response I won't go to third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear response I won't go to third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear response I won't go to third
+over right now although we'll spend most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right now although we'll spend most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right now although we'll spend most
+of our time there but what I will point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time there but what I will point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time there but what I will point
+out is that in general for a perative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that in general for a perative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that in general for a perative
+expansion you're looking at n order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion you're looking at n order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion you're looking at n order
+nonlinear response you're going to get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear response you're going to get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear response you're going to get n
+nested commutators in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested commutators in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested commutators in this sequence
+separated by the consecutive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by the consecutive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by the consecutive time
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+it'll you'll have an IH bar the M power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll you'll have an IH bar the M power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll you'll have an IH bar the M power
+out here what I left out of this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here what I left out of this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here what I left out of this is sort
+of the step response F just sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step response F just sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step response F just sort of to
+remember to enforce causality that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to enforce causality that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to enforce causality that these
+values can only take on positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can only take on positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can only take on positive
+values and when you play that all out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and when you play that all out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and when you play that all out
+what you realize is that there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is that there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is that there you know
+for an N Thor response you will have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an N Thor response you will have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an N Thor response you will have n
+correlation functions of which only n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions of which only n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions of which only n /2
+are independent so that is here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent so that is here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent so that is here for
+instance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here
+second order response there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order response there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order response there are four
+correlation functions but two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions but two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions but two of them
+are just complex conjugates of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just complex conjugates of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just complex conjugates of the other
+that means we write it as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we write it as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we write it as two
+independent functions and their complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent functions and their complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent functions and their complex
+FS so this good looks like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS so this good looks like a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS so this good looks like a real
+function it is directly proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it is directly proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it is directly proportional to
+observable okay so what this all boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable okay so what this all boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable okay so what this all boils
+down to is um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is um for
+an nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nth order
+spectroscopy you have 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you have 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you have 2 to the
+n correlation functions you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n correlation functions you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n correlation functions you're going to
+have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep
+track so for third order you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track so for third order you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track so for third order you're going to
+have four and and so on and what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four and and so on and what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four and and so on and what we mean
+by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+is those are potential levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those are potential levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those are potential levels of
+bookkeeping that you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping that you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping that you have to keep
+tracking okay so the the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking okay so the the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking okay so the the complexity of
+the thing just escalates quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing just escalates quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing just escalates quickly and
+this is part of the motivation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the motivation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the motivation that
+we're going to do diagrammatic peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do diagrammatic peration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do diagrammatic peration
+Theory it's sort of now given this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it's sort of now given this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it's sort of now given this very
+general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula
+uh how do we apply it to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we apply it to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we apply it to a particular
+system of interest and uh and try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of interest and uh and try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of interest and uh and try and
+keep track all the possible permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track all the possible permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track all the possible permutations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+interactions so that's um sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so that's um sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so that's um sort of the
+plan today what we're going uh here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan today what we're going uh here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan today what we're going uh here to
+start with at least what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with at least what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with at least what we are going to
+do is consider now the matter all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is consider now the matter all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is consider now the matter all of a
+sudden and we'll just say that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden and we'll just say that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden and we'll just say that we know
+the I States of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I States of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I States of
+matal we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themc um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just and we also know how the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and we also know how the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and we also know how the dipole
+operator then is expressed it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator then is expressed it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator then is expressed it a little
+bit later on you can sort of see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later on you can sort of see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later on you can sort of see this
+coming a little bit is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a little bit is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a little bit is we're going to
+take a slightly different approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slightly different approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slightly different approach and
+um split up the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um split up the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um split up the material
+hand into to two parts one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand into to two parts one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand into to two parts one of which is
+are the degrees of freedom the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the degrees of freedom the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the degrees of freedom the system
+degrees of freedom that include that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that include that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that include that the
+diol operator acts on and then B will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diol operator acts on and then B will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diol operator acts on and then B will be
+the dark degrees of freedom that the DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark degrees of freedom that the DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark degrees of freedom that the DI
+operator doesn't see but which influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator doesn't see but which influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator doesn't see but which influence
+the system through an interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system through an interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system through an interaction so
+we're going there but at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going there but at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going there but at the moment
+we're just saying we know the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying we know the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying we know the full
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system okay so now what diagrammatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so now what diagrammatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so now what diagrammatic
+peration theory does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory does is
+allow you to keep track of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to keep track of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to keep track of how a
+particular set of I States resonant with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of I States resonant with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of I States resonant with
+the light field that you decide to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field that you decide to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field that you decide to put
+in lead to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lead to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lead to particular
+C and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and and
+uh these diagrams they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these diagrams they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these diagrams they're they're
+important from a practical point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important from a practical point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important from a practical point of view
+you know you go into the lab cross a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go into the lab cross a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go into the lab cross a few
+beams and you just see some strange beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams and you just see some strange beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams and you just see some strange beam
+and some unknown color propagating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some unknown color propagating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some unknown color propagating in a
+background free direction and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background free direction and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background free direction and you want
+to understand what gave rise to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what gave rise to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what gave rise to that
+thing and what is that going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what is that going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what is that going to tell me
+about the ru dyamic system and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ru dyamic system and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ru dyamic system and you
+basically want a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want a way of
+backa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backa
+from what you saw the signal to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you saw the signal to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you saw the signal to well
+what was going on and diagrammatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on and diagrammatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on and diagrammatic
+peration Theory helps okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration Theory helps okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration Theory helps okay so we're
+going to sort of two approaches to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of two approaches to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of two approaches to this
+um a can I ask a quick question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a can I ask a quick question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a can I ask a quick question just
+about the correlation functions and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the correlation functions and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the correlation functions and what
+you were talking about with enforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were talking about with enforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were talking about with enforcing
+causality y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality y
+um if you let's say that that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you let's say that that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you let's say that that you don't
+enforce causality correctly and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce causality correctly and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce causality correctly and you say
+that is that just saying basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that just saying basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that just saying basically
+that's equivalent to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent to a different
+experimental system where the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental system where the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental system where the light
+pulses just come in in a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses just come in in a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses just come in in a different order
+y exactly um so what we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y exactly um so what we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y exactly um so what we'll we'll
+actually work through an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work through an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work through an example
+probably later today just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably later today just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably later today just like
+that that that is exactly right that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that is exactly right that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that is exactly right that one
+of the things that you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you have to keep
+track of when you do a Time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of when you do a Time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of when you do a Time domain
+experiment is the time ordering of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the time ordering of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the time ordering of your
+interactions but you know even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but you know even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but you know even when you
+have u a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u a sequence
+of continuous W Fields all across to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous W Fields all across to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous W Fields all across to one
+another what it means is that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another what it means is that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another what it means is that you do
+have to keep track of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the possible
+permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of
+interactions um and those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um and those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um and those are all
+accounted for in in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in in these in these
+correlation FS they just amount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation FS they just amount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation FS they just amount to
+other uh orders of the iole operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh orders of the iole operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh orders of the iole operator so
+does does there have to be a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does does there have to be a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does does there have to be a difference
+if I have just say two FL Fields And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have just say two FL Fields And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have just say two FL Fields And if
+I put one on first and then if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put one on first and then if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put one on first and then if I do it
+in reverse is it necessarily different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reverse is it necessarily different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reverse is it necessarily different
+imagine you imagine you have a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you imagine you have a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you imagine you have a um a
+second order experiment when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order experiment when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order experiment when you have a
+three LEL system and I have two fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three LEL system and I have two fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three LEL system and I have two fields
+that I'm going to put on this I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to put on this I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to put on this I can put
+them on CW or I can turn one off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on CW or I can turn one off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on CW or I can turn one off and
+turn the other off and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the other off and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the other off and there is a
+difference between whether I turn one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between whether I turn one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between whether I turn one on
+in this order or one on in this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this order or one on in this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this order or one on in this order
+you know I may be resonant in one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I may be resonant in one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I may be resonant in one state
+and not in another and that completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in another and that completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in another and that completely
+changes the phase acquired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the phase acquired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the phase acquired by
+the so in a Time domain experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in a Time domain experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in a Time domain experiment you
+might select one of these you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might select one of these you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might select one of these you might
+select a particular correlating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a particular correlating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a particular correlating with
+that time order in a continuous way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time order in a continuous way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time order in a continuous way of
+experiment you would have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you would have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you would have to add
+contributions from all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from all of these
+perations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um the the idea is U what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um the the idea is U what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um the the idea is U what
+we like to do is work with find diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do is work with find diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do is work with find diagrams
+and lad diagrams these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lad diagrams these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lad diagrams these are sort of the
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+flavors um of diagrams Each of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors um of diagrams Each of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors um of diagrams Each of which are
+meant to represent one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent one particular
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+interactions that goes on within one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that goes on within one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that goes on within one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular um and just in general sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um and just in general sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um and just in general sort
+of the way these look is the both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way these look is the both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way these look is the both of
+these refer to propagation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these refer to propagation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these refer to propagation of the
+density FS is that another way watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density FS is that another way watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density FS is that another way watching
+the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of
+cerces in all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerces in all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerces in all the states
+beond and um if find the diagrams the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beond and um if find the diagrams the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beond and um if find the diagrams the
+way this works is you begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is you begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is you begin with the
+state of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of equilibrium
+uh and you draw a couple of bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you draw a couple of bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you draw a couple of bars and
+these are meant to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to represent the
+uh two sides of the density M they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sides of the density M they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sides of the density M they start
+in a ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a ground state
+population time moves upward in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population time moves upward in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population time moves upward in this
+diagram so the sequence of interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so the sequence of interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so the sequence of interactions
+moves upward and then we draw little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves upward and then we draw little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves upward and then we draw little
+Inward and outward going arrows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inward and outward going arrows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inward and outward going arrows that
+signify uh absorption or stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signify uh absorption or stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signify uh absorption or stimulated
+emission L and these are separated In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission L and these are separated In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission L and these are separated In
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+by um a free evolution of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um a free evolution of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um a free evolution of the system
+underneath the ham so talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the ham so talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the ham so talks about the
+between interactions if there's a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between interactions if there's a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between interactions if there's a Time
+propagator and that propagates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and that propagates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and that propagates the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between different
+yeah what's the significance of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the significance of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the significance of like the
+duration of the pulse that in right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the pulse that in right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the pulse that in right in
+this particular case the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case the response
+function doesn't have any information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't have any information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't have any information
+about the light field it's just a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light field it's just a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light field it's just a matter
+so the light field comes in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light field comes in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light field comes in when you
+calculate polarization so there um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate polarization so there um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate polarization so there um if
+you missed the last basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed the last basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed the last basic idea is
+polarization that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that is a
+convolution um in you know be a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution um in you know be a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution um in you know be a multiple
+field convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field convolution
+of the enor response function with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enor response function with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enor response function with a
+sequence of he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they it's an ofly mess expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's an ofly mess expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's an ofly mess expression so
+product of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all of the
+possible fields and when they act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible fields and when they act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible fields and when they act on the
+system um and the so the field profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and the so the field profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and the so the field profile
+goes in here so there's a very we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in here so there's a very we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in here so there's a very we we'll
+get to the frequency domain where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the frequency domain where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the frequency domain where you
+can see that Contin Fields is very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that Contin Fields is very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that Contin Fields is very easy
+to deal with CU these just take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with CU these just take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with CU these just take on
+continuous profiles and that turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous profiles and that turns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous profiles and that turns into
+a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for
+transform describe um with real fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform describe um with real fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform describe um with real fields
+that have you know neither time nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have you know neither time nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have you know neither time nor
+frequency on there there you put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on there there you put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency on there there you put these
+really have the full profile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the full profile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the full profile of the
+electric fields and typically you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields and typically you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields and typically you use
+the slowly bearing envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowly bearing envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowly bearing envelope
+approximation apply an envelope to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation apply an envelope to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation apply an envelope to this
+and a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a carrier
+frequency ention and what makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ention and what makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ention and what makes that
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+numerically do have to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the uh okay so the other flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the uh okay so the other flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the uh okay so the other flavor of
+diagrams will tell you how things evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams will tell you how things evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams will tell you how things evolve
+are lad diagrams and these are effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lad diagrams and these are effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lad diagrams and these are effective
+when you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got
+multiple I states of your system handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and now again this encodes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and now again this encodes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and now again this encodes the
+propagation of the density me now time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the density me now time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the density me now time
+fls from left and right we draw upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fls from left and right we draw upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fls from left and right we draw upward
+and downward arrows to um identify uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downward arrows to um identify uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downward arrows to um identify uh
+absorption and emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and emission
+events in between each of these is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in between each of these is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in between each of these is a you
+know free propagation of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know free propagation of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know free propagation of the system
+under the material Hamilton and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the material Hamilton and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the material Hamilton and because
+uh unlike you know other lad diagrams we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unlike you know other lad diagrams we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unlike you know other lad diagrams we
+are watching the density Matrix so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are watching the density Matrix so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are watching the density Matrix so there
+are two kinds of arrows there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two kinds of arrows there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two kinds of arrows there are
+straight ones and dash ones and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight ones and dash ones and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight ones and dash ones and those
+are the ones that differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that differentiate the
+acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+the that's that's sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's that's sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's that's sort of the the
+general flavor of all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general flavor of all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general flavor of all of that
+um so let me uh just put up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me uh just put up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me uh just put up this
+uh little chart online this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will keep me from actually drawing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep me from actually drawing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep me from actually drawing all
+of this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay hopefully you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay hopefully you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay hopefully you can see this
+this is basically meant to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically meant to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically meant to sort of
+summarize the range of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the range of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the range of possibilities
+that you know you can encounter in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can encounter in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can encounter in this
+kind diagram sort of in short hand um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind diagram sort of in short hand um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind diagram sort of in short hand um we
+can imagine that there are absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that there are absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that there are absorption
+and stimulated emission eventss those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulated emission eventss those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulated emission eventss those
+are the possibilities of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possibilities of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possibilities of the light
+interacting driving system upward down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting driving system upward down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting driving system upward down
+um but then we do also have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then we do also have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then we do also have to keep
+track of relative phase and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of relative phase and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of relative phase and you know
+when you're worried about the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're worried about the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're worried about the phase of
+one coherence relative to another then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coherence relative to another then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coherence relative to another then
+we do want to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want to differentiate
+wave functions and their conjugates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and their conjugates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and their conjugates and
+their conjugates then would be what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conjugates then would be what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conjugates then would be what we
+call Brite interactions those also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Brite interactions those also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Brite interactions those also can
+have absorption and stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absorption and stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absorption and stimulated
+events um but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um but of course the
+relationships are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are
+bej we draw inward pointing arrows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bej we draw inward pointing arrows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bej we draw inward pointing arrows for
+absorption outward pointing arrows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption outward pointing arrows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption outward pointing arrows for
+emission and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and they
+Point depending out a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point depending out a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point depending out a sequence of
+events um for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events um for a
+particular um sequence of processes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um sequence of processes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um sequence of processes what
+we are interested in doing is adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in doing is adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in doing is adding the
+number of light fields in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of light fields in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of light fields in that
+correspond to a particular nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particular nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particular nonlinear
+experiment propagate this density Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment propagate this density Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment propagate this density Matrix
+through either the set of through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through either the set of through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through either the set of through the
+set system I States and then make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set system I States and then make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set system I States and then make sure
+at the end that you end up in a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you end up in a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you end up in a diagonal
+element of density remember at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of density remember at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of density remember at the
+end after the sequence of events you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end after the sequence of events you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end after the sequence of events you
+have to end up Trace so what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end up Trace so what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end up Trace so what we'll do is
+draw a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a sequence
+of arrows and then at the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows and then at the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows and then at the end of that
+the trace in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace in a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace in a um
+diagram is sort of put in symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is sort of put in symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is sort of put in symbolically
+by a wly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wly
+line represents sort of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line represents sort of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line represents sort of the signal
+generation the convention is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the convention is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the convention is that uh
+this is typically shown as a emission on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically shown as a emission on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically shown as a emission on
+the pet side you could choose anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pet side you could choose anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pet side you could choose anything
+you want um if you don't choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um if you don't choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um if you don't choose a
+convention then you end up drawing way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention then you end up drawing way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention then you end up drawing way
+too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many
+diagrams um so this um let's see I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams um so this um let's see I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams um so this um let's see I think
+the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way
+to explain what this means is to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what this means is to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what this means is to work
+through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay so you U what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so you U what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so you U what happens is
+you'll end up with a diagram and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a diagram and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a diagram and a
+diagram represents one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram represents one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram represents one particular
+sequence of interactions from a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of interactions from a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of interactions from a set of
+levels that to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that to one of these
+correlation um as we'll you know see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um as we'll you know see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um as we'll you know see
+later on we can select experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we can select experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we can select experimentally
+which correlation functions we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correlation functions we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correlation functions we look at
+but we do need to then calculate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to then calculate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to then calculate all the
+possible permutations which the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations which the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations which the light
+intera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intera
+these then given a set of diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these then given a set of diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these then given a set of diagrams
+you'll see that these are very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these are very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these are very easily
+read off and that you can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off and that you can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off and that you can write down
+the response function for your samp very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response function for your samp very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response function for your samp very
+rid they just sort of short notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid they just sort of short notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid they just sort of short notation for
+for how the system respond not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the system respond not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the system respond not only that
+but they carry they carry with them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they carry they carry with them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they carry they carry with them a
+particular sign for the wave vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sign for the wave vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sign for the wave vector and
+frequency of the light going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light going into the
+sample and so when you add those all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and so when you add those all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and so when you add those all up
+that tells you the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the direction of the
+color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see let me um I think best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see let me um I think best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see let me um I think best
+way to do is just to run through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do is just to run through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do is just to run through some
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get okay let's start with the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay let's start with the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay let's start with the linear
+response function we already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response function we already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response function we already know what
+to expect there linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect there linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect there linear response
+we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see just a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators two one correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators two one correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators two one correlation function
+complex that's what we expect um but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that's what we expect um but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that's what we expect um but now
+how do we apply this sa to a simple two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we apply this sa to a simple two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we apply this sa to a simple two
+level system we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level system we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level system we'll call this
+one ground and excited and we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ground and excited and we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ground and excited and we'll say
+that we have um a light field incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have um a light field incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have um a light field incident
+on the sample build it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample build it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample build it's linear
+spectroscopy one light field Man start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy one light field Man start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy one light field Man start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that um so the step one is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so the step one is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so the step one is just sort of
+identify the initial conditions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the initial conditions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the initial conditions we're
+going to you know you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know you can imagine that
+we're going to start in the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start in the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start in the ground state
+but you can imagine that um it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine that um it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine that um it may be
+that you've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got an
+energy thermally populated states you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thermally populated states you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thermally populated states you
+may have to keep track of starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to keep track of starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to keep track of starting in
+the exited State also when we start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exited State also when we start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exited State also when we start in
+the ground state we have one light field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state we have one light field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state we have one light field
+that can go in and we think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go in and we think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go in and we think of that
+creating you know an absorption process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating you know an absorption process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating you know an absorption process
+we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw
+that Arrow up in a refinement diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Arrow up in a refinement diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Arrow up in a refinement diagram
+will start in a ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population and then I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and then I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and then I'm going to create
+an absorption process what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absorption process what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absorption process what is that
+absorption do um it carries with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption do um it carries with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption do um it carries with it a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+from the ground to the exited State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground to the exited State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground to the exited State and
+from this absorption of that GD it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this absorption of that GD it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this absorption of that GD it
+carries with it a diap moment that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and actually right to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually right to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually right to start out
+with just to be rigorous about it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just to be rigorous about it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just to be rigorous about it I'm
+going to scale this by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale this by the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale this by the probability
+of starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting in
+your okay okay now you're in a coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay okay now you're in a coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay okay now you're in a coherence
+now you're going to evolve with time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to evolve with time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to evolve with time the
+light isn't there the propagation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light isn't there the propagation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light isn't there the propagation is
+just dictated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dictated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dictated by the
+material so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagate under the material H what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate under the material H what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate under the material H what
+we're saying then is we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply time problem C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we just U now just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just U now just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just U now just for the
+purposes of you know running through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of you know running through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of you know running through an
+experiment to see what's happening it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see what's happening it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see what's happening it's
+nice to use sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to use sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to use sort of a
+phenomenological type of factor to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological type of factor to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological type of factor to throw
+in here so what you know what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so what you know what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so what you know what I think is
+convenient to start is that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to start is that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to start is that you know you
+recognize that this is going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is going to give you
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+oscillation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the but um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but um just to
+track of other Dynamics we'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of other Dynamics we'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of other Dynamics we'll just put
+in a phenomenological damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conus c a little bit later on you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conus c a little bit later on you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conus c a little bit later on you'll see
+what we'll do is really this will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is really this will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is really this will get
+formulated in terms of line shap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function all right so um that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so um that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so um that's the next
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+propagating forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating forward in
+time and and now we've had one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and now we've had one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and now we've had one light
+interaction and now that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and now that's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and now that's the end of
+the story for linear now all we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story for linear now all we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story for linear now all we do is
+take a final Trace over this oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a final Trace over this oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a final Trace over this oscillating
+dipole yeah so physically the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole yeah so physically the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole yeah so physically the picture
+here is light went in and it created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is light went in and it created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is light went in and it created an
+e cerence this is an oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cerence this is an oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cerence this is an oscillating
+transition dle evolving at the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition dle evolving at the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition dle evolving at the E
+frequency and that acts to radiate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and that acts to radiate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and that acts to radiate an
+electric field so um mathematically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so um mathematically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so um mathematically we
+draw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in a
+admission from the dra on the C side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission from the dra on the C side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission from the dra on the C side of
+the density Matrix this is symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density Matrix this is symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density Matrix this is symbolically
+meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to
+reflect the Final Act of taking a trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the Final Act of taking a trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the Final Act of taking a trace
+of the diap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diap
+operator times the density Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator times the density Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator times the density Matrix but
+you know physically what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physically what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physically what it means is
+that we are returning the system to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are returning the system to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are returning the system to a
+ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+population and that that is will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that that is will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that that is will lead to
+the diagonal element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal element
+of okay so that that also carries with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so that that also carries with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so that that also carries with
+di operator one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di operator one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di operator one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G so we basically end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so we basically end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so we basically end up with something
+that is you know pretty much exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know pretty much exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know pretty much exactly
+like we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would
+expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that
+um this response looks like probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this response looks like probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this response looks like probability
+of starting in the grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting in the grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting in the grand
+State a matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a matrix element
+square and a Time proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the purposes of um this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of um this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of um this experiment
+now we want the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want the response
+function um we know that we need R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um we know that we need R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um we know that we need R
+minus its complex F okay all that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus its complex F okay all that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus its complex F okay all that does
+is turn this into a sign and so now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turn this into a sign and so now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turn this into a sign and so now all
+of a sudden instead we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden instead we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden instead we've
+got probability at the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+STI now if you're really being careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STI now if you're really being careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STI now if you're really being careful
+about it you would realize there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you would realize there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you would realize there's more
+permutations there's the permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations there's the permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations there's the permutations of
+you starting in the excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you starting in the excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you starting in the excited state and
+the light field stimulates emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field stimulates emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field stimulates emission
+down and then uh it's uh the final Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then uh it's uh the final Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then uh it's uh the final Trace
+actually involves an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves an upward
+transition so that if you run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so that if you run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so that if you run through
+that you get exactly the same factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get exactly the same factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get exactly the same factor the
+only difference will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because is that it'll be scaled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is that it'll be scaled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is that it'll be scaled by the
+excitement state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement state
+population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and
+uh because the sign of the coherence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the sign of the coherence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the sign of the coherence in
+that case rather than being eg it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case rather than being eg it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case rather than being eg it will
+be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus
+E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E
+G that carries within a minus so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that carries within a minus so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that carries within a minus so you
+know in the end what you end up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the end what you end up with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the end what you end up with is
+you know the full expression you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the full expression you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the full expression you sort of
+expect which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which
+is it's going to be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to be related to
+the difference between ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between ground and
+excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um this is
+a a strange example in principle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a strange example in principle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a strange example in principle this
+diagram tells you also about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells you also about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells you also about where the
+light Fields going in practice um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Fields going in practice um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Fields going in practice um there
+was one light field that went in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one light field that went in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one light field that went in and
+it's an absorption event so the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an absorption event so the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an absorption event so the light
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+in at plus e the I K1 Rus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at plus e the I K1 Rus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at plus e the I K1 Rus
+i t Factor associated with it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i t Factor associated with it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i t Factor associated with it that
+wave vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector and
+frequency gets added into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets added into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets added into the
+polarization polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization polarization is
+proportional to that so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that so that means that
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+signal is going to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is going to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is going to have to be
+proportional to this polarization and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this polarization and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this polarization and so
+this immediately says that the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immediately says that the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immediately says that the signal
+wave Vector is equal to the input wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave Vector is equal to the input wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave Vector is equal to the input wave
+vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the
+frequency is equal to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is equal to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is equal to the input
+frequency so I mean seems trivial but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so I mean seems trivial but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so I mean seems trivial but it
+says yeah the signal is there it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah the signal is there it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah the signal is there it just
+co-propagate with the light View and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-propagate with the light View and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-propagate with the light View and it
+has the same frequency that seems trival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same frequency that seems trival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same frequency that seems trival
+let's try it for something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it for something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it for something a little bit
+let's try it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something um let's any questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um let's any questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um let's any questions yeah
+how do you think about like absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about like absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about like absorption
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this absorb absor um okay emission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorb absor um okay emission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorb absor um okay emission is
+think of emission very differently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of emission very differently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of emission very differently in
+fluoresent so we don't want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresent so we don't want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresent so we don't want to deal with
+fluoresence we'll we'll call those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence we'll we'll call those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence we'll we'll call those the
+spontaneous processes um and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous processes um and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous processes um and we're just
+going to deal with sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with sort of the
+semiclassical view of Light which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical view of Light which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical view of Light which is you
+know a coherent interaction of the so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a coherent interaction of the so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a coherent interaction of the so we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+stimul we've got absorption processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimul we've got absorption processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimul we've got absorption processes
+which take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take the
+energy that that's a little bit what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that that's a little bit what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that that's a little bit what's
+in this last call here absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last call here absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this last call here absorption
+processes take the energy of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes take the energy of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes take the energy of the system
+up increase the energy what we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up increase the energy what we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up increase the energy what we're not
+keeping track of is that decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of is that decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of is that decrease the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+light um emission processes add uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um emission processes add uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um emission processes add uh they
+they take away energy from the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take away energy from the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take away energy from the matter
+and then the conjugates they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the conjugates they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the conjugates they made
+absorption things in the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption things in the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption things in the way and
+stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate
+missions and then similarly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and then similarly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and then similarly there's a
+contribution to the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the momentum of the
+matter from the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh harder to see with linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh harder to see with linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh harder to see with linear
+let's try with a non one get a sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try with a non one get a sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try with a non one get a sense is
+it possible to get population in theed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to get population in theed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to get population in theed
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+yeah oh with one right but uh in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh with one right but uh in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh with one right but uh in in this
+particular if you take this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you take this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you take this particular
+view of how the system is evolving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of how the system is evolving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of how the system is evolving to
+get population the excited States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get population the excited States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get population the excited States
+actually requires two interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but you know that shouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know that shouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know that shouldn't be a
+surprise because you know populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise because you know populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise because you know populations
+are always related to squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always related to squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always related to squares
+of you always require a square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you always require a square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you always require a square of a
+matrix element to make an observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element to make an observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element to make an observation
+of so uh remember each Arrow here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so uh remember each Arrow here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so uh remember each Arrow here is
+related to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction okay let's take a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay let's take a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay let's take a second
+order experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and let's imagine that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's imagine that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's imagine that we have a
+three L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and we're going to look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're going to look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're going to look just
+particularly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we remember that we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we remember that we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we remember that we had two
+particular correlation funs one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular correlation funs one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular correlation funs one of them
+we called q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called q1 and
+that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this so what this is saying is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what this is saying is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what this is saying is this is
+a just as well let's say we start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just as well let's say we start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just as well let's say we start in the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+St coration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's sort of an equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of an equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of an equivalent way of
+writing that function it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that function it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that function it's just a
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+interactions each one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions each one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions each one of which
+acts to the right on this C all by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts to the right on this C all by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts to the right on this C all by a
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+time this is uh what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is uh what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is uh what we call
+might for purposes you might think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might for purposes you might think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might for purposes you might think this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a kind of correlation function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of correlation function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of correlation function so we
+have two actions and they both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two actions and they both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two actions and they both are
+on the side of the Matrix so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of the Matrix so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of the Matrix so if you
+start in the ground state and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in the ground state and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in the ground state and this
+happens to be the lowest energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the lowest energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the lowest energy State
+your only choice with the first field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your only choice with the first field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your only choice with the first field is
+to go up I could draw it up to F or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up I could draw it up to F or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up I could draw it up to F or I
+could draw it up to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw it up to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw it up to e
+to absorption process takes you the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorption process takes you the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorption process takes you the e
+is probability is to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probability is to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probability is to start with
+G um you have a matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the next interaction also has to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next interaction also has to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next interaction also has to um
+be on that same evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on that same evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on that same evolving
+State uh we're going to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh we're going to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh we're going to in this
+particular case let's say we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case let's say we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case let's say we go up
+further if there is a possibility we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further if there is a possibility we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further if there is a possibility we
+could drive it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could drive it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could drive it down
+also but um let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up now this carries with 's I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now this carries with 's I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now this carries with 's I'm sorry
+there was a time propagation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time propagation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time propagation in
+between we look at what element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density then there's the next then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then there's the next then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then there's the next then
+uh transition Matrix element that's f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition Matrix element that's f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition Matrix element that's f
+and then we're going to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to propagate
+in a superp position of the f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States during the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time then we get to the end we put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we get to the end we put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we get to the end we put our
+two fields in and now we we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fields in and now we we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fields in and now we we have to
+somehow uh take our Trace after acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh take our Trace after acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh take our Trace after acting
+like back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like back
+block um this allows us to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um this allows us to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um this allows us to go back to
+the ground stit this is one this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground stit this is one this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground stit this is one this is one
+signal that can come out that will close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that can come out that will close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that can come out that will close
+the loop starting in a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop starting in a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop starting in a population
+ending and that carries with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mak the important thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mak the important thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mak the important thing to remember is
+um to end up in a diagonal take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to end up in a diagonal take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to end up in a diagonal take this
+Trace you know I could have drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace you know I could have drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace you know I could have drawn a
+signal that comes down to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that comes down to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that comes down to some other
+level but that wouldn't have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but that wouldn't have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but that wouldn't have been some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+I your TR more equivalent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I your TR more equivalent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I your TR more equivalent with
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average now there's also the POS there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now there's also the POS there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now there's also the POS there's
+many different permutations here I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different permutations here I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different permutations here I could
+imagine um that there are emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um that there are emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um that there are emission
+events instead I could also Imagine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events instead I could also Imagine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events instead I could also Imagine now
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um there's a possibility that I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a possibility that I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a possibility that I could go
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+up absorb on one side and create an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption on the other side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption on the other side of this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that sort of involves acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that sort of involves acting
+on two separate coherences that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two separate coherences that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two separate coherences that have an
+opposite
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+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involve starting at the ground state
+
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+involve starting at the ground state
+ 
+
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+involve starting at the ground state
+sting up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting up to
+a EG coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a EG coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a EG coherence
+propagating and then
+
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+propagating and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and then
+absorbing uh from G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing uh from G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing uh from G to
+F then you would propagate in a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then you would propagate in a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then you would propagate in a super
+position of thef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of thef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of thef
+states and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and then you could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and then you could
+take a trace after you know acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a trace after you know acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a trace after you know acting on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back one thing I've left out to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one thing I've left out to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one thing I've left out to you is
+that when you it's quick to draw a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you it's quick to draw a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you it's quick to draw a bunch
+of diagrams but in your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diagrams but in your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diagrams but in your signal
+contributions one thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions one thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions one thing to remember is
+that you front of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you front of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you front of all of these
+contributions you want to put minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions you want to put minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions you want to put minus one
+to the end power and the end power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end power and the end power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end power and the end power
+should be chosen to be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be chosen to be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be chosen to be the number of
+broide interactions you have remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broide interactions you have remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broide interactions you have remember
+going back to a commutator there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to a commutator there's a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to a commutator there's a
+bunch of terms up there that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms up there that involve
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of terms up there that involve
+minus signs and those are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs and those are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs and those are the ones that
+have interaction so at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interaction so at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interaction so at the end of the
+day uh some signal contributions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh some signal contributions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh some signal contributions will
+destructively interfere with others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with others and
+those will be the ones that differ to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be the ones that differ to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be the ones that differ to
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these in this particular case we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this particular case we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this particular case we had
+none in this particular case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay any any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay any any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay any any questions so
+far but let's uh let's go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but let's uh let's go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but let's uh let's go back to this
+guy for a moment from a lad diagram this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for a moment from a lad diagram this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for a moment from a lad diagram this
+immediately tells you the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you the frequency of
+the signal right I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal right I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal right I put
+in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I
+add um f my signal has to come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um f my signal has to come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um f my signal has to come out of
+the sum of those input frequencies so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those input frequencies so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those input frequencies so I
+immediately know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signy my signal comes out of the scap I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signy my signal comes out of the scap I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signy my signal comes out of the scap I
+can similarly write the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can similarly write the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can similarly write the same thing for
+my wave Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave Vector
+which signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which signal
+propagates signal also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates signal also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates signal also
+propagate um upward transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involve rather absorption on involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve rather absorption on involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve rather absorption on involves
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum so we have two Fields each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so we have two Fields each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so we have two Fields each
+going up each adding um positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up each adding um positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up each adding um positive
+momentum to the system and the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to the system and the signal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to the system and the signal
+then is going to be dictated by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is going to be dictated by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is going to be dictated by the sum
+of those incident W vect so imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those incident W vect so imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those incident W vect so imagine you
+have two fields that are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear we sum those two wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we sum those two wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we sum those two wave
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then sign have to come out of su of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sign have to come out of su of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sign have to come out of su of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+two that sort of tells you that it's
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+two that sort of tells you that it's
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+
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+two that sort of tells you that it's
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+propagating it will also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating it will also
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+propagate imagine
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+
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+propagate imagine
+Crossing now the Su of
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+Crossing now the Su of
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+
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+Crossing now the Su of
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+those
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+
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+those
+vectors propagates unique that would
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+vectors propagates unique that would
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+
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+vectors propagates unique that would
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and it's it's possible that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's it's possible that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's it's possible that some
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these right exactly so well that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right exactly so well that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right exactly so well that you you
+put in there and then that will scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there and then that will scale
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there and then that will scale
+the magnitude of the response if it's
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+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the response if it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the response if it's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's all your selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all your selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all your selection rules
+are so how would this change if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so how would this change if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so how would this change if you were
+observing say a signal downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing say a signal downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing say a signal downward
+transition from F to e instead of from F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from F to e instead of from F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from F to e instead of from F
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+G um f to e instead of f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um f to e instead of f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um f to e instead of f to
+G um okay in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um okay in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G um okay in this particular
+case in this particular case this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this particular case this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this particular case this would
+uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it a that's a that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a that's a that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a that's a that's a good question
+that's sort of turning it around on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of turning it around on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of turning it around on its
+heads and experimentally I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and experimentally I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and experimentally I'm looking
+at light that's emitted over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light that's emitted over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light that's emitted over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+or experimentally I'm looking at light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experimentally I'm looking at light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or experimentally I'm looking at light
+that's emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's emitted
+here um so how do you get that as it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so how do you get that as it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so how do you get that as it as
+it turns out in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in this particular example
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to get it um and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to get it um and you you
+need more Interac so the idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more Interac so the idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more Interac so the idea is you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I in I I can connect those this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in I I can connect those this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in I I can connect those this is one
+way that I can connect those um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I can connect those um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I can connect those um I can
+create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a
+superposition of e and you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of e and you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of e and you know in
+principle generate light of that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle generate light of that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle generate light of that signal
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference and so that I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so that I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so that I can work
+backwards you know what uh what allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards you know what uh what allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards you know what uh what allows
+me to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other there's a bunch of fermentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's a bunch of fermentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's a bunch of fermentations
+about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate complex
+conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+um so you know in practice those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know in practice those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know in practice those are the
+diagrams you would have propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you would have propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you would have propagation
+under this coherence and that cerence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this coherence and that cerence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this coherence and that cerence it
+the sign as it turns out for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign as it turns out for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign as it turns out for second
+order experiments you find it when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order experiments you find it when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order experiments you find it when you
+um average of these but there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um average of these but there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um average of these but there's there's
+orientational factor in the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientational factor in the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientational factor in the response
+function talk about later aages to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function talk about later aages to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function talk about later aages to zero
+second order responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+requ this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ this is the basic
+idea typically you if you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea typically you if you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea typically you if you talk about
+something like simulated puming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like simulated puming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like simulated puming that
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invols in this type of a language a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invols in this type of a language a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invols in this type of a language a lot
+more interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involves creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves creating
+populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excit and then acting to drive them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that falls into the class of third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that falls into the class of third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that falls into the class of third
+order experim I point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out okay any questions this is the isue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay any questions this is the isue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay any questions this is the isue
+with face matching right if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with face matching right if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with face matching right if you're doing
+the having a non Arrangement then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the having a non Arrangement then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the having a non Arrangement then you
+can't add up your to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so the issue there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so the issue there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so the issue there is
+that's right we do have to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we do have to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we do have to talk
+about what is the wave Vector for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the wave Vector for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the wave Vector for the
+polarization and that really is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that really is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that really is just the
+incident that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the field is radiated you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the field is radiated you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the field is radiated you know
+that that also that requires the fashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also that requires the fashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also that requires the fashing
+and that you know depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+SN of the wave Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F that depends on the W Victor swi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that depends on the W Victor swi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that depends on the W Victor swi and
+and so this is a perfect example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exaggerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thing we have to remember is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thing we have to remember is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thing we have to remember is the
+momentum conservation says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation says that the
+signal is going to come out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is going to come out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is going to come out in this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+but energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but energy
+conservation says that the signal comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation says that the signal comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation says that the signal comes
+out at the sum of those frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the sum of those frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the sum of those frequencies and
+we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+know W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VOR so the length of the wave Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR so the length of the wave Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR so the length of the wave Vector is
+actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bect frequency conservation much long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bect frequency conservation much long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bect frequency conservation much long
+it matches perfectly in a cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches perfectly in a cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches perfectly in a cinear
+geometry as you twist the angles you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as you twist the angles you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry as you twist the angles you get
+a phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phas
+match increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right and I I'm sorry I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and I I'm sorry I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and I I'm sorry I just
+got confused yep uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused yep uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused yep uh
+so energy conservation still has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy conservation still has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy conservation still has to
+apply yeah this all really has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply yeah this all really has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply yeah this all really has to do
+with efficiency okay so where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with efficiency okay so where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with efficiency okay so where does the
+extra energy or where is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy or where is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy or where is the energy
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+go uh it's in the end effect these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh it's in the end effect these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh it's in the end effect these are
+all for transform relationships your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for transform relationships your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for transform relationships your
+ability so you know we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability so you know we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability so you know we're talking about
+time frequency complimentarity you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frequency complimentarity you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frequency complimentarity you know
+your ability to dictate the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to dictate the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to dictate the frequency is
+time this is just B space manifestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is just B space manifestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is just B space manifestation
+the same thing your ability to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing your ability to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing your ability to determine
+the wave Vector is dictated by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector is dictated by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector is dictated by how much
+path length you have to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length you have to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length you have to propagate
+through so you know your ability to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so you know your ability to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so you know your ability to be
+efficient in generating a signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in generating a signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in generating a signal and
+propagate it into a direction depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it into a direction depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it into a direction depends on
+how well matched those are and how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well matched those are and how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well matched those are and how long
+your samp you have a thin sample it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your samp you have a thin sample it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your samp you have a thin sample it's
+relaxed if you have a long sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed if you have a long sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed if you have a long sample and
+well defined frequencies it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined frequencies it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined frequencies it's very
+strictly conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly conserved
+and okay what what if you go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay what what if you go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay what what if you go through a
+thin sample many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times I mean you you have it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I mean you you have it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I mean you you have it's all
+depending on whether how whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether how whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether how whether you
+maintain through the okay but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain through the okay but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain through the okay but this is
+what this is saying is look in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is look in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is look in this
+particular case if you cross two beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case if you cross two beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case if you cross two beams
+and try to look that direction the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to look that direction the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to look that direction the W
+back your mismatch is probably big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back your mismatch is probably big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back your mismatch is probably big
+enough that you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you won't see
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+because this Delta a is much uh mucher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Delta a is much uh mucher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Delta a is much uh mucher
+than you know sort of the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know sort of the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know sort of the dimensions of
+your sample it just won't happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample it just won't happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample it just won't happen you
+can't conserve them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't conserve them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't conserve them more
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one how do this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol
+it's excellent question if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent question if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent question if you don't
+mind holding on to that that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind holding on to that that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind holding on to that that's one of
+the things I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I want to talk
+I was thinking we could take a break now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking we could take a break now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking we could take a break now
+um and I want to talk about third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to talk about third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to talk about third order
+cros I'll a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about right so why don't we break say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right so why don't we break say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right so why don't we break say
+proba 10 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proba 10 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proba 10 15
+minutes due to technical difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes due to technical difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes due to technical difficulties
+only a portion of this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a portion of this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a portion of this lecture is
+available
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Oh8aK-0N-9M.txt b/Oh8aK-0N-9M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b6d8c49893822cc3d831bc195656c2df2d06bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Oh8aK-0N-9M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've just discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just discussed the
+strategies for reopening schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for reopening schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for reopening schools and
+businesses based on the indoor safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses based on the indoor safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses based on the indoor safety
+guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+for the given space and the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the given space and the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the given space and the various
+physical parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters
+and that's in that space and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in that space and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in that space and the new
+concept we added was a prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we added was a prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we added was a prevalence
+infection so we would know on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection so we would know on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection so we would know on average
+how many infected people we might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many infected people we might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many infected people we might expect
+in a room and as that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room and as that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room and as that number
+goes to zero as the pandemic subsides we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero as the pandemic subsides we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero as the pandemic subsides we
+can switch from a more restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch from a more restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch from a more restricted
+situation with an occupancy n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with an occupancy n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with an occupancy n1
+prescribed by the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by the original
+guideline based on the indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline based on the indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline based on the indoor
+reproductive number to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number to kind of
+increasing occupancy up to n0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing occupancy up to n0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing occupancy up to n0 which is
+the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal
+original occupancy initially with masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original occupancy initially with masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original occupancy initially with masks
+and as the prevalence goes down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the prevalence goes down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the prevalence goes down we
+switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to
+taking the mass off and really returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the mass off and really returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the mass off and really returning
+back to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to normal
+so i'd like to take this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'd like to take this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'd like to take this a little
+further now and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now and ask
+what how would we change our policies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would we change our policies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would we change our policies or
+this discussion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here
+if we not only have information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we not only have information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we not only have information about
+the prevalence infection but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence infection but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence infection but we also
+have an understanding of immunity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an understanding of immunity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an understanding of immunity which
+could be acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be acquired
+through vaccination or through previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through vaccination or through previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through vaccination or through previous
+exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+and especially right now as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially right now as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially right now as i'm
+recording this lecture in early 2021
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording this lecture in early 2021
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording this lecture in early 2021
+and several vaccines have rolled out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several vaccines have rolled out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several vaccines have rolled out for
+uh covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covid19
+uh this is a topic of great interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a topic of great interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a topic of great interest
+so let's think about what how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about what how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about what how would we
+take into account susceptibility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account susceptibility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account susceptibility so
+in some sense this was a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this was a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this was a conservative
+estimate of the true risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the true risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the true risk of
+transmission because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission because we haven't
+we've assumed that everyone who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed that everyone who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed that everyone who's not
+infected is susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected is susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected is susceptible
+but of course as immunity is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course as immunity is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course as immunity is increased
+in the population we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population we're going to have to
+modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify
+that so instead of having uh our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of having uh our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of having uh our our
+populations of susceptible um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of susceptible um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of susceptible um and
+affected persons being sampled you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected persons being sampled you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected persons being sampled you know
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+sort of from a two state or two category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from a two state or two category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from a two state or two category
+uh process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process
+we can think of three categories there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of three categories there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of three categories there
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+um a you know pi is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a you know pi is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a you know pi is the probability
+that a person is infected which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person is infected which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person is infected which means
+really again that they're infectious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really again that they're infectious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really again that they're infectious and
+they can affect other people and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can affect other people and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can affect other people and this is
+coming from the local population that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the local population that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the local population that is
+entering that indoor space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering that indoor space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering that indoor space
+and now we're going to add ps which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to add ps which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to add ps which is
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+that a person is susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the third category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third category
+is pm which is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the person is immune and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is immune and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is immune and so these
+we have a three category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a three category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a three category
+process so those three should add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so those three should add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so those three should add up to
+one so this is one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is one minus
+p i plus ps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i plus ps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i plus ps and
+we can also further write this as p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also further write this as p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also further write this as p
+vac the probability that a person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac the probability that a person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vac the probability that a person has
+been successfully vaccinated and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been successfully vaccinated and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been successfully vaccinated and is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+has acquired immunity plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has acquired immunity plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has acquired immunity plus the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+of previous exposure we'll call that px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of previous exposure we'll call that px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of previous exposure we'll call that px
+so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vaccination and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination and this would be
+previous exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if that previous exposure has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that previous exposure has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that previous exposure has actually
+led to immunity and that's controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to immunity and that's controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to immunity and that's controversial
+topic still under research and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic still under research and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic still under research and may
+depend on the specific population at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the specific population at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the specific population at
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+but let's imagine that we have substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine that we have substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine that we have substance
+of what these numbers are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these numbers are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these numbers are and
+then we'd like to see how to adjust our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd like to see how to adjust our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd like to see how to adjust our
+our thinking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking here
+so it's uh we're still going to base our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh we're still going to base our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh we're still going to base our
+guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+on saying that the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on saying that the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on saying that the expected number of
+transmissions is the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions is the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions is the expected number of
+infected time is susceptible so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected time is susceptible so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected time is susceptible so the
+expected number of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of pairs
+times the uh average transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh average transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh average transmission rate
+uh average of beta times tau the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average of beta times tau the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average of beta times tau the time
+and that that expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that expected number of
+transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+should be less than our tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than our tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than our tolerance
+epsilon so that's still our guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so that's still our guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so that's still our guideline
+so what we're really trying to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're really trying to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're really trying to consider
+now are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are different
+assumptions about this expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about this expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about this expected number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+infected susceptible pairs that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected susceptible pairs that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected susceptible pairs that are in
+the room and we've broken that down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and we've broken that down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and we've broken that down into
+three risk scenarios and let's revisit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three risk scenarios and let's revisit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three risk scenarios and let's revisit
+that now with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now with our
+our three category model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three category model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three category model so
+so the first risk scenario was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first risk scenario was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first risk scenario was
+where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describing a desire to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a desire to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a desire to limit
+spreading of the disease through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of the disease through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading of the disease through this
+indoor space this is our original goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor space this is our original goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor space this is our original goal
+and by that we mean if an affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that we mean if an affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that we mean if an affected
+person enters the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person enters the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person enters the room
+then we would like to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would like to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would like to make sure that
+it's unlikely that a new case would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that a new case would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that a new case would
+emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge
+from transmission from that person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transmission from that person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transmission from that person so
+in that case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we have
+i is equal to 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is equal to 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is equal to 1 and then
+so there then now i is known so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there then now i is known so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there then now i is known so this is
+just the expected value of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expected value of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expected value of s
+and the expected value of s though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value of s though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value of s though in
+this new model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new model
+is the number of other people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of other people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of other people in the
+room n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room n minus 1
+times ps so you see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ps so you see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ps so you see now
+when i define my indoor reproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i define my indoor reproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i define my indoor reproductive
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+as n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n minus 1
+times beta tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta tau
+and i want to bound that to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to bound that to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to bound that to be less than
+epsilon that's my typical guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that's my typical guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that's my typical guideline
+there's this extra factor ps which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this extra factor ps which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this extra factor ps which
+could be moved to the side so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be moved to the side so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be moved to the side so one way to
+think about it is since ps is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is since ps is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is since ps is less than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+we are increasing that tolerance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are increasing that tolerance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are increasing that tolerance because
+there are fewer susceptible central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer susceptible central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer susceptible central
+people so we're allowed to stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so we're allowed to stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so we're allowed to stay in the
+room longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room longer
+have a higher occupancy lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher occupancy lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher occupancy lower
+ventilation etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation etc
+so this is one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one case
+the next case is to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we're not going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're not going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're not going to assume that
+an effective person actually is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective person actually is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective person actually is there
+but we are going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are going to consider the
+possibility that there is an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that there is an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that there is an effective
+person there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there so
+that makes transmission a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes transmission a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes transmission a lot
+potentially a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot less
+likely and so what we'd like to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and so what we'd like to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and so what we'd like to do here
+is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at
+the expected value of i times s now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of i times s now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of i times s now i
+won't go through the details but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the details but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the details but for
+the trinomial distribution with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trinomial distribution with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trinomial distribution with three
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+possibilities with these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities with these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities with these probabilities
+and you're making n samples are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're making n samples are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're making n samples are from
+that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution
+you can show that the the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the the expected value
+of this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product
+is actually n n minus 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually n n minus 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually n n minus 1 times
+p i times p s by very similar arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i times p s by very similar arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i times p s by very similar arguments
+as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have
+done for the binomial case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the binomial case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the binomial case
+one way to think about this is that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about this is that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about this is that n
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+is the number of permutations of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of permutations of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of permutations of two
+people that can be made in that room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that can be made in that room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that can be made in that room so
+if you pick one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick one person
+to be first the infected and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be first the infected and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be first the infected and the other
+one to be susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be susceptible
+this is the number of such pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of such pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of such pairs and
+pips is the probability of each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pips is the probability of each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pips is the probability of each of those
+instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+so this is the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of i to s pairs and i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i to s pairs and i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i to s pairs and i put a
+directionality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality here
+because we are distinguishing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are distinguishing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are distinguishing each
+individual person so if i take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person so if i take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person so if i take two
+people i am counting differently if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i am counting differently if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i am counting differently if one
+is infected the other one's susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infected the other one's susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infected the other one's susceptible
+or the reverse situation since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reverse situation since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reverse situation since
+everyone's a unique individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's a unique individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's a unique individual
+okay so if we then substitute into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we then substitute into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we then substitute into this
+formula then notice now we've picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then notice now we've picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then notice now we've picked up
+uh some extra factors so now that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some extra factors so now that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some extra factors so now that now
+the guideline would read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline would read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline would read
+that rn will be less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rn will be less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rn will be less than epsilon
+over n times pi which is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n times pi which is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n times pi which is something we
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+had before but now there's also a ps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's modified and finally our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's modified and finally our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's modified and finally our third
+risk scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was to limit personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the case where s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the case where s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the case where s is equal to
+one i'm only worried about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i'm only worried about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i'm only worried about one
+susceptible person and that's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person and that's me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person and that's me
+and i'm then in this if s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm then in this if s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm then in this if s
+is known then we just have the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known then we just have the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known then we just have the expected
+value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of i
+which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n minus 1 all the other people times p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 all the other people times p i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 all the other people times p i
+and if you plug that into the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug that into the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug that into the formula
+then you find that rn is now bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that rn is now bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that rn is now bounded by
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+divided by pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by pi
+so taking into account both prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking into account both prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking into account both prevalence
+infection and susceptibility we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and susceptibility we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and susceptibility we see
+somewhat modified bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat modified bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat modified bounds
+and let's focus on where the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's focus on where the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's focus on where the changes
+took place so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place so first of all
+in the original guideline for limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original guideline for limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original guideline for limiting
+spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading
+we can be a little bit more lenient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be a little bit more lenient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be a little bit more lenient so
+as there's more vaccination more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there's more vaccination more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there's more vaccination more
+immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity
+we don't need to keep holding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to keep holding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to keep holding that
+guideline at the same level even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline at the same level even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline at the same level even in the
+most sort of conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of conservative
+stance of trying to limit spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance of trying to limit spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance of trying to limit spreading
+what's more interesting for this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more interesting for this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more interesting for this plot
+here is the middle one so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the middle one so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the middle one so now
+we again pick up a factor ps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we again pick up a factor ps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we again pick up a factor ps but
+everything else is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is the same
+so what it means is that relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it means is that relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it means is that relative to the
+calculation that i showed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that i showed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that i showed here
+i should actually make the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should actually make the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should actually make the very same
+plot where i don't just plot pi in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot where i don't just plot pi in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot where i don't just plot pi in this
+axis but actually plot p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but actually plot p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but actually plot p
+i times ps where ps is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times ps where ps is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times ps where ps is the probability
+of being susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being susceptible
+which is related to vaccination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to vaccination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to vaccination and
+previous exposure rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exposure rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exposure rates
+so that actually does bring this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually does bring this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually does bring this down
+and hence make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence make
+make it easier to make the decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier to make the decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier to make the decision to
+relax restrictions and even ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax restrictions and even ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax restrictions and even ultimately
+take off the mass because as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the mass because as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the mass because as a
+combination these two factors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination these two factors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination these two factors were
+getting even more safe interestingly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting even more safe interestingly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting even more safe interestingly uh
+down here for personal risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for personal risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here for personal risk
+we don't really care about the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care about the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care about the probably
+susceptibles because the only person i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles because the only person i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles because the only person i
+care about in that situation is myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about in that situation is myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about in that situation is myself
+and so i don't have any effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't have any effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't have any effect of
+susceptibility only the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility only the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility only the effect of
+infection
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OksC02Xqe7Q.txt b/OksC02Xqe7Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3201285c57d1c80ba16bc3433098679564120e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OksC02Xqe7Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3945 @@
+Good morning.
+
+I am filling in for Professor Hoffman who
+is off addressing the French Parliament at
+
+this moment, or maybe it was yesterday afternoon.
+
+Tough choices of whether to stay here or go
+there.
+
+Well, that's right, Noah.
+
+These days the issue of knowing where you
+are, navigation is really taken for granted.
+
+We have GPS in our cell phones.
+
+GPS in handheld devices.
+
+GPS tells the taxi driver whether or not he
+should be turning up that one way street.
+
+When we began with human space travel, particularly
+as we entered the Apollo era, the question
+
+of navigation, along with guidance and control,
+was still a major issue.
+
+In fact, it was rather uncertain whether or
+not, in the Apollo mission, we were going
+
+to be able to, with assurance, do all of the
+navigation required for going to lunar trajectory
+
+and then doing the precise navigation to land
+on 
+
+the moon.
+
+The 
+history of leading guidance navigation and
+
+control has now, for a period of over half
+a century, been located just adjacent to,
+
+at one time part of MIT, the Instrumentation
+Laboratory, now Draper Laboratory.
+
+And the tradition carried on through Apollo
+to the Space Shuttle Program.
+
+And then, as I think as you are aware, beyond
+that into NASA's current plans.
+
+We're privileged today to have discuss with
+us the guidance, navigation and control issues
+
+on the Shuttle, Dr. Phil Hattis.
+
+Dr. Hattis, a graduate of Northwestern and
+Caltech with his PhD from the Aero-Astro Department
+
+at MIT, has been at Draper since 1974.
+
+He is a member of the Laboratory Technical
+Staff, which is the highest technical position
+
+available there.
+
+He serves as the Technical Lead for the Crew
+Exploration Vehicle Development Program in
+
+GN&C at Draper Laboratory.
+
+Phil has been very active in AIAA.
+
+He is a fellow.
+
+He has been head of the New England region.
+
+Has received the Draper Lab Distinguished
+Performance Awards and various NASA recognition
+
+awards for his contributions to STS-1 and
+STS-8 missions.
+
+Then we will hear about Draper's contributions
+and the overall issue of GN&C.
+
+Thanks a lot, Larry.
+
+I should just point out, when I came up here
+as a graduate student to pursue my doctorate,
+
+I was a Draper fellow.
+
+I started working on the Shuttle as a Draper
+fellow, so much of the work I will be talking
+
+about here, I was probably only a year or
+two older than any of you when I was doing
+
+this.
+
+And that's turned out to be fairly useful
+to NASA because with the Shuttle still flying
+
+from time to time issues come up and they
+stick pick my brain about what we did in 1974,
+
+'75 and '76, which wouldn't had been so easy
+if I had been at my current age then.
+
+But it is also a little bit alarming because
+it means the people that are working on the
+
+system now don't really understand why it
+was designed the way it is.
+
+Now, the other thing they could have asked
+me for was the report on which this material
+
+was based, which I wrote in 1983 to educate
+the rest of the people at Draper who were
+
+going to work on the program subsequently
+about this system.
+
+Now, the other thing I just want to say is
+feel free to interrupt me at any point to
+
+ask questions.
+
+I am going to be covering a lot of ground,
+and I may not get back to the area that you're
+
+interested in asking me about if you wait.
+
+So just raise your hand or speak up or whatever
+you feel like.
+
+And the other things I want to point out are
+two things.
+
+One, what you're going to be looking is largely
+what was done for the first Shuttle flight
+
+except where I mention specific upgrades.
+
+Now, I am not going to be comprehensively
+covering all the upgrades that have been done
+
+to the Shuttle since.
+
+What you will also note is this presentation
+will be largely monochrome.
+
+And why?
+
+Because it is drawn from a presentation of
+1983 when there was no such thing as a laptop
+
+or PowerPoint and color was a real pain to
+get.
+
+You had to go to the artist and then get it
+lithographically reproduced which was an incredibly
+
+cost.
+
+What color you see, I've added now and it's
+limited, except for a couple of pictures at
+
+the end.
+
+I do have some before and after cockpit pictures
+at the end.
+
+You will periodically see a chart like this,
+topics of discussion, we'll go from section
+
+to section and we're going to delineate the
+areas I'm going to cover.
+
+There are going to be a whole bunch of sub-bullets
+for each of these areas as I go through.
+
+This will be not real deep, unless you ask
+me the questions and I will go as deep as
+
+you want with the questions but covering a
+lot of ground.
+
+Some of these pictures you may have seen in
+one form or another, but I should just highlight
+
+certain points.
+
+The systems related to the flight control
+were placed all over the Shuttle.
+
+In the forward area, which was the only pressurized
+portion of the Shuttle, below the livable
+
+areas was the avionics bay.
+
+And, in there where the computers, the inertial
+measurement unit, and I want to say something
+
+about that in a moment, what they refer to
+as multiplexers-demultiplexers.
+
+You've got a lot of analog systems or you
+had to convert back and forth between digital
+
+and analog.
+
+And the electronic boxes that drove the commands
+for the reaction control system thrusters.
+
+And then you have hand controllers and displays
+and indicators in the cockpit.
+
+In the back you have pods which have many
+of the reaction control system jets, the orbital
+
+maneuvering system thrusters.
+
+And I will be talking quite a bit more about
+them later.
+
+And there was also in the aft avionics bay
+that had specific subsystems for which it
+
+was deemed unacceptable to have them forward.
+
+Some of them were local analog digital conversion
+boxes, but also rate gyros which were used
+
+during assent and entry where they wanted
+them closer to the center of mass by being
+
+in the back and in the front avoiding some
+of the flexure issues associated with the
+
+long distance to the front.
+
+This particular configuration you're looking
+at is before the external tank separated after
+
+the solid rocket boosters had come off.
+
+This configuration is where the story begins
+because what I am going to be talking about
+
+is the part that Draper did which is the exoatmospheric
+flight control system.
+
+And that begins at main engine shutdown and
+ends when you hit 400,000 feet on the way
+
+back.
+
+There are different phases that we will be
+talking about.
+
+The first is what we refer to as insertion
+which is from the time the main engines cut
+
+off to the time you do initial orbit circularization.
+
+And that includes a brief but design challenge
+phase while you're attached to the external
+
+tank.
+
+It includes the separation maneuver from that.
+
+And, in the original flight profile for the
+Shuttle two burns of the orbital maneuvering
+
+system, the original orbit insertion strategy
+for the Shuttle put it in an orbit that typically
+
+had an apogee of about 60 nautical miles,
+a perigee of just a few nautical miles.
+
+What you would do is the first burn would
+raise that perigee up to the 100 plus nautical
+
+mile target altitude and then the second burn
+halfway around the earth would put you into
+
+a circular orbit and then you would begin
+your mission there.
+
+Later in the program for overall efficiency,
+in order to improve the payload margins, that
+
+strategy changed.
+
+And they tended to do more what they call
+direct insertion which had a substantial higher
+
+apogee.
+
+The perigee wasn't much higher but you would
+end up somewhere between those two.
+
+And then you would do one OMS burn and you
+would get a net gain of maybe one or two thousand
+
+pounds which became very important.
+
+During this insertion phase all the applicable
+sensors were on.
+
+Now, I said I was going to say something about
+the IMU.
+
+And most of you don't even think probably
+these days about having rate gyro separate
+
+from an inertial measurement unit.
+
+You get these combined packages called inertial
+navigation systems now.
+
+They're actually navigators that have the
+software.
+
+They do all the processing for you.
+
+They even have built in GPS receivers.
+
+Of course, we didn't have GPS then.
+
+The inertial measurement unit was a pretty
+clunky gimbaled device at the time the Shuttle
+
+first flew.
+
+It subsequently got upgraded to ring laser
+gyro systems.
+
+But that inertial measurement unit was simply
+outputting angles that were significant throughput
+
+issues.
+
+Because you had to do a lot of data crunching
+to get rates from that.
+
+Computers are really slow.
+
+I will talk a little bit more about that in
+a few minutes.
+
+Having rate gyros separate was a way to get
+data that these days would be all built into
+
+one box.
+
+General purpose computers, all of them were
+on during ascent.
+
+I will talk about the partisan of them, but
+there were actually five of them.
+
+And the Vernier reaction control system, which
+is a small group of jets, and I will point
+
+those out later, were not active.
+
+The larger thrusters were.
+
+And then, after the second OMS burn, you transition
+to another flight phase.
+
+And why all these flight phases, I will get
+to in a couple minutes also.
+
+Then orbit phase began after the second burn.
+
+You quickly open the doors so that you could
+dump waste heat.
+
+The radiators are on the inside of the doors.
+
+And, when the doors are closed, the heat just
+radiates back into the vehicle.
+
+All payload operations are during this phase.
+
+And you did a lot of power down to save.
+
+You're working off of fuel cells.
+
+It limits your mission life both because of
+the limits on the weight of the reactants
+
+and on the places you can put any extra tanks.
+
+So you turn off the rate gyros, you don't
+need those anymore, and I will explain why.
+
+Two of the five general purpose computers
+were shut down.
+
+This also being a late `70s computer design,
+you're talking maybe on the order of a couple
+
+hundred watts per computer which, by the way,
+I will explain more about, but was a 104,000
+
+word memory capacity.
+
+That was actually an improvement from the
+approach and landing test when it was 64,000
+
+words.
+
+And then you turned off two of the three redundant
+inertial measurement units, except for critical
+
+phases.
+
+Also the safe power, the feeling was that
+if you lost your navigation reference you
+
+would have a relatively benign environment
+to bring one of the others up.
+
+And the Vernier thrusters were made available
+because they were used for flying control.
+
+Then you have the deorbit phase.
+
+You close the doors again.
+
+You do the deorbit burn.
+
+You dump any residual propellant from the
+forward tanks by simultaneously burning opposing
+
+thrusters in order to get an acceptable center
+of mass for entry.
+
+Getting the acceptable location of the center
+of mass for attitude and thermal control during
+
+entry is very critical.
+
+You reactive all the sensors.
+
+You go back to all the computers being up.
+
+Then you turn the Vernier jets back off and
+you fly the vehicle using this mode until
+
+you're at 400,000 feet which is about where
+you pick up 0.05 Gs.
+
+And that is where the entry phase takes over.
+
+And this is just a summary of the profile.
+
+Now, this is where I wanted to take the opportunity
+to talk a little bit about computers and profiles
+
+and everything else.
+
+When we started this program with a 64,000
+word computer, I talk in terms of words instead
+
+of bytes.
+
+The architecture of this computer didn't have
+bytes.
+
+You had words and half words.
+
+Each word was equivalent to about four bytes
+in terms of number of characters you could
+
+insert into it.
+
+But you only could break it down into pieces
+of two.
+
+So we had 208,000 - well, a thousand times
+24 pieces of memory that we could work with
+
+on this computer.
+
+For the approach and landing test, which was
+very limited, you flew it off of a 747 for
+
+a couple of minutes, 64,000 words worked just
+fine.
+
+And they were chugging along with the program
+saying we're going to get all this orbital
+
+mission stuff into that computer.
+
+And, of course, we discovered probably a year
+after we really began the job, we began the
+
+job seriously in '75, and by '76 it was obvious
+64,000 words wasn't going to work.
+
+They upped it to 104,000 words.
+
+It was probably obvious four months later
+that 104,000 words wasn't going to work.
+
+So the solution, in addition to descoping
+as much as possible, what you had to have
+
+was to separate the computer loads that you
+had for up and down which you did when you
+
+were doing your orbital mission.
+
+And then you had something called the mass
+memory device which is basically a tape drive
+
+which when you went from this phase to this
+phase would reload some of the computers.
+
+And then you went from this phase to this
+phase we'd reload them again.
+
+And I said there were five of these computers.
+
+Four of them, of what I'll be talking about,
+were the primary computer set.
+
+Quad redundant so that they would vote all
+data going in and out to decide whether or
+
+not there was an inconsistency between one
+computer and the other.
+
+And it would automatically deselect the bad
+computer, the implications of which I will
+
+talk about probably about three-quarters of
+the way through the presentation.
+
+When you went up and down, all four computers
+were operating the same software.
+
+The fifth computer was called the backup flight
+control system.
+
+And the reason it was there, these four primary
+computers, a chunk of that 104,000 words,
+
+probably 30,000 to 40,000 words was used to
+assure the computer set operated successfully
+
+redundantly.
+
+There was always a concern that there would
+be a generic software error that would show
+
+up at some bizarre time and that you could
+pull down the whole computer set.
+
+It was an independently coded similar architecture
+from the standpoint of algorithm content,
+
+but independently coded software called the
+backup flight control system that on the hand
+
+controller there was a button the crew could
+hit, a panic button, if they needed to.
+
+And the system would revert from the primary
+system backup system.
+
+It never happened in the history of the program,
+it has never been used, but it is still there.
+
+And so those five computers are all operating
+on the way up and on the way down.
+
+Now, when you go to the onboard phase, and
+only three computers are up, you freeze dry,
+
+as they say, to the computers.
+
+One computer remains the backup flight computer
+turned off ready to turn on from emergency
+
+entry to backup.
+
+The other one is a primary software load ready
+to start.
+
+The remaining three computers, two of them
+were redundant set for the on-orbit functions.
+
+And one of them, again, because of memory
+problems, everything payload related was in
+
+a system management and monitoring other non-flight
+control related functions with one of the
+
+other computers.
+
+They did this spread of functions across computers,
+in addition to adding the tape drive in order
+
+to accommodate the memory constraints because
+the Shuttle Mission was so much more complex
+
+than what the computers were originally designed
+to accommodate.
+
+So you say it never happened.
+
+Have there been instances in which any of
+the backup computers have been brought online?
+
+There have been instances in which primary
+computers have failed.
+
+There has never been an instance in which
+they've reverted to the backup system.
+
+Now, when the primary systems fail, and I
+will elaborate this in more detail, while
+
+each computer computes the functionality for
+everything, they only control more or less
+
+a quarter of the subsystems.
+
+And there is a distribution.
+
+And some of the charts towards the end will
+talk about how this was done.
+
+And there are implications associated with
+what you lose when the computer goes down.
+
+But, if you have time in your noncritical
+flight phase, you can restring those things
+
+to the remaining healthy computers and recover
+accessible systems even though that computer
+
+has gone down.
+
+Now, on STS-9, that was incidentally our MIT
+department's first Shuttle flight.
+
+And it had, Byron Lichtenberg, one of our
+people.
+
+And what turned out happened to be floating
+solder balls and an early version of these
+
+computers that caused intermittent shorts.
+
+And one computer went down before entry.
+
+They recovered the string.
+
+Another computer went down during entry.
+
+And, because they had reconfigured the string,
+they had three of the four strings left but
+
+only two computers.
+
+And another one failed on touchdown.
+
+And had that one failed before touchdown they
+probably would have reverted to the backup
+
+system.
+
+That's the closest they ever came to a backup
+system.
+
+Now, the question that comes to my mind there,
+since the generic failure was not software
+
+but floating solder balls, which all the computers
+were susceptible to, what would have happened
+
+if they had gone to the backup system?
+
+Because it could have gone down, too, and
+then they would have had nothing.
+
+Because, once they've gone to the backup,
+it is not easy to revert in critical flight
+
+phase to the primary system.
+
+Lichtenberg, as I mentioned, was a crew member
+from our lab.
+
+Later I asked him how did he feel when the
+first computer went down and then the second
+
+computer went down?
+
+Byron has an aero-astro PhD and pretty savvy.
+
+He said he was pretty worried until he looked
+at the commander, who was John Young, and
+
+John said well, we might as well go to sleep
+because we're not going to reenter today.
+
+And when John went to sleep he said he might
+as well go to sleep, too, and it will be all
+
+right.
+
+And it was.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] The computer was the same.
+
+The software was not.
+
+The computers themselves are all interchangeable
+AP101 computers.
+
+Subsequently, they were changed to AP101S
+computers, which is modified version that
+
+was used on the B-1 Bomber.
+
+And they went to 256,000 words of memory.
+
+And that is the current state-of-the-art.
+
+You have to understand several things.
+
+One, it is very expensive to upgrade systems
+that are already flying.
+
+But, independent of that, you never fly in
+space something that is close to the state-of-the-art
+
+because you have to go through all the qualifications,
+which takes a lot of time, and it has to be
+
+radiation hardened when you're in space.
+
+And when it's a human vehicle, it has also
+got to go through human qualification.
+
+The Space Station architecture is IBM 386
+processor quality, so it is basically like
+
+maybe about 1986, '87 early laptop generation
+computers.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] Oh, yes.
+
+There were quite a few missions.
+
+I don't think there have ever been any missions
+where they lost two.
+
+The IMU failures don't seem to have been anything
+systemic but just sort of a random problem.
+
+And I'm not sure since they have gone to the
+ring laser gyro systems that they have had
+
+any failures.
+
+I think it was the mechanical ones from the
+early days that they had some problems.
+
+Now, major requirements for the systems.
+
+We had two different autopilots for three
+phase transmission which incorporated both
+
+the insertion and the orbit features and on-orbit,
+so we only had two different software loads
+
+on that tape drive for the primary flight
+control system.
+
+The rules for Shuttle were that after any
+subsystem failure you have the capability
+
+to remain operational.
+
+No critical functions were lost.
+
+After two failures, safe operation, all critical
+things necessary to terminate the mission
+
+and bring them home would be possible.
+
+But some of the mission objectives may not
+be achievable.
+
+The system was mainly aimed at controlling
+rigid body characteristics and velocity changes
+
+within specification.
+
+Only when we started to look at docking with
+the mirror in the Space Station did we start
+
+worrying about flexible body effects.
+
+And it was because of what they were attaching
+to and not because of the Shuttle, all those
+
+appendages and those things.
+
+If Shuttle does control Space Station and
+did control Mir when it was docked.
+
+And so there have been some modes, which I
+won't really be talking about today, but were
+
+created to facilitate that control without
+causing unacceptable loads on those flexible
+
+appendages of the stations.
+
+And 80 millisecond app cycle, two reasons
+that happened.
+
+We originally planned to do 40 milliseconds.
+
+The approach and landing test program was.
+
+First there is less process of burden if you
+do it half as often.
+
+And the other, when it came to the reaction
+control system, as we discovered in about
+
+early 1980, a little more than a year before
+the first flight that there was a water hammer
+
+effect in the propellant lines on the RCS
+jets were the opening of the valves caused
+
+an expansion wave which reflected as a compression
+wave.
+
+The closing of the valves caused a compression
+wave.
+
+The inner section compression waves, if the
+valves were opened and closed too quickly,
+
+could cause a catastrophically large compression
+wave that could burst the line.
+
+So they deemed it better rather than redesign
+the entire feed system to limit us to never
+
+firing faster than 80 millisecond cycles.
+
+Now, that differed from Apollo.
+
+Apollo had 100 millisecond cycle time, but
+they had the ability to interrupt the cycle
+
+to turn out enough jets if they wanted a short
+firing.
+
+We couldn't do that because of the water hammer
+effect.
+
+And also because the propellant feed system
+involved a liquid in the tank with zero G
+
+acquisition devices around the surface of
+the tank directly exposed to the pressured
+
+helium, which means some of the helium dissolved
+into the fluid.
+
+If the fluid was drawn too fast the helium
+could bubble out causing a gap in those zero
+
+G acquisition devices around the tank preventing
+flow.
+
+If you get unbalanced flow of hypergolic propulsion
+systems you can also get an explosion.
+
+So the solution to that was limiting how many
+jets you could fire at one time off of one
+
+tank.
+
+Does everybody understand what the zero G
+acquisition problem is?
+
+It's a surface tension base.
+
+You have various types of rings and shapes
+on there that captured fluid by surface tension
+
+to there, which would begin to draw the fluid.
+
+And once you began to get some flow because
+of firing things it would pull the blobs of
+
+fluid into the tanks and into the feed lines
+from the tanks.
+
+As you recall, the origin of the problem is
+that the fluid would not be at the bottom
+
+of the tank so you risk drawing a bubble.
+
+The surface tension holds enough there to
+start the firing.
+
+When you fire you get some force.
+
+The force draws the blob to the same parts
+of the tanks where you can acquire the fluid.
+
+And, as long as you don't draw too fast, the
+communication between that part of the tank
+
+and the fluid remains.
+
+This was a very complicated qualification
+program.
+
+A lot of C135 parabolic trajectory time got
+used to test out various perturbating of the
+
+inside of the tanks.
+
+And I am not going to talk about that in detail
+but I'm sure there are a lot of papers out
+
+in the literature about how they qualified
+these things.
+
+And I don't think there were too many systems
+before the Shuttle that actually did it this
+
+way.
+
+One used systems that tended to use membranes
+where you had the pressure on one side and
+
+the fluid on the other side, and the membrane
+would just force the fluid to stay in contact.
+
+But the problem is the membranes would degrade
+over time on exposure to these hypergolic
+
+propellants.
+
+Hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide are very
+chemical reactive materials.
+
+For instance, it was supposed to be used over
+many years up to a hundred times.
+
+The idea that you would have periodically
+keep opening up these tanks to change a membrane
+
+was not attractive when you consider the tanks
+are deep inside of the structure.
+
+So this may have been a unique issue because
+of a reusable system, but it also may be relevant
+
+to systems that even if they aren't reusable
+have to have a very long life in space.
+
+Modes and submodes I will quickly go through,
+but you have rotation and translation modes.
+
+These modes could be used simultaneously for
+the RCS system and then separately for the
+
+OMS system.
+
+And you had special modes which to get extra
+oomph out of the RCS jets, if you had an abort,
+
+that would sometimes be done if the OMS engineers
+weren't available.
+
+The OMS engines, there were two of them which
+were up on the back right and left pods from
+
+that picture I showed a few minutes ago.
+
+And you could use one or two depending on
+what you were doing.
+
+And in the RCS rotation modes, you had various
+ways you could use it.
+
+Proportional meant you moved the stick.
+
+The response you get is in proportion to what
+you do, how long the jets fire.
+
+Discrete means you move the stick and you
+get a specific amount of rate change.
+
+Pulse means you just get a single little pulse
+out.
+
+And acceleration means as long as you're holding
+the stick out it keeps firing them.
+
+And those are all.
+
+There were push button displays that the crew
+could adjust.
+
+There were some modes for each of those which
+affected how many jets fired, whether or not
+
+you wanted to force it to use something that
+approximated couples or you were in propellant
+
+conservation mode and you were willing to
+get accept getting a rotation rate.
+
+With coupled in the translation you would
+care about that effect.
+
+And in the translation there were various
+submodes as well.
+
+And, in particular, you would use more jets
+when you were separating from the external
+
+tank to get away as fast as possible.
+
+Yes?
+
+On the previous slide, are there different
+modes for the RCS jets?
+
+Was there one that they happened to use the
+most or was like supposed to be the primary
+
+usage or are they all part of the normal operating?
+
+I think they would rarely use this or this.
+
+I think these two were commonly used.
+
+This is very fuel inefficient.
+
+It would only be used as kind of an emergency
+measure.
+
+That's also very difficult from the point
+of view of the pilot to have direct acceleration
+
+control.
+
+Right.
+
+I mean this might be something you would call
+upon if actually, for some reason, the vehicle
+
+started to spin up unexpectedly and you would
+have to neutralize that.
+
+Does that adequately answer your question
+for now?
+
+There will be an opportunity to collect a
+little more detail on that later.
+
+But, again, you wanted to get off the tank
+quickly so you would use all the jets you
+
+had to get off of it.
+
+You wouldn't do that later.
+
+You would have more jets that you would use
+for roll control while you're on the tank
+
+because you had a much higher roll inertia.
+
+You want to only spend a few seconds on the
+tank after the main engines shut down.
+
+You could often be left with residual rates
+you've got to quickly kill.
+
+There was an inhibit on the separation if
+you had more than half a degree per second
+
+on each of the axes.
+
+There was actually a phenomenon on the first
+Shuttle flight which almost got us in trouble.
+
+One of the first things that happens after
+the main engines shut down is you slew the
+
+engines back to stow position where you want
+the engines for entry.
+
+The reason is the auxiliary power units are
+needed to move the main engines.
+
+You want to shut those down and save the hydrazine
+for those until you get back to it just before
+
+entry.
+
+On the first Shuttle flight they kicked those
+engines at about one hertz.
+
+It turned out the first fundamental mode,
+the rock mode of the orbiter on the external
+
+tank had a subharmonic of about almost exactly
+one-fourth of that slew rate on the main engines.
+
+The slewing of the engines then causes the
+rocky mode to be excited.
+
+We were seeing oscillations very close to
+the inhibit for the separation.
+
+The crew was getting a little worried but
+we just got it in bounds in the automatic
+
+mode.
+
+And if they hadn't separated in time it would
+have gotten pretty complicated to do it manually.
+
+We made quite a few changes after that.
+
+There were a lot of things we learned on the
+first flight, and I will point a few of them
+
+out as we go along.
+
+There was also a launch pad phenomenology.
+
+It is not part of my talk.
+
+Has this come up in the class about the shockwave
+from the SRB ignition?
+
+Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+They didn't have those waterbeds in there
+on the first flight.
+
+What was relevant here, one of the things
+that you may or may not know is that the struts
+
+that held the forward RCS tanks on the first
+flight were buckled almost to failure.
+
+That wasn't realized until they got home,
+but had they failed they probably would have
+
+burst and blown up the vehicle.
+
+The on-orbit modes, we have both primary and
+Vernier jets which were only used separately,
+
+except under special circumstances which were
+designed substantially after the first flight.
+
+We have local, vertical and inertial frame
+of reference control capability with respect
+
+to the discrete rate mode.
+
+And, otherwise, it is pretty similar to what
+you saw in the previous picture.
+
+And submodes, some features were added because
+of rendezvous.
+
+You could fire a lot of jets on the fort side.
+
+If you wanted to do a rapid breaking, you
+could inhibit all the jets to fire in that
+
+direction.
+
+If you wanted to limit the use of plumes,
+it turns out that you didn't lose completely
+
+your translation control authority.
+
+Because the jets, in the front and back, that
+were in the x-axis coupled about 20% of the
+
+trust into the z-axis.
+
+So if you fired them simultaneously in both
+directions you could avoid pluming an object
+
+in front of you and still get enough translation
+to control that axis.
+
+And, just to show how everything was hooked
+up, the inertial measurement units and rate
+
+gyros and hand controllers and panel controls
+all went in through these multiplexer devices
+
+feeding the signals then into the computer
+and displays.
+
+And then you had outputs going through these
+similar types of electronic boxes specific
+
+to the reaction control jets that generated
+the commands that were needed by the solenoid
+
+valves that actually opened and closed the
+hypergolic feed lines.
+
+Looking at the whole top level architecture
+then of the GN&C system is all those boxes
+
+feeding into what was inside of the computer.
+
+Inside of the computer you have subsystem
+operation software managing each of the subsystems
+
+doing the redundancy management.
+
+The specific guidance navigation control algorithms.
+
+There was a moding and sequencing function
+which was based on both manual and automatic
+
+scripts.
+
+Then the actual driving of the displays of
+controls is interactive with the flight control
+
+system both ways providing feedback to the
+crew members and accepting their inputs.
+
+And then what was left was the system management
+function on this computer that didn't go into
+
+the separate computer.
+
+By the way, anything related to robotic arm
+operations were operated through that separate
+
+computer.
+
+One of the issues that came along later in
+the program is the flight control computer
+
+never knew what was happening with the arm.
+
+If you take a space telescope sized payload
+and put it 40 feet out there, it drastically
+
+changes the mass properties.
+
+And one of the features you will see a little
+later that we stuck in was the ability for
+
+the crew, by pushbutton, to select different
+tables about expected accelerations of the
+
+jets because we didn't know when we needed
+to respond to that.
+
+There were also flexure issues with the arm
+which came up as they went along, too, and
+
+established constraints on how we operated.
+
+But was there any thought given to having
+an adaptive system which would identify the
+
+current parameters?
+
+That would have gone way beyond the capacity
+of the computers that we had.
+
+It would be relatively easy to do with the
+programs we had but it would never fit in
+
+a 104k memory computer.
+
+But there has been lots of work that some
+of my graduate students have done over the
+
+years of how we should have done that.
+
+Brent Appleby, who is now a division leader
+at the Lab, actually did some work back in
+
+the `80s, I think that may have been his master's
+thesis, on some of those issues.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] But, in reality, we're
+approaching very large memories which would
+
+allow you to do it.
+
+Well, when we go into CEV, we're probably
+going to assume that 100 megabytes is no big
+
+deal.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] unfortunately was cancelled,
+but we were doing exactly that.
+
+We knew exactly the position [NOISE OBSCURES]
+all the movement when we were grappling.
+
+And we were changing all the tables based
+on the current angles [NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+It is a real challenge to maintain stability
+on a system where you have no insight into
+
+that.
+
+But you would never build a spacecraft that
+way today so I'm not sure.
+
+The challenges we have are very interesting
+but probably no longer relevant.
+
+The challenges that remain are the flexural
+dynamic interaction problems.
+
+I just wanted to indicate that within the
+control laws you have a steering processor,
+
+which I will talk a little bit about more,
+an RCS jet processor, a state estimator and
+
+an OMS processor.
+
+The state estimator is unique to the on-orbit
+flight.
+
+And there is more that represents that in
+a minute.
+
+So I am going to now, having entered the overview,
+go into each of the subsystems in more detail
+
+by pulling up this picture to talk about it
+a little more, these subsystems in the context.
+
+The forward RCS system had 14 primary 870
+pound jets and two Vernier 24 pound jets.
+
+There were 24 and 4 respectively.
+
+Those systems in back evenly divided left
+and right.
+
+Each of the pods in the back had one OMS engine.
+
+The forward RCS system had its own self-contained
+hypergolic tanks.
+
+The aft system had RCS tanks and OMS tanks
+which could be interconnected from within
+
+the pod or could be cross-fed across the pods.
+
+Now, the consequence to the flight control
+system, there were different constraints and
+
+simultaneous jet firings.
+
+And how you counted, whether it was only left
+or right or both, depending on which mode
+
+you were in, if you had a mission and needed
+a lot of RCS propellant and you had spare
+
+space in the OMS tanks, it allowed benefiting
+from that.
+
+Why are there so many thrusters pointing in
+the same direction?
+
+For redundancy?
+
+Yes, redundancy and maximum control authority.
+
+You want to find control authority normally
+with redundancy but for external tank separation
+
+you wanted high acceleration in one direction.
+
+For high rendezvous breaking you wanted high
+acceleration in the other direction plus or
+
+minus Z.
+
+And for backup to the OMS engine you wanted
+to have higher acceleration in the plus X
+
+direction.
+
+And then, when you were doing entry, which
+I'm not talking about today, you had an on-demand
+
+RCS control authority in the upper atmosphere
+during hypersonic flight.
+
+And you would turn on one, two, three or four
+yaw thrusters in particular as needed.
+
+I think one, two, and occasionally three thrusters
+had been turned on during disturbances.
+
+One of the things we've learned from the telemetry
+of the Columbia accident is as this vehicle
+
+was falling apart for probably 20 or 30 seconds,
+the vehicle was controlling very nicely because
+
+they kept turning on more and more jets.
+
+They were getting major torque imbalances
+from missing pieces of the vehicle.
+
+But it was still controlling the attitude
+until the damage got so severe that was no
+
+longer possible.
+
+Again, I already talked about the number of
+the thrusters.
+
+The primary thrusters, for the reasons we
+talked about, there were many jets.
+
+And also because translation and rotation
+control was accommodated by these Verniers,
+
+a feature I will mention briefly later.
+
+It was only a rotation control system and
+fundamentally does not have redundancy.
+
+I already talked about the on-time.
+
+These are just typical propellant loads and
+thrust levels and specific impulse numbers.
+
+You notice that large maneuvers are always
+a little more efficiently done with the primary
+
+jets and even more efficiently still with
+the OMS as you will see in another chart.
+
+Life for duty cycles and on-time are relevant
+for a vehicle that is going to fly a lot of
+
+missions.
+
+Flying control almost always will be done
+with Vernier jets, not just because of propellant,
+
+which it is much more efficient, but also
+because you will get a lot more mission life
+
+out of it.
+
+This is a stick drawing of those.
+
+There is a numbering system associated with
+it.
+
+FRL for which pot it's in.
+
+Up, down, forward, right, left.
+
+The last character for which direction it
+fires.
+
+And then the middle number is a manifold.
+
+If you see a five that is the Vernier jets.
+
+One, two, three or four, any pod that has
+got the same middle number is on one manifold.
+
+If a failure shut that manifold or a string
+took down that manifold, all of those jets
+
+were lost.
+
+When you lose a string, you would have one
+manifold per pod that you would lose.
+
+That means under some circumstance, because
+the Vernier system is redundant, a single
+
+failure could take that out.
+
+But that wasn't critical to carrying out most
+mission objectives or to safety.
+
+That is probably enough said on that.
+
+The OMS, typical propellant loads mentioned
+here.
+
+On-time, never less than two seconds.
+
+Never less than, with one engine, 12,000 pound
+second impulse with a 6,000 pound thrust not
+
+suitable for fine maneuvers.
+
+The RCS jets would always be used to trim
+out any large OMS burn errors.
+
+Had a significantly higher specific impulse.
+
+For large maneuvers you're clearly better
+off from a propellant weight perspective using
+
+that system.
+
+Each of the engines had redundant gimbal control,
+redundant by having one mechanical screw system,
+
+but you could drive the nut or you could drive
+the screw.
+
+And there were different electrical systems
+that did that.
+
+This was the maximum authority.
+
+And the two axes at each engine could move
+a portion of which was used to tract the center
+
+of mass as the vehicle consumed propellant
+or delivered payloads and a portion of which
+
+was for actual thrust vector control management.
+
+We also had to subtract a little bit.
+
+You never want to go too close to the hard
+stops because you risk mechanical failure
+
+by doing that.
+
+And you always have a little bit of mechanical
+uncertainty of exactly where you are anyway.
+
+A portion of that was a mechanical uncertainty
+and a portion of that was just a mechanical
+
+safety margin.
+
+This is a drawing in the two different planes
+of the rotation of the engines showing the
+
+span between the center, say about 15 feet
+apart, no surprise given the general cross-section
+
+of the Shuttle.
+
+An important thing to notice is that the engine,
+while I can point through the CG, is not pointing
+
+anywhere near the body access of the vehicle.
+
+And, by the way, the vehicle body axes weren't
+-- There was a significant offset between
+
+the principle axis of the vehicle and the
+body axis component of inertia, and the body
+
+axis was quite large.
+
+Three units, even with the replacements they
+have gone through over the years, there remains
+
+three units for the INSs now, but the IMU
+where mechanical systems with quanta for knowledge
+
+of state which were not all that small.
+
+And the RGAs were even worse, the rate gyros.
+
+These quanta were quite significant.
+
+The reason was we had a half-word in that
+multiplexity multiplexer for translating the
+
+analog signal to a digital signal which determined,
+based on the maximum range, the maximum range
+
+being dictated by maneuver rates where possible
+during ascent and entry and not on orbit.
+
+But we were stuck with that.
+
+It was hardwired into the cards.
+
+And so these quanta then, we discovered there
+was a one sigma probability of an every third
+
+cycle one quanta noise spike on the data that
+came across the MDMs.
+
+And that was pretty significant when we were
+trying to do fine control during the transition
+
+phase.
+
+Were the noise levels determined by this quantization,
+in effect, the [NOISE OBSCURES]?
+
+The noise phenomenology was related to the
+electronics of the card, but it was directly
+
+related to the least significant byte.
+
+But the mechanical sensors themselves were
+superior to that?
+
+Yes, they were.
+
+It was the MDM card that introduced the noise.
+
+If you had used one word from the MDMs that
+would have [NOISE OBSCURES]?
+
+Given the state-of-the-art to have processed
+that much information across the MDMs would
+
+have made it too slow.
+
+We're talking orders of magnitude slower electronics
+from the late `70s than you have today, so
+
+the half-word was dictated by the data rates
+that we required of these boxes.
+
+Now I'm going to go into specific features
+on the software side.
+
+Yeah?
+
+With the gyros, it seems on Hubble and Station,
+for example, we always hear bad news on the
+
+gyros having to be replaced every so often.
+
+Well, first of all, what I'm talking about
+here, at the time the Shuttle first flew,
+
+are mechanical gyros.
+
+Hubble may have started mechanical gyros.
+
+They have been changed out at least once or
+twice.
+
+And are probably fiber optic systems.
+
+Hubble has the problem that it's in a fairly
+high orbit, 300 plus nautical miles high for
+
+the Shuttle anyway.
+
+It has a significant radiation exposure, particularly
+when it goes through the South Atlantic Anomaly
+
+of the radiation belts which are 300 nautical
+miles.
+
+Much more time they spend on that than at
+100 nautical miles.
+
+Cumulative radiation damage to the electronics
+in those gyros is probably a contributing
+
+factor to the failure rates that they're seeing
+on Hubble.
+
+I would say they must spend a few percentage
+of their time in the South Atlantic Anomaly
+
+at that altitude.
+
+Are the gyro replacements we're talking about
+measurement gyros or attitude control gyros?
+
+Well, the fine guidance gyros are the ones
+that have been the big problem on the Hubble.
+
+We're talking about quantitatively a different
+regime we're operating here.
+
+The quantization, take away the noise effects,
+was something we could live with for operating
+
+the flight control system.
+
+In Hubble, you want to be able to measure
+rates two or three orders of magnitude lower
+
+than what we're talking about here.
+
+The actual design of the sensors is substantially
+different because they're trying to get very,
+
+very tiny little rates out.
+
+These are trying to maintain the image lock
+when you're using the full magnification capability
+
+of the telescope and whatever target that
+it has.
+
+Nevertheless, I would imagine that if the
+Shuttle gyros are staying at 300 nautical
+
+miles for five to ten years, they would fail,
+too.
+
+Radiation is one of the fundamental drivers
+for all missions.
+
+And it often that Atlantic Anomaly is one
+of the big drivers for low inclination.
+
+Space telescopes are 28.5 degree inclinations.
+
+So they don't have to deal with the magnetic
+fields coming in toward the poles which a
+
+polar mission has to, but there is this big
+dip in the Van Allen Belts off the coast of
+
+South America which poses a problem for everything
+that isn't low orbit.
+
+The functionality we have in the autopilot,
+we use the rate gyros and the inertial measurement
+
+unit on the transitioned app to get states
+direction giving us altitude, giving us rate.
+
+On orbit we have the gyro shutdown to conserve
+power, view data only.
+
+That then dictates that we are going to have
+a state estimator on orbit.
+
+We have to put some special features to overcome
+the rate gyro noise in the transition phase,
+
+which is irrelevant when the rate gyros aren't
+operating in the on-orbit phase.
+
+We have the Vernier jets and the associated
+algorithm logic for on-orbit which isn't in
+
+the transition phase.
+
+We worry a lot more about every detail propellant
+deficiency on-orbit because we spend so much
+
+more time there.
+
+We have a lot of features we've added to minimize
+propellant there.
+
+The OMS capability in the two phases is actually
+identical with both of them having a capability
+
+to wrap around the RCS jets to the thrust
+vector control should the thrust vector control
+
+not behave properly during that OMS burn.
+
+And this just delineates the various features
+we have for steering.
+
+OMS and RCS.
+
+Where we add lots more features because there
+are a lot more things you are attempting to
+
+track when you're doing your mission on orbit
+than when you're just trying to get to and
+
+from orbit.
+
+Notice the rates that we're talking about.
+
+Typically, you look at an INS box these days
+and you see hundreds of hertz data rates.
+
+What restricted us here was how fast could
+we -- For instance, none of the software was
+
+in the sensor package.
+
+It was in our computer.
+
+And we had a severe throughput problem.
+
+And the solution, since we had the rate gyros
+for rates and we only needed the IMUs for
+
+attitudes, and rates could be used to extrapolate
+attitudes for a reasonable period of time,
+
+was to greatly reduce the processing rate
+of the IMU down to on the order of one hertz,
+
+submultiple of 25 hertz which is why it is
+1.04.
+
+On orbit, since it was our only source of
+information, we had to eat a larger processing
+
+burden, operating on a 6.25 hertz, but we
+still were extrapolating in between the state
+
+estimate of one time constant.
+
+We'll talk a little bit about what we're doing
+with that, but everything down here is operating
+
+at 12.5 and we're getting the data in at 6.25.
+
+There are a lot of things you would do differently
+simply because you don't have these low rate
+
+constraints due to throughput limits.
+
+The architecture then for the autopilot that
+is being representative on orbit is you would
+
+have a maneuver module where all the features
+for steering the vehicle would be, kind of
+
+an adjunct to guidance.
+
+You would have these modes controlled by the
+crew and the push button display of what the
+
+stick deflections would do.
+
+You would have the phase plane which would
+be tracking attitude error, rate error and
+
+whether or not you should fire jets as a function
+of those errors separate per axis.
+
+Are there people here that don't know about
+phase planes?
+
+OK.
+
+Well, the concept of the phase plane, you
+go to optimal control theory and you look
+
+into a situation where you have a control
+effector which is on or off by directional,
+
+which is what thrusters are.
+
+And you look at what it takes, given an error
+in a plane which is attitude error and rate
+
+error, and you want to get minimum time to
+neutralize that error to zero.
+
+51:35 But you have 
+lots of dead zones, which I will talk about
+
+more, to assure that you don't inefficiently
+use the jets so that you are not constantly
+
+trying to fire the jets to get exactly to
+the origin which is never possible.
+
+The state estimator, which is a form of a
+Kalman filter.
+
+And then the jet selection logic which is
+essentially for the primary jet lookup tables.
+
+But it turned out to probably be the first
+use of real based intelligence.
+
+We didn't think about these things in that
+time.
+
+And, when I talk about the stringing later,
+I think we were also using an early version
+
+of failure tree analysis.
+
+But, in the 1970s, none of these things were
+named.
+
+And then you have various loads for the parameters
+that determine these dead zones and tables
+
+and all that.
+
+And the crew would select these from push
+button displays.
+
+For the OMS, you could either have hand controller
+inputs or cross-product steering and based
+
+guidance inputs which would then go into roll
+and pitch and yaw.
+
+Thrust vector processing channels were roll
+and pitch coupled.
+
+Roll is only possible, of course, when you're
+firing two engines by differentially pitching
+
+the gimbals on the two engines.
+
+This would actually be an RCS loop automatically
+with one engine, but you had to have the two
+
+pads coupled when you were trying to do both
+of them.
+
+But the yaw axis was separate.
+
+Just keeping in mind the time.
+
+Go through one or two more charts before the
+break?
+
+That's fine.
+
+I will go through the state estimator and
+then we can take a short break.
+
+The state estimator, again, we were only getting
+attitude information at 6.25 hertz from the
+
+primary thrusters trying to maintain an estimate
+of the vehicle rotation rates.
+
+We also wanted to know what disturbances on
+orbit you can have out-gassing the vehicle.
+
+You have gravity gradients.
+
+You have aero torques which have a diurnal
+variation depending on where you are on earth
+
+orbit relative to where the sun is which are
+tending to torque the vehicle in a particular
+
+direction.
+
+Having knowledge of how that torque is behaving
+in a certain time enables you to manipulate
+
+your phase plane switching lines to more efficiently
+use the jets.
+
+We were trying to estimate that.
+
+Given that we only had IMU data with noise
+and quantization effects, we also had flexure
+
+we weren't accounting for in doing that.
+
+So we had a low rate filter which incorporated
+the measurements directly and a higher rate
+
+filter which was also taking in feed forward
+information we're going to fire the jets.
+
+We expect these velocity changes, rotational
+and translational, to occur as a result of
+
+the jet firing.
+
+And you can build that into the estimate to
+anticipate that effect.
+
+And then, given all that information, basically
+use that in the form of a common filter.
+
+We had different gains associated with primary
+and Vernier jet usage because, given the factor
+
+of 30 difference in the rotational acceleration
+authority of these jets, they were fundamentally
+
+different bandwidth systems on the basis of
+the actuators.
+
+We accommodated those different bandwidths
+in the software.
+
+That, by the way, affected us when we started
+worrying about flexure on the arm because
+
+we found that some of the modes with heavy
+payloads in the arm actually fell within this
+
+bandwidth.
+
+And, in the case of the Vernier jets, were
+falling right near the roll off point, which
+
+was the worst possible place to have a flexure
+mode.
+
+And there were some significant design issues
+that were addressed later in the program as
+
+a result of that.
+
+And then this disturbance acceleration -- Question.
+
+At the time that you were designing these,
+was there sufficient knowledge of the structural
+
+modes or the bending modes?
+
+For the RMS payload operations, not at all.
+
+We first learned about that when we started
+looking at use of the arm to deploy the SPAS
+
+one payload in STS-7.
+
+Nobody understood at the time we were designing
+for the first Shuttle flight the kind of coupling
+
+effects you would get from payloads on the
+arm.
+
+It hadn't been modeled yet.
+
+I would say probably about the time the first
+flights were occurring is when we started
+
+to look at that stuff, but the Shuttle software
+for the first flight was 95% frozen by '78,
+
+even though the flight didn't occur until
+'81.
+
+You then discovered them in simulations or
+from flight data?
+
+No, it was from high-fidelity simulations
+with the arm dynamics included in that.
+
+We understood it pretty well.
+
+We refined it after the flights.
+
+We did even do some flight tests on STS-8
+with an object called a payload flight test
+
+article.
+
+The original payload on that flight couldn't
+fly in time so they put this 8,000 pound dumbbell
+
+on there and the arm was able to manipulate.
+
+Went through all kinds of exercises and pretty
+much validated it with the simulations.
+
+Were towing us at that point in time.
+
+But it was a real lot of work that went into
+those high-fidelity robotic arm simulations
+
+and coupling that to the flight control system
+to get those numbers.
+
+And a lot of work into evaluating what it
+all meant in terms of restrictions on the
+
+use of the control system.
+
+And then the last thing I will talk about
+before the break, the disturbance acceleration
+
+estimator had a 56 second time constant.
+
+Mostly the disturbances we are talking about
+were either orbital or semi-orbit, half-orbit
+
+type of periodicity.
+
+You wanted to allow adequate time to integrate
+and determine their effect, but not so long
+
+that you weren't able to properly respond
+to it.
+
+Somewhere in the one-minute range seemed to
+be about right for something that would have
+
+45 minute periodicity.
+
+And I think the next topic will be RCS processor.
+
+And that is a good point to take the break.
+
+Before we break, let me ask one historical
+question.
+
+The timeframe for the design of this was mid
+to late '70s?
+
+We began the work in '75.
+
+There was a famous phase of '76 which is the
+Hay Scrub which is where we realized that
+
+not everything can go onto one computer.
+
+The computer memory had to increase.
+
+The real design architecture of what was going
+to be the first flight started to gel in '76.
+
+The original expected launch date of the Shuttle
+was '78.
+
+It kind of stayed ahead of us a certain amount
+of time, but we had probably 90% or 95% of
+
+the design done by '78.
+
+We're going through detailed flight verification
+and crew training with Jeff being one of the
+
+crew members that was assigned to us.
+
+And we would go out to Downey to do that in
+the '78 to '80 period.
+
+In the design, now, you refer to the state
+estimator and optimal control.
+
+By that time, had that methodology been completely
+accepted as a substitute for the classical
+
+control design?
+
+Oh, yeah, I think so.
+
+I think the phase plane concept first appeared,
+actually, in Apollo.
+
+And there was sort of a rudimentary application
+of optimal control theory that was quite successful.
+
+By that time I think the aircraft zoom maneuver
+[NOISE OBSCURES], people were happy with that.
+
+The Kalman filter work, an early form of that
+also made it into Apollo.
+
+I don't think we were actually pushing the
+envelope that much in using these things.
+
+We actually carried over.
+
+But Apollo, applying any of these technologies
+in the mid to late `60s, was very groundbreaking.
+
+Any other questions before the break?
+
+OK.
+
+Let's take five minutes.
+
+Am I missing anybody?
+
+I know Larry hasn't come back.
+
+Close enough.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, I'm going to go into the RCS processor
+now.
+
+We've talked a lot about the presence of the
+phase plane.
+
+We're going to go into some of the details
+in the jet selection.
+
+Important consideration of the jet selection
+is we had to accommodate failures, maintaining
+
+control authority for any type of single failure,
+thruster, manifold, string, which you will
+
+see those later.
+
+And you also had to be able to maintain adequate
+authority for safety with two of those combined
+
+failures.
+
+We also had to limit plume restrictions, accommodate
+the tank constraints.
+
+We talked about having couples, not having
+couples, the balance propellant in tanks to
+
+limit fuel usage when you didn't worry about
+translational coupling and minor orbital perturbations
+
+and all those other special maneuvers that
+we pointed out before they required higher
+
+authority.
+
+You had your manual modes going in and then
+you had all these steering modes which without
+
+orbit, in addition to the ones we talked about,
+discrete rate and pulse and acceleration and
+
+all that kind of stuff, you had various landmark
+tracking modes, orbital object tracking modes
+
+which were a guidance function providing inputs
+to the control loop, that all had to be managed
+
+through a proper way of manipulating the phase
+plans.
+
+They were tracking the errors of matter with
+respect to the mode that you were in and then
+
+sending, based on the errors being detected
+in the phase plane commands, they would be
+
+processed by the jet selection logic.
+
+The principles of the phase plane, we figured
+you weren't important enough to get started.
+
+[LAUGHTER] You had a phase plane per axis.
+
+Roll.
+
+Pitch.
+
+Yaw.
+
+You had switch lines which were shaped based
+on the expected torques.
+
+You always had a parabolic feature, but much
+more complicated than just that.
+
+You added dead bands because you didn't want
+to fire.
+
+When you didn't know exactly where you were,
+you wanted to be able to get in the general
+
+vicinity far enough from a firing zone that
+it would stay in the general vicinity for
+
+a while and then only fire when you had to
+when you were diverging from that.
+
+You had to deal in the transition phase with
+that rate gyro noise phenomenology.
+
+And you had to get the disturbance acceleration
+on orbit.
+
+What we did about all those maneuver modes
+is each phase plane had an origin, the origin
+
+being zero with respect to sun frame and attitude
+and position.
+
+You could move that origin at a rate or you
+could increment its attitude position if you
+
+were commanding the vehicle to do something
+such as a tracking maneuver or a discrete
+
+rate.
+
+And that way the errors of the phase plane
+we're looking at with respect to where you
+
+wanted to be rather than in absolute sense.
+
+And you would always create [NOISE OBSCURES]
+in here so that if you had a big error you
+
+could spend a little bit of fuel to get to
+somewhere which would cause you to go in the
+
+right direction without continuously firing
+the jet.
+
+Whereas, if you truly followed the parabolic
+switch curve you would just keep firing the
+
+jet until you were back to the origin which
+can be quite costly.
+
+So I am going to show you this picture and
+then the on-orbit one.
+
+These are the residual parabolic switch lines
+which, in the optimal control theory, would
+
+be going through the origin.
+
+And then if you're out over in these region
+out here you will always fire a jet meaning
+
+a plus direction or the minus direction.
+
+You're inside here.
+
+You will fire until you hit another switch
+line on the other side.
+
+The expectation is that you're coming in this
+way or you're coming in this way.
+
+You want to get to a point where you're not
+likely to fire again for a while.
+
+But then you also would be concerned because
+you don't automatically want to fire back
+
+right away because the rate gyro noise phenomenology
+could cause, where you think you are with
+
+respect to that line, to move back and forth
+causing you to fire too soon, causing the
+
+fire again to reverse that and get in trouble.
+
+So what we actually did is if you actually
+hit this line and began to fire, each time
+
+you fired up to two or three times it would
+move the line out temporarily so that the
+
+quantum noise from that MDM would not make
+you think, even though you were moving this
+
+way, that you were going back out.
+
+Because, if you fired that jet again, not
+only would you be spinning the propellant
+
+to go faster, you'd hit the other line a lot
+faster still.
+
+For every time you double the size of the
+impulse that you use to reverse your rate,
+
+you're quadrupling the total propellant time.
+
+Because, if you double the propellant each
+time, you hit a surface twice as fast before
+
+you get to the next one.
+
+Now, on-orbit we didn't have that noise problem
+so we don't have that moving switch line there.
+
+But we have this moving switch line.
+
+If you're coming in you're looking to hit
+the zero line and cut off, but here you're
+
+not going to cut off until you hit the disturbance
+acceleration line.
+
+It is expecting, when you hit that, that the
+predicted acceleration is going to say you're
+
+going to go up this way.
+
+That means it will be longer before you hit
+another surface than if you start doing that
+
+over here.
+
+So this one is a trick to lower the frequency
+of the jet firings based on other knowledge
+
+that we had about the acceleration.
+
+Jet selection.
+
+We had entirely different laws for the primary
+and the Vernier.
+
+The Verniers had a very complicated configuration,
+had to be able to be fault tolerant, be able
+
+to handle simultaneous translation rotation
+commands.
+
+It turned out, because of throughput processing
+limits, the correct approach was something
+
+like a table lookup.
+
+But we had all kinds of rules we went through
+to say which kind of table did we want to
+
+go to?
+
+What are the consequences of failures?
+
+Do we want to start modifying the commands
+we've received because of what we basically
+
+know about which jets have failed and what
+we no longer can accomplish?
+
+We actually had a Bullion implementation of
+those tables that actually got implemented
+
+as tables because we developed algorithms
+and IBM converted the software.
+
+And they didn't necessarily do exactly what
+we told them.
+
+Subsequent to that there was an experiment
+on the Shuttle called a phase space autopilot
+
+which is based on looking for velocity changes
+and optimal combinations of jets.
+
+You would go through a linear optimal search
+and find the combinations.
+
+That was flown a couple times for a few hours
+on Shuttle.
+
+The experiment was quite successful but never
+converted into a basic shuttle capability.
+
+But certainly with the processing capability
+that you have now would be a very good option
+
+as an alternative to what we did.
+
+The Vernier jets, which were only used on
+orbit, only had six jets.
+
+We weren't trying to deal with redundancies
+so an entirely different kind of scheme was
+
+done there.
+
+We were looking to find the jets with respect
+to a three-axis command which best contributed
+
+to producing rates in that direction.
+
+We could find a first jet that would be the
+best jet.
+
+And then we could see, given how good that
+one is, is there another one which is half
+
+as good?
+
+If so, we would pick it.
+
+And, if we found one half as good, we might
+say if there is another one which is half
+
+again as good we might pick that and end up
+with an aggregate number of jets we would
+
+turn on to start producing the command.
+
+This would be based not just on whether or
+not the phase plane said you should have a
+
+jet fire in an axis, but also on how big the
+error was but not yet to the point of hitting
+
+the phase plane line in the other axis.
+
+And so the composite vector you were trying
+to neutralize would be a combination of the
+
+command and error reduction on the other axes.
+
+And you would find the jets which would then
+respond your command and reduce the errors
+
+on the other axes.
+
+Now, we would not re-compute that every cycle.
+
+If we found that the ones or minus ones in
+the three axes for the commands were not changing,
+
+even though the fractional values and the
+uncommand of axes were changing for up to
+
+five cycles we would not re-compute the jets.
+
+And that would minimize the duty cycles which
+was a life issue on the jets.
+
+And then there was the other phenomenology
+I mentioned which is you start having large
+
+payloads or you're attached to Mir or something
+like that.
+
+Mass properties are very different.
+
+We don't know about that unless the crew tells
+us, but we could put a discrete number of
+
+alternative configurations in the tables for
+what we expected accelerations of the jets
+
+would be.
+
+The crew could tell us which one applies,
+and then it would do this selection based
+
+on that.
+
+The Vernier algorithm looks something like
+this flow chart.
+
+Whereas, the primary algorithm would probably
+fill a 50 page flowchart.
+
+The Vernier algorithm was very simple.
+
+You go through and have a command vector which
+was ones and minus ones or fractional values,
+
+depending on whether or not phase planes have
+commanded an axis or just had a bias because
+
+of an error in that axis.
+
+You would do a dot product of the six jets.
+
+You would look for the maximum value of that
+dot product of the acceleration and the command.
+
+And then, based on that value of that dot
+product, you would see if there was one that
+
+was half as good.
+
+And, if there was one as half as good, you
+would see if there was one that was a quarter
+
+as good.
+
+And then, if we already selected, we would
+be doing this counter of up to five times
+
+where we wouldn't recomputed.
+
+Now, I was just talking during the break about
+one of the constraints on here.
+
+When we were using these computers, the dot
+product of a three vector by three vector
+
+took about one millisecond.
+
+We had an 80 millisecond cycle.
+
+And, in that 80 millisecond cycle, seven to
+ten milliseconds could be allocated to control
+
+some of the guidance and some of the other
+functions.
+
+Six milliseconds was being used to do these
+dot products.
+
+That is why we never could have considered
+doing something like that for the primary
+
+jets.
+
+The TVC processor, we have instead of discrete
+control with thrusters, we have nearly continuous
+
+control because we're doing gimbal steering
+up to the nonlinear effect of a gimbal limit.
+
+Remind them what TVC is.
+
+Thrust vector control.
+
+Moving the thrust of the OMS engine by steering
+the gimbals on which it is attached, which
+
+you cannot do with the RCS thrusters.
+
+What we would do then is cross-product steering.
+
+You have an error vector and a thrust vector,
+and the cross-product between the two could
+
+tell you the direction you needed to steer
+the vehicle to turn into the desired direction
+
+you wanted to thrust.
+
+That steering command was then used to determine
+the commands we sent to the gimbals for moving
+
+the engines.
+
+You had manual and automatic modes for doing
+that.
+
+Generally, we were limited to two degrees
+per second because the gimbals were fairly
+
+slow.
+
+We didn't want to get ourselves in a situation
+where we over-steered and had to correct back
+
+which would take a lot of time and maybe cost
+us some propellant.
+
+But, if we got into trouble, the reaction
+control system could wrap around.
+
+And that could happen automatically if the
+errors got big enough or the crew could induce
+
+that by hitting the hand controller.
+
+And you have the two pads going into the manual
+auto mode.
+
+And manual always overrides auto from any
+of these operations.
+
+We had a lot of things we had to tolerate
+in determining our filter gains.
+
+We didn't always know the thrust direction
+engines all that way because of mechanical
+
+misalignment.
+
+When you build this thing an additional misalignment
+occurs after you launch the thing causing
+
+changes in the gimbal drive connections a
+little bit.
+
+There are errors.
+
+You rotate to a desired burn direction with
+the RCS jets before you light the engines.
+
+You're never exactly there when you start
+up.
+
+You can have failures during burns.
+
+An engine can shut down.
+
+An actuator can stop driving.
+
+If it is the OMS-1 burn in the early Shuttle
+days, during that burn they were dumping the
+
+residual oxygen and hydrogen in the feed lines
+for the main engines during the burn causing
+
+torque disturbance on the vehicle that we
+had to overcome.
+
+The OMS burn actually helped drive that fluid
+out of those lines.
+
+And then, of course, we had steering noise
+and bias.
+
+And then we had to have margins for things
+that all liquid propellant vehicles have.
+
+Slosh, flexure, actuator nonlinearities and
+sample rate effects.
+
+Now we had a design and then we had to change
+it.
+
+And the reason we had to change it is we flew
+for a little while, and we discovered that
+
+these brushless electric motors being used
+for the OMS actuators were turning on and
+
+off at a high enough rate during the burns
+that they were overheating making a hundred
+
+mission life maybe two or three missions.
+
+And they could take the pods off, but they
+were fairly hard to get and expensive to maintain.
+
+So they asked us to change the bandwidth.
+
+And that's what we did beginning with the
+twelfth shuttle flight making these changes
+
+here.
+
+And that caused a little bit more sloppy behavior
+at the beginning and the end of the burn but
+
+didn't make very appreciable difference on
+the performance and made a big difference
+
+on the actuator life.
+
+There was an outer loop just showing where
+the cross-product steering comes in and the
+
+fact that there are various filters and digital
+compensation effects that are going into this
+
+to deal in an adequate manner with all those
+effects that I listed a few minutes ago.
+
+The wraparound was there because we have the
+means to cover for large perturbations.
+
+Why not implement it?
+
+I mean the situation you always have with
+human space flight, if there was a capability
+
+you can take advantage of in a contingency
+scenario put it in.
+
+This also changed, though, between the first
+flight and the twelfth flight.
+
+And the reason we found is that you put this
+contingency capability in, but when you really
+
+study it you realize you can actually take
+these two fundamentally different control
+
+laws and cause them to interact adversely.
+
+We could perturb it and then induce the jets
+to fire in a way that would cause it to counteract
+
+the effect that the thrust vector control
+system was doing.
+
+So, when we lowered the bandwidth, we also
+changed some of the parameters in there to,
+
+in combination, preclude that first flight.
+
+This is a case where we continued to evaluate
+the baseline system after we were flying and
+
+discovered additional potential unanticipated
+deficiencies that we should fix, which is
+
+saying you're never done analyzing the system
+even after it starts flying.
+
+The maneuver and track modes, I mentioned
+that they were there, but we had this universal
+
+pointing display that the crew could manipulate.
+
+Yes?
+
+On that last general comment, on the last
+subject of discovering issues and potential
+
+problems after the system is flying.
+
+You're doing the analysis.
+
+You're doing your research.
+
+What, in general, were the reactions of your
+NASA counterparts when you bring that to their
+
+attention?
+
+Would they call for an immediate fix before
+the next launch?
+
+It depended on the nature of the problem.
+
+And let me mention two or three of them at
+one time.
+
+I mentioned one about that phenomenology for
+the excitation or the rocking motion on the
+
+tank.
+
+And then another one with the Vernier jets
+which I will explain in a moment.
+
+The external tank one had to be fixed before
+a second shuttle flight.
+
+There was one that potentially created a dangerous
+situation.
+
+Tank separation violated safety of flight
+rules.
+
+This one was a potential wraparound interaction.
+
+It could only occur if you already had a significant
+contingency under fairly complex conditions.
+
+And, if the crew knew about it, there was
+a procedural way to temporarily inhibit the
+
+reaction control system interactions stopping
+the effect.
+
+Because there was a crew workaround, they
+knew about the problem, it was deemed acceptable
+
+to go some number of missions for an already
+scheduled software update to insert it.
+
+Now, the third problem discovered as a result
+of analysis of STS-1 and 3 was a plume and
+
+pendulum phenomenology of the down firing
+aft jets.
+
+The body flap sticks out as kind of a random
+position on orbit, and the down firing thrusters,
+
+part of their plume hits it.
+
+They had evaluated that effect for the primary
+jets because they knew in the direction they
+
+pointed and their lower expansion ratio in
+the Vernier jets there was going to be a problem.
+
+And that was properly dealt with in the flight
+control system.
+
+They never modeled for the Vernier jets, but
+only discovered that the state estimator was
+
+not converging as well as expected on the
+first Shuttle flight when using the Vernier
+
+jets.
+
+And it turned out there was probably a 20%
+or 30% net reduction in thrust and a 15 or
+
+20 degree effective change in the direction
+of the thrusts, those two down firing Verniers.
+
+And the feed forward estimation from the RCS
+jets, as a result, was giving the wrong data
+
+in the state estimator causing a jump in the
+value and a long time constant to settle out.
+
+And that was causing a few percent increase
+in the propellant consumption but probably
+
+a factor of ten increase in the duty cycles
+of the jets which was unacceptable from the
+
+life of the jets.
+
+That was compounded by a problem in STS-3
+which is the first time they used the arm.
+
+And they actually put a few hundred pound
+payload and tried controlling the attitude
+
+of the vehicle in moving that payload.
+
+The combination of those things they went
+back and, by STS-5, had to make serious changes
+
+to the phase plane estimation logic and tables
+for the accelerations for those Vernier jets
+
+because they didn't want to burn those jets.
+
+I think, after STS-2, they actually changed
+some of the jets.
+
+And then they didn't want to have to change
+them again.
+
+The maneuver mode.
+
+You want to do various types of [NOISE OBSCURES]
+maneuvers with respect to various frames of
+
+reference which could be landmark tracking,
+local vertical tracking, second spacecraft
+
+if you're doing a rendezvous tracking.
+
+Guidance to provide that.
+
+That would be broken down into components
+by axis.
+
+And then there was an additional level of
+hysteresis about what you were telling the
+
+face plane to do.
+
+And I talked about adjusting the origin.
+
+This would decide whether or not you would
+adjust the origin.
+
+If you're error in a given axis with respect
+to what you wanted to do with the maneuver
+
+was less than twice the dead band, you would
+not adjust the origin.
+
+And if it was more than twice you would.
+
+And, again, it is a case of why force it to
+do things it doesn't have to do if it's going
+
+to get there eventually anyway?
+
+And that is actually an adjustable parameter
+which, for certain payload missions, they
+
+might change that value from something else.
+
+There were these various direct manual translation
+rotation modes and the auto modes that I think
+
+bit by bit I have talked about.
+
+The reason you have these different references,
+inertial and local vertical, if you're doing
+
+an earth observation mission, almost everything
+is going to be in a local vertical frame.
+
+You're going to have your payload bay pointing
+down.
+
+You want to keep it pointed at a certain spot.
+
+If you're doing a solar telescope mission,
+everything is going to be in an inertial frame.
+
+You're going to want to keep it pointing at
+the sun or within a few degrees where maybe
+
+the telescope will have a limited travel of
+its own.
+
+If you're doing rendezvous then it's going
+to have to be you're accounting for the orb
+
+rates of the two vehicles.
+
+You're going to want to keep your rendezvous
+radar pointed in the right direction.
+
+By the way, the rendezvous radar, there is
+a deployable dish antenna that goes out of
+
+the payload bay, the side of the payload bay
+of the Shuttle.
+
+That is a dual-purpose antenna.
+
+It can be used to point at the TDRS satellite
+to send data at high rates to the earth and
+
+track the satellite.
+
+Or it can be used to point a radar beam at
+another spacecraft.
+
+It was not used for TDRS in the beginning
+of the program.
+
+It was only used for radar because the first
+TDRS was launched by STS-6.
+
+Electronic string, and I think we're about
+at the right point of time on this, too, to
+
+allowing me to get into this in a little bit
+of detail.
+
+This was something that kind of crept up on
+us in importance.
+
+It was thought it would make the systems redundant,
+have separate strings, don't put them all
+
+on the same computer.
+
+All those things were recognized, but I don't
+think until about a year, a year and half
+
+before the first flight actually occurred
+that we realized how difficult it is to be
+
+sure that all the interactions of these strings,
+the power string, the pluming string and the
+
+electronic string and the possible combinations
+of failures, how difficult it is to assure
+
+that you meet those high level failure tolerance
+requirements.
+
+And that is what I think I did in 1980, '81,
+probably was the early form of fault tree
+
+analysis.
+
+And I have in a handbook I developed for the
+first flight, a series what if tables with
+
+all these different breakdowns of what could
+happen.
+
+And actually a person that didn't know about
+probabilities and all looked at it.
+
+It was a pretty scary table when you looked
+at all the possible bizarre two failure combinations.
+
+But first you've got to understand what the
+strings are.
+
+You would have one forward, one aft left,
+one aft right, so three boxes, three half
+
+boxes and multiplexers-demultiplexers on a
+string.
+
+And there were two MDM boxes in each pod,
+forward left right aft.
+
+And the electronics were broken apart into
+each half box.
+
+So you actually had, in effect, four sets
+of electronics in each pod, even though you
+
+only had two boxes.
+
+And one card from each of those boxes would
+be dedicated to string, but each string would
+
+have a card per pod.
+
+So three cards would be tied electronically
+to one computer anomaly.
+
+Now, you couldn't take a string that could
+be commanded by more than one computer.
+
+The computer saw the data from all four strings
+so they could vote the data to decide whether
+
+or not each of the computers was healthy,
+but they could only command one string.
+
+I should say each string could only be commanded
+by one computer, but you could, if you started
+
+losing computers, latch up more than one string
+to one computer.
+
+Even though one string could only take commands
+from one computer, more than one string could
+
+take commands from the same computer if that
+became necessary.
+
+If you lost a computer and were in a benign
+environment and you wanted to recover all
+
+those systems, that happened with the first
+computer failure in STS-9, then you would
+
+manually re-latch those strings to a healthy
+computer.
+
+Of course, if that computer went down then
+it would take two strings down.
+
+There was a unique latch up of these string
+components to power systems, but it wasn't
+
+necessarily one-to-one.
+
+And that is where things got very complicated,
+when you start crossing the subsystems where
+
+one power system could cause some subsystems
+to fail on more than one string.
+
+Then you take a string down.
+
+That would be a very different failure scenario
+than taking two strings down.
+
+This is showing how the thrusters laid out.
+
+You can see there are a lot of thrusters on
+each string.
+
+If you go back and look at the vehicle carefully
+and you look at the down firing thrusters,
+
+you will see that in the front of the tank
+there are two thrusters that point down to
+
+the left and two thrusters that point down
+to the right candid out about 40 degrees.
+
+That means that if you lose two thrusters,
+two strings or two manifolds it was possible
+
+to lose both of them on one side.
+
+That is very important because that's one
+of the phenomena we had to protect against
+
+for separating from the external tank.
+
+And it becomes a highly coupled separation
+maneuver.
+
+And there were some special jet select tables
+created for that and some special control
+
+logic loops that were created just for that
+one scenario.
+
+You go through these things and certain critical
+events where things cannot fail even if your
+
+subsystems have failed twice.
+
+And the subsystems may not have been designed
+to make it very convenient, but you still
+
+have to do it.
+
+That happens to be one of the scenarios we
+looked at a lot.
+
+And that we see forward down left down left
+or forward down right down right.
+
+So somehow you lose the thrusters, these strings
+or whatever.
+
+That became a special design case.
+
+And there were a lot of those kinds of things.
+
+I would say 70% or 80% of our design time
+goes into learning those special cases.
+
+With the thrusters the manifolds are basically
+the valve lines, so there is a commonality
+
+between the electronic stringing of manifolds
+in those valves.
+
+With the OMS that's not really true.
+
+The way the OMS engines work, each engine
+[NOISE OBSCURES] is actually an oxidizer and
+
+fuel tank going into two loops of lines each
+with two valves.
+
+At least one valve in each path had to open
+to feed fuel.
+
+At least both valves in one loop had to close
+to stop fuel from flowing.
+
+Any combination which would leave two open
+after a burn started or would leave two closed
+
+before the burn started was a problem.
+
+Then you have pressure sensors.
+
+And there was only one per engine.
+
+You lacked insight into whether or not the
+engine started based on pressure if one of
+
+those failed.
+
+The stringing of this was not the same as
+the electronic string, so we had to start
+
+looking at the possibility of individual valve
+failures and electronic string failures.
+
+Taking down other valves.
+
+Did that happen before an engine started,
+after an engine started?
+
+How did that correlate with then influence
+on the same engine's actuator control?
+
+We could get situations where we could start
+the engine but we couldn't steer it, engines
+
+that we could steer but couldn't start it,
+and so we ended up with this maze of tables
+
+looking at those situations coming up with
+contingency designs.
+
+Sometimes reverting to using the XRCS jets
+under severe multiple failure scenarios that
+
+actually do deorbit burns.
+
+We talked about what could go down.
+
+All of these things could be lost with a single
+failure, though not all strings have an IMU
+
+because there are only three.
+
+And only two of the chamber pressure.
+
+Some strings were more important than others
+with respect to a subset of the systems.
+
+And since there are only two thrusters on
+one manifold per pod of the Verniers, there
+
+are also only three strings that affected
+those.
+
+All this got set up so that any one failure
+was quite manageable, but the moment you talked
+
+about any possible two failures was when it
+became much more complicated.
+
+Generally, where we ended up, after lots and
+lots of special design accommodation was we
+
+tolerated loss of translation control in the
+axes that were not necessary for managing
+
+deorbit.
+
+We tolerated degradation and rotation control
+but assured that we retained it, at least
+
+in a time average sense, in all three axes.
+
+The biggest complexity here was assuring we
+still had adequate time averaged translation
+
+and rotation control for tank separation.
+
+So we would pull away without recontacting
+the tank.
+
+Remember, recontacting the tank meant tiles
+hitting the tank.
+
+Those tiles are really fragile.
+
+They can survive thousands of degrees but
+not much impact.
+
+We accommodated the scenario where we could
+lose all thrust vector control on the OMS
+
+engines and still do a deorbit burn usually
+with RCS wraparound properly designed.
+
+And we had to accommodate the situations where
+MDMs did not reset, so everything tied to
+
+an MDM would be lost.
+
+And that is the kind of situation where you
+start having valve here, a valve here, a valve
+
+there being shut down along with a bunch of
+jets.
+
+And the real pain was understanding what things
+could collectively go down together.
+
+You had to lay out all the faults, all the
+things that could happen with each of the
+
+faults and then overlaying the combinations
+of those.
+
+And then you would find it wasn't everything
+you were worried about.
+
+It was usually a small fraction, but those
+few fractions drove the design details and
+
+effort to a great degree.
+
+Now, on orbit, because you would often being
+using one IMU and you only had two computers,
+
+one of those strings going down meant you
+lost your navigation base.
+
+But because you're in a relatively benign
+environment, restringing and bringing up another
+
+system wasn't a problem.
+
+If you were doing terminal rendezvous with
+the Space Station, you would not be in a one
+
+IMU mode.
+
+You would be in a three IMU mode on two computers,
+but you would not lose your navigation base.
+
+If you lost a computer at a critical point
+in that, you would probably abort the rendezvous,
+
+reconfigure again and resume your operations.
+
+One of the ground rules for all rendezvous
+operations with the Shuttle, and I think will
+
+be true of the CVE is an rendezvous operation
+planned to do has to be able to be repeated
+
+at least once.
+
+The way I want to end this, and then we could
+have questions, is two pictures, before and
+
+after cockpit upgrade on the Shuttle.
+
+This was the way the Shuttle was for many
+flights.
+
+Those are CRT displays, green monochrome where
+no images could be drawn except little sticks,
+
+dots and lines and rudimentary.
+
+These are analog tape measures, analog eight
+ball with analog needles for attitude and
+
+rate information.
+
+And really very 1970s.
+
+Comment on that.
+
+One of the things that we did as payload specialists
+is we got some training in the cockpit, and
+
+that was the version that was available in
+the early `90s when I was down there.
+
+And you would go from your desk at the Johnson
+Space Center when you were using an IMB Think
+
+Pad or something, and you felt as though you
+had gone through a time warp when you went
+
+back to the simulator on what was the world's
+most expensive vehicle.
+
+It was extraordinary.
+
+And, of course, you could explain why this
+was kept on so long.
+
+Well, it was this multi seven digit figure
+for its upgrade, as well as the issue about
+
+recertification.
+
+And let me mention both of those in a moment,
+point out a couple of things and get back
+
+to that before I show you the current configuration.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] The amount in the Shuttle
+versus the amount to support the Shuttle?
+
+In the Shuttle because [NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+Well, you only have a 104k memory computer.
+
+You have the actual number of lines that are
+[NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+Yeah, you had the 104k for the backup system,
+the 104k for ascent and entry, the 104k for
+
+on-orbit, the 104k for system management.
+
+And then there have been other things where
+their own software capabilities have been
+
+added in subsequent years.
+
+So it is a lot of software now, but human
+validation means if you make small change
+
+everything has to be reassessed for possible
+interaction to a degree that you would never
+
+do for a mission that doesn't put human safety
+at risk.
+
+That means the cost of doing that each time
+is probably an order of magnitude higher than
+
+it would be for an unmanned system.
+
+You look at what it was going to take to put
+a cockpit upgrade in there.
+
+We're talking hundreds of millions of dollars
+to do it for the fleet.
+
+And when I say hundreds of millions, a couple
+hundred million.
+
+It did eventually get done, as I will show
+you in the next picture, but the main reason
+
+was obsolescence rather than wanting to be
+contemporary.
+
+You cannot buy these pieces to replace them
+anymore.
+
+The companies that actually made some of these
+systems may not exist.
+
+Or, if they do, they have no economic incentive
+for maintaining the base for a customer that
+
+may buy another five of them.
+
+And so, one of the things you have to deal
+with when a system is going to do this many
+
+years, another example of that is the B-52
+or the Triton missiles or things that stay
+
+in operation for a long time, is you have
+to plan, as part of your operation cost, for
+
+periodic upgrades to mitigate obsolescence.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] In some program they had
+some support.
+
+It was Digital microcomputers.
+
+We had a room over in the Hill building that
+had about 100 of them stacked up as backups.
+
+I don't think the boxes ever got opened.
+
+I think the program did the buy, but the program
+never lasted as long as it was supposed to.
+
+But you are right.
+
+You can try to buy it.
+
+But, even so, even unused systems had a shelf
+life.
+
+And you don't know how good they are going
+to be 30 years later.
+
+If you had asked me in 1978 how long the Shuttle
+was going to fly before it was replaced, I
+
+would have said ten years, maybe 15.
+
+Before the Columbia accident they were talking
+about another 20.
+
+It is only the safety issues now that are
+going to make them stop it soon.
+
+Anyway, the other thing I want to point out
+here, this is the crew interaction mechanism,
+
+a push button display.
+
+No such thing as GUI.
+
+That is unheard of in the Shuttle.
+
+Can you talk a bit about the hand controllers?
+
+Are they the same ones used for landings that
+are also used for docking?
+
+I mean was it the same hand controller for
+everything?
+
+It is the same hand controller for everything,
+except there is another station in the back,
+
+I didn't bring a picture of it, which is used
+for docking.
+
+The cockpit, you're looking out the forward
+windows, you turn around and there is another
+
+set of cockpit instrumentation, hand controllers.
+
+And there are two windows above you and two
+windows looking on the payload bay.
+
+And there are also controllers there for the
+arm.
+
+Everything related to the arm is done looking
+out toward the payload bay.
+
+The arm is attached there.
+
+When you are doing rendezvous you're looking
+out at the overhead windows of the vehicle
+
+you are approaching.
+
+So, in effect, you have a couple of these
+CRT displays and identical hand controller
+
+and the equivalent then or the updated equivalent
+now of these displays on a back station.
+
+To avoid any issues of changing controllers
+and changing viewpoints, you might note that
+
+normally the controls that are done out of
+the back window with that separate controller
+
+and separate displays are done by different
+crew members.
+
+That is typically a mission specialist's job,
+not a pilot or commander job, and so they
+
+are separately trained.
+
+Right.
+
+That's an important point.
+
+For rendezvous and docking, it is the pilot
+or commander who uses the aft controls to
+
+control [NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+Do you know?
+
+I believe that everything related to the RMS
+that you said is correct.
+
+But for a rendezvous the commander is always
+involved.
+
+But the point was that in that case that is
+done out the rear window.
+
+It is still done at the rear window, so he
+has got to mentally reverse his frame of reference
+
+while he is doing that.
+
+That is correct.
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES] And that is something that
+I think will not be done with the CEV.
+
+The same frame of reference will be used on
+the CEV because I think that has always been
+
+a little bit of a point of contention in the
+problems of maintaining simultaneous proficiency.
+
+For remote manipulation with the arm that
+has been an issue.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And I think that has always been done by uniquely
+trained mission specialists.
+
+That's right.
+
+Today's cockpit looks a lot more like what
+you will see on a commercial airliner vintage
+
+mid `80s, the late `80s perhaps, but still
+more familiar where you've got glass multicolored
+
+displays.
+
+The eight ball still exists in image form
+because that is what a lot of the astronauts
+
+used to learn how to fly these vehicles.
+
+They still fly with respect to it, except
+it is a digital representation, but you're
+
+still not with the gooey environment.
+
+You still won't have touch pads or a mouse.
+
+It is all pushbutton displays.
+
+And there is a case to be made that touch
+displays or touch screens don't work very
+
+well in a vehicle where you G environments
+keep changing.
+
+It is very difficult to get a touch display
+that works with a light touch and a heavy
+
+touch when you're in zero G or when you're
+pulling several Gs.
+
+Even if the technology was space qualified,
+it is not clear that they would use it, except
+
+on a vehicle that stays in a constant environment.
+
+At this point, let me introduce Dr. Hayashi.
+
+Miwa Hayashi is, in fact, at NASA Ames Research
+Center now, was here at MIT and worked on
+
+the design of the next generation of the Shuttle
+cockpit upgrade.
+
+In fact, that is what you will be talking
+about in ten minutes across the hall in the
+
+16.400 class.
+
+It is essentially what would have been done
+if Shuttle life had been extended.
+
+I might add that, although the room is very
+crowded, if a few of you would like to sort
+
+of hear where this story would have gone,
+you're welcome to come across the hall to
+
+419 and hear Dr. Hayashi.
+
+And you are also giving a lab meeting lecture
+at 1:00.
+
+Could you tell us that subject?
+
+That is about the astronaut scanning behavior.
+
+Our team had a model about the astronaut's
+scanning behavior in the cockpit, this upgraded
+
+cockpit.
+
+Anyone interested in this kind of topic you
+are welcome.
+
+It is from 1:00 PM 33206.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Go ahead, Phil.
+
+Well, at this point, I think I'm open to a
+few more questions.
+
+We have a couple of minutes for further questions,
+any topic we've covered or that's related
+
+that we didn't cover.
+
+Yeah?
+
+You talked a lot about the constraints of
+the invented computers.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] Well, we had very large
+facilities for that purpose that evolved over
+
+time.
+
+The first major facility was the Flight Simulation
+Laboratory in Downing, California, which was
+
+then Rockwell.
+
+You had a room with a couple cockpits, you
+had another room which had the digital interfaces
+
+of the cockpit, and a half a floor with the
+analog computers that provided a lot of the
+
+information generation at a rate that was
+not achievable with digital systems.
+
+You had this hybrid system for driving what
+were man-in-the-loop simulations.
+
+And we spent 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
+using those labs for several years.
+
+I would often go out to California and be
+on the 5:00 PM to 5:00 AM shift often spanning
+
+weekends.
+
+By the way, I was doing that, I think, when
+I was still a graduate student, which was
+
+kind of an interesting experience.
+
+But then NASA built the Shuttle Avionics Integration
+Laboratory in Houston which eventually superseded
+
+the laboratory at Rockwell.
+
+That became an all-digital system.
+
+The hybrid systems went away.
+
+The high capacity computers, they could fit
+in one good size room everything they needed,
+
+and were able to get much more digital displays
+for the crews.
+
+Sometimes what they used to do for the imagery
+of the crew in the early days is they would
+
+actually drive a camera across a simulated
+scene because you couldn't generate the scene.
+
+By the time they got the sail facility developed
+they were able to do scene generation with
+
+fairly high computers.
+
+Now everything could almost be tabletop.
+
+I mean it is just so dramatic as how this
+evolved over the years.
+
+The one thing they had at Rockwell that never
+got replaced, though, is they also were able
+
+to put into the loop actual hydraulic systems.
+
+When they were doing entry they could turn
+on aero surfaces and hydraulics with simulated
+
+loads.
+
+And you always knew when they were doing it
+because the high pitch scream of the APUs,
+
+when they were doing it, you could hear two
+blocks away.
+
+OK.
+
+Last question.
+
+Sir, I was wondering if you could give kind
+of a concept of the cost of developing the
+
+software either in man hours or in comparison
+of what they spent on the hardware.
+
+Well, the initial development of the system
+probably involved the equivalent of 15 or
+
+20 full time people for a few years.
+
+And this was to develop the algorithms and
+support the validation.
+
+The actual flight software was actually produced
+by IBM separately.
+
+And they had a small team of people that would
+take the detail design specifications and
+
+create 
+
+the software.
+
+It is a big effort but a very small part of
+the cost of developing a Shuttle.
+
+I mean you measure the Shuttle in billions.
+
+You measure the flight software development
+in millions.
+
+One thing that I remember when the software
+was developed and we were working and validating
+
+it, IBM wanted every line of code change in
+million dollars.
+
+A million dollars for one line of code change
+because they had to verify the whole software.
+
+That is why you would never, unless there
+was a flight critical thing, do that.
+
+NASA wanted generally, whenever possible,
+to aggregate changes for a year or maybe two
+
+years sometimes.
+
+And then put them in there just for that reason
+because there was this huge cost of revalidating.
+
+And that was the IBM cost.
+
+It would be a cost to bringing us back in
+to certify that, too.
+
+Well, it worked and you should be very proud
+of it, you and your colleagues.
+
+Thank you very much, Phil.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QVEOq5k6Xi0.txt b/QVEOq5k6Xi0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ed2535efc0624028ffe670f8b125a7827d618ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QVEOq5k6Xi0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what we did so far was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we did so far was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we did so far was a lot
+of fun but is he useful for anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun but is he useful for anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun but is he useful for anything I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+suppose the answer is going to be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the answer is going to be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the answer is going to be yes
+okay that these meta-circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that these meta-circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that these meta-circular
+interpreters are a valuable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters are a valuable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters are a valuable thing to
+play with I spend say well there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with I spend say well there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with I spend say well there have
+been times I spent fifty percent of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been times I spent fifty percent of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been times I spent fifty percent of my
+time over a year trying various design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over a year trying various design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over a year trying various design
+alternatives by experimenting with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives by experimenting with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives by experimenting with them
+with meta-circular interpreters Medellin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with meta-circular interpreters Medellin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with meta-circular interpreters Medellin
+circular interpreters like sort you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular interpreters like sort you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular interpreters like sort you just
+saw meta-circular is because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw meta-circular is because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw meta-circular is because they're
+defined in terms of themselves in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of themselves in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of themselves in such a
+way that the language they interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the language they interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the language they interpret
+contains itself okay such interpreters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains itself okay such interpreters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains itself okay such interpreters
+are a convenient medium for exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a convenient medium for exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a convenient medium for exploring
+language issues if you want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language issues if you want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language issues if you want to try
+adding a new feature it's sort of a snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a new feature it's sort of a snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a new feature it's sort of a snap
+it's easy let's do it and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy let's do it and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy let's do it and see what
+happens you play with that language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you play with that language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you play with that language for
+a while you say gee I didn't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you say gee I didn't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you say gee I didn't like that
+you throw it away okay or you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw it away okay or you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw it away okay or you might want
+to see what the difference is if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the difference is if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the difference is if you'd
+make a slight difference in the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a slight difference in the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a slight difference in the binding
+strategy or some are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or some are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or some are more complicated
+things that might occur in fact these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might occur in fact these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might occur in fact these
+meta-circular interpreters are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreters are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreters are an
+excellent medium for people exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent medium for people exchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent medium for people exchanging
+exchanging ideas about language design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging ideas about language design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging ideas about language design
+because they're pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're pretty easy to
+understand and they're short and compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and they're short and compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and they're short and compact
+and simple if I have some idea that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple if I have some idea that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple if I have some idea that I
+want somebody to criticise like say Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want somebody to criticise like say Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want somebody to criticise like say Dan
+Freedman and Indiana I know right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman and Indiana I know right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman and Indiana I know right a
+little meta-circular interpreter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little meta-circular interpreter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little meta-circular interpreter and
+send him some Network mail with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send him some Network mail with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send him some Network mail with this
+interpreter and he can whip it up on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter and he can whip it up on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter and he can whip it up on his
+machine and play with it and say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and play with it and say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and play with it and say that's
+no good and then send it back to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good and then send it back to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good and then send it back to me and
+say well why don't you try this one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why don't you try this one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why don't you try this one it's
+a little better okay so I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better okay so I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better okay so I want to show
+you some of that technology see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of that technology see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of that technology see because
+really it's the it's the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's the it's the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's the it's the essential
+simple technology for getting started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technology for getting started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technology for getting started in
+in designing your own languages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing your own languages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing your own languages for
+particular purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular purposes
+so let's start by adding a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start by adding a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start by adding a very simple
+feature to a list now one thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature to a list now one thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature to a list now one thing I want
+to tell you about is features before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is features before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is features before I
+start there are many languages that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there are many languages that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there are many languages that have
+made a mess of themselves by adding huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mess of themselves by adding huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mess of themselves by adding huge
+numbers of features computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of features computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of features computer scientists
+have a joke about bugs that transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a joke about bugs that transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a joke about bugs that transform
+into features all the time but I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into features all the time but I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into features all the time but I like to
+think of it is that many systems suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is that many systems suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is that many systems suffer
+from what's called creeping feature ISM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's called creeping feature ISM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's called creeping feature ISM
+which is that you know George has a pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know George has a pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know George has a pet
+pet feature he'd like in the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet feature he'd like in the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet feature he'd like in the system so
+he adds it and then Harry says go says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adds it and then Harry says go says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adds it and then Harry says go says
+well i G that system is no longer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i G that system is no longer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i G that system is no longer what
+exactly I like somebody had my faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I like somebody had my faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I like somebody had my faith
+behavior feature okay and then then Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior feature okay and then then Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior feature okay and then then Jim
+adds his favorite feature and after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds his favorite feature and after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds his favorite feature and after a
+while the thing has a manual 500 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the thing has a manual 500 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the thing has a manual 500 pages
+long that no one can understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that no one can understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that no one can understand and
+sometimes it's the same person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's the same person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's the same person who
+writes all of these features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes all of these features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes all of these features and
+produces this terribly complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this terribly complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this terribly complicated thing
+and some in some cases like editors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some in some cases like editors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some in some cases like editors it's
+sort of reasonable to have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reasonable to have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reasonable to have lots of
+features because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features because there are a lot of
+things you want to be able to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to be able to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to be able to do and
+many of them are arbitrary I'm going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are arbitrary I'm going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are arbitrary I'm going in
+computer languages I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer languages I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer languages I think that's a
+disaster I have too much stuff in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster I have too much stuff in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster I have too much stuff in them
+the other alternative you get into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other alternative you get into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other alternative you get into is
+something called feet being creature ISM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called feet being creature ISM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called feet being creature ISM
+which is where you have a box which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where you have a box which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where you have a box which has
+a display a fancy display and a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a display a fancy display and a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a display a fancy display and a mouse
+and you get into or there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get into or there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get into or there's all sorts of
+complexity associated with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity associated with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity associated with all this
+fancy i/o and your computer language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy i/o and your computer language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy i/o and your computer language
+becomes a dismal little tiny thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a dismal little tiny thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a dismal little tiny thing that
+barely works because of all the swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely works because of all the swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely works because of all the swapping
+and disk twitching and so on caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disk twitching and so on caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disk twitching and so on caused by
+your Windows system and every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Windows system and every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Windows system and every time you
+go near the computer the mouse process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go near the computer the mouse process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go near the computer the mouse process
+wakes up and says gee I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up and says gee I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up and says gee I have you
+something for me to do and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for me to do and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for me to do and then it goes
+back to sleep and if you accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sleep and if you accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sleep and if you accidentally
+push the mouse with your elbow big puff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the mouse with your elbow big puff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the mouse with your elbow big puff
+of smoke comes out of your computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoke comes out of your computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoke comes out of your computer and
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+so two ways to disastrously destroy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two ways to disastrously destroy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two ways to disastrously destroy a
+system by adding features but let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by adding features but let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by adding features but let's try
+right now add a little simple feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this actually is a good one and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is a good one and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is a good one and in fact
+real realists habit as you've seen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real realists habit as you've seen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real realists habit as you've seen there
+are procedures like like plus and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are procedures like like plus and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are procedures like like plus and times
+now take any number of arguments so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take any number of arguments so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take any number of arguments so we
+can write things like the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write things like the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write things like the sum of the
+product of a and X and X and the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a and X and X and the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a and X and X and the product
+of B and X and C as you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and X and C as you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and X and C as you can see here
+addition takes three arguments or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition takes three arguments or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition takes three arguments or two
+arguments multiplication takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments multiplication takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments multiplication takes two
+arguments or three arguments taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments or three arguments taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments or three arguments taking
+numbers of arguments all of which are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arguments all of which are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arguments all of which are to
+be treated in the same way and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated in the same way and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated in the same way and this is a
+valuable thing indefinite numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing indefinite numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing indefinite numbers of
+arguments yet the particularly Lisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yet the particularly Lisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yet the particularly Lisp
+system that I showed you is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I showed you is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that I showed you is one where
+the numbers of arguments is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers of arguments is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers of arguments is fixed
+because I had to match the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had to match the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had to match the arguments
+against the formal parameters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the formal parameters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the formal parameters in the
+binder where there was a pair up well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder where there was a pair up well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder where there was a pair up well
+I'd like to be able to define new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to be able to define new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to be able to define new
+procedures like this that can have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures like this that can have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures like this that can have any
+number of arguments well there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arguments well there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arguments well there's several
+parts to this problem the first part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to this problem the first part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to this problem the first part is
+coming up with a syntactic specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a syntactic specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a syntactic specification
+some way of notating the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of notating the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of notating the additional
+arguments which you don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which you don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which you don't know how many
+there are and then there is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are and then there is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are and then there is the other
+thing which is once we've notated it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is once we've notated it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is once we've notated it how
+are we going to interpret that notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to interpret that notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to interpret that notation
+so as to do the right thing whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to do the right thing whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to do the right thing whatever the
+right thing is so let's consider an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing is so let's consider an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing is so let's consider an
+example of the sort of thing we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the sort of thing we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the sort of thing we might
+want to be able to do so an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do so an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do so an example
+might be I might want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I might want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I might want to be able to
+define a procedure which is a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a procedure which is a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a procedure which is a procedure
+of one required argument X and a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one required argument X and a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one required argument X and a non
+require and a bunch of arguments I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require and a bunch of arguments I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require and a bunch of arguments I don't
+know how many there are called Y so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many there are called Y so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many there are called Y so X is
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are many wise many arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many wise many arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many wise many arguments
+which we call what blahblah will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call what blahblah will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call what blahblah will be the
+list of them now with such a thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of them now with such a thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of them now with such a thing we
+might be able to say something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to say something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to say something like a
+map I'm going to do something every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map I'm going to do something every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map I'm going to do something every one
+of that procedure of what argument you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that procedure of what argument you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that procedure of what argument you
+which multiplies X by you and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which multiplies X by you and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which multiplies X by you and we'll
+apply that to Y I've used the dot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to Y I've used the dot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to Y I've used the dot here
+to indicate that the thing after this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the thing after this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the thing after this is
+a list of all the rest of the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the rest of the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the rest of the arguments
+I'm making a syntactic specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+now what this depends upon the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this depends upon the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this depends upon the reason
+why this is sort of a reasonable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is sort of a reasonable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is sort of a reasonable thing
+to do is because this happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is because this happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is because this happens to be a
+syntax that's used in the list breeder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax that's used in the list breeder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax that's used in the list breeder
+for representing conscious we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for representing conscious we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for representing conscious we've never
+introduced that before you've never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced that before you've never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced that before you've never seen
+you may have seen when playing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen when playing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen when playing with the
+system that if you constitute things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that if you constitute things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that if you constitute things
+together you get the first space dot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get the first space dot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get the first space dot the
+second closed space the first space dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second closed space the first space dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second closed space the first space dot
+space the second the parentheses around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second the parentheses around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second the parentheses around
+the whole thing so that for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing so that for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing so that for example this
+X dot Y corresponds to a pair which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot Y corresponds to a pair which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot Y corresponds to a pair which has
+got an X in it and a Y in it then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an X in it and a Y in it then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an X in it and a Y in it then what
+the other notations that you've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other notations that you've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other notations that you've seen so
+far are things like like a procedure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are things like like a procedure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are things like like a procedure a
+procedure of arguments x and y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of arguments x and y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of arguments x and y and z
+which do things and that that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just looking at the bound variable list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the bound variable list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the bound variable list
+it looks like this X Y Z and the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this X Y Z and the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this X Y Z and the empty
+thing if I have a list of arguments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if I have a list of arguments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if I have a list of arguments I
+wish to match this against supposing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to match this against supposing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to match this against supposing I
+have a list of arguments one two three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of arguments one two three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of arguments one two three I
+want to match these against me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to match these against me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to match these against me so I
+might have here a list of three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one two three okay I want to match X Y Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three okay I want to match X Y Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three okay I want to match X Y Z
+against one two three well it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against one two three well it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against one two three well it's clear
+that the one matches the X because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one matches the X because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one matches the X because I can
+just sort of follow the structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of follow the structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of follow the structure and
+the two matches the the Y and the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two matches the the Y and the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two matches the the Y and the three
+matches the Z but now supposing I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the Z but now supposing I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the Z but now supposing I were
+to compare this x dot y this is X dot Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare this x dot y this is X dot Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare this x dot y this is X dot Y
+supposing I'm compare that with the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I'm compare that with the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I'm compare that with the list
+of three arguments one two three just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three arguments one two three just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three arguments one two three just
+look at that again one two three well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again one two three well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again one two three well I
+can look and I can walk along here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look and I can walk along here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look and I can walk along here and
+say oh yes X matches the one huh the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh yes X matches the one huh the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh yes X matches the one huh the Y
+matches the list which is two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the list which is two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the list which is two and three
+so the notation I'm choosing here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation I'm choosing here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notation I'm choosing here is one
+that's very natural for the Lisp system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very natural for the Lisp system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very natural for the Lisp system
+but I'm going to choose this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to choose this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to choose this as a
+notation for representing a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for representing a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for representing a bunch of
+arguments now there's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments now there's an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments now there's an alternative
+possibility which is if I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility which is if I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility which is if I don't want to
+take one special out or two special ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one special out or two special ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one special out or two special ones
+out or something like that right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or something like that right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or something like that right if I
+don't want to do that if I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that if I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that if I want to talk
+about just the list of all the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the list of all the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the list of all the arguments
+like in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in addition
+well then the argument list I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the argument list I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the argument list I'm going to
+choose to be that procedure of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be that procedure of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be that procedure of all the
+arguments X which does something with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments X which does something with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments X which does something with X
+which for example if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for example if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for example if I take the
+procedure which is which takes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is which takes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is which takes all the
+arguments X and returns the list of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments X and returns the list of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments X and returns the list of them
+hey that's list that's the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's list that's the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's list that's the procedure
+list so this is how does this work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so this is how does this work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so this is how does this work well
+indeed what I had as the bound variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what I had as the bound variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what I had as the bound variable
+list in this case whatever it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in this case whatever it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in this case whatever it is is
+being matched against the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being matched against the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being matched against the list of
+arguments this symbol now is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments this symbol now is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments this symbol now is all of the
+arguments and so this is the choice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and so this is the choice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and so this is the choice I'm
+making for a particular syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for a particular syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for a particular syntactic
+specification for the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification for the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification for the description of
+procedures which take indefinite numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures which take indefinite numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures which take indefinite numbers
+of arguments there are two cases of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arguments there are two cases of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arguments there are two cases of it
+this one in this one and none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in this one and none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in this one and none of these
+when you make syntactic specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make syntactic specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make syntactic specifications
+it's important that it's unambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that it's unambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that it's unambiguous
+that neither of these can be confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither of these can be confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither of these can be confused
+with an a representation we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a representation we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a representation we already have
+this one I can always tell whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I can always tell whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I can always tell whether I
+have a fixed number of explicitly named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed number of explicitly named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed number of explicitly named
+arguments named by these formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments named by these formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments named by these formal
+parameters or a fixed number of named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or a fixed number of named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or a fixed number of named
+formal parameters followed by a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameters followed by a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal parameters followed by a thing
+which picks up all the rest of them or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks up all the rest of them or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks up all the rest of them or a
+list of all of the form of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all of the form of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all of the form of all the
+arguments which will be matched against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which will be matched against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which will be matched against
+this particular formal parameter called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular formal parameter called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular formal parameter called
+X because these are syntactically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because these are syntactically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X because these are syntactically
+distinguishable many languages make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable many languages make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable many languages make
+terrible errors in that form where whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible errors in that form where whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible errors in that form where whole
+segments of interpretation are cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of interpretation are cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of interpretation are cut off
+because there are there are syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are there are syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are there are syntactic
+ambiguities in Latin the language there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in Latin the language there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in Latin the language there
+are medicinal problems with Algol like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are medicinal problems with Algol like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are medicinal problems with Algol like
+language is having to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is having to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is having to do with the
+nesting of ifs in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesting of ifs in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nesting of ifs in the in the
+in the predicate part in any case now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the predicate part in any case now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the predicate part in any case now so
+I've told you about the syntax now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about the syntax now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about the syntax now what
+are we going to do about the semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do about the semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do about the semantics
+the semantics of this how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics of this how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics of this how do we
+interpret it well this is just super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it well this is just super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it well this is just super
+easy I'm going to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I'm going to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I'm going to modify the
+meta-circular interpreter to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreter to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreter to do it
+that's a one-liner there it is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-liner there it is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-liner there it is I'm
+changing the way you pair things up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way you pair things up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way you pair things up okay
+here we have the procedure that pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the procedure that pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the procedure that pairs
+here's the procedure that pairs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables the formal parameters with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the formal parameters with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the formal parameters with the
+arguments that were passed from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that were passed from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that were passed from the last
+from the last description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last description of the
+meta-circular interpreter and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreter and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-circular interpreter and here are
+some things that are the same as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are the same as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are the same as they
+were before in other words if the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before in other words if the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before in other words if the list
+of variables is empty then if the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables is empty then if the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables is empty then if the list
+of values is empty then I have then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values is empty then I have then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values is empty then I have then I
+have an empty list otherwise I have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an empty list otherwise I have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an empty list otherwise I have too
+many arguments if I have that is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments if I have that is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments if I have that is if I
+have empty variables but non empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have empty variables but non empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have empty variables but non empty
+values if I have empty values okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if I have empty values okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if I have empty values okay but
+not the variables is non empty I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the variables is non empty I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the variables is non empty I have
+too few arguments however if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too few arguments however if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too few arguments however if I have a
+variable the variables are a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting case then what I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case then what I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case then what I should do
+you say oh yes this is the special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh yes this is the special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh yes this is the special case
+that I have a symbolic tale okay I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a symbolic tale okay I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a symbolic tale okay I have
+here a thing just like we looked over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thing just like we looked over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thing just like we looked over
+here this is a tail which is a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a tail which is a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a tail which is a symbol
+why it's not a nil it's not the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not a nil it's not the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not a nil it's not the empty
+list here's a symbolic tail it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here's a symbolic tail it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here's a symbolic tail it's just
+the very beginning is the tail there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning is the tail there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning is the tail there's
+nothing else in that case I wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in that case I wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in that case I wish to
+match the that list of that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the that list of that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the that list of that variable
+with all the values and add that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the values and add that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the values and add that to the
+to the pairing that I'm making otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pairing that I'm making otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pairing that I'm making otherwise
+I go through the normal normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go through the normal normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go through the normal normal
+arrangement of making up a whole pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of making up a whole pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of making up a whole pairing
+I suppose that's very simple and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose that's very simple and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose that's very simple and that's
+all there is to it and now I'll answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it and now I'll answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it and now I'll answer
+some questions the first one are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions the first one are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions the first one are there
+any questions yes the third one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yes the third one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yes the third one this one
+okay well maybe we should look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe we should look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe we should look at the
+whole thing as a as a piece of list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing as a as a piece of list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing as a as a piece of list
+structure okay this is a procedure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay this is a procedure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay this is a procedure which
+contains a lambda I'm just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lambda I'm just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lambda I'm just looking at
+that list structure would represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list structure would represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list structure would represents
+this represents this here's X these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents this here's X these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents this here's X these are
+prisons are symbols and then their body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisons are symbols and then their body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisons are symbols and then their body
+is nothing but X okay if I were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but X okay if I were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but X okay if I were looking
+to the bound variable list part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bound variable list part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bound variable list part of this
+procedure I would go looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I would go looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I would go looking at the
+Katter and I'd find a symbol so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katter and I'd find a symbol so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katter and I'd find a symbol so the
+matcher which is this pair up thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matcher which is this pair up thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matcher which is this pair up thing I
+just showed you is going to be matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you is going to be matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you is going to be matching
+a symbolic object against a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbolic object against a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbolic object against a list of
+arguments that were passed and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that were passed and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that were passed and it will
+bind that symbol to the to the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind that symbol to the to the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind that symbol to the to the list of
+arguments the in this case if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the in this case if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the in this case if I'm
+looking for looking for it the match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for looking for it the match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for looking for it the match
+will be against this in the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be against this in the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be against this in the bound
+variable list position okay now if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable list position okay now if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable list position okay now if what
+this does is it gets a list of arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does is it gets a list of arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does is it gets a list of arguments
+and returns it that's list that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns it that's list that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns it that's list that's the
+procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well thank you let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well thank you let's take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well thank you let's take a break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see now I'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see now I'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see now I'm gonna tell you
+about a rather more substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a rather more substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a rather more substantial
+variation one that's a famous variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation one that's a famous variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation one that's a famous variation
+that many early lists had it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many early lists had it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many early lists had it's called
+dynamic binding and variables and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic binding and variables and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic binding and variables and we'll
+investigate a little bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate a little bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate a little bit about that
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I'm going to first introduce this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to first introduce this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to first introduce this by
+showing you the sort of thing that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the sort of thing that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the sort of thing that would
+make someone want this idea I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make someone want this idea I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make someone want this idea I'm not
+going to tell you what it is yet I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what it is yet I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what it is yet I'm
+gonna show you how you why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you how you why you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you how you why you might
+want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it
+suppose for example we looked at the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example we looked at the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example we looked at the Sun
+procedure again for summing up a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure again for summing up a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure again for summing up a bunch
+of things to be that procedure of a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to be that procedure of a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to be that procedure of a term
+a lobe the lower bound a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lobe the lower bound a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lobe the lower bound a method of
+computing the next index and upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the next index and upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the next index and upper bound
+such that if a is greater than B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if a is greater than B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if a is greater than B then
+the result is zero otherwise it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is zero otherwise it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is zero otherwise it's the
+sum of the term procedure applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the term procedure applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the term procedure applied to a
+and the result of adding up terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of adding up terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of adding up terms with
+the next a being the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next a being the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next a being the a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next procedure passed along and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next procedure passed along and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next procedure passed along and the
+upper bound being passed along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blink-blink-blink okay now when I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink-blink-blink okay now when I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink-blink-blink okay now when I use
+this some procedure I can use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some procedure I can use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some procedure I can use it for
+example like this we can define the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like this we can define the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like this we can define the sum
+of the powers of to be for example sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the powers of to be for example sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the powers of to be for example sum
+of a bunch of powers X to the n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of powers X to the n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of powers X to the n to be
+that procedure of a B and n lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure of a B and n lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure of a B and n lower bound
+the upper bound and n which is sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound and n which is sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound and n which is sum of
+lambda of X a procedure of one argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda of X a procedure of one argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda of X a procedure of one argument
+X which exponentiate X to the n with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which exponentiate X to the n with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which exponentiate X to the n with the
+a the incrementer and B being passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the incrementer and B being passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the incrementer and B being passed
+along so we're adding up X to the N give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so we're adding up X to the N give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so we're adding up X to the N give
+it an X where X takes on values from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an X where X takes on values from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an X where X takes on values from A
+to B incrementing by one I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B incrementing by one I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B incrementing by one I can also
+write the sort of the that's right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the sort of the that's right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the sort of the that's right this
+product excuse me a product of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product excuse me a product of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product excuse me a product of a bunch
+of powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a strange name I'm gonna leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strange name I'm gonna leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strange name I'm gonna leave it
+there weird okay all right what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sure that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that's right
+if I want the product I'll add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want the product I'll add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want the product I'll add your
+powers that was twelve brain cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that was twelve brain cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that was twelve brain cells that
+double take okay I can for example use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double take okay I can for example use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double take okay I can for example use
+the the procedure which is like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the procedure which is like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the procedure which is like some
+witches for making products but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witches for making products but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witches for making products but it's
+similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that
+that you've seen before as a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen before as a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen before as a procedure
+of three arguments again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three arguments again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three arguments again
+who's the product of terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the product of terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the product of terms that are
+constructed or factors in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed or factors in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed or factors in this case
+constructed from exponentiating X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from exponentiating X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from exponentiating X to the
+N where I start with a I increment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N where I start with a I increment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N where I start with a I increment and I
+go to B now there's some sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to B now there's some sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to B now there's some sort of thing
+here that should disturb you immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that should disturb you immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that should disturb you immediately
+these look the same why am I writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look the same why am I writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look the same why am I writing
+this code so many times okay here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so many times okay here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so many times okay here I am
+in the same in the same boat I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same in the same boat I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same in the same boat I've been
+in before right wouldn't it be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before right wouldn't it be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before right wouldn't it be nice to
+make an abstraction here what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an abstraction here what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an abstraction here what's an
+example of a good abstraction to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a good abstraction to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a good abstraction to make
+well I see some code that's identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I see some code that's identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I see some code that's identical
+here's one and here's another right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one and here's another right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one and here's another right and
+so maybe I should be able to pull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should be able to pull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should be able to pull that
+out I should be able to say oh yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I should be able to say oh yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I should be able to say oh yes the
+some of the powers could be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the powers could be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the powers could be written in
+terms of something called the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of something called the nth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of something called the nth power
+procedure imagine somebody wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure imagine somebody wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure imagine somebody wanted to
+write a slightly different procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a slightly different procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a slightly different procedure
+that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Sun powers to be a procedure of a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun powers to be a procedure of a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun powers to be a procedure of a B
+and n which is the result of summing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n which is the result of summing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n which is the result of summing up
+the nth power we're gonna give a name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power we're gonna give a name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power we're gonna give a name to
+that idea for starting at a going by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea for starting at a going by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea for starting at a going by one
+and ending it big and similarly and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ending it big and similarly and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ending it big and similarly and I
+might want to write product powers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to write product powers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to write product powers this
+way abstracting out this idea I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way abstracting out this idea I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way abstracting out this idea I might
+want this product powers to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this product powers to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this product powers to be a
+procedure of a B and n which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of a B and n which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of a B and n which is the
+product of the nth power operation on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the nth power operation on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the nth power operation on a
+with the implementation and B being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being my arguments for the analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being my arguments for the analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being my arguments for the analogous
+thing product and I'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing product and I'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing product and I'd like to be able to
+define I'd like to be able to define ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define I'd like to be able to define ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define I'd like to be able to define ant
+power I'll put it over here put it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I'll put it over here put it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I'll put it over here put it at
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be in fact my procedure of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in fact my procedure of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in fact my procedure of one
+argument X which is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument X which is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument X which is the result of
+exponentiating X to the end but I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating X to the end but I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating X to the end but I have a
+problem my environment model that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my environment model that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my environment model that is my
+means of interpretation for the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of interpretation for the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of interpretation for the language
+that we've defined so far does not give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've defined so far does not give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've defined so far does not give
+me a meaning for this end because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a meaning for this end because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a meaning for this end because as you
+know the as you know this n is free in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the as you know this n is free in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the as you know this n is free in
+this procedure the environment model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure the environment model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure the environment model
+tells us that the meaning of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the meaning of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the meaning of a free
+variable is determined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is determined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is determined in the
+environment in which this procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which this procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which this procedure is
+defined in the way I've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in the way I've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in the way I've written it
+assuming these things are defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these things are defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these things are defined on the
+blackboard as is this is defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard as is this is defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard as is this is defined in the
+global environment where there is no end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global environment where there is no end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global environment where there is no end
+therefore n is not unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore n is not unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore n is not unbounded
+but it's perfectly clear to most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's perfectly clear to most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's perfectly clear to most of us
+that we would like it to be this end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like it to be this end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like it to be this end and
+this end okay on the other hand okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end okay on the other hand okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end okay on the other hand okay it
+would be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice
+certainly we've got to be careful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we've got to be careful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we've got to be careful here
+of keeping this to be this okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping this to be this okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping this to be this okay and this
+one over here wherever it is to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here wherever it is to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here wherever it is to be this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the desire to make this work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the desire to make this work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the desire to make this work has
+led to a very famous bug okay tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a very famous bug okay tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a very famous bug okay tell you
+about the famous bug look at this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the famous bug look at this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the famous bug look at this slide
+there's an idea called dynamic binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idea called dynamic binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idea called dynamic binding
+we're instead of the free variable being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're instead of the free variable being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're instead of the free variable being
+interpreted in the environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the environment of
+definition of a procedure the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a procedure the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a procedure the free
+variable is interpreted as having its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is interpreted as having its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is interpreted as having its
+value in the environment of the caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the environment of the caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the environment of the caller
+of the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what you have is a system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you have is a system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you have is a system where
+you search up the chain of callers of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you search up the chain of callers of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you search up the chain of callers of a
+particular procedure and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular procedure and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular procedure and of course in
+this case since empower is called from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case since empower is called from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case since empower is called from
+inside product whatever it is I'd write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside product whatever it is I'd write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside product whatever it is I'd write
+our own sum which is the analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own sum which is the analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own sum which is the analogous
+procedure ok and product is presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure ok and product is presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure ok and product is presumably
+called from product powers as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called from product powers as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called from product powers as you see
+over here then since product power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then since product power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then since product power is
+bind to the variable n then n powers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the variable n then n powers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the variable n then n powers n
+would be derived through that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly this n the nth power and n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this n the nth power and n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this n the nth power and n in
+this case would come through F power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would come through F power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would come through F power
+here being called from inside sum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here being called from inside sum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here being called from inside sum you
+can see being called from inside sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see being called from inside sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see being called from inside sum
+here it's called term here okay but son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's called term here okay but son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's called term here okay but son
+was called from inside of some powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called from inside of some powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called from inside of some powers
+which bound in therefore there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bound in therefore there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bound in therefore there would be
+an N available for that end to be to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N available for that end to be to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N available for that end to be to get
+its value from this is called a dine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value from this is called a dine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value from this is called a dine at
+that what we have below this white line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we have below this white line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we have below this white line
+plus over here is what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus over here is what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus over here is what's called the
+dynamic binding view of the world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic binding view of the world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic binding view of the world if
+that works that's a dynamic binding view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works that's a dynamic binding view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works that's a dynamic binding view
+now let's take a look for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look for example at
+just what it takes to implement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it takes to implement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it takes to implement that
+that's real easy in fact the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's real easy in fact the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's real easy in fact the very first
+lisps that had any firm interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisps that had any firm interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisps that had any firm interpretation
+for the free variables all had dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free variables all had dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free variables all had dynamic
+binding interpretations for the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding interpretations for the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding interpretations for the free
+variables APL has dynamic binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables APL has dynamic binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables APL has dynamic binding
+interpretation for the free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for the free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for the free variables
+not-not-not lexical or static binding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not-not-not lexical or static binding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not-not-not lexical or static binding so
+then of course the change is in eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the change is in eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the change is in eval
+yeah that's really in two places first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's really in two places first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's really in two places first
+of all one thing we see is that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all one thing we see is that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all one thing we see is that things
+become a little simpler if I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little simpler if I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little simpler if I don't have
+to have the if I don't have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the if I don't have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the if I don't have to have the
+environment be the environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment be the environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment be the environment of
+definition for a procedure the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a procedure the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for a procedure the procedure
+need not capture the environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not capture the environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not capture the environment that
+the time it's defined and so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's defined and so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's defined and so if we look
+here at this this slaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this this slaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this this slaw
+we see that the clause for a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the clause for a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the clause for a lambda
+expression which is the way a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the way a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the way a procedure
+is defined does not make up a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined does not make up a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined does not make up a thing
+which has a type closure and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a type closure and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a type closure and and a
+attached environment structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached environment structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached environment structure
+he's just the expression itself and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just the expression itself and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just the expression itself and will
+decompose that some other way somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that some other way somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that some other way somewhere
+else okay the other thing we see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay the other thing we see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay the other thing we see is the
+applicator the applicator must be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicator the applicator must be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicator the applicator must be able
+to get the environment of the caller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the environment of the caller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the environment of the caller the
+caller of a procedure is right here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller of a procedure is right here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller of a procedure is right here if
+the procedure is an application if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure is an application if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure is an application if the
+expression we're evaluating is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're evaluating is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're evaluating is an
+application then we're going to call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application then we're going to call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application then we're going to call or
+combination then we're going to call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination then we're going to call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination then we're going to call a
+procedure which is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is the value of the
+operator the environment of the caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the environment of the caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the environment of the caller
+is the environment we have right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the environment we have right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the environment we have right here
+available now so all I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available now so all I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available now so all I have to do is
+pass that environment to the applicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that environment to the applicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that environment to the applicator
+to apply and if we look at that here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply and if we look at that here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply and if we look at that here the
+only change we have to make is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change we have to make is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change we have to make is that the
+that fella takes that environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fella takes that environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fella takes that environment and
+uses that environment for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that environment for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that environment for the purpose of
+extending that environment when a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending that environment when a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending that environment when a but
+when abiding the formal parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when abiding the formal parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when abiding the formal parameters of
+the procedure to the arguments that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to the arguments that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure to the arguments that were
+passed not a procedure not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed not a procedure not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed not a procedure not an
+environment that was captured in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that was captured in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that was captured in the
+procedure the reason why the first lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the reason why the first lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the reason why the first lists
+were implemented this way is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implemented this way is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implemented this way is sort of the
+obvious accidental implementation and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious accidental implementation and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious accidental implementation and of
+course as usual people got used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual people got used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual people got used to it
+and liked it and there were some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liked it and there were some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liked it and there were some people
+said this is the way to do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is the way to do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is the way to do it right
+unfortunately that causes some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that causes some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that causes some serious
+problems the most important serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the most important serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the most important serious
+problem in using dynamic binding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in using dynamic binding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in using dynamic binding is
+there's a modularity crisis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a modularity crisis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a modularity crisis that's
+involved in it if two people are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it if two people are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it if two people are working
+together on some big system then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on some big system then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on some big system then an
+important thing to want is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to want is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to want is that the
+names used by each one don't interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names used by each one don't interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names used by each one don't interfere
+with the names of the other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the names of the other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the names of the other it's
+important that when I invent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that when I invent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that when I invent some
+segment of code then no one can make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of code then no one can make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of code then no one can make my
+code stop working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code stop working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code stop working
+by using my names that I use internal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using my names that I use internal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using my names that I use internal to
+my code in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code in turn
+to his god however dynamic binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his god however dynamic binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his god however dynamic binding
+violates that particular modularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates that particular modularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates that particular modularity
+constraint in a clear way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in a clear way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in a clear way
+consider for example what happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example what happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example what happens over
+here suppose it was the case that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose it was the case that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose it was the case that I
+decided to change the word next I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to change the word next I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to change the word next I mean
+I'm supposing somebody is writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposing somebody is writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposing somebody is writing
+somebody is writing some and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is writing some and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is writing some and somebody
+else is gonna use some the writer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is gonna use some the writer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is gonna use some the writer of
+some has a choice of what names you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some has a choice of what names you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some has a choice of what names you may
+use let's say I'm that writer well by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's say I'm that writer well by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's say I'm that writer well by
+gosh just happens I didn't want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh just happens I didn't want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh just happens I didn't want to call
+this next I called it n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next I called it n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next I called it n okay
+so all places where you see next I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all places where you see next I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all places where you see next I
+called it n oops I've changed nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it n oops I've changed nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it n oops I've changed nothing
+about the specifications in this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specifications in this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specifications in this program
+but this program stops working not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this program stops working not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this program stops working not only
+that unfortunately this one does too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately this one does too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately this one does too
+okay why do these prep programs stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do these prep programs stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do these prep programs stop
+working well it's sort of clear instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well it's sort of clear instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well it's sort of clear instead
+of chasing out the instead of chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chasing out the instead of chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chasing out the instead of chasing
+out the value of the end that occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the value of the end that occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the value of the end that occurs in
+nth power over here or over here through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power over here or over here through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power over here or over here through
+the environment of definition where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment of definition where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment of definition where this
+one is always linked to this one if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is always linked to this one if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is always linked to this one if it
+was through the environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through the environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through the environment of
+definition because here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because here is the
+definition this lambda expression was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this lambda expression was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this lambda expression was
+executed in the environment where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in the environment where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in the environment where that
+end was defined if instead of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end was defined if instead of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end was defined if instead of doing that
+I have to chase through the cold chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to chase through the cold chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to chase through the cold chain
+then look what horrible thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look what horrible thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look what horrible thing happens
+well this was called from inside sum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was called from inside sum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was called from inside sum as
+term term n okay I'm looking for a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term term n okay I'm looking for a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term term n okay I'm looking for a value
+of n instead of getting this one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n instead of getting this one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n instead of getting this one I get
+that one so by changing the insides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so by changing the insides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so by changing the insides of
+this program this program stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I no longer have a quantifier as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I no longer have a quantifier as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I no longer have a quantifier as I
+described before which is a symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before which is a symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before which is a symbol the
+lambda symbol is supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda symbol is supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda symbol is supposed to be a
+quantifier a thing which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier a thing which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier a thing which has the
+property that the that the names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the that the names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the that the names that
+are you that are bound by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you that are bound by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you that are bound by it
+are unimportant that I can uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unimportant that I can uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unimportant that I can uniformly
+substitute any names for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute any names for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute any names for these
+throughout this thing so long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this thing so long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this thing so long as they
+don't occur in here the new names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur in here the new names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur in here the new names and
+the meaning of this expression should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of this expression should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of this expression should
+remain unchanged I've just changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged I've just changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged I've just changed the
+meaning of the expression by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the expression by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the expression by changing
+the name one of the names so land is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name one of the names so land is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name one of the names so land is no
+longer a well-defined idea it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a well-defined idea it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a well-defined idea it's a very
+serious problem so for that reason I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem so for that reason I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem so for that reason I and
+my buddies have given up this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my buddies have given up this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my buddies have given up this particular
+kind of abstraction which I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstraction which I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstraction which I would like
+to have in favor of a modularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in favor of a modularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in favor of a modularity
+principle but this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but this is the kind of
+experiment you can do if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can do if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can do if you want to
+play with these interpreters you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with these interpreters you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with these interpreters you can try
+them out this way that way and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out this way that way and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out this way that way and the other
+way you see what makes a nicer language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see what makes a nicer language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see what makes a nicer language
+that's a very important thing to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important thing to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important thing to be able
+to do now I would like to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now I would like to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now I would like to give you a
+feeling for what I think the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what I think the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what I think the right thing
+to do is here how are you going to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is here how are you going to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is here how are you going to how
+are you going to get this kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to get this kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to get this kind of of
+power in a lexical system and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in a lexical system and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in a lexical system and the answer
+is of course what I really want is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course what I really want is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course what I really want is a
+something that makes up for me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes up for me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes up for me an
+exponentiate err for a particular end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate err for a particular end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate err for a particular end
+given an end it will make me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an end it will make me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an end it will make me an
+exponentiate err oh but that's easy too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate err oh but that's easy too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate err oh but that's easy too
+in other words I can write my power by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I can write my power by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I can write my power by
+program this way and the final thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this way and the final thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this way and the final thing
+called P gen which is a procedure of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P gen which is a procedure of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P gen which is a procedure of N
+which produces for me an exponentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces for me an exponentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces for me an exponentiate
+err X to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+given that I have that then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I have that then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I have that then I can
+capture the abstraction I wanted even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the abstraction I wanted even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the abstraction I wanted even
+better because it's now encapsulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it's now encapsulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it's now encapsulated in
+a way where I can't be destroyed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way where I can't be destroyed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way where I can't be destroyed by a
+change of names I can define some powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of names I can define some powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of names I can define some powers
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+to be a procedure again of a b and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a procedure again of a b and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a procedure again of a b and n
+which is the sum the term generated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum the term generated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum the term generated the
+term function generated by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term function generated by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term function generated by using this
+generator P gen n okay with a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator P gen n okay with a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator P gen n okay with a the
+incrementer and b and i could define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementer and b and i could define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementer and b and i could define the
+product of powers to be a procedure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of powers to be a procedure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of powers to be a procedure of a
+b and n which is the product p gen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and n which is the product p gen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and n which is the product p gen and
+with a increment and b now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a increment and b now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a increment and b now of course
+this is a very simple example where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple example where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple example where this
+object that I'm trying to abstract over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I'm trying to abstract over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I'm trying to abstract over
+is small but it could be a hundred lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but it could be a hundred lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but it could be a hundred lines
+of code and so the purpose of this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code and so the purpose of this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code and so the purpose of this is of
+course to make it simple I get a name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make it simple I get a name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make it simple I get a name to
+it it's just that here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just that here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just that here it's a
+parameterised name it's a name that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterised name it's a name that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterised name it's a name that
+depends upon explicitly the lexically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon explicitly the lexically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon explicitly the lexically
+apparent value of n so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent value of n so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent value of n so you can think of
+this as a long name and here I solved my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a long name and here I solved my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a long name and here I solved my
+problem by naming my a my mine by naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by naming my a my mine by naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by naming my a my mine by naming
+the the term generation procedures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term generation procedures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term generation procedures with
+an N in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there any questions oh yes David is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions oh yes David is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions oh yes David is the
+only solution to the problem you raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solution to the problem you raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solution to the problem you raised
+to create another procedure in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create another procedure in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create another procedure in other
+words can this only work in languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can this only work in languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can this only work in languages
+that are capable of defining objects as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are capable of defining objects as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are capable of defining objects as
+procedures oh I see the my solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures oh I see the my solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures oh I see the my solution to
+making this abstraction when I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this abstraction when I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this abstraction when I didn't
+want to include the procedure inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the procedure inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the procedure inside the
+body depended upon my ability to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body depended upon my ability to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body depended upon my ability to return
+a procedure our export one right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure our export one right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure our export one right and
+that's right in the if I don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right in the if I don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right in the if I don't have that
+then I just don't have this ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just don't have this ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just don't have this ability to
+make an abstraction in a way where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an abstraction in a way where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an abstraction in a way where I
+don't have right where I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have right where I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have right where I don't have
+possibilities of simple conflicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of simple conflicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of simple conflicts that
+were unanticipated that's right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unanticipated that's right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unanticipated that's right so one
+of the the I consider I consider being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the I consider I consider being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the I consider I consider being
+able to return a procedural value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to return a procedural value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to return a procedural value and
+therefore and therefore to sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore and therefore to sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore and therefore to sort of have
+first-class procedures in general as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-class procedures in general as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-class procedures in general as
+being essential to doing very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being essential to doing very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being essential to doing very good
+modular programming now indeed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular programming now indeed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular programming now indeed there are
+many other ways to skin this cat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other ways to skin this cat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other ways to skin this cat what
+you can do is take for each of the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is take for each of the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is take for each of the for
+each of the bad things that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bad things that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bad things that you have to
+worry about you can make a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about you can make a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about you can make a special
+feature that covers that that thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that covers that that thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that covers that that thing you
+can make a package system you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a package system you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a package system you can make
+module system as an ADA etc okay and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module system as an ADA etc okay and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module system as an ADA etc okay and all
+of those work over they cover little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those work over they cover little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those work over they cover little
+regions of it the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of it the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of it the thing is that
+returning procedures as values cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning procedures as values cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning procedures as values cover all
+of those problems and so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those problems and so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those problems and so it's the
+simplest mechanism that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest mechanism that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest mechanism that gives you the
+love gives you the best modularity gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love gives you the best modularity gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love gives you the best modularity gives
+you all of the known modularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of the known modularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all of the known modularity
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I suppose it's time for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I suppose it's time for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I suppose it's time for the next
+break thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well yesterday when you learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yesterday when you learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yesterday when you learned about
+streams how worried to you about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams how worried to you about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams how worried to you about about
+the order of evaluation and delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of evaluation and delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of evaluation and delayed
+arguments to procedures the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to procedures the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to procedures the way we
+played with streams yesterday it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with streams yesterday it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with streams yesterday it was a
+responsibility of the caller and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of the caller and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of the caller and the
+callee to both agree that an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callee to both agree that an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callee to both agree that an argument
+was delayed and the call a call II must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was delayed and the call a call II must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was delayed and the call a call II must
+forced the argument if it needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced the argument if it needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced the argument if it needs the
+answer so we're out to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we're out to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we're out to be a lot of
+handshaking between the designer of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshaking between the designer of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshaking between the designer of a
+procedure and the user of it over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and the user of it over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and the user of it over over
+delayed miss that turns out of course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed miss that turns out of course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed miss that turns out of course to
+be a fairly bad thing it works alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fairly bad thing it works alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fairly bad thing it works alright
+with streams but as a general thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with streams but as a general thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with streams but as a general thing what
+you want is an is a an idea to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is an is a an idea to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is an is a an idea to have a
+locus a decision a design decision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus a decision a design decision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus a decision a design decision in
+general to have a place where it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to have a place where it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to have a place where it's made
+explicitly and notated in a clear way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and notated in a clear way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and notated in a clear way
+and so it's not a very good idea to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a very good idea to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a very good idea to have
+to have an agreement between the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an agreement between the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an agreement between the person
+who writes the procedure and the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who writes the procedure and the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who writes the procedure and the person
+who who calls it about such details as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who calls it about such details as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who calls it about such details as
+maybe the arguments of evaluation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the arguments of evaluation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the arguments of evaluation the
+order of evaluation although that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of evaluation although that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of evaluation although that's not
+so bad I mean we have other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad I mean we have other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad I mean we have other such
+agreements like the inputs a number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements like the inputs a number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements like the inputs a number okay
+but it would be nice if only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be nice if only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be nice if only one of
+these guys could take responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys could take responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys could take responsibility
+completely now this is not a new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Algol 60 had two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algol 60 had two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algol 60 had two different ways of
+calling a procedure the arguments could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a procedure the arguments could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a procedure the arguments could
+be passed by name or by value and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed by name or by value and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed by name or by value and what
+that meant was that a name argument was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant was that a name argument was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant was that a name argument was
+delayed that when you passed an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed that when you passed an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed that when you passed an argument
+by name that its value would only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name that its value would only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name that its value would only be
+obtained if you access that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained if you access that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained if you access that that's an
+argument so what I'd like to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so what I'd like to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so what I'd like to do now is
+show you first of all a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you first of all a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you first of all a little bit about
+again we're gonna make a modification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're gonna make a modification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're gonna make a modification to
+a language in this case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language in this case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language in this case we're going to
+add a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a feature
+we're going to add the feature of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add the feature of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add the feature of by
+name parameters if you will or delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name parameters if you will or delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name parameters if you will or delayed
+parameters and because in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and because in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and because in fact the
+default in in our Lisp system is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in in our Lisp system is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in in our Lisp system is by the
+value of a pointer a pointer is copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a pointer a pointer is copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a pointer a pointer is copied
+but the data structure it points at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data structure it points at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data structure it points at is
+not what I'd like to in fact show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I'd like to in fact show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I'd like to in fact show you is
+a is how you add name arguments as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is how you add name arguments as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is how you add name arguments as well
+now again why would we need such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again why would we need such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again why would we need such a thing
+well supposing we wanted to invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well supposing we wanted to invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well supposing we wanted to invent
+certain kinds of of what otherwise would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of of what otherwise would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of of what otherwise would
+be special forms reserved words but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be special forms reserved words but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be special forms reserved words but I'd
+rather not take up reserved words I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not take up reserved words I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not take up reserved words I want
+procedures that could do things like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that could do things like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that could do things like if
+if it's special or cond or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's special or cond or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's special or cond or whatever it
+is it's the same thing it's special in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the same thing it's special in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the same thing it's special in
+that it determines whether or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it determines whether or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it determines whether or not to
+evaluate the consequent or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the consequent or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the consequent or the
+alternative based on with a value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative based on with a value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative based on with a value of the
+predicate part of an expression so value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate part of an expression so value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate part of an expression so value
+it and taking the value of one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and taking the value of one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and taking the value of one thing
+determines whether or not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether or not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether or not to do
+something else whereas all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else whereas all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else whereas all the
+procedures like plus evaluate other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures like plus evaluate other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures like plus evaluate other ones
+we can define right now evaluate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define right now evaluate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define right now evaluate all of
+their arguments before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arguments before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arguments before before
+application so for example supposing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so for example supposing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so for example supposing I
+wish to be able to define something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reverse of if in terms of it call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse of if in terms of it call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse of if in terms of it call it
+unless of a predicate a consequent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of a predicate a consequent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of a predicate a consequent and
+an alternative and what I'd like to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative and what I'd like to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative and what I'd like to sort
+of be able to do is say I'll do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be able to do is say I'll do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be able to do is say I'll do it in
+terms of cons cons if not the predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cons cons if not the predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cons cons if not the predicate
+then take the consequent otherwise take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the consequent otherwise take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the consequent otherwise take
+the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what I'd like this to mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like this to mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like this to mean is
+supposing I do something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I do something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I do something like this
+I'd like this unless say if equals 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like this unless say if equals 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like this unless say if equals 1 0
+then the answer is 2 otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the answer is 2 otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the answer is 2 otherwise the
+quotient of 1 & 0 okay what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of 1 & 0 okay what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of 1 & 0 okay what I'd like
+that to mean is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to mean is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to mean is the result of
+substituting equal 1 0 & 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting equal 1 0 & 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting equal 1 0 & 2 and the
+quotient of 1 0 for PCNA I'd like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of 1 0 for PCNA I'd like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of 1 0 for PCNA I'd like that
+to mean and this is funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean and this is funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean and this is funny
+I'd like it to transform into or mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like it to transform into or mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like it to transform into or mean
+con not equal 1 0 then the result is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con not equal 1 0 then the result is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con not equal 1 0 then the result is 2
+otherwise I want to be the quotient of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I want to be the quotient of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I want to be the quotient of 1
+& 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you know that if I were to type this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know that if I were to type this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know that if I were to type this
+at a lisp I'd get it to there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lisp I'd get it to there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lisp I'd get it to there's no
+problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+okay however if I were to type this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however if I were to type this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however if I were to type this is
+the Lisp because all the arguments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lisp because all the arguments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lisp because all the arguments are
+evaluated before I start then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated before I start then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated before I start then I'm going
+to get an error out of this so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an error out of this so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an error out of this so that if
+the substitutions work at all of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitutions work at all of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitutions work at all of course
+I would get the right answer but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get the right answer but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get the right answer but here's
+a case where I get the wrong I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where I get the wrong I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where I get the wrong I don't
+substitutions don't work and I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions don't work and I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions don't work and I get the
+wrong I don't get the wrong answer I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I don't get the wrong answer I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I don't get the wrong answer I get
+no answer we get an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now however I'd like to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now however I'd like to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now however I'd like to be able to make
+my definition so that this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition so that this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition so that this kind of thing
+works what I want to do is say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what I want to do is say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what I want to do is say something
+special about C and n I want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about C and n I want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about C and n I want them to be
+delayed automatically I don't want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed automatically I don't want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed automatically I don't want them
+to be I don't want them to be evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't want them to be evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't want them to be evaluated
+at the time I call so I'm gonna make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I call so I'm gonna make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I call so I'm gonna make a
+declaration and then we're gonna see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration and then we're gonna see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration and then we're gonna see how
+to implement such a declaration but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement such a declaration but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement such a declaration but
+again I want you to say to yourself oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want you to say to yourself oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want you to say to yourself oh
+this is an interesting clue geez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting clue geez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting clue geez
+in here a kludge you know if piles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here a kludge you know if piles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here a kludge you know if piles of
+Kluge's make a big complicated mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kluge's make a big complicated mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kluge's make a big complicated mess
+and is this gonna may follow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this gonna may follow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this gonna may follow up
+something else that might occur first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that might occur first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that might occur first of
+all is it's an addicted syntactically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is it's an addicted syntactically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is it's an addicted syntactically
+unambiguous well it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous well it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous well it will be
+syntactically unambiguous with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically unambiguous with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically unambiguous with what
+we've seen so far but what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far but what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far but what I'm going to
+do may in fact cause trouble it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do may in fact cause trouble it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do may in fact cause trouble it may be
+that the thing I add will conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing I add will conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing I add will conflict with
+type declarations I might want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declarations I might want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declarations I might want to add
+the future for giving some system some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future for giving some system some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future for giving some system some
+compiler or something the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler or something the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler or something the ability to
+optimize given the types are known okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize given the types are known okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize given the types are known okay
+or it might conflict with other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might conflict with other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might conflict with other types of
+declarations I might want to make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations I might want to make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations I might want to make about
+the the formal parameters so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formal parameters so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formal parameters so I'm not
+making a general mechanism here where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a general mechanism here where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a general mechanism here where I
+can add declarations and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add declarations and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add declarations and I would like to
+be able to do that but I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that but I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that but I don't want to
+talk about that right now so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that right now so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that right now so here I'm
+going to do I'm going to build a kludge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna define unless called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna define unless called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna define unless called a
+predicate and I'm gonna call these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate and I'm gonna call these by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate and I'm gonna call these by
+name the consequent and named the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the consequent and named the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the consequent and named the
+alternative ha ha I got caught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ha ha I got caught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ha ha I got caught the
+corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if not T then the result is C else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what I'd like where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'd like where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'd like where I can
+explicitly declare certain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly declare certain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly declare certain of the
+parameters to be delayed to be computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be delayed to be computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be delayed to be computed
+later now this is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now this is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now this is actually a very
+complicated modification to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated modification to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated modification to an
+interpreter rather than a simple one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter rather than a simple one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter rather than a simple one the
+ones you saw before dynamic lining we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you saw before dynamic lining we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you saw before dynamic lining we're
+adding indefinite argument procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding indefinite argument procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding indefinite argument procedures
+it's relatively simple but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively simple but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively simple but this one
+changes a basic strategy the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes a basic strategy the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes a basic strategy the problem
+here is that our interpreter does it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that our interpreter does it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that our interpreter does it has
+written it valuates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it valuates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it valuates
+a combination by evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination by evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination by evaluating the
+procedure the operator producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the operator producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the operator producing the
+procedure and evaluating the operands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and evaluating the operands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and evaluating the operands
+producing the arguments and then doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the arguments and then doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the arguments and then doing
+an apply of the procedure to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apply of the procedure to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apply of the procedure to the to the
+arguments however here I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments however here I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments however here I don't want to
+evaluate the argument the operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the argument the operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the argument the operator the
+operands to produce the arguments until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands to produce the arguments until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands to produce the arguments until
+after I've examined the procedure to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've examined the procedure to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've examined the procedure to see
+what the procedures declarations look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the procedures declarations look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the procedures declarations look
+like so let's look at that here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's look at that here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's look at that here we have
+a changed evaluator I'm starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a changed evaluator I'm starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a changed evaluator I'm starting with
+the simple lexical evaluator not dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple lexical evaluator not dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple lexical evaluator not dynamic
+but we're gonna have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna have to do something
+sort of similar in some ways because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar in some ways because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar in some ways because of
+the fact that if i delay a procedure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if i delay a procedure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if i delay a procedure I'm
+sorry I'd lay an argument to a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'd lay an argument to a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'd lay an argument to a procedure
+I'm going to have to attach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to attach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to attach an
+environment to it remember how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to it remember how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to it remember how how
+implement the delay however better delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the delay however better delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the delay however better delay
+as being a procedure of no arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a procedure of no arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a procedure of no arguments
+which does some expression that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does some expression that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does some expression that's what
+delay of the expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of that expression this turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that expression this turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that expression this turned into
+something like this now however if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this now however if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this now however if I
+evaluate a lambda expression I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a lambda expression I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a lambda expression I have to
+capture the environment the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the environment the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the environment the reason why
+is because there are there are variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because there are there are variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because there are there are variables
+in there whose meanings I wish to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there whose meanings I wish to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there whose meanings I wish to derive
+from the context where this was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's why I'll and that does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'll and that does the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'll and that does the job
+it's the right thing and such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing and such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing and such that
+forcing then there's a delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing then there's a delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing then there's a delayed
+expression was the same thing as calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression was the same thing as calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression was the same thing as calling
+that with no arguments that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with no arguments that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with no arguments that's just the
+opposite of this producing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this producing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this producing an
+environment of the call which is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the call which is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the call which is in fact
+the environment where this was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment where this was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment where this was defined
+with an extra frame in it that's empty I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra frame in it that's empty I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra frame in it that's empty I
+don't care about that well if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that well if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that well if we go back
+to this this slide since it's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this slide since it's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this slide since it's the case
+if we look at this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this for a second
+everything is the same as it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same as it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the same as it was before
+except the case of applications or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the case of applications or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the case of applications or
+combinations and combinations I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and combinations I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and combinations I've got
+to do two things one is I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two things one is I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two things one is I have to
+evaluate the procedure to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the procedure to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the procedure to get the
+procedure by evaluating the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure by evaluating the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure by evaluating the operator
+that's what you see right here I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see right here I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see right here I have to
+make sure that that's current that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that that's current that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that that's current that is
+not a delayed object and evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a delayed object and evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a delayed object and evaluate that
+to the point where it became its forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where it became its forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where it became its forced
+now and then I have to somehow apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then I have to somehow apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then I have to somehow apply
+that to the to the operands but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the to the operands but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the to the operands but I have
+to keep the environment past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the environment past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the environment past that
+environment along so the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment along so the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment along so the sum of those
+operands I may have to delay I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands I may have to delay I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands I may have to delay I have to
+may have to attach that environment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to attach that environment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to attach that environment to
+those operands this is a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operands this is a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operands this is a rather
+complicated thing happening here looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing happening here looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing happening here looking
+at that in apply apply well it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in apply apply well it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in apply apply well it has a
+primitive procedure thing just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive procedure thing just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive procedure thing just like
+before but the compound one is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the compound one is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the compound one is a little
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+I have to evaluate the body just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to evaluate the body just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to evaluate the body just as
+before in an environment which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in an environment which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in an environment which is which
+is the result of binding some formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of binding some formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of binding some formal
+parameters to arguments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to arguments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to arguments in the
+environment that's true the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's true the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's true the environment
+is the one that comes from the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that comes from the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that comes from the procedure
+now it's a lexical language statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a lexical language statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a lexical language statically
+bound however one thing I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound however one thing I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound however one thing I have to do is
+strip off the declarations to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off the declarations to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip off the declarations to get the
+names of the variables that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the variables that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the variables that's what this
+guy does fee names and the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy does fee names and the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy does fee names and the other thing I
+have to do is process these declarations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is process these declarations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is process these declarations
+deciding which of these operands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which of these operands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which of these operands
+that's the operands now is suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the operands now is suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the operands now is suppose the
+arguments which of these operands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which of these operands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments which of these operands to
+evaluate and which of them are to be are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and which of them are to be are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and which of them are to be are
+to be encapsulated in delays of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encapsulated in delays of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encapsulated in delays of some
+sort the other thing you see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the other thing you see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the other thing you see here is
+that when you are primitive a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you are primitive a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you are primitive a primitive
+like plus had better get at the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plus had better get at the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plus had better get at the real
+real operands so here's a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operands so here's a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operands so here's a place where
+would have to force them and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to force them and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to force them and we're gonna
+look whatever list is gonna have to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look whatever list is gonna have to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look whatever list is gonna have to a
+bunch of forces so we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of forces so we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of forces so we have two different
+kinds of evelin's now we have lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of evelin's now we have lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of evelin's now we have lists and
+GM lists GF list is going to wrap delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM lists GF list is going to wrap delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM lists GF list is going to wrap delays
+around some things and force others or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some things and force others or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some things and force others or
+evaluate others and this guy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate others and this guy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate others and this guy is going to
+do some if you notice some forcing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some if you notice some forcing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some if you notice some forcing of
+things just looking at this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just looking at this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just looking at this a little bit
+this is a game you must play for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game you must play for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game you must play for
+yourself you know is not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know is not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know is not something that
+you're gonna see all possible variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see all possible variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see all possible variations
+on an evaluator talking to me and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an evaluator talking to me and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an evaluator talking to me and what
+you have to do is do this for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is do this for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is do this for yourself
+and after you feel this you play this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you feel this you play this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you feel this you play this a
+bit you get to see all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you get to see all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you get to see all the possible
+design decisions and what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions and what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions and what they might
+mean and how they interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and how they interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and how they interact with each
+other and so what languages might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so what languages might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so what languages might have
+in them and what an sort of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and what an sort of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and what an sort of consistent
+sets that make a legitimate language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that make a legitimate language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that make a legitimate language
+whereas what things are complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas what things are complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas what things are complicated
+Kluge's that are just piles of junk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kluge's that are just piles of junk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kluge's that are just piles of junk so
+ever list of course over here just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever list of course over here just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever list of course over here just as I
+said is a list of operands which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is a list of operands which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is a list of operands which are
+going to be under laid after evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be under laid after evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be under laid after evaluation
+so he's going to be forced whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to be forced whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to be forced whatever
+that's gonna mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna mean
+and G have list which is the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you mm-hmm
+what we see here well there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here well there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here well there's a couple
+of possibilities either it's a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities either it's a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities either it's a normal
+ordinary thing a cymbal sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary thing a cymbal sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary thing a cymbal sitting there
+like the predicate in the unless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the predicate in the unless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the predicate in the unless and
+that's what we have here in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here in which case
+this is intended to be evaluated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intended to be evaluated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intended to be evaluated in
+applicative order and it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order and it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order and it's essentially
+just what we had before it's mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we had before it's mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we had before it's mapping
+eval down down the list and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval down down the list and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval down down the list and we're going
+to evaluate the first expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate the first expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate the first expression and
+continue G of listing the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue G of listing the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue G of listing the core of the
+expression in the environment however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the environment however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the environment however
+it's possible that this is a name a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that this is a name a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that this is a name a name
+parameter if it's a name parameter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter if it's a name parameter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter if it's a name parameter I
+want to put a delay in which combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a delay in which combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a delay in which combines
+that expression which I'm calling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression which I'm calling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression which I'm calling by
+name with in it with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name with in it with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name with in it with with the
+environment that's available at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's available at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's available at this
+time and passing that as the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and passing that as the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and passing that as the parameter
+and this is part of the mapping process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is part of the mapping process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is part of the mapping process
+that you see here okay the only other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here okay the only other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here okay the only other
+interesting place in this procedure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place in this procedure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place in this procedure this
+in this interpreter is cond people tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interpreter is cond people tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interpreter is cond people tend
+to write this thing and then they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this thing and then they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this thing and then they leave
+this one out there's a place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out there's a place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out there's a place where you
+have to force conditionals have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to force conditionals have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to force conditionals have to know
+whether or not the answer is true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the answer is true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the answer is true or
+false it's like a primitive when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's like a primitive when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's like a primitive when you do
+a conditional you have to force now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional you have to force now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional you have to force now I'm
+not going to look at any more of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look at any more of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look at any more of this in
+any detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any detail
+it isn't very exciting and what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't very exciting and what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't very exciting and what's left
+is how do you make delays well delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you make delays well delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you make delays well delays
+are data structures which contain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are data structures which contain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are data structures which contain an
+expression in an environment and a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in an environment and a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in an environment and a type
+on them and says there are a thunk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and says there are a thunk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and says there are a thunk that
+comes from Algol language and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Algol language and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Algol language and it's
+claimed to be the sound of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to be the sound of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to be the sound of something
+being pushed on a stack I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed on a stack I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed on a stack I don't know I
+was not an Algol ition so or algo light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not an Algol ition so or algo light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not an Algol ition so or algo light
+or whatever so I don't know but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so I don't know but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so I don't know but that's
+what it's claimed and none delay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's claimed and none delay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's claimed and none delay is
+something which will recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which will recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which will recursively
+underlay thunks until the thunk becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlay thunks until the thunk becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlay thunks until the thunk becomes
+something which isn't a thug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which isn't a thug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which isn't a thug
+and this is the way you would lend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way you would lend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way you would lend a
+call by name like thing an algal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call by name like thing an algal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call by name like thing an algal and
+that's about all there is are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all there is are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all there is are there any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jerry yes Jessica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry yes Jessica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry yes Jessica
+I noticed you avoided calling by name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noticed you avoided calling by name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noticed you avoided calling by name in
+the primitive procedures and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primitive procedures and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primitive procedures and I was
+wondering what thoughts you have on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what thoughts you have on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what thoughts you have on that
+you never need that desk I was asking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never need that desk I was asking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never need that desk I was asking if
+it's ever reasonable to call a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever reasonable to call a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever reasonable to call a primitive
+procedure by name the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure by name the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure by name the answer is yes
+there is one particular case where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one particular case where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one particular case where it's
+reasonable actually to Creek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable actually to Creek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable actually to Creek
+construction of a data structure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a data structure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a data structure like
+Kahn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahn's
+we're making an array if you have arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making an array if you have arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making an array if you have arrays
+with any number of elements right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any number of elements right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any number of elements right it's
+unnecessary to evaluate those arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary to evaluate those arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary to evaluate those arguments
+all you need is promises to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is promises to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is promises to evaluate
+those arguments if you look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arguments if you look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arguments if you look at them
+there's if icons together a two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if icons together a two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if icons together a two things
+then I get costs together the promises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get costs together the promises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get costs together the promises
+just as easily is like it counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily is like it counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily is like it counts
+together the things it's only when I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the things it's only when I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the things it's only when I saw
+what I car could are them that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I car could are them that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I car could are them that I have to
+look at them that just gets out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them that just gets out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them that just gets out the
+promises and passes them to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises and passes them to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises and passes them to somebody
+that's why the lambda calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the lambda calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the lambda calculus
+definition the Alonzo Church definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Alonzo Church definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Alonzo Church definition
+of car cutter and cons makes sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car cutter and cons makes sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car cutter and cons makes sense it's
+because no work is done in car cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no work is done in car cutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no work is done in car cutter
+and cons is just shuffling data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cons is just shuffling data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cons is just shuffling data
+it's just routing few L however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just routing few L however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just routing few L however the
+things that do have to look at data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that do have to look at data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that do have to look at data I
+think is like plus because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is like plus because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is like plus because they have to
+look at the bits that the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bits that the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bits that the numbers are
+made out of unless they're lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of unless they're lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of unless they're lambda
+calculus numbers with your funny okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus numbers with your funny okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus numbers with your funny okay
+they have to look at the bits to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to look at the bits to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to look at the bits to be able
+to crunch them together to do the add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crunch them together to do the add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crunch them together to do the add
+okay so in fact data constructors data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in fact data constructors data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in fact data constructors data
+selectors and in fact things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors and in fact things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors and in fact things that
+side-effect data objects don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-effect data objects don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-effect data objects don't need to
+do don't need to do any forcing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do don't need to do any forcing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do don't need to do any forcing in the
+laziest possible interpreters on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziest possible interpreters on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziest possible interpreters on the
+other hand predicates on data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand predicates on data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand predicates on data structures
+have to if you want to is this a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to if you want to is this a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to if you want to is this a is this
+a pair or is it a symbol well you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair or is it a symbol well you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair or is it a symbol well you better
+find out you got to look at it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well I suppose it's time for a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well I suppose it's time for a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well I suppose it's time for a break
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Rqs_zVh5sr8.txt b/Rqs_zVh5sr8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..897ce6bd3d65d72a5d92b2c6dab4e00eed1ca952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rqs_zVh5sr8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1233 @@
+Good morning.  Good morning.   
+
+I don't know about you, but I can't take too many more nights like this.   
+
+I confess, I haven't gotten a thing done for so many nights in a row now,   
+
+but what a game!  How many of you saw the game?  Excellent.   
+
+Very good, very good.  You have your priorities straight in  
+
+the world.  Very good.  Well, if it's possible to get your  
+
+minds off Curt Schilling last night,  and off more importantly tonight.   
+
+Perhaps we can spend a bit of time this morning in the meanwhile with  
+
+whatever spare neurons you have talking about recombinant DNA for a  
+
+bit, OK?  What we talked about last time was different ways to clone  
+
+your gene based on its properties.  We started off with cloning by  
+
+complementation,  right, the idea that if you took a  
+
+library of clones,  you would be able to put it into  
+
+bacteria and select a bacterium whose phenotype had been restored by  
+
+virtue of having the plasmid.  You would complement the defect.   
+
+You'd find the clone you wanted because it complemented the defect.   
+
+That's great if you can put it into an organism that has a defect.   
+
+You can do it with bacteria.  You can do that with yeast.   
+
+It's harder to do with large organisms because you can't inject  
+
+enough of them with different clones to be able to make that practical  
+
+unless you're working in cell culture or some very small,   
+
+fast growing organism.  We talked about being able to use a  
+
+protein sequence,  reverse translating that protein  
+
+sequence in the computer from amino acid sequence to nucleotide sequence,   
+
+and using the nucleotide sequence to design a probe to hybridize back to  
+
+the genome.  That works fine if you have a protein sequence.   
+
+But the last topic we talked about that I wanted to just touch on again  
+
+this morning was suppose you were trying to clone the gene that causes  
+
+a certain human disease,  and you have no idea what the  
+
+protein was.  Then,  you can't use its amino acid  
+
+sequence because you don't have the protein.  What can you possibly do  
+
+when all you know is that you have a gene which causes a genetic defect  
+
+that causes a disease?  And I said you could clone it using  
+
+the ideas of genetic mapping,  position, the things that Sturtevant  
+
+developed.  And,  I touched on it briefly,   
+
+and I want to just touch on it a bit more because some people had some  
+
+questions about it.  And I've set up a very simple  
+
+example to show you.  Suppose that, to make it easy,   
+
+we're working in a fruit fly first.  We're working drosophila, and  
+
+suppose that the true picture of the underlying chromosome is like this.   
+
+There's a locus that could either have a mutant allele M or the wild  
+
+type allele plus.  There's a bunch of other loci along  
+
+the chromosome.  And, let's suppose we know all of  
+
+where they are and all that.  And, they have two alternative  
+
+alleles.  At this locus the alleles are orange  
+
+or pink.  At this locus I'll call the alleles orange or pink.   
+
+Now, these are different loci.  These are different alleles.  I've  
+
+just called them orange and pink in both cases so I don't have a rainbow  
+
+of colors up here to confuse us.  But all I mean is there's two  
+
+possible alleles here,  two alleles here, two alleles here.   
+
+This is the diseased gene we're interested in,   
+
+and these are passive markers.  These are other markers along the  
+
+chromosome.  If we were to set up a cross between  
+
+heterozygotes,  a heterozygote here,   
+
+and a heterozygote here,  and it were the case that on the  
+
+chromosome bearing the mutant allele,  it happened that at these three  
+
+markers we had orange alleles.  I don't know what they are, but  
+
+whatever these orange alleles are,  they might be a visible phenotype,   
+
+forked or yellow or bristled.  They could be a DNA sequence  
+
+difference.  They could be whatever you want, but let's suppose the M  
+
+chromosome has a set of alleles that are different in each location than  
+
+the plus chromosome.  Then, when we look at the offspring  
+
+that come out of this cross,  let's only, for the sake of  
+
+simplicity, look at those offspring who are homozygous mutants.   
+
+Well, in general, if there's been no crossover here,   
+
+then the M chromosome will have orange, orange,   
+
+orange, orange, orange,  orange.  If there's been a crossover,   
+
+however, it could go orange,  orange, pink on one of those  
+
+chromosomes.  Or if there's been crossovers like this,   
+
+it could go orange, orange,  pink on one chromosome, and orange,   
+
+pink, pink on the other chromosome.  It could even,   
+
+in the extreme,  have had crossovers very close to  
+
+the gene maybe here,  and even maybe here.  And you've got  
+
+orange, pink, pink,  and pink, pink, pink.   
+
+But if we look at the many segregates, you know from genetic  
+
+mapping that the closer the locus is to the disease gene,   
+
+the more strongly correlated the inheritance will be,   
+
+the tighter the linkage will be.  This is nothing more than linkage  
+
+mapping.  But now, suppose we were doing  
+
+linkage mapping,  but for the sake of argument the  
+
+whole genome had already been sequenced.  Suppose the genome had  
+
+been sequenced in a cross,  and the whole genome of the fruit  
+
+fly had been sequenced which it has been sequenced.   
+
+And, we looked at a cross and we looked at the mutants.   
+
+And what we did was we tried different positions along the genome.   
+
+And at each position, we had some genetic marker.   
+
+And that genetic marker might be as simple as the fact that at that  
+
+position, maybe there is an A in the DNA sequence on one of the  
+
+chromosomes, and maybe I don't know a G in the other sequence.   
+
+And over here, this marker might be,  there's a T in some particular  
+
+position, and there's a C in some particular position.   
+
+If we could assay that,  if we could tell, we could look  
+
+whether this spelling variation is closely correlated with the mutant.   
+
+And this spelling variation is closely correlated with the  
+
+inheritance of the mutant allele.  And we could just try up and down  
+
+the genome, different sites of spelling difference as if they were  
+
+genetic markers in our cross because they are genetic markers in our  
+
+cross, and see which one is most tightly correlated.   
+
+The minute we get any genetic sequence difference,   
+
+that shows co-inheritance linkage in this cross, we know that this spot  
+
+in the genome must be nearby our mutation.   
+
+So, we'll try one closer,  and we'll try one on the other side.   
+
+And, what you do is you test sites of genetic variation,   
+
+first to find one that shows any co-inheritance.   
+
+And once you've got that,  you try ones closer, and closer,   
+
+and closer.  Last time I talked about the process of,   
+
+if you had one of those markers you could use it to isolate the next  
+
+clone and the next clone and the next clone.  But you know what I  
+
+realized?  That's so old fashioned.  We might as well deal with the fact  
+
+we have a sequence of the genome.  No more would you ever isolate the  
+
+next clone and the next clone and the next clone.   
+
+You just look it up in the computer.  So, even if you have the whole  
+
+sequence of the genome,  we have to figure out what part of  
+
+it was co-inherited along with this disease, and that's the way you do  
+
+it, OK?  Genetic mapping,  ust as Sturtevant invented it,   
+
+can be applied if you have a whole sequence of the genome,   
+
+and enough sites of variation.  And, I've drawn it for a fruit fly  
+
+cross, but this could equally well be cystic fibrosis.   
+
+The only difference is if we're doing this in human families and  
+
+it's cystic fibrosis we don't have as many offspring.   
+
+So, we have to pool data from many families.  And,   
+
+we can't arrange it so that every family has exactly the same orange  
+
+alleles up here and pink alleles down there, but computers can deal  
+
+with that.  They can still figure out the correlation across many  
+
+families, and you find the spot in the genome where for many,   
+
+many, many families the kids who all got the disease show correlated  
+
+inheritance with this marker.  And that eventually pins you down  
+
+to a region of the genome.  It pins you down to those genetic  
+
+markers that show the absolute tightest correlation,   
+
+tight correlation, and that's where you look.   
+
+And in that fashion,  people went being able to map the  
+
+location of Huntington's Disease in 1984 to, by now,   
+
+mapping the locations of more than 1,  00 different human genetic diseases  
+
+where people didn't know the protein in advance.  They did it entirely  
+
+based on this positional mapping.  So, Sturtevant's idea, which I like  
+
+so much, has played itself out so beautifully now in the area of  
+
+modern molecular medicine.  OK.  So, onward.   
+
+I want to talk about a few other variations on the theme rather  
+
+quickly, and then I think I want to talk about how you analyze your  
+
+clones.  First,  variations on cloning,   
+
+I should just at least mention it.  We talked about cloning in an  
+
+autonomously replicating plasmid in a bacteria.   
+
+So, you go to a bacteria.  They have some autonomously  
+
+replicated pieces of DNA.  There are circles.  You can clone  
+
+in them, and you can typically,  these things are on the order of,   
+
+I don't know, 1,000 to 2,000 to 5,  00 bases can be readily cloned in  
+
+these plasmids.  You can do more,   
+
+but that's a typical kind of number is the insert size,   
+
+typically.  But we in the lab go up to much higher numbers  
+
+like 10,000 sometimes.  You can also, if you wanted to study  
+
+yeast, it turns out yeast happily have plasmids as well,   
+
+and you can do a similar sort of thing for yeast.   
+
+It turns out that instead of using plasmids, you can use bacterial  
+
+viruses.  These bacterial viruses have all different shapes as we've  
+
+talked about, circular or linear,  and they can typically hold, oh, 15,   
+
+00-40,000.  Some of these viruses are quite big.   
+
+The bacteriophage lambda tends to carry a lot of stuff.   
+
+And, it can replicate.  So, you could do the same thing to  
+
+that.  You can even use viruses that infect mammalian cells and there are  
+
+all sorts of viruses now that people clone in again,   
+
+linear or circular.  I don't know, for mammalian cells,   
+
+you often, the viruses like 1,000-5,  00.  You can even make artificial  
+
+whole chromosomes now.  You can do this in yeast.   
+
+Artificial chromosomes are called YACs.  They have all the little  
+
+machinery, little telomeres on them,  little centromeres.  They have a  
+
+selectable marker,  and then you can clone into it your  
+
+piece of DNA.  And these can take up to a million bases of DNA.   
+
+So, if you wanted, there are bacterial artificial chromosomes.   
+
+They're called BACs if they're in bacteria.  And recently,   
+
+people have developed artificial chromosome systems for mammalian  
+
+cells, and specifically human cells.  And they're called unfortunately  
+
+MACs and HACs and things like that.  Basically, any molecule that can  
+
+replicate in any system,  some smart molecular biologist will  
+
+come along and say,  how do I use that for my purpose,   
+
+to stick my DNA in it, and get it to replicate in this organism?   
+
+And so, if something's not on this list, it will be soon,   
+
+OK?  Now, here's another thing.  This is cloning chunks of DNA.   
+
+Just to have the piece of DNA in a library, but suppose we want to do  
+
+more than just have the DNA sitting there in the bacterium,   
+
+suppose what I'd really like to do is take a bacterium,   
+
+E coli, and put it to work for us.  Maybe what I'd like to do is take a  
+
+plasmid and insert in that plasmid the gene for human insulin.   
+
+So, I'm going to take the DNA locus corresponding to human insulin,   
+
+clone it into my plasmid.  Maybe I'll have isolated it from my  
+
+library because,  let's see, insulin's protein  
+
+sequence is known so I could reverse translate it to a nucleotide  
+
+sequence.  So, I could probe a library.   
+
+So, I could find the clone that has insulin.  Now what I'd like to do is  
+
+persuade this bacteria not just to carry the DNA but to make insulin  
+
+for me.  Would that be useful?  Yeah, how did people used to get  
+
+insulin?  Cadavers,  dead bodies; it would be much easier  
+
+to get them from a fermenter,  right, to get insulin from a  
+
+fermenter, if you could just ask E coli to make it.   
+
+So, if we put it into E coli,  will it make insulin for us?   
+
+Here's the human locus,  DNA for insulin.  Will it make  
+
+insulin?  Let's see,  how do you make a protein?   
+
+You've got to start by making RNA,  right?  You've got to transcribe the  
+
+gene.  Will E coli transcribe this gene?   
+
+Well, why?  It's got a promoter,  right?  It's got the insulin  
+
+promoter.  There we go.  The insulin promoter is here.   
+
+So, E coli will come along to the insulin promoter and start making  
+
+RNA?  No, it turns out that promoters in humans and promoters in  
+
+bacteria are sufficiently different.  They don't work across species.   
+
+They won't recognize the human promoter.  Too bad.  Any ideas?   
+
+Yep?  Stick a bacterial promoter there.  Good, you're acting like a  
+
+good molecular biology designer here.  Let's put a bacterial promoter here.   
+
+It will recognize its own promoter.  That's great.  Then, let's put the  
+
+DNA for the human insulin gene here.  And now, maybe we'll put the Lac  
+
+operon, and when it has lactose it'll start making RNA from the  
+
+human insulin gene.  And it'll start translating it.   
+
+And, we get insulin.  Any problems?  Well,   
+
+will it make any, for starters?  What's another aspect of mammalian  
+
+genes that's different from bacterial genes?   
+
+Processing, what kind of processing with the RNA?  And the splicing,   
+
+ooh, the insulin gene has introns that have to be spliced out.   
+
+So, this is going to make some RNA,  insulin RNA, and it needs to be  
+
+processed like this.  Will bacteria carry on our splicing  
+
+for us?  They don't do splicing.  Yep?  Well, that's a very  
+
+interesting question because we haven't.  But,   
+
+what do you propose?  You see, I've just taken a piece of  
+
+human DNA from the human genome,  which encodes the introns and the  
+
+exons.  But, you seem to have a solution to our problem,   
+
+and what would that be?  So, instead of making a library of  
+
+genomic DNA, what you're suggesting is a radical idea.   
+
+Let's instead take human RNA.  Here's some human RNA, lots of  
+
+human RNA, a big collection of human RNA.  What was at the end of the  
+
+human RNA: a poly(A) tail.  And what I understand you to be  
+
+suggesting is if we take human mRNAs,  a whole collection of them,   
+
+you want me to turn these mRNAs back into DNA and clone them instead of  
+
+using the chromosomal DNA.  How do I turn an RNA back to DNA?   
+
+Is that possible?  What do you use: reverse transcriptase.   
+
+We have to give it a primer.  So remember, five prime to three  
+
+prime, we'd like to put a primer going over here.   
+
+Any ideas for a good primer?  Poly(T), isn't that convenient?   
+
+One of the reasons that mammalian messages have poly(A) tails is so  
+
+that we are able to reverse transcribe them using poly(T)  
+
+primers.  No, that's actually not true.  So, we use reverse  
+
+transcriptase.  And what we can do is we'll copy  
+
+this RNA into a strand of DNA.  There we go.   
+
+Then what we'll do,  next step, is we'll take the DNA,   
+
+and we'll copy back into a second strand of DNA.   
+
+And now, we have double-stranded DNA whose sequence matches the  
+
+already-processed mRNAs.  Sorry?  So, the sequences would  
+
+match the mRNAs.  So what you could do is instead of  
+
+taking human DNA from the nucleus,  you could take RNAs,   
+
+turn them back into DNA by reverse transcriptase,   
+
+and make a library now that consists of zillions of inserts,   
+
+each of which has what's called a cDNA, a copied DNA,   
+
+copied back from the RNA.  The great advantage of this is that  
+
+the human cell has already done the splicing, and so there  
+
+are no introns left.  Now, when you stick it in a  
+
+bacterium, the bacterium is able to express this.  It's able,   
+
+if you give it its own bacterial promoter, to make an RNA.   
+
+And if you don't ask the bacteria to have to splice,   
+
+if you just give it a pre-spliced piece of DNA that doesn't need  
+
+splicing, it can translate that DNA.  Now, notice we used all of our  
+
+tricks.  You had to know about reverse transcriptase,   
+
+poly(A) tails, structures of genes,  introns, exons, yes, question?   
+
+It doesn't.  You do this in the test tube.  You purify human mRNA in the  
+
+test tube.  You take that mRNA in a test tube, add reverse transcriptase,   
+
+add poly(T), make this reaction of RNA to DNA in the test tube go back.   
+
+Where does it come from?  Viruses that copy themselves back for a  
+
+living, right?  So, again, every single thing we're  
+
+using comes from some living organism that does this  
+
+kind of stuff.  And, when I teach you about the  
+
+facts of how viruses replicate or what the structure of mRNAs look  
+
+like or whatever,  it's because every bit of knowledge  
+
+we get about the way biology works turns into an incredibly powerful  
+
+tool as it's turning out for us to actually be able to further study  
+
+biology.  So, great.  So, where does reverse  
+
+transcriptase come from now?  Originally they come from viruses  
+
+that turn themselves back from RNA to DNA.  Now, how do you get reverse  
+
+transcriptase?  Catalog, right,   
+
+very good.  All right,  so this is called, finally,   
+
+a cDNA library.  And, if you had made a cDNA library,   
+
+you would be able to screen the cDNA library to find the gene for insulin.   
+
+Is this useful?  This happens to be,   
+
+for example, one of the consequences of this was the biotechnology  
+
+industry.  OK, so if you have any doubts about  
+
+the usefulness of understanding these abstract things about E coli  
+
+and bacteria and stuff like that,  one of the consequences was  
+
+Genentech, Biogen,  and Amgen, and if you just simply  
+
+walk around Kendall Square,  within a mile of this place you will  
+
+see laid out before you the consequences of this ability,   
+
+OK?  It's transforming Cambridge.  Yes?   
+
+And the world.  Yeah.  Indeed.   
+
+It might be that producing large amounts of insulin was bad for the  
+
+bacteria because there would be so much protein it would clump and kill  
+
+the bacteria.  It might be that insulin, for various reasons,   
+
+might not fold appropriately in the bacterial environment.   
+
+And, this is why the biotechnology industry has lots of smart people  
+
+working in it because you're totally,  100% right.  You might decide that  
+
+instead of cloning it in bacteria it's better to clone it in some  
+
+insect cell in culture which,  in fact, people like to work with,   
+
+or some other cell, or a mammalian cell.  And so,   
+
+I simplify by saying put it in coli,  but in fact that might test six  
+
+different cell lines,  six different host possibilities.   
+
+They might have to take the insulin out and refold it in vitro  
+
+and things like that.  You're totally right.   
+
+This is actually something that requires work to do it right,   
+
+just like building an airplane requires work.   
+
+I could tell you Bernoulli's principles, but then Boeing does  
+
+more than just writes down Bernoulli's principles.   
+
+OK, so onward.  Now, I'd like to turn next to analyzing your clone.   
+
+Analyzing the clone, so suppose we have, maybe it's by positional  
+
+cloning, maybe it's by cDNA cloning,  but one way or the other we've got  
+
+us a clone that we're very interested in.   
+
+Maybe it has the insulin gene.  Maybe it has the Huntington's  
+
+disease gene.  Whatever it is,  we're going to want to study it.   
+
+And at the moment, I haven't told you how I would even read its DNA  
+
+sequence or analyze its DNA.  So, the first step is, of course,   
+
+I have to purify the plasmid.  And,  it turns out that that can be done.   
+
+There are simple biochemical techniques, as I mentioned in a  
+
+previous lecture,  that allow you to grow up a lot of  
+
+the bacteria, crack them open,  and the plasmid being a little  
+
+circle, and being a little more tightly super-coiled and wound up  
+
+has somewhat different physical properties.  And you can use those  
+
+to purify the plasmid.  So, plasmid preps are not hard to  
+
+do.  You can get a fairly pure collection of the plasmid.   
+
+Now, suppose I've done this for,  oh, I don't know, let's take my  
+
+first example, orange mutants.  Suppose I tried to rescue bacteria  
+
+that were orange minus,  and suppose I found that 50  
+
+different plasmids rescued my orange mutant because I transformed a lot  
+
+of plasmids in,  I plated it, and 50 colonies grew up.   
+
+Are they all the same thing or are they different?   
+
+Is there any quickie way to take a look at these 50 plasmids and see if  
+
+they're identical or fairly close,  or obviously different?  Well, I'd  
+
+like to take some way to take the DNA from the plasmid and analyze it  
+
+kind of easily.  I might want to see,   
+
+like, how big is the insert?  Right, that'd be one way,   
+
+if they had different sized inserts so they couldn't be the same thing.   
+
+So, maybe what I could do is how do I clone this?  I used EcoRI sites I  
+
+recall.  So, I have EcoRI sites here.  Suppose I were to take this DNA,   
+
+and I were to now cut the DNA from the plasmid with EcoRI.   
+
+Then, what I would get is two separate molecules.   
+
+I would get the vector and the insert.  How could I see how big  
+
+they were?  Gels,  gel electrophoresis is the way to do  
+
+that.  So, I take a gel.  A gel is a slab of gelatin,   
+
+Jell-O, OK, and normally it's laid flat, but I'm going to do it  
+
+vertically here.  I load into the top of it here a  
+
+little bit of my DNA,  this whole mixture.  I take the  
+
+plasmid.  I cut it.  I put it in here.  DNA's positive  
+
+charge or negative charge?  Negative.  So, where should I put  
+
+the positive pull?  On the bottom, well done.   
+
+That's often not done, and to the detriment of the experiment.   
+
+If you put the positive pull here,  it goes the wrong way, and everybody  
+
+has to do that at least once.  So, what'll happen is the DNA  
+
+fragments move through,  and the smaller fragments move  
+
+faster than the big fragments,  right?  If something's little, it'll  
+
+move fast.  If something's big,  it moves slowly: little, big.   
+
+Smaller moves faster because it wiggles through the little pores in  
+
+the gel better.  So, suppose I were to do this for a  
+
+bunch of plasmids, and what I saw was this.   
+
+First order, what do you guess?  Sorry?  Top road's probably the  
+
+plasmid vector.  This is probably the vector,   
+
+and what do I know about the inserts?  At least two inserts,   
+
+at least two distinct inserts.  Now, if I wanted to be sure that was  
+
+the vector, maybe what I could do is take another row,   
+
+and run a known amount of the vector,  take the vector alone and I could  
+
+check that the vector alone runs over here.  And maybe I might take  
+
+some other known molecules.  These would be called molecular  
+
+weight standards.  So, if I run some knowns in one of  
+
+the lanes of the gel,  I can even measure and say,   
+
+ah-ha, the insert is somewhere between the size of this one and the  
+
+size of that one.  And so, I get a little ruler that I  
+
+can put on the gel.  So, in fact, that's the first thing  
+
+you would do is you digest your clone that way.   
+
+Now, does the fact that these guys have exactly the same,   
+
+apparently, size on the gel mean that they're the exact same piece of  
+
+DNA?  No, because you can't even actually tell it's exactly the same.   
+
+There's a limit to how precisely you can measure it.   
+
+So, what else could you do?  You could try another restriction  
+
+enzyme.  It turns out that since there are so many restriction  
+
+enzymes in the catalog,  if I take a piece of DNA,   
+
+maybe that Eco fragment, I could try cutting it with HinDIII.   
+
+And when I cut it with HinDIII,  I'm going to get three distinct  
+
+lengths.  I could try cutting it with, oh, I don't know,   
+
+pick another enzyme, BamHI.  When I cut it with BamHI,   
+
+I'll get some other lengths.  And, how to get these lengths by  
+
+adding these, by running them out on a gel and looking at their sizes.   
+
+What if I added both HinDIII and BamHI to my test tube?   
+
+I'd cut at both sites.  So, I'd cut here, here,   
+
+here, here, here.  So, this is cut with HinDIII,   
+
+here cut with BamHI, here cut with both and I could measure these  
+
+lengths.  So, suppose I gave you this as a computer problem,   
+
+I have a string and it's an unknown string, and I cut it at two places  
+
+and I get these lengths, X1, X2, X3.  And then I take that same string and  
+
+I cut it at other positions,  Y1, Y2, and Y3 are the lengths that  
+
+result.  And then suppose I now cut it at both of the sites,   
+
+and I measure it, and I get Z1,  Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5.  If I gave you all  
+
+those numbers,  could you figure out where the sites  
+
+must be?  Probably.  It turns out to be a reasonably  
+
+doable computer problem,  although it can get a little hard in  
+
+places.  And you could try a third enzyme and  
+
+a fourth enzyme,  and it's a cute exercise to write  
+
+yourself a little piece of code that will figure out where the sites are  
+
+based on the lengths.  The reason it occasionally gets  
+
+funny what if Z3 and Z4 are exactly the same length and they run on top  
+
+of each other in the gel,  and there are special cases.   
+
+But you can kind of reconstruct where those restriction sites must  
+
+be just by writing a good piece of code that'll put these pieces  
+
+together.  This is called restriction mapping,   
+
+and it's great fun.  Everybody likes to do this once.   
+
+But, it's only a limited amount of information, right,   
+
+because you get where the sites are,  and I guess if I gave you ten clones  
+
+and they all had exactly the same restriction maps,   
+
+the exact same positions of these restriction sites,   
+
+you'd feel pretty confident they were the same clone.   
+
+But you still wouldn't really know much about the clone other than it  
+
+had two HinDIII sites and two BamHI sites, and here's where they were.   
+
+What do you really want to know about this clone?  It's  
+
+DNA sequence, right?  Let's not settle for anything less  
+
+than the exact nucleotide sequence of the clone.  So,   
+
+that's really the last key topic is sequencing DNA.   
+
+How are you going to sequence DNA?  Well, suppose I give you some  
+
+double strand of DNA,  five prime to three prime,   
+
+five prime, three prime, double stranded DNA.   
+
+Let me heat it up.  What happens when I heat up DNA?   
+
+It melts the hydrogen bonds, the non-covalent hydrogen bonds here  
+
+break, and I got my two strands separated.  Now,   
+
+what I'd like to do is I want to start reading out this DNA sequence.   
+
+So, I'm going to make me a primer.  Now, golly, here's a primer.   
+
+You're going to ask me,  how did I even know what primer to  
+
+use if I don't know the DNA sequence?  How can I make a primer?   
+
+Hold that question.  Make sure I remember to come back and answer  
+
+that, OK?  But for the moment,  grant me that I have a primer here.   
+
+What I'd like to do is add DNA polymerase.  So,   
+
+let's add some DNA polymerase.  And, I'd like to add nucleotide  
+
+triphosphates,  dNTPs, the dATP,   
+
+dCTP, the dGTP, dTTP,  and if I add DNA polymerase and I  
+
+add my nucleotides,  what does Arthur Kornberg tell us  
+
+will happen?  It'll start polymerizing,   
+
+right?  And, it'll stop there.  So, the polymerase knows the bases,   
+
+right?  It knows what base to put in because polymerase is very smart.   
+
+So, the bases get put in correctly.  The only problem is, how do we get  
+
+polymerase to tell us what it just did?   
+
+Here's a cute trick.  This is, by the way,   
+
+a cute trick that won the Nobel Prize.  So, suppose my primer is  
+
+like this: five prime,  T, A, A, T, T, C, T, and the  
+
+template strand here,  A, T, T, A, A, G, A, now let's keep  
+
+going, A, T, G,  C, C, A, A, T, G,   
+
+G, A, T, T, A, five prime.  So, there's my primer.   
+
+There's my template.  I'm going to start adding.  Well, let's  
+
+add our polymerase.  Let's add our dNTPs,   
+
+polymerase, dATP, dCTP,  dTTP, dGTP, and then I want to add a  
+
+special extra good old ingredient into this.   
+
+The special extra ingredient I want to add is a defective T,   
+
+a defective dTTP.  What do I mean by defective?  I mean chemically  
+
+modified in such a way that it can't be extended, that you  
+
+can't extend past it.  So now, let's follow my reaction.   
+
+I'm going to start with, I'm just going to write them down here,   
+
+T, A, A, T, T, C, T.  What's the next base I'm going to put in?   
+
+T, OK?  Is that a defective T or a good T?  I don't know.   
+
+It could be.  Maybe it's a defective T, which I'll put a little star  
+
+there, OK?  If so,  what happens to my polymerase?   
+
+It stops.  It can't go any further.  It can't go any further because the  
+
+T's defective.  But what if it wasn't a defective T?   
+
+What if it was a good T?  Then what goes on?  The polymerase  
+
+will put in, keep going guys.  A, C, G, G, and what does it put in  
+
+now?  T, right?  Now,   
+
+is that a defective T?  Maybe.  We don't know.   
+
+If it is a defective T,  it stops there.  Otherwise,   
+
+polymerase goes here, and the next space is what?   
+
+T, and is that a defective T?  Maybe.   
+
+And, if it's not a defective T,  then polymerase goes on, puts in an  
+
+A, puts in a G,  a C, C, and then a T.   
+
+And maybe that's defective.  All right, which of these  
+
+possibilities is what polymerase does when I throw it in?   
+
+Well, all of them.  There's a lot of molecules there.   
+
+Some of the molecules, by chance,  happen to install a defective T,   
+
+and they grind to a halt here.  Sometimes, a good T's put in and the  
+
+molecules stop here.  Sometimes they stop here,   
+
+and if I start with a big collection of primers in a lot of my template  
+
+DNA, I'm going to get this whole collection of different molecules of  
+
+different lengths.  What lengths do I get?   
+
+The lengths correspond precisely to the positions of the Ts.   
+
+I get a series of molecules whose lengths perfectly match the  
+
+positions of Ts.  Well, first off,   
+
+how do I measure their lengths?  Run a gel, bingo, run a gel.   
+
+So, if I could run a gel that could separate nucleotides based on length  
+
+that two next to each other,  another one up there, I'd see a  
+
+small molecule,  length one, two,   
+
+three, four, five,  three, six, eight, I'd see one of  
+
+length eight.  I'd see one of length,  what's the next one,   
+
+13, eight, nine, ten,  13, 14, so eight, nine,   
+
+ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,  what's that, 13, 14, 15, 16,   
+
+17, 18.  OK, those would be the positions at  
+
+which I would see this T.  So, I'd need to have a special kind  
+
+of gel that's so accurate that it can separate single nucleotides,   
+
+right, that the lengths, but that can be done.   
+
+There's acrylamide,  the polymer that will do that.   
+
+That'll tell me the exact lengths of the T's.  What else do I do?   
+
+Well, let's obviously do it from the other bases.   
+
+Let's try defective A,  defective C, defective G.   
+
+Let's see, if I got it right,  which we'll try, it ought to end up  
+
+looking something like that.  And if not, you get the picture,   
+
+that this ought to match up as to which columns have which lengths.   
+
+OK, I think I got it right.  That tells me the lengths of the  
+
+molecules.  So,  I could read off at sequence.   
+
+The sequence of that molecule ought to be, starting over there,   
+
+the sequence of what I've added in,  ought to be something like T, A, C,   
+
+G, G, T, T, A,  C, C, T, yep, it worked.   
+
+It's exactly right.  Bingo.  I can now read the sequence.   
+
+Fred Sanger, a brilliant scientist,  thought up this method of just  
+
+exploiting E coli's own polymerase or other organism's own polymerases.   
+
+So, copying and all the chemistry that had to be done was thinking up  
+
+a defective nucleotide that could not be extended.   
+
+It could obviously be inserted.  It can't be extended.  So, one  
+
+question is, what's a defective nucleotide?  Well,   
+
+you will recall that our nucleotide in the sugar phosphate chain  
+
+is sitting like this.  Let's see, hanging off the one prime  
+
+carbon is the base.  This is the one prime carbon,   
+
+the two prime carbon, the three prime carbon, the four prime carbon,   
+
+the five prime carbon.  What do we know in DNA at the two prime carbon?   
+
+Normally in ribose there would be a hydroxyl here,   
+
+right?  But in deoxyribose,  there's just a hydrogen.   
+
+So, if this is deoxyribose,  so a dNTP really means a two prime  
+
+deoxyribose, where do I now attach my next base in the sugar phosphate  
+
+train?  Three prime ends,  and what do I attach it to: the OH.   
+
+What do you think would happen if there's no OH there?   
+
+You're stuck.  All you've got to do is take off that hydroxyl.   
+
+No hydroxyl group.  If you made nucleotides that don't have that  
+
+hydroxyl group,  they can't be extended.   
+
+So, instead of these being just deoxy at the two prime position,   
+
+they are dideoxy, deoxy at two positions.   
+
+They are two prime,  three prime, dideoxynucleotides.   
+
+That's it.  Now, if you needed to get two prime three prime  
+
+dideoxynucleotides,  they're in the catalogue of course,   
+
+right, because Fred Sanger had to make them himself and all that,   
+
+but you can just buy them now.  And so, you can do the sequence.   
+
+A few other little details here,  though, guys.   
+
+How do we see the DNA and the gel?  One possibility would be staining  
+
+it.  There are some dies like ethidium bromide,   
+
+and for doing your restriction mapping, using a dye that sticks to  
+
+DNA like ethidium bromide does is pretty good.  And then you put it  
+
+under fluorescent light and you look.  For sequencing,   
+
+the amount of DNA is so little that it's hard to see with a dye by the  
+
+naked eye, which is what you do with restriction map.  So, sorry?   
+
+So, the first thing people did was radioactive.  What they did was they  
+
+took a primer,  made it radioactive,   
+
+and you did this whole sequencing reaction with radioactive primer.   
+
+Then, when you run the gel, you take your gel and you expose it for  
+
+some number of hours,  eight hours maybe, a piece of x-ray  
+
+film, develop the x-ray film,  and you'll see that picture.  So,   
+
+one solution that you could do to visualize is using radioactive  
+
+nucleotides.  So, we got the defective nucleotide.   
+
+We now need to visualize our DNA.  Let's visualize the sequence.   
+
+One possibility: radioactive.  The second possibility, someone  
+
+already mentioned it,  a fluorescent dye.   
+
+Now, here, a fluorescent dye could be put on, and you can't read it  
+
+with your eye,  but lasers are very good at reading.   
+
+So, you might run a whole gel here and have lasers scan it.   
+
+But, you can actually do better than that.  Suppose I put my  
+
+fluorescent dye on my dideoxynucleotides.   
+
+Suppose I put it on my dideoxynucleotides,   
+
+and suppose I even had enough chemistry at my disposal that I  
+
+could put a different color of fluorescent dye on each  
+
+of my nucleotides.  Then, whenever the dideoxy is put in  
+
+to terminate the chain,  it carries with it its own color.   
+
+Wouldn't that be cool?  And, that's what's done.  Not just can you buy  
+
+dideoxynucleotides now,  but you can buy the four different  
+
+dideoxynucleotides each with its own dye attached to it.   
+
+So, there are di-dideoxies I guess,  sorry, but it's different di's,   
+
+right?  They're dye-dideoxies.  So, you could do that.   
+
+And then what you get would be that in this column you get this color.   
+
+And in this column, you'd get this color.  And in this column you'd get  
+
+this color, etc.  I'm not worrying about where they  
+
+are here.  And they'd all be different colors and it would be  
+
+very pretty.  You know what?  Why do we need to run separate  
+
+lanes anymore?  If we got a laser,   
+
+we can tell the laser scan it to tell it different.  Stick  
+
+it in one way.  In fact, what's done is stick it in  
+
+a capillary tube,  throw in all four at the same time  
+
+now, and as these fragments come by,  each has its own color.  And all we  
+
+need is a laser scanner capable of sitting right here.  Here's  
+
+my laser scanner.  And the laser scanner,   
+
+positive here, negative here,  as the DNA flows by through this  
+
+polymer, the laser scanner reads off which colors just went by.   
+
+And it goes A color, C color,  T color, G color.  That's it.  So,   
+
+there are actually machines now that have 96 different capillaries.   
+
+These are called capillary tubes.  And you can have 96 of them with  
+
+laser scanning across,  and in each column now,   
+
+it turns out that you can read almost 1,000 letters,   
+
+1,000 bases per column per capillary times about 100 capillaries.   
+
+Or in other words, you can read out about 10^5 bases of information.   
+
+You can read out 10^5 bases of information in about two hours.   
+
+Of course, you can do that ten times a day.  So,   
+
+you can actually read out 10^6 or about a million bases of information  
+
+per machine.  And here at MIT,  we have 100 of these machines.  So,   
+
+we actually can read out a little shy of 100 million letters of DNA  
+
+sequence per day, which I mean is a lot.   
+
+We read about 40 billion letters per year here at MIT,   
+
+and this is how we do it.  How much does a machine cost?   
+
+List, or do you want a deal?  They list for $300,   
+
+00, but if you buy in bulk,  I can do better.  [LAUGHTER] We buy  
+
+it in bulk, by the way.  So now, how are we going to get our  
+
+primer there?  That was the only little bit we were missing is where  
+
+did our primer come from?  The last little detail: here's my  
+
+vector, remember,  and I want to sequence this insert.   
+
+How am I going to get a primer in the insert?  I don't know what its  
+
+sequence is.  How do I even start this?  Sorry?  Well,   
+
+but that won't tell me what the sequence is that I have to,   
+
+I mean, I was looking to try to get a primer that matches the insert.   
+
+And I don't know what the insert is.  So, how am I going to get a primer?   
+
+Oh, I know the vector.  The vector is well known.   
+
+It sequence is in the catalog.  Let me instead just use a primer  
+
+that happens to sit in the vector,  and I'll match to a known sequence  
+
+to start with,  and then I'll sequence into my  
+
+unknown territory.  So, this is how you get the initial  
+
+primer was you arrange that your initial primer is sitting in known  
+
+vector sequence.  All right, so you can now sequence  
+
+DNA.  I've got to say,  I've taught this course for a little  
+
+more than a decade,  and being able to say,   
+
+now we can routinely sequence about a million letters per machine,   
+
+and 100 million letters per day,  and things like this was not  
+
+routinely the case.  When we started teaching this  
+
+course, I was describing what we di
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Us2Myb5csu4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2112 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture, I'd like to
+continue with our discussion
+
+of inelastic material
+descriptions we use in finite
+
+element analysis.
+
+Particularly, I'd like to now
+discuss with you creep, creep
+
+of materials.
+
+We considered already in the
+earlier lecture that a typical
+
+creep law used in engineering
+practice very widely is the
+
+power creep law, shown here.
+
+Here we plot creep strains as a
+function of time, and curves
+
+that we would typically obtain
+using this creep law for
+
+constant stress values with
+time are shown here.
+
+Notice that as, of course, the
+stress value increases, which
+
+however is constant in
+time, we obtain a
+
+larger creep value.
+
+Creep strains increase, the
+creep strains increase, in
+
+other words, as the stress
+increases clearly shown also
+
+by this law.
+
+Notice a1 and a2 of course, and
+a0 are constants that are
+
+determined from laboratory
+test results.
+
+There are a number of
+other creep laws.
+
+Two are listed here.
+
+One here, shown, and another
+one shown here.
+
+Notice in this one here, the
+temperature, which affects
+
+creep strains quite heavily,
+enters explicitly right here.
+
+In the other creep laws, the
+first two ones, the one that
+
+you saw on the earlier view
+graph, and this one, these
+
+constants, of course, a0, a1,
+a2, and so on, would depend on
+
+the temperature.
+
+And if the temperature is
+constant, you would simply
+
+select them depending on that
+temperature condition, and
+
+model creep strains this way.
+
+However, as I pointed out,
+here temperature enters
+
+explicitly.
+
+We will not discuss these
+creep laws further.
+
+The numerical computations with
+these creep laws are very
+
+similar to the numerical
+computations that we perform
+
+when using the power
+creep law.
+
+So I will now use the
+power creep law as
+
+an example to discuss.
+
+The creep strain formula, given
+here once again, cannot
+
+directly be applied to varying
+stress situations because the
+
+stress history does not enter
+directly into the formula.
+
+Let us look at that
+much closer.
+
+Here we have a very simplified
+example where we start off
+
+with a certain stress level,
+and then that stress level
+
+drops down to this
+stress level.
+
+Notice that if we were to apply
+the formula sort of
+
+"blindly," blindly in quotes, we
+would obtain creep strains
+
+that vary, depending on this
+stress level, as shown here.
+
+And then we might say suddenly
+the creep strain would drop
+
+down, and we would carry on
+going on this curve here.
+
+To creep curve, creep strain
+curve, that corresponds to
+
+this stress level.
+
+Now, this is really quite
+unrealistic that suddenly when
+
+our stresses decrease, the
+creep strains decrease.
+
+Creep strains are accumulated
+along this curve here and they
+
+should certainly be staying
+right here.
+
+And the ensuing creep strain
+should, of course, now depend
+
+on the curve in which sigma 1
+enter, but we should not see
+
+the sudden decrease
+in creep strain.
+
+And we need to introduce the
+concept of strain hardening,
+
+the assumption of strain
+hardening.
+
+And this says the following.
+
+The material creep behavior
+depends only on the current
+
+stress level and the
+
+accumulated total creep strain.
+
+And we establish the ensuing
+creep strain by solving for an
+
+effective time.
+
+Let's look at that closely.
+
+Here we have that at a
+particular time, the creep
+
+strain is given via
+this formula.
+
+Now, if we know the creep strain
+corresponding to a
+
+particular time, then we of
+course know the stress as
+
+well, and we know
+these constants.
+
+Then we can solve for what is
+called here an effective time.
+
+This effective time is not the
+physical time, it's a time
+
+that is simply used for the
+numerical solution.
+
+So we solve for this tbar, and
+then knowing this tbar we can
+
+proceed with the creep
+calculations at a different
+
+stress level.
+
+Let's look how we would
+use that tbar.
+
+First, we would enter here.
+
+Now in this equation, knowing
+tbar, simply substitute into
+
+here, in terms of the creep
+strain that we are given from
+
+the previous history,
+and we now get a new
+
+creep strain rate.
+
+This is how we do the
+actual computation.
+
+Let's look at what this
+means pictorially.
+
+Pictorially, we now look again
+at the situation where we have
+
+a certain stress value, and that
+stress value drops down,
+
+say, to here with time.
+
+As long as we are having this
+stress, our creep strain
+
+accumulates as shown here.
+
+As soon as this stress drops
+down, we are going over to
+
+this curve.
+
+So there's no sudden decrease
+in creep strain, say down
+
+here, down to here and then
+increase in creep strain, the
+
+way we looked at it earlier.
+
+Instead we continuously increase
+the creep strain.
+
+Let's look at how do we
+get this curve here.
+
+Well we talked about the
+evaluation of tbar.
+
+tbar is an effective time.
+
+With this creep strain given at
+the time that this stress
+
+value drops down to here, with
+this creep strain value given,
+
+we enter into the formula
+corresponding to this creep
+
+strain accumulation and
+calculate tbar.
+
+tbar, the effective
+time, would be
+
+this value right here.
+
+We use now this formula, shown
+by this black line here, to
+
+calculate the corresponding
+increase in creep strain,
+
+corresponding to this
+level of stress.
+
+This means that if I draw a
+little triangle in here, that
+
+this line here, for example,
+is equal to that line.
+
+And this slope, or this
+distance here is
+
+equal to that distance.
+
+In other words, I can mark this
+as, say, a and b, and I
+
+have here a and b as well.
+
+So basically, we are translating
+this curve here to
+
+right there.
+
+And that is shown by
+these blue arrows.
+
+Notice all of this is achieved
+by the evaluation of the
+
+effective time.
+
+The effective time corresponding
+to this creep
+
+strain, and this effective time
+is applied to the creep
+
+strain accumulation formula
+corresponding to this sigma 1
+
+stress level.
+
+Well the increase in stress
+is modeled similarly.
+
+Here we have initially stress
+sigma 1, and suddenly an
+
+increase to sigma 2 level.
+
+We would follow this
+curve here,
+
+corresponding to sigma 1.
+
+And now the increase in stress
+is captured by solving for the
+
+effective time.
+
+Using this level of creep
+strain, we enter into the
+
+curve, shown here in black, to
+obtain the effective time
+
+corresponding to this
+curve here.
+
+This is the curve, of course,
+corresponding to
+
+this sigma 2 level.
+
+And we translate these points
+over, as shown by the blue
+
+arrows, to obtain this material
+response curve.
+
+So we are now using the
+effective time again to
+
+evaluate the ensuing creep
+strain when we are going from
+
+sigma 1 stress level to
+sigma 2 stress level.
+
+If we have cyclic conditions,
+we proceed similarly.
+
+Here, we have first sigma
+1, and then as stress
+
+reverses to sigma 2.
+
+Notice sigma 1 brings us along
+this curve, and at this
+
+particular time, we now
+reverse the stress.
+
+And here we have to be careful
+to recognize that this curve
+
+here, which I'm showing now in
+green, corresponds to that
+
+curve there.
+
+In other words, as I proceed
+along this curve here, I would
+
+proceed along that
+curve there.
+
+The reversal in stress is picked
+up by saying that the
+
+accumulated creep strain in one
+direction corresponding to
+
+sigma 1 tensile stress is sort
+of, say, forgotten, and you
+
+simply take this curve
+here to be the
+
+reflection of that curve.
+
+So this is the condition or the
+modeling of cyclic loading
+
+conditions as regards
+to creep strain.
+
+Of course, these were now the
+one dimensional situation, and
+
+in a multiaxial stress state,
+we have to generalize these
+
+considerations to the multiaxial
+conditions.
+
+Let's look at the multiaxial
+creep, how we proceed there.
+
+Here we have the stress at time
+t plus theta t is equal
+
+to the stress at time t plus an
+integration of the stress
+
+strain law times the elastic
+strain here, differential
+
+elastic strain increment--
+
+this is the elastic stress
+strain law--
+
+from time t to time
+t plus theta t.
+
+If this matrix is constant,
+we can, of course, pull it
+
+outside the integration sign.
+
+The stress strain integration
+is performed for the
+
+multiaxial stress state using
+the concepts that we discussed
+
+for the uniaxial stress state
+and generalizing them to the
+
+multiaxial stress state.
+
+We defined for this purpose an
+effective stress shown here.
+
+These are deviatoric stresses
+that we already encountered in
+
+the discussion of plasticity.
+
+An effective strain, shown here,
+and we use now these two
+
+quantities in this material law,
+the power material law.
+
+We only consider now the
+situation of stresses
+
+monotonically increasing
+or being constant.
+
+We do not go into depth
+regarding cyclic loading
+
+conditions because we don't
+have really time to do so.
+
+The assumption that the creep
+strain rate are proportional
+
+to the current deviatoric
+stresses is giving this
+
+equation, and that equation is
+very similar to what we have
+
+seen in von Mises plasticity
+where gamma
+
+is given down here.
+
+Notice that the effective creep
+strain rate is given via
+
+formula where the effective
+time goes in here.
+
+This is the effective time
+calculated much the same way
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+in the way that I discussed
+earlier for the uniaxial
+
+conditions.
+
+Except that we have to now deal
+with the effective stress
+
+here in the effective
+quantities on the
+
+creep strain as well.
+
+In other words, we calculate
+this effective time just the
+
+same way as we did it in
+uniaxial conditions, but
+
+always using effective stress
+and effective strain
+
+quantities.
+
+Using matrix notation we can
+then write that the creep
+
+strain increment, the
+differential creep strain
+
+increment, is given via
+this right-hand side.
+
+D is an operator shown here for
+3D analysis that gives us
+
+the deviatoric stresses from
+the actual stresses.
+
+In the analysis of creep
+problems we perform a time
+
+integration, and this time
+integration can be difficult
+
+due to the high exponent
+on the stress.
+
+In fact, solution stability
+arise if we, for example, use
+
+the Euler forward integration
+with too large a time step.
+
+A rule of thumb is given here
+where we want to allow only
+
+that the effective creep strain
+increment is smaller,
+
+equal to 1/10 of the
+current at time t,
+
+effective elastic strain.
+
+This is a very good rule of
+thumb, however, it can be
+
+conservative.
+
+In some cases, you can really
+increase this coefficient
+
+quite a bit.
+
+Alternatively, we can use
+implicit integration in which
+
+when we use the alpha method,
+we use this formula here.
+
+And we would use an implicit
+integration typically alpha
+
+greater equal to 1/2.
+
+Alpha can, in this formula,
+vary between 0 and 1.
+
+Of course, when alpha is equal
+to 0, we simply have the Euler
+
+forward method.
+
+Let's look at how we would use
+this formula when alpha is
+
+greater, equal to 1/2.
+
+We would calculate the stresses
+corresponding to the
+
+i minus first iteration.
+
+And here we have to pause a
+minute to remember to recall
+
+that this i minus first
+iteration is the iteration
+
+that we have been talking about
+in earlier lectures when
+
+we iterate for the equilibrium
+of R equal F. Or we are
+
+evaluating in each iteration
+k times theta U is equal to
+
+theta R, and the theta U carries
+the i superscript, and
+
+the theta R carries the
+i minus 1 superscript.
+
+Remember, we talked about the
+iteration for nodal point
+
+equilibrium of external forces
+with nodal point forces that
+
+are corresponding to the
+internal element stresses.
+
+That i minus 1 up here refers
+to that iteration.
+
+This k down here refers to the
+iteration that is an addition
+
+necessary at each integration
+point level due to the fact
+
+that we use an implicit
+scheme.
+
+Well this left-hand side is
+calculated by taking the
+
+stress at time t, which we know
+already, and adding to it
+
+an increment in stress obtained
+via the elastic
+
+material law here.
+
+The total strain increment from
+time t to time t plus
+
+theta t, iteration i minus 1.
+
+This i minus 1 corresponds
+to that i minus 1.
+
+We know this value, of course.
+
+Minus the creep strain
+calculated based on the stress
+
+at the end of iteration
+k minus 1.
+
+That one goes right in here.
+
+It goes in there as well.
+
+And therefore, these are the
+creep strains corresponding to
+
+the end of iteration
+k minus 1.
+
+We calculate it right inside and
+obtain an updated value of
+
+stress corresponding
+to iteration k.
+
+This is the iteration that has
+to be performed at every one
+
+of the integration points in
+the finite element mesh.
+
+Here we show nine-node element
+with 3 by 3 integration.
+
+So is the kind of iteration that
+has to be performed at
+
+every one of these integration
+point stations.
+
+When alpha is greater or equal
+to 1/2, we obtain a stable
+
+integration algorithm.
+
+This is a statement arrived at
+from a linearized stability
+
+analysis, so in practice
+we use frequently
+
+alpha equal to 1.
+
+Also, to accelerate this
+iteration at the integration
+
+point level, it is frequently
+effective to use some form of
+
+Newton-Raphson iteration.
+
+The choice of the time step
+using the implicit integration
+
+scheme is now governed by
+two considerations.
+
+The first one, of course, you
+want to converge in the
+
+iteration, which had the
+iteration counter k minus 1 to
+
+k you want to converge
+in there.
+
+And of course also, even if we
+do converge, we want to have
+
+an accurate integration.
+
+Our errors in the integration
+should not be too large.
+
+Of course, we can also
+use some form of
+
+subincrementation, the way we
+have been discussing it when
+
+we talked in the last lecture
+about plasticity.
+
+If we compare time steps that
+are usable, that are
+
+realistically usable with the
+implicit scheme with alpha
+
+greater/equal to 1/2 with the
+time step that we are bound to
+
+use when we use alpha
+equal to 0.
+
+Because we need to have a time
+step small enough to have
+
+stability of the integration.
+
+We find that with alpha
+greater/equal to 1/2, we can
+
+use usually, frequently,
+much larger time steps.
+
+But not always.
+
+We will see later on in example
+where alpha equal 0
+
+performs just as well as the
+scheme of alpha equal to 1/2.
+
+If we deal with thermoplasticity
+and creep, we
+
+have to model the plastic strain
+components, and here we
+
+have schematically shown how
+we can model those strain
+
+components.
+
+Notice for different
+temperatures, for different
+
+temperature levels, we have
+different stress strain laws.
+
+In each case, we have assumed
+the bilinear assumption.
+
+Notice that the yield stress
+drops down as the temperature
+
+increases, of course.
+
+And with increase in
+temperature, our creep curves
+
+looks this way.
+
+Notice that our creep strain,
+of course, increases at a
+
+given stress when the
+temperature increases.
+
+To evaluate the stresses in
+thermoplastic and creep
+
+analysis we use this
+equation here.
+
+Notice elastic stress
+strain law.
+
+Of course, now changing
+with time, with
+
+temperature that is.
+
+And here we have the elastic
+differential strain increment.
+
+Thermal strain also enter
+now here as well.
+
+Creep strain, plastic
+strain, total
+
+differential strain increment.
+
+If we use the alpha method,
+this integration without
+
+subincrementation, or, say, a
+subincrement of 1, going from
+
+t plus theta t in one step, we
+would have that this equation
+
+reduces directly to
+that equation.
+
+Notice this is here now
+the stress strain law.
+
+At time t plus theta t,
+temperature corresponding to
+
+that time would go in here.
+
+And here we have the total
+strain increment from time t
+
+to t plus theta t.
+
+We subtract the plastic strain
+increment over the time
+
+increment, the creep strain
+increment over the time
+
+increment and thermal
+strain increment.
+
+And these are here, the
+corresponding quantities,
+
+total strain plastic strain,
+creep strain, thermal strain
+
+corresponding to time t.
+
+Notice that ep and ec and e
+thermal have to be evaluated
+
+in this integration, and we
+evaluate them as shown here.
+
+Notice here, t plus alpha
+theta t sigma goes in.
+
+And if alpha is equal to
+greater/equal 1/2, typically
+
+we would use alpha 1/2
+or alpha equals 1.
+
+For an implicit integration, we
+need, again, to integrate
+
+at each integration point
+to satisfy the
+
+stress strain equation.
+
+Of course, t alpha is a
+coefficient of thermal
+
+expansion at time t.
+
+Please don't confuse this
+value with the alpha
+
+integration parameter that
+we talked about earlier.
+
+The final iterative equation, if
+we use alpha greater/equal
+
+to 1/2 we would find
+looks this way.
+
+Stress strain law at time
+t plus theta t--
+
+elastic stress strain
+law, I should say--
+
+goes in here, and on the
+right-hand side, we have the
+
+total strain corresponding
+to time t plus theta t,
+
+iteration i minus 1.
+
+End of iteration i minus 1,
+plastic strain, creep strain,
+
+thermal strain, which are given
+corresponding to time t.
+
+And we subtract here the plastic
+strain increment, the
+
+creep straining increment, both
+based on the stress at
+
+the end of iteration
+k minus 1.
+
+And of course, the thermal
+strain increment.
+
+So this is the equation that
+we would solve at each
+
+integration point, at each
+integration point in the
+
+finite element mesh
+by iterating until
+
+convergence is reached.
+
+Until, in other words, this
+stress here is basically equal
+
+to that stress.
+
+And as I pointed out earlier,
+we really need to use some
+
+form of Newton-Raphson
+iteration in order to
+
+accelerate this iteration
+when theta t is not--
+
+unless theta t is very,
+very small.
+
+Of course, we can also use
+subincrementation.
+
+And then the convergence will be
+increased because our time
+
+step over the subincrement
+is smaller.
+
+But I should also mention, as
+I did already earlier, it is
+
+very effective frequently to
+use this new algorithm, the
+
+effective stress function
+algorithm, to solve basically
+
+this equation.
+
+And please look at the reference
+given in the study
+
+guide if you're interested in
+reading up about that method.
+
+Let's look now at some
+example solutions.
+
+And the first problem that I'd
+like to discuss with you is a
+
+very simple problem of a bar
+under a uniaxial stress sigma.
+
+The creep law that we want
+to use is given here.
+
+The stress is method in
+megapascal, time in hours, and
+
+E and nu, the elasticity
+constants are given down here.
+
+What we want to do here is to
+look at various solutions that
+
+have been obtained with
+alpha equals 0.
+
+We don't use subimplementation.
+
+Alpha equals 1.
+
+The effective stress function
+procedure was used here.
+
+In all cases, we assume an MNO
+formulation, or we use an MNO
+
+formulation.
+
+And we use Full-Newton iteration
+without line
+
+searches, with these tolerances,
+and we discussed
+
+the meaning of these tolerances
+
+in an earlier lecture.
+
+In the response predictions for
+which we used the ADINA
+
+program, of course, you will be
+seeing the elastic strain
+
+plus the creep strain.
+
+Let's first look at the
+response when we put a
+
+constant load of 100 MPa onto
+the specimen when the creep
+
+material law is shown here, or
+with this material creep law.
+
+Notice that displacements are
+measured upwards, time
+
+measured horizontally here.
+
+And the time step that we used
+in this particular case was 10
+
+hours with alpha equal to 1.
+
+So this is the total strain
+accumulation, but measured in
+
+terms of displacement.
+
+Of course, the bar is 5 meters
+long, so you could directly
+
+obtain the strain by simply
+taking this displacement
+
+divided by 5.
+
+If we increase the stress from
+100 MPa to 200 MPa, you obtain
+
+this response curve for the
+displacement at the right end
+
+of the bar.
+
+We use, again, the alpha equals
+1 parameter with the
+
+effective stress function
+algorithm, and a
+
+time step of 10 hours.
+
+In this particular case, we had
+a change from 100 MPa to
+
+200 MPa in the applied stress,
+and that is modeled as shown
+
+on this view graph, constant
+stress up to time 500 hours.
+
+And then the stress increment
+taken over 10 hours.
+
+And then the stress is
+constant at 200 MPa.
+
+Stress reversal from 100
+MPa to minus 100
+
+MPa gives this response.
+
+Notice we are not crossing
+exactly at that point because
+
+of elastic strains.
+
+A constant load of 100 MPa,
+but now with a different
+
+exponent on the time for the
+creep law gives this response.
+
+Theta t 10 hours, alpha
+equals 1 still.
+
+If we increase the stress from
+100 to 200 MPa with this new
+
+creep law, or new exponent I
+should say, you get this
+
+response for the displacement
+at the right end of the bar.
+
+And finally, the stress reversal
+from 100 to minus 100
+
+MPa gives this response.
+
+Notice we have here, of course,
+a or a displacement at
+
+the end of the bar due to
+the elastic effects.
+
+Let's consider now, the use of
+alpha equals 0 for the stress
+
+increase from 100 Mpa to 200 MPa
+problem, and see how our
+
+alpha equals theta solution
+performs when compared to
+
+alpha equals 1.
+
+You can see that with theta t
+equals 10 hours, we get a
+
+response that is very much the
+same of the two responses
+
+calculated with alpha equals
+0, and alpha equals 1/2--
+
+very close to each other.
+
+If you use a lot of time steps,
+theta t equals 50
+
+hours, both algorithms converge,
+but the solution
+
+becomes less accurate with
+alpha equals 0 in this
+
+particular problem, in this
+particular problem.
+
+Notice our baseline solution
+that we are comparing with
+
+here corresponds to alpha equals
+1 and theta t equals
+
+10, which is a solid line.
+
+When we take and even larger
+time step, theta t equals 100
+
+hours, we find that alpha equals
+0 does not converge
+
+anymore at t equals 600 hours.
+
+Whereas the use of
+alpha equals 1
+
+gives very good results.
+
+Alpha equals 1 gives these
+triangles here, and they lie
+
+exactly on the response obtained
+with alpha equals 1
+
+theta t equals 10 hours.
+
+So excellent results with alpha
+equals 1, even when the
+
+time step is 10 times larger.
+
+With alpha equals 0, we could
+only obtain the response up to
+
+this point, and then
+we did not converge
+
+anymore in the solution.
+
+This was a very simple
+problem, but a
+
+demonstrative problem.
+
+Let us look at another problem
+now, another example, that has
+
+a bit more complexity, and I
+think that you also will enjoy
+
+looking at.
+
+Here we have a column subjected
+to a compressive
+
+load, R, which is not applied
+exactly at the center of the
+
+column, but is applied
+with an offset.
+
+We analyzed this column as
+a plane stress problem.
+
+The material constant,
+elastic material
+
+constants are given here.
+
+In elastic buckling
+load, calculate it
+
+using analytical formulas.
+
+The Euler buckling load
+is given here as 4,100
+
+kilonewton.
+
+The goal of the analysis is
+to determine the collapse
+
+response using different
+material assumptions.
+
+First of all, is using an
+elastic material assumption.
+
+Then, assuming
+elasto-plasticity, and
+
+finally, assuming creep
+in the material.
+
+We use in each case the total
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+If you were to try to use a
+material [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+your only formulation for this
+problem, of course, you would
+
+never predict the actual
+collapse of the column.
+
+You have to include large
+displacement,
+
+large rotation effect.
+
+All of the assumption of small
+strain is quite reasonable
+
+even for this problem.
+
+The solution procedure that we
+use will be the full Newton
+
+method without line searches.
+
+And these are the tolerance
+values that we're using, which
+
+we discussed already in
+an earlier lecture.
+
+The mesh used is a 10 eight-node
+quadrilateral
+
+element mesh.
+
+Here you see the eight-node
+elements, 10 of them.
+
+We don't show the nodes.
+
+But for each of these elements
+we use also 3 by 3 Gauss
+
+integrations.
+
+So notice through the thickness
+of the total column,
+
+we would have six integration
+point stations.
+
+First we predict the
+elastic response.
+
+And in the elastic response
+using the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation, we enter with
+this stress strain law.
+
+Second Piola-Kirchhoff stresses
+are related to the
+
+greener ground strains via the
+elasticity constants, and we
+
+discussed this stress strain
+law quite a bit
+
+in an earlier lecture.
+
+The response predicted
+is shown here.
+
+Applied force in kilonewton,
+and here the lateral
+
+displacement at the
+top of the column.
+
+Notice the Euler buckling
+load, calculated from
+
+classical analysis, is shown by
+the blue line here, and our
+
+analysis yield this response.
+
+If we perform the elasto-plastic
+analysis with a
+
+strain hardening model
+is equal to 0.
+
+In other words, we assume
+perfect plasticity, a yield
+
+stress of 3,000 kilopascal.
+
+And we use it for von Mises
+yield criterion.
+
+In this formula, we would
+predict with this formula
+
+here, quite adequately,
+the large displacement
+
+elastic-plastic response, and
+of course, this will be for
+
+this column, the large
+
+displacement collapse response.
+
+Notice that CEP 0 is the
+incremental elasto-plastic
+
+constitutive matrix calculated
+the way we discussed it in the
+
+previous lecture.
+
+But instead of using the
+engineering stresses, we enter
+
+now with the components of the
+second Piola-Kirchhoff stress,
+
+right in there.
+
+The plastic buckling that is
+calculated using this approach
+
+is shown here.
+
+Notice this is the
+elasto-plastic response curve,
+
+applied force, lateral
+displacement at
+
+the top of the column.
+
+The elastic response curve
+is shown here.
+
+Finally, we want to calculate
+the creep response.
+
+And for this analysis we have
+to select a creep law.
+
+This is the creep law
+that we selected.
+
+A power creep law with the
+exponent up here equal to 1.
+
+On the time, in other words,
+exponent from 1.
+
+Notice that we are entering
+here, of course, with
+
+effective quantities, effective
+creep strain,
+
+effective stresses, the way
+I discussed it earlier.
+
+We do not include, in this
+analysis, plasticity effects.
+
+We apply in this particular
+analysis, a load, a constant
+
+load of 2,000 kilonewton to the
+column, and simply watch
+
+what happens to the column.
+
+Due to the creep strains, the
+displacement of the column
+
+will increase, and we want
+to measure, calculate the
+
+increase of the column
+displacement.
+
+And we say that the column
+has collapsed.
+
+This, of course, is somewhat
+arbitrary, but we say that it
+
+has collapsed when the lateral
+displacement at the top of the
+
+column is 2 meters.
+
+This corresponds, by the way, to
+a strain of about 2% at the
+
+base of the column, and we know
+that our total Lagrangian
+
+formulation is quite applicable
+up to that
+
+percentage range.
+
+We want to investigate varying
+time steps, and varying alpha.
+
+Alpha equals 0 is the Euler
+forward method, and alpha
+
+equals 0.5, and 1 corresponds,
+of course, to an implicit
+
+integration scheme.
+
+If we do so, we obtain
+the collapse times
+
+given in this table.
+
+using theta t equals 0.5.
+
+With alpha equals
+0 we get 100.
+
+With alpha equals 0.5,
+we get also 100.
+
+And with alpha equals
+1, we get 98.5.
+
+So the collapse time predicted
+with theta t equals 0.5 is
+
+very close using any one of
+these integration schemes.
+
+When the time step gets larger,
+the collapse time
+
+changes for alpha equals
+0, for alpha 0.5,
+
+and for alpha 1.
+
+In fact, the difference between
+these collapse times
+
+for theta t equals 0.5 is quite
+a bit here, showing that
+
+this time step is a bit large
+for this analysis.
+
+The column looks this
+way pictorially.
+
+At time 1 hour, the creep
+effects are still negligible.
+
+At time 50 hours, well
+there we have some
+
+creep effects already.
+
+And at 100 hours, collapse
+occurs of the column.
+
+In other words, the column
+displacement being two meters
+
+or larger at the top.
+
+In this particular analysis,
+we used theta t equals 0.5
+
+hours, and alpha equals 1/2.
+
+If we compare once more the
+different responses predicted,
+
+we find that with theta t equals
+0.5 hours, the lateral
+
+displacement as a function of
+time predicted using alpha 1,
+
+alpha 0, alpha equals 0.5 as
+shown, as given here by these
+
+curves, and notice these
+curves are very
+
+close to each other.
+
+If we use the large time step,
+theta t equals 5 hours, we can
+
+see here that alpha equals 0,
+the alpha equals 0 curve is
+
+very close to the alpha
+equals 0.5 curve.
+
+Where the alpha equals 1 curve
+is quite a bit away.
+
+So in this particular case, we
+really have a much larger area
+
+accumulation when we use alpha
+equals 1, than we have with
+
+alpha equals 0.5 or
+alpha equals 0.
+
+We conclude then for this
+problem that as the time step
+
+is reduced, the collapse times
+predicted using alpha equals
+
+0, alpha 1/2, and alpha
+1 are very, very
+
+close to each other.
+
+In fact, for theta t equals
+2.5, the difference in the
+
+collapse times is less than
+two hours using the three
+
+integration schemes.
+
+And we also notice that for a
+reasonable time step, in this
+
+particular problem, we certainly
+did not encounter
+
+any solution instability,
+particularly with respect to
+
+the alpha equals 0 integration
+method where one might have
+
+instabilities, as I pointed
+out earlier.
+
+For this problem, we did
+not encounter any such
+
+instability.
+
+This concludes then what I
+wanted to share with you in
+
+terms of experiences as
+documented on the view graph.
+
+I'd like to now share some
+further experiences with you
+
+regarding an interesting
+analysis that we performed
+
+some time ago regarding a
+heat treatment process.
+
+And that analysis is documented
+on the slides, so
+
+let me walk over here and
+discuss these sides with you.
+
+Here we have a cylinder, and
+it is this cylinder that is
+
+subjected to heat treatment
+process, namely initially the
+
+cylinder is at 900 degrees
+Celsius, and it suddenly
+
+cooled down to 20
+degrees Celsius.
+
+The objective of the analysis
+was first of all, to predict
+
+the temperature distributions in
+the cylinder as a function
+
+of time, as the cylinder
+cools down.
+
+And then to predict the
+corresponding stresses in the
+
+cylinder, and most importantly,
+to predict the
+
+finer, the residual stresses.
+
+Here, once again,
+the cylinder.
+
+Here, the finite
+element model.
+
+Notice that we modeled one
+typical section through the
+
+cylinder, and that section
+is shown here.
+
+The center line of the cylinder
+is here, and we
+
+perform an axisymmetric
+analysis.
+
+Notice that we have a higher
+density of elements at the
+
+outer face or near the outer
+face of the cylinder than at
+
+the inside of the cylinder.
+
+So then now because we are
+predicting higher temperature
+
+gradients, stress gradients at
+this end, notice that in this
+
+particular analysis, we
+constrain the top face to move
+
+just vertically up to basically
+
+remain a straight line.
+
+That was achieved using
+constraint equations.
+
+Of course, all these
+nodes along the top
+
+face can move over.
+
+The assumption of this top face
+to move only vertically
+
+up is due to the fact that the
+cylinder will reflect the fact
+
+that the cylinder is assumed
+to be infinitely long.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+material properties used for
+
+the temperature analysis.
+
+Here we have the heat capacity
+as a function of temperature.
+
+And here we have the
+conductivity as a function of
+
+temperature.
+
+This data was entered in the
+heat transfer analysis in
+
+which we wanted to predict
+the temperature.
+
+These material properties
+here, Young's modulus, a
+
+strain hardening modulus,
+Poisson's ratio are entered in
+
+the stress analysis.
+
+Notice the large variation in
+Et, Poisson ratio, and E as a
+
+function of time over the range
+from 0 degree Celsius to
+
+900 degrees Celsius.
+
+Next we see the variation
+of the yield stress as
+
+a function of time.
+
+Notice very marked variation.
+
+And notice this here is a region
+of a face change where
+
+we have a tremendous drop
+in the use stress.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+coefficient of thermal
+
+expansion as a function
+of temperature.
+
+Notice that the coefficient is
+positive in this regime and
+
+that regime, and is negative
+here to take into account the
+
+face change effects.
+
+On the next slide now we see
+the prediction of the
+
+temperature as calculated.
+
+Notice initially, the
+whole cylinder is
+
+at 900 degrees Celsius.
+
+We measure here the axes along
+the axis of the cylinder.
+
+And here, temperature.
+
+And as time progresses, the
+temperature changes down to 20
+
+degrees Celsius at
+300 seconds.
+
+Let's look a little bit
+more closely here.
+
+Notice at point 0.05 seconds,
+this here is the temperature
+
+distribution in the cylinder.
+
+At 0.5 seconds, this is the
+temperature distribution in
+
+the cylinder.
+
+And at 3.5 seconds, we see this
+temperature distribution.
+
+At 18.5 seconds, we see this
+temperature distribution.
+
+Notice the last temperature
+gradient right here in this
+
+area, and this is the area where
+we had a denser finite
+
+element mesh.
+
+Then close to the center
+line of the cylinder.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+temperature as a function of
+
+time, here time, here
+temperature
+
+at a number of locations.
+
+First of all, at the axes of the
+cylinder, and notice there
+
+we have a calculated curve,
+the solid curve, and a
+
+measured curve, the
+dash curve.
+
+They are remarkably close
+to each other.
+
+This is here the calculated
+temperature at element 14
+
+within the cylinder.
+
+And this is here the surface
+temperature , calculated
+
+because there we did not
+have any measurement.
+
+The only measurement that we
+had to compare with was the
+
+temperature at the axes
+of the cylinder.
+
+Notice that at 300 seconds,
+the axes, as well as the
+
+surface, basically all points
+in the cylinder have reached
+
+20 degrees Celsius.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+results obtained in the
+
+laboratory regarding the
+residual stress field.
+
+Here we see as a functional
+of the radius through the
+
+cylinder, the residual stresses,
+circumferential
+
+stress, sigma phi phi,
+longitudinal stress, sigma zz,
+
+and radius stress, sigma rr,
+once again, as obtained in the
+
+laboratory.
+
+We wanted to compare our
+calculated results obtained
+
+with the finite element
+solution with
+
+these laboratory results.
+
+And the next slide shows the
+results obtained in the finite
+
+element analysis.
+
+Sigma phi phi, sigma
+zz, and sigma rr.
+
+And if you compare these results
+with the results
+
+obtained in the laboratory,
+you see a very close
+
+correspondence.
+
+In fact, an excellent
+correspondence for this very
+
+complex problem that
+is considered here.
+
+Notice that we are making
+various assumptions on the
+
+material model level.
+
+In other words, a bilinear
+material assumption, et
+
+cetera, et cetera, for
+this analysis.
+
+If you are interested in the
+details, please refer to the
+
+paper in which we are describing
+this analysis in
+
+much more depth, and the
+references given
+
+in the study guide.
+
+This then brings me to the end
+of what I wanted to discuss
+
+with you in this lecture.
+
+At closing I like to really
+mention to you that we have,
+
+in these two lectures in which
+we discussed elasto-plasticity
+
+and creep response as modeled in
+finite element analysis, we
+
+have in these two lectures
+really covered only quite a
+
+bit of the material that is
+worthwhile looking at, and
+
+studying, and getting
+familiar with.
+
+The elasto-plasticity and creep
+response of structures
+
+is, of course, a very large
+field, and we have just taken
+
+two lectures to cover some of
+the aspects as we use them in
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+There's a lot more we
+could talk about.
+
+But thank you for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VdLJMPppocU.txt b/VdLJMPppocU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c529ff64c233b9a28e5aa2c6ef32dc48d767babf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VdLJMPppocU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+We are given a CBit module shown here.
+
+This module takes corresponding bits of two
+unsigned binary numbers, A and B, along with
+
+two C<sub>in</sub> bits from higher-order
+CBit modules.
+
+Its output bit R, is the appropriate bit of
+the larger among A and B.
+
+It also has two additional output bits C<sub>out</sub>
+which indicate respectively if A>B or B>A
+
+in the bits considered so far.
+
+The propagation delay of each Cbit module
+is 4ns.
+
+The CBit module is used to create a product
+MAXC which is a combinational device that
+
+determines the maximum of its two 4-bit unsigned
+binary inputs.
+
+It is constructed using 4 CBit modules as
+shown here.
+
+The first question we want to consider is
+what are the propagation delay and throughput
+
+of this combinational circuit?
+
+The propagation delay of a combinational circuit
+is the propagation delay along its longest
+
+path from input to output.
+
+In this case, the longest path is through
+4 CBit modules.
+
+Since each CBit module has a propagation delay
+of 4 ns, the propagation delay of this combinational
+
+circuit is 4 * 4 ns = 16 ns.
+
+The throughput of a combinational circuit
+is 1 / Latency, so the throughput of this
+
+circuit is 1 / (16 ns).
+
+The next question we want to consider is what
+two bits would we expect to see coming out
+
+of the (unused) C<sub>out</sub> outputs from
+the low-order CBit module if A<sub>3:0</sub>
+
+and B<sub>3:0</sub> are identical numbers.
+
+The C<sub>out</sub>[1] bit indicates whether
+A>B and the C<sub>out</sub>[0] bit indicates
+
+whether B>A.
+Since the numbers are identical neither of
+
+these inequalities is true, so both C<sub>out</sub>
+bits are 0.
+
+Next, we want to pipeline this circuit for
+maximum throughput.
+
+We are given ideal pipeline registers for
+this step.
+
+Recall that ideal registers have a 0 propagation
+delay and 0 setup time.
+
+In order to pipeline this circuit for maximum
+throughput, we want to add pipeline registers
+
+that isolate each individual CBit to be in
+its own pipeline stage.
+
+Recall, that when pipelining a circuit, we
+want to add pipeline registers to all the
+
+outputs, so we begin by adding a contour that
+goes across all 4 outputs.
+
+We now want to isolate the low order CBit
+module.
+
+To do this we draw an additional contour that
+crosses the outputs R3-R1, then passes between
+
+the two low order CBit modules and finally
+crosses the A0 and B0 inputs.
+
+Remember that every time a contour crosses
+a wire, it means that we are adding a pipeline
+
+register.
+
+So this first step added 6 pipeline registers,
+one for each of R3, R2, and R1, another between
+
+the two CBit modules and the last 2 on the
+A0 and B0 inputs.
+
+Notice that regardless of which input to output
+path we look at the number of pipeline registers
+
+along the path so far is 2.
+
+We continue in this manner isolating each
+Cbit module into its own pipeline stage.
+
+Now that each CBit module has been placed
+into its own pipeline stage, we can clock
+
+this circuit for maximum througput.
+
+Our clock period must allow for enough time
+for the propagation delay of the pipeline
+
+register, plus the propagation delay of the
+Cbit module, plus the setup time of the next
+
+pipeline register.
+
+Since our pipeline registers are ideal, the
+propagation delay and the setup time of the
+
+pipeline registers is 0, so the clock period
+is equal to the propagation delay of 1 CBit
+
+module which is 4 ns.
+
+The latency of this pipelined circuit is equal
+to the number of pipeline stages (4 in this
+
+example) times the clock period time, so the
+latency is 4 * 4 ns = 16 ns.
+
+The throughput of a pipelined circuit is 1
+divided by the clock period, so throughput
+
+is 1 / (4 ns).
+
+Our Cbit module can be used to create the
+MAX4X4 product which is a combinational circuit
+
+capable of determining the maximum of four
+4-bit binary inputs.
+
+Our first task here is to determine the combinational
+latency and throughput of this new circuit.
+
+Looking carefully at this circuit, we see
+that the longest path through the circuit
+
+begins at the upper left CBit module and ends
+at the bottom right CBit module.
+
+Counting the number of CBit modules along
+this path, we see that we need to cross 6
+
+CBit modules.
+
+This means that the latency of this circuit
+is L = 6 * propagation delay of a single CBit
+
+module = 6 * 4 ns = 24 ns.
+
+The throughput of a combinational circuit
+is equal to 1 / Latency = 1 / (24 ns).
+
+Out final task is to pipeline this new circuit
+for maximum througput.
+
+We begin as we did before by adding a contour
+that goes across all of our outputs.
+
+Next we want to figure out how to add the
+remaining contours so that the clock period
+
+of our pipelined circuit can be minimized.
+
+The clock period must allow enough time for
+the propagation delay of the pipeline register,
+
+plus the propagation delay of any combinational
+logic, plus the setup time of the next pipeline
+
+register.
+
+Since our pipeline registers are ideal, both
+the propagation delay and the setup time of
+
+the pipeline registers is 0, so our clock
+period is equal to the propagation delay of
+
+the combinational logic between each pair
+of pipeline registers.
+
+In order to minimize this, we would like the
+number of CBit modules between each pair of
+
+pipeline registers to be at most 1.
+
+This would make our period, T = 4 ns.
+
+To achieve this, we can draw diagonal contours
+through our circuit.
+
+Notice that these contours result in at most
+1 CBit module appearing between any pair of
+
+pipeline registers while at the same time
+including as many CBit modules that can be
+
+executed in parallel in a single pipeline
+stage.
+
+The latter constraint will minimize our latency
+in addition to maximizing our throughput.
+
+Notice that regardless of which input to output
+path you follow, at this stage you are crossing
+
+3 pipeline registers.
+
+We continue pipelining our circuit in this
+manner until we have added enough pipeline
+
+stages so that each stage passes through a
+single CBit module.
+
+We now see that any path from input to output
+passes through 6 pipeline registers because
+
+we have split our circuit into 6 pipeline
+stages in order to break up the longest path.
+
+We can now clock this circuit with period
+T = 4 ns.
+
+So the latency is the number of pipeline stages
+times the clock period which equals 6 * 4
+
+ns = 24 ns.
+
+The throughput of this circuit is 1 / clock
+period (T) = 1 /(4 ns).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WWphCZkdByA.txt b/WWphCZkdByA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f82bc0e6185e57ba2114d213f26410981fc148e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WWphCZkdByA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so this is using Fier Series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so this is using Fier Series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so this is using Fier Series so
+I had to pick a uh an equation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to pick a uh an equation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to pick a uh an equation where we
+had we were given a function and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we were given a function and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we were given a function and not
+just a couple of initial values so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of initial values so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of initial values so I
+made the equation a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the equation a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the equation a partial differential
+equation the most famous one L ples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the most famous one L ples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the most famous one L ples
+equation so uh this is the setup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so uh this is the setup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so uh this is the setup and
+you'll see how fora series comes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how fora series comes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how fora series comes in the
+we're in a circle I'm going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a circle I'm going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a circle I'm going to make this
+a nice model problem so inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice model problem so inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice model problem so inside this
+circle we're solving lass's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle we're solving lass's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle we're solving lass's equation
+ll's equation was the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation was the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation was the second derivative
+of U in the X Direction plus the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U in the X Direction plus the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U in the X Direction plus the second
+derivative of U in the y direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U in the y direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U in the y direction is
+zero that's the that's the way heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the that's the way heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the that's the way heat
+temperature distributes itself when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distributes itself when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distributes itself when you
+leave it alone if you're if if in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it alone if you're if if in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it alone if you're if if in this
+problem I'm going to put a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to put a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to put a source of
+heat at that point so it'll be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat at that point so it'll be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat at that point so it'll be a point
+source a Delta function and on the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source a Delta function and on the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source a Delta function and on the rest
+of the boundary temperature zero so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary temperature zero so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary temperature zero so so
+the boundary function is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary function is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary function is a Delta
+function with a spike at that one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a spike at that one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a spike at that one point
+and zero elsewhere and our problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero elsewhere and our problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero elsewhere and our problem is to
+solve the lass's equation inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the lass's equation inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the lass's equation inside the
+circle and we use polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we use polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we use polar coordinates
+because we've got a circle so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got a circle so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got a circle so there's
+the equation with X and Y but we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation with X and Y but we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation with X and Y but we really
+are thinking R and Theta and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking R and Theta and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking R and Theta and the reason
+is you get beautiful solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get beautiful solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get beautiful solutions to this
+equation using R and Theta and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using R and Theta and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using R and Theta and that was
+a family of solutions R to the N cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of solutions R to the N cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of solutions R to the N cos n
+Theta just works and so does r to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta just works and so does r to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta just works and so does r to the N
+sin n Theta and that's for every n so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin n Theta and that's for every n so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin n Theta and that's for every n so we
+have we can combine we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can combine we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can combine we have a linear
+equation we can take combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can take combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can take combinations of
+solutions with coefficients a n in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with coefficients a n in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions with coefficients a n in the
+cosiness and BN in the SS and now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and BN in the SS and now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and BN in the SS and now here's
+the key step put in r equal 1 put r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key step put in r equal 1 put r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key step put in r equal 1 put r
+equal 1 and then this solution you at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and then this solution you at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and then this solution you at 1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Theta is r equal 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is r equal 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is r equal 1 is the
+boundary it's the Circle and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it's the Circle and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it's the Circle and that's
+where we're given you of one to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're given you of one to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're given you of one to be the
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+function the point source the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the point source the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the point source the Delta
+function Delta of theta the point source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Delta of theta the point source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Delta of theta the point source
+at theta equals z so you see our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals z so you see our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals z so you see our job
+that function that boundary condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that boundary condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that boundary condition is
+supposed to tell us the A's and the B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell us the A's and the B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell us the A's and the B's
+and then we have our solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have our solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have our solution so
+by by putting r equal 1 in this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by putting r equal 1 in this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by putting r equal 1 in this formula
+we're supposed to get the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to get the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to get the Delta function
+so let me put Ral 1 easy to do it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put Ral 1 easy to do it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put Ral 1 easy to do it's the
+sum of a n 1 to the N cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a n 1 to the N cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a n 1 to the N cos n
+theta plus the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the sum of
+BN 1 to the N sin n Theta is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN 1 to the N sin n Theta is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN 1 to the N sin n Theta is supposed to
+match the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the forier series for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the forier series for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the forier series for the
+Delta function that's the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function that's the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function that's the whole point
+that we we use a forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we use a forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we use a forier
+series ex expression for the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series ex expression for the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series ex expression for the boundary
+function whatever that boundary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whatever that boundary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whatever that boundary function
+is here it's a particular nice NE neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here it's a particular nice NE neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here it's a particular nice NE neat
+one and actually the Delta function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and actually the Delta function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and actually the Delta function is
+an even function it's zero for the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even function it's zero for the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even function it's zero for the at
+Theta and it's zero at minus Theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and it's zero at minus Theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and it's zero at minus Theta so
+changing Theta to us Theta still leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Theta to us Theta still leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Theta to us Theta still leaves
+me the spike at zero so there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the spike at zero so there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the spike at zero so there because
+it's an even function I won't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an even function I won't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an even function I won't see any
+signs I won't see any odd functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs I won't see any odd functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs I won't see any odd functions the
+S Theta and I I have an easy time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Theta and I I have an easy time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Theta and I I have an easy time to
+find the coefficients a n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coefficients a n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coefficients a n of the
+cosiness actually that we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness actually that we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness actually that we did that
+directly from the formula for the a let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the formula for the a let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the formula for the a let
+me let me just remember that formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just remember that formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just remember that formula the
+formula was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula was was
+a0 was 1/ 2 piun times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average a a z is the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a a z is the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a a z is the average value of
+the of the temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the temperature and the
+temperature on the boundary is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the boundary is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the boundary is Delta
+Theta and that integrates to one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that integrates to one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that integrates to one and we
+get the answer 1 over 2 pi that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer 1 over 2 pi that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer 1 over 2 pi that's the
+average temperature isn't that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature isn't that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature isn't that a little
+weird the temp tempure zero except at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the temp tempure zero except at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the temp tempure zero except at
+one point at that point it's a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point at that point it's a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point at that point it's a Delta
+function with with the coefficient one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with with the coefficient one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with with the coefficient one
+outside it and then we get 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it and then we get 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it and then we get 1 over 2 pi
+as the average the other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the average the other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the average the other a
+'s the coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s the coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s the coefficients of the
+cosiness uh are 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness uh are 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness uh are 1 over
+pi times the integral of our Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times the integral of our Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times the integral of our Delta
+function time cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time cos n
+Theta D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D Theta
+and the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta
+function that point source picks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that point source picks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that point source picks out
+that number at theta equals z and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number at theta equals z and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number at theta equals z and that
+number is one so I'm getting one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one so I'm getting one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one so I'm getting one over
+Pi so finally I now know the A's and B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so finally I now know the A's and B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so finally I now know the A's and B's
+when I put those in that tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put those in that tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put those in that tells me the
+solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution now I can put R back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I can put R back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I can put R back in the
+picture it's a sum well let me take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's a sum well let me take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's a sum well let me take the
+a z term the a0 is 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z term the a0 is 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z term the a0 is 1 over 2
+pi that's the constant that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that's the constant that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that's the constant that's the
+average plus a sum of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average plus a sum of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average plus a sum of 1 over
+Pi's cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi's cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi's cos n
+Theta from n = 1 to infinity and R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta from n = 1 to infinity and R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta from n = 1 to infinity and R to
+the N sorry R to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see what happens when R is one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what happens when R is one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what happens when R is one we
+have the Del for a series for the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Del for a series for the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Del for a series for the Delta
+function that's the very un exceptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's the very un exceptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's the very un exceptional
+function that's on given on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's on given on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's on given on the boundary
+as soon as R is less than one these R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as R is less than one these R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as R is less than one these R to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+N get small and we have a series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N get small and we have a series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N get small and we have a series that
+adds up to a reasonable sum and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to a reasonable sum and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to a reasonable sum and we can
+actually uh it's possible to add up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh it's possible to add up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh it's possible to add up that
+series it's possible to add up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's possible to add up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's possible to add up that
+series it's a geometric series if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's a geometric series if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it's a geometric series if you go
+if you switch from cosiness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch from cosiness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch from cosiness to
+exponentials that's usually the good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials that's usually the good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials that's usually the good way
+to get good formulas and here so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good formulas and here so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good formulas and here so you can
+add it up and I think it there's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up and I think it there's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up and I think it there's a 1
+over 2 Pi still there and I think it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Pi still there and I think it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Pi still there and I think it's 1
+- r 2/ 1 + + r^ 2 - 2 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- r 2/ 1 + + r^ 2 - 2 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- r 2/ 1 + + r^ 2 - 2 R
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+Theta let me just be sure I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta let me just be sure I got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta let me just be sure I got that
+right yep looks good looks good and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep looks good looks good and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep looks good looks good and and
+we could check if it's good as our let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could check if it's good as our let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could check if it's good as our let's
+take Theta equal Z so if we take theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Theta equal Z so if we take theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Theta equal Z so if we take theta
+equals 0 let me draw that Circle again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 let me draw that Circle again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 let me draw that Circle again
+theta equals z we're coming out on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z we're coming out on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z we're coming out on that
+Ray and we're expecting to see Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and we're expecting to see Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and we're expecting to see Infinity
+when we get there at r equal 1 so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get there at r equal 1 so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get there at r equal 1 so at
+theta equals z so let me just put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z so let me just put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals z so let me just put on the
+ray theta equals z this is sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray theta equals z this is sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray theta equals z this is sort of what
+you should do just we have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do just we have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do just we have a formula for
+all R and Theta but let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all R and Theta but let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all R and Theta but let's look at some
+particular points to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular points to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular points to see what's
+happening so along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so along that
+Ray where Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray where Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray where Theta is
+zero uh I have 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 - r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - r
+2/ 1 + r 2 - 2 R because cos Theta is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 1 + r 2 - 2 R because cos Theta is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 1 + r 2 - 2 R because cos Theta is 1
+and 1 + r 2 - 2 R is 1 - R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 + r 2 - 2 R is 1 - R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 + r 2 - 2 R is 1 - R
+2 right because cos Theta is one on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right because cos Theta is one on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right because cos Theta is one on this
+Ray Theta is zero cos thet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray Theta is zero cos thet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray Theta is zero cos thet is
+one and now 1 - R I'll factor out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now 1 - R I'll factor out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now 1 - R I'll factor out of
+this and I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I think we
+get 1 + r and we still have a 1 minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 + r and we still have a 1 minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 + r and we still have a 1 minus r
+down below I like that you don't often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below I like that you don't often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below I like that you don't often
+for partial differential equations get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for partial differential equations get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for partial differential equations get
+some nice expression for the solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice expression for the solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice expression for the solution so
+that's the solution and as R goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solution and as R goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solution and as R goes to
+one this solution blows up right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this solution blows up right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this solution blows up right the
+temperature is infinite on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is infinite on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is infinite on the boundary
+but the temperature is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the temperature is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the temperature is something
+reasonable inside and at R equals 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable inside and at R equals 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable inside and at R equals 0 I
+have 1 over 2 pi well of course it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over 2 pi well of course it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over 2 pi well of course it's the
+average value right at the center the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value right at the center the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value right at the center the
+temperature is going to be the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is going to be the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is going to be the average
+on the boundary that's a natural key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boundary that's a natural key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boundary that's a natural key
+property of lassus equation it's average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of lassus equation it's average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of lassus equation it's average
+is everything actually if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything actually if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything actually if I take a
+little circle in the anywhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circle in the anywhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circle in the anywhere the
+temperature in the center of that Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the center of that Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the center of that Circle
+would be the average of the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average of the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average of the temperatures
+around the little circle for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the little circle for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the little circle for all the
+circles it's just a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles it's just a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles it's just a the
+the uh equation solving L equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh equation solving L equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh equation solving L equation
+averages everything and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages everything and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages everything and uh
+the uh the result is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the result is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the result is that the
+temperature function sort of Smooths out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature function sort of Smooths out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature function sort of Smooths out
+as I come in on around the boundary it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I come in on around the boundary it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I come in on around the boundary it's
+far from smooth there's a big jolt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from smooth there's a big jolt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from smooth there's a big jolt at
+Thea equals z but if I look at look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea equals z but if I look at look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea equals z but if I look at look on
+that Circle or that Circle or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Circle or that Circle or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Circle or that Circle or this
+circle the temperature is a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the temperature is a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the temperature is a nice smooth
+function so it it and it's never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it it and it's never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it it and it's never going
+to be uh above the maximum on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh above the maximum on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh above the maximum on the
+boundary and it's never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and it's never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and it's never going to be
+below the minimum on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the minimum on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the minimum on the boundary
+everything's being averaged I I might so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's being averaged I I might so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's being averaged I I might so
+that's you see a use of the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you see a use of the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you see a use of the fora
+series and for one particular function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and for one particular function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and for one particular function I
+I could do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do another
+function but I don't think I will uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but I don't think I will uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but I don't think I will uh I
+could take the function that's one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the function that's one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the function that's one on
+the top of the circle and minus one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the circle and minus one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the circle and minus one on
+the bottom half of the circle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half of the circle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half of the circle okay
+that's a function with a jump but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function with a jump but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function with a jump but not a
+Delta function so we would see it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so we would see it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so we would see it's for
+a series that would give us the A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series that would give us the A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series that would give us the A's and
+the B's there' probably only be B's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's there' probably only be B's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's there' probably only be B's in
+that case sign sign terms and we we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case sign sign terms and we we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case sign sign terms and we we'd
+get an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer
+may I just while I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I just while I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I just while I'm talking about
+averages add one final comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages add one final comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages add one final comment
+usually for a complicated region we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for a complicated region we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for a complicated region we
+can't solve the pla equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve the pla equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve the pla equation with
+formulas it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it's not
+possible we we can't find signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we we can't find signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we we can't find signs and
+cosiness that match some crazy boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness that match some crazy boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness that match some crazy boundary
+so we have to replace thees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to replace thees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to replace thees
+equation so I'll write thees equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'll write thees equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'll write thees equation
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+you uh we we we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we we we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we we we have a
+region and we carve it out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we carve it out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we carve it out with a
+grid and then at each point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and then at each point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and then at each point on the
+grid we have an equation connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we have an equation connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we have an equation connecting the
+value U at that point say u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value U at that point say u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value U at that point say u0
+at the center with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center with
+u u uh East maybe U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u uh East maybe U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u uh East maybe U
+West U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West U
+North and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South so we have an equation and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so we have an equation and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so we have an equation and I want
+to write that equation down u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that equation down u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that equation down u
+center is H it's just going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is H it's just going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is H it's just going to be the
+average it's just going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's just going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's just going to be one
+quarter of U East U West U North and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South so that'll be true at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so that'll be true at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so that'll be true at that
+equation will hold the unknowns are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will hold the unknowns are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will hold the unknowns are all
+these Ed the U's at all the mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Ed the U's at all the mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Ed the U's at all the mesh points
+and I have an equation at every mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have an equation at every mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have an equation at every mesh
+point so I have the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I have the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I have the same number of
+equations uh uh from the mesh points as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh uh from the mesh points as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh uh from the mesh points as
+unknowns at the mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns at the mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns at the mesh points
+I solve that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve that big
+system and that gives me a solution U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that gives me a solution U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that gives me a solution U
+and approximate solution U to Lassa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximate solution U to Lassa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximate solution U to Lassa
+equation so this would be called ll's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this would be called ll's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this would be called ll's
+difference equation or llaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation or llaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation or llaa
+fivepoint scheme because it uses Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint scheme because it uses Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint scheme because it uses Five
+Points in that average okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points in that average okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points in that average okay that's
+that's an important problem in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important problem in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important problem in numerical
+analysis thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xm8Dv7qH7UI.txt b/Xm8Dv7qH7UI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76c578a2b96e3dd56dec97ef4090ad0de81588cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xm8Dv7qH7UI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so most most times once we move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most most times once we move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most most times once we move to the
+kitchen after introducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen after introducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen after introducing the
+ingredients we would switch to a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients we would switch to a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients we would switch to a mix of
+Italian and English uh but for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and English uh but for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and English uh but for about
+three or four classes I decided to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four classes I decided to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four classes I decided to just
+uh speak Italian for the whole class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speak Italian for the whole class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speak Italian for the whole class and
+the first time we tried it everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we tried it everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we tried it everybody was
+silent and they they were a bit under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent and they they were a bit under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent and they they were a bit under
+shock um but then they started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock um but then they started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock um but then they started to
+communicate because they needed to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate because they needed to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate because they needed to tell
+each other please pass me the knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other please pass me the knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other please pass me the knife
+or I need more flower so um I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I need more flower so um I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I need more flower so um I decided
+not to do a full full full immersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do a full full full immersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do a full full full immersion
+because we were meeting only once per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were meeting only once per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were meeting only once per
+week and I don't think that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I don't think that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I don't think that it would
+have been as effective as um making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been as effective as um making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been as effective as um making a
+mix of Italian and English I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of Italian and English I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of Italian and English I think that
+the students still needed to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students still needed to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students still needed to have the
+safety net of their own language and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety net of their own language and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety net of their own language and and
+then it was fun from time to time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was fun from time to time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was fun from time to time to
+just try full immersion
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YN7k_bXXggY.txt b/YN7k_bXXggY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b4877938d4be252b321d32b1a63930b80cdd5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YN7k_bXXggY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2068 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: In the twelfth
+lecture, we're going to talk
+
+about maxima and minima.
+
+Let's finish up what
+we did last time.
+
+We really only just started
+with maxima and minima.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about related rates.
+
+So, right now I want to give you
+some examples of max-min
+
+problems. And we're going to
+start with a fairly basic one.
+
+So what's the thing about
+max-min problems?
+
+The main thing is that we're
+asking you to do a little bit
+
+more of the interpretation of
+word problems. So many of the
+
+problems are expressed
+in terms of words.
+
+And so, in this case, we have
+a wire which is length 1.
+
+Cut into two pieces.
+
+And then each piece
+encloses a square.
+
+Sorry, encloses a square.
+
+And the problem - so
+this is the setup.
+
+And the problem is to find the
+largest area enclosed.
+
+So here's the problem.
+
+Now, in all of these cases, in
+all these cases, there's a
+
+bunch of words.
+
+And your job is typically
+to draw a diagram.
+
+So the first thing you want to
+do is to draw a diagram.
+
+In this case, it can be
+fairly schematic.
+
+Here's your unit length.
+
+And when you draw the diagram,
+you're going to
+
+have to pick variables.
+
+So those are really the
+two main tasks.
+
+To set up the problem.
+
+So you're drawing a diagram.
+
+This is like word problems of
+old, in grade school through
+
+high school.
+
+Draw a diagram and name
+the variables.
+
+So we'll be doing a
+lot of that today.
+
+So here's my unit length.
+
+And I'm going to choose the
+variable x to be the length of
+
+one of the pieces of wire.
+
+And that makes the other
+piece 1 - x.
+
+And that's pretty much the whole
+diagram, except that
+
+there's something that we
+did with the wire after
+
+we cut it in half.
+
+Namely, we built two little
+boxes out of it.
+
+Like this, these are
+our squares.
+
+And their side lengths are
+x / 4 and (1 - x) / 4.
+
+So, so far, so good.
+
+And now we have to think, well,
+we want to find the
+
+largest area.
+
+So I need a formula for area
+in terms of variables that
+
+I've described.
+
+And so that's the last thing.
+
+I'll give the letter a as
+the label for the area.
+
+And then the area is just
+the square of x/4 + the
+
+square of 1 - x.
+
+Whoops, that strange
+2 got in here.
+
+Over 4.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+Now, The instinct that you'll
+have, and I'm going to yield
+
+to that instinct, is we should
+charge ahead and just
+
+differentiate.
+
+Alright?
+
+That's alright.
+
+We'll find the critical
+points.
+
+So we know that those are
+important points.
+
+So we're going to find
+the critical points.
+
+In other words, we take the
+derivative we set, the
+
+derivative of a with
+respect to x = 0.
+
+So if I do that differentiation,
+I get the,
+
+well, so the first one,
+x^2 / 16, that's 8.
+
+Sorry.
+
+That's x / 8, right?
+
+That's a derivative of this.
+
+And if I differentiate this, I
+get well, the derivative of 1
+
+- x ^2 is 2 ( 1 - x)( a - 1).
+
+So it's - (1 - x) / 8.
+
+So there are two minus signs in
+there, I'll let you ponder
+
+that differentiation, which
+I did by the chain rule.
+
+Hang on a sec, OK?
+
+Just wait until we're done.
+
+So here's the derivative.
+
+Is there a problem?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so there's
+a 1/16 here.
+
+This is x^2 / 16.
+
+And so it's 2x / 8,
+over 16, sorry.
+
+Which has an 8.
+
+That's OK.
+
+Alright, so now, This is equal
+to 0 if and only if x = 1 - x.
+
+That's 2x = = 1, or in
+other words x = 1/2.
+
+Alright?
+
+So there's our critical point.
+
+So x = 1/2 is the
+critical point.
+
+And the critical value, which
+is what you get when you
+
+evaluate a at 1/2, is (1/2)
+/ 4, that's 1/8.
+
+So that's (1/8)^2 + (1/8)^2
+which = 1/32.
+
+So, so far, so good.
+
+But we're not done yet.
+
+We're not done.
+
+So why aren't we done?
+
+Because we haven't checked
+the end points.
+
+So let's check the end points.
+
+Now, in this problem,
+the end points are
+
+really sort of excluded.
+
+The ends are between
+0 and 1 here.
+
+That's the possible lengths
+of the cut.
+
+And so what we should really be
+doing is evaluating in the
+
+limit, so that would be the
+right-hand limit as x
+
+goes to 0 of a.
+
+And if you plug in x = 0, what
+you get here is 0 + (1/4)^2.
+
+Which is 1/16.
+
+And similarly, at the other
+end, that's 1 - 1 from the
+
+left we get (1/4)^2 + 0,
+which is also 1/16.
+
+So, what you see is that the
+schematic picture of this
+
+function, and isn't even so far
+off from being the right
+
+picture here, is that it's level
+here as 1/16 and then it
+
+dips down and goes up.
+
+Right?
+
+This is 1/2, this is
+1, and this level
+
+here is a half that.
+
+This is 1/32.
+
+So we did not find, when we
+found the critical point we
+
+did not find the largest
+area enclosed.
+
+We found the least
+area enclosed.
+
+So if you don't pay attention
+to what the function looks
+
+like, not only will you about
+half the time get the wrong
+
+answer, you'll get the absolute
+worst answer.
+
+You'll get the one which
+is the polar opposite
+
+from what you want.
+
+So you have to pay a little
+bit of attention to the
+
+function that you've got.
+
+And in this case it's
+just very schematic.
+
+It dips down and goes up, and
+that's true of pretty much
+
+most functions.
+
+They're fairly simple.
+
+They maybe only have
+one critical point.
+
+They only turn around once.
+
+But then, maybe the critical
+point is the maximum or maybe
+
+it's the minimum.
+
+Or maybe it's neither,
+in fact.
+
+So we'll be discussing that
+maybe some other time.
+
+So what we find here
+is that we have
+
+the least area enclosed.
+
+Enclosed is 1/32.
+
+And this is true when x = 1/2.
+
+So these are equal squares.
+
+And most when there's
+only one square.
+
+Which is more or less the
+limiting situation.
+
+If one of the pieces
+disappears.
+
+Now, so that's the first
+kind of example.
+
+And I just want to make one more
+comment about terminology
+
+before we go on.
+
+And I will introduce it with
+the following question.
+
+What is the minimum?
+
+So, what is the minimum?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The lowest value of
+the function.
+
+So the answer to that
+question is 1/32.
+
+Now, the problem with this
+question and you will, so that
+
+refers to the minimum value.
+
+But then there's this other
+question which is
+
+where is the minimum.
+
+And the answer to
+that is x = 1/2.
+
+So one of them is the minimum
+point, and the other one is
+
+the minimum value.
+
+So they're two separate
+things.
+
+Now, the problem is that
+people are sloppy.
+
+And especially since you usually
+find the critical
+
+point first, and the value
+that is plugging in for a
+
+second, people will stop short
+and they'll give the wrong
+
+answer to the question,
+for instance.
+
+Now, both questions are
+important to answer.
+
+You just need to have
+a word to put there.
+
+So this is a little
+bit careless.
+
+When we say what is
+the minimum, some
+
+people will say 1/2.
+
+And that's literally wrong.
+
+They know what they mean.
+
+But it's just wrong.
+
+And when people ask
+this question,
+
+they're being sloppy.
+
+Anyway.
+
+They should maybe be a little
+clearer and say what's the
+
+minimum value.
+
+Or, where is the
+value achieved.
+
+It's achieved at, or where is
+the minimum value achieved.
+
+"Where is min achieved?",
+would be a better way of
+
+phrasing this second question.
+
+So that it has an unambiguous
+answer.
+
+And when people ask you for
+the minimum point, they're
+
+also - so why is it that we
+call it the minimum point?
+
+We have this word, critical
+point, which is what x = 1/2
+
+is in critical value.
+
+And so I'm making those same
+distinctions here.
+
+But there's another notion of
+a minimum point, and this is
+
+an alternative if you like.
+
+The minimum point is the
+point (1/2, 1/32).
+
+Right, that's a point
+on the graph.
+
+It's the point - well, so that
+graph is way up there, but
+
+I'll just put it on there.
+
+That's this point.
+
+And you might say min there.
+
+And you might point to this
+point, and you might say max.
+
+And similarly, this one
+might be a max.
+
+So in other words, what this
+means is simply that people
+
+are a little sloppy.
+
+And sometimes they mean
+one thing and
+
+sometimes they mean another.
+
+And you're just stuck with this,
+because there'll be some
+
+authors who will say one thing
+and some people will mean
+
+another and you just have to
+live with this little bit of
+
+annoying ambiguity.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so that's
+a good - very good.
+
+So here we go, find the
+largest area enclosed.
+
+So that's sort of a trick
+question, isn't it?
+
+So there are various - that's
+a good thing to ask.
+
+That's sort of a trick
+question, why?
+
+Because according to the rules,
+we're trapped between
+
+the two maxima at something
+which is strictly below.
+
+So in other words, one answer to
+this question would be, and
+
+this is the answer that I would
+probably give, is 1/16.
+
+But that's not really true.
+
+Because that's only
+in the limit.
+
+As x goes to 0, or
+as x goes to 1 -.
+
+And if you like, the
+most is when you've
+
+only got one square.
+
+Which breaks the rules
+of the problem.
+
+So, essentially, it's
+a trick question.
+
+But I would answer
+it this way.
+
+Because that's the most
+interesting part of the
+
+answer, which is that it's 1/16
+and it occurs really when
+
+one of the squares disappears
+to nothing.
+
+So now, let's do another
+example here.
+
+And I just want to illustrate
+the second style, or the
+
+second type of question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+since the question was, what
+
+was the largest area, why did
+we find the least area.
+
+The reason is that when we go
+about our procedure of looking
+
+for the least, or the most,
+we'll automatically find both.
+
+Because we don't know
+which one is which
+
+until we compare values.
+
+And actually, it's much more
+to your advantage to figure
+
+out both the maximum and minimum
+whenever you answer
+
+such a question.
+
+Because otherwise you won't
+understand the behavior of the
+
+function very well.
+
+So, the question.
+
+We started out with one
+question, we answered both.
+
+We answered two questions.
+
+We answered the question of
+what the largest and the
+
+smallest value was.
+
+STUDENT: Also, I'm wondering
+if you can check both the
+
+minimum [INAUDIBLE] approaches
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+One can also use, the question
+is, can we use the second
+
+derivative test. And the
+answer is, yes we can.
+
+In fact, you can actually also
+stare at this and see that
+
+it's a sum of squares.
+
+So it's always curving up.
+
+It's a parabola with a positive
+second coefficient.
+
+So you can differentiate
+this twice.
+
+If you do you'll get
+1/8 + another 1/8
+
+and you'll get 1/16.
+
+So the second derivative
+is 1/16.
+
+Is 1/4.
+
+And that's an acceptable
+way of figuring it out.
+
+I'll mention the second
+derivative test again, in this
+
+second example.
+
+So let me talk about
+a second example.
+
+So again, this is going to
+be another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is, when
+I say minimum or maximum
+
+point which will I mean.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So I just repeated
+the question.
+
+So the question is,
+when I say minimum
+
+point, what will I mean?
+
+OK?
+
+And the answer is that for the
+purposes of this class I will
+
+probably avoid saying that.
+
+But I will say, probably, where
+is the minimum achieved.
+
+Just in order to avoid that.
+
+If I actually sat at I often am
+referring to the graph, and
+
+I mean this.
+
+And in fact, when you get your
+little review for the second
+
+exam, I'll say exactly that
+on the review sheet.
+
+And I'll make this very clear
+when we were doing this.
+
+However, I just want to prepare
+you for the fact that
+
+in real life, and even me when
+I'm talking colloquially, when
+
+I say what's the minimum point
+of something, I might actually
+
+be mixing it up with this
+other notion here.
+
+So let's do another example.
+
+So this is an example to get
+us used to the notion of
+
+constraints.
+
+So we have, so consider
+a box without a top.
+
+Or, if you like, we're going to
+find the box without a top.
+
+With least surface area
+for a fixed volume.
+
+Find the box without a top with
+least surface area for a
+
+fixed volume.
+
+The procedure for working this
+out is the following.
+
+You make this diagram.
+
+And you set up the variables.
+
+In this case, we're going to
+have four names of variables.
+
+We have four letters that
+we have to choose.
+
+And we'll choose them
+in a kind of a
+
+standard way, alright?
+
+So first I have to tell
+you one more thing.
+
+Which is something that we could
+calculate separately but
+
+I'm just going to give
+it to you in advance.
+
+Which is that it turns
+out that the best box
+
+has a square bottom.
+
+And that's going to get rid of
+one of our variables for us.
+
+So it's got a square bottom,
+and so let's draw
+
+a picture of it.
+
+So here's our box.
+
+Well, that goes down like this,
+almost. Maybe I should
+
+get it a little farther down.
+
+So here's our box.
+
+Let's correct that just a bit.
+
+So now, what about the
+dimensions of this box?
+
+Well, this is going to be
+x, and this is very
+
+foreshortened, but
+it's also x.
+
+The bottom is x by x, it's
+the same dimensions.
+
+And then the vertical
+dimension is y.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+Now, I promised you two
+more letter names.
+
+I want to compute the volume.
+
+The volume is, the base is x
+^2, and the height is y.
+
+So there's the volume.
+
+And then the area, the area is
+the area of the bottom, which
+
+is x ^2, that's the bottom.
+
+And then there are
+the four sides.
+
+And the four sides are
+rectangles of dimensions xy.
+
+So it's 4xy.
+
+So these are the sides.
+
+And remember, there's no top.
+
+So that's our setup.
+
+So now, the difference between
+this problem and the last
+
+problem is that there are two
+variables floating around,
+
+namely x and y, which
+are not determined.
+
+But there's what's called
+a constraint here.
+
+Namely, we've fixed the
+relationship between x and y.
+
+And so, that means that we can
+solve for y in terms of x.
+
+So y = v / x ^2.
+
+And then, we can plug that
+into the formula for a.
+
+So here we have a which is
+x ^2 + 4x ( v / x^2).
+
+Question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+will you need to know this
+
+intuitively?
+
+No.
+
+That's something that I would
+have to give to you.
+
+I mean, it's actually true
+that a lot of things, the
+
+correct answer is something
+symmetric.
+
+In this last problem, the
+minimum turned out to be
+
+exactly halfway in between
+because there were sort of
+
+equal demands from
+the two sides.
+
+And similarly, here, what
+happens is if you elongate one
+
+side, you get less - it actually
+is involved with a
+
+two variable problem.
+
+Namely, if you have a rectangle
+and you have a
+
+certain amount of length
+associated with it.
+
+What's the optimal thing
+you can do with that.
+
+But I won't, in other words,
+the optimal rectangle, the
+
+least perimeter rectangle,
+turns out to be a square.
+
+That's the little sub-problem
+that leads you
+
+to this square bottom.
+
+But so that would have been a
+separate max-min problem.
+
+Which I'm skipping, because I
+what to do this slightly more
+
+interesting one.
+
+So now, here's our formula for
+a, and now I want to follow
+
+the same procedure as before.
+
+Namely, we look for the
+critical point.
+
+Or points.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+So again, a is (x
+^2 + 4v) / x.
+
+And A' = 2x - (4v / x^2).
+
+So if we set that equal to
+0, we get 2x = 2v / x ^2.
+
+So 2x^3.
+
+How did that happen
+to change into 2?
+
+Interesting, guess
+that's wrong.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is x ^ 3 = 2v. And so
+x = (2 ^ 1/3)( v ^1/3).
+
+So this is the critical point.
+
+So we are not done.
+
+Right?
+
+We're not done, because we don't
+even know whether this
+
+is going to give us the worst
+box or the best box, from this
+
+point of view.
+
+The one that uses the most
+surface area or the least. So
+
+let's check the ends,
+right away.
+
+To see what's happening.
+
+So can somebody tell me what
+the ends, what the
+
+end values of x are?
+
+Where does x range from?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's the smallest
+x can be, yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the claim was
+that the largest x could be
+
+root a, because somehow there's
+this x ^2 here and you
+
+can't get any further
+past than that.
+
+But there's a key feature
+here of this problem.
+
+Which is that a is variable.
+
+The only thing that's fixed in
+the problem is v. So if v is
+
+fixed, what do you
+know about x?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: x > 0, yeah.
+
+The lower end point,
+that's safe.
+
+Because that has to do
+geometrically with the fact
+
+that we don't have any boxes
+with negative dimensions.
+
+That would be refused by the
+Post Office, definitely.
+
+Over and above the empty
+top, which they
+
+wouldn't accept either.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's true that x
+< square root of v / y.
+
+So that's using this
+relationship.
+
+But notice that y = v / x ^2.
+
+So 0 to infinity, I just
+got a guess there over
+
+here, that's right.
+
+Here's the upper limit.
+
+So this is really important
+to realize.
+
+This is most problems. Most
+problems, the variable if it
+
+doesn't have a limitation,
+usually
+
+just goes out to infinity.
+
+And infinity is a very important
+end for the problem.
+
+It's usually an easy end
+to the problem, too.
+
+So there's a possibility that if
+we push all the way down to
+
+x = 0, we'll get a better box.
+
+It would be very strange box.
+
+A little bit like our
+vanishing enclosure.
+
+And maybe an infinitely
+long box, also very
+
+inconvenient one.
+
+Might be the best box.
+
+We'll have to see.
+
+So let's just take a look
+at what happens.
+
+So we're looking at a, at 0 +.
+
+And that's x^2 + 4v
+/ x with x at 0 +.
+
+So what happens to that?
+
+Notice right here, this
+is going to infinity.
+
+So this is infinite.
+
+So that turns out
+to be a bad box.
+
+Let's take a look at
+the other end.
+
+So this is x ^2 + 4v / x,
+x going to infinity.
+
+And again, this term
+here means that
+
+this thing is infinite.
+
+So the shape of this thing,
+I'll draw this tiny little
+
+schematic diagram over here.
+
+The shape of this thing
+is like this, right?
+
+And so, when we find that one
+turnaround point, which
+
+happened to be at this strange
+point 2/3 , (2 ^ 1/3)( v ^
+
+1/3), that is going
+to be the minimum.
+
+So we've just discovered
+that it's the minimum.
+
+Which is just what we
+were hoping for.
+
+This is going to be
+the optimal box.
+
+Now, since you asked earlier and
+since it's worth checking
+
+this as well, let's also check
+an alternative justification.
+
+So an alternative to checking
+ends is the second derivative
+
+test. I do not recommend the
+second derivative test. I try
+
+my best, when I give you
+problems, to make it really
+
+hard to apply the second
+derivative test. But in this
+
+example, the function is simple
+enough so that it's
+
+perfectly OK.
+
+If you take the derivative
+here, remember, this was
+
+whatever it was, 2x
+- (4v / x ^2).
+
+If I take the second
+derivative,
+
+it's 2 + (8v / x ^3).
+
+And that's positive.
+
+So this thing is concave up.
+
+And that's consistent
+with its being, the
+
+critical point is a min.
+
+Is a minimum point.
+
+See how I almost said,
+is a min, as
+
+opposed to minimum point.
+
+So watch out.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You're one
+step ahead of me.
+
+The question is, is this the
+answer to the question or
+
+would we have to give y and
+a and so on and so forth.
+
+So, again, this is something
+that I want to emphasize and
+
+take my time with right now.
+
+Because it depends, what kind
+of real life problem you're
+
+answering, what kind of
+answer is appropriate.
+
+So, so far we've found
+the critical point.
+
+We haven't found the
+critical value.
+
+We haven't found the dimensions
+of the box.
+
+So we're going to spend a little
+bit more time on this,
+
+exactly in order to address
+these questions.
+
+So, first of all.
+
+The value of y.
+
+So, so far we have x =
+(2 ^ 1/3)( v ^ 1/3).
+
+And certainly if you're going
+to build the box, you also
+
+want to know what
+the y value is.
+
+The y value is going
+to be, let's see.
+
+Well, it's v / x ^2, so that's
+v / ((2 ^ 1/3)( v ^ 1/3) ^2,
+
+which comes out to be (2
+^ - 2/3)( v ^ 1/3).
+
+So there's the y value.
+
+On top of that, we could figure
+out the value of a.
+
+So that's also a perfectly
+reasonable part of the answer.
+
+Depending on what one is
+interested in, you might care
+
+how much money it's going to
+cost you to build this box.
+
+This optimal box.
+
+And so you plug in
+the value of a.
+
+So a, let's see, is up here.
+
+It's x ^2 + 4v / x.
+
+So that's going to be ((2 ^
+1/3)( v ^ 1/3) ^2 + (4v / (2 ^
+
+1/3)( v ^ 1/3)).
+
+And if you work that all out,
+what you get turns out to be 3
+
+( 2 ^ 1/3)( v ^ 2/3).
+
+So if you like, one way of
+answering this question is
+
+these three things.
+
+That would be the minimum point
+
+corresponding to the graph.
+
+That would be the answer
+to this question.
+
+But the reason why I'm carrying
+it out in such detail
+
+is I want to show you that there
+are much more meaningful
+
+ways of answering
+this question.
+
+So let me explain that.
+
+So let me go through some more
+meaningful answers here.
+
+The first more meaningful answer
+is the following idea
+
+simply, what are known as
+dimensionless variables.
+
+So the first thing that you
+notice is the scaling law.
+
+That a / v ^ 2/3 is
+the thing that's a
+
+dimensionless quantity.
+
+That happens to be
+3 ( 2 ^ 1/3).
+
+So that's one thing.
+
+If you want to expand the
+volume, you'll have to expand
+
+the area by the 2/3 power
+of the volume.
+
+And if you think of the area
+as being in, say, square
+
+inches, and the volume of the
+box as being in cubic inches,
+
+then you can see that this is
+a dimensionless quantity and
+
+you have a dimensionless
+number here, which is a
+
+characteristic independent
+of what a and v were.
+
+The other dimensionless
+quantity is the y:x.
+
+So x : y.
+
+So, again, that's inches
+divided by inches.
+
+And it's (2 ^ 1/3)( v ^ 1/3) /
+( 2 ^ - 2/3)( v ^ 1/3), which
+
+happens to be 2.
+
+So this is actually the best
+answer to the question.
+
+And it shows you that the
+box is a 2:1 box.
+
+If this is 2 and this is
+1, that's the good box.
+
+And that is just the shape,
+if you like, and
+
+it's the optimal shape.
+
+And certainly that,
+aesthetically, that's the
+
+cleanest answer to
+the question.
+
+There was a question
+right here.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Could you repeat
+that, I couldn't hear.
+
+STUDENT: I'm wondering if you'd
+be able to get that
+
+answer if you [INAUDIBLE]
+square.
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+could we have gotten the
+
+answer if we weren't told that
+the bottom was square.
+
+The answer is, yes in 18.02
+with multivariable.
+
+You would have to have three
+letters here, an x, a y, and a
+
+z, if you like.
+
+And then you'd have to work
+with all three of them.
+
+So I separated out into one,
+there's a separate one
+
+variable problem that you
+can do for the base.
+
+And then this is a second one
+variable problem for this
+
+other thing.
+
+And it's just two consecutive
+one variable problems that
+
+solve the multivariable
+problem.
+
+Or, as I say in multivariable
+calculus, you can just do it
+
+all in one step.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Why did I divide
+x by y, rather than
+
+y by x, or in any?
+
+So, again, what I was aiming
+for was dimensionless
+
+quantities.
+
+So x and y are measured
+in the same units.
+
+And also the proportions
+of the box.
+
+So that's another word for
+this is proportions.
+
+Are something that's universal,
+independent of the
+
+volume v. It's something
+you can say about
+
+any box, at any scale.
+
+Whether it be, you know,
+something by
+
+Cristo in the Common.
+
+Maybe we'll get in here
+to do some fancy --
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The proportions is
+with geometric problems
+
+typically, when there's a
+scaling to the problem.
+
+Where the answer is the
+same at small scales
+
+and at large scales.
+
+This is capturing that.
+
+So that's why, the ratios are
+what's capturing that.
+
+And that's why it's
+aesthetically the
+
+nicest thing to ask.
+
+STUDENT: So, what exactly does
+the ratio of the area to the
+
+volume ratio [INAUDIBLE]
+tell us?
+
+PROFESSOR: Unfortunately,
+this number is a
+
+really obscure number.
+
+So the question is what
+does this tell us.
+
+The only thing that I want to
+emphasize is what's on the
+
+left-hand side here.
+
+Which is, it's the area to the
+2/3 power of the volume, so
+
+it's a dimensionless quantity
+that happens to be this.
+
+If you do this, for example,
+in general with planar
+
+diagrams, circumferenced area
+is a bad ratio to take.
+
+What you want to take
+is the square of
+
+circumference to area.
+
+Because the square of
+circumference has the same
+
+dimensions; that is, say,
+inches squared to area.
+
+Which is in square inches.
+
+So, again, it's these
+dimensionless quantities that
+
+you want to cook up.
+
+And those are the ones that
+will have universal
+
+properties.
+
+The most famous of these is the
+circle that encloses the
+
+most area for its
+circumference.
+
+And, again, that's only true if
+you take the square of the
+
+circumference.
+
+You do the units correctly.
+
+Anyway.
+
+So we're here, we've
+got a shape.
+
+We've got an answer
+to this question.
+
+And I now want to
+do this problem.
+
+Well, let's put it this way.
+
+I wanted to do this problem
+by a different method.
+
+I think I'll take the
+time to do it.
+
+So I want to do this problem
+by a slightly
+
+different method here.
+
+So, here's Example 2 by implicit
+differentiation.
+
+So the same example, but now I'm
+going to do it by implicit
+
+differentiation.
+
+Well, I'll tell you the
+advantages and disadvantages
+
+to this method here.
+
+So the situation is, you have
+to start the same way.
+
+So here is the starting
+place of the problem.
+
+And the goal was the minimum
+of a with v constant.
+
+So this was the situation
+that we were in.
+
+And now, what I want to do
+is just differentiate.
+
+The function y is implicitly
+a function of x, so I can
+
+differentiate the first
+expression.
+
+And that yields 0 = 2xy
++ (x ^2 )( y').
+
+So this is giving me my implicit
+formula for y', So y'
+
+= - 2xy / x ^2.
+
+Or in other words, - 2y / x.
+
+And then I also have
+the dA/dx.
+
+Now, you may notice I'm not
+using primes quite as much.
+
+Because all of the variables are
+varying, and so here I'm
+
+emphasizing that it's a
+differentiation with respect
+
+to the variable x.
+
+And this becomes
+2x + 4y + 4xy'.
+
+So again, this is using
+the product rule.
+
+And now I can plug in for
+what y' is, which
+
+is right above it.
+
+So this is 2x + 4y
++ 4x ( - 2y / x).
+
+And that's equal to 0.
+
+And so let's gather
+that together.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have 2x + 4y, and
+then, altogether,
+
+this is 8 - 8y = 0.
+
+So that's the same
+thing as 2x = 4y.
+
+The - 4y goes to
+the other side.
+
+And so, x / y = 2.
+
+So this, I claim, so you have
+to decide for yourself.
+
+But I claim that
+this is faster.
+
+It's faster, and also it gets
+to the heart of the matter,
+
+which is this scale in
+variant proportions.
+
+Which is basically also nicer.
+
+So it gets to the nicer
+answer, also.
+
+So those are the advantages
+that this has.
+
+So it's faster, and it
+gets to this, I'm
+
+going to call it nicer.
+
+And the disadvantage is
+it did not check.
+
+Whether this critical point
+is a max, min, or neither.
+
+So we didn't quite finish
+the problem.
+
+But we got to the answer very
+fast. Yeah, question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: How would
+you check it?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, so it gives
+you a candidate.
+
+The answer is - so the
+question is, how
+
+would you check it?
+
+The answer is that for this
+particular problem, the only
+
+way to do it is to do
+something like this.
+
+So in other words, it doesn't
+save you that much time.
+
+But with many, many, examples,
+you actually can tell
+
+immediately that if the two
+ends, the thing is, say, 0,
+
+and inside it's positive.
+
+Things like that.
+
+So in many, many, cases
+this is just as good.
+
+So now I'm going to change
+subjects here.
+
+But the subject that I'm going
+to talk about next is almost,
+
+is very, very closely linked.
+
+Namely, I talked about implicit
+differentiation.
+
+Now, we're going to just
+talk about dealing
+
+with lots of variables.
+
+And rates of change.
+
+So, essentially, we're going
+to talk about the
+
+same type of thing.
+
+So, I'm going to tell you
+about a subject which is
+
+called related rates.
+
+Which is really just another
+excuse for getting used to
+
+setting up variables
+and equations.
+
+So, here we go.
+
+Related rates.
+
+And i'm going to illustrate this
+with one example today,
+
+one tomorrow.
+
+So here's my example
+for today.
+
+So, again, this is going
+to be a police problem.
+
+But this is going to be a word
+problem and - sorry, I'm don't
+
+want to scare you, no police.
+
+Well, there are police in the
+story but they're not present.
+
+So, but I'm going to draw it
+immediately with the diagram
+
+because I'm going to save
+us the trouble.
+
+Although, you know, the point
+here is to get from the words
+
+to the diagram.
+
+So you have the police, and
+they're 30 feet from the road.
+
+And here's the road.
+
+And you're coming along, here,
+in your, let's see, in your
+
+car going in this
+direction here.
+
+And the police have radar.
+
+Which is bouncing
+off of your car.
+
+And what they read off is that
+you're 50 feet away.
+
+They also know that you're
+approaching along the line of
+
+the radar at a rate of
+80 feet per second.
+
+Now, the question is,
+are you speeding.
+
+That's the question.
+
+So when you're speeding, by the
+way, up 95 feet per second
+
+is about 65 miles per hour.
+
+So that's the threshold here.
+
+So what I want to do now is
+show you how you set up a
+
+problem like this.
+
+This distance is 50.
+
+This is 30, and because it's
+the distance to a straight
+
+line you know that this
+is a right angle.
+
+So we know that this is
+a right triangle.
+
+And this is set out to be a
+right triangle, which is an
+
+easy one, a 3, 4, 5 right
+triangle just so that we can
+
+do the computations easily.
+
+So now, the question is, how
+do we put the letters in to
+
+make his problem work, to
+figure out what the
+
+rate of change is.
+
+So now, let me explain
+that right now.
+
+And we will actually do the
+computation next time.
+
+So the first thing is, you
+have to understand what's
+
+changing and what's not.
+
+And we're going to use t
+for time, in seconds.
+
+And now, an important distance
+here is the distance to this
+
+foot of this perpendicular.
+
+So I'm going to name that x.
+
+I'm going to give
+that letter x.
+
+Now, x is varying.
+
+The reason why I need a letter
+for it as opposed to this 40
+
+is that it's going to have
+a rate of change
+
+with respect to t.
+
+And, in fact, it's related to,
+the question is whether dx /
+
+dt is faster or slower
+than 95.
+
+So that's the thing
+that's varying.
+
+Now, there's something
+else that's varying.
+
+This distance here
+is also varying.
+
+So we need a letter for that.
+
+We do not need a letter
+for this.
+
+Because it's never changing.
+
+We're assuming the police
+are parked.
+
+They're not ready to roar out
+and catch you just yet, and
+
+they're certainly not in motion
+when they've got the
+
+radar guns aimed at you.
+
+So you need to know something
+about the sociology
+
+and style of police.
+
+So you need to know things
+about the real world.
+
+Now, the last bit is, what
+about this 80 here.
+
+So this is how fast you're
+approaching.
+
+Now, that's measured along
+the radar gun.
+
+I claim that that's d by dt
+of this quantity here.
+
+So this is d is also changing.
+
+That's why we needed a
+letter for it, too.
+
+So, next time, we'll just put
+that all together and
+
+compute dx / dt.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YiAqJs1KSCg.txt b/YiAqJs1KSCg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b9e601585e099e67b5307b86b45c2c4e70aefa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YiAqJs1KSCg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello computational musicologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello computational musicologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello computational musicologists and
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+theorists while you're working on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists while you're working on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists while you're working on your
+own representation formats I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own representation formats I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own representation formats I want to
+introduce one representation format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one representation format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one representation format
+indeed the most commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the most commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the most commonly used
+representation format for common western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation format for common western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation format for common western
+music notation scores and that is music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation scores and that is music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music notation scores and that is music
+XML created by Michael good around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML created by Michael good around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML created by Michael good around the
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+2000 looking over at the music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 looking over at the music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 looking over at the music XML
+website we can see their version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we can see their version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we can see their version of
+hello world as you know in programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world as you know in programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world as you know in programming
+Traditions it's become traditional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditions it's become traditional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditions it's become traditional to
+print out the word hello world to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out the word hello world to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out the word hello world to show
+how uh a how a programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh a how a programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh a how a programming language
+Works in music notation it's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in music notation it's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in music notation it's become
+common to instead to show how uh note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to instead to show how uh note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to instead to show how uh note
+middle C uh would be represented whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle C uh would be represented whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle C uh would be represented whole
+note or something like that and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or something like that and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or something like that and here is
+the example of that middle C whole note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of that middle C whole note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of that middle C whole note
+in music XML one of the things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music XML one of the things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music XML one of the things you can
+see in music XML just like any XML or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in music XML just like any XML or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in music XML just like any XML or
+like HTML we have these things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HTML we have these things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HTML we have these things called
+Tags which are enclosed in angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tags which are enclosed in angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tags which are enclosed in angle
+brackets then we have a content for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets then we have a content for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets then we have a content for the
+tag and then the tag is closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and then the tag is closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and then the tag is closed with
+those same angle brackets with a slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same angle brackets with a slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same angle brackets with a slash
+front tags can enclose other tags so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front tags can enclose other tags so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front tags can enclose other tags so the
+score part encloses a tag called called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score part encloses a tag called called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score part encloses a tag called called
+part name and then it's closed later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part name and then it's closed later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part name and then it's closed later and
+tags can also have attributes ID equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags can also have attributes ID equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags can also have attributes ID equals
+P1 and we'll look at those in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and we'll look at those in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and we'll look at those in just a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit let's scroll down to the note so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit let's scroll down to the note so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit let's scroll down to the note so all
+of that is to set up what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is to set up what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is to set up what we might
+normally do for a note so a note is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do for a note so a note is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do for a note so a note is a
+tag called note within it there's a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag called note within it there's a tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag called note within it there's a tag
+called pitch within that there's a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pitch within that there's a tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pitch within that there's a tag
+called step and the step has a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called step and the step has a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called step and the step has a single
+letter this this is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter this this is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter this this is very similar to
+music 21 in fact you I borrowed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 in fact you I borrowed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 in fact you I borrowed these
+Concepts from here and um so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts from here and um so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts from here and um so that the
+accidental would be encoded elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental would be encoded elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental would be encoded elsewhere
+then the octave is encoded as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the octave is encoded as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the octave is encoded as a single
+number then the pitch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then the pitch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then the pitch is
+closed after that we have a duration tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed after that we have a duration tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed after that we have a duration tag
+and we'll get back to that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get back to that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get back to that in a second
+but it's duration 4 and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's duration 4 and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's duration 4 and then there's
+something called a type which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a type which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a type which is
+different and it says whole so it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and it says whole so it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and it says whole so it says
+that this note type is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this note type is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this note type is a whole
+note we have the duration and the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we have the duration and the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we have the duration and the type
+encoded separately because the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded separately because the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded separately because the type
+explains to notation software how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains to notation software how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains to notation software how to
+represent this note what it should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this note what it should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this note what it should look
+like and um the duration instead tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and um the duration instead tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and um the duration instead tells
+it how long it is so you could in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how long it is so you could in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how long it is so you could in theory
+put a a duration of any number and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a duration of any number and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a duration of any number and a
+type of any number and you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of any number and you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of any number and you can make
+things that look looked very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that look looked very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that look looked very different
+from how they sounded or how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how they sounded or how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how they sounded or how they were
+represented in practice most notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in practice most notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in practice most notation
+software reads one or the other of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software reads one or the other of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software reads one or the other of these
+so that's kind of too bad uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of too bad uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of too bad uh the
+duration four does not like in music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration four does not like in music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration four does not like in music 21
+rep uh represent necessarily four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep uh represent necessarily four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep uh represent necessarily four
+quarter notes what it does is it refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter notes what it does is it refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter notes what it does is it refers
+back to the last tag within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the last tag within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the last tag within an
+attributes tag called divisions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes tag called divisions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes tag called divisions and this
+says how many parts should uh should a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how many parts should uh should a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says how many parts should uh should a
+quarter note be divided up into two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter note be divided up into two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter note be divided up into two so
+in this case because the only note is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because the only note is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because the only note is a
+whole note we can just divide up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note we can just divide up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note we can just divide up the
+cord note into one part not divide it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord note into one part not divide it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord note into one part not divide it at
+all and then say a whole note has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and then say a whole note has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and then say a whole note has four
+of these um but if we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um but if we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um but if we were going to
+later have an eighth note then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later have an eighth note then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later have an eighth note then this
+would have to be at least two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be at least two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be at least two because
+the quarter note can be divided into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter note can be divided into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter note can be divided into two
+parts if we might have 16th notes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if we might have 16th notes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if we might have 16th notes it
+would need to be four because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to be four because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to be four because it could
+be divided into four parts and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided into four parts and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided into four parts and if we
+were going to have 16 notes and triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to have 16 notes and triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to have 16 notes and triplets
+also then it would need to be 12 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then it would need to be 12 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then it would need to be 12 because
+you can divide it into 12 different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide it into 12 different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide it into 12 different ways
+um in practice these divisions usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in practice these divisions usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in practice these divisions usually
+end up being much higher numbers uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being much higher numbers uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being much higher numbers uh some
+people use 16 384 which is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use 16 384 which is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use 16 384 which is you know a
+power of two I like using a high power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two I like using a high power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two I like using a high power
+of two multipli by three multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two multipli by three multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two multipli by three multiplied by
+five multiplied by seven so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five multiplied by seven so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five multiplied by seven so I can
+exactly represent triplets quets sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly represent triplets quets sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly represent triplets quets sep
+cupets things like that but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupets things like that but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupets things like that but you can
+change this division um with each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this division um with each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this division um with each I
+think at least each measure so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at least each measure so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at least each measure so that you
+can make sure that whatever you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure that whatever you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure that whatever you're going
+to be representing will be there we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be representing will be there we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be representing will be there we can
+also see that there's a key signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that there's a key signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that there's a key signature
+and that's um marked in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's um marked in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's um marked in the number of
+fifths from from C so remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths from from C so remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths from from C so remember your
+circle fifths if you want a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle fifths if you want a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle fifths if you want a key
+signature of D major of two sharps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of D major of two sharps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of D major of two sharps that
+would be two if you want uh B major that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two if you want uh B major that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two if you want uh B major that
+should be five if you want F major well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be five if you want F major well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be five if you want F major well
+we're going the other way so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going the other way so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going the other way so that's
+going to be negative -1 so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative -1 so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative -1 so we can
+represent keys that way time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent keys that way time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent keys that way time you can
+probably figure out beats and beat type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out beats and beat type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out beats and beat type
+or 44 could be called numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 44 could be called numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 44 could be called numerator and
+denominator but it is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator but it is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator but it is one of these
+things about uh about music XML that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about uh about music XML that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about uh about music XML that the
+format likes to uh likes to show the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format likes to uh likes to show the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format likes to uh likes to show the um
+the musical meaning not just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical meaning not just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical meaning not just you know
+how it's going to be laid out we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to be laid out we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to be laid out we have
+the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C
+instead of saying it's trouble cff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying it's trouble cff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying it's trouble cff we
+say that it is a gclf online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it is a gclf online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it is a gclf online
+too and so here is some of the um basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so here is some of the um basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so here is some of the um basics
+of musicxml you can go to music xml.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of musicxml you can go to music xml.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of musicxml you can go to music xml.com
+and read more about this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read more about this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read more about this we're going to
+look at a few other components of Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few other components of Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few other components of Music
+XML before going on but we don't you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML before going on but we don't you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML before going on but we don't you not
+necessarily need to learn everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to learn everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to learn everything
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+um so for looking at how music XML Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for looking at how music XML Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for looking at how music XML Works
+we're going to look at us slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at us slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at us slightly more
+complex example than just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex example than just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex example than just a single
+coordin note we have a vocal part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin note we have a vocal part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin note we have a vocal part and
+then a piano part represented on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a piano part represented on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a piano part represented on two
+staves here we're using a divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves here we're using a divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves here we're using a divisions
+that's a higher number than one U minor3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a higher number than one U minor3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a higher number than one U minor3
+for the key signature and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the key signature and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the key signature and then we can
+explicitly encode that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly encode that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly encode that it's actually
+minor so we're not in E Flat Major or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so we're not in E Flat Major or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so we're not in E Flat Major or in
+c minor right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minor right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minor right um
+there's transposition but we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transposition but we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transposition but we don't need
+to know that for this the pitch element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that for this the pitch element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that for this the pitch element
+the note element sorry to say sorry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note element sorry to say sorry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note element sorry to say sorry can
+also have um have Ties on it and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have um have Ties on it and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have um have Ties on it and can
+have lyrics we can say that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lyrics we can say that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lyrics we can say that this is an
+end of a syllable that ends M and we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a syllable that ends M and we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a syllable that ends M and we end
+an extension this is another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension this is another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension this is another thing you
+can do in XML based formats if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in XML based formats if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in XML based formats if you want
+to open a tag and immediately close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a tag and immediately close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a tag and immediately close it
+you can just put a slash at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just put a slash at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just put a slash at the end
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+we look at tide notes even though uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at tide notes even though uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at tide notes even though uh
+it's just a little little thing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little little thing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little little thing and that
+is that there are two different parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are two different parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are two different parts in
+a tie note in music XML and for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tie note in music XML and for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tie note in music XML and for a number
+of things in music XML there is the Tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in music XML there is the Tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in music XML there is the Tie
+element which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which
+represents um conceptually is this note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents um conceptually is this note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents um conceptually is this note
+tied and then there is the tide with a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied and then there is the tide with a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied and then there is the tide with a d
+element and that says how do we draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that says how do we draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that says how do we draw the
+tie on the page so you can draw a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie on the page so you can draw a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie on the page so you can draw a tie
+without having a note that sounds tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a note that sounds tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a note that sounds tied
+or is conceived of as tied or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is conceived of as tied or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is conceived of as tied or you could
+have science conceived of as tied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have science conceived of as tied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have science conceived of as tied but
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+drawing and this shows up in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and this shows up in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and this shows up in other
+places namely in uh in accidentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places namely in uh in accidentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places namely in uh in accidentals
+because you can imagine a B flat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine a B flat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine a B flat you
+conceive of it as a B flat but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of it as a B flat but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of it as a B flat but you also
+put a flat sign in front of it the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a flat sign in front of it the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a flat sign in front of it the next
+B in that same measure you cance of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in that same measure you cance of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in that same measure you cance of it
+as B flat but you don't put a flat sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B flat but you don't put a flat sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B flat but you don't put a flat sign
+in front of it so there's a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it so there's a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it so there's a distinction
+between how we represent a note on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how we represent a note on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how we represent a note on paper
+and how we can see of it and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can see of it and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can see of it and this is
+very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+also we can look over here at chords and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can look over here at chords and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can look over here at chords and
+see that a chord is simply here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a chord is simply here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a chord is simply here's a
+three note chord we start with a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three note chord we start with a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three note chord we start with a note
+it's a c um C and octave 4 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a c um C and octave 4 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a c um C and octave 4 and then we
+have the next note has this empty chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the next note has this empty chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the next note has this empty chord
+tag that says it's part of a chord of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag that says it's part of a chord of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag that says it's part of a chord of
+the previous note so in music XML if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous note so in music XML if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous note so in music XML if you
+want to know whether something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know whether something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know whether something is a
+chord uh you won't know it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord uh you won't know it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord uh you won't know it from the
+first note you'll only know it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note you'll only know it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note you'll only know it from the
+second note odd here is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second note odd here is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second note odd here is an example where
+we have E flat altered by negative -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have E flat altered by negative -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have E flat altered by negative -1
+semmit tones and then the next note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G here's a little example of multi part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G here's a little example of multi part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G here's a little example of multi part
+music and especially this part where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and especially this part where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and especially this part where we
+have two different voices in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different voices in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different voices in the same
+measure so we have two chords that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so we have two chords that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so we have two chords that can
+be represented as just a single um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented as just a single um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented as just a single um sort
+of set of note elements and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set of note elements and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set of note elements and then we have
+chord here and chord here but in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord here and chord here but in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord here and chord here but in between
+we have this separate voice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this separate voice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this separate voice with
+separate stem directions and so on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate stem directions and so on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate stem directions and so on one
+of the things that music 20 uh music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that music 20 uh music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that music 20 uh music XML
+does is that when you get to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that when you get to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that when you get to a certain
+point you're reading through all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're reading through all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're reading through all of your
+durations are all considered to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations are all considered to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations are all considered to be in a
+low row you get to maybe the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low row you get to maybe the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low row you get to maybe the end of
+measure and you can back up a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you can back up a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you can back up a certain
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+Divisions and then you can go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divisions and then you can go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divisions and then you can go forward
+again in this case you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case you would probably
+just back up eight but a lot of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back up eight but a lot of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back up eight but a lot of notation
+software seems to only use backup to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software seems to only use backup to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software seems to only use backup to go
+to the beginning of the measure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the measure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the measure and then
+if you need to skip forward use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to skip forward use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to skip forward use a
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+again and it is also customary um though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it is also customary um though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it is also customary um though
+not strictly required I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strictly required I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strictly required I don't believe
+but almost um a lot of notation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost um a lot of notation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost um a lot of notation uh
+things that read music XL we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that read music XL we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that read music XL we call them
+consumers of Music XML a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of Music XML a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of Music XML a lot of them
+might uh have a problem or might crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh have a problem or might crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh have a problem or might crash
+if you don't include what's customary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't include what's customary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't include what's customary
+again then you end at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then you end at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then you end at the end of the
+measure by going forward until the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by going forward until the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by going forward until the very
+end there's all kinds of other things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's all kinds of other things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's all kinds of other things on
+repeats on sound suggestion so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats on sound suggestion so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats on sound suggestion so on but
+one of the things you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can see is that
+compared to some of the thoughts we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of the thoughts we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of the thoughts we had
+on compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on compact
+representations music XML is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations music XML is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations music XML is very
+verbose it takes up a lot of space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbose it takes up a lot of space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbose it takes up a lot of space on
+the screen it takes up a good amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it takes up a good amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it takes up a good amount of
+space on disk though not nearly as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on disk though not nearly as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on disk though not nearly as much
+as this uh video would ever take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this uh video would ever take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this uh video would ever take so
+there is a compressed format and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a compressed format and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a compressed format and we call
+it MXL we call XML orm musicxml the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it MXL we call XML orm musicxml the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it MXL we call XML orm musicxml the file
+extension for standard music XML format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension for standard music XML format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension for standard music XML format
+and uh MXL if it's just gzipped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh MXL if it's just gzipped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh MXL if it's just gzipped and
+right now we're working on way so that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're working on way so that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're working on way so that a
+gzip archive can include the score maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip archive can include the score maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip archive can include the score maybe
+a compressed score a a transpose score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compressed score a a transpose score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compressed score a a transpose score
+also all of the parts so new things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all of the parts so new things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all of the parts so new things are
+still coming out with music XML and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming out with music XML and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming out with music XML and we
+will turn to learning more about music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn to learning more about music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn to learning more about music
+XML from the Creator
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZWo1XgAQE5k.txt b/ZWo1XgAQE5k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3d292228fb85e7a75ba08a04aa84b79de63927b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZWo1XgAQE5k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have introduced the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced the concept of
+expected value or mean which tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value or mean which tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value or mean which tells us
+the average value of a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of a random variable
+we will now introduce another quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now introduce another quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now introduce another quantity
+the variance which quantifies the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which quantifies the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which quantifies the spread
+of the distribution of a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of a random variable
+so consider a random variable with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a random variable with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a random variable with a
+given PMF for example like the PMF shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given PMF for example like the PMF shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given PMF for example like the PMF shown
+in this diagram and consider another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram and consider another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram and consider another
+random variable that happens to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that happens to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that happens to have the
+same mean but its distribution is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean but its distribution is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean but its distribution is more
+spread out so both random variables have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out so both random variables have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out so both random variables have
+the same mean which we denote by mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mean which we denote by mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mean which we denote by mu and
+which in this picture it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this picture it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this picture it would be
+somewhere around here however the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around here however the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around here however the second
+PMF the blue PMF has typical outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF the blue PMF has typical outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF the blue PMF has typical outcomes
+that tend to have a larger distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to have a larger distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to have a larger distance from
+the mean by distance from the mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by distance from the mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by distance from the mean we
+what we mean is that if the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean is that if the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean is that if the result of
+the random variable it's numerical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable it's numerical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable it's numerical value
+happens to be let's say for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be let's say for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be let's say for example this
+one then this quantity here is X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then this quantity here is X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then this quantity here is X minus
+mu is the distance from the mean how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is the distance from the mean how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is the distance from the mean how far
+away the outcome of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the outcome of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the outcome of the random variable
+happens to be from the mean of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be from the mean of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be from the mean of that
+random variable of course the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of course the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of course the distance
+from the mean is a random quantity it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean is a random quantity it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean is a random quantity it is
+a random variable its value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable its value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable its value is
+determined once we know the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined once we know the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined once we know the outcome of
+the experiment and the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and the value of the
+random variable what can we say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable what can we say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable what can we say about
+the distance from the mean let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the mean let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the mean let us
+calculate its average or expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its average or expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its average or expected value
+the expected value of the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the distance from
+the mean which is this quantity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean which is this quantity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean which is this quantity using
+linearity of expectations is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectations is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectations is equal to
+the expected value of X minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of X minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of X minus the
+constant mu but the expected value is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mu but the expected value is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mu but the expected value is by
+definition equal to MU and so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to MU and so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to MU and so we are
+then zero so we see that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then zero so we see that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then zero so we see that the average
+value of the distance from the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the distance from the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the distance from the mean is
+always zero and so it is uninformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero and so it is uninformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero and so it is uninformative
+what we really want is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really want is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really want is the average
+absolute value of the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the distance from the
+mean or something with this flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or something with this flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or something with this flavor
+mathematically it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it turns out that the
+average of the squared distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the squared distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the squared distance from the
+mean is a better behaved mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a better behaved mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a better behaved mathematical
+object and this is the quantity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this is the quantity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this is the quantity that we
+will consider it has a name it is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider it has a name it is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider it has a name it is called
+the variance and it is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and it is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and it is defined as the
+expected value of the squared distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the squared distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the squared distance
+from the mean the first thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean the first thing to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean the first thing to note is
+that the variance is always non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is because it is the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because it is the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because it is the expected value
+of non negative quantities how exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non negative quantities how exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non negative quantities how exactly
+do we compute the variance the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we compute the variance the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we compute the variance the squared
+distance from the mean is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean is really a
+function of the random variable X so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the random variable X so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the random variable X so it
+is a function of the form G of X where G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the form G of X where G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the form G of X where G
+is a particular function defined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular function defined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular function defined this
+way so we can use the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we can use the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we can use the expected value
+rule applied to this particular function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied to this particular function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied to this particular function
+G and we obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we have to do is to go over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to do is to go over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to do is to go over all
+numerical values of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the random variable
+X for each one calculate its squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for each one calculate its squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for each one calculate its squared
+distance from the mean and weigh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean and weigh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean and weigh that
+quantity according to the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity according to the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity according to the corresponding
+probability of that particular numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that particular numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that particular numerical
+value one final comment the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one final comment the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one final comment the variance is
+a bit hard to interpret because it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to interpret because it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to interpret because it is in
+the wrong units if Capital X corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong units if Capital X corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong units if Capital X corresponds
+to meters then the variance has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meters then the variance has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meters then the variance has units of
+meters squared a more intuitive quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared a more intuitive quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared a more intuitive quantity
+is the square root of the variance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of the variance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of the variance which
+is called the standard deviation it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the standard deviation it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the standard deviation it has
+the same unit as the random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit as the random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit as the random variable and
+captures the width of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now take a quick look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now take a quick look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now take a quick look at some of
+the properties of the variance we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the variance we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the variance we know
+that expectations have a linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expectations have a linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expectations have a linearity
+property is this the case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is this the case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is this the case for the
+variance as well not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as well not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as well not quite
+instead we have this relation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have this relation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have this relation for the
+variance of a linear function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a linear function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a linear function of a
+random variable let us see why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us see why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us see why it is
+true we use the shorthand notation mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we use the shorthand notation mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we use the shorthand notation mu
+for the expected value of x we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the expected value of x we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the expected value of x we will
+proceed one step at a time and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed one step at a time and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed one step at a time and first
+consider what happens to the variance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens to the variance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens to the variance if
+we add the constant to a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the constant to a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the constant to a random variable
+so let Y be X plus some constant B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let Y be X plus some constant B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let Y be X plus some constant B and
+let us define mu to be the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us define mu to be the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us define mu to be the expected
+value of y which using linearity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y which using linearity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y which using linearity of
+expectations is the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations is the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations is the expected value of x
+plus B let us now calculate the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B let us now calculate the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B let us now calculate the variance
+by definition the variance of Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the variance of Y is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the variance of Y is the
+expected value of the distance squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the distance squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the distance squared
+of Y from its mean now we substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y from its mean now we substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y from its mean now we substitute
+because in this case Y is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case Y is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case Y is equal to X
+plus B whereas the mean mu is mu plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we notice that this B cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we notice that this B cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we notice that this B cancels
+with that B and we are left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that B and we are left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that B and we are left with the
+expected value of X minus mu squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X minus mu squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X minus mu squared
+which is just the variance of X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the variance of X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the variance of X so this
+proves this relation for the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves this relation for the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves this relation for the case where
+a is equal to 1 the variance of X plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to 1 the variance of X plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to 1 the variance of X plus B
+is equal to the variance of X so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the variance of X so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the variance of X so we see
+that when we add a constant to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we add a constant to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we add a constant to a random
+variable the variance remains unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the variance remains unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the variance remains unchanged
+intuitively adding a constant just moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively adding a constant just moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively adding a constant just moves
+the entire PMF right or left by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire PMF right or left by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire PMF right or left by some
+amount but without changing its shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but without changing its shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount but without changing its shape
+and so the spread of this PMF remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the spread of this PMF remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the spread of this PMF remains
+unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged
+let us now what happens if we multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now what happens if we multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now what happens if we multiply a
+random variable by a constant let again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by a constant let again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by a constant let again
+mu be the expected value of y and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu be the expected value of y and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu be the expected value of y and so in
+this case by linearity this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case by linearity this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case by linearity this is equal to
+a times the expected value of X so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the expected value of X so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the expected value of X so it is
+a times mu we calculate the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times mu we calculate the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times mu we calculate the variance
+once more using the definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more using the definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once more using the definition and
+substituting in the place of Y what Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in the place of Y what Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in the place of Y what Y is
+in this case it's a X and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a X and subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a X and subtracting
+the mean of Y which is a mu squared we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of Y which is a mu squared we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of Y which is a mu squared we
+take out a factor of a square and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out a factor of a square and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out a factor of a square and then
+we use linearity of expectations to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use linearity of expectations to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use linearity of expectations to note
+that this is a square times expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a square times expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a square times expected
+value of X minus mu squared which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X minus mu squared which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X minus mu squared which is a
+squared times the variance of X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the variance of X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the variance of X so this
+establishes this formula for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this formula for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this formula for the case
+where B equals 0 putting together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B equals 0 putting together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where B equals 0 putting together these
+two facts if we multiply a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two facts if we multiply a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two facts if we multiply a random
+variable by a the variance gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a the variance gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a the variance gets
+multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a
+where it and if we add the constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it and if we add the constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it and if we add the constant the
+variance doesn't change and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance doesn't change and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance doesn't change and this
+establishes this particular fact as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this particular fact as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this particular fact as an
+example the variance of let's say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the variance of let's say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the variance of let's say three
+minus four X is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four X is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four X is going to be equal to
+minus four squared times the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four squared times the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four squared times the variance of
+X which is 16 times the variance of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally let me mention an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me mention an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me mention an alternative
+way of computing variances which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of computing variances which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of computing variances which is
+often a bit quicker we have this useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a bit quicker we have this useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a bit quicker we have this useful
+formula here we will see later a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here we will see later a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here we will see later a few
+examples of how it is used but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how it is used but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how it is used but for now
+let me just show why it is true we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show why it is true we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show why it is true we have
+by definition that the variance of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition that the variance of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition that the variance of X is
+the expected value of X minus mu squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of X minus mu squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of X minus mu squared
+now let us rewrite what is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us rewrite what is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us rewrite what is inside the
+expectation by just expanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by just expanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by just expanding this
+square which is 2 minus mu X plus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square which is 2 minus mu X plus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square which is 2 minus mu X plus mu
+squared using linearity of expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared using linearity of expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared using linearity of expectations
+this is broken down into expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is broken down into expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is broken down into expected value
+of x squared minus the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared minus the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared minus the expected value of
+2 times mu X but mu is a constant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times mu X but mu is a constant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times mu X but mu is a constant so we
+can take it outside the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it outside the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it outside the expected value
+and we're left with 2 mu expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with 2 mu expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with 2 mu expected value
+of X plus mu squared but remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus mu squared but remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus mu squared but remember that
+mu is just the same as the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is just the same as the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is just the same as the expected
+value of X so what we have here is twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X so what we have here is twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X so what we have here is twice
+the expected value of x squared plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x squared plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x squared plus the
+expected value of x squared and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared and that
+leaves us just minus the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us just minus the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us just minus the expected value
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+squared so we will now move in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we will now move in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we will now move in the next
+segment into a few examples of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment into a few examples of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment into a few examples of variance
+calculations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_Rcd-NZwoi4.txt b/_Rcd-NZwoi4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9eea8916a971f495856639163f59ebe56a3813e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_Rcd-NZwoi4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+what we're gonna do today is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do today is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do today is just
+discuss a few aspects of cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a few aspects of cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a few aspects of cross-linking
+so we decided it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided it was important to
+introduce this within recitations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this within recitations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this within recitations this
+year because cross-linking comes up time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because cross-linking comes up time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because cross-linking comes up time
+and time again and there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time again and there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time again and there's different
+ways to do this and different strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do this and different strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do this and different strengths
+and limitations to different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limitations to different approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limitations to different approaches
+so I guess I'm just thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm just thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm just thinking about this
+what is cross-linking so if you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cross-linking so if you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cross-linking so if you say oh
+I'm going to use a cross linker for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a cross linker for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a cross linker for my
+experiment what does that that mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what does that that mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what does that that mean yeah
+so there's gonna be formation of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's gonna be formation of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's gonna be formation of some
+sort of right covalent linkage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right covalent linkage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right covalent linkage between
+two or maybe more right because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or maybe more right because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or maybe more right because some
+cross linkers can have more than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linkers can have more than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linkers can have more than than
+two reactive groups okay of study right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactive groups okay of study right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactive groups okay of study right
+so we're chemically joining two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're chemically joining two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're chemically joining two or more
+molecules so why might we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so why might we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so why might we want to do
+this what are possible applications yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are possible applications yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are possible applications yeah
+so that's one so protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one so protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one so protein protein
+interactions right and that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and that could be
+identifying unknown protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying unknown protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying unknown protein protein
+interactions or maybe you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or maybe you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or maybe you know two
+proteins interact but you don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact but you don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact but you don't know how
+right and you decide to use cloth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you decide to use cloth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you decide to use cloth
+cross-linking as a way to probe that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking as a way to probe that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking as a way to probe that so
+how might cross-linking help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might cross-linking help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might cross-linking help with
+studying unknown protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying unknown protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying unknown protein protein
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right so maybe there's an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so maybe there's an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so maybe there's an unknown
+one and you fished that out because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you fished that out because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you fished that out because a
+cross linker was used right and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linker was used right and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linker was used right and that you
+know what one of them are or maybe say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what one of them are or maybe say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what one of them are or maybe say
+we know right that these two proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right that these two proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right that these two proteins
+interact somehow but we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact somehow but we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact somehow but we don't know how
+right so you know is it at an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know is it at an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know is it at an interface
+on this side right versus maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side right versus maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side right versus maybe the
+other side right versus maybe behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right versus maybe behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right versus maybe behind the
+board etc right and so there's many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board etc right and so there's many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board etc right and so there's many ways
+to study protein protein interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study protein protein interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study protein protein interaction and
+really how well present cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how well present cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how well present cross-linking
+today is in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is in the context of this
+particular application but there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application but there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application but there many
+others right but if we just think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right but if we just think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right but if we just think we've
+seen a lot of protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of protein protein
+interactions in this course right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in this course right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in this course right so
+just even today clip X peas an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even today clip X peas an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even today clip X peas an example
+right we saw protein nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw protein nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw protein nucleotide
+interaction with the ribosome Gro Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the ribosome Gro Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the ribosome Gro Al
+Groh es is an example of protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groh es is an example of protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groh es is an example of protein protein
+interactions right and they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and they've been
+studied by many other methods like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by many other methods like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by many other methods like
+crystallography for instance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography for instance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography for instance but
+sometimes maybe it's not possible to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe it's not possible to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe it's not possible to get
+a structure right and you want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure right and you want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure right and you want to define
+an interaction surface or no like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction surface or no like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction surface or no like
+exactly what residues are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what residues are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what residues are important
+right so here is protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that could be generalized to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that could be generalized to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that could be generalized to any
+other type of biomolecule like RNA DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of biomolecule like RNA DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of biomolecule like RNA DNA
+right what about a single protein right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about a single protein right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about a single protein right
+so can you use cross-linking to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you use cross-linking to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you use cross-linking to learn
+more about tertiary structure quaternary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about tertiary structure quaternary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about tertiary structure quaternary
+structure right so imagine for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so imagine for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so imagine for instance
+rather than two separate proteins right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than two separate proteins right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than two separate proteins right
+we have one protein where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one protein where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one protein where there's some
+flexible linker and we have reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible linker and we have reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible linker and we have reason to
+believe these different domains interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe these different domains interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe these different domains interact
+right but how do they interact again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but how do they interact again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but how do they interact again you
+know is it something like you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something like you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something like you know this
+undergoes some conformational change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes some conformational change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes some conformational change and
+they're like this you know versus other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like this you know versus other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like this you know versus other
+possibilities here so what about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here so what about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here so what about just
+other applications of cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications of cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications of cross-linking
+chemistry before we look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry before we look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry before we look at some
+examples of molecules so we can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of molecules so we can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of molecules so we can you know
+capture and identify binding partners as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and identify binding partners as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and identify binding partners as
+Lindsey indicated we can study known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lindsey indicated we can study known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lindsey indicated we can study known
+interactions where else could this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where else could this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where else could this come
+up right and well it wasn't defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and well it wasn't defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and well it wasn't defined in
+this way we've seen certain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we've seen certain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we've seen certain technology
+that takes advantage of cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes advantage of cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes advantage of cross-linking
+chemistry often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right so general general exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so general general exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so general general exactly
+general bio conjugate or conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general bio conjugate or conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general bio conjugate or conjugation
+chemistry right so maybe you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right so maybe you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right so maybe you want to
+attach a tag to a purified protein maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a tag to a purified protein maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a tag to a purified protein maybe
+you want to modify an antibody similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to modify an antibody similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to modify an antibody similar
+chemistry can be employed and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry can be employed and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry can be employed and likewise
+even like from application standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like from application standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like from application standpoint
+immobilization so say you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilization so say you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilization so say you need to make
+your own resin to do some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own resin to do some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own resin to do some sort of
+affinity chromatography and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chromatography and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chromatography and you want to
+attach a protein or an antibody to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a protein or an antibody to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a protein or an antibody to that
+you can use the types of chemistry shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the types of chemistry shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the types of chemistry shown
+here so we're going to talk about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to talk about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to talk about a few
+different types of cross linker and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cross linker and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cross linker and the
+chemistry and pros and cons and just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and pros and cons and just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and pros and cons and just as
+a general overview how I'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general overview how I'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general overview how I'll describe
+types okay so we just heard the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so we just heard the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so we just heard the word
+homo by functional so although by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo by functional so although by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo by functional so although by
+functional versus hetero by functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this refers to the reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this refers to the reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this refers to the reactive
+groups so we need to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so we need to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so we need to talk about what
+types of chemistry is going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry is going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry is going to be used
+to do cross-linking so this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactive groups and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive groups and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive groups and then another
+classification will be nonspecific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus specific and so this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specific and so this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specific and so this doesn't
+refer to say the chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to say the chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to say the chemical reaction
+between the cross linker and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cross linker and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cross linker and whatever
+it's hitting but rather whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hitting but rather whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hitting but rather whether or not
+the cross-linking reagent is site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-linking reagent is site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-linking reagent is site
+specifically attached to a protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically attached to a protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically attached to a protein or
+biomolecules interest or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules interest or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules interest or not
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so if we just think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so if we just think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so if we just think about this
+nonspecific versus specific if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific versus specific if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific versus specific if we want
+to attach a cross linker at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach a cross linker at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach a cross linker at some
+specific site in a protein how can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific site in a protein how can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific site in a protein how can we do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so think back to the ribosome discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think back to the ribosome discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think back to the ribosome discussion
+right where unnatural amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where unnatural amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where unnatural amino acid
+incorporation was attached was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation was attached was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation was attached was not
+attached but was introduced right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached but was introduced right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached but was introduced right so
+that that's one possibility if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's one possibility if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's one possibility if you have
+an amino acyl tRNA synthetase and a tRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acyl tRNA synthetase and a tRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acyl tRNA synthetase and a tRNA
+that can allow some sort of cross linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can allow some sort of cross linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can allow some sort of cross linker
+to be introduced site specifically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be introduced site specifically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be introduced site specifically and
+it works for your experimental situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for your experimental situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for your experimental situation
+you can you can do that right so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do that right so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do that right so we saw
+benzophenone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzophenone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzophenone
+which is a cross linker in the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a cross linker in the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a cross linker in the evolution
+of that orthogonal ribosome Rybak's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that orthogonal ribosome Rybak's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that orthogonal ribosome Rybak's
+but let's say you can't do that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you can't do that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you can't do that right so
+for instance as far as I know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tRNA a AR s pair for benzophenone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA a AR s pair for benzophenone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA a AR s pair for benzophenone and
+now eukaryotic cell right or maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now eukaryotic cell right or maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now eukaryotic cell right or maybe in
+some some circumstance what is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some circumstance what is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some circumstance what is something
+just using standard biochemistry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using standard biochemistry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using standard biochemistry you
+could do so what what type of residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do so what what type of residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do so what what type of residues
+can be modified in a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so cysteine lysine these are common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so cysteine lysine these are common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so cysteine lysine these are common
+side chains that are modified and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains that are modified and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains that are modified and what
+would you say is more typically employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say is more typically employed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say is more typically employed
+if you want to introduce a site-specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to introduce a site-specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to introduce a site-specific
+modification using chemistry cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification using chemistry cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification using chemistry cysteine
+right so if you have an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have an individual
+cysteine that's in the protein or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine that's in the protein or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine that's in the protein or maybe
+you use site-directed mutagenesis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use site-directed mutagenesis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use site-directed mutagenesis right
+you know where that cysteine is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where that cysteine is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where that cysteine is and then
+you can modify it with some reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify it with some reagents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify it with some reagents
+there we'll come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we'll come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we'll come back to that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+so in terms of reactive groups then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of reactive groups then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of reactive groups then on
+the protein we can think about lysines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we can think about lysines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we can think about lysines
+right we have the epsilon amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the epsilon amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the epsilon amino group
+cysteines we have the thigh all what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines we have the thigh all what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines we have the thigh all what do
+we need to think about for our chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about for our chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about for our chemistry
+when thinking about these types of side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about these types of side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about these types of side
+chains and wanting to do a reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and wanting to do a reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and wanting to do a reaction so
+under what conditions do we have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions do we have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions do we have a good
+nucleophile pardon yeah so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile pardon yeah so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile pardon yeah so we need to
+think about the basicity right the pKa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the basicity right the pKa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the basicity right the pKa
+of these groups right that's that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these groups right that's that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these groups right that's that's very
+key here for that what else do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key here for that what else do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key here for that what else do we need
+to think about what what other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what what other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what what other factors
+might govern reactivity just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might govern reactivity just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might govern reactivity just thinking
+broadly so PKA right for your amine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly so PKA right for your amine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly so PKA right for your amine it
+will be type of amine alright for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be type of amine alright for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be type of amine alright for a
+cysteine redox will play a role right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine redox will play a role right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine redox will play a role right
+you can't have your cysteine and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have your cysteine and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have your cysteine and a
+disulfide it needs to be the free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide it needs to be the free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide it needs to be the free free
+thigh all form right so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh all form right so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh all form right so these are all
+things to keep in mind yeah so alex has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to keep in mind yeah so alex has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to keep in mind yeah so alex has
+used a homo by functional cross linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a homo by functional cross linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a homo by functional cross linker
+why did you use a homo by functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you use a homo by functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you use a homo by functional
+cross linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to stabilize the nanoparticle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize the nanoparticle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize the nanoparticle okay so
+very different type of application here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type of application here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type of application here
+so okay that's fine so yeah we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that's fine so yeah we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that's fine so yeah we're not
+doing much with with nanoparticles here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing much with with nanoparticles here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing much with with nanoparticles here
+but let's say we want to use you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say we want to use you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say we want to use you know a
+nonspecific homo bi-functional so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific homo bi-functional so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific homo bi-functional so this
+was nonspecific cross linker to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nonspecific cross linker to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nonspecific cross linker to look at
+some protein protein interaction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protein protein interaction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protein protein interaction right
+so if we just suppose for instance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just suppose for instance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just suppose for instance we
+have some protein a and we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some protein a and we think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some protein a and we think it
+interacts somehow with protein B how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts somehow with protein B how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts somehow with protein B how can
+we use cross linkers to study study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use cross linkers to study study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use cross linkers to study study this
+so let's take a look at an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at an example of a
+homo by functional cross linker in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo by functional cross linker in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homo by functional cross linker in terms
+of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one will be a mean reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it's name is DSS here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's name is DSS here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's name is DSS here so
+effectively if we want to dissect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively if we want to dissect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively if we want to dissect this
+structure into different components what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure into different components what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure into different components what
+do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we have two reactive groups or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have two reactive groups or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have two reactive groups or
+leaving group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group
+separated by a linker and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a linker and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a linker and in this case
+we have two NHS or six sentimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two NHS or six sentimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two NHS or six sentimental
+esters right that are amine reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the product of reacting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the product of reacting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the product of reacting an
+alpha amino group or a lysine epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha amino group or a lysine epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha amino group or a lysine epsilon
+amino group with an NHS ester what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group with an NHS ester what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group with an NHS ester what do we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+dynamic right we got an amide bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic right we got an amide bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic right we got an amide bond and
+then we have this linker or spacer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this linker or spacer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this linker or spacer
+region okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay here
+so two amine reactive groups and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two amine reactive groups and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two amine reactive groups and a
+linker spacer and in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker spacer and in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker spacer and in this particular
+case this link of our spacer is about 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this link of our spacer is about 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this link of our spacer is about 11
+angstroms and it's flexible here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and it's flexible here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and it's flexible here and
+it's stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable
+right and cannot be cleaved here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and cannot be cleaved here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and cannot be cleaved here so in
+the case that Alice makes project this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that Alice makes project this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that Alice makes project this
+was used to stabilize the nano particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used to stabilize the nano particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used to stabilize the nano particle
+and the nano particle did you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nano particle did you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nano particle did you have a
+pure nano particle or was this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure nano particle or was this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure nano particle or was this in a very
+complicated mixture okay so what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mixture okay so what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mixture okay so what's going
+to happen if this reagent say is added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if this reagent say is added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if this reagent say is added
+to cell lysate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you going to get yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to get yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to get yeah so
+there's a high high likelihood right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high high likelihood right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high high likelihood right of
+a lot of different cross links right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different cross links right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different cross links right so
+potentially a big mess right high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a big mess right high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a big mess right high
+likelihood right because you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood right because you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood right because you have no
+control over where these reactive groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over where these reactive groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over where these reactive groups
+are going to hit right and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to hit right and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to hit right and the most
+proteins have lysine residues yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have lysine residues yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins have lysine residues yeah right
+all proteins have an alpha amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proteins have an alpha amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proteins have an alpha amino group
+right so well some might be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well some might be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well some might be you know
+modified but anyhow your very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified but anyhow your very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified but anyhow your very little
+control with this type of reagent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control with this type of reagent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control with this type of reagent so
+then the question is if you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is if you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is if you use it
+how are you going to fish out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to fish out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to fish out your
+desired protein protein interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired protein protein interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired protein protein interaction
+right or even if you're working with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or even if you're working with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or even if you're working with two
+purified proteins and they have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified proteins and they have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified proteins and they have multiple
+lysines you can end up getting multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines you can end up getting multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines you can end up getting multiple
+cross links right so maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross links right so maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross links right so maybe that's
+helpful for initially identifying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for initially identifying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for initially identifying that
+an interaction exists but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction exists but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction exists but in terms of
+getting more detailed information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more detailed information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more detailed information in
+terms of how do these actually interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how do these actually interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how do these actually interact
+that that may be tough here okay so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be tough here okay so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be tough here okay so easy
+to come by but potential complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come by but potential complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come by but potential complications
+just in terms of thinking about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of thinking about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of thinking about this in
+the linker why is it important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linker why is it important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linker why is it important to think
+about the linker in your choice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the linker in your choice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the linker in your choice of a
+some reagent here so what properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reagent here so what properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reagent here so what properties
+does the linker give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm yeah so there's some constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm yeah so there's some constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm yeah so there's some constraints
+employed and posed by the linker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed and posed by the linker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed and posed by the linker in
+terms of you know how close together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know how close together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know how close together or
+far away or groups that react what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away or groups that react what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away or groups that react what else
+comes with the linker how does it affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the linker how does it affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the linker how does it affect
+the properties of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah may be able to so what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah may be able to so what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah may be able to so what's an
+inherent property of the mullick of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent property of the mullick of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent property of the mullick of a
+molecule yeah yeah right and may affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule yeah yeah right and may affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule yeah yeah right and may affect
+solubility right so linkers can be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility right so linkers can be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility right so linkers can be this
+is you know a bunch of ch2 groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a bunch of ch2 groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a bunch of ch2 groups
+relatively hydrophobic right there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hydrophobic right there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hydrophobic right there can
+be more hydrophilic linkers or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more hydrophilic linkers or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more hydrophilic linkers or other
+strategies and then the question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and then the question is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and then the question is does
+that matter right does does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter right does does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter right does does the
+solubility properties work with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility properties work with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility properties work with your
+experiment or not right but imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or not right but imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or not right but imagine if
+you want to do cross-linking in a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do cross-linking in a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do cross-linking in a live
+cell you need that cross linker to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you need that cross linker to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you need that cross linker to get
+into the cell right so you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell right so you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell right so you need to think
+about membrane permeability and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about membrane permeability and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about membrane permeability and what
+happens after that here so the linker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that here so the linker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that here so the linker is
+another critical aspect and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another critical aspect and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another critical aspect and so if you're
+ever working with the cross linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever working with the cross linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever working with the cross linker
+that's something you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you want to think about
+in addition to what types of side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to what types of side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to what types of side chains
+or what types of biomolecules do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what types of biomolecules do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what types of biomolecules do you
+want to modify so let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to modify so let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to modify so let's look at an
+example of a hetero by functional linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one or snot linker yeah cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one or snot linker yeah cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one or snot linker yeah cross
+the Apple it is crosslinker okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple it is crosslinker okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple it is crosslinker okay here
+for this so this one will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so this one will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so this one will have a
+different type of spacer group so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of spacer group so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of spacer group so it'll
+be with a cyclohexyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we have in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right so there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so there's a bunch of
+interesting aspects to this molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects to this molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects to this molecule so
+we have the NHS ester to react with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the NHS ester to react with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the NHS ester to react with an
+amine right here we have a Malay Amud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will react with thiols so hetero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will react with thiols so hetero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will react with thiols so hetero
+by functional because there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by functional because there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by functional because there's two
+different reactive groups for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactive groups for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactive groups for different
+types of side chains and then as Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of side chains and then as Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of side chains and then as Steve
+mentioned we have this group here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we have this group here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we have this group here right
+and so this is to improve water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is to improve water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is to improve water
+solubility this okay and then what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility this okay and then what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility this okay and then what do we
+have in this linker region yeah and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this linker region yeah and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this linker region yeah and what
+does that give yeah exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that give yeah exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that give yeah exactly like
+cyclohexyl right think about share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclohexyl right think about share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclohexyl right think about share
+conformation rather than I have drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation rather than I have drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation rather than I have drawn
+here but they will give a more rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they will give a more rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they will give a more rigid
+linker and also shorter than what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker and also shorter than what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker and also shorter than what we see
+up here so this is on the order of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so this is on the order of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so this is on the order of eight
+angstroms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay
+so how might this molecule be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what could you do with it that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you do with it that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you do with it that you can't
+do with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's the first point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's the first point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's the first point right
+you can have two different groups right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have two different groups right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have two different groups right
+one end will react with the sistine one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end will react with the sistine one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end will react with the sistine one
+with some lysine right so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some lysine right so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some lysine right so is this
+specific or nonspecific or both yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or nonspecific or both yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or nonspecific or both yeah
+right could depend on the context right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could depend on the context right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could depend on the context right
+and then from the standpoint of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the standpoint of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the standpoint of specific
+cross-linking which I would argue was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking which I would argue was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking which I would argue was a
+better use of this compound what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better use of this compound what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better use of this compound what can you
+do right you can have just imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right you can have just imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right you can have just imagine you
+have some protein of interest and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some protein of interest and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some protein of interest and maybe
+you want to label it here right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to label it here right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to label it here right and you
+have some sidechain so site directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sidechain so site directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sidechain so site directed
+mutagenesis to put in a cysteine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis to put in a cysteine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis to put in a cysteine right
+and then you can modify that there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can modify that there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can modify that there right
+such that you have cross-linking reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have cross-linking reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have cross-linking reagent
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then you can imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can imagine you know
+whatever your experiment is here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your experiment is here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your experiment is here so
+again thinking about using this compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again thinking about using this compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again thinking about using this compound
+and say a complicated mixture like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say a complicated mixture like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say a complicated mixture like a
+cell lysate I want to see if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lysate I want to see if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lysate I want to see if there's any
+binding partners or whatever what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding partners or whatever what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding partners or whatever what's the
+limitation in terms of reactivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation in terms of reactivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation in terms of reactivity of
+this amine group that you'd use in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amine group that you'd use in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amine group that you'd use in that
+second step where do you lack control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you mean by that so okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by that so okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by that so okay so that
+that could be an issue right so dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be an issue right so dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be an issue right so dude
+lysines and n-terminal alpha amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines and n-terminal alpha amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines and n-terminal alpha amino
+groups have different reactivity do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups have different reactivity do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups have different reactivity do they
+have different PK's and is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different PK's and is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different PK's and is that
+something you could could control maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could could control maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could could control maybe
+maybe not but more broadly than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but more broadly than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but more broadly than that so
+you have an issue that it will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an issue that it will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an issue that it will react
+let's say with any amine right can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say with any amine right can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say with any amine right can you
+control when it reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are you thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you think about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you think about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you think about just
+experimental design right and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design right and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design right and say you
+were to try to use pH to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try to use pH to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try to use pH to control
+reactivity and I'm defining this broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and I'm defining this broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and I'm defining this broadly
+reacting with any you know amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with any you know amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with any you know amino group
+so we're not going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to try to do
+something to selectively label one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to selectively label one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to selectively label one right
+this this is reactive it will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is reactive it will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is reactive it will react
+right so would you pH change your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so would you pH change your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so would you pH change your whole
+buffer or pH change the cell lysate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer or pH change the cell lysate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer or pH change the cell lysate and
+then switch to turn on reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to turn on reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to turn on reactivity
+probably not probably not right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not probably not right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not probably not right that
+that I'd say is not very likely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd say is not very likely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd say is not very likely right so
+the issue I'm getting at here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue I'm getting at here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue I'm getting at here is that
+you have little temporal control or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have little temporal control or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have little temporal control or
+spatial control of an NHS ester right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial control of an NHS ester right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial control of an NHS ester right it
+will react with an amine provided you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react with an amine provided you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react with an amine provided you
+know your conditions are appropriate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your conditions are appropriate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your conditions are appropriate so
+just getting back to this pH issue in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting back to this pH issue in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting back to this pH issue in a
+little digression if you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little digression if you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little digression if you want to use
+something like an NHS ester you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an NHS ester you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an NHS ester you know in
+a test tube experiment what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test tube experiment what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test tube experiment what you need to
+think about beyond pH right yeah so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about beyond pH right yeah so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about beyond pH right yeah so what
+you need to think about with the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the key a key point you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key a key point you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key a key point you need
+to think about cross reactivity with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about cross reactivity with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about cross reactivity with the
+buffer so if you have Tris buffer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so if you have Tris buffer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so if you have Tris buffer you
+have a mean if you have a buffer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mean if you have a buffer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mean if you have a buffer that's
+like glycine there's a mean right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glycine there's a mean right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glycine there's a mean right and
+your buffer concentration is in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buffer concentration is in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buffer concentration is in most
+instances much higher than whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances much higher than whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances much higher than whatever the
+concentration is of the molecule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is of the molecule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is of the molecule you
+want to actually modify right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually modify right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually modify right if you
+think about 10 millimolar Tris or 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 10 millimolar Tris or 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 10 millimolar Tris or 75
+milli molar triskin 2 micro molar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli molar triskin 2 micro molar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli molar triskin 2 micro molar or
+nano molar of some protein so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar of some protein so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar of some protein so you need
+to have a buffer that's not reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a buffer that's not reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a buffer that's not reactive
+right you need to have an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to have an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to have an appropriate
+PKA those are important considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA those are important considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA those are important considerations
+you need to know that your reagent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know that your reagent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know that your reagent is
+good or sorry appropriate pH what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or sorry appropriate pH what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or sorry appropriate pH what about
+the thigh all here what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thigh all here what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thigh all here what you need to
+think about if you're doing a test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're doing a test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're doing a test tube
+experiment and want to modify a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and want to modify a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and want to modify a file
+with a Malayan that or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Malayan that or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Malayan that or something else
+like IO to a sediment that we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IO to a sediment that we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IO to a sediment that we saw last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's dtt yeah or be any beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's dtt yeah or be any beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's dtt yeah or be any beta
+mercaptoethanol right even before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercaptoethanol right even before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercaptoethanol right even before that
+step what you need to make sure so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what you need to make sure so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what you need to make sure so what
+if there's you know multiple cysteines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so either inter or intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so either inter or intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so either inter or intra
+molecular right so if a reducing agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular right so if a reducing agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular right so if a reducing agents
+added and the reducing agent is thigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the reducing agent is thigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and the reducing agent is thigh
+all based again you're gonna have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all based again you're gonna have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all based again you're gonna have much
+more reducing agent than your protein of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reducing agent than your protein of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reducing agent than your protein of
+interest right so you don't want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right so you don't want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right so you don't want your
+thigh all reactive probe to react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh all reactive probe to react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh all reactive probe to react with
+the reducing agent in the buffer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reducing agent in the buffer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reducing agent in the buffer here
+okay and so that needs to be removed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that needs to be removed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that needs to be removed and
+then if you remove it you need to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remove it you need to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remove it you need to ask
+does the thigh all stay reduced right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the thigh all stay reduced right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the thigh all stay reduced right or
+does it is it susceptible to air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it susceptible to air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it susceptible to air
+oxidation right so these are just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation right so these are just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation right so these are just all
+practical considerations to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical considerations to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical considerations to keep in mind
+like if a reaction doesn't work why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if a reaction doesn't work why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if a reaction doesn't work why
+doesn't doesn't it work and was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't it work and was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't it work and was it
+something that wasn't right with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't right with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't right with the
+buffers there okay so back to this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers there okay so back to this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers there okay so back to this issue
+of you know not having much control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know not having much control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know not having much control
+about you know timing control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know timing control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know timing control for
+reactivity of these types of groups what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity of these types of groups what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity of these types of groups what
+could be done to overcome that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done to overcome that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done to overcome that so what
+other types of cross linkers are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of cross linkers are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of cross linkers are out
+there yeah photoactive photoreactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah photoactive photoreactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah photoactive photoreactive
+cross linkers so what's the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what do we have and what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what do we have and what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what do we have and what can we
+do so just the first point to make right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so just the first point to make right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so just the first point to make right
+is that we want to think about specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want to think about specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want to think about specific
+labeling here okay so we can attach site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling here okay so we can attach site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling here okay so we can attach site
+specifically okay to protein or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically okay to protein or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically okay to protein or if you
+know some other biomolecule right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some other biomolecule right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some other biomolecule right maybe
+it's by cysteine modification with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by cysteine modification with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by cysteine modification with
+something like a Malay amid maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Malay amid maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Malay amid maybe it's
+unnatural amino acid incorporation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural amino acid incorporation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural amino acid incorporation okay
+and it's chemically inert no Kelly until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's chemically inert no Kelly until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's chemically inert no Kelly until
+irradiated okay and so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated okay and so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated okay and so basically you're
+radiating this photoreactive cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating this photoreactive cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating this photoreactive cross
+linker will activate the photoreactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker will activate the photoreactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker will activate the photoreactive
+group and then you get cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you get cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then you get cross-linking
+okay so this type of approach is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this type of approach is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this type of approach is often
+used to capture binding partners and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to capture binding partners and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to capture binding partners and it
+can be used in the test tumor in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in the test tumor in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in the test tumor in cells
+what are the types of photoreactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the types of photoreactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the types of photoreactive
+cross linkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so aerial ace eyes are one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's one we find class although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's one we find class although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's one we find class although
+we didn't talk about photochemistry yea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about photochemistry yea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about photochemistry yea
+benzophenone and there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzophenone and there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzophenone and there's some other
+examples so what's another example yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so what's another example yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so what's another example yeah
+so they fall in here right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they fall in here right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they fall in here right so we can
+think about either just phenyl azide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about either just phenyl azide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about either just phenyl azide
+right or fluorinated phenol a sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or fluorinated phenol a sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or fluorinated phenol a sides so
+another way to do this is to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this is to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this is to generate
+carbines via dye a serines here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbines via dye a serines here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbines via dye a serines here okay
+we're pretty much focus on these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pretty much focus on these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pretty much focus on these types
+on what your major major types so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what your major major types so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what your major major types so where
+did this idea come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right how how new is this this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how new is this this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how new is this this type of
+work might just stick a photoreactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work might just stick a photoreactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work might just stick a photoreactive
+group on a protein and then use it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on a protein and then use it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on a protein and then use it in a
+cross-linking application and where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking application and where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking application and where did
+the idea come from kind of in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea come from kind of in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea come from kind of in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what types of chemists often study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what types of chemists often study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what types of chemists often study
+photochemistry well more broadly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemistry well more broadly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemistry well more broadly yeah
+yeah so physical organic chemistry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so physical organic chemistry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so physical organic chemistry right
+there's a whole component of photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole component of photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole component of photo
+chemistry there okay let's take a vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry there okay let's take a vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry there okay let's take a vote
+mm first photo cross linker 1990 80 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm first photo cross linker 1990 80 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm first photo cross linker 1990 80 70
+60 just no clue so around 1962 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 just no clue so around 1962 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 just no clue so around 1962 was the
+first paper using a photo reactive group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper using a photo reactive group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper using a photo reactive group
+on a protein here Westheimer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a protein here Westheimer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a protein here Westheimer and then
+Jeremy Knowles in 1969 was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy Knowles in 1969 was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy Knowles in 1969 was the first
+example of an era a site okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an era a site okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an era a site okay so this
+work came out of physical organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work came out of physical organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work came out of physical organic
+chemistry and at a time where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and at a time where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and at a time where like
+physical organic chemistry transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical organic chemistry transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical organic chemistry transitioning
+in Tanzania G right here so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tanzania G right here so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tanzania G right here so we don't
+have time to go into a lot of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to go into a lot of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to go into a lot of the photo
+chemistry of these different moieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of these different moieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of these different moieties
+but is quite rich there so how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is quite rich there so how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is quite rich there so how does this
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+what and you know what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and you know what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and you know what types of
+reactions and and groups get modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and and groups get modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and and groups get modified
+here in the cross-linking so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the cross-linking so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the cross-linking so let's think
+about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's consider an arrow aside so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider an arrow aside so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider an arrow aside so what
+happens when arrow a sides or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when arrow a sides or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when arrow a sides or eight
+sites are irradiated with UV light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm get a nitrene yeah so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm get a nitrene yeah so if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm get a nitrene yeah so if we just
+think about nitrenes for a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about nitrenes for a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about nitrenes for a minute what
+types of chemistry to nitrenes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are they reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can they insert into Ch bonds and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can they insert into Ch bonds and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can they insert into Ch bonds and H
+bonds add two double bonds can they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds add two double bonds can they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds add two double bonds can they do
+other things as well okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well okay so here we
+have our protein what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our protein what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our protein what's going to happen
+as Steve said we're going to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Steve said we're going to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Steve said we're going to generate a
+nitrene so how does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene so how does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene so how does that happen
+we are radiate with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to get our nitrene so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to get our nitrene so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to get our nitrene so what happens
+with these arrow eyes azide is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these arrow eyes azide is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these arrow eyes azide is some
+interesting photo chemistry when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting photo chemistry when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting photo chemistry when you're
+at it say room temperature so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it say room temperature so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it say room temperature so rather
+than this nitrene reacting say with a CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this nitrene reacting say with a CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this nitrene reacting say with a CH
+bond or an NH bond it actually undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or an NH bond it actually undergoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or an NH bond it actually undergoes
+a ring expansion okay and so what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring expansion okay and so what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring expansion okay and so what we get
+and this is very fast so on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very fast so on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very fast so on the order of
+10 to 100 picoseconds so this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 picoseconds so this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 picoseconds so this happens
+before it has a chance to react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it has a chance to react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it has a chance to react with
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to give us this intermediate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to give us this intermediate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to give us this intermediate okay
+and so this species has very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this species has very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this species has very different
+chemistry than a nitrene and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry than a nitrene and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry than a nitrene and what
+happens is it will react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is it will react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is it will react with
+nucleophiles so imagine our amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to give the cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this pathway is the dominant pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pathway is the dominant pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pathway is the dominant pathway
+if just a narrow eighth ID is used here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just a narrow eighth ID is used here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just a narrow eighth ID is used here
+to think about from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from the standpoint of
+wanting to do cross linking so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to do cross linking so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to do cross linking so let's say
+you attach this arrow azide to a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach this arrow azide to a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach this arrow azide to a protein
+of interest okay and then you use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest okay and then you use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest okay and then you use you
+irradiate with light and look for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiate with light and look for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiate with light and look for it to
+cross link with something is this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link with something is this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link with something is this an
+issue it will form a cross link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would you rather have a nitrene react or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather have a nitrene react or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather have a nitrene react or
+for the seven-member reaction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the seven-member reaction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the seven-member reaction with the
+seven membered ring okay so why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven membered ring okay so why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven membered ring okay so why why
+would you argue for the nitrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right there's a lot more CH spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right there's a lot more CH spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right there's a lot more CH spots
+and there are life scenes or Unterman I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are life scenes or Unterman I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are life scenes or Unterman I
+write so that that's one aspect we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so that that's one aspect we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so that that's one aspect we've
+lost that that chemistry and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that that chemistry and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that that chemistry and then to
+another point just as you know what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point just as you know what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point just as you know what kind
+of how well do these reactions work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well do these reactions work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well do these reactions work so
+nitrene reactions are very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene reactions are very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene reactions are very fast
+relatively speaking this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking this is kind of
+sluggish there and so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sluggish there and so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sluggish there and so you know the
+question is what can be done in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what can be done in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what can be done in order to
+improve upon this okay and Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon this okay and Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon this okay and Steve
+mentioned these fluorinated fennely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned these fluorinated fennely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned these fluorinated fennely
+sites there and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites there and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites there and so you know
+photochemical work unrelated to any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical work unrelated to any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical work unrelated to any sort
+of you know biological cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know biological cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know biological cross-linking
+chemistry showed that if you Florin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry showed that if you Florin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry showed that if you Florin
+eight area lays ides you get you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight area lays ides you get you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight area lays ides you get you can get
+nitrene reactivity rather than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene reactivity rather than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrene reactivity rather than this
+other pathway here okay and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathway here okay and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathway here okay and so if we
+just take a look at that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so for instance imagine we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance imagine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance imagine we have
+this tetra fluoro analog here right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tetra fluoro analog here right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tetra fluoro analog here right we
+can imagine radiating this and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine radiating this and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine radiating this and getting
+to our nitrene I'm going to skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our nitrene I'm going to skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our nitrene I'm going to skip the
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what can happen imagine maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what can happen imagine maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what can happen imagine maybe
+have some CH bond nearby maybe get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some CH bond nearby maybe get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some CH bond nearby maybe get this
+cross link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this reaction is very very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this reaction is very very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this reaction is very very fast
+here very very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can ring expansion occur in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can ring expansion occur in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can ring expansion occur in this
+situation okay so I'm pointing this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so I'm pointing this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so I'm pointing this out
+because the language in the packet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the language in the packet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the language in the packet with
+a little strong if there's something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little strong if there's something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little strong if there's something for
+this nitrene to react with nearby it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrene to react with nearby it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nitrene to react with nearby it
+will react right but this can undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react right but this can undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react right but this can undergo
+ring expansion it's just much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring expansion it's just much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring expansion it's just much slower
+than the case above so um the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the case above so um the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the case above so um the studies
+I've read say about 170 fold slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read say about 170 fold slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read say about 170 fold slower
+there so it's not that the pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's not that the pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's not that the pathway is
+completely blocked and it also - depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked and it also - depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked and it also - depends
+on on the experimental conditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the experimental conditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the experimental conditions but
+anyhow this is you know quoted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow this is you know quoted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow this is you know quoted to be
+near diffusion controlled here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mean this is pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean this is pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean this is pretty interesting
+when you think about it right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it right because
+azide airily sites they can be fed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azide airily sites they can be fed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azide airily sites they can be fed to
+cells to do unnatural amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do unnatural amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do unnatural amino acid
+incorporation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation right
+they're used in click chemistry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in click chemistry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in click chemistry for
+instance types of conjugation chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance types of conjugation chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance types of conjugation chemistry
+but here the photochemistry can be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the photochemistry can be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the photochemistry can be taken
+advantage of right to give a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of right to give a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of right to give a cross
+linker that can be controlled in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker that can be controlled in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker that can be controlled in a
+temporal manner there so what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal manner there so what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal manner there so what about the
+bends of the known what does bends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends of the known what does bends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends of the known what does bends of
+the known react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after being irradiated with light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being irradiated with light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being irradiated with light so
+imagine you have your protein and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have your protein and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have your protein and maybe
+in this case you did unnatural amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you did unnatural amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you did unnatural amino
+acid incorporation to site specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid incorporation to site specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid incorporation to site specifically
+attach it benzophenone what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach it benzophenone what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach it benzophenone what happens what
+happens is that there's formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there's formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there's formation of a
+triplet dye radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what will this do just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what will this do just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what will this do just can
+react with some CH Bunge to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with some CH Bunge to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with some CH Bunge to get the
+cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say you have this guy here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to do a cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do a cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do a cross-linking
+experiment right so we can imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right so we can imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right so we can imagine some
+different possibilities what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities what do you
+think you'll get out are you only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll get out are you only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll get out are you only going
+to get out your desired cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 150 on a Friday get some like jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 on a Friday get some like jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 on a Friday get some like jumping
+jacks come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks come on
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should I just miss all of you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just miss all of you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just miss all of you because
+there's a major energy low today to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a major energy low today to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a major energy low today to say
+um there yeah so you can go get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there yeah so you can go get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there yeah so you can go get one
+product 10 products 100 yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product 10 products 100 yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product 10 products 100 yeah right
+there's still the possibility for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the possibility for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the possibility for many
+side reactions right and you always need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side reactions right and you always need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side reactions right and you always need
+to be aware of that so if you cross link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of that so if you cross link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of that so if you cross link
+something right the next question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right the next question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right the next question is is
+this something that's actually relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something that's actually relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something that's actually relevant
+or not or is it an artifact there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or is it an artifact there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or is it an artifact there so the
+analysis can be very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be very complicated
+right and so that's just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's just something to
+think about say you have cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about say you have cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about say you have cross-linked
+species from cell lysate what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species from cell lysate what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species from cell lysate what are you
+going to do to analyze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so just think about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just think about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just think about some of the
+things that have come up in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have come up in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have come up in other
+contexts here right we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts here right we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts here right we talked about
+protease digests and mass spec right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease digests and mass spec right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease digests and mass spec right for
+looking at substrates of grow al girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at substrates of grow al girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at substrates of grow al girl
+yes that's something that can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's something that can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's something that can be applied
+and there's many sophisticated new tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many sophisticated new tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many sophisticated new tools
+to to get a lot of information about out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get a lot of information about out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get a lot of information about out
+of the mass spec which we won't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass spec which we won't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass spec which we won't talk
+about but like having tags within within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but like having tags within within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but like having tags within within
+the cross linker right so then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross linker right so then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross linker right so then you need
+to ask how well is the coverage going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask how well is the coverage going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask how well is the coverage going to
+be right so even after this step there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so even after this step there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so even after this step there's
+a lot more work which we won't won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more work which we won't won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more work which we won't won't go
+into details and this recitation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about kind of inherent like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about kind of inherent like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about kind of inherent like
+efficiency of cross-linking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of cross-linking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of cross-linking in terms of
+these funds of the knowns versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funds of the knowns versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funds of the knowns versus the
+early sites we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early sites we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early sites we want to think about
+relative cross-linking efficiency any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative cross-linking efficiency any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative cross-linking efficiency any
+sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the former right just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the former right just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the former right just thinking
+about the reaction right they there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reaction right they there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reaction right they there's
+the possibility of cross reactions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of cross reactions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of cross reactions for
+all of these they're highly reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these they're highly reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these they're highly reactive
+like a nitrene is highly reactive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nitrene is highly reactive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nitrene is highly reactive that
+themself unknown triplet dye radical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themself unknown triplet dye radical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themself unknown triplet dye radical is
+highly reactive a carbine right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reactive a carbine right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reactive a carbine right if
+you're going to get that from some dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get that from some dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get that from some dye
+anserine it's very reactive here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anserine it's very reactive here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anserine it's very reactive here I mean
+it's something important to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something important to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something important to think about
+in terms of your your experiment what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your your experiment what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your your experiment what is
+the relative efficiency of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative efficiency of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative efficiency of the reaction
+right so I said that aerial AIDS I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I said that aerial AIDS I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I said that aerial AIDS I'd
+feel little sluggish compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel little sluggish compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel little sluggish compared to the
+others you know something to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you know something to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you know something to consider
+right you know kind of what is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know kind of what is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know kind of what is the time
+scale of whatever it is you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of whatever it is you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of whatever it is you're trying to
+to trap so the wavelengths what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trap so the wavelengths what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trap so the wavelengths what is it
+about these wavelengths that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these wavelengths that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these wavelengths that might be
+undesirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what wavelength would you like so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what wavelength would you like so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what wavelength would you like so so
+that's actually just closed right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just closed right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just closed right so so
+one of the questions I asked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions I asked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions I asked in the
+discussion section is is it worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion section is is it worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion section is is it worth the
+effort right if you're going to site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort right if you're going to site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort right if you're going to site
+specifically put in a cross linker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically put in a cross linker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically put in a cross linker and
+imagine you find this protein printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you find this protein printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you find this protein printer
+tree and interaction right if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and interaction right if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and interaction right if you choose
+if one chooses you can do quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one chooses you can do quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one chooses you can do quite a bit
+more experiments in terms of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experiments in terms of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experiments in terms of where you
+place this cross linker and mapping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this cross linker and mapping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this cross linker and mapping out
+you know that interaction region there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that interaction region there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that interaction region there
+and so that's I think also just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's I think also just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's I think also just a
+take-home is often you need to put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home is often you need to put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home is often you need to put you
+know your reactive group in more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your reactive group in more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your reactive group in more than
+one place to really get at the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to really get at the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to really get at the answer to
+the question you're asking and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you're asking and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you're asking and so you
+know there's folks around doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's folks around doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's folks around doing that
+there but you know with it 20 positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know with it 20 positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know with it 20 positions
+is it 10 is it 50 right because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 10 is it 50 right because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it 10 is it 50 right because if you
+don't know at the beginning you may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at the beginning you may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know at the beginning you may need
+to do a lot of just this pneumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of just this pneumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of just this pneumatic
+trial-and-error for that yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial-and-error for that yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial-and-error for that yeah so I think
+you should all read the packet and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all read the packet and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all read the packet and there
+are some suggestions for reading if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some suggestions for reading if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some suggestions for reading if
+you're curious to learn more one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious to learn more one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious to learn more one of
+which is a manual from thermo so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a manual from thermo so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a manual from thermo so often
+the companies give a lot of like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies give a lot of like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies give a lot of like good
+general background information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general background information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general background information and
+there's many different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different types of
+chemistry included in that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry included in that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry included in that as well
+I'll also point out at is here for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also point out at is here for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also point out at is here for those
+of you who don't know Eddie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who don't know Eddie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who don't know Eddie
+so he'll be presenting next week on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll be presenting next week on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll be presenting next week on
+cryo-em and you should definitely read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryo-em and you should definitely read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryo-em and you should definitely read
+the fatty acid synthase paper beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase paper beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acid synthase paper beforehand
+the structures are incredible and fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures are incredible and fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures are incredible and fatty
+acid synthase serves as a basis for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase serves as a basis for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase serves as a basis for our
+discussions of poly ki type and poly ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of poly ki type and poly ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of poly ki type and poly ki
+types and faces which is where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and faces which is where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and faces which is where we'll
+begin module 4 in thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin module 4 in thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin module 4 in thinking about the
+synthesis biosynthesis of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis biosynthesis of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis biosynthesis of natural
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+there okay have a good weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aGuZTE8-lOQ.txt b/aGuZTE8-lOQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fdba16c66a0686e4606b1639834e5661d559ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aGuZTE8-lOQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right great uh I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right great uh I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right great uh I looked
+over the mud some of the mud cards we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the mud some of the mud cards we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the mud some of the mud cards we
+had from last time and there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from last time and there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from last time and there were some
+really good questions some really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good questions some really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good questions some really good
+points and one lingering one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and one lingering one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and one lingering one from the
+previous time that I forgot to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time that I forgot to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time that I forgot to address
+someone said could we please just move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said could we please just move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said could we please just move
+the desks into an arrangement where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desks into an arrangement where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desks into an arrangement where we
+could see each other it was a fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see each other it was a fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see each other it was a fabulous
+suggestion today we can't do it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion today we can't do it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion today we can't do it um but
+I'm going to try to do it in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do it in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do it in the future
+whenever whenever Logistics allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever Logistics allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever Logistics allow
+because I think you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think you're absolutely right
+a little bit more of a U or a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of a U or a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of a U or a circle
+would be great for this for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great for this for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great for this for this class
+so thank you for that suggestion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that suggestion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that suggestion um
+another one was that we didn't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one was that we didn't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one was that we didn't get to
+motivational uh Mo motivation Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational uh Mo motivation Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational uh Mo motivation Theory and
+I think I mentioned this last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I mentioned this last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I mentioned this last time the
+idea that there's a there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there's a there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there's a there's a huge
+amount of stuff that's been written and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that's been written and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that's been written and
+published on motivation and the theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on motivation and the theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on motivation and the theories
+of motivation and I'm I'd be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motivation and I'm I'd be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motivation and I'm I'd be more than
+happy to discuss this as um as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to discuss this as um as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to discuss this as um as the as
+the semester goes on and it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester goes on and it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester goes on and it might be a
+great topic for one of those lunches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great topic for one of those lunches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great topic for one of those lunches
+that somebody was going to organize one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody was going to organize one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody was going to organize one
+of those informal lunches that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those informal lunches that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those informal lunches that someone
+was going to organize um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to organize um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to organize um so
+uh or maybe we can carve out some space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe we can carve out some space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe we can carve out some space
+at the end of the semester and and pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester and and pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester and and pop
+it in take something out and pop it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in take something out and pop it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in take something out and pop it in
+um because it's really fascinating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's really fascinating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's really fascinating it's
+really interesting but it doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting but it doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting but it doesn't quite
+fit uh anywhere in particular so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit uh anywhere in particular so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit uh anywhere in particular so thank
+you for bringing that up and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for bringing that up and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for bringing that up and keep
+bugging me about it uh the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugging me about it uh the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugging me about it uh the other thing
+is um uh someone asked if all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh someone asked if all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh someone asked if all those
+learning theories that we discussed were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theories that we discussed were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theories that we discussed were
+equally valid and and yes they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid and and yes they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid and and yes they are
+equally valid I mean they're equally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid I mean they're equally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid I mean they're equally um
+there are situations where being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations where being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations where being
+behaviorist could help there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist could help there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist could help there are
+situations be where being constructivist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations be where being constructivist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations be where being constructivist
+can could help it depends on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can could help it depends on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can could help it depends on what you're
+trying to have students learn so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to have students learn so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to have students learn so so you
+want to make sure that you you tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you you tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you you tailor
+the way that you're teaching to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're teaching to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're teaching to support
+what it is you want students to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you want students to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you want students to learn
+and we'll get into that in a little in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get into that in a little in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get into that in a little in a
+lot more detail today when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more detail today when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more detail today when we talk about
+uh uh developing learning outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh developing learning outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh developing learning outcomes and
+and then also when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also when we talk about
+tailoring your instructional activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailoring your instructional activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailoring your instructional activities
+to support those learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support those learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support those learning
+outcomes um so this this class is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um so this this class is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um so this this class is kind
+of a this particular class today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a this particular class today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a this particular class today is a
+balance between um uh developing course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between um uh developing course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between um uh developing course
+design developing uh intended learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design developing uh intended learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design developing uh intended learning
+outcomes which for me is at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes which for me is at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes which for me is at the heart of
+it if you can come up with some good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you can come up with some good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you can come up with some good uh
+intended learning outcomes you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended learning outcomes you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended learning outcomes you you
+basically have designed your course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have designed your course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have designed your course and
+I'll show you how I mean you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you how I mean you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you how I mean you can't just
+ignore it but that's the hard work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it but that's the hard work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it but that's the hard work um
+and then the act of writing constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the act of writing constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the act of writing constructing
+a syllabus so once you've got those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a syllabus so once you've got those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a syllabus so once you've got those
+learning outcomes you have a incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes you have a incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes you have a incredible
+anchor for the rest of your Course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor for the rest of your Course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor for the rest of your Course and
+there was just a very timely haikou I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just a very timely haikou I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just a very timely haikou I
+put it on the on the wiki but um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the on the wiki but um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the on the wiki but um that
+there's this uh a Twitter feed academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this uh a Twitter feed academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this uh a Twitter feed academic
+haikus um which if you want to waste any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haikus um which if you want to waste any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haikus um which if you want to waste any
+time and read them uh it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and read them uh it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and read them uh it's a way to
+waste time but there was one here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste time but there was one here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste time but there was one here that
+question you have I know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you have I know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you have I know where the
+answer is on the syllabus so it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is on the syllabus so it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is on the syllabus so it was like
+I said it came out yesterday I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it came out yesterday I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it came out yesterday I thought
+it was pretty timely uh and it's true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty timely uh and it's true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty timely uh and it's true if
+you write a good syllabus it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a good syllabus it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a good syllabus it should
+really clear up a lot of not the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear up a lot of not the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear up a lot of not the content
+not the like like um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the like like um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the like like um you know
+understanding level issues students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding level issues students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding level issues students have
+but the issues with respect to who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issues with respect to who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the issues with respect to who wins
+the test what you know do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test what you know do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test what you know do we have to
+know this uh how how will this be graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this uh how how will this be graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this uh how how will this be graded
+uh what's important all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's important all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's important all those things
+will should be in your syllabus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will should be in your syllabus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will should be in your syllabus so
+that's why that's there all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's there all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's there all right so
+here's a little uh a little slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little uh a little slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little uh a little slide that
+was uh that I a graph that I saw a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that I a graph that I saw a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that I a graph that I saw a few
+years ago and I thought it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and I thought it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and I thought it's a really
+good way to start this discussion so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to start this discussion so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to start this discussion so on
+the Y AIS we have sort of an assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS we have sort of an assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS we have sort of an assessment
+of or proclamation of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or proclamation of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or proclamation of students
+understanding they got it they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding they got it they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding they got it they didn't
+get it and I think the word in French is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and I think the word in French is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and I think the word in French is
+p so for some reason I find it very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so for some reason I find it very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so for some reason I find it very cool
+to say p got it I don't know um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say p got it I don't know um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say p got it I don't know um so
+whether they get it like whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get it like whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get it like whether you
+know you're that's after the test you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're that's after the test you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're that's after the test you've
+given a test and you go man that student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a test and you go man that student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a test and you go man that student
+really got it that student really gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it that student really gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it that student really gets
+this material um and whether they passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material um and whether they passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material um and whether they passed
+the exam or failed the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam or failed the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam or failed the exam
+exam so the size of the circle is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the size of the circle is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the size of the circle is more
+or less the the the number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the the the number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the the the number of people
+that uh that fall into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants
+so anybody surprised by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay all right well there's a segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right well there's a segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right well there's a segue
+um so we we we want the we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we we want the we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we we want the we don't want
+the green but we more or less expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green but we more or less expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green but we more or less expect the
+green right if you get it you pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right if you get it you pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right if you get it you pass the
+exam if you pass the exam you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam if you pass the exam you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam if you pass the exam you get it
+that's that and and we like to have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that and and we like to have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that and and we like to have lots
+of people have that happen to um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have that happen to um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have that happen to um and
+then uh we also acknowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we also acknowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we also acknowledge that
+somebody isn't going to get it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody isn't going to get it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody isn't going to get it and
+they're not and they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and they're not going to
+pass the exam and that kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the exam and that kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the exam and that kind of you know
+maybe it makes us sad but but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it makes us sad but but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it makes us sad but but we don't
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+surprising um and then you know anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising um and then you know anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising um and then you know anybody
+can kind of have a bad day or kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of have a bad day or kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of have a bad day or kind of a
+fluke so sometimes sure somebody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke so sometimes sure somebody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke so sometimes sure somebody will
+fail the exam and actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail the exam and actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail the exam and actually really
+understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+material generally speaking that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material generally speaking that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material generally speaking that doesn't
+happen and and there's often a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and and there's often a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and and there's often a reason
+for it but it's that red circle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but it's that red circle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but it's that red circle that
+Rachel mentioned that that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel mentioned that that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel mentioned that that is um
+Troublesome at at least at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome at at least at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome at at least at the at the
+least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to
+Troublesome so why might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen why why so many red circles yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why why so many red circles yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why why so many red circles yeah
+da because the test was set up for basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da because the test was set up for basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da because the test was set up for basic
+just memorization or you could figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just memorization or you could figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just memorization or you could figure it
+out like lucky guess it's multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like lucky guess it's multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like lucky guess it's multiple
+choice so you can easily pass just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so you can easily pass just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so you can easily pass just with
+good test taking skills or good man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good test taking skills or good man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good test taking skills or good man
+excellent so you pass with sort of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so you pass with sort of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so you pass with sort of good
+test taking skills now I want I want us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test taking skills now I want I want us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test taking skills now I want I want us
+to hang on to that there's an underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on to that there's an underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on to that there's an underlying
+assumption in Dave's comment so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in Dave's comment so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in Dave's comment so I'd like
+to hang on to that thought but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on to that thought but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on to that thought but let's
+hear some a few other conjectures in Ste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear some a few other conjectures in Ste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear some a few other conjectures in Ste
+Rachel why do you think you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel why do you think you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel why do you think you might have
+passed so often I feel like te are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed so often I feel like te are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed so often I feel like te are
+really good really terrible um when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good really terrible um when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good really terrible um when it
+comes to exam reviews and they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to exam reviews and they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to exam reviews and they're really
+good told us too much of what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good told us too much of what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good told us too much of what was going
+to be on the exam and so then you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the exam and so then you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the exam and so then you kind
+of just knew what the test was and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just knew what the test was and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just knew what the test was and then
+you could do well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do well on
+any okay that's interesting yes Gordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay that's interesting yes Gordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay that's interesting yes Gordon
+yeah it's possible that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's possible that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's possible that some people
+might take a test and think they got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take a test and think they got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take a test and think they got it
+and they really got it but then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really got it but then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really got it but then when it
+comes to real life situation something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to real life situation something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to real life situation something
+that present need for the knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that present need for the knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that present need for the knowledge that
+was from that material you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from that material you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from that material you realize
+something that you didn't get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you didn't get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you didn't get it so
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+that's okay so so Gordon is sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so so Gordon is sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so so Gordon is sort of um
+kind of uh flirting with this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh flirting with this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh flirting with this idea of
+you as the instructor this real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as the instructor this real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as the instructor this real life
+knowledge this is what it means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is what it means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is what it means they
+have to have this practical working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this practical working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this practical working
+knowledge for us as the instructors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for us as the instructors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for us as the instructors to
+say they got it right but the exam isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they got it right but the exam isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they got it right but the exam isn't
+measuring it and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it and that's exactly what
+that's that's what Dave was saying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what Dave was saying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what Dave was saying as
+well this idea that the exam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this idea that the exam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this idea that the exam is
+measuring one thing but it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring one thing but it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring one thing but it's not really
+measuring whether whether they got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring whether whether they got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring whether whether they got it
+when we go home and think what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go home and think what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go home and think what does it
+mean to be a good Material Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be a good Material Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be a good Material Science
+scientist or what does it mean to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist or what does it mean to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist or what does it mean to be a
+good chemist we don't think oh it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chemist we don't think oh it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chemist we don't think oh it means
+that you can like Define what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can like Define what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can like Define what a
+mitochondria is or you can Define how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is or you can Define how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is or you can Define how
+you know you can balance a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and yet we put that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and yet we put that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and yet we put that on the
+exam um it's also a bit of the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um it's also a bit of the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um it's also a bit of the idea that
+students are good at taking tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are good at taking tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are good at taking tests
+they're good at they're good at gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at they're good at gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at they're good at gaming
+systems they're good at listening to Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they're good at listening to Tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they're good at listening to Tas
+or t may have not given out appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t may have not given out appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t may have not given out appropriate
+information so there's there's it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so there's there's it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so there's there's it comes
+from both sides it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides it comes from the
+students and it comes from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and it comes from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and it comes from the the
+professors um but you have control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors um but you have control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors um but you have control over
+this you shouldn't be writing an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you shouldn't be writing an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you shouldn't be writing an exam
+that people can get a good grade on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can get a good grade on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can get a good grade on but
+then when you go home and say oh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go home and say oh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go home and say oh they
+got good a good grade on this test but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got good a good grade on this test but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got good a good grade on this test but
+they didn't get it you need to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get it you need to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get it you need to Define
+find what it means to get it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what it means to get it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what it means to get it in your
+field to get it to get this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to get it to get this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to get it to get this subject
+whatever it is that that the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that that the test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that that the test is
+about and then you need to write a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then you need to write a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then you need to write a test
+that measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures
+that and and too many times we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and too many times we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and too many times we don't do
+it right we're kind of rushed or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right we're kind of rushed or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right we're kind of rushed or we
+don't really know we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know we haven't really
+thought about how to measure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how to measure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how to measure whether
+somebody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets
+it so the first step in all this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the first step in all this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the first step in all this is to
+Define what it is that means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what it is that means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what it is that means that they
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+and that's the first step and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first step and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first step and that's the
+hardest step but once that's done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest step but once that's done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest step but once that's done the
+rest is easier and it will save you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is easier and it will save you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is easier and it will save you from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so that's the topic of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the topic of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the topic of today's
+class and if you didn't need if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and if you didn't need if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and if you didn't need if you
+needed a little more motivation I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a little more motivation I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a little more motivation I'd like
+you to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read this
+paragraph and I'd like you to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph and I'd like you to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph and I'd like you to tell me
+what it's talking about but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's talking about but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's talking about but I'm just
+going to give you about two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you about two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you about two and a half
+minutes to read it and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to read it and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to read it and then we'll
+discuss what it means what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what it means what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what it means what do you think
+this is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about yes David yeah I think TR to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes David yeah I think TR to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes David yeah I think TR to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we
+can arrange if I say maybe shes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arrange if I say maybe shes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arrange if I say maybe shes or
+activities I would have put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities I would have put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities I would have put them into
+groups and then maybe if we over group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and then maybe if we over group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and then maybe if we over group
+that will be f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be f
+other them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay so arranging schedules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so arranging schedules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so arranging schedules or
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay okay something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay okay something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay okay something
+else when you when you planning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else when you when you planning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else when you when you planning how to
+go about teaching a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about teaching a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about teaching a new
+module possibly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning planning teaching what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning planning teaching what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning planning teaching what
+else anything it's like a mail room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else anything it's like a mail room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else anything it's like a mail room
+operation or something mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room something from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room something from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room something from the back
+maybe he know you're smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he know you're smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he know you're smiling
+I all right well then don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all right well then don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all right well then don't say
+anything you're trying to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're trying to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're trying to put the
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+together outline uhuh of what you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+student okay so students grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student okay so students grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student okay so students grouping
+students Adam right Adam cont okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students Adam right Adam cont okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students Adam right Adam cont okay
+so cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ranging content anybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flyer yes Gordon I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyer yes Gordon I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyer yes Gordon I think you have
+sorting materials sorting materials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting materials sorting materials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting materials sorting materials so
+we'll just go maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting okay
+so if I tell you so these are all great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you so these are all great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you so these are all great
+guesses they're they're as good as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses they're they're as good as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses they're they're as good as what
+I'm going to tell you the answer is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you the answer is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you the answer is so
+this was written to describe the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was written to describe the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was written to describe the process
+of doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing your
+laundry laundry like doing the wash you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry laundry like doing the wash you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry laundry like doing the wash you
+know you take the clothes and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you take the clothes and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you take the clothes and you put
+maybe you put the dark clothes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you put the dark clothes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you put the dark clothes and and
+one bin and the light clothes in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bin and the light clothes in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bin and the light clothes in another
+bin and and then you fold them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin and and then you fold them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin and and then you fold them and then
+you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them
+away okay it's impossible this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay it's impossible this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay it's impossible this happens
+almost every time I show this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every time I show this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every time I show this little
+piece of writing people don't generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of writing people don't generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of writing people don't generally
+get it they get the fact that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it they get the fact that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it they get the fact that it has to
+do with sorting and some planning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with sorting and some planning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with sorting and some planning some
+arranging things but they don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging things but they don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging things but they don't get that
+it's about the laundry if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the laundry if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the laundry if you if you
+skim it you don't have to totally reread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skim it you don't have to totally reread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skim it you don't have to totally reread
+it but if you skim it with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if you skim it with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if you skim it with the idea that
+it's about doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about doing the
+laundry you probably can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry you probably can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry you probably can uh can
+understand it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so now I'm going to ask why did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so now I'm going to ask why did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so now I'm going to ask why did I
+show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this
+now today before the third the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today before the third the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today before the third the beginning
+of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third
+class yes I think it's all about arment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yes I think it's all about arment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yes I think it's all about arment
+of C content in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C content in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C content in
+syllabus sy so it could be about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus sy so it could be about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus sy so it could be about how you
+arrange the content in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the content in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the content in the
+syllabus you I think it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you I think it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you I think it's easy to
+describe methodology like as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe methodology like as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe methodology like as a person
+who's immersed in the field but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's immersed in the field but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's immersed in the field but if
+there's no context to the audience about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no context to the audience about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no context to the audience about
+what this is it doesn't matter that You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is it doesn't matter that You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is it doesn't matter that You'
+laid out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out like
+everything know right it's very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything know right it's very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything know right it's very detailed
+at a certain level but it's still really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level but it's still really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level but it's still really
+hard to understand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand right
+um any other ideas yes ad I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other ideas yes ad I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other ideas yes ad I think it's
+interesting there's a lot of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there's a lot of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there's a lot of value
+judgments in it like it's really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments in it like it's really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments in it like it's really easy
+and like no one can never tell comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like no one can never tell comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like no one can never tell comments
+like that as I'm trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as I'm trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as I'm trying to figure out
+what they're saying it's actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're saying it's actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're saying it's actually just
+frustrating me more because I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating me more because I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating me more because I don't know
+what they're talking about and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're talking about and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're talking about and it's
+really easy and okay all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy and okay all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy and okay all right so that's
+a great point about all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point about all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point about all right so we're
+talking about writing learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about writing learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about writing learning outcomes
+about organizing the Course Le writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organizing the Course Le writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organizing the Course Le writing
+learning outcomes if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes if you're using
+phrases or you're using language that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases or you're using language that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases or you're using language that's
+just there's just like throwaway words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's just like throwaway words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's just like throwaway words
+in there or value judgments it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there or value judgments it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there or value judgments it's not
+doing your students any good right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your students any good right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your students any good right uh
+and also that if you have this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that if you have this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that if you have this beautiful
+course that's beautifully organized even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's beautifully organized even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's beautifully organized even
+wonderfully organized but you don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully organized but you don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully organized but you don't tell
+them what it is you're trying to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what it is you're trying to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what it is you're trying to do with
+it all what it is they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all what it is they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all what it is they're going to be
+able to do with it all what whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do with it all what whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do with it all what whatever it
+is you expect them to do they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you expect them to do they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you expect them to do they're not
+going to be able to follow you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to follow you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to follow you so
+imagine a procedure as fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a procedure as fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a procedure as fairly
+straightforward as doing the laundry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward as doing the laundry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward as doing the laundry
+now imagine okay I'm going to you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine okay I'm going to you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine okay I'm going to you're
+going to be able to select the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to select the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to select the right uh
+the appropriate method to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate method to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate method to integrate
+differential uh um integrate equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential uh um integrate equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential uh um integrate equations
+integrate um integrate yeah so methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um integrate yeah so methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um integrate yeah so methods
+of integration Separation by Separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration Separation by Separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration Separation by Separation
+by parts or substitution or or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts or substitution or or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts or substitution or or uh or
+whatever so if you don't tell them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so if you don't tell them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so if you don't tell them what
+it is you're expecting them to do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you're expecting them to do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you're expecting them to do even
+if you're very good at explaining what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're very good at explaining what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're very good at explaining what
+it is they're going to do they won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they're going to do they won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they're going to do they won't get
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so this is my cell for why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my cell for why when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my cell for why when you
+write a learning outcome you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a learning outcome you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a learning outcome you have to
+write a learning outcome that's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a learning outcome that's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a learning outcome that's clear
+and that's understandable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's understandable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's understandable to the
+students that doesn't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that doesn't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that doesn't have a lot of
+extra words and that tells them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra words and that tells them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra words and that tells them exactly
+what they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um I have some learning outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have some learning outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have some learning outcomes for
+today and I hope that they're clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I hope that they're clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I hope that they're clear
+you'll be able to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to describe the
+components of the constructive alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the constructive alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the constructive alignment
+and backward design uh processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward design uh processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward design uh processes and
+those the constructive alignment anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the constructive alignment anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the constructive alignment anyway
+was in the pre-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the pre-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the pre-class
+reading you'll be able to classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you'll be able to classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you'll be able to classify the
+content of a course that you might teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of a course that you might teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of a course that you might teach
+so what what do I expect students to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what do I expect students to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what do I expect students to do
+with this content to be able to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this content to be able to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this content to be able to do with
+this content you'll be able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this content you'll be able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this content you'll be able to create
+measurable specific and realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable specific and realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable specific and realistic
+learning outcomes for a class you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes for a class you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes for a class you will
+teach and you'll be able to State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and you'll be able to State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and you'll be able to State the
+components of a syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a syllabus
+so I feel that those are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I feel that those are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I feel that those are pretty
+understandable you may disagree with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um or maybe you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait so constructive alignment it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so constructive alignment it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so constructive alignment it was in
+the pre-class reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-class reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-class reading
+right anybody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anybody want
+to just give a brief summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give a brief summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give a brief summary of
+it I mean it's kind of up here but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it's kind of up here but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it's kind of up here but in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+own I think constructive alignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I think constructive alignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I think constructive alignment is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aligning uh assessments method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning uh assessments method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning uh assessments method of
+Assessments to that of the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assessments to that of the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assessments to that of the C
+content try to assess student the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content try to assess student the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content try to assess student the type
+of assessment so that what the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assessment so that what the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assessment so that what the teacher
+has in mind which is actually the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in mind which is actually the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in mind which is actually the C
+content or the outcome that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content or the outcome that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content or the outcome that you want
+them to get will be tested through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get will be tested through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get will be tested through the
+assessment process so that student will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment process so that student will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment process so that student will
+be will be able to do the assessment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be will be able to do the assessment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be will be able to do the assessment and
+then be able to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be able to come up with the
+inet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inet
+learning learning outcome right they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning learning outcome right they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning learning outcome right they'll
+achieve the learning outcomes and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the learning outcomes and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the learning outcomes and if you
+do this right you get rid of that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this right you get rid of that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this right you get rid of that red
+circle on that graph right you get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle on that graph right you get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle on that graph right you get rid
+of students who did well on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students who did well on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students who did well on the
+assessment but don't really know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment but don't really know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment but don't really know what's
+going on because you have aligned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on because you have aligned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on because you have aligned the
+assessment with what it was you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment with what it was you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment with what it was you wanted
+them to know or be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to know or be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to know or be able to
+do so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's that's
+important um I just think this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um I just think this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um I just think this is a very
+very compelling image to keep in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling image to keep in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling image to keep in your
+head that these three things have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that these three things have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that these three things have to be
+linked and as I said before this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked and as I said before this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked and as I said before this you
+will'll see that the top part writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll see that the top part writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll see that the top part writing
+the learning outcomes is the tricky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning outcomes is the tricky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning outcomes is the tricky part
+it's the hard part it's the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hard part it's the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hard part it's the part that
+requires a lot of thinking and work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of thinking and work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of thinking and work when
+you get a good learning outcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a good learning outcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a good learning outcome the
+other two things almost take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+okay did anybody have any does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did anybody have any does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did anybody have any does anybody
+have any questions about something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about something from
+the reading associated with constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading associated with constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading associated with constructive
+alignment or some some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment or some some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment or some some other
+idea in the reading yes Gord yeah I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the reading yes Gord yeah I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the reading yes Gord yeah I just
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+to I think this constr constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think this constr constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think this constr constructive
+alignment one of the things that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment one of the things that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment one of the things that out
+should meas yes so that's I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right
+a to get students to get to Point want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to get students to get to Point want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to get students to get to Point want
+to get to and also how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to and also how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to and also how you
+can right right um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right right um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right right um I think the
+measurability part for for scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurability part for for scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurability part for for scientists
+and Engineers is is is kind of intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers is is is kind of intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers is is is kind of intuitive
+like why would you say something if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why would you say something if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why would you say something if you
+couldn't tell whether or not it was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell whether or not it was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell whether or not it was true
+true or not from from a scientific point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not from from a scientific point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not from from a scientific point
+of view like what's the point of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view like what's the point of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view like what's the point of saying
+you know of making a proclamation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of making a proclamation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of making a proclamation about
+what's somebody should be able to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's somebody should be able to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's somebody should be able to do if
+you can't measure it in the end so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't measure it in the end so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't measure it in the end so it's
+kind of it's comforting to say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's comforting to say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's comforting to say okay I'm
+going to make learning outcomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make learning outcomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make learning outcomes that are
+measurable but it's also can be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable but it's also can be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable but it's also can be a bit
+challenging but we'll do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging but we'll do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging but we'll do that we're
+going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that
+today some other comment you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today some other comment you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today some other comment you know do
+people I guess sort different angle do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I guess sort different angle do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I guess sort different angle do
+people write learning outcomes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write learning outcomes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write learning outcomes that have
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+constructive process like if by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive process like if by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive process like if by choosing
+to write learn ATS are you going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write learn ATS are you going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write learn ATS are you going through
+the do it seemed like in the it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do it seemed like in the it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do it seemed like in the it seemed
+decoupled a little bit in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled a little bit in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled a little bit in the reading
+but it seems like you can't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems like you can't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems like you can't have that
+you you owe it to yourself and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you owe it to yourself and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you owe it to yourself and I don't
+know what people do and I I guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what people do and I I guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what people do and I I guarantee
+you people write learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people write learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people write learning outcomes
+without thinking about whether they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about whether they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about whether they can
+assess them or measure them I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess them or measure them I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess them or measure them I I
+guarantee that happens in real life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that happens in real life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that happens in real life um
+you owe it to yourself to try very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you owe it to yourself to try very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you owe it to yourself to try very hard
+not to do that okay and um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that okay and um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that okay and um I think the
+important thing to do is often we say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to do is often we say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to do is often we say oh
+my God this is the best assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God this is the best assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God this is the best assignment
+they're this is the greatest question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're this is the greatest question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're this is the greatest question
+it's this it's this project and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's this project and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's this project and they're
+going to do this and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and they're going to
+whatever they're going to build a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're going to build a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're going to build a race
+car and if you sit down and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and if you sit down and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and if you sit down and say well
+what what what do I want them to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what do I want them to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what do I want them to get out
+of that if you can't articulate it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you can't articulate it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you can't articulate it in a
+way that's consistent with your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's consistent with your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's consistent with your class
+consistent with the course as it sits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the course as it sits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the course as it sits in
+the series of other courses or in it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of other courses or in it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of other courses or in it as
+it sits in the institution then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits in the institution then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits in the institution then you
+either need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need to
+rethink the assignment rethink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink the assignment rethink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink the assignment rethink the
+project or think a lot harder about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or think a lot harder about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or think a lot harder about what
+learning outcomes that advance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes that advance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes that advance that
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+advances okay that's a that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances okay that's a that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances okay that's a that's a very
+good point that you don't you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point that you don't you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point that you don't you it's
+really kind of iterative and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of iterative and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of iterative and I think it
+might be easier to see with this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier to see with this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier to see with this diagram
+this is another so uh John bigs is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another so uh John bigs is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another so uh John bigs is from
+the UK and so there's sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK and so there's sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK and so there's sort of the the
+sort of UK Camp of people and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of UK Camp of people and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of UK Camp of people and and they
+like John bigs and then there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John bigs and then there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John bigs and then there's uh
+Wiggins and MC Grant W Wiggins and Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggins and MC Grant W Wiggins and Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggins and MC Grant W Wiggins and Jay
+MC are from the US um they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC are from the US um they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC are from the US um they wrote
+primarily for the k k 12 audience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily for the k k 12 audience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily for the k k 12 audience but
+it's completely applicable um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely applicable um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely applicable um and
+they're from the US so they have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're from the US so they have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're from the US so they have kind of
+a US following this is how it just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a US following this is how it just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a US following this is how it just how
+it works um it's essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works um it's essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works um it's essentially the same
+thing right it's identify the results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right it's identify the results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right it's identify the results so
+the intended learning outcomes figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended learning outcomes figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended learning outcomes figure
+out how you're going to get them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you're going to get them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you're going to get them there
+so the black is wigin mctigue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the black is wigin mctigue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the black is wigin mctigue and the
+red is uh bigs so plan the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is uh bigs so plan the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is uh bigs so plan the learning
+experiences that are going to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that are going to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that are going to support
+them achieving the learning outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them achieving the learning outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them achieving the learning outcomes and
+really help you measure whether got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you measure whether got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help you measure whether got them
+or not and then determine what evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and then determine what evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and then determine what evidence
+will be that they acceptable evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that they acceptable evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that they acceptable evidence
+that they achieve the learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they achieve the learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they achieve the learning outcomes
+or what are the assessments so real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what are the assessments so real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what are the assessments so real
+often bless you often we do have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bless you often we do have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bless you often we do have this
+project that we want oh this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that we want oh this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that we want oh this is a great
+problem you know often in in thermo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know often in in thermo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know often in in thermo I
+Tau a lot of thermo and there's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau a lot of thermo and there's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau a lot of thermo and there's like oh
+they're going to do this double Loop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do this double Loop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do this double Loop you
+know double reactor cycle with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know double reactor cycle with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know double reactor cycle with the
+refrigerant and a and a you know heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerant and a and a you know heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerant and a and a you know heating
+cycle and it's going to be coupled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and it's going to be coupled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and it's going to be coupled and
+they're going to use the output from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to use the output from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to use the output from one
+for the input and the other and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the input and the other and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the input and the other and all this
+crazy stuff you're like this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff you're like this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff you're like this is a great
+assignment and you kind of kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you kind of kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you kind of kind of I
+know this is a great assignment if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a great assignment if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a great assignment if I
+can't back up from this assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't back up from this assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't back up from this assignment
+whether whether or not I put it here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether or not I put it here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether or not I put it here or
+here if I can't back up and say after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I can't back up and say after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I can't back up and say after
+successful successful completion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful successful completion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful successful completion of this
+assignment you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you will be able
+to um describe the components of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um describe the components of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um describe the components of the of
+the um um Brighton cycle you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um um Brighton cycle you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um um Brighton cycle you will be
+able to Define uh the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Define uh the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Define uh the increase in
+entropy for a system with uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for a system with uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for a system with uh X
+boundaries right if I can't articulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right if I can't articulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right if I can't articulate
+those things then I need to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things then I need to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things then I need to either
+change the assignment or well then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the assignment or well then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the assignment or well then I
+need to change the assignment okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change the assignment okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change the assignment okay but
+you can start with the activity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start with the activity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start with the activity and then
+back up and say well what learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and say well what learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and say well what learning
+outcomes do they does that support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes do they does that support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes do they does that support and
+then am I okay with that is that relev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then am I okay with that is that relev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then am I okay with that is that relev
+relevant to this class so it's often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this class so it's often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this class so it's often a
+very iterative the arrows kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very iterative the arrows kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very iterative the arrows kind of go
+this way but it's often iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I had asked that you come to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I had asked that you come to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I had asked that you come to class
+with um some topics from a class you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um some topics from a class you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um some topics from a class you're
+likely to teach that was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to teach that was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to teach that was on the
+assignment page if not start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment page if not start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment page if not start thinking
+now um uh and so you want to have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh and so you want to have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh and so you want to have for
+most classes most undergraduate classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most classes most undergraduate classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most classes most undergraduate classes
+there's there's a bunch of topics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a bunch of topics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a bunch of topics you
+know you might have 10 topics 20 topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might have 10 topics 20 topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might have 10 topics 20 topics
+and and I don't care right now about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I don't care right now about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I don't care right now about the
+scale of the topics whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the topics whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the topics whether they're
+really big you probably don't got want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big you probably don't got want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big you probably don't got want
+to go with like first law Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with like first law Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with like first law Second
+Law that's probably a little bit too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law that's probably a little bit too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law that's probably a little bit too big
+um but you but uh but on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you but uh but on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you but uh but on the order of
+five to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to 15
+topics jot down the topics and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics jot down the topics and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics jot down the topics and then I
+have a chart here so the chart has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chart here so the chart has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chart here so the chart has two
+sides um and the the the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides um and the the the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides um and the the the columns are
+blooms taxonomy which which you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooms taxonomy which which you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooms taxonomy which which you don't
+have to worry about that specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that specifically
+but you can look at the words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look at the words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look at the words that are
+associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it
+um and then the first colum the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the first colum the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the first colum the second
+column then is um what students should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then is um what students should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then is um what students should
+be able to do with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do with each
+topic so let's say my topic is um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so let's say my topic is um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so let's say my topic is um first
+law for closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for closed
+systems so I might think about okay do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I might think about okay do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so I might think about okay do I
+want them to be able to Define to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be able to Define to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be able to Define to just
+State the first law for closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the first law for closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the first law for closed
+systems do I want them to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do I want them to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do I want them to be able to use
+the first law for closed systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law for closed systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law for closed systems in
+order to solve certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve certain kinds of
+equations do I want them to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do I want them to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do I want them to be able to
+derive the first law do I want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the first law do I want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the first law do I want them to
+be able whatever it is okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able whatever it is okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able whatever it is okay so you're
+going to look at the The Columns the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the The Columns the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the The Columns the uh
+categories on the left side and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories on the left side and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories on the left side and you're
+going to think about your topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about your topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about your topic and
+you're just going to decide which box in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to decide which box in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to decide which box in
+the middle column to put the topics into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle column to put the topics into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle column to put the topics into
+you don't have to worry about writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about writing
+anything you're just going to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're just going to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're just going to distribute
+the topics to the level of of of um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics to the level of of of um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics to the level of of of um it's
+really uh cognitive processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh cognitive processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh cognitive processes
+that are associated with the things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with the things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with the things on
+the left remember understand apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left remember understand apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left remember understand apply
+analyze evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze evaluate and
+create so we'll take about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create so we'll take about five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create so we'll take about five minutes
+and you just do that by yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just do that by yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just do that by yourself and
+just fill in that middle column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fill in that middle column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fill in that middle column of the
+table with your with the topics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with your with the topics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table with your with the topics from
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course do you want more explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do you want more explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do you want more explanation
+Rachel okay just you know just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel okay just you know just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel okay just you know just it's
+starting to make you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to make you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to make you think about this
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the beginning
+circle but you don't you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but you don't you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but you don't you don't have to
+write any sentences yet but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any sentences yet but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any sentences yet but it's
+starting you starting to help you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting you starting to help you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting you starting to help you think
+about what are they what are they going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are they what are they going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are they what are they going
+to do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these
+topics right what what do I want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics right what what do I want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics right what what do I want them to
+do is it is it remember or is it create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it is it remember or is it create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it is it remember or is it create
+something using these things where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using these things where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using these things where where
+is it those are two ends of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it those are two ends of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it those are two ends of the spectrum
+and in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your
+chart the things at the at the top are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart the things at the at the top are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart the things at the at the top are
+the more remember right it's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more remember right it's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more remember right it's more of a
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+recall information and then the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall information and then the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall information and then the things
+in the back of the chart tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the chart tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the chart tend to be more
+higher or higher order cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or higher order cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or higher order cognitive
+processes like synthesize apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+create okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the you don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the you don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the you don't worry about the
+third column don't worry about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column don't worry about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column don't worry about the last
+column yet we're going to do that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column yet we're going to do that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column yet we're going to do that later
+so all you have to do is just say where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you have to do is just say where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you have to do is just say where
+each topic Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each topic Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each topic Falls
+Loosely okay is everybody have a chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely okay is everybody have a chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely okay is everybody have a chart
+yes okay you want us to to write so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay you want us to to write so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay you want us to to write so many
+as many topics as possible write as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many topics as possible write as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many topics as possible write as many
+topics as possible and but distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics as possible and but distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics as possible and but distribute
+them through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through the
+chart right because you don't it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart right because you don't it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart right because you don't it's not
+not everything's going to be remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything's going to be remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything's going to be remember
+right so some things will be remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some things will be remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some things will be remember
+some things will be applied some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things will be applied some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things will be applied some things
+will be analyzed some things will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be analyzed some things will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be analyzed some things will be
+create okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you have any questions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have any questions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have any questions just
+raise your hand all right so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand all right so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand all right so what we're
+going to do is I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to ask you to
+just keep those uh with you we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep those uh with you we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep those uh with you we're going
+to we're going to do another activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're going to do another activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're going to do another activity
+later on using those as a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on using those as a starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on using those as a starting point
+but I want I want you to just keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want I want you to just keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want I want you to just keep that
+sorting uh with you any comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting uh with you any comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting uh with you any comments or
+questions about the experience about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the experience about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the experience about
+what what you just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+no it's can sometimes be a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's can sometimes be a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's can sometimes be a challenge
+well what the heck do you supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what the heck do you supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what the heck do you supposed to do
+with this anyway what do I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this anyway what do I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this anyway what do I really want
+them to do with it this is the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do with it this is the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do with it this is the beginning
+of that of that process whereby you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that process whereby you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that process whereby you
+define exactly what it is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what it is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define exactly what it is you want
+students to do know or be able to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do know or be able to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do know or be able to do and
+then you can start to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start to think about how
+you're going to assess whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to assess whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to assess whether or not
+they can do it or not but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it or not but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it or not but it's very
+different if I were to say I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if I were to say I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if I were to say I want
+everybody to be able to State the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to be able to State the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to be able to State the first
+law thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law thermodynamic
+versus I want you be able to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus I want you be able to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus I want you be able to use the
+first law of thermodynamics to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law of thermodynamics to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law of thermodynamics to Define
+chemical mechanical and and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical mechanical and and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical mechanical and and uh and
+thermal equilibrium in a you know simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium in a you know simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium in a you know simple
+composite system that's different that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system that's different that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system that's different that's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+different okay so that's where we that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so that's where we that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so that's where we that's
+what we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay so now we have kind of the seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so now we have kind of the seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so now we have kind of the seeds
+we've thought about which topics are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about which topics are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about which topics are uh
+kind of have to we want to have what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to we want to have what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to we want to have what we
+want to do with each of the topics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with each of the topics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with each of the topics but
+now we really have to turn them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we really have to turn them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we really have to turn them into
+learning outcomes okay it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes okay it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes okay it's a real
+statements by the end of this class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements by the end of this class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements by the end of this class you
+will be able to by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to by the end of this
+course you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you will be able
+to okay and and just as an aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and and just as an aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and and just as an aside
+remember that um sometimes I mean you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that um sometimes I mean you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that um sometimes I mean you'll
+notice that for every class every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for every class every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for every class every
+session we have I have learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we have I have learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we have I have learning outcomes
+but there's also overarching learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also overarching learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also overarching learning
+outcomes for the course so so I will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for the course so so I will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for the course so so I will use
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+interchangeably um but they they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably um but they they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably um but they they'll be
+at a slightly different scale right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slightly different scale right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slightly different scale right the
+ones for the class are a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for the class are a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for the class are a little bit more
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+grained as was mentioned in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained as was mentioned in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained as was mentioned in the reading
+and as Gordon mentioned they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Gordon mentioned they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Gordon mentioned they have to be
+specific measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific measurable and
+realistic if they don't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic if they don't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic if they don't have those
+properties they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they're not going to be
+particularly useful or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful or as
+useful all right and um we'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right and um we'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right and um we'll see some
+examples of that in just a sec so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in just a sec so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in just a sec so here's
+what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+not they're not topics so you came with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they're not topics so you came with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they're not topics so you came with
+topics you will leave today with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics you will leave today with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics you will leave today with
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+outcomes but topics are not learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but topics are not learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but topics are not learning
+outcomes right the first law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right the first law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right the first law of
+thermodynamics is not a learning outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is not a learning outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is not a learning outcome
+you need a verb with it what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a verb with it what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a verb with it what what do you
+want me to do what do you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to do what do you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to do what do you want your
+students to do with the first law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do with the first law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do with the first law of
+thermodynamics what do you want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics what do you want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics what do you want them to
+know about the first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the first law
+thermodynamics so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so they're not
+topics um they're not things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics um they're not things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics um they're not things that you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+do right it's easy to say I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right it's easy to say I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right it's easy to say I could have a
+list a mile long I will I will I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list a mile long I will I will I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list a mile long I will I will I will
+talk about the I will talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the I will talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the I will talk about the
+first law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law of
+thermodynamics I can check that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics I can check that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics I can check that off
+pretty easily I mean I just did I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily I mean I just did I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily I mean I just did I just
+talked about the first law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the first law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the first law of the
+dyamics it says nothing about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics it says nothing about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics it says nothing about what you
+learned about it what your students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it what your students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it what your students
+learned about it so it's not about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it so it's not about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it so it's not about you
+get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over
+it that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was a
+joke um it's not value statements as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke um it's not value statements as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke um it's not value statements as
+Adrian pointed out some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrian pointed out some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrian pointed out some of these things
+this is easy uh this is good uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy uh this is good uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy uh this is good uh this is
+useful uh any of those things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh any of those things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh any of those things don't
+belong in a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome um and it's not your hopes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome um and it's not your hopes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome um and it's not your hopes and
+dreams for your students I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams for your students I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams for your students I mean
+ultimately it is right you hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it is right you hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it is right you hope that
+they will be able to use the first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to use the first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be able to use the first law
+of thermodynamics to but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics to but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics to but it's really
+about what they're doing it's about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing it's about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're doing it's about what
+they're going to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do so
+no uh here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh here's a little
+example this is just from a like a earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is just from a like a earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is just from a like a earth
+and planetary course right students will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planetary course right students will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planetary course right students will
+understand plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand plate
+tectonics how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is that okay for a learning outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that okay for a learning outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that okay for a learning outcome
+why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not very specific what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very specific what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very specific what the heck
+about plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plate
+tectonics uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+me thank you okay the measurable part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thank you okay the measurable part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thank you okay the measurable part
+this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word
+understand strike it from your brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand strike it from your brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand strike it from your brains
+all right it's a property that we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's a property that we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's a property that we love
+right we love understand but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we love understand but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we love understand but you can't
+flip and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and measure
+it you can't go in there and measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can't go in there and measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can't go in there and measure it
+you can measure lots of things that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure lots of things that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure lots of things that tell
+you whether students understand but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether students understand but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether students understand but you
+can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understanding and and I think we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and and I think we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and and I think we'll see
+that with some more examples I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with some more examples I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with some more examples I don't
+think anybody's Earth and planetary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody's Earth and planetary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody's Earth and planetary here
+so um okay so how about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so how about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so how about this one
+students will be able to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will be able to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will be able to interpret
+unfamiliar tectonic settings based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar tectonic settings based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar tectonic settings based on
+information on volcanic activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on volcanic activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on volcanic activity and
+seismicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismicity
+okay again I don't think any of us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again I don't think any of us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again I don't think any of us is
+are geologists but the idea that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are geologists but the idea that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are geologists but the idea that I've
+told or the person has told us um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told or the person has told us um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told or the person has told us um what
+we're going to use to interpret these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to interpret these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to interpret these
+these situations and and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations and and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations and and then we're
+going to make uh predictions based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh predictions based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh predictions based on
+those interpretations I mean that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interpretations I mean that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interpretations I mean that's an
+assumption so it's specific and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so it's specific and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so it's specific and now it's
+measurable right even though we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable right even though we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable right even though we're not
+geologists I suspect we can think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists I suspect we can think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists I suspect we can think of how
+we could write a test question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a test question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a test question that
+would ask students to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask students to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask students to do this
+and then we could see whether they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could see whether they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could see whether they did
+it or not so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not so that's
+measurable and probably by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and probably by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and probably by doing
+this by having students do this we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having students do this we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having students do this we get a
+pretty good measurement about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good measurement about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good measurement about whether
+they understand play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand play
+tectonics but it's much more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonics but it's much more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonics but it's much more specific
+and it's much more measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um from here this is from the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from here this is from the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from here this is from the University
+of Minnesota which has a nice website on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Minnesota which has a nice website on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Minnesota which has a nice website on
+learning outcomes they're not from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes they're not from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes they're not from your
+point of view as we mentioned they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view as we mentioned they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view as we mentioned they're
+not what you're going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you're going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you're going to do I'm going to
+introduce students to the major turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce students to the major turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce students to the major turning
+points and processes in North American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and processes in North American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and processes in North American
+history we don't you can say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we don't you can say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we don't you can say anything
+you want but it doesn't mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but it doesn't mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but it doesn't mean the
+students learned anything so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learned anything so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learned anything so it's not
+about you it's what they're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you it's what they're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you it's what they're going to do
+they're going to list and describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to list and describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to list and describe the
+turning points and processes in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning points and processes in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning points and processes in North
+American history right um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history right um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history right um I'm going to
+create an understanding of the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an understanding of the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an understanding of the formal
+constructs of physical design that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs of physical design that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs of physical design that one
+is like that was this one is it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that was this one is it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that was this one is it's like I
+don't even know what it means right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what it means right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what it means right
+create a physical create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a physical create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a physical create an
+understanding the formal con constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the formal con constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the formal con constructs
+of physical design I don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical design I don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical design I don't even know
+what it means right and so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means right and so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means right and so it's like
+that laundry example your students don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laundry example your students don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laundry example your students don't
+even aren't going to know what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aren't going to know what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aren't going to know what it means
+and it's not going to help them it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not going to help them it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not going to help them it's not
+going to help them access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help them access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help them access the
+material so the ones on the left are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so the ones on the left are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so the ones on the left are all
+teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher
+centered and they're not very useful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered and they're not very useful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered and they're not very useful the
+ones on the right are student centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones on the right are student centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones on the right are student centered
+and they um are generally useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um are generally useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um are generally useful but
+there's some things wrong with things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things wrong with things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things wrong with things on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right understand
+yes so what would you write instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what would you write instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what would you write instead of
+understand the formal conu constructs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the formal conu constructs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the formal conu constructs of
+physical design whatever the heck that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical design whatever the heck that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical design whatever the heck that
+means what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what might you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+identify okay that might be like uh list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify okay that might be like uh list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify okay that might be like uh list
+right or identifier list pick it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or identifier list pick it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or identifier list pick it out of
+a lineup kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lineup kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lineup kind of
+thing um I had this is a nice one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I had this is a nice one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I had this is a nice one uh
+explain to an intelligent non-expert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to an intelligent non-expert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to an intelligent non-expert an
+in so explain this to somebody who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so explain this to somebody who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so explain this to somebody who's not
+in the field if you can do that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field if you can do that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field if you can do that it
+probably means that you get it somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that you get it somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that you get it somebody
+I know used to say explain this to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know used to say explain this to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know used to say explain this to my
+four-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old
+brother right explain uh what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother right explain uh what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother right explain uh what was it
+angular momentum to my four-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to my four-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to my four-year-old
+brother I would argue if you can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother I would argue if you can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother I would argue if you can explain
+it to a four-year-old kid you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a four-year-old kid you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a four-year-old kid you know you
+probably understand it so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understand it so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understand it so you can use
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+um use formal constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use formal constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use formal constructs
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh to uh design something I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh design something I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh design something I mean that's
+another that's kind of an inversion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that's kind of an inversion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that's kind of an inversion how
+about the one on the bottom understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the one on the bottom understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the one on the bottom understand
+gender race ethnicity so socioeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender race ethnicity so socioeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender race ethnicity so socioeconomic
+class understand how they have shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class understand how they have shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class understand how they have shaped
+Americans lives completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unmeasurable right so what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmeasurable right so what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmeasurable right so what would you
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seems right so so that's a great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems right so so that's a great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems right so so that's a great point
+is that we don't know where this per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we don't know where this per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we don't know where this per
+where this faculty member put this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this faculty member put this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this faculty member put this on
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+table we don't know whether it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we don't know whether it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we don't know whether it really is
+just State some ways that that list some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just State some ways that that list some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just State some ways that that list some
+ways that um these things have affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that um these things have affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that um these things have affected
+Americans North Americans lives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans North Americans lives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans North Americans lives or
+Americans lives um which is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans lives um which is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans lives um which is kind of a
+remember thing just make a list or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thing just make a list or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thing just make a list or
+whether it's do some analysis on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's do some analysis on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's do some analysis on some
+situation we don't know that but you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we don't know that but you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we don't know that but you as
+the instructors get to decide it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors get to decide it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors get to decide it for
+your classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classes
+so that's an important thing you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an important thing you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an important thing you get to
+call all the shots um you get to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all the shots um you get to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call all the shots um you get to make
+the decision we we can only guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision we we can only guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision we we can only guess about
+what this person meant and and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this person meant and and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this person meant and and therefore
+his or her students can only guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her students can only guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her students can only guess about
+what she he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so you have on your table this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you have on your table this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you have on your table this
+this hierarchy of Bloom's taxonomy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hierarchy of Bloom's taxonomy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hierarchy of Bloom's taxonomy um
+it's often shown in this triangle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often shown in this triangle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often shown in this triangle this
+pyramid um there's a handout which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid um there's a handout which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid um there's a handout which has
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+strata on it and it just has some handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strata on it and it just has some handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strata on it and it just has some handy
+dandy verbs associated with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy verbs associated with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy verbs associated with it but
+Benjamin Bloom came up with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Bloom came up with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Bloom came up with this uh
+classification of cognitive processes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of cognitive processes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of cognitive processes uh
+way back when in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when in the
+1950s and it is this idea that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and it is this idea that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and it is this idea that it is
+this pyramid that at the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pyramid that at the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pyramid that at the base of the
+pyramid is are these ideas like remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid is are these ideas like remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid is are these ideas like remember
+and those are basic cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are basic cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are basic cognitive
+processes remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes remember
+list um and then moves up the pyramid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um and then moves up the pyramid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um and then moves up the pyramid to
+things that require more uh a a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that require more uh a a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that require more uh a a higher
+level of cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of cognitive
+processing rather than just pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing rather than just pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing rather than just pulling
+facts out of storage and stating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts out of storage and stating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts out of storage and stating them
+you're going to do something with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do something with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do something with those
+facts so that's as you ghost you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts so that's as you ghost you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts so that's as you ghost you go
+higher and higher up the up the pyramid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher up the up the pyramid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher up the up the pyramid
+note that he chose un ver ra really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that he chose un ver ra really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that he chose un ver ra really
+unfortunately to call the second level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately to call the second level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately to call the second level
+understand however there are words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand however there are words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand however there are words that
+that that can help you if it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can help you if it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can help you if it really is
+understand that you want them that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you want them that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you want them that you
+want to measure there's words that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure there's words that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure there's words that that
+describe that a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that a little bit better
+they're in your table and they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in your table and they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in your table and they're also
+in um in the second table that I handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the second table that I handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the second table that I handed
+out so arrange list label oh sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so arrange list label oh sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so arrange list label oh sorry for
+understand describe relate recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand describe relate recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand describe relate recognize
+explain those things Gordon just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things Gordon just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain those things Gordon just have a
+little obervation I when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little obervation I when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little obervation I when it comes to
+understanding maybe if you put it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding maybe if you put it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding maybe if you put it like
+understand to an extent understand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to an extent understand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to an extent understand to
+what understand to an extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+Lev but how how will can you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev but how how will can you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev but how how will can you give me a
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+example I wish go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last to the level that one can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last to the level that one can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last to the level that one can describe
+situation in a particular era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay so I see where you're going does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so I see where you're going does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so I see where you're going does
+someone have a suggestion so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone have a suggestion so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone have a suggestion so think about
+that laundry think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laundry think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that laundry think about that
+description of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laundry can somebody take what Gordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry can somebody take what Gordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry can somebody take what Gordon
+said and and get where he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and and get where he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and and get where he wants to
+go but get there in a more in a perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but get there in a more in a perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but get there in a more in a perhaps
+more direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way cther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cther
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+describe exactly so if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe exactly so if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe exactly so if you're going to
+do that and I see where you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I see where you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I see where you're coming
+from to to understand so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to to understand so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to to understand so that you can
+describe in order to describe or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in order to describe or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in order to describe or to the
+level of describe just forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of describe just forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of describe just forget the
+understand part and just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand part and just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand part and just say
+describe or Define or whatever it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe or Define or whatever it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe or Define or whatever it is you
+want but but yes I mean the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but but yes I mean the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but but yes I mean the first step
+is saying what do I mean by understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying what do I mean by understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying what do I mean by understand
+and when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you say
+that then you that's generally It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you that's generally It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you that's generally It
+generally rewrites itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally rewrites itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally rewrites itself
+and so the the more direct you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the more direct you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the more direct you can be
+generally the better and keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the better and keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the better and keep that
+laundry example in in your head ex yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry example in in your head ex yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry example in in your head ex yes
+ask do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best um so so I would I would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um so so I would I would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um so so I would I would say well
+so let's just open that up what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just open that up what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just open that up what what do
+you think about that of asking students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that of asking students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that of asking students
+so do you understand understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you understand understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you understand understand this
+stuff about learning outcomes see um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about learning outcomes see um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about learning outcomes see um I
+think as as teachers when you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as as teachers when you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as as teachers when you in the
+front of the class you're teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class you're teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class you're teaching
+students and you say do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and you say do you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and you say do you understand
+they we say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we say yes
+yeah but you see from psychology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you see from psychology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you see from psychology you
+know who doesn't understand quickly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who doesn't understand quickly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who doesn't understand quickly okay
+so so David says as the I ask you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so David says as the I ask you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so David says as the I ask you guys
+you understand and and most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand and and most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand and and most people are
+going yeah yeah I understand sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah yeah I understand sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah yeah I understand sure you
+know who understand don't think I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who understand don't think I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who understand don't think I'm an
+idiot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot I
+understand right so why and and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so why and and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so why and and so I
+completely agree students are not likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely agree students are not likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely agree students are not likely
+to say they don't understand what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they don't understand what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they don't understand what else
+what what else it Mak difficult for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else it Mak difficult for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else it Mak difficult for the
+teacher toas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well so do you want to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so do you want to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so do you want to say something
+about that yeah yeah I agree I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah yeah I agree I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah yeah I agree I think the
+you understand this as nonspecific as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this as nonspecific as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this as nonspecific as
+the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um like as the instructor you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like as the instructor you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like as the instructor you have to
+know what understand what you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what understand what you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what understand what you're trying
+to get at which I think is where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at which I think is where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at which I think is where like
+the clicker question is like beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker question is like beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker question is like beautiful
+because you know already what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know already what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know already what you're
+trying to evaluate that they're catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate that they're catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate that they're catching
+into the less in real time and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the less in real time and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the less in real time and so you
+can see who's getting at the nuances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see who's getting at the nuances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see who's getting at the nuances of
+what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're
+teaching uh yes I think that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching uh yes I think that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching uh yes I think that's that's an
+excellent excellent point that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent point that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent point that many of
+these these activities that we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these activities that we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these activities that we do these
+these uh small group uh activities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh small group uh activities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh small group uh activities or
+the clicker questions or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker questions or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker questions or other
+activities that students are doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that students are doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that students are doing in
+class are helping them learn but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are helping them learn but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are helping them learn but they're
+also formative assessments of whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also formative assessments of whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also formative assessments of whether or
+not they get it or not whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they get it or not whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they get it or not whether or not
+they understand and you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand and you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand and you as the
+instructor can see it right if I walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor can see it right if I walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor can see it right if I walk
+around if I listen if I look at who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if I listen if I look at who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if I listen if I look at who
+answered what question on the clickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered what question on the clickers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered what question on the clickers
+or on the flickers or on the raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the flickers or on the raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the flickers or on the raising
+your hand multiple choice questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand multiple choice questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand multiple choice questions
+whatever method methods I used here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method methods I used here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method methods I used here I
+get a better a much better sense of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better a much better sense of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better a much better sense of who
+understands or doesn't understand if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands or doesn't understand if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands or doesn't understand if all
+I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is
+lecturing I don't I can't tell and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing I don't I can't tell and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing I don't I can't tell and I can
+ask you understand but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you understand but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you understand but they're not
+likely to tell me which is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to tell me which is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to tell me which is kind of the
+other point is that sometimes and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point is that sometimes and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point is that sometimes and I and
+I I think you were alluding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think you were alluding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think you were alluding to this
+Gordon that sometimes students don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon that sometimes students don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon that sometimes students don't
+know whether they understand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they understand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they understand or
+not so we need to give them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we need to give them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we need to give them the
+opportunities to find out whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to find out whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to find out whether they
+understand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or
+not and arguably if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and arguably if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and arguably if you're just
+lecturing and you're a great lecturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing and you're a great lecturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing and you're a great lecturer
+you're eloquent you don't stumble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're eloquent you don't stumble the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're eloquent you don't stumble the
+writing on the board is awesome all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the board is awesome all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the board is awesome all this
+stuff students will think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff students will think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff students will think they
+understand maybe when they don't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand maybe when they don't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand maybe when they don't because
+they're not being they're not having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being they're not having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being they're not having to
+confront any misunderstanding and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront any misunderstanding and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront any misunderstanding and it all
+seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very
+nice so these activities where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so these activities where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so these activities where you
+actually have students do something say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have students do something say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have students do something say
+something where you ask them a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you ask them a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you ask them a specific
+question that's when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's when you can
+determine whether or not they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not they understand
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not okay and because they are not likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay and because they are not likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay and because they are not likely
+to say they don't understand either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they don't understand either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they don't understand either
+because they just don't want to admit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just don't want to admit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just don't want to admit it
+or because they really don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because they really don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because they really don't know
+whether they don't understand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they don't understand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they don't understand so you
+need to give them you need to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give them you need to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give them you need to give them
+measurements to find out whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to find out whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to find out whether they
+get it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not yes sometimes the for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yes sometimes the for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yes sometimes the for example
+lecture and the activity is separate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the activity is separate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the activity is separate for
+example we have lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have lectures
+and the teachers just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the teachers just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the teachers just talk about
+everything and then we have recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then we have recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then we have recitation
+that we do exercise so do recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do exercise so do recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do exercise so do recommend that
+we also do some activities during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also do some activities during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also do some activities during the
+lecture or just separate them no no do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or just separate them no no do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or just separate them no no do
+them during lecture that's I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them during lecture that's I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them during lecture that's I mean the
+model that we're trying to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're trying to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're trying to do here is
+the model that you should do even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that you should do even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that you should do even if you
+have a 100 or 200 people in your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 100 or 200 people in your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 100 or 200 people in your class
+you can use clickers you can use pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use clickers you can use pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use clickers you can use pair
+pair share discussions you can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair share discussions you can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair share discussions you can do all
+sorts of things to break it up and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things to break it up and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things to break it up and it's
+effective that um there's a paper coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective that um there's a paper coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective that um there's a paper coming
+up for next week um a metaanalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for next week um a metaanalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for next week um a metaanalysis
+active learning strategies um how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning strategies um how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning strategies um how they
+actually it actually students learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it actually students learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it actually students learn more
+in a lecture if you actually ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lecture if you actually ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lecture if you actually ask them to
+talk to each other break up share Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other break up share Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other break up share Etc
+and I think when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think when we talked about
+misconceptions remember that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions remember that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions remember that example
+with the coin how many students got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coin how many students got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coin how many students got it
+got could draw the free body body D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got could draw the free body body D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got could draw the free body body D
+diagram before and after before I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram before and after before I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram before and after before I mean
+before and after in a in a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after in a in a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after in a in a straight
+lecture you there's hardly any learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you there's hardly any learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you there's hardly any learning
+gains but if you incorporate Active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but if you incorporate Active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but if you incorporate Active
+Learning the learning gains go way up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning the learning gains go way up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning the learning gains go way up so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that's Bloom's taxonomy and uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's Bloom's taxonomy and uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's Bloom's taxonomy and uh an
+interesting take on Bloom's taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting take on Bloom's taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting take on Bloom's taxonomy
+there's a woman Kathy shrock who um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a woman Kathy shrock who um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a woman Kathy shrock who um it's
+a nice website and the slides will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice website and the slides will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice website and the slides will be
+posted so you'll have the link but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted so you'll have the link but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted so you'll have the link but um
+she decided you know she has this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decided you know she has this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decided you know she has this theory
+that it's not really so pyramidal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not really so pyramidal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not really so pyramidal that
+everything really is dependent these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really is dependent these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really is dependent these
+these cognitive processes are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cognitive processes are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cognitive processes are dependent
+on each other at a certain level and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other at a certain level and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other at a certain level and so
+she's drawn it as a gear where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's drawn it as a gear where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's drawn it as a gear where
+everything sort of supports the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sort of supports the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sort of supports the act of
+creating which is up at the top but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating which is up at the top but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating which is up at the top but that
+the other ones are sort of around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones are sort of around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones are sort of around the
+side but they all contribute to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but they all contribute to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but they all contribute to the to
+the to the ultimate uh uh cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the ultimate uh uh cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the ultimate uh uh cognitive
+process of creating so that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of creating so that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of creating so that might be a
+nice way to think about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to think about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to think about it and then
+she's taken the specific words and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's taken the specific words and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's taken the specific words and like
+analyzing and said okay what what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing and said okay what what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing and said okay what what's a
+what's an example of out what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of out what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of out what's an
+instantiation of out of analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation of out of analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation of out of analyzing
+outlining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining
+deconstructing um uh organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructing um uh organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructing um uh organizing
+structuring surveying whatever so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring surveying whatever so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring surveying whatever so it's
+the same idea it's just a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea it's just a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea it's just a different
+graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation um just so you T what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um just so you T what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um just so you T what
+you've done is you've taken your topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done is you've taken your topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done is you've taken your topics
+put them in those cells in the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in those cells in the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in those cells in the table and
+I just want to just point out kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to just point out kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to just point out kind of
+how as the instructor you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how as the instructor you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how as the instructor you have a lot of
+power about where you're putting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power about where you're putting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power about where you're putting those
+where you've decided to put those and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've decided to put those and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've decided to put those and it
+may be different for a first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different for a first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different for a first year
+undergraduate class or a second or third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class or a second or third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class or a second or third
+year graduate course could be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year graduate course could be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year graduate course could be the same
+topic but you're going to put them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but you're going to put them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but you're going to put them in a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+category right so that's why when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category right so that's why when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category right so that's why when I
+asked you to bring a topic it's it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to bring a topic it's it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to bring a topic it's it's for
+a specific class right it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific class right it's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific class right it's for a
+specific group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific group of
+students so let's say we take the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so let's say we take the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so let's say we take the idea
+of interstitial sites so I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interstitial sites so I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interstitial sites so I have a a
+crystallin structure it's got order an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin structure it's got order an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin structure it's got order an
+ordered periodicity of atoms um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered periodicity of atoms um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered periodicity of atoms um and then
+I have a some I have spaces between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a some I have spaces between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a some I have spaces between the
+atoms those are the interstitial sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms those are the interstitial sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms those are the interstitial sites
+and so I could say you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I could say you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I could say you'll be able to
+identify the interstitial s so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the interstitial s so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the interstitial s so I could
+say where's the tetrahedral site in face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where's the tetrahedral site in face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where's the tetrahedral site in face
+centered cubic something whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic something whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic something whatever and
+students really just have to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really just have to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really just have to find it
+I could say calculate the maximum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say calculate the maximum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say calculate the maximum size
+that of an interstitial atom that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of an interstitial atom that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of an interstitial atom that could
+occupy that space an ion that occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy that space an ion that occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy that space an ion that occupy
+that space in a particular crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space in a particular crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space in a particular crystal
+structure um so those are two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so those are two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so those are two very
+different levels but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels but it's the same
+topic uh x-ray defraction I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh x-ray defraction I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh x-ray defraction I could say
+apply Bragg's law to calculate D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Bragg's law to calculate D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Bragg's law to calculate D
+spacings so that's very much a turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings so that's very much a turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings so that's very much a turn the
+crank kind of thing I know the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank kind of thing I know the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank kind of thing I know the equation
+for Bragg's law I stick things in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bragg's law I stick things in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bragg's law I stick things in I
+solve for the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I could then also ask you to in index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could then also ask you to in index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could then also ask you to in index
+unknown defraction patterns means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown defraction patterns means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown defraction patterns means
+meaning identify an unknown crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning identify an unknown crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning identify an unknown crystal
+structure u based on the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure u based on the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure u based on the defraction
+pattern that's a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a completely different
+activity completely different Co set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity completely different Co set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity completely different Co set of
+cognitive processes than just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes than just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes than just using
+brags law but you have to decide what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brags law but you have to decide what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brags law but you have to decide what it
+is and arguably if all you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and arguably if all you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and arguably if all you've had
+students do during the class is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do during the class is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do during the class is sort of
+like problem sets they apply brags law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like problem sets they apply brags law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like problem sets they apply brags law
+and they sell for DP spacings or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sell for DP spacings or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sell for DP spacings or they
+sell for the incident angle or they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for the incident angle or they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for the incident angle or they sell
+for the wavelength or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wavelength or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wavelength or whatever it
+is you really can't throw this at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you really can't throw this at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you really can't throw this at them
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+exam right or conversely if you spit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam right or conversely if you spit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam right or conversely if you spit the
+whole time they've indexed they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time they've indexed they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time they've indexed they've been
+in the lab indexing on no defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab indexing on no defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab indexing on no defraction
+patterns and then and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and then and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and then and then this is the
+question you ask them on the exam well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ask them on the exam well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ask them on the exam well
+then you have people that perhaps get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have people that perhaps get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have people that perhaps get it
+without really I mean perhaps pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really I mean perhaps pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really I mean perhaps pass the
+exam without really getting it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam without really getting it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam without really getting it so that's
+just something to keep keep in mind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to keep keep in mind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to keep keep in mind um
+the other thing to note is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note is let's say
+this is my intended learning outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my intended learning outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my intended learning outcome
+calculate the maximum size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the maximum size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the maximum size of the
+intertial atoms in a variety of Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures how do I know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures how do I know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures how do I know whether
+students get that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not what's that it's easy it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's that it's easy it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's that it's easy it's very easy
+right I give them a crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I give them a crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I give them a crystal structure
+and I say calculate the maximum size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say calculate the maximum size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say calculate the maximum size of
+the iron that can fit in the space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron that can fit in the space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron that can fit in the space so I
+have figured out how I'm I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out how I'm I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out how I'm I the
+measurement is easy it's cake it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is easy it's cake it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is easy it's cake it's it's
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+straightforward now I haven't told them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward now I haven't told them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward now I haven't told them
+okay I'm going to give you this crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to give you this crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to give you this crystal
+structure and I'm going to ask you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'm going to ask you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'm going to ask you this
+this spacing this uh this uh ion size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spacing this uh this uh ion size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spacing this uh this uh ion size I
+haven't given I haven't given it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given I haven't given it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given I haven't given it away
+but I have told them what's expected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them uh and my colleague uh wrote These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and my colleague uh wrote These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and my colleague uh wrote These
+for Vesper Theory just it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Vesper Theory just it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Vesper Theory just it's the same
+topic topic which is and it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic topic which is and it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic topic which is and it's different
+identify the common geometric shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the common geometric shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the common geometric shapes
+found in simple molecules explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in simple molecules explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in simple molecules explain the
+assumptions of this Theory apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of this Theory apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of this Theory apply the
+theory to predict 3D structures compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to predict 3D structures compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to predict 3D structures compare
+and contrast the geometry of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast the geometry of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast the geometry of a certain
+molecule as predicted by two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as predicted by two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as predicted by two different
+theories um evaluate the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories um evaluate the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories um evaluate the accuracy of
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+theory for a particular set of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for a particular set of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for a particular set of compounds
+and then create some recommendations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create some recommendations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create some recommendations so
+it's the same topic but you decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same topic but you decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same topic but you decide what
+it is that students should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that students should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that students should be able to
+do okay so I have some uh just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so I have some uh just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so I have some uh just a little
+exercise for us um so they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for us um so they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for us um so they should be
+specific measurable realistic I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific measurable realistic I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific measurable realistic I'm going
+to put some up here and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some up here and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some up here and we're going to
+say you're going to tell me what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're going to tell me what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're going to tell me what's wrong
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+them so number one so T tests are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so number one so T tests are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so number one so T tests are in
+like a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a statistical
+analysis so if anybody anybody a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so if anybody anybody a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so if anybody anybody a test
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+person we can skip that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can skip that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we can skip that one
+okay how about gain an appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about gain an appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about gain an appreciation for
+the use of linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of linearization
+techniques what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ITF it's not specific uh me it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITF it's not specific uh me it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITF it's not specific uh me it's totally
+not measurable exactly I mean how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measurable exactly I mean how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measurable exactly I mean how do I
+know that you appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you appreciate
+it uh don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh don't do
+it all right great um have an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right great um have an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right great um have an intuition
+for the most effective method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most effective method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most effective method of
+integration for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem um so it's not I've heard it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so it's not I've heard it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so it's not I've heard it's
+not specific it's not measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specific it's not measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specific it's not measurable and
+it's not vague I mean and it's vague so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not vague I mean and it's vague so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not vague I mean and it's vague so
+right so have an intuition I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have an intuition I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have an intuition I cannot
+measure that I have not figured out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that I have not figured out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that I have not figured out a
+way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure
+intuition I can tell whether you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I can tell whether you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I can tell whether you can do
+it right um but I can't tell you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um but I can't tell you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um but I can't tell you whether
+uh you have an intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have an intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have an intuition for
+it well how would you rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well how would you rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well how would you rewrite it
+actually how would you rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+use techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use techniques to
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+use so I could could be use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so I could could be use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so I could could be use the
+techniques um another another suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um another another suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um another another suggestion
+something using linearization techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using linearization techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using linearization techniques
+calculate something make a first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something make a first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something make a first pass
+estimate using a linear particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate using a linear particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate using a linear particular
+linearization technique describe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization technique describe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization technique describe when
+you would use linearization technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use linearization technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use linearization technique
+describe when you would use it describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe when you would use it describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe when you would use it describe
+why you would use it all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things list the the areas where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things list the the areas where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things list the the areas where it's
+useful yes great all right for number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yes great all right for number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yes great all right for number
+three the gain in intuition we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the gain in intuition we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the gain in intuition we decided
+it's vague it's not measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vague it's not measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vague it's not measurable
+um what's so how would you rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare compare the various integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare compare the various integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare compare the various integration
+techniques for solving particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for solving particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for solving particular
+problem okay Sol particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay Sol particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay Sol particular problem
+using different kind of okay so solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different kind of okay so solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different kind of okay so solve a
+problem um and then uh we need a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and then uh we need a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and then uh we need a little
+more did you have some identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more did you have some identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more did you have some identify
+effective method of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's hear let's hear what Rachel had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hear let's hear what Rachel had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hear let's hear what Rachel had to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simp right so you probably don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp right so you probably don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp right so you probably don't want to
+say learn how you will just say be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learn how you will just say be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learn how you will just say be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+identify right Gordon you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrates right I you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates right I you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates right I you could just
+say integrate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say integrate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say integrate you know
+uh integrate a problem using whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integrate a problem using whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integrate a problem using whatever
+select select a technique to integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select select a technique to integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select select a technique to integrate a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation um and again those things end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and again those things end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and again those things end
+up being more measurable so four provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being more measurable so four provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being more measurable so four provide
+problem solving problem solving tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving problem solving tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving problem solving tools
+and strategies what's wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategies what's wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategies what's wrong with that
+one it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's to
+it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too
+wide it's instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it's instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it's instructor
+centered what else it's measurable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered what else it's measurable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered what else it's measurable um
+well I can measure that I provided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can measure that I provided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can measure that I provided it
+here I provided these handouts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I provided these handouts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I provided these handouts right
+okay check it happened whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay check it happened whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay check it happened whether or not
+you can do anything with them I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with them I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with them I don't
+know at this point right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point right that's the
+problem doesn't tell us what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doesn't tell us what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doesn't tell us what kind of
+problem and what kind of too we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and what kind of too we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and what kind of too we're going
+to use just Pro of tools and strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use just Pro of tools and strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use just Pro of tools and strategies
+right right it does right it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it does right it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it does right it's very very
+general totally not specific so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general totally not specific so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general totally not specific so what
+what could we do I mean we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we do I mean we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we do I mean we don't know
+what this instructor had in mind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this instructor had in mind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this instructor had in mind but
+what could you do if this was your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you do if this was your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you do if this was your class
+what would you say what about develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you say what about develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you say what about develop
+instead of provide develop so this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of provide develop so this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of provide develop so this and
+again you it has to be student centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you it has to be student centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you it has to be student centered
+so the student will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the student will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the student will be able to
+develop uh problem solving tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh problem solving tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh problem solving tools and
+strategies that's a 4X exactly we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that's a 4X exactly we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that's a 4X exactly we want
+to make it a little more specific um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little more specific um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little more specific um and
+a little more focused because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more focused because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more focused because that's
+pretty broad right I mean I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty broad right I mean I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty broad right I mean I I have
+developed a problemsolving strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a problemsolving strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a problemsolving strategy that
+lets me get out the door without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me get out the door without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets me get out the door without
+tripping right does that mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripping right does that mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripping right does that mean I
+satisfied your learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied your learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied your learning outcomes
+probably not right so so in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not right so so in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not right so so in order to do
+something um use thermodynamics to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um use thermodynamics to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um use thermodynamics to solve
+engineering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not specific as well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not specific as well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not specific as well it's not
+specific at all engineering is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific at all engineering is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific at all engineering is a big
+body of so yeah I mean it's crazy broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of so yeah I mean it's crazy broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of so yeah I mean it's crazy broad
+on a number of fronts right I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a number of fronts right I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a number of fronts right I mean it's
+it's like engineering is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like engineering is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like engineering is huge
+thermodynamics is pretty darn big too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is pretty darn big too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is pretty darn big too
+right so where you know which part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where you know which part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where you know which part of
+thermodynamics which part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which part of
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+right um build an sa race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um build an sa race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um build an sa race
+car what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not realistic right it's pretty specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realistic right it's pretty specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realistic right it's pretty specific
+right build a functioning as a race car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right build a functioning as a race car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right build a functioning as a race car
+it's very specific um and I can totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specific um and I can totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specific um and I can totally
+think of the of the metric of how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the of the metric of how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the of the metric of how I
+would measure whether students could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure whether students could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure whether students could do
+it I would just ask them to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I would just ask them to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I would just ask them to build the
+race car but they're never going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race car but they're never going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race car but they're never going to do
+it in a class in one class period in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a class in one class period in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a class in one class period in one
+course it's unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's unrealistic
+exactly um learn to use llas transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um learn to use llas transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um learn to use llas transforms
+to solve differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+funny I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny I
+mean you can imagine the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can imagine the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can imagine the instructor
+saying you will learn to use that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you will learn to use that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you will learn to use that but
+let's go uh Katherine let's let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go uh Katherine let's let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go uh Katherine let's let's uh
+work your magic with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right right you're my you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right right you're my you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right right you're my you're my
+go-to person for when you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-to person for when you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-to person for when you want to get
+rid of all the like extra words I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the like extra words I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the like extra words I'm
+going to call on you right use laa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call on you right use laa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call on you right use laa
+transforms right that you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right that you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right that you can measure
+you can give them a good equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give them a good equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give them a good equation and
+see if they can use Thea transforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they can use Thea transforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they can use Thea transforms to
+to solve it right so and yes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it right so and yes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it right so and yes you might
+want to be a little more specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little more specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little more specific about
+the kinds of differential equations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of differential equations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of differential equations they
+use um and know how to Upper diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um and know how to Upper diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um and know how to Upper diagonalize
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+Katherine upper diagonalize a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine upper diagonalize a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine upper diagonalize a matrix
+right that's all you have to say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all you have to say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all you have to say right
+forget the extra words um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the extra words um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the extra words um and that is
+really I have just written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I have just written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I have just written the
+assessment question for that I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment question for that I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment question for that I know I
+it's totally measurable I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally measurable I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally measurable I give you a
+matrix and I ask you to Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I ask you to Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I ask you to Upper
+diagonalize it I I haven't I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it I I haven't I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it I I haven't I haven't
+given it away I haven't get told you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it away I haven't get told you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it away I haven't get told you you
+will upper diagonalize this Matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will upper diagonalize this Matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will upper diagonalize this Matrix right
+memorize these equations that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these equations that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these equations that you're
+going to need to write down in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to write down in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to write down in order to
+Upper diagonalize it but but I have told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper diagonalize it but but I have told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper diagonalize it but but I have told
+you that that's what's expected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's what's expected of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's what's expected of
+you ad a comment on these pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ad a comment on these pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ad a comment on these pretty useful
+when a student is trying to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a student is trying to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a student is trying to evaluate the
+use of the class too um for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the class too um for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the class too um for example the
+career fair tomorrow like e and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career fair tomorrow like e and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career fair tomorrow like e and then
+there's a million e jobs they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a million e jobs they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a million e jobs they're like
+okay how are they going to valuate me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how are they going to valuate me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how are they going to valuate me
+and if you could come in and say I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could come in and say I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could come in and say I took
+these classes and this is what we did as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes and this is what we did as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes and this is what we did as
+opposed to having to think or have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having to think or have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having to think or have them
+evaluate me on some random knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate me on some random knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate me on some random knowledge and
+then I don't know that I can respond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't know that I can respond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't know that I can respond but
+I do know stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know stuff you know
+like so this is really helpful in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so this is really helpful in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so this is really helpful in kind
+of a I guess broader sense right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I guess broader sense right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I guess broader sense right um
+great no I'm glad and I think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great no I'm glad and I think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great no I'm glad and I think it's it's
+so true and um people often think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true and um people often think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so true and um people often think well
+you're giving it away but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving it away but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving it away but you're not
+giving anything away you're just telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving anything away you're just telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving anything away you're just telling
+them the expectations right you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the expectations right you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the expectations right you're not
+you're not giving them the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving them the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving them the problems
+you're not you're not uh teaching to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you're not uh teaching to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you're not uh teaching to the
+test but you're just telling them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but you're just telling them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but you're just telling them what
+what they're going to be able to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to be able to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to be able to do in
+in a at at the at a kind of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a at at the at a kind of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a at at the at a kind of high level
+or medium level um you're G you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or medium level um you're G you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or medium level um you're G you're
+telling what they're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling what they're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling what they're going to be able to
+do I will say that so Abed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I will say that so Abed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I will say that so Abed the
+accreditation board for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation board for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accreditation board for engineering
+teaching um every accredited engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um every accredited engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um every accredited engineering
+program has to list they have a through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has to list they have a through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has to list they have a through
+K outcomes and there're if you look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K outcomes and there're if you look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K outcomes and there're if you look it
+up a bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bid
+um and I'm sure ECS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm sure ECS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm sure ECS is
+accredited um if you look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um they have to they did they used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have to they did they used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have to they did they used to do
+a lot more Bean counting but they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more Bean counting but they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more Bean counting but they what
+they would do is the outcomes would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do is the outcomes would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do is the outcomes would be
+you know critical thinking and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know critical thinking and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know critical thinking and some
+problem solving skills and they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving skills and they were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving skills and they were a
+little bit broad but every Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit broad but every Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit broad but every Department
+that got accredited had to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got accredited had to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got accredited had to show how
+various courses contributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various courses contributed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various courses contributed to the
+outcomes so somewhere in your department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so somewhere in your department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so somewhere in your department
+is actually a pretty um should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a pretty um should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a pretty um should be a
+pretty detailed list of how you know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty detailed list of how you know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty detailed list of how you know six
+o whatever did this or six y yada y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o whatever did this or six y yada y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o whatever did this or six y yada y I
+know you're a grad student but did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're a grad student but did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're a grad student but did this
+the problem is they don't have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is they don't have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is they don't have to do it
+for grad student courses but um it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grad student courses but um it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grad student courses but um it might
+be helpful if you looked at that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful if you looked at that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful if you looked at that because
+I would imagine that sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would imagine that sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would imagine that sometimes the
+recruiters would be looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiters would be looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiters would be looking at that
+information so that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that might be a
+commonality but um every program in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality but um every program in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality but um every program in the
+US that's accredited has to have show at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that's accredited has to have show at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that's accredited has to have show at
+least how they've addressed those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least how they've addressed those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least how they've addressed those
+outcomes um so you might want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um so you might want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes um so you might want to take a
+look at that but um but yeah no if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that but um but yeah no if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that but um but yeah no if it
+was a little more explicit it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little more explicit it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little more explicit it would
+certainly be better and I'm glad it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be better and I'm glad it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be better and I'm glad it's
+helpful um okay so I think we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um okay so I think we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um okay so I think we can see
+you can start to see how there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to see how there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to see how there are
+better and worse learning outcomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and worse learning outcomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and worse learning outcomes that
+if they're not measurable they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not measurable they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not measurable they're not so
+useful right if they are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right if they are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right if they are measurable
+they're quite useful um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite useful um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite useful um so
+now what I'd like to do is revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to do is revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to do is revisit the
+worksheet and I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet and I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet and I in
+um what we can do is we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we can do is we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we can do is we're going to take
+about five minutes where you just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes where you just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes where you just sit
+quietly and um write out specific in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly and um write out specific in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quietly and um write out specific in
+intended learning outcomes so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended learning outcomes so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended learning outcomes so you will
+be able to Upper diagonalize a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to Upper diagonalize a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to Upper diagonalize a matrix
+you will be able to uh use Lao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to uh use Lao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to uh use Lao
+transforms to solve this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to solve this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms to solve this type of
+differential equation whatever you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation whatever you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation whatever you've
+written in this column and note that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this column and note that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this column and note that if
+you've put it in this column let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put it in this column let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put it in this column let's say
+you've put it in the apply column that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put it in the apply column that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put it in the apply column that
+when you write the learning outcome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write the learning outcome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write the learning outcome it's
+going to be you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you will be able to
+interpret um uh data using blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret um uh data using blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret um uh data using blah blah
+blah you will be able to uh uh model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah you will be able to uh uh model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah you will be able to uh uh model the
+uh uh the uh the vibration no model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the uh the vibration no model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the uh the vibration no model a
+car suspension system using L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car suspension system using L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car suspension system using L
+linearization techniques right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization techniques right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization techniques right they're
+going to be the whatever wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the whatever wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the whatever wherever you
+put it in the Box these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the Box these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the Box these are some of the
+verbs these are the verbs you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs these are the verbs you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs these are the verbs you're going
+to use in your learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in your learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in your learning
+outcome does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense and I have even more verbs uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and I have even more verbs uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and I have even more verbs uh for
+you if that's helpful did I pass those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if that's helpful did I pass those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if that's helpful did I pass those
+out you got those right yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got those right yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got those right yeah yeah so
+there's more verbs it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more verbs it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more verbs it's the same thing
+um I mean it's consistent so take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's consistent so take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean it's consistent so take five
+minutes by yourself and do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes by yourself and do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes by yourself and do that and then
+you're going to get into Pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get into Pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get into Pairs and
+you're going to discuss um you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to discuss um you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to discuss um you're going
+to trade worksheets and give each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade worksheets and give each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade worksheets and give each other
+feedback all right so five minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback all right so five minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback all right so five minutes of
+quiet and then um and then I'll and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and then um and then I'll and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and then um and then I'll and then
+we'll pair up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you can pair up um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you can pair up um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you can pair up um you don't
+necessarily have to pair up with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to pair up with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to pair up with people
+that are sitting next to you you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sitting next to you you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sitting next to you you might
+want to get a different perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a different perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a different perspective so
+feel free to get up and move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to get up and move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to get up and move around
+talked to somebody that wasn't in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to somebody that wasn't in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to somebody that wasn't in your
+group so maybe if you go back and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so maybe if you go back and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so maybe if you go back and talk
+with Alex maybe we need one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alex maybe we need one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alex maybe we need one group of
+three oh are you a group of three so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three oh are you a group of three so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three oh are you a group of three so now
+just um trade trade um sheets of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um trade trade um sheets of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um trade trade um sheets of paper
+with your partner or if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partner or if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your partner or if you're a
+threesome you can figure out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome you can figure out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome you can figure out how to do
+it um and uh and then review the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and uh and then review the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and uh and then review the review
+The Learning outcomes critically guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Learning outcomes critically guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Learning outcomes critically guys
+just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+sec um so just review your partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec um so just review your partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec um so just review your partners
+learning outcomes critically make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes critically make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes critically make sure
+that they're measurable realistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're measurable realistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're measurable realistic and
+specific if if your partner use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if if your partner use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if if your partner use the word
+understand help him or her work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand help him or her work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand help him or her work through
+that to get a better to get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get a better to get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get a better to get a better
+word um so you're going to be a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um so you're going to be a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um so you're going to be a critical
+friend here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend here okay
+and um and then you guys can discuss how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then you guys can discuss how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then you guys can discuss how
+to improve it and then I'm going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve it and then I'm going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve it and then I'm going to pass
+around some flip chart paper and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some flip chart paper and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some flip chart paper and each
+one of you will write uh maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you will write uh maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you will write uh maybe just
+write your name at the top and write two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your name at the top and write two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your name at the top and write two
+or three learning outcomes on the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three learning outcomes on the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three learning outcomes on the flip
+chart paper uh and then we can stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart paper uh and then we can stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart paper uh and then we can stick
+them up around the room and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up around the room and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up around the room and then
+everybody can see everybody else's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see everybody else's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can see everybody else's uh
+learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay did was there a question did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did was there a question did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did was there a question did you
+guys have no I was just saying I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you how you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you guys
+doing you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you can use this this Zone if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can use this this Zone if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can use this this Zone if
+you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this as you're looking at other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you're looking at other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you're looking at other people's
+uh learning outcomes think about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning outcomes think about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning outcomes think about um how
+clear how easy it would be or not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how easy it would be or not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how easy it would be or not easy
+to come up with an exam question or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an exam question or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an exam question or a
+project or an assessment or measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or an assessment or measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or an assessment or measurement
+of whether or not the student reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not the student reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not the student reached
+attained the learning outcome you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained the learning outcome you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained the learning outcome you can
+put them up here uh Hina and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them up here uh Hina and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them up here uh Hina and uh
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay and as I said make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay and as I said make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay and as I said make sure that
+you've read everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read everybody
+else's want to say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I think we may have a record this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think we may have a record this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think we may have a record this
+is like the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first time
+ever that no one has used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever that no one has used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever that no one has used the word
+understand which I think you're all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which I think you're all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which I think you're all to
+be commended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be commended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be commended
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um so David make sure you don't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand you build me up just to knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you build me up just to knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you build me up just to knock
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I need just uh you can or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I need just uh you can or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I need just uh you can or you
+don't have to doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to doesn't
+matter does anyone have any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter does anyone have any comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter does anyone have any comments
+either about the exercise itself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either about the exercise itself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either about the exercise itself or
+about somebody's learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somebody's learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somebody's learning
+outcomes that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around again the the the measurement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again the the the measurement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again the the the measurement you
+want the thing you want to look at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the thing you want to look at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the thing you want to look at when
+you look at your own learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your own learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your own learning outcomes
+and those of others is are they specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of others is are they specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of others is are they specific
+measurable and realistic do you do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and realistic do you do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and realistic do you do and
+would you know would you would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know would you would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know would you would you know
+if a student achieved those learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a student achieved those learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a student achieved those learning
+outcomes so I would say I about 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so I would say I about 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so I would say I about 90% of
+these are very specific which is great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very specific which is great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very specific which is great I
+mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's some
+incredibly specific ones here um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly specific ones here um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly specific ones here um the
+more specific the easier it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific the easier it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific the easier it is to
+measure um so that's one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um so that's one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um so that's one thing that's
+that's a useful thing you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful thing you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful thing you want to make
+sure you don't get so specific that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't get so specific that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you don't get so specific that
+there's only like one question you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only like one question you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only like one question you can
+ask so that's the that's the balance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so that's the that's the balance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so that's the that's the balance um
+sometimes you can't tell that unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't tell that unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't tell that unless
+you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the
+discipline we have other comments other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline we have other comments other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline we have other comments other
+about any of these learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of these learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of these learning
+outcomes something you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes something you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes something you don't get
+something that looks particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting yes Gordon perhaps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes Gordon perhaps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yes Gordon perhaps you can
+sit down if you're if you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down if you're if you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down if you're if you're done
+reading I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around I don't know how it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I don't know how it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I don't know how it's going to be
+how going to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how going to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how going to that
+I well I guess you have to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well I guess you have to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well I guess you have to come up with
+a with a a reaction that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a reaction that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a reaction that you're
+confident they haven't seen before so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident they haven't seen before so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident they haven't seen before so if
+you can do that then you can ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that then you can ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that then you can ask them to
+propose a mechanism for it I suppose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a mechanism for it I suppose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a mechanism for it I suppose um
+if the person that wrote it wants to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person that wrote it wants to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person that wrote it wants to I
+know who wrote it but if the person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who wrote it but if the person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who wrote it but if the person that
+wrot it wrote it wants to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrot it wrote it wants to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrot it wrote it wants to talk a little
+bit about it that would be great if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about it that would be great if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about it that would be great if not
+so a lot of people go through organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people go through organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people go through organ
+Chemistry by just trying to Miz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry by just trying to Miz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry by just trying to Miz
+mechm but it's easier to just identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechm but it's easier to just identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechm but it's easier to just identify
+like creactivity groups and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creactivity groups and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creactivity groups and find
+patterns between them so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find right and I and this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find right and I and this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find right and I and this is a great
+point I mentioned it to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I mentioned it to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I mentioned it to one of the
+groups but sometimes we'll say explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups but sometimes we'll say explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups but sometimes we'll say explain
+how blah blah blah blah blah works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how blah blah blah blah blah works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how blah blah blah blah blah works and
+that's a great thought that oh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great thought that oh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great thought that oh they're
+going to be able to explain it right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to explain it right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to explain it right but
+but many times they can fall back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many times they can fall back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many times they can fall back on
+either a memorized explanation or sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a memorized explanation or sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a memorized explanation or sort
+of a kind of a canned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of a canned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of a canned
+procedure so if you really want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if you really want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so if you really want them to
+be at the level of explain you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the level of explain you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the level of explain you will have
+to kind of make some things up to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of make some things up to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of make some things up to get
+them out of to get them away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of to get them away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of to get them away from the
+ability to just pull something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to just pull something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to just pull something
+completely from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely from memory
+so this is this is an example of how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is an example of how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is an example of how uh
+how you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay other observations or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other observations or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other observations or questions
+yeah I also I'm also read something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I also I'm also read something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I also I'm also read something that
+code and comp jav source code code comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and comp jav source code code comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and comp jav source code code comp
+jav source code there's a code and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jav source code there's a code and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jav source code there's a code and then
+you have to compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+so um perhaps the person that wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um perhaps the person that wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um perhaps the person that wrote it
+wants to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+comp for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I think what he has just said it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think what he has just said it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think what he has just said it he
+said code and compile then he said Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said code and compile then he said Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said code and compile then he said Java
+is his language you write so write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his language you write so write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his language you write so write and
+compile write and comp so you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile write and comp so you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile write and comp so you write a
+code and then you compile it so write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then you compile it so write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then you compile it so write
+and compile right so so um and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compile right so so um and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compile right so so um and this is a
+great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example
+um of how having people that aren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of how having people that aren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of how having people that aren't in
+the field read them can help clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field read them can help clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field read them can help clarify
+things for your students who are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for your students who are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for your students who are by
+default non-experts right so perhap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default non-experts right so perhap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default non-experts right so perhap
+perhaps to an expert that's it totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to an expert that's it totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to an expert that's it totally
+makes sense of course code right but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense of course code right but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense of course code right but to
+somebody that's not an expert maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's not an expert maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's not an expert maybe
+that's confusing maybe that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confusing maybe that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confusing maybe that maybe the
+use of code twice was confusing to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of code twice was confusing to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of code twice was confusing to an
+expert it's totally readable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert it's totally readable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert it's totally readable it's
+totally understandable perhaps to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally understandable perhaps to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally understandable perhaps to a
+novice it isn't you're laughing agrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice it isn't you're laughing agrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice it isn't you're laughing agrian
+is funny we're both yeah that was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is funny we're both yeah that was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is funny we're both yeah that was kind
+of random sounds great right well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random sounds great right well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random sounds great right well that's
+a perfect example right it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect example right it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect example right it's a perfect
+example of how getting maybe other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how getting maybe other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how getting maybe other
+people that aren't in your field to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't in your field to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't in your field to look
+at them can help make them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them can help make them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them can help make them more
+accessible to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to your
+students okay um this is great oh Haina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students okay um this is great oh Haina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students okay um this is great oh Haina
+I had it's on a different topic but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had it's on a different topic but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had it's on a different topic but it
+really I question about buzzwords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I question about buzzwords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I question about buzzwords in
+learning outcome so I think as engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcome so I think as engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcome so I think as engineers
+get really excited about telling people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really excited about telling people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really excited about telling people
+about real world problems so I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real world problems so I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real world problems so I know that
+at least in one and I guess it's more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in one and I guess it's more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in one and I guess it's more of
+an opinion question like as you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opinion question like as you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opinion question like as you write
+your learning act like so I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your learning act like so I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your learning act like so I think in
+some ways it's better to also specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's better to also specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's better to also specific
+about the real world problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real world problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real world problems that
+they're going to attack because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to attack because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to attack because I've
+seen that on syes all the time very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that on syes all the time very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that on syes all the time very
+excited about it and I think it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it and I think it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it and I think it's a way
+to keep people in your class but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep people in your class but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep people in your class but it
+doesn't help them know what tools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help them know what tools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help them know what tools are
+they getting right I mean world world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they getting right I mean world world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they getting right I mean world world
+problems in particular really do kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in particular really do kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in particular really do kind of
+they encapsulate a whole pile of hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encapsulate a whole pile of hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encapsulate a whole pile of hopes
+and dreams right um so it may help to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams right um so it may help to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams right um so it may help to be
+a little more specific you could use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more specific you could use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more specific you could use it
+in your thesis in your in your learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your thesis in your in your learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your thesis in your in your learning
+outcomes but then maybe describe it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but then maybe describe it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but then maybe describe it in a
+little more detail in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail in your in your
+syllabus um uh the kinds of real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus um uh the kinds of real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus um uh the kinds of real world
+problems or why we care about real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or why we care about real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or why we care about real world
+problems they're messy they're IL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they're messy they're IL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they're messy they're IL
+defined they're what what about them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined they're what what about them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined they're what what about them is
+so important what about about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important what about about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important what about about them
+is yeah is so important so yeah try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah is so important so yeah try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah is so important so yeah try to
+minimize the buzzword but at some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the buzzword but at some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the buzzword but at some level
+you know they may not know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they may not know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they may not know about
+something until they're completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until they're completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something until they're completely
+through with the course and you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with the course and you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with the course and you may have
+to use that word so there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word so there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word so there's a bit of a
+balance what I'm going to do before I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance what I'm going to do before I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance what I'm going to do before I'll
+bring all these back to my office take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all these back to my office take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all these back to my office take
+pictures of them and put them up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of them and put them up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of them and put them up on the
+uh put them up on the wiki so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put them up on the wiki so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put them up on the wiki so you'll
+have a record of them um I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of them um I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of them um I wanted to
+just uh as we go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh as we go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh as we go out
+here my point is really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my point is really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my point is really that
+um that the hard part is these learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the hard part is these learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the hard part is these learning
+outcomes and that once you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and that once you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and that once you write the
+learning outcomes as we said before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes as we said before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning outcomes as we said before you
+kind of know how you're going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know how you're going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know how you're going to test
+whether students got them and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether students got them and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether students got them and you know
+um and you know what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know what you're going to do
+to help them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them get
+them the the the syllabus itself is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the the the syllabus itself is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the the the syllabus itself is just
+an articulation of that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an articulation of that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an articulation of that it's a
+description of the course an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the course an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the course an
+articulation of the learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of the learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of the learning outcomes
+stated like the laundry example with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated like the laundry example with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated like the laundry example with a
+title this is what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title this is what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title this is what you're going to do
+right this is what by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what by the end of the
+class this is what you'll be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is what you'll be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is what you'll be able to do
+it's kind of a promise that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a promise that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a promise that that's what
+you're going to do it motivates students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do it motivates students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do it motivates students
+to take the class to stay in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the class to stay in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the class to stay in the class
+um uh to engage with the class it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to engage with the class it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to engage with the class it keeps
+you on track so you at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on track so you at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on track so you at the beginning of
+the semester may be all be very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester may be all be very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester may be all be very clear
+but four weeks in and you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but four weeks in and you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but four weeks in and you're a little
+bit fuzzy because you've been dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit fuzzy because you've been dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit fuzzy because you've been dealing
+with all sorts of stuff and you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all sorts of stuff and you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all sorts of stuff and you kind of
+go what the heck why did what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what the heck why did what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what the heck why did what what's
+this in here for well if it's if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here for well if it's if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here for well if it's if you've
+lined everything up at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined everything up at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined everything up at the beginning
+using your learning outcomes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your learning outcomes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your learning outcomes as the
+anchor then you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor then you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor then you don't have to worry
+about about that you just follow the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about that you just follow the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about that you just follow the map
+um so it really really helps um you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it really really helps um you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it really really helps um you and
+the students get through the semester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students get through the semester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students get through the semester in
+a very in a logical way um and it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very in a logical way um and it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very in a logical way um and it tells
+it tells the students like what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells the students like what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells the students like what they can
+expect of you what you can expect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of you what you can expect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of you what you can expect of
+them so uh it's motivational structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh it's motivational structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh it's motivational structural
+and it's evidence of what they hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's evidence of what they hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's evidence of what they hopefully
+of what they did but certainly of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they did but certainly of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they did but certainly of what
+you hope to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope to do with
+them okay um so for the Post session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay um so for the Post session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay um so for the Post session
+assignment you'll have to write up a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you'll have to write up a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you'll have to write up a um
+more learning outcomes from your course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more learning outcomes from your course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more learning outcomes from your course
+you can use these as the base as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these as the base as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these as the base as the
+basis for sure hopefully the table will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for sure hopefully the table will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for sure hopefully the table will
+help you as you write more of them and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you as you write more of them and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you as you write more of them and I
+will try to and I will go in and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to and I will go in and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to and I will go in and give
+you feedback I want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback I want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback I want to make sure that
+everybody knows that you should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you should read
+each other's postings so a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's postings so a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's postings so a lot of you
+had great examples um from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had great examples um from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had great examples um from the first
+class about how you would use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about how you would use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about how you would use these
+learning theories in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theories in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning theories in your in your
+courses um in and how you teach there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um in and how you teach there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses um in and how you teach there
+were fabulous examples make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fabulous examples make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fabulous examples make sure you
+read those postings of others that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those postings of others that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those postings of others that's one
+reason why it's up on a WI and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's up on a WI and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's up on a WI and not just
+you're handing it in to me okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handing it in to me okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handing it in to me okay so you
+have the mud cards fill them out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mud cards fill them out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mud cards fill them out if you
+have any more information that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any more information that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any more information that you want
+uh and uh otherwise uh we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh otherwise uh we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh otherwise uh we'll see you
+next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/algECMeQFrE.txt b/algECMeQFrE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03710b35420044d5bf3cf211dfd941a2f35104b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/algECMeQFrE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1184 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+having a potential difference of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a potential difference of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a potential difference of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it is immersed in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it is immersed in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it is immersed in a slightly
+conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+oil the mechanism responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the mechanism responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the mechanism responsible for the
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+interaction of electric fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of electric fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of electric fields and
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+media the applied voltage induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the applied voltage induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the applied voltage induces
+charges on the electrodes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the electrodes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the electrodes and the
+contacting metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting metallic
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process here we use corn oil with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here we use corn oil with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here we use corn oil with a
+relaxation time of about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second now we have Transformer oil with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second now we have Transformer oil with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second now we have Transformer oil with
+a relaxation time of over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+electrode long before the charges leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode long before the charges leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode long before the charges leak
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+downward by the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward by the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward by the electric field and
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+now even charges on the wall are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important the oscillations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the oscillations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the oscillations of the
+Spheres provide an explanation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spheres provide an explanation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spheres provide an explanation of what
+we see if metal filings are placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see if metal filings are placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see if metal filings are placed
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+lose their charge and fall back before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their charge and fall back before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their charge and fall back before
+reaching the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrode but in Transformer oil they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode but in Transformer oil they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode but in Transformer oil they
+stream between electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we increase the voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we increase the voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we increase the voltage the
+streaming particles cause electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small particles in oil insulated high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small particles in oil insulated high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small particles in oil insulated high
+voltage equipment can similarly lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disaster three streams three trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster three streams three trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster three streams three trash
+barrels and three electrodes each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and three electrodes each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and three electrodes each
+connected to the adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Barrel the drop deflections indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrel the drop deflections indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrel the drop deflections indicate
+that a large alternating voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large alternating voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large alternating voltage is
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have an unusual form of a three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an unusual form of a three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an unusual form of a three-phase
+high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage
+generator this explanation may occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator this explanation may occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator this explanation may occur to
+you with a little thought as we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a little thought as we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a little thought as we study
+now the interactions of electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interactions of electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interactions of electric fields
+and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium moving medium is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water replace the ring at 1 Kilt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential at a short distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at a short distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at a short distance from the
+nozzle the Jets break into drops which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the Jets break into drops which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the Jets break into drops which
+we see here in slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion the water jets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+induce image charges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce image charges on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce image charges on the
+Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets
+as the drops pull away from the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the drops pull away from the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the drops pull away from the stream
+they do so with a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so with a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so with a net
+charge this charge is then transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this charge is then transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this charge is then transported
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+from the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preceding
+drops this sphere attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops this sphere attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops this sphere attached to a
+conductor can give an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor can give an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor can give an idea of the
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+intensity about 30 KT per centimeter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity about 30 KT per centimeter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity about 30 KT per centimeter is
+required to produce breakdown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air so we generate about 10 K beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we generate about 10 K beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we generate about 10 K beginning
+with charges induced by two 510v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charges induced by two 510v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charges induced by two 510v
+batteries we have a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generator the relaxation time in tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the relaxation time in tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the relaxation time in tap
+water is far less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is far less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is far less than a
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+time of the air is much greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the air is much greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the air is much greater than a
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+the pale with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale with its
+charge the electric Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the electric Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the electric Reynolds number
+based on the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the properties of the
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+by a moving insulating belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges are placed on the Belt by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are placed on the Belt by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are placed on the Belt by a
+Corona Source at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+they accumulate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dome this small vandag generator can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dome this small vandag generator can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dome this small vandag generator can
+make 500,000 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large modern electrostatic machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large modern electrostatic machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large modern electrostatic machines
+produce as high as 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce as high as 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce as high as 10 million
+volts so far we've considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so far we've considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so far we've considered the
+effects of material motion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of material motion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of material motion on the
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+we've learned you'll want to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+we placed a second stream of drops next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we placed a second stream of drops next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we placed a second stream of drops next
+to the one we were using a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we were using a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we were using a moment
+ago this stream also has its inducer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this stream also has its inducer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this stream also has its inducer
+electrode and a pale for catching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drops now however there is no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops now however there is no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops now however there is no external
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+pales of the opposite streams which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pales of the opposite streams which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pales of the opposite streams which
+causes them to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously the electrical breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously the electrical breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously the electrical breakdown
+makes it clear that with no exitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear that with no exitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear that with no exitation
+this system generates about 20 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+the motion generate the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion generate the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion generate the electric field
+but that the field also has a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the field also has a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the field also has a strong
+influence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+if we bear in mind that the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we bear in mind that the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we bear in mind that the major
+constituents of this experiment air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of this experiment air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of this experiment air
+water drops and electric charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water drops and electric charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water drops and electric charges are
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+Dynamics have a lot to do with lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics have a lot to do with lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics have a lot to do with lightning
+like our experiment thunderstorms are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our experiment thunderstorms are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our experiment thunderstorms are an
+electrohydrodynamic Dynamo of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrohydrodynamic Dynamo of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrohydrodynamic Dynamo of course a
+much more complicated one than we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+another form in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form in our
+introduction three strings with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction three strings with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction three strings with each
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+that the fields are spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are spontaneously
+building up this time the voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up this time the voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up this time the voltage of
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+water and air is a three-phase AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/anyorDawmWc.txt b/anyorDawmWc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60398247ae7df5030b166bb28690cb97876b4a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/anyorDawmWc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started let's get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started let's get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started let's get this
+world world we're moving on uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world world we're moving on uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world world we're moving on uh this is
+week four so we're on topic four they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week four so we're on topic four they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week four so we're on topic four they're
+not always going to line up so neatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always going to line up so neatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always going to line up so neatly
+with a week but as long as we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a week but as long as we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a week but as long as we can do it
+just makes the mind a little better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes the mind a little better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes the mind a little better and
+week four is about equality equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week four is about equality equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week four is about equality equivalence
+in intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intervals
+um so uh first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh first thing
+first any questions on problem set three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first any questions on problem set three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first any questions on problem set three
+those who have started working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have started working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have started working on
+it yeah one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah one of the
+scores was behaved weird when I was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores was behaved weird when I was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores was behaved weird when I was yeah
+anyone else see anything weird about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else see anything weird about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else see anything weird about
+10.7 did you show the score um yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.7 did you show the score um yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.7 did you show the score um yeah I
+showed the score I counted the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the score I counted the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the score I counted the number of
+notes and then I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then I actually
+like or maybe I'm not thinking of 10.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or maybe I'm not thinking of 10.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or maybe I'm not thinking of 10.7
+then if if it didn't immediately got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if if it didn't immediately got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if if it didn't immediately got
+like three times as many notes when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three times as many notes when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three times as many notes when I
+did score analysis but it didn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did score analysis but it didn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did score analysis but it didn't have it
+on any the pieces but I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any the pieces but I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any the pieces but I actually
+physically counted them my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically counted them my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically counted them my hand
+interesting look look at that one show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting look look at that one show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting look look at that one show
+doesn't show the entire score yeah show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show the entire score yeah show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show the entire score yeah show
+doesn't yeah show doesn't show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't yeah show doesn't show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't yeah show doesn't show the
+entire score in Jupiter uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire score in Jupiter uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire score in Jupiter uh that's a
+feature um thank you for for reminding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um thank you for for reminding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um thank you for for reminding
+me that's a feature in um in Version 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's a feature in um in Version 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's a feature in um in Version 9
+which was supposed to be released before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was supposed to be released before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was supposed to be released before
+the beginning of class but we found bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class but we found bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class but we found bugs
+in that where you'll be able to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that where you'll be able to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that where you'll be able to look at
+the other Parts yeah yeah 10.9 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Parts yeah yeah 10.9 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Parts yeah yeah 10.9 is a
+longer uh one of the longer scores thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh one of the longer scores thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh one of the longer scores thank
+you thank you one of the other scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you one of the other scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you one of the other scores
+has something uh a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something uh a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something uh a little bit different
+to about it that's worth looking at cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about it that's worth looking at cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about it that's worth looking at cool
+um yeah yeah so uh especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so uh especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so uh especially if you
+don't um if it doesn't seem to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um if it doesn't seem to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um if it doesn't seem to conclude
+with a a nice authentic Cadence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a nice authentic Cadence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a nice authentic Cadence or
+something like that then probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that then probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that then probably not
+and actually for anybody um nice I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for anybody um nice I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for anybody um nice I don't
+have any prizes I didn't bring any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any prizes I didn't bring any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any prizes I didn't bring any um
+Candy or anything say 66.6 one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candy or anything say 66.6 one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candy or anything say 66.6 one we're
+working on does it end with an authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on does it end with an authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on does it end with an authentic
+Cadence or something else that'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence or something else that'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence or something else that'll be an
+interesting point when we get around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point when we get around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point when we get around to
+automatic Roman numeral analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic Roman numeral analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic Roman numeral analysis uh
+which we will get to later that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will get to later that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will get to later that that the
+preview I think that's P set seven it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview I think that's P set seven it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview I think that's P set seven it
+might be P set eight that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be P set eight that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be P set eight that's the other
+one uh and I'll give you some notice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and I'll give you some notice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and I'll give you some notice in
+advance that's the other pet that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that's the other pet that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that's the other pet that um
+that takes a little bit more time though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a little bit more time though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a little bit more time though
+that one's uh you have a group for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's uh you have a group for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's uh you have a group for that
+okay um great uh you all watched I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um great uh you all watched I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um great uh you all watched I can I
+can see most people are doing very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see most people are doing very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see most people are doing very good
+job of keeping up with videos and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of keeping up with videos and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of keeping up with videos and things
+uh this weekend by the way you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this weekend by the way you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this weekend by the way you won't
+have any um you all need a break from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any um you all need a break from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any um you all need a break from
+that definitely um but uh most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definitely um but uh most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definitely um but uh most people
+keep me up with videos anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me up with videos anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me up with videos anything about
+the sound discore the thing I had hop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound discore the thing I had hop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound discore the thing I had hop to
+get into class but that we instead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into class but that we instead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into class but that we instead uh
+watch me not blabber live but blabber on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch me not blabber live but blabber on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch me not blabber live but blabber on
+video um anything about that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um anything about that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um anything about that there were
+some really cool uh other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool uh other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool uh other examples
+anybody want to share theirs U on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to share theirs U on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to share theirs U on there
+that one that one I did give sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that one I did give sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that one I did give sometimes
+just one to two words feedback but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one to two words feedback but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one to two words feedback but what
+what were some of the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were some of the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were some of the things that you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+use what are some of the steps do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what are some of the steps do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what are some of the steps do you
+remember in going from um an audio file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in going from um an audio file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in going from um an audio file
+to audio to uh score what was some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to audio to uh score what was some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to audio to uh score what was some of
+the things you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you needed to
+do frequency analysis what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do frequency analysis what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do frequency analysis what's that
+frequency analysis good good more toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency analysis good good more toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency analysis good good more toward
+the end the beginning toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the beginning toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the beginning toward the
+beginning okay so somewhere over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay so somewhere over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay so somewhere over here
+with frequency analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency analysis
+y pitch connections what what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y pitch connections what what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y pitch connections what what did we
+mean by that just I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that just I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that just I guess that's
+technically analing the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically analing the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically analing the not
+are What notes are being produced what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are What notes are being produced what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are What notes are being produced what
+notes are being produced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are being produced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are being produced in the
+frequencies yeah what's slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies yeah what's slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies yeah what's slightly
+different about frequency you you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about frequency you you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about frequency you you I
+think you started to say oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you started to say oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you started to say oh that's
+actually the then you're like no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the then you're like no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the then you're like no it's
+not actually the same what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually the same what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually the same what's the
+difference between frequency analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between frequency analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between frequency analysis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um pitches musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pitches what's what's the thing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches what's what's the thing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches what's what's the thing we need
+to do M I guess some like pictures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do M I guess some like pictures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do M I guess some like pictures or
+notes they have multiple frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they have multiple frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they have multiple frequencies
+like overtones so they try to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like overtones so they try to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like overtones so they try to analyze
+that and create like instrument yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and create like instrument yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and create like instrument yeah
+yeah when you play a really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note you can hear some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you can hear some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you can hear some of them
+especially if I take um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if I take um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if I take um one of the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+notes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you
+get rid of the really low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the really low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the really low frequencies
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+can start hearing the thing if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start hearing the thing if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start hearing the thing if you ever
+are writing a piano piece and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are writing a piano piece and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are writing a piano piece and you need
+some bells in the background that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bells in the background that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bells in the background that's
+always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good
+trick just okay um not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick just okay um not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick just okay um not too many
+composers writing for piano and wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers writing for piano and wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers writing for piano and wanting
+Bells um okay so good so we have um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bells um okay so good so we have um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bells um okay so good so we have um yeah
+so we're we're taking out the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're taking out the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're taking out the harmonic
+spectrum and uh we're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and uh we're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and uh we're getting the
+pitches and things from that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches and things from that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches and things from that what's
+what's the by product if we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the by product if we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the by product if we're thinking
+of like nuclear fion we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like nuclear fion we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like nuclear fion we have all these
+energy and we have this Radioactive by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we have this Radioactive by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we have this Radioactive by
+product what what do we learn when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what what do we learn when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what what do we learn when we
+strip out the overtones what might we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip out the overtones what might we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip out the overtones what might we be
+able to learn um and get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn um and get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn um and get down to the
+frequ to the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves if you do that with a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if you do that with a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if you do that with a whole
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+notes or a whole bunch of sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies think it it was already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies think it it was already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies think it it was already said
+but wasn't super explicit the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wasn't super explicit the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wasn't super explicit the word
+already appeared um in what M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said take a take a stab what what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take a take a stab what what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take a take a stab what what are we
+talking about when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're talking about
+overtones and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonics are they always the same yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are they always the same yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are they always the same yeah
+Vanessa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't necessarily want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily want to consider
+you're considering the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering the individual
+pitch kind of present for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch kind of present for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch kind of present for all of the
+different like individual pitches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like individual pitches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like individual pitches that
+You' be playing so you need to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' be playing so you need to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' be playing so you need to determine
+when that's something that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's something that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's something that you should be
+paying attention to as opposed to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to as opposed to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to as opposed to like
+if it's in a chord or not yeah super so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in a chord or not yeah super so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in a chord or not yeah super so
+chord chords definitely an issue problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord chords definitely an issue problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord chords definitely an issue problem
+we'll leave that offic up what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that offic up what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that offic up what if we
+just follow up um are does every D that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow up um are does every D that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow up um are does every D that
+you analyze let's say d octave 4 does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze let's say d octave 4 does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze let's say d octave 4 does it
+always have the same overtone Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the same overtone Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the same overtone Spectrum
+no what what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference it's okay great John the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's okay great John the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's okay great John the
+instrument the instrument yeah so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument the instrument yeah so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument the instrument yeah so I said
+this this was there so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was there so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was there so one of the things
+while we're going from frequency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're going from frequency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're going from frequency I
+should have had something up here while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had something up here while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had something up here while
+we're going from frequency to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from frequency to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from frequency to um to
+pitches the byproduct is we determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches the byproduct is we determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches the byproduct is we determining
+what instrument is being played so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what instrument is being played so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what instrument is being played so we
+have that good what are some other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that good what are some other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that good what are some other other
+parts of it that um of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it that um of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it that um of the of the
+process that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember Hannah the duration and Tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hannah the duration and Tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hannah the duration and Tempo
+the duration and Tempo great does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration and Tempo great does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration and Tempo great does
+duration tell you the tempo or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration tell you the tempo or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration tell you the tempo or does
+Tempo tell you who votes duration tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo tell you who votes duration tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo tell you who votes duration tells
+you the tempo who votes Tempo tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tempo who votes Tempo tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tempo who votes Tempo tells you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+duration who votes something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration who votes something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration who votes something else
+something more complex yeah you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complex yeah you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complex yeah you could
+also have raised your hand on both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have raised your hand on both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have raised your hand on both of
+them there's kind of that weird feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's kind of that weird feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's kind of that weird feedback
+loop that you can't tell the tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that you can't tell the tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that you can't tell the tempo
+unless you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a whole bunch of
+duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration
+but then the temple will also tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the temple will also tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the temple will also tell you
+something about you is that a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you is that a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you is that a quarter
+note so you second duration good any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so you second duration good any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so you second duration good any
+other parts that stood out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts that stood out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts that stood out
+from what what what somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what what what somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what what what somebody else's
+people give great great examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people give great great examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people give great great examples of
+something that you could once you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could once you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could once you think
+you have a score once you're at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a score once you're at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a score once you're at some
+part you could use something from music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you could use something from music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you could use something from music
+theory or history to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or history to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or history to bring
+back I'm going to put you on the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I'm going to put you on the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I'm going to put you on the spot
+cuz I remember yours was very good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I remember yours was very good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I remember yours was very good I
+don't remember what okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what okay
+good there y all y all do your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there y all y all do your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there y all y all do your work
+early in the weekend and it's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the weekend and it's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the weekend and it's out of
+mind any anyone want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind any anyone want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind any anyone want to make
+up think yours was on articulations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up think yours was on articulations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up think yours was on articulations was
+it not spato oh perhaps yeah that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not spato oh perhaps yeah that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not spato oh perhaps yeah that you
+could find that there's go ahead what oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find that there's go ahead what oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find that there's go ahead what oh
+no I just going to say that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just going to say that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just going to say that like
+sometimes you might hear it as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might hear it as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might hear it as like a
+lot of notes I followed by like short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of notes I followed by like short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of notes I followed by like short
+rests and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests and not
+um but then based on the piece or style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then based on the piece or style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then based on the piece or style
+you might go back and mark it as yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go back and mark it as yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go back and mark it as yeah
+yeah based based on based on having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah based based on based on having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah based based on based on having a
+whole bunch of notes that always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of notes that always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of notes that always have
+this you large amount of rest you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you large amount of rest you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you large amount of rest you might
+say spato or staccato or something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say spato or staccato or something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say spato or staccato or something or
+the notes are all running into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes are all running into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes are all running into each
+other you might say this is legato you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you might say this is legato you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you might say this is legato you
+might get out slurs things good any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get out slurs things good any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get out slurs things good any
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+else either remember theirs or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else either remember theirs or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else either remember theirs or something
+else come to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um trying to trying to remember there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to trying to remember there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to trying to remember there
+were there were at least three that I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were at least three that I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were at least three that I um
+that I've never seen uh that I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've never seen uh that I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've never seen uh that I never
+thought of that I was like Wow and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that I was like Wow and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that I was like Wow and then
+then about seven more that I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about seven more that I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about seven more that I'm like
+we're on the same wavelength with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other okay I we come back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay I we come back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay I we come back to that later
+what one of the things you'll find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the things you'll find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the things you'll find um
+the end of problem set three asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of problem set three asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of problem set three asks you to
+write your own question right it asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own question right it asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your own question right it asks
+you hey if you had a whole bunch of cson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey if you had a whole bunch of cson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey if you had a whole bunch of cson
+based on the tools you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the tools you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the tools you have for
+statistical analysis what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis what kinds of
+questions you could ask and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you could ask and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you could ask and it doesn't
+ask you to answer that um but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to answer that um but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to answer that um but you're
+going to find um that as the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find um that as the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find um that as the semester
+goes on those become bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on those become bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on those become bigger and bigger
+parts of the problem sets taking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the problem sets taking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the problem sets taking more
+time you'll be asked to pose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'll be asked to pose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'll be asked to pose your own
+question and answer them and um both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and answer them and um both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and answer them and um both the
+quality of the answer but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the answer but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the answer but also the
+interest or the the you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or the the you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or the the you know of the
+question becomes really important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes really important and
+why why is that important what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that important what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that important what are we
+going to do at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at the end of the
+semester we're going to pose our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we're going to pose our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we're going to pose our own
+question and try to solve it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and try to solve it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and try to solve it right and
+what what do researchers do in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do researchers do in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do researchers do in the world
+for the most part they pose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part they pose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part they pose an
+interesting question and they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and they try to
+solve it so we're going to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so we're going to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so we're going to try to make
+it so by the end of the semester you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so by the end of the semester you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so by the end of the semester you're
+not just students who are who are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just students who are who are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just students who are who are given
+an assignment to do but also posing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment to do but also posing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment to do but also posing your
+own your own questions and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own your own questions and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own your own questions and so you'll
+you'll probably get sick of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably get sick of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably get sick of the fact
+that I'm asking you to document uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm asking you to document uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm asking you to document uh write
+doc strings and all that stuff in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc strings and all that stuff in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc strings and all that stuff in your
+problem sets now and at first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets now and at first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets now and at first it's
+pretty silly because I'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty silly because I'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty silly because I'm asking you
+specifically to do you know one task um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to do you know one task um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to do you know one task um
+but um you know but then as it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know but then as it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know but then as it goes on
+the more and more complex problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more and more complex problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more and more complex problems
+you're going to be making your own sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be making your own sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be making your own sub
+problems uh pet 4 is the first one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh pet 4 is the first one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh pet 4 is the first one where
+I suggest that you might write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest that you might write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest that you might write some
+helper functions that won't be graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper functions that won't be graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper functions that won't be graded
+it'll be the first time where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the first time where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the first time where I think
+you probably shouldn't try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably shouldn't try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably shouldn't try to solve
+everything right in the answer um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right in the answer um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right in the answer um and so
+you you know that's a good time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that's a good time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that's a good time to
+practice doing that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing that type of
+thing anything else before moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anything else before moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anything else before moving on to
+the third little topic um from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third little topic um from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third little topic um from from the
+uh weekend discussion music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weekend discussion music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weekend discussion music
+XML any thoughts anybody um watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML any thoughts anybody um watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML any thoughts anybody um watch the
+interview with Michael Gooden take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Michael Gooden take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Michael Gooden take away
+anything you want to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's gonna drop into this class um in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna drop into this class um in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna drop into this class um in a
+couple weeks I think uh he's visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks I think uh he's visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks I think uh he's visiting
+campus uh I think it's is yeah go ahe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus uh I think it's is yeah go ahe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus uh I think it's is yeah go ahe I
+think one thing that I kind of took away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing that I kind of took away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one thing that I kind of took away
+from the deal was just how much effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the deal was just how much effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the deal was just how much effort
+goes into like creating something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into like creating something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into like creating something and
+then trying to like nor sure it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trying to like nor sure it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trying to like nor sure it's like
+survivability into the future like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivability into the future like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivability into the future like how
+much of your own effort has to G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your own effort has to G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your own effort has to G to
+advocating for something when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for something when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for something when there's
+nothing to be doneil yeah yeah so he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to be doneil yeah yeah so he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to be doneil yeah yeah so he did
+this huge he said you know well I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge he said you know well I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge he said you know well I came
+up with this format and then I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this format and then I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this format and then I had to
+Market it and I don't know if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it and I don't know if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it and I don't know if everybody
+knows finale and sellus some of you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows finale and sellus some of you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows finale and sellus some of you all
+know Muse score and note flight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Muse score and note flight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Muse score and note flight and
+things flat might be the things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flat might be the things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flat might be the things you know
+now as much but yeah th but those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as much but yeah th but those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as much but yeah th but those were
+the two big leaders and he just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two big leaders and he just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two big leaders and he just felt
+like if he couldn't get one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if he couldn't get one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if he couldn't get one of them to
+use his product he might as well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his product he might as well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his product he might as well not
+have made it and then just going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it and then just going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it and then just going around
+trying to um trying to make more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um trying to make more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um trying to make more and
+more and more um things out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more um things out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more um things out of it and
+it's been a super successful uh Legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a super successful uh Legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a super successful uh Legacy
+uh Michael good finally retired from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Michael good finally retired from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Michael good finally retired from
+running the U music XML spec from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the U music XML spec from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the U music XML spec from from
+taking charge and making sure it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking charge and making sure it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking charge and making sure it was all
+working after doing that for uh what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working after doing that for uh what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working after doing that for uh what was
+it 20 24 years of doing it um but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 20 24 years of doing it um but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 20 24 years of doing it um but he
+finally found some poor schmuck to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found some poor schmuck to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found some poor schmuck to take
+on that uh role and agreed to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh role and agreed to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh role and agreed to do it for
+the next couple years um he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple years um he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple years um he also
+mentions in the the something called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions in the the something called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions in the the something called uh
+mnx which is interesting um that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mnx which is interesting um that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mnx which is interesting um that it's
+really beginning to uh pick up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beginning to uh pick up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beginning to uh pick up some
+steam and so what music XML was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and so what music XML was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and so what music XML was
+primarily about if you recall it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about if you recall it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about if you recall it was
+about trans you have data in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trans you have data in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trans you have data in one
+application and you want to get data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and you want to get data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and you want to get data in
+some other application and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other application and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other application and you don't
+want to convert it down to MIDI and lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert it down to MIDI and lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert it down to MIDI and lose
+spelling and lose all the things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and lose all the things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and lose all the things about
+Tempo estimation and beat and spato and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo estimation and beat and spato and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo estimation and beat and spato and
+and all these other things you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other things you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other things you want to
+transfer over into music exml was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer over into music exml was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer over into music exml was really
+great is really really great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great is really really great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great is really really great for
+transferring documents things but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring documents things but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring documents things but once
+you get it into your application uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it into your application uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it into your application uh
+almost every application you use has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every application you use has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every application you use has
+some sort of internal memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of internal memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of internal memory
+representation right you've you've coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right you've you've coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right you've you've coded
+things that you store oh I I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you store oh I I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you store oh I I'm going to
+store the name here as a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the name here as a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the name here as a string and
+somebody else's well I'm storing it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's well I'm storing it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's well I'm storing it as
+an array of characters so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array of characters so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array of characters so I can
+manipulate it you know whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it you know whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it you know whatever it is
+everybody has a different representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a different representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a different representation
+and music XML was not good for that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and music XML was not good for that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and music XML was not good for that that
+wasn't what it was designed for but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what it was designed for but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what it was designed for but now
+more and more people uh want that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more people uh want that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more people uh want that and
+they want something and so uh M andx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want something and so uh M andx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want something and so uh M andx
+something like music notation next or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like music notation next or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like music notation next or
+something the X doesn't really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the X doesn't really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the X doesn't really mean
+anything the next format was coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the next format was coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the next format was coming out
+and the encoding format the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the encoding format the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the encoding format the final
+decision on that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on that it's going to be
+entirely Json based do who has heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely Json based do who has heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely Json based do who has heard of
+Json should who is not feels okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Json should who is not feels okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Json should who is not feels okay yeah
+so it's the the data format interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the the data format interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the the data format interchange
+format originally for JavaScript that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format originally for JavaScript that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format originally for JavaScript that's
+what the J JS stands for but now used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the J JS stands for but now used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the J JS stands for but now used by
+almost every language um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every language um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every language um it's sort of
+where XML was 20 years ago that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where XML was 20 years ago that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where XML was 20 years ago that this is
+the thing that everybody knows that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that everybody knows that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that everybody knows that's uh
+the thing now and so trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing now and so trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing now and so trying to figure
+out exactly what's going to how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what's going to how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what's going to how it's
+going to work but um but this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work but um but this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work but um but this is pretty
+exciting things that that the next 20 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things that that the next 20 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things that that the next 20 25
+years 30 years of music notation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 30 years of music notation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 30 years of music notation was
+finally decided uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally decided uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally decided uh
+yesterday so that was uh that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so that was uh that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so that was uh that's pretty
+good it's it's an exciting exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's it's an exciting exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's it's an exciting exciting
+world and if you get very into notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if you get very into notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if you get very into notation
+and representation and things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representation and things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representation and things you can
+jump onto the GitHub repository and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump onto the GitHub repository and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump onto the GitHub repository and
+start saying you know no if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saying you know no if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saying you know no if you
+represent a cordian symbols in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a cordian symbols in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a cordian symbols in this way
+it will never be useful for what I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will never be useful for what I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will never be useful for what I like
+to do with a cordian it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a cordian it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a cordian it doesn't have to
+be that esoteric it could even be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that esoteric it could even be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that esoteric it could even be on
+octaves the question is uh we all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves the question is uh we all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves the question is uh we all like
+writing things like pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C4 something like that but um boy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 something like that but um boy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 something like that but um boy you
+know should it be should it be like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should it be should it be like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should it be should it be like uh
+name c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+octave four and therefore you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave four and therefore you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave four and therefore you have one
+less thing that you have to convert from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less thing that you have to convert from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less thing that you have to convert from
+a string to an INT there and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string to an INT there and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string to an INT there and so that
+when you get so that your program won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get so that your program won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get so that your program won't
+CR crash on octave -2 or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR crash on octave -2 or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR crash on octave -2 or whatever
+happens octave 10 all the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens octave 10 all the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens octave 10 all the things that we
+always uh forget to do so anyhow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh forget to do so anyhow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh forget to do so anyhow that's
+what's been happening uh a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been happening uh a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been happening uh a little bit in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world okay let's get to the main um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay let's get to the main um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay let's get to the main um
+topics today um let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics today um let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics today um let's start with the
+concept of equality what's it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equality what's it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equality what's it mean for
+something in music to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in music to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in music to be equal to
+something else what's it mean what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else what's it mean what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else what's it mean what does
+it mean for two notes to be equal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean for two notes to be equal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean for two notes to be equal I'm
+going to uh we're a little bit less um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh we're a little bit less um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh we're a little bit less um
+sort of less uh I don't know vigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less uh I don't know vigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less uh I don't know vigorous
+today than um than we have in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than um than we have in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than um than we have in the past
+so I'm going to I'm going to call on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to I'm going to call on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to I'm going to call on uh
+some people just because there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just because there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just because there's not
+really a right wrong answer on this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a right wrong answer on this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a right wrong answer on this um
+the first person I'm going to call on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person I'm going to call on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person I'm going to call on is
+Jason then I'm G to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason then I'm G to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason then I'm G to call
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh then I'll call on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I'll call on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I'll call on
+Hannah then uh Paul so what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah then uh Paul so what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah then uh Paul so what what would
+you say means for two notes to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say means for two notes to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say means for two notes to be uh
+equal I guess abstractly maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I guess abstractly maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I guess abstractly maybe just
+thees are the same and durations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees are the same and durations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thees are the same and durations are the
+same okay so pitches are the same least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so pitches are the same least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so pitches are the same least
+s pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s pitch
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+duration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same what do we mean by pitch is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same abstractly mostly like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same abstractly mostly like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same abstractly mostly like if you
+really want to compare the quencies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare the quencies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare the quencies like
+the overtones and stuff that might cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overtones and stuff that might cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overtones and stuff that might cause
+some issues so I guess abstractly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just maybe going down to MIDI is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe going down to MIDI is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe going down to MIDI is a
+little too simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too simple but
+like just name and accidentals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just name and accidentals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just name and accidentals okay
+great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the
+name and accidental are the same this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and accidental are the same this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and accidental are the same this is
+by a very good definition so so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very good definition so so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very good definition so so we could
+completely go with that and do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely go with that and do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely go with that and do you want
+to um change anything go with it um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um change anything go with it um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um change anything go with it um I
+was going to say something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say something really
+similar probably also consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar probably also consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar probably also consider the
+octave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave so
+octave has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same um anybody else want to jump in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um anybody else want to jump in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um anybody else want to jump in you
+want I would say that the you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I would say that the you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I would say that the you wouldn't
+say that the accidentals have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the accidentals have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the accidentals have to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+so what give me an example of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what give me an example of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what give me an example of of
+something that that would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+umat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umat
+dlat and and C sharp great so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlat and and C sharp great so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlat and and C sharp great so in this
+case not only is The Accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not only is The Accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not only is The Accidental
+different what else is different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what else is different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what else is different the
+name good so what what can we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name good so what what can we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name good so what what can we put
+instead for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what what what do we call what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what do we call what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what do we call what's
+what's a representation that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a representation that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a representation that allows
+these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal the uh pitch class what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the uh pitch class what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the uh pitch class what you might
+be thinking of yeah pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking of yeah pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking of yeah pitch
+class or pitch class plus octave what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or pitch class plus octave what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or pitch class plus octave what's
+another uh thing that encodes pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh thing that encodes pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh thing that encodes pitch
+class plus octave heard this four-letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class plus octave heard this four-letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class plus octave heard this four-letter
+acronym used a couple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym used a couple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym used a couple times
+John I was going to say space but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John I was going to say space but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John I was going to say space but it's
+not four letter it's not four space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four letter it's not four space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four letter it's not four space
+space is good yeah Adam mid midi so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is good yeah Adam mid midi so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is good yeah Adam mid midi so it's
+midi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi
+number good so we could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number good so we could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number good so we could do this
+so so when you turn in your homework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you turn in your homework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you turn in your homework for
+your tonal Harmony class and it says F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tonal Harmony class and it says F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tonal Harmony class and it says F
+major 5 to one write this and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 5 to one write this and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 5 to one write this and you put
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and you get it wrong marked Wrong by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you get it wrong marked Wrong by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you get it wrong marked Wrong by
+your teacher that that wasn't 5 to one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teacher that that wasn't 5 to one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teacher that that wasn't 5 to one I
+think I got no that's definitely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got no that's definitely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got no that's definitely well
+that wouldn't be 5 to one anyhow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be 5 to one anyhow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be 5 to one anyhow that's
+one I'm looking for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do do all of these notes have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do all of these notes have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do all of these notes have the same
+midi number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as good so um so maybe we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good so um so maybe we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good so um so maybe we don't want to
+go with that because there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that because there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that because there's there's a
+place where your teacher says it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where your teacher says it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where your teacher says it's wrong
+right on the other hand what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the other hand what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the other hand what are the
+consequences of that of of not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that of of not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that of of not saying
+that M uh are these two notes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same of course when I do this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same of course when I do this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same of course when I do this it's
+always a trick question what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a trick question what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a trick question what do you
+think the answer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer should
+be yes but we already said we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes but we already said we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes but we already said we're we're
+not going to count that the same and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to count that the same and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to count that the same and I
+played a C and A B Sharp you all you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a C and A B Sharp you all you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a C and A B Sharp you all you all
+knew that right I conceptually flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that right I conceptually flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that right I conceptually flipped
+the inharmonic between the two so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inharmonic between the two so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inharmonic between the two so um so
+Okay so we've L worked ourselves into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've L worked ourselves into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've L worked ourselves into a
+real bind I think this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real bind I think this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real bind I think this is a useful
+exercise but the answer really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but the answer really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but the answer really comes
+with uh we don't really really know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we don't really really know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we don't really really know and
+we can Define different cases where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define different cases where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define different cases where uh
+where we use the words we don't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use the words we don't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use the words we don't use the
+word equal too much but let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word equal too much but let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word equal too much but let's say the
+same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same
+um if I yeah go ahead I just had a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I yeah go ahead I just had a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I yeah go ahead I just had a quick
+question about like what what cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like what what cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like what what cases
+would this like the the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this like the the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this like the the details of the
+meaning of musical equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of musical equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of musical equality
+really uhhuh great we're about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uhhuh great we're about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uhhuh great we're about we're
+about to get into that what what cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get into that what what cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get into that what what cases
+let's we'll open that up as as a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we'll open that up as as a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we'll open that up as as a topic
+to to think about there I can I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about there I can I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about there I can I have
+some in my head and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in my head and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in my head and it's going to be
+your your one one slide ahead of me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your one one slide ahead of me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your one one slide ahead of me but
+um but maybe um Everybody sing sing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but maybe um Everybody sing sing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but maybe um Everybody sing sing this
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me well the men's Sayang with me but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well the men's Sayang with me but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well the men's Sayang with me but the
+woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+didn't unless we have and a saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't unless we have and a saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't unless we have and a saying
+seeing this doesn't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this doesn't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this doesn't include the
+octave right so it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave right so it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave right so it um but
+also uh we we can think of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh we we can think of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh we we can think of a lot of
+different things that might be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that might be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that might be slightly
+different with each other um we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with each other um we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with each other um we can also
+say that here are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that here are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that here are two
+notes bom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes bom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes bom
+bom are they the same yeah in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom are they the same yeah in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom are they the same yeah in some ways
+but also no the first one was on beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also no the first one was on beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also no the first one was on beat
+one the second one was on beat two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the second one was on beat two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the second one was on beat two there
+might be cases where we want to not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be cases where we want to not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be cases where we want to not just
+consider the duration which we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the duration which we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the duration which we didn't
+even talk about because I already began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talk about because I already began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talk about because I already began
+this semester with the trick question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester with the trick question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester with the trick question of
+how many notes we remember that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many notes we remember that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many notes we remember that good
+good good I'm starting to see smiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good I'm starting to see smiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good I'm starting to see smiles and
+things uh and not just you know scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and not just you know scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and not just you know scared
+calling me but uh yeah but but not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling me but uh yeah but but not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling me but uh yeah but but not only
+uh duration but we might also consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duration but we might also consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duration but we might also consider
+the what beat it's on that we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what beat it's on that we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what beat it's on that we might not
+consider that to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that to be the
+same um so there might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um so there might be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um so there might be different
+cases like that uh here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like that uh here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like that uh here's an example
+from uh one of these oops well it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh one of these oops well it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh one of these oops well it's even
+more complex than I expected it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex than I expected it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex than I expected it to be
+without that um great who's who is my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that um great who's who is my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that um great who's who is my uh
+uh designated tell Professor when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designated tell Professor when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designated tell Professor when he's
+projecting without projector that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting without projector that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting without projector that's all
+of you right you'll all you'll all take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you right you'll all you'll all take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you right you'll all you'll all take
+it on yourselves to say in safe time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on yourselves to say in safe time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on yourselves to say in safe time
+good um so this is one of these weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so this is one of these weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so this is one of these weird
+experimental pieces from the 60s and 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental pieces from the 60s and 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental pieces from the 60s and 70s
+and things called beru by a composer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things called beru by a composer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things called beru by a composer uh
+who's a Dartmouth professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a Dartmouth professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a Dartmouth professor of
+philosophy actually uh Christian wolf uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy actually uh Christian wolf uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy actually uh Christian wolf uh
+friend of John cages and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of John cages and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of John cages and this is a
+typical things it's in a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical things it's in a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical things it's in a whole bunch of
+movements but very famously for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements but very famously for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements but very famously for me is
+um the opposite of equal uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the opposite of equal uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the opposite of equal uh is the
+instructions for number three each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for number three each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for number three each
+player is to make about 400 511 sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is to make about 400 511 sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is to make about 400 511 sounds
+each sound different in some way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sound different in some way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sound different in some way and I
+remember uh talking with uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh talking with uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh talking with uh Professor
+wolf um he was sort of a guest speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf um he was sort of a guest speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf um he was sort of a guest speaker
+in one of my composition classes once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of my composition classes once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of my composition classes once
+and he was talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was talking about the
+interpretation that this part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that this part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that this part uh
+movement ended up being one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement ended up being one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement ended up being one of his
+favorite ones watching it performed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones watching it performed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones watching it performed to
+see what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people
+did and in one case a player had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and in one case a player had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and in one case a player had a
+bucket um and then had another bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket um and then had another bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket um and then had another bucket
+filled with water and took an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with water and took an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with water and took an eye
+dropper and dropped one drip of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper and dropped one drip of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper and dropped one drip of water
+into the other bucket and hit it drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other bucket and hit it drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other bucket and hit it drop
+one hit it drop one because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hit it drop one because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hit it drop one because the
+frequency would change and after 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would change and after 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would change and after 500
+changed a lot and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a lot and so he
+thought the the composer was saying Oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the composer was saying Oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the composer was saying Oh I
+thought this was very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was very interesting and
+other people did all kinds of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people did all kinds of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people did all kinds of things but
+as you can imagine uh you get your piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine uh you get your piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine uh you get your piece
+played with a larger Ensemble and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with a larger Ensemble and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with a larger Ensemble and some
+people are really really into this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really really into this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really really into this kind
+of music I can find it if you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music I can find it if you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music I can find it if you've never
+performed a piece like this uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed a piece like this uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed a piece like this uh don't
+knock it till you tried it it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it till you tried it it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it till you tried it it always
+sounds kind of I won't enjoy it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds kind of I won't enjoy it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds kind of I won't enjoy it then you
+then you go and do it and you with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go and do it and you with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go and do it and you with all
+your friends and you're and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and you're and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and you're and you're
+trying to follow these instructions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to follow these instructions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to follow these instructions it
+can be quite quite wonderful but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite quite wonderful but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite quite wonderful but there's
+always somebody who's not going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always somebody who's not going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always somebody who's not going to want
+to do it and it said there was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and it said there was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and it said there was I think
+it was it was a trombone player who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was a trombone player who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was a trombone player who just
+sat there b b b b and the composer only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there b b b b and the composer only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there b b b b and the composer only
+came to the performance not any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the performance not any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the performance not any the
+rehearsals and he said he got so furious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals and he said he got so furious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsals and he said he got so furious
+at first because the only thing the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first because the only thing the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first because the only thing the only
+constraint he put on him was on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint he put on him was on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint he put on him was on on the
+performer was that each note had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer was that each note had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer was that each note had to be
+different in some other way and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some other way and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some other way and so the
+only thing you can do anything you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can do anything you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can do anything you want
+choosing not to and he said but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing not to and he said but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing not to and he said but of
+course it's 51 notes so I had a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's 51 notes so I had a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's 51 notes so I had a long
+time to think about it and after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it and after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it and after a while
+I began to really really like what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to really really like what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to really really like what he
+was doing because every one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing because every one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing because every one of them was
+different because first it was a bot out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because first it was a bot out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because first it was a bot out
+of the blue then it was a Bop that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blue then it was a Bop that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blue then it was a Bop that had
+been preceded by a Bop then it was a Bop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been preceded by a Bop then it was a Bop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been preceded by a Bop then it was a Bop
+that had been preceded by two other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been preceded by two other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been preceded by two other ones
+and the one that you hear in the 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that you hear in the 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that you hear in the 100th
+time is very different so this is all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is very different so this is all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is very different so this is all to
+say that we um we can think of equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we um we can think of equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we um we can think of equality
+in many many different ways and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many different ways and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many different ways and that
+there could be different cases where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be different cases where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be different cases where you
+want to do something different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something different than the
+other um let's go ahead and start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um let's go ahead and start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um let's go ahead and start a
+Jupiter notebook you guys are seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter notebook you guys are seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter notebook you guys are seem to be
+pretty fast at getting this and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast at getting this and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast at getting this and we want
+to figure out some um definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out some um definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out some um definitions of
+equal that music 21 has used but um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that music 21 has used but um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that music 21 has used but um just
+only to think of what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to think of what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to think of what kinds of
+assumptions were built into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions were built into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions were built into the system
+even though or not um you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though or not um you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though or not um you could have
+just about any one so I'm over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about any one so I'm over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about any one so I'm over here and
+how do we just just to review how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we just just to review how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we just just to review how do we
+test in Python that X is five equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in Python that X is five equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in Python that X is five equals 5
+assert what's that just shout it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert what's that just shout it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert what's that just shout it
+assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert
+assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert
+x five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x five
+no um no what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um no what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um no what what
+what if you were doing it an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you were doing it an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you were doing it an if
+statement what would you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals equals 5 good good yeah problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals equals 5 good good yeah problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals equals 5 good good yeah problem
+is I have to remember where my trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have to remember where my trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have to remember where my trick
+questions are and where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are and where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are and where we're going to
+the uh the real ones so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the real ones so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the real ones so you can do it
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um and Python's a little bit interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Python's a little bit interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Python's a little bit interesting
+that we can create two mutable arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can create two mutable arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can create two mutable arrays
+we'll say a is 3 comma 4 B is 3A 4 does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a is 3 comma 4 B is 3A 4 does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a is 3 comma 4 B is 3A 4 does
+a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yes
+remember you say yes no we can hit shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you say yes no we can hit shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you say yes no we can hit shift
+enter and get it this case yes let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and get it this case yes let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and get it this case yes let's um
+I think I can do this up here without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I can do this up here without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I can do this up here without
+anything going can I make this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything going can I make this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything going can I make this any
+bigger yep I can uh let's do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger yep I can uh let's do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger yep I can uh let's do this in
+JavaScript let X =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript let X =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript let X =
+3a4 let y b = 3A 4 AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3a4 let y b = 3A 4 AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3a4 let y b = 3A 4 AAL
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+false so two very well often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so two very well often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so two very well often used
+languages both kind of scripting type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages both kind of scripting type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages both kind of scripting type
+languages first time I've shown my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages first time I've shown my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages first time I've shown my
+console in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that yeah that end up with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that yeah that end up with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that yeah that end up with very
+different results on that let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results on that let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results on that let me just
+make a note for myself to make sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note for myself to make sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a note for myself to make sure to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this is by the way one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is by the way one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is by the way one of the first
+mistakes I always make when switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I always make when switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I always make when switching
+over to JavaScript now python has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to JavaScript now python has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to JavaScript now python has the
+second equality operator so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equality operator so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equality operator so there's
+equals equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals equals and
+there's is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is yeah
+so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+false so um do X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so um do X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so um do X is
+five yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you get all kinds of warnings now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you get all kinds of warnings now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you get all kinds of warnings now if
+you're on a new p saying that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a new p saying that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a new p saying that's not
+really a great way to do it that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great way to do it that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great way to do it that's not
+really a great way to do it hey stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great way to do it hey stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great way to do it hey stop
+doing this Michael stop doing oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this Michael stop doing oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this Michael stop doing oh but
+yeah it's true so um various things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true so um various things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true so um various things but
+if we um so x = 5 yals 5 x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y true actually it's very odd there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y true actually it's very odd there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y true actually it's very odd there's
+all these weird things that happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these weird things that happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these weird things that happen so
+you'll find that um that there other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that um that there other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that um that there other uh
+things that that come up um quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that come up um quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that come up um quite often
+that are all the choice that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all the choice that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all the choice that somebody
+made um at some point to do it so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um at some point to do it so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um at some point to do it so let's
+do music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do music
+equivalence Ops um from music 21 import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence Ops um from music 21 import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence Ops um from music 21 import
+note is that big enough no it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller and here's something I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and here's something I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and here's something I'm going
+to that I am going to do when I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I am going to do when I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I am going to do when I'm in
+class n equal note. note capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class n equal note. note capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class n equal note. note capital N
+equals note. note and notice I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals note. note and notice I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals note. note and notice I'm not
+calling it what I'm saying is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it what I'm saying is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it what I'm saying is the
+variable capital N can now be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital N can now be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital N can now be used as
+the class note. note so I can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class note. note so I can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class note. note so I can do things
+like uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh n
+C4 do show and same as anything else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 do show and same as anything else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 do show and same as anything else I
+probably should of call that and works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should of call that and works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should of call that and works
+the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let give everybody a second to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up I'm going to create two of those C4s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'm going to create two of those C4s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'm going to create two of those C4s
+I call it C I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2 and what do you hope that the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and what do you hope that the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and what do you hope that the answer
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+true by the way I did I am running music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true by the way I did I am running music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true by the way I did I am running music
+21 Version 9 and you all are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Version 9 and you all are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Version 9 and you all are running
+version 8.1 or 8.3 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 8.1 or 8.3 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 8.1 or 8.3 or something like
+that we changed a few equals things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we changed a few equals things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we changed a few equals things so
+if something up here is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something up here is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something up here is different from
+yours shout out and I'll try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours shout out and I'll try to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours shout out and I'll try to remember
+if that's a place we change it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a place we change it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a place we change it but I
+don't think we'll get too much into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we'll get too much into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we'll get too much into that
+good so so two notes that the same are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so two notes that the same are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so two notes that the same are
+there let's call C3 equals and an O the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's call C3 equals and an O the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's call C3 equals and an O the
+same note an octave higher so go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note an octave higher so go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note an octave higher so go and
+type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope yeah could if you're all ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope yeah could if you're all ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope yeah could if you're all ever
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+uh so false they're not not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so false they're not not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so false they're not not the same
+operation does the duration need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation does the duration need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation does the duration need to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same so let's just remember that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so let's just remember that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so let's just remember that c is
+the same as C2 let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as C2 let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as C2 let's say
+C2 duration quarter length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 duration quarter length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 duration quarter length
+equals 4.0 what's what's the anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4.0 what's what's the anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4.0 what's what's the anyone
+remember what's the default quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's the default quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's the default quarter
+length in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in music
+21 one that's why it shows a coordin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 one that's why it shows a coordin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 one that's why it shows a coordin
+note so we'll make it four which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so we'll make it four which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so we'll make it four which is
+what whole not good C is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whole not good C is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whole not good C is the same as
+C2 false so so good we some a lot of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 false so so good we some a lot of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 false so so good we some a lot of us
+have the same um sort of intuition as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same um sort of intuition as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same um sort of intuition as as
+each other maybe that's bad maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other maybe that's bad maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other maybe that's bad maybe that's
+group think um so does anything thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group think um so does anything thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group think um so does anything thing
+make an object the same we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an object the same we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an object the same we'll say
+C4 equals we'll create another in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 equals we'll create another in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 equals we'll create another in this
+case C4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case C4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case C4 is
+C4 C equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C4 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 what
+about um C here's something you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um C here's something you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um C here's something you probably
+haven't seen LC equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen LC equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen LC equals
+hello we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we can
+show hopefully that should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show hopefully that should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show hopefully that should work
+and c4's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c4's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c4's
+lyric I don't know what what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric I don't know what what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric I don't know what what's a
+favorite language French we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite language French we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite language French we do
+bonjour does C equals C4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now is that the same on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yours so we've decided the we the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so we've decided the we the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so we've decided the we the music
+21 Community I don't can't remember if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Community I don't can't remember if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Community I don't can't remember if I
+decided this one or not but I'm living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this one or not but I'm living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this one or not but I'm living
+with it that the lyric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that the lyric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that the lyric
+does is not an essential part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is not an essential part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is not an essential part of the
+equality of a note that two notes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of a note that two notes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of a note that two notes can
+have different lyrics but still be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different lyrics but still be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different lyrics but still be the
+same thing um where all Yankovic has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing um where all Yankovic has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing um where all Yankovic has
+been working on that for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on that for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on that for a very long
+time right you can do the same song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right you can do the same song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right you can do the same song
+Different lyrics still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Different lyrics still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Different lyrics still the same
+song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song
+um okay well let's let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well let's let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well let's let's do this
+one BS uh not for barsh let's create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one BS uh not for barsh let's create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one BS uh not for barsh let's create a
+BP and but oh if I want the same note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP and but oh if I want the same note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP and but oh if I want the same note
+let's let's see how um how anal your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how um how anal your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how um how anal your
+your music theory teaching was if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your music theory teaching was if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your music theory teaching was if I want
+the same note as C for sorry C4 in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same note as C for sorry C4 in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same note as C for sorry C4 in as a
+b what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b what's the
+octave four four three four well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave four four three four well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave four four three four well first
+let's let's create bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's create bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's create bar
+4 and by the way this is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and by the way this is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and by the way this is one of these
+things I think that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think that there's a lot of
+consensus on this but not unanimity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on this but not unanimity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on this but not unanimity so
+somebody might have taught you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might have taught you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might have taught you something
+else but the octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but the octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but the octave
+number refers to the letter name and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number refers to the letter name and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number refers to the letter name and so
+when you put lots of Sharps on it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put lots of Sharps on it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put lots of Sharps on it even
+though this this is the same note as C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this this is the same note as C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this this is the same note as C
+five five it's still in octave 4 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five it's still in octave 4 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five it's still in octave 4 because
+the B is an octave four these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B is an octave four these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B is an octave four these are all
+weird things so we want BS well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things so we want BS well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things so we want BS well we can
+say pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pitch.
+octave equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave equals 3
+now guess should be the same note oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now guess should be the same note oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now guess should be the same note oh I
+just slipped it should be the same note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slipped it should be the same note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slipped it should be the same note
+uh as as C Shar right so if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as C Shar right so if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as C Shar right so if it's the
+same note or C natural so if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note or C natural so if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note or C natural so if it's the
+same note then these two should be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note then these two should be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same note then these two should be equal
+right and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they are
+not so how do you work in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so how do you work in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so how do you work in a world where
+um where you want this to be equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you want this to be equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you want this to be equal one
+way you can do this um a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can do this um a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can do this um a nice thing
+about a lot of languages like python is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of languages like python is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of languages like python is
+um you can Mony do something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can Mony do something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can Mony do something called
+monkey patching so we can just create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey patching so we can just create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey patching so we can just create a
+new equality thing uh return whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new equality thing uh return whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new equality thing uh return whether or
+not um. pitch. midi equals b. pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um. pitch. midi equals b. pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um. pitch. midi equals b. pitch.
+midi who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi who's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um idea and then we can say that n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um idea and then we can say that n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um idea and then we can say that n which
+is the same as no do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as no do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as no do
+notes it's special thing that you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's special thing that you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's special thing that you run
+uncore EQ which is run anytime you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncore EQ which is run anytime you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncore EQ which is run anytime you check
+equality equals new EQ so now anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality equals new EQ so now anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality equals new EQ so now anytime
+there's want to do equality we can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's want to do equality we can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's want to do equality we can check
+that so we can do um this is Si I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can do um this is Si I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can do um this is Si I use
+German when I need to do things uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German when I need to do things uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German when I need to do things uh e
+Shar equals that and F is our normal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar equals that and F is our normal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar equals that and F is our normal F
+now we can see is e Shar the same as f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes just before I do do it you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just before I do do it you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just before I do do it you will
+create things like this all the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create things like this all the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create things like this all the time to
+deal with your um definition of equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with your um definition of equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with your um definition of equality
+do this much less often because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this much less often because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this much less often because I'm not
+even sure if note doow will work anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure if note doow will work anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure if note doow will work anymore
+or if there's other things there yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's other things there yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's other things there yeah um
+what did you say about um like the B sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you say about um like the B sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you say about um like the B sh
+um 4 going back to C4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 going back to C4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 going back to C4
+so so that um the this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that um the this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that um the this definition of
+octave which I used quite a bit has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which I used quite a bit has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which I used quite a bit has the
+notion that the octave defines a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that the octave defines a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that the octave defines a range
+of sort of Staff spaces so if we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of Staff spaces so if we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of Staff spaces so if we're in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cleff this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff this is
+all octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all octave
+four October 4th it doesn't matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four October 4th it doesn't matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four October 4th it doesn't matter how
+many flats or Sharps you put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many flats or Sharps you put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many flats or Sharps you put down
+anything anything that's written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything that's written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything that's written on
+those staff spaces in shovel cff will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those staff spaces in shovel cff will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those staff spaces in shovel cff will be
+octave 4 so in this case writing B Shar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave 4 so in this case writing B Shar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave 4 so in this case writing B Shar
+4 would be pointing outside of the St no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 would be pointing outside of the St no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 would be pointing outside of the St no
+so so B you first see okay I want octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so B you first see okay I want octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so B you first see okay I want octave
+four and then I want the B and octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then I want the B and octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then I want the B and octave
+four so it's going to be this one so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it's going to be this one so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it's going to be this one so B
+Sharp would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp would be this
+one even though the C in octave four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one even though the C in octave four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one even though the C in octave four is
+down here so so but but like if you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so so but but like if you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so so but but like if you play
+the B 4 in this it would still sound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B 4 in this it would still sound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B 4 in this it would still sound the
+same as so C5 a C5 yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as so C5 a C5 yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as so C5 a C5 yep
+great like I said you could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great like I said you could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great like I said you could probably
+find somewhere someone who's not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somewhere someone who's not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somewhere someone who's not using
+that definition and you can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition and you can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition and you can definitely
+find a lot of places where this has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of places where this has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of places where this has not
+been uh well defined um in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh well defined um in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh well defined um in a lot of
+textbooks but yep any other questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks but yep any other questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks but yep any other questions on
+that um we can try certain things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can try certain things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can try certain things are
+um meter time signature anyone play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meter time signature anyone play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meter time signature anyone play this
+play this 34 the same as meter uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this 34 the same as meter uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this 34 the same as meter uh this
+is why I abbreviate these things time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I abbreviate these things time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I abbreviate these things time
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+68 copy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 copy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 copy all
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+oops yes it's exactly the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops yes it's exactly the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops yes it's exactly the same if you
+don't import meter they're both an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't import meter they're both an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't import meter they're both an error
+from music 21 import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter so it's not just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so it's not just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so it's not just based on the
+duration of the meter you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the meter you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the meter you can try to
+figure out there's some ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out there's some ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out there's some ways that you
+can Define time signatur such that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define time signatur such that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define time signatur such that they
+um they might look the same but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they might look the same but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they might look the same but do
+different is um 2 28 + 38 the same as 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is um 2 28 + 38 the same as 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is um 2 28 + 38 the same as 38
+plus 28 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 28 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 28 and so
+on any other questions on um oh and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other questions on um oh and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other questions on um oh and even
+in this case by the way that where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case by the way that where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case by the way that where we've
+redefined to be midi is um here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined to be midi is um here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined to be midi is um here I'm
+going to put this up here so it's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this up here so it's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this up here so it's next
+to it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uh
+Eis is f false yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that supposed to happen I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to happen I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to happen I think that
+might be one of the places that um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the places that um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the places that um was
+fixed in version eight in version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in version eight in version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in version eight in version
+nine yes so that was changed in version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine yes so that was changed in version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine yes so that was changed in version
+9 I think that I remember that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 I think that I remember that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 I think that I remember that was
+sometime over um over the holidays I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime over um over the holidays I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime over um over the holidays I got
+an urgent call from somebody who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urgent call from somebody who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urgent call from somebody who was
+like ah I needed this to work and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah I needed this to work and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah I needed this to work and it
+didn't okay so that's that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't okay so that's that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't okay so that's that's good
+there's a lot of things there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things there are still
+up in the air and um and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the air and um and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the air and um and they're all
+things that people can debate so equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people can debate so equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people can debate so equal
+isn't equals kind of slightly arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't equals kind of slightly arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't equals kind of slightly arbitrary
+in this case um play it but um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um play it but um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um play it but um let's
+let's do one um exercise it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one um exercise it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one um exercise it'll take
+about five minutes to do um either get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes to do um either get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes to do um either get a
+blank document you can probably just jot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank document you can probably just jot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank document you can probably just jot
+it down also in Jupiter or it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down also in Jupiter or it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down also in Jupiter or it's kind of
+more fun with a blank sheet of paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun with a blank sheet of paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun with a blank sheet of paper or
+something and you're going to hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're going to hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're going to hear a
+shakon which uh is a theme that repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakon which uh is a theme that repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakon which uh is a theme that repeats
+over and over and what I want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and what I want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and what I want you to do
+is um there'll be some letters and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um there'll be some letters and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um there'll be some letters and maybe
+don't try to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to count the number of
+measures say like just before a or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures say like just before a or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures say like just before a or a
+little bit after A or B these rehearsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit after A or B these rehearsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit after A or B these rehearsal
+letters and want to find out where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and want to find out where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and want to find out where you
+hear the shakon theme each time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the shakon theme each time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the shakon theme each time it
+begins at the beginning so you all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins at the beginning so you all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins at the beginning so you all get
+that as a as a freebie but I want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a as a freebie but I want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a as a freebie but I want to try
+to um do and then if it's the shakon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um do and then if it's the shakon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um do and then if it's the shakon
+theme but transformed what's transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but transformed what's transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but transformed what's transformed
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody know that piece before played it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know that piece before played it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know that piece before played it
+a few people anyone playing it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people anyone playing it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people anyone playing it right now
+believe it's on yep it's on the wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's on yep it's on the wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's on yep it's on the wi
+ensemble's next concert I saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble's next concert I saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble's next concert I saw that
+around great so if you like it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around great so if you like it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around great so if you like it's a great
+piece um one of uh hols greatests maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um one of uh hols greatests maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um one of uh hols greatests maybe
+after the planets things but one of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the planets things but one of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the planets things but one of one
+of his wonderful pieces so about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his wonderful pieces so about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his wonderful pieces so about how
+many did people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find tell how many you find seven or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tell how many you find seven or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tell how many you find seven or so
+seven or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or so
+about pretty much like there the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pretty much like there the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pretty much like there the whole
+time it's there the whole time good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's there the whole time good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's there the whole time good
+anyone find a place where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wasn't what's different on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entrance John good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance John good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance John good
+theyed so it's when harmonized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyed so it's when harmonized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theyed so it's when harmonized so
+something can be a thinge can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be a thinge can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be a thinge can be the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+but harmonized what else is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+yeah it's what the instrument that plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what the instrument that plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what the instrument that plays
+it the instrument that plays it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the instrument that plays it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the instrument that plays it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+good I always think that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I always think that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I always think that one the
+clarinet's going to enter it but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet's going to enter it but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet's going to enter it but then
+somebody other one does what else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody other one does what else has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody other one does what else has
+changed remember where it started yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed remember where it started yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed remember where it started yeah
+the Dynamics good so Dynamics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics good so Dynamics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics good so Dynamics we
+consider something sometimes to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider something sometimes to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider something sometimes to be the
+same sometimes not if the Dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different now we're back to a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now we're back to a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now we're back to a very low
+octave which we weren't in every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what's different this time duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different this time duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different this time duration
+duration or we could say spacing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration or we could say spacing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration or we could say spacing between
+the two right because the the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two right because the the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two right because the the duration
+hasn't really changed but so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really changed but so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really changed but so that's
+another thing that we might think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that we might think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that we might think of as
+the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different register instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so um I'm going to fade it out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so um I'm going to fade it out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so um I'm going to fade it out for
+a little bit so that we can uh St so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so that we can uh St so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so that we can uh St so all
+of these things that we wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that we wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that we wouldn't say
+it's they playing the exact same music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they playing the exact same music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they playing the exact same music
+right but we're saying in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we're saying in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we're saying in some sense
+they're playing the same thing as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing the same thing as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing the same thing as before
+and we'll get one more uh coming in up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get one more uh coming in up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get one more uh coming in up
+in just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit this is very beautiful anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here do anyone hear the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody Hol seems to think that the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody Hol seems to think that the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody Hol seems to think that the theme
+is still playing here so he doesn't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still playing here so he doesn't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still playing here so he doesn't yeah
+it's like the concept other the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the concept other the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the concept other the theme
+still there is just kind of more major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is just kind of more major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is just kind of more major
+theme little bit more Majoris theme yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme little bit more Majoris theme yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme little bit more Majoris theme yep
+going yeah is it inverted is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverted what do we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted what do we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted what do we have here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+inste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste
+done so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so it's an
+inversion is playing something upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is playing something upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is playing something upside
+down the same as playing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the same as playing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the same as playing it
+depends it really really depends if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends it really really depends if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends it really really depends if I
+say let's all sing happy birthday let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's all sing happy birthday let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's all sing happy birthday let's
+see if I can do this and you all go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can do this and you all go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can do this and you all go uh
+Happy Birthday to uh to how was it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Birthday to uh to how was it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Birthday to uh to how was it going
+to you you like okay you just ruin my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you like okay you just ruin my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you like okay you just ruin my
+birthday right right so it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday right right so it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday right right so it's not always
+the same yet there are some places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same yet there are some places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same yet there are some places where
+composers think of it as the Same by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers think of it as the Same by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers think of it as the Same by the
+way if you don't have that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you don't have that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you don't have that one of the
+things nobody said was it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things nobody said was it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things nobody said was it's the same
+when the rhythm's the same if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the rhythm's the same if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the rhythm's the same if nothing
+else right John John John John John John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right John John John John John John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right John John John John John John
+John John so it is even still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John John so it is even still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John John so it is even still the same
+Rhythm even if it wasn't um perfectly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm even if it wasn't um perfectly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhythm even if it wasn't um perfectly if
+it wasn't fully inverted but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't fully inverted but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't fully inverted but yeah so
+things that are sometimes we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are sometimes we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are sometimes we want to
+consider the same and sometimes we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the same and sometimes we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the same and sometimes we don't
+we don't tend to call them equal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't tend to call them equal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't tend to call them equal very
+much we tend to say that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we tend to say that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we tend to say that they're
+equivalent and there equivalent in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and there equivalent in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and there equivalent in some
+way or what we'll often use I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or what we'll often use I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or what we'll often use I'm putting
+this up so somebody might put this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up so somebody might put this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up so somebody might put this back
+down um is that they're equivalent under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me uh take something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me uh take something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me uh take something that you
+might know uh right now just looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know uh right now just looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know uh right now just looking up
+there it's a very musical we just did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a very musical we just did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a very musical we just did a
+follow of John Cage in the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow of John Cage in the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow of John Cage in the time right
+now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that anybody prefer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody prefer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody prefer that
+time what's what's the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's what's the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's what's the equivalence
+here how how is it that that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how how is it that that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how how is it that that some people
+might say especially if I put that on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say especially if I put that on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say especially if I put that on uh
+that these two are equivalent but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are equivalent but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are equivalent but let's
+let's get rid of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yeah 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah 12
+hour 24 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so 12h hour can can each time in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so 12h hour can can each time in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so 12h hour can can each time in a
+12h hour in a we could call it an AM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12h hour in a we could call it an AM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12h hour in a we could call it an AM
+PM um world has an equivalent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM um world has an equivalent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM um world has an equivalent in a
+24-hour you could call it military time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour you could call it military time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-hour you could call it military time
+whatever you want to call it world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it world so
+that there is an equivalence that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an equivalence that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an equivalence that allows
+the mapping back and forth between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping back and forth between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping back and forth between them
+not all equivalences allow a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all equivalences allow a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all equivalences allow a perfect
+mapping good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping good
+mathematically what do you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what do you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what do you need to do
+if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+25 p.m. what do you do to convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 p.m. what do you do to convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 p.m. what do you do to convert that
+to 24-Hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 24-Hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 24-Hour
+time 12 at 12 good and what do you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 12 at 12 good and what do you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 12 at 12 good and what do you do if
+you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are at
+14:05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14:05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14:05
+p.m. and you need to do it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. and you need to do it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. and you need to do it you can
+subtract 12 or you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 12 or you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 12 or you can think of it as
+mod mod yeah is it mod 12 or mod 24 both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod yeah is it mod 12 or mod 24 both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod yeah is it mod 12 or mod 24 both
+happen to work both happen to work do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to work both happen to work do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to work both happen to work do
+they no 24 doesn't work because uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no 24 doesn't work because uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no 24 doesn't work because uh 20
+2350 okay yeah but in that case it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2350 okay yeah but in that case it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2350 okay yeah but in that case it works
+in this case it yes in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it yes in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it yes in this case it
+works yes good always always solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yes good always always solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yes good always always solve for
+the most specific case you can no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most specific case you can no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most specific case you can no of
+course well no we'll try solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well no we'll try solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well no we'll try solve for the
+most General case so mod 12 there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General case so mod 12 there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General case so mod 12 there's some
+um other little thing that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other little thing that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other little thing that you have to
+do on this uh right if you're at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1205 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1205 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1205 uh
+PM let's see yeah in that case no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM let's see yeah in that case no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM let's see yeah in that case no I
+can't remember anyhow there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember anyhow there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember anyhow there's something
+off by one errors don't follow don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by one errors don't follow don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by one errors don't follow don't try
+to figure them off at the but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure them off at the but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure them off at the but there's
+this particular case where if it equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case where if it equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case where if it equals
+zero you're going to want to add 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're going to want to add 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're going to want to add 12 so
+it's sort of uh mod 12 plus I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh mod 12 plus I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh mod 12 plus I I can't
+remember you'll you'll figure it out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you'll you'll figure it out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you'll you'll figure it out I
+know how to do it in music and stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it in music and stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it in music and stuff so
+let's think of some equiv musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of some equiv musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of some equiv musical
+equivalence classes one of the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes one of the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes one of the ones that
+we've put up here and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put up here and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put up here and so one of the
+reasons we debate a lot about equals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we debate a lot about equals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we debate a lot about equals is
+that equals is trying to uh create a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals is trying to uh create a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals is trying to uh create a set
+of equivalence classes once and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence classes once and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence classes once and for all
+this is better I'll keep this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is better I'll keep this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is better I'll keep this more
+Center just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular thing that we can debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing that we can debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing that we can debate
+whether or not they're equal music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're equal music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're equal music 21
+has decided that they are not but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided that they are not but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided that they are not but that
+could be debatable but we I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be debatable but we I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be debatable but we I don't think
+it's debatable that there is some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debatable that there is some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debatable that there is some form
+of equivalence between these two what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence between these two what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equivalence between these two what do
+we want to call that and inharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to call that and inharmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to call that and inharmonic
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+inharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inharmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inharmonic
+equivalents they are enharmonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents they are enharmonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents they are enharmonically
+equivalent somebody tell me if I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent somebody tell me if I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent somebody tell me if I got my
+e and A's right yeah did this time um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and A's right yeah did this time um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and A's right yeah did this time um we
+can also sometimes say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sometimes say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sometimes say they're
+equivalent under spelling under um under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent under spelling under um under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent under spelling under um under
+lack of spelling or say equivalent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of spelling or say equivalent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of spelling or say equivalent with
+spelling good what's another equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling good what's another equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling good what's another equivalence
+class that we're we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we're we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we're we're going to go
+really fast so so let's start start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so so let's start start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so so let's start start
+thinking what's what's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's what's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's what's something else
+that we might sometimes think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might sometimes think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might sometimes think is
+equivalent we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we said
+inversion sometimes but often not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion sometimes but often not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion sometimes but often not good
+what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another
+in duration duration sometimes we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in duration duration sometimes we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in duration duration sometimes we don't
+care how long two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how long two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how long two things are
+good key ooh that would be good great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good key ooh that would be good great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good key ooh that would be good great I
+heard another one just tell octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard another one just tell octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard another one just tell octave
+octave I should have chosen the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave I should have chosen the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave I should have chosen the one
+without staff lines twice as much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without staff lines twice as much space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without staff lines twice as much space
+keep going everybody what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going everybody what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going everybody what's that
+instrument instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument instrument
+yeah sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes
+it sometimes it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes it doesn't matter what
+instrument is playing we'd say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is playing we'd say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is playing we'd say it's the
+same thing and sometimes when you hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and sometimes when you hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and sometimes when you hire a
+musician to perform uh at your wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician to perform uh at your wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician to perform uh at your wedding
+and they show up with an accordion and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show up with an accordion and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show up with an accordion and a
+bag pipe it's not equivalent right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag pipe it's not equivalent right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag pipe it's not equivalent right good
+what other things that that we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things that that we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things that that we might say
+context what's that Contex context what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what's that Contex context what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what's that Contex context what
+uh no too broad too broad we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no too broad too broad we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no too broad too broad we'll have to
+good good idea we uh give me one context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good idea we uh give me one context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good idea we uh give me one context
+that might be like where you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be like where you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be like where you're coming
+from where you're going to where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you're going to where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you're going to where you're
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+from coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming
+from from going to so the same song is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from going to so the same song is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from going to so the same song is
+the same under equivalent of car stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same under equivalent of car stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same under equivalent of car stereo
+versus home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus home
+right it's interesting that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting that that we
+might think um give me a context we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think um give me a context we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think um give me a context we're
+listening to the same song uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the same song uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the same song uh in your
+recording studio versus uh or or at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording studio versus uh or or at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording studio versus uh or or at home
+versus your car might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your car might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your car might be a
+difference the same song might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the same song might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the same song might not be
+equivalent under that if the car has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent under that if the car has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent under that if the car has
+police sirens in it if the car has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police sirens in it if the car has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police sirens in it if the car has
+police sirens in it good I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police sirens in it good I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police sirens in it good I was thinking
+uh if you're trying to to uh mix your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're trying to to uh mix your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're trying to to uh mix your
+composition for submission right does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for submission right does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for submission right does it
+does it matter if you're listening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter if you're listening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter if you're listening at
+home in stereo with your very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in stereo with your very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in stereo with your very nice
+headphones is it the same piece as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones is it the same piece as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones is it the same piece as if
+you were um you know let's hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were um you know let's hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were um you know let's hope you're
+not doing while driving you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing while driving you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing while driving you're in the
+passenger seat but you're doing it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger seat but you're doing it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger seat but you're doing it on a
+noisy road yeah so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy road yeah so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy road yeah so the amount of
+background noise might be a context that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise might be a context that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise might be a context that
+changes whether or not you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes whether or not you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes whether or not you think this
+piece of music is the same yeah like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of music is the same yeah like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of music is the same yeah like if
+you're looking at a pitch like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a pitch like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a pitch like what the
+cord is coming yeah I knew that I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is coming yeah I knew that I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is coming yeah I knew that I knew
+that I knew you met that but uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew you met that but uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew you met that but uh yeah so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preceding seeding versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding seeding versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding seeding versus
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+good other things this this have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good other things this this have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good other things this this have been
+super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super
+great yeah articulation articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yeah articulation articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yeah articulation articulation
+good articulation good shout some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good articulation good shout some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good articulation good shout some more
+Tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo
+Tempo the same piece is the same piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo the same piece is the same piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tempo the same piece is the same piece
+if you uh rush through it right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh rush through it right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh rush through it right some
+sometimes s not but yeah good anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes s not but yeah good anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes s not but yeah good anything
+else we can keep thinking of more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we can keep thinking of more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we can keep thinking of more I
+don't want to use them all up because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use them all up because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use them all up because I
+think we're going to be asked to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to be asked to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to be asked to come up
+with at least uh one that's there great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least uh one that's there great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least uh one that's there great
+um so this is this is really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is this is really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is this is really really good
+you're going to be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading
+um yall got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yall got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yall got to be
+faster y'all going to be uh reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster y'all going to be uh reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster y'all going to be uh reading
+another section from this book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another section from this book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another section from this book by
+Dimitri Tacho um a geometry of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri Tacho um a geometry of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri Tacho um a geometry of music
+and um a second part of chapter 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a second part of chapter 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a second part of chapter 2 which
+you read uh earlier when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read uh earlier when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read uh earlier when we were talking
+about those um flipped inversions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those um flipped inversions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those um flipped inversions with
+the mirrors and he defines Five Points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors and he defines Five Points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors and he defines Five Points
+of inversion or five equivalence classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inversion or five equivalence classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inversion or five equivalence classes
+that we think of quite often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of quite often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of quite often in
+music uh and and he gave them the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music uh and and he gave them the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music uh and and he gave them the the
+ordering isn't the greatest ordering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering isn't the greatest ordering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering isn't the greatest ordering in
+the world except it makes it very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world except it makes it very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world except it makes it very easy
+to remember optic and I'm going to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember optic and I'm going to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember optic and I'm going to add a
+sixth one Cu uh I I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth one Cu uh I I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth one Cu uh I I think it's very
+important too um the octave quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important too um the octave quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important too um the octave quite often
+we don't care we the two musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care we the two musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care we the two musical
+elements two chords to be the same if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements two chords to be the same if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements two chords to be the same if
+they're in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different
+octaves right or two two notes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves right or two two notes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves right or two two notes the same
+note or equivalent note permutation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or equivalent note permutation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note or equivalent note permutation what
+do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means out you have a cord version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means out you have a cord version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means out you have a cord version of it
+perhaps you want to consider them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you want to consider them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you want to consider them the
+same yeah so we have you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yeah so we have you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yeah so we have you have an
+inversion of the chord you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the chord you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the chord you might
+consider it the same you might the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it the same you might the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it the same you might the order
+that goes only that would only work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes only that would only work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes only that would only work if
+you also have octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have octave
+um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is there some way that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is there some way that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is there some way that those are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+they're both if I so the first note was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both if I so the first note was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both if I so the first note was
+C they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C they're both
+arpeggiated C major Triads right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpeggiated C major Triads right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpeggiated C major Triads right you can
+hear hear that does it matter sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear hear that does it matter sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear hear that does it matter sometimes
+it matters if well you're arpeggiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters if well you're arpeggiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters if well you're arpeggiating
+it up and it matters if you're ping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and it matters if you're ping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and it matters if you're ping it
+down if you're doing your theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you're doing your theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you're doing your theory
+analysis does that matter if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis does that matter if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis does that matter if you're
+trying to put a cord no so sometimes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put a cord no so sometimes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put a cord no so sometimes on
+the other hand if you take uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you take uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you take uh let's
+stick with happy birthday I'm going to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with happy birthday I'm going to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with happy birthday I'm going to S
+happy birthday to you but I've I've run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy birthday to you but I've I've run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy birthday to you but I've I've run
+it through my python scramble thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through my python scramble thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through my python scramble thing I'm
+going to do um every note in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do um every note in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do um every note in a different
+order we would not apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we would not apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we would not apply that
+equivalence class to that place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class to that place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class to that place so
+permutation um is something that quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation um is something that quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation um is something that quite
+often when we're just analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we're just analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we're just analyzing the
+cordal structure of a measure we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordal structure of a measure we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordal structure of a measure we don't
+really care what order the notes come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what order the notes come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what order the notes come in
+we just want to see what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to see what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to see what are all the
+notes in the measure and then figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the measure and then figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the measure and then figure out
+what chord it might be so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chord it might be so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chord it might be so the
+permutation transposition when us who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation transposition when us who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation transposition when us who
+shouted key is that yeah John were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouted key is that yeah John were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouted key is that yeah John were you
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+of of that the same piece in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that the same piece in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that the same piece in two
+different Keys could be yeah that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Keys could be yeah that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Keys could be yeah that and
+just saying like oh I mean is kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like oh I mean is kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like oh I mean is kind of um
+synonymous to an harmonics if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous to an harmonics if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous to an harmonics if you're
+like G flat major okay yep also great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G flat major okay yep also great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G flat major okay yep also great
+but sometimes it it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it it doesn't matter
+actually what key you're in if you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what key you're in if you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what key you're in if you're uh
+if you're a singer and you show up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a singer and you show up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a singer and you show up and
+people used to be able to pianist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to be able to pianist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to be able to pianist
+accompanies uh collaborators used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanies uh collaborators used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanies uh collaborators used to
+really know how to do this and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to do this and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to do this and stuff
+you've been practicing all uh all week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been practicing all uh all week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been practicing all uh all week
+in G major and the the singer comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G major and the the singer comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G major and the the singer comes to
+the concert and says I I woke up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concert and says I I woke up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concert and says I I woke up with a
+scratchy throat can we take it down to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratchy throat can we take it down to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratchy throat can we take it down to F
+today and they play and you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and they play and you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and they play and you're still
+playing in some ways the same piece so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in some ways the same piece so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in some ways the same piece so
+the the transposition might not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the transposition might not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the transposition might not matter
+in some cases in some cases it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases in some cases it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases in some cases it really
+matters one place it really matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters one place it really matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters one place it really matters is
+um if you're playing the viola in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're playing the viola in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're playing the viola in the
+orchestra and you choose to transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra and you choose to transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra and you choose to transpose
+and nobody else does I think people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody else does I think people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody else does I think people will
+notice right right uh so transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice right right uh so transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice right right uh so transposition
+again these are all equivalence classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are all equivalence classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are all equivalence classes
+I I didn't do a good job of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't do a good job of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't do a good job of this in
+other years of lecturing so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other years of lecturing so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other years of lecturing so I want to
+say now these are things that in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now these are things that in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now these are things that in certain
+contexts make sense to apply and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts make sense to apply and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts make sense to apply and in
+certain contexts do not make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain contexts do not make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain contexts do not make sense to
+apply and so transposition is one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and so transposition is one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and so transposition is one here
+uh inversion we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inversion we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inversion we've already talked about
+in some cases it makes sense to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it makes sense to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it makes sense to apply
+and some cases it doesn't want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some cases it doesn't want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some cases it doesn't want to say
+there are two different um a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different um a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different um a number of
+different definitions of inversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions of inversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions of inversion and
+that's actually one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one of the things
+happens one is something that we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens one is something that we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens one is something that we call a
+tonal inversion where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal inversion where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal inversion where you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+say no tonal I'll put it in the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no tonal I'll put it in the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no tonal I'll put it in the key
+signature something like that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature something like that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature something like that instead of
+going up four notes we go down four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up four notes we go down four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up four notes we go down four
+notes and then go down one more note so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then go down one more note so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then go down one more note so
+um in this case it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case it's exactly the same
+let me go um let me keep going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go um let me keep going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go um let me keep going up
+here ah I have to go one more note up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah I have to go one more note up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah I have to go one more note up
+assum these go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assum these go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assum these go
+here eventually you get to a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eventually you get to a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eventually you get to a point where
+this is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a half
+step and this is a that was good to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and this is a that was good to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and this is a that was good to L
+lines whole step um in a tonal inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines whole step um in a tonal inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines whole step um in a tonal inversion
+you just care that you went up a step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just care that you went up a step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just care that you went up a step in
+one and you went down a step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you went down a step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you went down a step in the
+other if you went up four steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you went up four steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you went up four steps you
+don't really care if it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care if it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care if it's a perfect
+fourth or whatever in uh an atonal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth or whatever in uh an atonal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth or whatever in uh an atonal or
+post tonal or non-tonal thing we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post tonal or non-tonal thing we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post tonal or non-tonal thing we would
+really want to make sure that where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make sure that where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make sure that where did
+I screw up there has to be some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I screw up there has to be some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I screw up there has to be some place
+because because this this is an octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this this is an octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this this is an octave
+up I'm pretty sure if you go up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'm pretty sure if you go up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'm pretty sure if you go up an
+octave you end up going down in octaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave you end up going down in octaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave you end up going down in octaves
+your first series of notes in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first series of notes in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first series of notes in the second
+the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand
+one ah uh so that's a sorry I'm now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ah uh so that's a sorry I'm now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ah uh so that's a sorry I'm now I'm
+in a postal world so now I need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a postal world so now I need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a postal world so now I need to write
+all my accidentals I oh there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my accidentals I oh there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my accidentals I oh there it is
+that's the whole step and so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole step and so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole step and so that would
+have to be the half whole step whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the half whole step whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the half whole step whole
+step and there right yeah so uh so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and there right yeah so uh so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and there right yeah so uh so those
+are the two kinds of inversion that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two kinds of inversion that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two kinds of inversion that he's
+talking about um and sometimes it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um and sometimes it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um and sometimes it makes
+sense sometimes it doesn't if you listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sometimes it doesn't if you listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sometimes it doesn't if you listen
+to the music of um the the post tonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the music of um the the post tonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the music of um the the post tonal
+music of the early 20th century uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of the early 20th century uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of the early 20th century uh they
+use inversional symmetry a lot and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use inversional symmetry a lot and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use inversional symmetry a lot and so if
+you're trying to figure out oh how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out oh how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out oh how does
+this relate to something I heard before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to something I heard before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to something I heard before
+almost always try well is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always try well is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always try well is it the
+inversion of it um and there's here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of it um and there's here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of it um and there's here some
+cool things that um here's here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things that um here's here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things that um here's here's uh
+four Triads you might know them by name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Triads you might know them by name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Triads you might know them by name
+um not you don't need to know the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not you don't need to know the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not you don't need to know the name
+but what type of Triad are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they shout it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shout it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shout it
+up ma yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ma yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ma yeah
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+augmented diminished um so there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented diminished um so there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented diminished um so there's four
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Triads major minor augmented diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads major minor augmented diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads major minor augmented diminished
+a lot of people think that major and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people think that major and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people think that major and
+minor have more something more in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor have more something more in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor have more something more in common
+than the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this goes what's up a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this goes what's up a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this goes what's up a major
+third up a minor third if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third up a minor third if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third up a minor third if you start
+instead go the opposite way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead go the opposite way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead go the opposite way and you
+start here and you go up a minor third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here and you go up a minor third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here and you go up a minor third
+and then you go up a major third you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go up a major third you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go up a major third you end
+up with a Minor triad so the Minor triad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a Minor triad so the Minor triad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a Minor triad so the Minor triad
+is the inversion of the major Triad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inversion of the major Triad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inversion of the major Triad and
+therefore they both have the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they both have the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they both have the exact same
+interval content they both have a ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval content they both have a ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval content they both have a ma
+minor third a major third and a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor third a major third and a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor third a major third and a perfect
+fifth within them whereas an augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Triad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad
+cannot be inverted to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be inverted to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be inverted to become a
+diminished Triad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Triad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished Triad
+or to become a major or minor Tri so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to become a major or minor Tri so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to become a major or minor Tri so
+they don't have an equivalence class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have an equivalence class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have an equivalence class
+between them so this comes up often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so this comes up often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so this comes up often
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+cardinality sometime how many notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality sometime how many notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality sometime how many notes
+there are sometimes it matters SI as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+versus some ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus some ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus some ways the
+same also if you put it together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same also if you put it together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same also if you put it together with
+octave and cardinality I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and cardinality I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and cardinality I'm not going to
+run over there again I need to put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run over there again I need to put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run over there again I need to put my
+keyboard here a four note Tri major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard here a four note Tri major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard here a four note Tri major
+Triad c e g c now you say that octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad c e g c now you say that octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad c e g c now you say that octave
+doesn't matter so now it's c e g and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so now it's c e g and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so now it's c e g and a
+second C here and now you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second C here and now you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second C here and now you really want
+cardinality not to matter if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality not to matter if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality not to matter if you want to
+say is this the same as some other C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this the same as some other C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this the same as some other C
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+Tri um and the last one I think's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri um and the last one I think's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri um and the last one I think's really
+important uh Demitri taso comes from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh Demitri taso comes from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh Demitri taso comes from uh
+a slightly different practice world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different practice world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different practice world is
+that he just assumes that spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he just assumes that spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he just assumes that spelling
+equivalent or we call midi equivalent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or we call midi equivalent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or we call midi equivalent or
+enharmonic equivalent I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enharmonic equivalent I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enharmonic equivalent I should have
+called it enharmonic but I can't figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it enharmonic but I can't figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it enharmonic but I can't figure
+out a way to make an e into the optic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to make an e into the optic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to make an e into the optic um
+uh acronym offf so that does does n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acronym offf so that does does n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acronym offf so that does does n
+harmonic equivalent does spelling matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic equivalent does spelling matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic equivalent does spelling matter
+and uh one of the things in his world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the things in his world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the things in his world
+which is very different from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very different from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very different from music 21
+but in problem set 4 you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in problem set 4 you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in problem set 4 you're going to be
+working in the world of optic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the world of optic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the world of optic of
+geometry of music uh the spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of music uh the spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of music uh the spelling
+equivalence is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is always
+assumed yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yep
+poetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic
+p p o oh yeah but then I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p o oh yeah but then I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p o oh yeah but then I would have to
+rearrange his yeah no that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange his yeah no that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange his yeah no that's really
+really good there's another one uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good there's another one uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good there's another one uh um
+you know that we can start putting in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we can start putting in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we can start putting in we
+can start thinking of tomber equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start thinking of tomber equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start thinking of tomber equivalents
+we often think of that all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often think of that all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often think of that all these other
+things that you wrote up there but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wrote up there but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wrote up there but these
+are the ones that um will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that um will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that um will give you the
+most hard time on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most hard time on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most hard time on the next
+problem uh let's there's not time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh let's there's not time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh let's there's not time so
+we'll um end this up uh end a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll um end this up uh end a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll um end this up uh end a little bit
+early for the first time in a while uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early for the first time in a while uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early for the first time in a while uh
+cool we'll get to um working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we'll get to um working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we'll get to um working with
+intervals next class and filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals next class and filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals next class and filtering
+streams thanks everybody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/axW7DSLHO8U.txt b/axW7DSLHO8U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ae51667c92ebcffc72e724e495f6c3656aa528c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/axW7DSLHO8U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why was I so happy to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why was I so happy to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why was I so happy to engage in
+having this course be ported and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this course be ported and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this course be ported and
+OpenCourseWare well first of all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare well first of all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare well first of all I have
+a very deep affection for OpenCourseWare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep affection for OpenCourseWare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep affection for OpenCourseWare
+so because I feel that OpenCourseWare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because I feel that OpenCourseWare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because I feel that OpenCourseWare
+has this potential to teach to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this potential to teach to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this potential to teach to the
+billions to share knowledge to unlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions to share knowledge to unlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions to share knowledge to unlock
+knowledge for people in very far-flung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for people in very far-flung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge for people in very far-flung
+places very remote places like in Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places very remote places like in Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places very remote places like in Haiti
+where there is little access to quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is little access to quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is little access to quality
+material so so for me I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so so for me I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so so for me I feel that
+openko schools mission is very germane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openko schools mission is very germane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openko schools mission is very germane
+to myself as a Haitian fact MIT wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself as a Haitian fact MIT wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself as a Haitian fact MIT wanting
+to share this wealth that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share this wealth that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share this wealth that I have
+intellectually with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually with the rest of the
+world including my compatriots in Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including my compatriots in Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including my compatriots in Haiti
+we don't have that access that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that access that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that access that much
+access to quality materials but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to quality materials but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to quality materials but also
+when it comes to this issue of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to this issue of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to this issue of breaking
+walls and building bridges as we see say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and building bridges as we see say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and building bridges as we see say
+in in in the US in parts of Europe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the US in parts of Europe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the US in parts of Europe the
+world moving to more exclusion to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world moving to more exclusion to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world moving to more exclusion to more
+walls I feel that the kind of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls I feel that the kind of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls I feel that the kind of knowledge
+that we're building at MIT and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're building at MIT and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're building at MIT and how we
+are the people we ask as a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people we ask as a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people we ask as a global
+village as we can be as we enrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village as we can be as we enrich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village as we can be as we enrich
+ourselves by understanding other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves by understanding other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves by understanding other
+people's experiences be it Muslims and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experiences be it Muslims and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experiences be it Muslims and
+immigrants and blacks and Latinos it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants and blacks and Latinos it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants and blacks and Latinos it is
+worth there so I feel that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth there so I feel that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth there so I feel that it's
+important to take these these knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to take these these knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to take these these knowledge
+these discussions and have it shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions and have it shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions and have it shared
+with the whole world so people can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole world so people can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole world so people can see
+that there is a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a different way of
+thinking that doesn't involve building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that doesn't involve building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that doesn't involve building
+walls for security but instead creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls for security but instead creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls for security but instead creating
+dialogues with invidia so that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues with invidia so that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues with invidia so that we all
+can be the richer for it wherever we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the richer for it wherever we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the richer for it wherever we are
+bit in Boston such assets or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in Boston such assets or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in Boston such assets or in
+port-au-prince Haiti or in Syria or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port-au-prince Haiti or in Syria or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port-au-prince Haiti or in Syria or even
+Iran so that that's why I feel supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran so that that's why I feel supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran so that that's why I feel supported
+that such forces be on OpenCourseWare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such forces be on OpenCourseWare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such forces be on OpenCourseWare
+for the world to participate in
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c2D8EDGsw7E.txt b/c2D8EDGsw7E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86a67a9e5461666df42a30d51f03db1910947ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c2D8EDGsw7E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this point after your class exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point after your class exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point after your class exercise
+you should be familiar with these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with these three
+aspects of mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of mutation
+you should be able to take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to take a piece of
+dna conceptually turn it into rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna conceptually turn it into rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna conceptually turn it into rna
+and conceptually translate it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conceptually translate it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conceptually translate it into
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+you should understand what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand what happens to
+the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein
+sequence when the dna is changed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence when the dna is changed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence when the dna is changed by a
+point mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation
+or by an insertion or deletion mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by an insertion or deletion mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by an insertion or deletion mutation
+and so with that in mind let us go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with that in mind let us go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with that in mind let us go on
+to our second topic today which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our second topic today which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our second topic today which is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+allele segregation okay first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele segregation okay first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele segregation okay first thing
+we need to think about is what an allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about is what an allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about is what an allele
+means and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and so
+let us write down on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us write down on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us write down on the board
+the first line which is that an allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line which is that an allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line which is that an allele
+is a alternate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a alternate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a alternate form
+of a gene alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene alleles
+can be called variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be called variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be called variants
+and they may be designated relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may be designated relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may be designated relative
+to some reference dna sequence some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some reference dna sequence some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some reference dna sequence some
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+gene that is called wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that is called wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that is called wild type
+although this is not done in humans it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is not done in humans it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is not done in humans it's
+done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in
+various other organisms so variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other organisms so variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other organisms so variance
+and let's say may be relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say may be relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say may be relative
+to wild type that may be your reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wild type that may be your reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wild type that may be your reference
+okay alleles are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alleles are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alleles are there
+because of different dna sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of different dna sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of different dna sequences
+that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point
+so an allele is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an allele is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an allele is due to
+dna sequence variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequence variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequence variations
+or differences we may not know them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differences we may not know them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differences we may not know them all
+the time and we'll get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and we'll get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and we'll get to that in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+but we can designate how a gene's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can designate how a gene's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can designate how a gene's
+alleles look by this kind of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles look by this kind of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles look by this kind of notation
+so for example let's designate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's designate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's designate
+the apple gene and it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple gene and it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple gene and it might have
+alleles apple big b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles apple big b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles apple big b
+and maybe that gives you a green apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that gives you a green apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that gives you a green apple
+or apple little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apple little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or apple little b
+and maybe that gives you a yellow apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that gives you a yellow apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that gives you a yellow apple
+what is how do these genes relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is how do these genes relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is how do these genes relate to the
+chromosomes that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that we talked about
+way back when these collections of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when these collections of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when these collections of genes
+that form huge arrays in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form huge arrays in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form huge arrays in the cell and
+are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how
+the cells genes are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells genes are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells genes are organized
+they relate like this in a diploid cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate like this in a diploid cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate like this in a diploid cell
+each of these alleles would be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these alleles would be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these alleles would be on
+the matching chromosome would be on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching chromosome would be on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching chromosome would be on one
+of the matching chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matching chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matching chromosomes
+so in diploid cells 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in diploid cells 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in diploid cells 2n
+cells each chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells each chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells each chromosome
+chr pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chr pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chr pair
+has the same or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same or different
+alleles of particular genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of particular genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of particular genes
+that is a little background to then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a little background to then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a little background to then look
+and see what we mean by alleles in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we mean by alleles in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we mean by alleles in a
+visual sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual sense
+one can look at flower color and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can look at flower color and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can look at flower color and see
+that flower color in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flower color in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flower color in a particular
+floral species varies enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floral species varies enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floral species varies enormously
+and these variations in flower color are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these variations in flower color are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these variations in flower color are
+due to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to different
+alleles of one or more jeans encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of one or more jeans encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of one or more jeans encoding
+flower color pigments eye color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower color pigments eye color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower color pigments eye color
+it's the same idea eye color comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea eye color comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea eye color comes from
+different alleles of the same genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alleles of the same genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alleles of the same genes
+that contribute to the color of our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contribute to the color of our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contribute to the color of our eyes
+and labradors i have a black labrador at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labradors i have a black labrador at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labradors i have a black labrador at
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+but there's a whole array of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole array of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole array of different
+colors actually there's really four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors actually there's really four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors actually there's really four
+colors of labrador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors of labrador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors of labrador
+and their color fur depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their color fur depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their color fur depends on
+particular alleles again of the pigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular alleles again of the pigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular alleles again of the pigment
+that makes fur color so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes fur color so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes fur color so this is the
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+behind alleles and it is hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind alleles and it is hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind alleles and it is hugely
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+in understanding how life works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding how life works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding how life works
+let us continue thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us continue thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us continue thinking about
+the chromosomes and the alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes and the alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes and the alleles
+on the chromosomes and we'll get a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chromosomes and we'll get a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chromosomes and we'll get a bit
+more visual here rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visual here rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visual here rather than just
+writing it on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it on the board
+so i want to talk here about cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk here about cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk here about cell
+division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+and allele segregation during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allele segregation during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allele segregation during the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+of mitosis division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mitosis division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mitosis division
+of the body cells the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body cells the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body cells the outcome
+cells the daughter cells have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the daughter cells have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the daughter cells have got
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+set of alleles as the parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of alleles as the parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of alleles as the parent cell
+okay there are some variations on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some variations on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some variations on this
+occasionally that can lead to disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally that can lead to disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally that can lead to disease
+but by and large during mitosis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large during mitosis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large during mitosis the
+alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+that start off in the parent cell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start off in the parent cell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start off in the parent cell are
+the ones that land off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that land off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that land off
+land up in the daughter cell so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up in the daughter cell so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up in the daughter cell so in the
+body cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body cells
+the daughter the daughter cell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter the daughter cell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter the daughter cell has
+alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+equal to the parent identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the parent identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the parent identical to the
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+and that actually is just another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually is just another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually is just another way
+of saying that mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that mitosis
+gives identical daughter cells to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives identical daughter cells to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives identical daughter cells to the
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+we talked about that previously we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that previously we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that previously we also
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+meiosis the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis the process
+that gives rise to the germ cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the germ cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the germ cells
+the egg and sperm these are also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg and sperm these are also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg and sperm these are also called
+gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes
+and that's a term you'll need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a term you'll need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a term you'll need to know
+today gamete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today gamete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today gamete
+during meiosis things get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis things get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis things get a little
+strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+and you remember from our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember from our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember from our previous
+discussion that you land up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that you land up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that you land up
+with four cells from every starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four cells from every starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four cells from every starting
+diploid cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell
+you land up with four haploid cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land up with four haploid cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land up with four haploid cells
+during the process of meiosis alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process of meiosis alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process of meiosis alleles
+can really sort themselves out that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really sort themselves out that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really sort themselves out that is
+true even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even
+for just one chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one chromosome
+but when you've got lots of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you've got lots of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you've got lots of chromosomes
+as in our cells we have 23 pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in our cells we have 23 pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in our cells we have 23 pairs of
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+you can get all sorts of sorting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all sorts of sorting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all sorts of sorting out of
+alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+between the germ cells so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the germ cells so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the germ cells so that they
+don't look anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look anything like
+the parental cell so i will write here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental cell so i will write here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental cell so i will write here
+that in the germ cells in the gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the germ cells in the gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the germ cells in the gametes
+the alleles segregate is the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alleles segregate is the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alleles segregate is the term
+it means sort out such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means sort out such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means sort out such that
+the gametes do not have the same alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gametes do not have the same alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gametes do not have the same alleles
+as the parent allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parent allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parent allele
+set let us say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let us say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set let us say okay
+all right so you need to bear this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you need to bear this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you need to bear this in
+mind as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as we go through
+some visuals because words do not show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some visuals because words do not show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some visuals because words do not show
+it as well as visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here to get us back into the frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get us back into the frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get us back into the frame of
+molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology
+is the notion of alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of alleles
+that there would be the apple b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be the apple b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be the apple b
+gene that would have the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that would have the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that would have the particular
+protein sequence on the top of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sequence on the top of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sequence on the top of the slide
+and the apple small b allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the apple small b allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the apple small b allele
+would have the protein sequence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the protein sequence on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the protein sequence on the
+bottom of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide
+okay they're both apple genes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're both apple genes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're both apple genes but
+they've got different dna sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got different dna sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got different dna sequences
+and maybe some different function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some different function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some different function
+let's look at allele segregation during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at allele segregation during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at allele segregation during
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+this is also called somatic inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called somatic inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called somatic inheritance
+body cell inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body cell inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body cell inheritance
+we're starting off with a cell that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting off with a cell that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting off with a cell that has
+a pair of homologous chromosomes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of homologous chromosomes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of homologous chromosomes just
+one pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair
+including the apple gene with its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the apple gene with its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the apple gene with its two
+alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles
+dna replication occurs and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication occurs and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication occurs and you get
+duplicated chromosomes now i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosomes now i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosomes now i've shown
+you on these chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on these chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on these chromosomes
+one of the homologues has the large b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homologues has the large b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homologues has the large b
+allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele
+and the other homolog has the little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other homolog has the little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other homolog has the little b
+allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele
+after dna replication the cell has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dna replication the cell has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dna replication the cell has now
+duplicated its chromosomes and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated its chromosomes and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated its chromosomes and it has
+two big b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big b
+and two little b alleles but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two little b alleles but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two little b alleles but those
+segregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate
+to the daughter cells so that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the daughter cells so that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the daughter cells so that each
+daughter cell looks just like the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cell looks just like the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cell looks just like the parent
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+with a big b and a little b allele okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a big b and a little b allele okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a big b and a little b allele okay
+that is mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mitosis
+slightly restated from the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly restated from the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly restated from the way we did
+before where now we're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where now we're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where now we're following
+the alleles the variations of genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alleles the variations of genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alleles the variations of genes that
+are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on
+homologous chromosomes matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes matching
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+okay now we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're going to look at
+meiosis and you'll see things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis and you'll see things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis and you'll see things get
+a little different we start again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different we start again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different we start again with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diploid parental cell it undergoes dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid parental cell it undergoes dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid parental cell it undergoes dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+and then meiosis one occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then meiosis one occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then meiosis one occurs
+such that the replicated homologues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the replicated homologues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the replicated homologues
+move entirely to each of the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move entirely to each of the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move entirely to each of the daughter
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+one daughter cell has two big b's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one daughter cell has two big b's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one daughter cell has two big b's and
+the other daughter cell has two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other daughter cell has two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other daughter cell has two little
+b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b's
+after meiosis one but then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after meiosis one but then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after meiosis one but then there's this
+process of meiosis two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of meiosis two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of meiosis two
+where there's a second division and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a second division and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a second division and you
+land up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up with
+four haploid cells and you can see in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four haploid cells and you can see in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four haploid cells and you can see in my
+example that there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there are two kinds of
+gametes that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that come
+out here two of the gametes have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here two of the gametes have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here two of the gametes have got
+the big b allele and two of the gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big b allele and two of the gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big b allele and two of the gametes
+have got the little b allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got the little b allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got the little b allele
+that's different than the parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different than the parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different than the parent cell
+and depending on whether that's an egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on whether that's an egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on whether that's an egg
+or a sperm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sperm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sperm
+and depending on what the mating of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what the mating of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what the mating of the
+organism looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism looks like
+the outcomes of using the big b or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of using the big b or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of using the big b or the
+little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b
+gametes are going to be different we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes are going to be different we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes are going to be different we'll
+explore that a bit later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that a bit later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that a bit later today
+and then let's get even more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's get even more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's get even more complicated
+and throw another chromosome in the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw another chromosome in the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw another chromosome in the mix
+because most organisms don't just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most organisms don't just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most organisms don't just have
+one chromosome they have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chromosome they have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chromosome they have a number of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so i've drawn you some schematics here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've drawn you some schematics here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've drawn you some schematics here
+where the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the parent
+has two pairs of chromosomes and on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two pairs of chromosomes and on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two pairs of chromosomes and on each
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+there are two different alleles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different alleles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different alleles of a
+particular gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene
+there again is the apple gene with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again is the apple gene with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again is the apple gene with its
+big b and little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b and little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b and little b
+alleles and there is the honey gene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles and there is the honey gene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles and there is the honey gene with
+its big h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its big h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its big h
+and its little h alleles okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its little h alleles okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its little h alleles okay so that's
+what we're starting with in the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're starting with in the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're starting with in the parent
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+dna replication occurs and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication occurs and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication occurs and you get the
+duplication of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of the whole
+array of chromosomes and all the alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of chromosomes and all the alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of chromosomes and all the alleles
+in meiosis one there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meiosis one there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meiosis one there is
+four possibilities for what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities for what might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities for what might happen
+because these alleles the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these alleles the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these alleles the chromosomes
+segregate independently at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate independently at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate independently at this point
+big b the duplicated big b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b the duplicated big b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b the duplicated big b
+can segregate with the little h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can segregate with the little h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can segregate with the little h
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+or it can segregate with the big h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can segregate with the big h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can segregate with the big h
+chromosomes little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes little b
+can segregate with the little h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can segregate with the little h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can segregate with the little h
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+or with the big h chromosomes okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the big h chromosomes okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the big h chromosomes okay this
+is a stochastic it's probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stochastic it's probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stochastic it's probabilistic
+after meiosis ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after meiosis ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after meiosis ii
+there are four kinds of gametes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four kinds of gametes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four kinds of gametes that
+have come out i've drawn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come out i've drawn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come out i've drawn you
+four of them because each is duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them because each is duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them because each is duplicated
+you can either be big b little h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either be big b little h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either be big b little h
+big b big h little h little b or big h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b big h little h little b or big h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b big h little h little b or big h
+little b okay this is what is meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b okay this is what is meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b okay this is what is meant by
+allele segregation how these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele segregation how these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele segregation how these different
+gene variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene variants
+sort out and how they sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out and how they sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out and how they sort out
+really dictates what the next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dictates what the next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dictates what the next generation
+of the organism is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organism is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organism is going to look like
+and this is something that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that we have to
+bear in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear in mind
+when we think about inheritance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about inheritance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about inheritance and we
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+phenotypes and traits associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and traits associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and traits associated with
+inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance
+so i want you to go and do the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to go and do the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to go and do the class
+exercise associated with allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise associated with allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise associated with allele
+segregation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation now
+so that you can play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can play around with
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+allele segregation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cOArT0rpiVg.txt b/cOArT0rpiVg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0aeb275adcb3bf121e23b81bc4f07c89cfac20b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cOArT0rpiVg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+The Empire has no power over the OCW Scholar.
+
+OCW
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d2M4LNSeIn4.txt b/d2M4LNSeIn4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eee42bb70649879c84b2503db49290c8ad74513d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d2M4LNSeIn4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now develop a methodology for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now develop a methodology for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now develop a methodology for finding
+the PDF of the sum of two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of the sum of two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of the sum of two independent
+random variables when these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables when these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables when these random
+variables are continuous with known PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are continuous with known PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are continuous with known PDFs
+so in that case Z will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case Z will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case Z will also be
+continuous and so we'll have a PDF the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and so we'll have a PDF the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and so we'll have a PDF the
+development is quite analogous to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is quite analogous to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is quite analogous to the
+one for the discrete case and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the discrete case and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the discrete case and in the
+discrete case we obtained this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case we obtained this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case we obtained this
+convolution formula this convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula this convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula this convolution
+formula corresponds to a summation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula corresponds to a summation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula corresponds to a summation over
+all ways that a certain sum can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ways that a certain sum can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ways that a certain sum can be
+realized in this picture these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in this picture these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in this picture these are all
+the ways that the sum of three can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that the sum of three can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that the sum of three can be
+realized in the continuous case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in the continuous case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in the continuous case the
+different ways that the constant sum can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that the constant sum can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that the constant sum can
+be realized corresponds to a line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be realized corresponds to a line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be realized corresponds to a line so
+this is a line in which X plus y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line in which X plus y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line in which X plus y is
+equal to a constant and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant and we need to
+somehow add over all the possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow add over all the possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow add over all the possible ways
+that the sum can be obtained ad over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum can be obtained ad over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum can be obtained ad over all
+the points on this line now when were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points on this line now when were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points on this line now when were
+summing over all the points of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all the points of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all the points of the line
+we really need to employ an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to employ an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to employ an integral and
+this leads to the following yes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to the following yes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to the following yes for the
+formula instead of having a summation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula instead of having a summation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula instead of having a summation we
+will have an integral and the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an integral and the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an integral and the integral
+is overall the X Y pairs whose sum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall the X Y pairs whose sum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall the X Y pairs whose sum is a
+constant number little Z so we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number little Z so we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number little Z so we have here
+the familiar recipe that sums are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar recipe that sums are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar recipe that sums are
+replaced by integrals and pmfs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by integrals and pmfs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by integrals and pmfs are
+replaced by PDFs so this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by PDFs so this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by PDFs so this formula is
+entirely plausible and it is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely plausible and it is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely plausible and it is called the
+continuous convolution formula what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous convolution formula what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous convolution formula what we
+want to do next is to actually justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do next is to actually justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do next is to actually justify
+this formula more rigorously we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula more rigorously we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula more rigorously we will use
+the following trick we will first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following trick we will first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following trick we will first
+conditioned on the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on the random variable X
+taking on a specific value if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on a specific value if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on a specific value if we do this
+conditioning then the random variable Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning then the random variable Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning then the random variable Z
+becomes little X plus y and to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes little X plus y and to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes little X plus y and to make the
+argument more transparent we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument more transparent we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument more transparent we're going to
+look first at the special case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first at the special case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first at the special case where
+little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X
+let's say the number three in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the number three in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the number three in which case
+our random variable Z is equal to y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable Z is equal to y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable Z is equal to y plus
+three let us now calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let us now calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let us now calculate the
+conditional PDF of Z in a universe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF of Z in a universe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF of Z in a universe in
+which we are told that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are told that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are told that the random
+variable X takes on the value of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes on the value of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes on the value of 3
+now given that X takes on the value of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given that X takes on the value of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given that X takes on the value of 3
+the random variable Z is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable Z is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable Z is the same as the
+random variable Y plus 3 and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y plus 3 and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y plus 3 and now we have
+the conditional PDF of Y plus 3 given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of Y plus 3 given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of Y plus 3 given X
+however we have assumed that X and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we have assumed that X and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we have assumed that X and y are
+independent so the conditional PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the conditional PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the conditional PDF is
+going to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the
+unconditional PDF of Y plus 3 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional PDF of Y plus 3 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional PDF of Y plus 3 and we
+obtain this expression now what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this expression now what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this expression now what is this
+we know the PDF of Y but now we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the PDF of Y but now we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the PDF of Y but now we want the
+PDF of Y plus 3 which is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of Y plus 3 which is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of Y plus 3 which is a simple
+version of a linear function of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a linear function of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a linear function of a single
+random variable Y for a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y for a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y for a linear function
+of this form we have already derived a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form we have already derived a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form we have already derived a
+formula in the notation we have used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the notation we have used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the notation we have used in
+the past if we have a random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past if we have a random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past if we have a random variable X
+and we add a constant to it the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we add a constant to it the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we add a constant to it the PDF of
+the new random variable is the PDF of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new random variable is the PDF of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new random variable is the PDF of X
+but shifted by an amount equal to B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shifted by an amount equal to B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shifted by an amount equal to B to
+the right and that's what this shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and that's what this shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and that's what this shifting
+corresponds to mathematically now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to mathematically now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to mathematically now let us
+apply this formula to the case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this formula to the case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this formula to the case that we
+have here we need to keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here we need to keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here we need to keep track of the
+different symbols so capital y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols so capital y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols so capital y
+corresponds to X B corresponds to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X B corresponds to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X B corresponds to 3
+little X corresponds to Z and by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X corresponds to Z and by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X corresponds to Z and by using
+these correspondences what we obtain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correspondences what we obtain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correspondences what we obtain is
+f sub y of this argument which is Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub y of this argument which is Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub y of this argument which is Z in
+our case minus B which is 3 in our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case minus B which is 3 in our key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case minus B which is 3 in our key
+and this is the final form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the final form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the final form for the
+conditional density of Z given that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density of Z given that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density of Z given that X
+takes a specific value it's nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a specific value it's nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a specific value it's nothing more
+than the density of Y but shifted by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the density of Y but shifted by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the density of Y but shifted by 3
+units to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to the right
+let us now generalize this instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now generalize this instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now generalize this instead of
+using X equal to 3 let us use a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using X equal to 3 let us use a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using X equal to 3 let us use a general
+number and this gives us the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this gives us the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this gives us the more
+general formula that the conditional PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula that the conditional PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula that the conditional PDF
+of Z given that X takes on a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z given that X takes on a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z given that X takes on a specific
+value is equal to just use little X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal to just use little X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal to just use little X here
+instead of 3 it takes this form so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 3 it takes this form so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 3 it takes this form so we do
+have now in our hand the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now in our hand the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now in our hand the formula for the
+conditional density of Z given X since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density of Z given X since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional density of Z given X since
+we have the conditional and we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the conditional and we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the conditional and we also know
+the PDF of X we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of X we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of X we can use the
+multiplication rule to find the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to find the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to find the joint
+PDF of X and Z by the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X and Z by the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X and Z by the multiplication
+rule it is the marginal PDF of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule it is the marginal PDF of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule it is the marginal PDF of x times
+the conditional PDF of Z given X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of Z given X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of Z given X which
+in our case takes this particular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case takes this particular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case takes this particular form
+and now that we have the joint PDF in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that we have the joint PDF in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that we have the joint PDF in
+our hands we can use another familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands we can use another familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands we can use another familiar
+formula that takes us from the joint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that takes us from the joint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that takes us from the joint to
+the marginal if we take the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal if we take the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal if we take the joint PDF
+and integrate with respect to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate with respect to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate with respect to one
+arguments we obtain the marginal PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we obtain the marginal PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we obtain the marginal PDF of
+the other random variable using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other random variable using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other random variable using this
+specific form that we have for the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific form that we have for the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific form that we have for the joint
+PDF in this formula we have finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in this formula we have finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in this formula we have finally
+obtained this expression this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this expression this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this expression this is the
+integral of the joint PDF of X with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the joint PDF of X with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the joint PDF of X with Z
+integrated over all X's and this proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over all X's and this proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over all X's and this proves
+this convolution formula in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution formula in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution formula in terms of the
+mechanics of carrying out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of carrying out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of carrying out the
+calculation of the convolution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the convolution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the convolution the
+mechanics are exactly the same as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are exactly the same as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are exactly the same as in the
+discrete case if you want to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case if you want to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case if you want to solve a
+problem graphically what you will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem graphically what you will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem graphically what you will do is
+to take the PDF of Y flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the PDF of Y flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the PDF of Y flip it
+horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally
+and then shifted by an amount of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shifted by an amount of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shifted by an amount of little
+Z cross multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z cross multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z cross multiply
+terms and integrate them out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dzy6njXt0_M.txt b/dzy6njXt0_M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f775e1f385f49e0c2cb29210bbd0aff4d408d3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dzy6njXt0_M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and I now we now have our our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I now we now have our our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I now we now have our our last
+speaker and I believe we we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and I believe we we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and I believe we we start with a
+video but she's available online. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but she's available online. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but she's available online. Is
+that correct? Um, and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correct? Um, and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correct? Um, and I want to
+introduce Hela Shakru, uh, who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Hela Shakru, uh, who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Hela Shakru, uh, who is the
+head of the Middle East and Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the Middle East and Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the Middle East and Central
+Asian division of the IFC, International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian division of the IFC, International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian division of the IFC, International
+Finance Corporation, and is leading an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Corporation, and is leading an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Corporation, and is leading an
+incredible effort um to scale uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible effort um to scale uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible effort um to scale uh,
+geothermal networks um, in her uh, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal networks um, in her uh, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal networks um, in her uh, uh,
+country um, group. Uh, so do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um, group. Uh, so do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country um, group. Uh, so do we have
+that live?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live?
+Hello, my name is Hela Shiru. I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, my name is Hela Shiru. I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, my name is Hela Shiru. I'm the
+regional vice president for the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional vice president for the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional vice president for the Middle
+East and Central Asia at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and Central Asia at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East and Central Asia at the
+International Finance Corporation. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Finance Corporation. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Finance Corporation. I'm
+excited to speak to you about IFC's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to speak to you about IFC's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to speak to you about IFC's
+commitment to expand geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to expand geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to expand geothermal energy
+networks for heating and cooling across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for heating and cooling across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for heating and cooling across
+the Middle East and Central Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East and Central Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East and Central Asia
+regions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions.
+IFC is a member of the World Bank Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFC is a member of the World Bank Group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFC is a member of the World Bank Group
+and the largest global development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the largest global development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the largest global development
+institution focused on the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution focused on the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution focused on the private
+sector in emerging markets. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in emerging markets. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in emerging markets. So
+>> climate change is one of our strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> climate change is one of our strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> climate change is one of our strategic
+pillars of action. We aim to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillars of action. We aim to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillars of action. We aim to drive a
+transition towards a low emission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition towards a low emission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition towards a low emission and
+climate resilient economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate resilient economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate resilient economic development
+that prioritizes people, jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prioritizes people, jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prioritizes people, jobs and
+sustainable growth. Leveraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable growth. Leveraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable growth. Leveraging
+geothermal energy networks as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy networks as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy networks as a
+sustainable, efficient solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable, efficient solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable, efficient solution to the
+growing energy demands in the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing energy demands in the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing energy demands in the global
+south aligns with this mission. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south aligns with this mission. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south aligns with this mission. These
+are four reasons for that. First,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four reasons for that. First,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four reasons for that. First,
+geothermal energy is reliable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy is reliable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy is reliable and
+scalable. The substantial heat emanating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. The substantial heat emanating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. The substantial heat emanating
+from Earth's core to its near surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Earth's core to its near surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Earth's core to its near surface
+remains largely untapped. It is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains largely untapped. It is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains largely untapped. It is a
+predictable source of energy that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable source of energy that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable source of energy that is not
+weather dependent. Most geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather dependent. Most geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather dependent. Most geothermal
+energy solutions are based on proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy solutions are based on proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy solutions are based on proven
+technologies with long track record of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies with long track record of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies with long track record of
+successful operating experience. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful operating experience. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful operating experience. It can
+be utilized for various applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be utilized for various applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be utilized for various applications
+including heating and cooling, our focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including heating and cooling, our focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including heating and cooling, our focus
+today, but also in certain instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but also in certain instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but also in certain instances
+water dissalination and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water dissalination and electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water dissalination and electricity
+generation if the geology allows for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation if the geology allows for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation if the geology allows for it.
+Second, geothermal energy enhances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, geothermal energy enhances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, geothermal energy enhances
+energy security because Earth's heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security because Earth's heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security because Earth's heat is
+not a commodity that can be traded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a commodity that can be traded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a commodity that can be traded.
+Geothermal energy offers us a free fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geothermal energy offers us a free fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geothermal energy offers us a free fuel
+renewable with limited environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable with limited environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable with limited environmental
+footprint and no emissions that is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and no emissions that is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and no emissions that is easy
+to tap to. This enhances energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap to. This enhances energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap to. This enhances energy
+independence of a country and reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of a country and reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of a country and reduces
+pressure on the balance of payment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the balance of payment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the balance of payment for
+energy. Third, geothermal energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Third, geothermal energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Third, geothermal energy is
+truly renewable. In a world where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly renewable. In a world where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly renewable. In a world where the
+majority of greenhouse gas emissions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of greenhouse gas emissions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of greenhouse gas emissions are
+from the energy sector, this is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the energy sector, this is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the energy sector, this is both
+affordable, reliable, and clean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable, reliable, and clean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable, reliable, and clean,
+enabling a faster energy transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling a faster energy transition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling a faster energy transition.
+Emerging countries can address their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging countries can address their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging countries can address their
+concerns about fuel price volatility,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about fuel price volatility,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about fuel price volatility,
+supply chain disruptions due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain disruptions due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain disruptions due to
+geopolitical conflicts and it offers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical conflicts and it offers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical conflicts and it offers a
+free storage of excess heat and cold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free storage of excess heat and cold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free storage of excess heat and cold in
+the geothermal bore holes. Hence, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geothermal bore holes. Hence, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geothermal bore holes. Hence, it's a
+base load with storage bypassing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base load with storage bypassing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base load with storage bypassing the
+weaknesses of intermittent renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses of intermittent renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses of intermittent renewable
+electricity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity.
+Finally, strengthening competitiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, strengthening competitiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, strengthening competitiveness
+by offering a reliable, affordable, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offering a reliable, affordable, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offering a reliable, affordable, and
+sustainable energy like geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy like geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy like geothermal
+allows us to make a dent in reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to make a dent in reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to make a dent in reducing
+poverty and mitigating climate change at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and mitigating climate change at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and mitigating climate change at
+the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time.
+This energy is available 24 hours a day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This energy is available 24 hours a day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This energy is available 24 hours a day,
+7 days a week, making it essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 days a week, making it essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 days a week, making it essential for
+economic development.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development.
+By supporting it through climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By supporting it through climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By supporting it through climate
+finance, we can bolster local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance, we can bolster local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance, we can bolster local
+entrepreneurship, local utilities, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship, local utilities, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship, local utilities, and
+it is a job inensive solution, including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a job inensive solution, including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a job inensive solution, including
+for transitioning workforce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transitioning workforce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transitioning workforce from
+industries that rely on fossil fuels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that rely on fossil fuels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that rely on fossil fuels for
+heating and and cooling into this clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and and cooling into this clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and and cooling into this clean
+alternative. This is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative. This is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative. This is particularly
+relevant for a just energy transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for a just energy transition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for a just energy transition.
+Heating and cooling makes up 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and cooling makes up 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and cooling makes up 50% of
+global final energy consumption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global final energy consumption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global final energy consumption.
+Harnessing surface geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harnessing surface geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harnessing surface geothermal energy
+with worked ground source heat pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with worked ground source heat pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with worked ground source heat pump
+working at utility scale offers us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at utility scale offers us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at utility scale offers us a
+lowcost heating and cooling solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost heating and cooling solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost heating and cooling solution
+that will enhance our energy security,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will enhance our energy security,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will enhance our energy security,
+strengthen our economic competitiveness,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen our economic competitiveness,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen our economic competitiveness,
+create jobs, decrease greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create jobs, decrease greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create jobs, decrease greenhouse gas
+emissions, hence benefiting both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions, hence benefiting both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions, hence benefiting both
+economies and societies. The emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and societies. The emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and societies. The emerging
+markets can benefit from strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets can benefit from strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets can benefit from strategically
+planning geothermal rollout. The surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning geothermal rollout. The surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning geothermal rollout. The surface
+geothermal solutions like the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal solutions like the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal solutions like the network
+ground source heat pumps can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground source heat pumps can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground source heat pumps can be used
+anywhere. They don't have a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. They don't have a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. They don't have a resource
+risk. They save massively on electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. They save massively on electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. They save massively on electricity
+and they reduce the bills if financed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they reduce the bills if financed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they reduce the bills if financed
+properly. Take Jordan for example. As of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. Take Jordan for example. As of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. Take Jordan for example. As of
+2021, almost 80% of its energy needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021, almost 80% of its energy needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021, almost 80% of its energy needs
+were met through imports of natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were met through imports of natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were met through imports of natural gas
+and crude oil. Heating and cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crude oil. Heating and cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crude oil. Heating and cooling
+consumes a large share of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumes a large share of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumes a large share of its
+electricity, stressing an aging power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity, stressing an aging power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity, stressing an aging power
+grid. Conventional cooling systems use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid. Conventional cooling systems use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid. Conventional cooling systems use
+significant water volumes in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant water volumes in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant water volumes in one of the
+world's most water stressed countries,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most water stressed countries,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most water stressed countries,
+Jordan. By moving to geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan. By moving to geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan. By moving to geothermal energy
+networks, we can address all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks, we can address all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks, we can address all of these
+challenges. There is a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. There is a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. There is a massive
+efficiency rate of five times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency rate of five times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency rate of five times for
+heating with geothermal and six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating with geothermal and six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating with geothermal and six times
+for cooling with geothermal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooling with geothermal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooling with geothermal.
+Scaling up utility scale ground source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scaling up utility scale ground source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scaling up utility scale ground source
+heat pumps is a key part of IFC's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pumps is a key part of IFC's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pumps is a key part of IFC's
+investment program to mitigate climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment program to mitigate climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment program to mitigate climate
+change in the region. By developing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the region. By developing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the region. By developing this
+affordable and reliable heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and reliable heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and reliable heating and
+cooling model in the immediate term, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling model in the immediate term, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling model in the immediate term, we
+are providing catalytic financing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing catalytic financing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing catalytic financing for
+the preparation of demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preparation of demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preparation of demonstration
+projects which include the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which include the following.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which include the following.
+First, tailored engineering design. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First, tailored engineering design. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First, tailored engineering design. A
+suitable site is selected. The sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable site is selected. The sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable site is selected. The sight
+specific engineering design is developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific engineering design is developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific engineering design is developed
+in accordance with the country's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with the country's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with the country's
+permitting and regulatory requirements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting and regulatory requirements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting and regulatory requirements.
+Second, we engage stakeholders including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, we engage stakeholders including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, we engage stakeholders including
+organizing study tours for decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing study tours for decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing study tours for decision
+makers and implementers, educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers and implementers, educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers and implementers, educational
+programs for and workshops for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for and workshops for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for and workshops for
+engineers, policy makers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers, policy makers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers, policy makers and the
+communities. Third, we address any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities. Third, we address any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities. Third, we address any
+remaining policy gap. We do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining policy gap. We do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining policy gap. We do a
+comprehensive review for the framework,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive review for the framework,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive review for the framework,
+the regulatory environment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory environment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory environment and the
+market condition for network geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition for network geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition for network geothermal
+system. We identify barriers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We identify barriers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We identify barriers,
+opportunities and gaps and we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and gaps and we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and gaps and we develop
+actionable policy uh recommendations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable policy uh recommendations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable policy uh recommendations to
+enable a a timely uptake. Lastly, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a a timely uptake. Lastly, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a a timely uptake. Lastly, we
+mobilize the capital to finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize the capital to finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize the capital to finance
+demonstration scale up efforts. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration scale up efforts. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration scale up efforts. This
+would include blended finance solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include blended finance solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include blended finance solutions
+and solutions in local currencies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solutions in local currencies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solutions in local currencies for
+the utilities and local corporates given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities and local corporates given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities and local corporates given
+that their revenues will be in local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their revenues will be in local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their revenues will be in local
+currency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency.
+IFC is currently rolling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFC is currently rolling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IFC is currently rolling out
+demonstration projects in seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration projects in seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration projects in seven
+countries all eager to see projects move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries all eager to see projects move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries all eager to see projects move
+forward. Turkey, Pakistan, Jordan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Turkey, Pakistan, Jordan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Turkey, Pakistan, Jordan and
+four Central Asian nations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Central Asian nations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Central Asian nations of
+Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Usbakistan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Usbakistan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Usbakistan and
+Tajkistan. These projects include those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tajkistan. These projects include those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tajkistan. These projects include those
+previously mentioned for areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously mentioned for areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously mentioned for areas of
+support and lie the foundation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and lie the foundation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and lie the foundation for a
+fifth generation district heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth generation district heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth generation district heating and
+cooling network system operated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling network system operated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling network system operated by
+public or private utilities. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or private utilities. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or private utilities. All the
+demonstration projects will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration projects will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration projects will be
+engineered using the singlepipe ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered using the singlepipe ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered using the singlepipe ambient
+temperature loop to provide space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loop to provide space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loop to provide space
+heating and cooling to residential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling to residential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling to residential and
+commercial consumers. Each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial consumers. Each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial consumers. Each of these
+projects is designed to be for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is designed to be for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is designed to be for at least
+3,000 units equivalent with a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 units equivalent with a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 units equivalent with a potential
+scale up for up to 30,000 units which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up for up to 30,000 units which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up for up to 30,000 units which is
+the preference of most of the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preference of most of the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preference of most of the countries
+to go big. Thank you for attending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go big. Thank you for attending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go big. Thank you for attending the
+presentation. I'll be happy to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. I'll be happy to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. I'll be happy to answer
+questions during the Q&A session.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ew9ujMlyOTU.txt b/ew9ujMlyOTU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91002765554e58c2de75ee4a6342197c697937c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ew9ujMlyOTU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1928 @@
+PROFESSOR: I think you
+will get going.
+
+A lot of people are not here,
+but I think if the MRS meeting
+
+were going on across the river
+I would be there too if I
+
+didn't have a class to go to.
+
+We had last time finished
+a discussion strain.
+
+And we introduced strain by
+defining it as a displacement,
+
+each component of a vector
+displacement U as being given
+
+by a set of coefficients, eij
+times x of j, which says that
+
+the displacement in a deformed
+body varies linearly with the
+
+position of the particular
+point in the body.
+
+We could also express the
+same thing in terms
+
+of change of length.
+
+The change in the vector U would
+be given by-- we show
+
+the same set of coefficients--
+
+eij times delta x of j.
+
+So whether you want the
+displacement vector or you
+
+want the fractional change of
+length, you get this by an
+
+expression of the same sort.
+
+We saw though that unless we
+define the coefficients
+
+correctly we could have a
+situation where a body is not
+
+only deformed but is
+rotated as well.
+
+And we saw that in general
+unless we define these
+
+coefficients carefully we would
+include in this tensor a
+
+component of pure rotation,
+rigid body rotation.
+
+And this would not measure
+deformation.
+
+However, regardless of its
+suitability or unsuitability,
+
+the positional vector
+is a vector.
+
+It transforms like a vector.
+
+The displacement U is a vector,
+and it will transform
+
+like a vector; ergo, the 3 by
+3 array eij is a second-rank
+
+tensor and we'll transform
+like a tensor.
+
+We showed though that we could
+take eij and get rid of the
+
+pure rotation that might
+be contained in those
+
+coefficients by writing it as
+a tensor epsilon ij plus
+
+another tensor omega ij.
+
+And that was a new wrinkle,
+the concept of adding two
+
+tensors together to get
+a third tensor.
+
+We did run into that before.
+
+And we define the elements of
+the two tensors epsilon and
+
+omega; epsilon ij was given by
+one half of eij plus eji, and
+
+omega ij is given by one
+half of omega ij.
+
+And notice the order of the
+subscripts here in this
+
+difference.
+
+That is a matter of definition,
+but it defines
+
+which term is omega ij
+and which is omega
+
+ji minus omega ji.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+This should be eij minus eji.
+
+And we showed that at a tensor
+of this form which would have
+
+all of the diagonal terms zero
+and the off-diagonal terms
+
+equal to the negative of one
+another that a tensor of this
+
+form does indeed correspond
+to pure body rotation.
+
+We showed that by looking at
+a point at the end of a
+
+positional vector U and looked
+at a displacement which would
+
+be exactly at right
+angles to it.
+
+And the U would be given
+by the tensor relation.
+
+We showed that U dot r is
+identically zero when the
+
+displacement vector is given by
+this tensor with diagonal
+
+term zero and the off-diagonal
+terms equal to the negative of
+
+one another.
+
+So we have then from a general
+tensor of the form eij
+
+constructed in the terms epsilon
+ij something that is a
+
+measure of true deformation.
+
+It is a symmetric tensor
+by definition.
+
+And therefore in addition to all
+of the other properties of
+
+second-rank tensor, namely
+having a law of transformation
+
+and staying symmetric for any
+arbitrary change of coordinate
+
+systems, the radius normal
+property also works.
+
+Hence, the representation
+surface that we construct from
+
+the tensor epsilon ij xi
+xj equals 1, gives
+
+us the strain quadric.
+
+And it has the property that the
+radius gives us the value
+
+of strain in a given
+direction.
+
+And the value of the radius
+literally is going to be the
+
+vector that's on the left hand
+side, the magnitude of U times
+
+the component of U that is
+parallel to the radial vector
+
+per unit radial vector.
+
+And this then is the tensile
+strain, the fractional change
+
+of length as we look
+in this direction.
+
+The radius normal is going to
+give us the direction of the
+
+total displacement U. And the
+value of the property in that
+
+direction is going to be the
+product of that displacement
+
+with a unit vector in the
+direction of interest.
+
+And therefore that is the
+tensile strain as we said
+
+before from the general
+properties of the quadric.
+
+So everything we said about
+second-rank tensor and in
+
+particular symmetric tensor
+holds for the strain tensor.
+
+We can talk about diagonalizing
+the strain
+
+tensor into a form epsilon 1,
+1, epsilon 22, zero zero,
+
+epsilon 33.
+
+And I'll remind you that we know
+how to do this to set up
+
+the normal equations and solve
+for the eigenvalues and then
+
+look for the principal
+axes of a tensor.
+
+There are special forms
+of the strain tensor.
+
+Something that 1 diagonal
+goes into this form is
+
+called plane strain.
+
+And I love the melodic nature
+of that, the plane strain.
+
+If this were strain induced by
+a Modernistic transformation,
+
+we could call it the
+Bain plane strain.
+
+If we diagonalized it,
+it would be the
+
+main Bain plane strains.
+
+And if that deformation took
+place in an aircraft window,
+
+we could call it the plane-pane
+main Bain strains.
+
+And we could continue on
+indefinitely, but I think
+
+you're finding this tiresome.
+
+Another form of the strain
+tensor that doesn't look what
+
+it actually represents is
+epsilon 1 zero minus epsilon 1
+
+zero zero zero zero.
+
+That looks peculiar,
+very special.
+
+But, again, this is analogous
+to what we found for stress.
+
+If we rotate this tensor 45
+degrees, we would find that
+
+treat tensor was diagonally,
+had all the
+
+diagonal elements zero.
+
+And we would have the
+epsilon 11 prime--
+
+let's just call it
+epsilon prime--
+
+and this epsilon prime
+zero zero zero.
+
+And this is pure shear
+
+Something that we'll show
+shortly, and in fact I left it
+
+to you as a problem
+on a problems set.
+
+The sum of the diagonal
+elements, epsilon 11 plus
+
+epsilon 22 plus epsilon 33 is
+something that's defined as
+
+the trace of the tensor.
+
+And for the strain tensor, the
+trace turns out to be equal to
+
+delta V over the fractional
+change in volume.
+
+And we'll show that in just
+a little bit as well.
+
+So a characteristic of pure
+shear is that it does not
+
+result in any change of
+volume of the solid.
+
+There's deformation, but the
+volume stays exactly the same.
+
+Let me then proceed to show that
+the trace of the strain
+
+tensor is indeed the
+change in volume.
+
+And want I'll do is to look at
+an element of volume that is
+
+oriented along the principal
+elements of strain.
+
+So if this as x1, this is x2,
+and this is x3, the strain
+
+tensor I'll assume
+is oriented.
+
+So we have a term epsilon 11
+zero zero zero zero; epsilon
+
+22 zero zero zero; epsilon 33.
+
+So let's suppose that the solid
+originally has edges L1,
+
+L2, and L3 along x1, x2,
+and x3, respectively.
+
+So the initial volume before any
+deformation will be simply
+
+L1 times L2 times L3.
+
+Let's suppose now we impose
+the strain, and the volume
+
+then we'll increase to some
+value of V plus delta V. And
+
+the length L1 will change
+to a value L1 times 1
+
+plus epsilon 11.
+
+That is to say it'll be L1
+plus epsilon 11 times L1,
+
+which can be factored
+out in this fashion.
+
+L2 changes to L2 times
+1 plus epsilon 22.
+
+And L3 changes to L3 plus
+epsilon 33 times L3, which
+
+I'll write in this fashion.
+
+So expanding this product,
+it'll be L1, L2, L3.
+
+And then if I simply multiply
+out these terms, I'll have 1,
+
+and then I'll have epsilon 11
+plus epsilon 22 plus epsilon
+
+11 times epsilon 22.
+
+And this will be times
+1 plus epsilon 33.
+
+And if I carry out that
+multiplication,
+
+that will be 1 plus--
+
+and I'll get exactly these terms
+again-- epsilon 11 plus
+
+epsilon 22 plus epsilon
+11 times epsilon 22.
+
+And then a term epsilon 33 plus
+epsilon 11 epsilon 33
+
+plus epsilon 22 times
+epsilon 33.
+
+And then a third-order term,
+epsilon 11 times epsilon 22
+
+times epsilon 33.
+
+Now having gone through the
+painful process of expanding
+
+that, I will proceed to say that
+the epsilons are always
+
+going to be very small.
+
+Elastic strains are typically
+on the order of 10
+
+to the minus 6.
+
+So a product of two of those
+strains is 10 to the minus 12.
+
+And a product of three of those
+terms is going to be on
+
+the order of 10 to
+the minus 18.
+
+So this last term is going
+to be minuscule.
+
+And now I use a higher order
+term intentionally rather than
+
+a higher rank term.
+
+This is really a term
+of higher order.
+
+The same is true of all the
+peer-wise projects of this
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So I now have left if I turn out
+these higher order terms
+
+to pasture, I'll have 1 plus
+epsilon 11 plus epsilon 22
+
+plus epsilon 33.
+
+And the rest is negligible.
+
+And this will be the original
+volume V times 1 plus epsilon
+
+11 plus epsilon 22
+plus epsilon 33.
+
+So delta V over V, if I subtract
+off V on the left,
+
+delta V over V then is simply
+going to be equal to epsilon
+
+11 plus epsilon 22
+plus epsilon 33.
+
+So this is indeed the fractional
+change of volume,
+
+and it's the trace
+of epsilon ij.
+
+Now, physically, you wouldn't
+expect the volume to change if
+
+I change my reference
+axes because
+
+that's a scalar quantity.
+
+So I've shown by a hand-waving,
+backdoor argument
+
+that in fact the trace of a
+tensor does stay invariant for
+
+at least this particular
+tensor.
+
+But it's fairly straightforward
+to show that
+
+for any tensor aij the trace
+of the tensor is invariant
+
+when you change the
+coordinate system.
+
+And that's not hard to do.
+
+If you're clever, it takes
+about three lines.
+
+So I'll invite you to the
+exhilaration of discovering
+
+that for yourself on
+a problem set.
+
+Any questions or comments?
+
+All right.
+
+Having defined strain as a
+symmetric second-rank tensor
+
+when we factor out rigid body
+rotation, we can view strain
+
+as a physical property.
+
+And I think I tried to hoodwink
+you last time by
+
+saying this is a property
+of material.
+
+So therefore strain tensor has
+to also conform to all of the
+
+symmetry restrains that
+we have derived very
+
+exhaustively.
+
+And you said, no, no, no, no,
+that can't be; I don't believe
+
+that I can only give a uniform
+uniaxial deformation to an
+
+orthorhombic crystal.
+
+And I say, yeah, but to get the
+deformation, you have to
+
+squeeze the crystal.
+
+And that is going to be linked
+to the deformation by the
+
+elastic constants, and they
+are physical properties.
+
+And that maybe makes you
+think a little bit.
+
+But actually even though
+operationally you impose a
+
+strain by imposing a stress or
+by doing something else to the
+
+crystal that results in a
+strain, you can nevertheless
+
+pick any stimulus you
+wish to achieve a
+
+desired state of strain.
+
+So there is no symmetry
+constraint on the form of the
+
+strain tensor that can result.
+
+So the stain tensor then is
+not a property tensor.
+
+It is also a field tensor
+just like stress.
+
+So it can have any form we
+choose to create in it.
+
+So we now have the potential
+of having
+
+stress as a field tensor.
+
+And we have strain as
+a field tensor.
+
+And within limits, we can create
+strains of these two
+
+field tensors of any
+form that we wish.
+
+And we can now regard these as
+things that we do to crystals
+
+and look at a whole range of
+properties that result when
+
+the generalized force is not
+a vector, a tensor of first
+
+rank, but the generalized
+force is a--
+
+let's say-- a stress tensor.
+
+It's a generalized force
+which itself is not
+
+a first rank tensor.
+
+It's a second rank tensor.
+
+So we'll see a whole collection
+of interesting
+
+properties that fall
+into this category.
+
+But first I'd like to look at
+one remaining second-rank
+
+tensor property, and that
+is thermal expansion.
+
+And this is a curious
+second-rank tensor property,
+
+and we couldn't discuss
+it until we had
+
+talked about strain.
+
+And let me introduce it by
+one-dimensional example.
+
+Let's suppose we have a rodlike
+specimen of length L.
+
+And let's suppose it is
+in equilibrium at some
+
+temperature T. And then we heat
+it up to some temperature
+
+T plus delta T.
+
+In response to that particular
+change in temperature, the
+
+length of the rod will increase
+to a length L plus
+
+delta L. It expands.
+
+And we would find experimentally
+that delta L,
+
+first of all, is proportional
+to L. If you make the rod
+
+twice as long, the amount of
+expansion in an absolute sense
+
+is twice as large.
+
+And secondly, provided you're
+well above very, very low
+
+temperatures, close to absolute
+zero, delta L will
+
+also be proportional to the
+change in temperature.
+
+Thermal expansion is one of
+those properties which
+
+thermodynamically must
+go to zero as
+
+temperature goes to zero.
+
+So the thermal expansion
+coefficient that we've yet to
+
+define will be a function of
+temperature as we get down to
+
+very low temperatures on the
+order of a few degrees Kelvin.
+
+So we can define then the
+linear thermal expansion
+
+coefficient for this rod as 1
+over L, delta L over delta T.
+
+So this is something that will
+give us the fractional change
+
+of lengths.
+
+And what we can do now in
+general is to say that if we
+
+create a general strain, not
+a tensile strain, we have a
+
+general strain epsilon 11 plus
+epsilon 12, epsilon 13, and so
+
+on, has to be symmetric.
+
+So epsilon 21 is equal
+to epsilon 12.
+
+We'll say that this tensor
+epsilon ij will be written in
+
+general for the
+three-dimensional case as a
+
+second-rank tensor aij times
+a scalar quantity delta T.
+
+The strain is the
+field tensor.
+
+That's the response.
+
+The stimulus that creates this
+response is an incremental
+
+change in temperature.
+
+But as this is a second-rank
+tensor and this is a scalar,
+
+an array of coefficients in
+which we multiply every
+
+element of a tensor by a scalar
+is also a tensor.
+
+So this is called the
+linear thermal
+
+expansion coefficient tensor.
+
+And it is a symmetric tensor by
+definition since a measure
+
+of true strain is by definition
+a symmetric tensor.
+
+So this is the linear thermal
+expansion coefficient tensor.
+
+AUDIENCE: Quick question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the
+temperature gradient
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+and talk about the
+directionality say between
+
+here and here because of the
+temperature [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+Sure.
+
+Sure if you wanted to do that.
+
+That assumes that the thermal
+conductivity would be very
+
+small so that the temperature
+inside the body would not
+
+attempt to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+In the same way that you could
+create strains that are in
+
+homogeneous as well.
+
+We'll now for the first time
+start talking not in terms of
+
+abstractions but in terms of
+some real physical properties.
+
+What is the range of
+linear thermal
+
+expansion coefficient tensors?
+
+And unlike many physical
+properties, that's an easy one
+
+to answer, 10 to the minus
+6 degree C per degree C.
+
+Materials have a very, very
+small range linear thermal
+
+expansion coefficients.
+
+And let me give you some
+examples for real materials.
+
+They go up to maybe 10 to the
+minus 5 for a very soft weakly
+
+bonded materials.
+
+But the for metals--
+
+and I'm giving you a single
+number now because these are
+
+averages for polycrystalline
+materials--
+
+the value of A times
+10 to the 6.
+
+For lead, a low- melting metal,
+is 28, 2.8 times 10 to
+
+the minus 5.
+
+For copper, 18.
+
+For iron, 12.
+
+Four tungsten, a very
+refractory metal, 5.
+
+And for diamond, a very strongly
+bonded materials,
+
+it's 0.89 times 10 minus 6.
+
+If we look at compounds, again,
+the average linear
+
+thermal expansion coefficient
+times 10 to the 6 for
+
+polycrystalline material.
+
+For aluminum bromide, hardly
+a technology material of
+
+commerce, but in light of this
+because this has one of the
+
+largest linear thermal expansion
+coefficients of any
+
+material, very weakly
+bonded to compound.
+
+For a more typical ionic
+compound, NaCL, 40 times 10 to
+
+the minus 6.
+
+For calcium fluoride, this has
+a bivalent cation in it, so
+
+the material is stronger, more
+strongly bonded, 20.
+
+For MgO, both a divalent cation
+and the divalent anion,
+
+as you would expect, the thermal
+expansion coefficient
+
+drop still more.
+
+For Al2O3, a trivalent cation
+that goes down to 8.8, and
+
+that's really an average
+because this
+
+is a hexagonal material.
+
+And a second-rank property
+tensor for a hexagonal crystal
+
+has to have two equal diagonal
+elements and one independent
+
+diagonal element when you
+diagonalize the tensor.
+
+Spinal, MgAl2O4 this is
+representative of all of the
+
+ferrites for example, 7.6.
+
+Silicon carbide, a
+very refractory
+
+covalent compound, 4.7.
+
+For glasses, here's
+a surprise.
+
+You might think that a glass
+might have about the same
+
+linear expansion coefficient as
+the crystalline form of the
+
+same composition.
+
+But a sodium calcium silicon
+oxide glass, so called
+
+soda-lime silicate glass,
+is 9, fairly low.
+
+A borosilicate glass, like the
+Vicor that we love to make
+
+glass apparatus out of, 4.5.
+
+And one of the near record
+holder is fused silica,
+
+silicio glass, and here
+a measly value of 0.5.
+
+So glasses have very low linear
+thermal expansion
+
+coefficients compared to
+crystallize materials that are
+
+predominantly ionic.
+
+And the reason lies in the
+nature of the structure.
+
+Something like MgO has ordered
+ions, and when you heat it up,
+
+it expands isotropically.
+
+A glass is this random network
+of edge-shared polyhedra.
+
+So when you heat it up, yes,
+the dimensions of the
+
+polyhedra increase in proportion
+to the change of
+
+temperature.
+
+But the framework because it's
+so meandering and open can
+
+buckle to accommodate the
+increased size of the
+
+tetrahedra that are
+in the linkage.
+
+So the result is the network
+buckles, but the overall
+
+microscopic thermal expansion
+is very, very slight even
+
+though the tetrahedra are
+changing dimensions in the
+
+same degree that they are in
+these crystalline inorganic
+
+nonmetallic materials.
+
+Let me give you a handout not
+that it's up to date, but
+
+there was a very nice,
+convenient one-page article in
+
+the Journal of the American
+Ceramic Society a number of
+
+years ago that lists thermal
+expansion coefficients for low
+
+expansion oxides.
+
+So let me pass that around
+and let you take off
+
+for copy with that.
+
+And that gives some examples of
+the value of this property
+
+for, again, for polycrystalline
+materials,
+
+which if you looked at a single
+crystal would show
+
+anisotropy.
+
+And here you'll find a few
+materials in the list near the
+
+top they're arranged in order
+of increasing linear thermal
+
+expansion, you'll find some that
+are just about zero when
+
+you have a polycrystalline
+form of the material.
+
+And you'll have some that have
+this very unusual behavior
+
+where the linear thermal
+expansion coefficient is
+
+actually negative.
+
+So let me pass this around
+for reference.
+
+Now this may seem to be a
+curiosity that you can fine
+
+for a polycrystalline material
+for which the individual
+
+grains expand anisotropically
+a bulk linear thermal
+
+expansion coefficient of zero.
+
+Why should one care other than
+that being a curious result?
+
+Can anybody guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+say that again?
+
+PROFESSOR: That these are
+materials which in a
+
+polycrystalline form with random
+grain orientation have
+
+a linear thermal expansion
+coefficient this is
+
+essentially zero?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Exactly.
+
+The materials out of which you
+build furnace linings and
+
+tanks for melting glass or
+smelting steel have to be made
+
+out of polycrystalline
+materials.
+
+You can't have a monolithic
+single crystal that's large
+
+enough to melt a significant
+amount of
+
+glass in for example.
+
+And being polycrystalline, when
+the material expands,
+
+there is a great deal of stress
+between neighboring
+
+grains because they're
+randomly oriented.
+
+If the bulk microscopic thermal
+expansion coefficient
+
+is zero, that is going to be
+refractory that is very, very
+
+resistant to thermal shock.
+
+When you heat it up, you don't
+find intergranular cracking.
+
+So the materials that have
+essentially zero spatially
+
+average thermal expansion
+coefficients are very
+
+attractive for refractories.
+
+You can pick up any issue
+of the Journal of
+
+the American Ceramics--
+
+not the journal, but the
+Bulletin of the American
+
+Ceramic Society and you will
+find refractory companies
+
+hustling materials like
+Cordierite, which is a
+
+silicate material that on
+average has one positive
+
+thermal expansion coefficient,
+one negative thermal expansion
+
+coefficient.
+
+And the volume change of the
+individual grains is
+
+essentially zero.
+
+So that makes a dandy material
+for refractories.
+
+Cordierite has another
+interesting property that is a
+
+really nice example
+of anisotropy
+
+of a physical property.
+
+If I ask you to rattle off some
+properties which you know
+
+to be very anisotropic, one of
+them that you wouldn't think
+
+of is color.
+
+Your t-shirt is pink,
+so how can that be
+
+a function of direction?
+
+Well your t-shirt is not
+a single crystal.
+
+And their single crystals which
+if you hold them up to
+
+light and pass through a plain
+polarized beam of light the
+
+crystal has a very different
+color for one direction of
+
+polarization then another.
+
+And these colors, interestingly,
+very often are
+
+strikingly different.
+
+They're crystals that are green
+in light polarized in
+
+one direction and red for
+light polarized in the
+
+opposite direction.
+
+And there is in the old
+Icelandic sagas--
+
+few people have heard of them.
+
+The Icelandic sagas which were
+written in about the year 500
+
+are one of the early forms of
+Western literature that is
+
+really great, enduring
+world-class literature.
+
+In the sagas, there's one
+episode where Thor is sleeping
+
+and Olaf comes along and
+steals his sunstone.
+
+And Thor is upset he takes
+his battle as and cut
+
+Olaf's head in twain.
+
+And people puzzled
+for hundreds of
+
+years, what is sunstone.
+
+This doesn't compute
+in today's age.
+
+And finally a Norwegian
+archaeologist came up with a
+
+hypothesis that in Iceland there
+are remarkably large and
+
+remarkably transparent and
+perfect single crystals of
+
+Cordierite.
+
+And Cordierite is strikingly
+pleochroic.
+
+That's color that is a function
+of direction.
+
+And what this archaeologist
+theorized is that the Vikings
+
+would take a sunstone when they
+went sailing on the North
+
+Sea, which is notoriously damp
+and overcast and gray, and
+
+your principal means of
+navigation was the sun.
+
+But when the sky was overcast,
+you couldn't see the sun.
+
+But the sun as it comes through
+the cloud gives you
+
+light that's very strongly
+polarized.
+
+So the theory is that the
+Vikings would have very
+
+perfect crystals of transparent
+Cordierite, would
+
+hold them up to the sky, and
+turn them around until the
+
+Cordierite crystal lit up a
+bright, golden sunny yellow.
+
+What better name for
+the sunstone.
+
+You found the sun from the
+direction of polarization of
+
+the light scattered from the
+cloud when you've got the
+
+crystal oriented just so.
+
+In a different orientation, it
+would look murkier, look sort
+
+of a bluish purple for the other
+principal direction of
+
+the birefringence.
+
+So there is putting crystal
+anisotropy hundreds of years
+
+ago to a very useful purpose
+to navigate on cloudy days.
+
+Unfortunately, the Vikings
+used it to sail down the
+
+British coast and sacked
+the next village.
+
+So it shows you that even the
+most simple of science can be
+
+put to application
+in war research.
+
+Anyway, won't go
+there anymore.
+
+So index of refraction and color
+can also be a strong
+
+function of direction
+
+The numbers that I put on the
+blackboard suggest that the
+
+magnitude of thermal expansion
+coefficients are influenced
+
+very strongly by the strength
+of the interatomic bonding.
+
+And this shows up in a very,
+very striking way if you group
+
+together classes of comparable
+materials.
+
+And if you plot the value of the
+linear thermal expansion
+
+coefficient in units of 10 to
+the minus 6 per degree C as a
+
+function of the melting point in
+degrees Kelvin, the numbers
+
+range from about 400 K for
+materials like sulfur up to
+
+about 3,700 for tungsten.
+
+And the variation is
+so beautiful it
+
+could make you cry.
+
+It goes as the inverse
+of the melting point.
+
+And way up here are materials
+like for sulfur and lithium.
+
+And the way out here are
+materials like tungsten.
+
+And their relation is given
+by a equals 0.020 over the
+
+melting point in
+degrees Kelvin.
+
+So very strong correlation
+between melting point and
+
+linear expansion for
+simple elements.
+
+If you do the same thing for
+compounds, you find a similar
+
+parabolic relation except
+it is offset.
+
+For oxides and halides, many
+of them with the rock salt
+
+structure, so they
+are isotropic.
+
+And again, if you plot here the
+melting point in degrees
+
+Kelvin, the numbers here
+range up to 60 times 10
+
+to the minus 6.
+
+And again, a variation
+with 1 over T, but
+
+offset from the origin.
+
+And the curve here is that a
+equals 0.038 over T, the
+
+melting point T sub m in Kelvin,
+minus 7.0 times 10 to
+
+the minus 6.
+
+Finally, let me finish with some
+data for single crystals
+
+that provide examples
+of and anisotropy.
+
+These are all hexagonal
+materials.
+
+And I will give you the--
+
+not all hexagonal.
+
+I take that back.
+
+But they're all uniaxial
+crystals.
+
+The value of the thermal
+expansion coefficient along C
+
+and the thermal expansion
+coefficient that is parallel
+
+to C, so these are the elements
+that would be in the
+
+diagonal isothermal
+expansion tensor.
+
+So for Al2O3, which is a
+hexagonal rhombohedral oxide,
+
+the two expansion coefficients
+are 8.39 and 9.0 times 10 to
+
+the minus 6, not terribly
+anisotropic.
+
+But the structure of alumina is
+a close-packed arrangement
+
+of oxygen with aluminum filling
+2/3 of the available
+
+octahedral holes.
+
+So it's hexagonal only because
+of the sites that are filled
+
+in the array.
+
+For TiO2, which is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and therefore also uniaxial,
+6.8 perpendicular to C; 8.3
+
+parallel to C. For zirconium
+silicate, 3.7 and 6.2, almost
+
+a 2:1 difference.
+
+For the quartz form of silica,
+which is hexagonal, 14
+
+perpendicular to C;
+9 parallel to C.
+
+For carbon, the graphite form,
+a layer structure--
+
+you can almost guess how this
+is going to turn out.
+
+It's going to be humongous
+perpendicular to the lawyers
+
+and very small within the plane
+of these tightly bonded
+
+hexagonal nets.
+
+And that is indeed the case,
+1 perpendicular to C; 27
+
+parallel to C. So there is an
+anisotropy of a factor of 27.
+
+A few more.
+
+Aluminum titanate, perpendicular
+to C minus 2.6;
+
+parallel to C 11.5.
+
+A very well known example
+of anisotropy, extreme
+
+anisotropy, where one principal
+coefficient is
+
+positive and two are negative
+is the calcite forms calcium
+
+carbonate, minus 6 and 25.
+
+For zinc metal, a hexagonal
+close-packed metal, surprising
+
+degree of anisotropy,
+14 and 64.
+
+And for tellurium, which is a
+chain structure like selenium,
+
+27 perpendicular to C and
+minus 1.6 in a direction
+
+parallel to C.
+
+Even simple hexagonal
+close-packed metals can do
+
+strange things at low
+temperatures.
+
+For zinc, the expansion
+coefficients perpendicular to
+
+C and parallel to C as a
+function of temperature go at
+
+300 degrees C from 13 and 64.
+
+At 150, the values have
+dropped to 8 and 65.
+
+At 60 degrees K perpendicular to
+C, the thermal expansion is
+
+negative and has not dropped
+terribly much of at all
+
+parallel to C. So this is
+a hexagonal close-packed
+
+structure lot.
+
+A lot of action and strange
+things going on in the plane
+
+at the close-packed layers, but
+not very much change in a
+
+direction perpendicular
+to the layers.
+
+Let me raise one more issue.
+
+If we were to look at some of
+these strangely anisotropic
+
+materials which had negative
+thermal expansion coefficients
+
+in one direction and positive
+in another, what would the
+
+representation quadric
+look like?
+
+Suppose we looked at calcite,
+for example, which has a large
+
+negative thermal expansion
+coefficient.
+
+And if we look at the thermal
+expansion quadric when the
+
+tensor was referred
+to the principal
+
+axes, parallel to C--
+
+well, the thermal expansion
+tensor aij along its principal
+
+axes would be along A1 in a
+direction perpendicular to C,
+
+it would be for the data given
+here, minus 6, zero, zero,
+
+zero, minus 6, zero,
+zero, zero.
+
+And A33 is 25.
+
+So that's very, very
+anisotropic.
+
+But what is this going to be?
+
+This is going to be a quadric
+that has the shape of an
+
+hyperboloid of two sheets.
+
+So it's going to
+look like this.
+
+And there'll be an asymptote
+like this and then
+
+asymptote like this.
+
+Along the asymptote,
+the radius of
+
+the quadric is infinite.
+
+So therefore along these
+directions the
+
+strain is equal to zero.
+
+Strain goes as 1 over
+the radius squared.
+
+In this range of directions
+here, the radius is imaginary.
+
+But remember that the
+strain is given by 1
+
+over the radius squared.
+
+So this says that the strain is
+negative, so the material
+
+has contracted.
+
+And finally, in this range of
+directions where the radius is
+
+finite and positive, if the
+value of strain is 1 over
+
+radius squared, this says that
+the maximum deformation is
+
+along the direction of the C
+axis, and it's positive.
+
+The material expands along C;
+the minimum radius of the
+
+quadric corresponds to the
+maximum thermal expansion.
+
+So let me close with
+a question.
+
+Along the asymptote of the
+quadric, the strain is zero.
+
+Does this mean that this
+direction in a crystal of
+
+calcite does not move, no
+deformation at all when you
+
+heat it up?
+
+I see faint shakes
+of the head.
+
+I don't know if that's just in
+awe of what's going on here or
+
+an opinion on the question.
+
+Do you think it'll
+be no strain?
+
+AUDIENCE: It would
+be [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good answer.
+
+Let's remember a property of
+the representation quadric.
+
+The direction of what happens
+is normal to the surface of
+
+the quadric.
+
+The thing that is happening here
+is the displacement; ui
+
+is given by epsilon
+ij times U sub j.
+
+So when we look in this
+direction, the displacement,
+
+which would be normal to the
+surface of the quadric, gives
+
+us this as a displacement.
+
+So along the asymptotes of the
+quadric, you can't say that
+
+there's no deformation, but
+that the deformation
+
+corresponds to pure rotation
+and not any
+
+fractional change of length.
+
+In these directions, the length
+changes, but it is a
+
+decrease in length within
+the asymptotes.
+
+For those directions, the
+strain is an extension.
+
+And again, if you want to know
+the direction of the
+
+displacement, you find the
+normal to the surface of the
+
+quadric in the direction of
+interest, and that's the
+
+direction in which the
+radius vector points.
+
+All right.
+
+That's I think a good
+place to quit.
+
+I think I'll say a little bit
+more after the break about the
+
+atomistic reason for increases
+in interionic separations,
+
+which we can get some insight
+into from a simple model.
+
+But before we disperse, I don't
+know if everybody got a
+
+copy of problem set 13.
+
+If anybody didn't, there's some
+extra copies up here.
+
+But I will with great pleasure
+pass out to you problems set
+
+number 14, which has served
+two purposes.
+
+One is to have you show for
+yourself that the trace of a
+
+second-rank tensor--
+
+I called it second-order
+tensor--
+
+second-rank tensor the sum of
+the diagonal elements is
+
+invariant for a change of
+reference axes for a general
+
+direction cosine scheme for
+the change of axes.
+
+And then the other two questions
+are to give you some
+
+practice in diagonalizing a
+second-rank property tensor
+
+which is not in diagonal form.
+
+And I asked you to do
+this in two ways.
+
+One is by direct solution of
+the secular equation and
+
+finding the eigenvectors.
+
+And then the third example,
+which is for a completely
+
+general tensor, to do this by
+the method of successive
+
+approximations.
+
+And you'll find after a couple
+of iterations you get fairly
+
+close to convergence.
+
+So I shall pass this around.
+
+And again, I think there's
+something to be
+
+learned from that.
+
+Let's take our stretch then.
+
+I'm sure that lecture involved
+a lot of stress and strain.
+
+Ha, ha.
+
+Let's resume in 10 minutes.
+
+And we'll then move on to some
+additional higher rank tensor
+
+properties, which will be
+very, very interesting.
+
+Go for it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eyNm7XGJr4s.txt b/eyNm7XGJr4s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fce1202b3c1957a3315415c3614297888da4f911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eyNm7XGJr4s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2057 @@
+We are going to start today in
+a serious way on the
+
+inhomogenous equation,
+second-order linear
+
+differential,
+I'll simply write it out
+
+instead of writing out all the
+words which go with it.
+
+So, such an equation looks
+like, the second-order equation
+
+is going to look like y double
+prime plus p of x,
+
+t, x plus q of x times y.
+Now, up to now the right-hand
+
+side has been zero.
+So, now we are going to make it
+
+not be zero.
+So, this is going to be f of x.
+
+In the most frequent
+
+applications,
+x is time.
+
+x is usually time,
+often, but not always.
+
+So, maybe just for today,
+I will use X in talking about
+
+the general theory.
+And, from now on,
+
+I'll probably make X equal time
+because that's what is most of
+
+the time in the applications.
+So, this is the part we've been
+
+studying up until now.
+It has a lot of names.
+
+It's input, signal,
+commas between those,
+
+a driving term,
+or sometimes it's called the
+
+forcing term.
+You'll see all of these in the
+
+literature, and it pretty much
+depends upon what course you're
+
+sitting at, what the professor
+habitually calls it.
+
+I will try to use all these
+terms now and then,
+
+probably most often I will
+lapse into input as the most
+
+generic term,
+suggesting nothing in
+
+particular, and therefore,
+equally acceptable or
+
+unacceptable to everybody.
+The response,
+
+the solution,
+then, the solution as you know
+
+is then called the response.
+The response,
+
+sometimes it's called the
+output.
+
+I think I'll stick pretty much
+with response.
+
+So, I'm using pretty much the
+same terminology we use for
+
+studying first-order equations.
+Now, as you will see,
+
+the reason we had to study the
+homogeneous case first was
+
+because you cannot solve this
+without knowing the homogeneous
+
+solutions.
+So, that's the inhomogeneous
+
+case.
+But the homogeneous one,
+
+the corresponding homogeneous
+thing, y double prime plus p of
+
+x y prime plus q of x times y
+equals zero
+
+is an essential
+part of the solution to this
+
+equation.
+That's called,
+
+therefore, it has names.
+Now, unfortunately,
+
+it doesn't have a single name.
+I don't know what to call it,
+
+but I think I'll probably call
+it the associated homogeneous
+
+equation, or ODE,
+the associated homogeneous
+
+equation, the one associated to
+the guy on the left.
+
+It's also called the reduced
+equation by some people.
+
+There is some other term for
+it, which escapes me totally,
+
+but what the heck.
+Now, its solution has a name.
+
+So, its solution,
+of course, doesn't depend on
+
+anything in particular,
+the general solution,
+
+because the right-hand side is
+always zero.
+
+So, its solution,
+we know can be written as y
+
+equals in the form c1 y1 plus c2
+y2,
+
+where y1 and y2 are any two
+independent solutions of that,
+
+and then c1's and c2's are
+arbitrary constants.
+
+Now, what you are looking at
+this equation,
+
+you're going to need this also.
+And therefore,
+
+it has a name.
+It has various names.
+
+Sometimes there is a subscript,
+c, there.
+
+Sometimes there's a subscript,
+h.
+
+Sometimes there's no subscript
+at all, which is the most
+
+confusing of all.
+But, anyway,
+
+what's the name given to it?
+Well, there is no name.
+
+Many books call it the solution
+to the associated homogeneous
+
+equation.
+That's maximally long.
+
+Your book calls it the
+complementary solution.
+
+Many people call it that,
+and many will look at you with
+
+a blank, who know differential
+equations very well,
+
+and will not have the faintest
+idea what you're talking about.
+
+If you call it (y)h,
+then you are thinking of it as
+
+the solution;
+the h is for homogeneous to
+
+indicate it's the solution.
+So, it's the solution to the,
+
+I'm not going to write that.
+You put it in her books if you
+
+like writing.
+Write solution to the
+
+associated homogeneous equation,
+y(h).
+
+But, it's all the same thing.
+Now, or the solution to the
+
+reduced equation,
+I see I have in my notes.
+
+Okay, good, the solution to the
+reduced equation,
+
+too.
+Okay, now, the examples,
+
+there are, of course,
+two classical examples,
+
+of which you know one.
+But, use them as the model for
+
+what solutions of these things
+should look like and how they
+
+should behave.
+So, the model you know already
+
+is the one, I won't make the
+leading coefficient one because
+
+it usually isn't,
+is the one, m x double prime,
+
+so t is the
+independent variable,
+
+plus b x prime plus k x equals
+f of t.
+
+That's the spring-mass system,
+
+the spring-mass-dashpot system.
+Mass, the damping constant and
+
+the spring constant,
+except up to now,
+
+it's always been zero here.
+What does this f of t
+
+represent?
+Well, if you think of the way
+
+in which I derived the equation,
+the mx, that was the Newton's
+
+law.
+That's the acceleration.
+
+So, it's the acceleration,
+the mass times the
+
+acceleration.
+By Newton's law,
+
+this is equal to the imposed
+force on the little mass truck.
+
+Okay, you got that truck,
+there.
+
+I'm not going to draw the truck
+for the nth time.
+
+You'll have to imagine it.
+So, here's our truck.
+
+Okay, forces are acting on it.
+Remember, the forces were 
+
+minus kx.
+That came from the spring.
+
+There was a force,
+minus b x prime.
+
+That came from the dashpot,
+the damping force.
+
+So, this other guy is f of t.
+
+What's this?
+This is the external force,
+
+which is acting out.
+In other words,
+
+instead of the little truck
+going back and forth and doing
+
+its own thing all by itself,
+here's someone with an
+
+electromagnet,
+and the mass it's carrying is a
+
+big pile of iron ore.
+You're turning it on and off,
+
+and pulling that thing from
+afar where nobody can see it.
+
+So, this is the external force.
+Now, think, that is the model
+
+you must have in your mind of
+how these equations are treated.
+
+In other words,
+when f of t is zero,
+
+the system is passive.
+There is no external force on
+
+it when this is zero.
+The system is sitting,
+
+and just doing what it wants to
+do, all by itself.
+
+You wanted up by giving it an
+initial push,
+
+and putting its initial
+position somewhere.
+
+But after that,
+you lay your hands off.
+
+The system then just passively
+responds to its initial
+
+conditions and does what it
+wants.
+
+The other model is that you
+don't let it respond the way it
+
+wants to.
+You force it from the outside
+
+by pushing it with an external
+force.
+
+Now, those are clearly two
+entirely different problems:
+
+what it does by itself,
+or what it does when it's acted
+
+on from outside.
+And, when I explained to you
+
+how the thing is to be solved,
+you have to keep in mind those
+
+two models.
+So, this is the forced system.
+
+I'll just use the word,
+forced system,
+
+that's where f of t is
+not zero, versus the passive
+
+system where there is no
+external applied force.
+
+The passive system,
+the forced system,
+
+now, you have to both,
+even if you wanted to solve the
+
+forced system,
+the way the system would behave
+
+if nothing would be done to it
+from the outside is nonetheless
+
+going to be an important part of
+the solution.
+
+And, I won't be able to give
+you that solution without
+
+knowing this also.
+Now, I'd like to give you the
+
+other model very rapidly because
+it's in your book.
+
+It's in the problems I have to
+give you.
+
+You know, it's part of
+everybody's culture,
+
+whether they like it or not.
+So, that's example number one.
+
+Example number two,
+which follows the differential
+
+equation just as perfectly as
+the spring-mass-dashpot system
+
+is the simple electric circuit.
+The inductance,
+
+you don't know yet what an
+inductance is,
+
+officially, but you will,
+a resistance,
+
+sorry, that's okay,
+put the capacitance up there,
+
+resistance, and then maybe a
+thing.
+
+So, this is a resistance.
+I think you know these symbols.
+
+By now, you certainly know the
+system for capacitance.
+
+What I mean when I say C is the
+capacitance, you may not know
+
+yet what L is.
+That's called the inductance.
+
+So, this is something called a
+coil because it looks like one.
+
+L is what's called its
+inductance.
+
+And, the differential equation,
+there are two differential
+
+equations which can be used in
+this.
+
+They are essentially the same.
+One is simply the derivative of
+
+the other.
+Both differential equations
+
+come from Kirchhoff's voltage
+law, that the sum of the voltage
+
+drops as you move around the
+circuit --
+
+-- has to be zero because
+otherwise, I don't have to,
+
+that's because of somebody's
+law, Kirchhoff,
+
+with two h's.
+The sum of the voltage drops to
+
+zero, and now you know the
+voltage drop across this,
+
+and you know the voltage drop
+across that because you learned
+
+in 8.02.
+You will, one day,
+
+learn the voltage drop across
+this.
+
+But, I already know it.
+It's Li.
+
+So, i is the current.
+I'll write this thing in its
+
+primitive form first.
+So, i is the current that's
+
+flowing in the circuit.
+q is the charge on the
+
+capacitance.
+So, the voltage drop across the
+
+coil is L times i.
+The voltage shop across the,
+
+Li prime,
+the voltage drop across the
+
+resistance is,
+well, you know that.
+
+And, the voltage shop across
+the capacitance is q 
+
+divided by C.
+And so, that's equal to,
+
+well, it's equal to zero,
+except if there's a battery
+
+here or something generating a
+voltage drop,
+
+so, let's call that E is a
+generic word.
+
+E could be a battery.
+It could be a source of
+
+alternating current,
+something like that.
+
+But, there's a voltage drop
+across it, and I'm giving E the
+
+name of the voltage drop.
+So, and then there's the
+
+question of the signs,
+which I know I'll never
+
+understand.
+But, let's assume you've chosen
+
+the sign convention so that this
+comes out nicely on the
+
+right-hand side.
+So, this might be varying
+
+sinusoidally,
+in which case you'd have source
+
+of alternating current.
+Or, it might be constant,
+
+in which that would be a
+battery, a little dry cell
+
+giving you direct current of a
+constant voltage,
+
+stuff like that.
+So, you could make this minus
+
+if you want, but everything will
+have the wrong signs,
+
+so don't do it.
+Now, this doesn't look like
+
+what it's supposed to look like
+because it's got q and i.
+
+So, the final thing you have to
+know is that q prime is 
+
+equal to i.
+The rate at which that charge
+
+leaves the condenser and hurries
+around the circuit to find its
+
+little soul mate on the other
+side is the current that's
+
+flowing in the circuit.
+That's why current flows,
+
+except nothing really happens.
+Electrons just push on each
+
+other, and they stay where they
+are.
+
+I don't understand this at all.
+So, if I differentiate this,
+
+you can do two things.
+Either you could integrate i,
+
+and expressed the thing
+entirely in terms of q,
+
+or you can differentiate it,
+and express everything in terms
+
+of i.
+Your book does nicely both,
+
+does not take sides.
+So, let's differentiate it,
+
+and then it will look like L i
+double prime plus R i prime plus
+
+i divided by C equals,
+
+and now, watch out,
+you have now not the
+
+electromotive force,
+but its derivative.
+
+So, if you were so unfortunate
+as to put a little dry cell
+
+there, now you've got nothing,
+and you've got the homogeneous
+
+case.
+That's okay.
+
+Where are the erasers?
+One eraser?
+
+I don't believe this.
+
+So, there's the equation.
+There are our two equations.
+
+Why don't we put them up in
+colored chalk.
+
+There's the spring equation.
+And, here's the equation that
+
+governs the current,
+for how the current flows in
+
+that circuit.
+And now, you can see,
+
+again, what does it mean?
+If this is zero,
+
+for example,
+if I have a dry cell there,
+
+or if I have nothing at all in
+the circuit, then this
+
+represents the passive circuit.
+It's just sitting there.
+
+It wouldn't do anything at all,
+except that you've put a charge
+
+on the capacitor,
+and waited, and of course,
+
+when you put a charge on there,
+it's got a discharge,
+
+and discharges through the
+circuit, and swings back and
+
+forth a little bit if it's
+under-damped until finally
+
+towards the end the current dies
+away to zero.
+
+But, what usually happens is
+that you drive this passive
+
+circuit by putting an effective
+E in it, and then you want to
+
+know how the current behaves.
+So, those are the two problems,
+
+the passive circuit without an
+applied electromotive force,
+
+or plugging it into the wall,
+and wanting it to do things.
+
+That's the normal state of
+affairs.
+
+People don't want passive
+circuits, they want circuits
+
+which do things because,
+okay, that's why they want to
+
+solve inhomogeneous equations
+instead of homogeneous
+
+equations.
+But as I said,
+
+you have to do the homogeneous
+case first.
+
+Okay, you are now officially
+responsible for this,
+
+and I don't care that you
+haven't had it in physics yet.
+
+You will before the next exam.
+So, I don't even feel guilty.
+
+But, you're going to start
+using it on the problem set
+
+right away.
+So, it's never too soon to
+
+start learning it.
+Okay, now, the main theorem,
+
+I now want to go,
+so that was just examples to
+
+give you some physical feeling
+for the sorts of differential
+
+equations we'll be talking
+about.
+
+I now want to tell you briefly
+about the key theorem about
+
+solving the homogeneous
+equation.
+
+So, the main theorem about
+solving the homogeneous equation
+
+is, the inhomogeneous equation.
+So, I'm going to write the
+
+inhomogeneous equation out.
+I'm going to make the left-hand
+
+side a linear operator,
+and am going to write the
+
+equation as Ly equals f of x.
+
+That's the inhomogeneous
+equation.
+
+So, L is the linear operator,
+second order because I'm only
+
+talking about second-order
+equations.
+
+L is a linear operator,
+and then this is the
+
+differential equation.
+So, here's our differential
+
+equation.
+It's inhomogeneous because it's
+
+go the f of x on the
+right hand side.
+
+And, what the theorem says is
+that the solution has the
+
+following form,
+y sub p, I'll explain what that
+
+is in just a moment,
+plus y sub c.
+
+So, the hypothesis is we've got
+the linear equation,
+
+and the conclusion is that
+that's what its solution looks
+
+like.
+Now, you already know what y
+
+sub c looks like.
+In other words,
+
+if I write this out in more
+detail, it would be i.e.,
+
+department of fuller
+explanation, --
+
+-- the general solution looks
+like y equals yp,
+
+and then this thing is going to
+look like an arbitrary constant
+
+times y1 plus an arbitrary
+constant times y2,
+
+where these are solutions of
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+So, Yc looks like this part,
+and the yp, what's yp?
+
+p stands for particular,
+the most confusing word in this
+
+subject.
+But, you've got at least four
+
+weeks to learn what it means.
+Okay, yp is a particular
+
+solution to Ly equals f of x.
+
+Now, I'm not going to explain
+what particular means.
+
+First, I'll chat as if you knew
+what it meant,
+
+and then we'll see if you have
+picked it up.
+
+In other words,
+the procedure for solving this
+
+equation is composed of two
+steps.
+
+First, to find this part.
+In other words,
+
+to find the complementary
+solution, in other words,
+
+to do what we've been doing for
+the last week,
+
+solve not the equation you are
+given, but the reduced equation.
+
+So, the first step is to find
+this.
+
+The second step is to find yp.
+Now, what's yp?
+
+yp is a particular solution to
+the whole equation.
+
+Yeah, but which one?
+Well, if it's any one,
+
+then it's not a particular
+solution, yeah.
+
+I say, unfortunately the word
+particular here is not being
+
+used in exactly the same sense
+in which most people use it in
+
+ordinary English.
+It's a perfectly valid way to
+
+use it.
+It's just confusing,
+
+and no one has ever come up
+with a better word.
+
+So, particular means any one
+solution.
+
+Any one will do.
+Okay, even these have slightly
+
+different meanings.
+Any questions about this?
+
+I refuse to answer them.
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Now, well, examples of course
+will make it all clear.
+
+But I'd like,
+first, to prove the theorem,
+
+to show you how simple it is.
+It's extremely simple if you
+
+just use the fact that L is a
+linear operator.
+
+We've got two things to prove.
+What have we got to prove?
+
+Well, I have to prove two
+statements, first of all,
+
+that all the yp plus c1 y1 plus
+c2 y2 are
+
+solutions.
+How are we going to prove that?
+
+Well, how do you know if
+something is a solution?
+
+Well, you plug it into the
+equation, and you see if it
+
+satisfies the equation.
+Good, let's do it,
+
+proof.
+L, I'm going to plug it into
+
+the equation.
+That means I calculate L of yp
+
+plus c1 y1 plus c2 y2.
+
+Now, what's the answer?
+Because this is a linear
+
+operator, and notice,
+the argument doesn't use the
+
+fact that the equation is second
+order.
+
+It immediately generalizes to a
+linear equation of any order,
+
+whatever-- 47.
+Okay, this is L of yp plus L of
+
+c1 y1 plus c2 y2.
+
+Well, what's that?
+What's L of the complementary
+
+solution?
+What does it mean to be the
+
+complementary solution?
+It means when you apply the
+
+operator L to it,
+you get zero because this
+
+satisfies the homogeneous
+equation.
+
+So, this is zero.
+What's L of yp?
+
+Well, it was a particular
+solution to the equation.
+
+Therefore, when I plugged it
+into the equation,
+
+I must have gotten out on the
+right-hand side,
+
+f of x.
+So, this is since yp is a
+
+solution to the whole equation.
+So, what's the conclusion?
+
+That, if I take any one of
+these guys, no matter what c1
+
+and c2 are, apply the linear
+operator, L to it,
+
+the answer comes out
+to be f of.
+
+Therefore, this proves that
+this shows that these are all
+
+solutions because that's what it
+means.
+
+Therefore, they satisfy L of y
+equals f of x.
+
+They satisfy the whole
+inhomogeneous differential
+
+equation, and that's it.
+Well, that's only half the
+
+story.
+The other half of the story is
+
+to show that there are no other
+solutions.
+
+Okay, so we got our little u of
+x coming up again,
+
+and he thinks he's a solution.
+Okay, so, to prove there are no
+
+other solutions,
+it almost sounds biblical,
+
+thou shalt have no other
+solutions before me,
+
+okay.
+There are no other solutions
+
+accept these guys for different
+values of c1 and c2.
+
+Okay, so, u of x is a
+solution.
+
+I have to show that u of x is
+one of these guys.
+
+How am I going to do that?
+Easy.
+
+If it's a solution that,
+L of u,
+
+okay, I'm going to drop the x,
+okay, just to make the,
+
+like I dropped the x over
+there.
+
+If it's a solution to the whole
+inhomogeneous equation,
+
+then this must come out to be f
+of x.
+
+Now, what's L of yp?
+That's f of x too,
+
+by secret little particular
+solution I've got in my pocket.
+
+Okay, I pull it out,
+ah-ha, L of yp,
+
+that's f of x,
+too.
+
+Now, I'm going to not add them.
+I'm going to subtract them.
+
+What is L of u minus yp?
+
+Well, it's zero.
+It's zero because this is a
+
+linear operator.
+This would be L of u minus L of
+
+yp.
+I guess the answer is zero on
+
+the right-hand side.
+And therefore,
+
+what is the conclusion?
+If that's zero,
+
+it must be a solution to the
+homogeneous equation.
+
+Therefore, u minus yp 
+is equal to,
+
+there must be c1 and c2.
+I won't give them the generic
+
+names.
+I'll give them a name,
+
+a particular one.
+I'll put a tilde to indicate
+
+it's a particular one.
+c1 plus c2 y2 tilde,
+
+so, in other words,
+for some choice of these
+
+constants, and I'll call those
+particular choices c1 tilde and
+
+c2 tilde, it must be that these
+are equal.
+
+Well, what does that say?
+It says that u is equal to yp
+
+plus c1 tilde,
+blah, blah, blah,
+
+blah, plus c2 tilde,
+blah, blah, blah,
+
+blah, and therefore chose that
+u wasn't a new solution.
+
+It was one of these.
+So, u isn't new.
+
+So, I should write it down.
+Otherwise some of you will have
+
+missed the punch line.
+Okay, therefore,
+
+u is equal to yp plus c1 tilde
+y1 plus c2 tilde y2.
+
+And, it shows.
+This guy who thought he was new
+
+was not new at all.
+It was just one of the other
+
+solutions.
+Okay, well, now,
+
+since the coefficient's a
+constant, apparently we've done
+
+half the work.
+We know what the complementary
+
+solution is because you know how
+to do those in terms of
+
+exponentials and complex
+exponentials,
+
+signs and cosines,
+and so on.
+
+So, what's left to do?
+All we have to do is find to
+
+solve equations,
+which are inhomogeneous.
+
+All we have to do is find a
+particular solution,
+
+find one solution.
+It doesn't matter which one,
+
+any one.
+Just find one,
+
+okay?
+Now, we're going to spend the
+
+next two weeks trying to do
+this.
+
+I'll give you various methods.
+I'll give you a general method
+
+involving Fourier series because
+it's a good excuse for learning
+
+what Fourier series are.
+But, the answer is that in
+
+general, for a few standard
+functions, it's known how to do
+
+this.
+You will learn those methods
+
+for finding those using
+operators.
+
+For all the others,
+it's done by a series,
+
+or a method involving
+approximation.
+
+Or, the worse comes to worst,
+you throw it on a computer and
+
+just take a graph and the
+numerical output of answers as
+
+the particular solution.
+Okay, now before,
+
+we are going to start that
+work, not today.
+
+We'll start it next Monday,
+and it will last,
+
+as I say the next two weeks.
+And, we will be up to spring
+
+break.
+But, before we do that,
+
+I'd like to relate this to what
+we did for first order equations
+
+because there is something to be
+learned from that.
+
+Think back to the linear
+first-order equation,
+
+and I'm going to,
+since from now on for the rest
+
+of the period,
+I'm going to be considering the
+
+case for constant coefficients.
+In other words,
+
+this case of springs or
+circuits or simple systems which
+
+behave like those and have
+constant coefficients.
+
+So, for the linear,
+first-order equation,
+
+there, too, I'm going to think
+of constant coefficients.
+
+We talked quite a bit about
+this equation.
+
+What did I call the right-hand
+side?
+
+I think we usually called it q
+of t,
+
+right?
+This is in ancient history.
+
+The definition of ancient
+history was before the first
+
+exam.
+Okay, now how does that fit
+
+into this theorem that I've
+given you?
+
+Remember what the solution
+looked like.
+
+The solution looked like,
+remember, you took the
+
+integrating factor was e to the
+kt,
+
+and then after you integrated
+both sides, multiplied through,
+
+and then the final answer
+looked like this,
+
+y equaled, it was e to the
+negative kt times
+
+either an indefinite integral,
+or a definite integral
+
+depending on your preference,
+q of t,
+
+so, x is metamorphosed into t.
+I gather you've got that,
+
+e to the kt plus,
+what was the other term?
+
+A constant times e to the
+negative kt
+
+How does this fit into the
+paradigm I've given you over
+
+there for solving the second
+order equation?
+
+Which term is which?
+Well, this has the arbitrary
+
+constant in it.
+So, this must be the
+
+complementary solution.
+Is it?
+
+Is this the solution to the
+associated homogeneous equation?
+
+What's the associated
+homogeneous equation?
+
+Put zero here.
+Okay, if you put zero there,
+
+what's the solution?
+Now, this you ought to know.
+
+y prime equals negative ky.
+
+What's the solution?
+e to the negative kt.
+
+You are supposed to come into
+
+this course knowing that,
+except there's an arbitrary
+
+constant in front.
+So, right, this is exactly the
+
+solution to the associated
+homogeneous equation,
+
+where there is zero here.
+Then, what's this thing?
+
+This is a particular solution.
+This is my yp.
+
+But that's not a particular
+solution because this indefinite
+
+integral, you know,
+has an arbitrary constant in
+
+it.
+In fact, it's just that
+
+arbitrary constant.
+So, it's totally confusing.
+
+But, this symbol,
+you know when you actually
+
+solve the equation this way,
+all you did was you found one
+
+function here.
+You didn't throw in the
+
+arbitrary constant right away.
+All you needed to do was find
+
+one function.
+And, even if you really are
+
+bothered by the fact that this
+is so indefinite,
+
+and therefore,
+make it a particular solution
+
+by making this zero,
+make it a definite integral,
+
+zero, here, t there,
+and then change those t's to
+
+dummy t's, t1's or t tildes,
+or something like that.
+
+So, this fits into that thing.
+In other words,
+
+I could have done it at that
+time, but I didn't the point
+
+because this can be solved
+directly, whereas,
+
+of course, the general second
+order equation in homogeneous
+
+cannot be solved directly,
+and therefore you have to be
+
+willing to talk about what its
+solutions look like in advance.
+
+Now, remember I said,
+we talked, I said there was two
+
+different cases,
+although both of them had the
+
+identical looking solution.
+Their meaning in the physical
+
+world was so different that they
+really should be considered as
+
+solving the same equation.
+And, one of these was the case.
+
+Of the two, perhaps the more
+important was the case when k
+
+was positive,
+and of course the other is when
+
+k is negative.
+When k is positive,
+
+that had the effect of
+separating that solution into
+
+this part, which was a
+transient, and the other part,
+
+which was a steady state.
+The steady state solution,
+
+that was the yp part of it in
+that terminology.
+
+And, the transient part,
+it was trangent because it went
+
+to zero.
+If k is positive,
+
+the exponential dies regardless
+of what c is.
+
+So, the transient,
+that's the yc part.
+
+It goes to zero as Ttgoes to
+infinity.
+
+The transient depends on,
+uses, the initial condition,
+
+whatever it is,
+because that's what determines
+
+the value of c.
+On the other hand,
+
+this initial condition makes no
+difference as t goes towards
+
+infinity.
+All that's left is this steady
+
+state solution.
+And, all solutions tend to the
+
+steady state solution.
+So, if k is positive,
+
+one gets this analysis of the
+solutions into the sum of one
+
+basic solution,
+and the others,
+
+which just die away,
+have no influence on this,
+
+less and less influence as time
+goes to infinity.
+
+For k less than zero,
+this analysis does not work
+
+because this term,
+if k is less than zero,
+
+this term goes to infinity or
+negative infinity,
+
+and typically tends to dominate
+that.
+
+So, it's the start that the
+important one.
+
+It depends on the initial
+conditions, and the analysis is
+
+meaningless.
+So, the above is meaningless.
+
+And now, what I'd like to do is
+try to see what the analog of
+
+that is for second order
+equations, and higher order
+
+equations.
+If you understand second-order,
+
+that's good enough.
+Higher order goes exactly the
+
+same way.
+So, the question is,
+
+for second-order,
+let's make it with constant
+
+coefficients plus,
+I could call it b and k,
+
+oh, no, b k,
+or p.
+
+The trouble is,
+that wouldn't take care of the
+
+electrical circuits.
+So, I just want to use neutral
+
+letters, which suggest nothing.
+And, you can make them turn it
+
+into a circuit,
+so springs, or yet other
+
+examples undreamt of.
+But these are constants.
+
+And I'm going to think of it as
+time.
+
+I think I'll switch back to
+time, let x be the time.
+
+So, B y equals f of t.
+So, there is our equation.
+
+A and B are constants.
+And, the question is,
+
+the question I'm asking,
+can think of either of these
+
+two models or others,
+the question I'm asking is,
+
+under what circumstances can I
+make that same type of analysis
+
+into steady-state and transient?
+Well, what does the solution
+
+look like?
+The solution looks like y
+
+equals a particular solution
+plus c1 y1 plus c2 y2.
+
+Therefore, to make that look
+
+like this, the c1 and c2 contain
+the initial conditions.
+
+This part does not.
+Therefore, if I want to say
+
+that the solutions look like a
+steady state solution plus
+
+something that dies away,
+which becomes less and less
+
+important as time goes on,
+what I'm really asking is,
+
+under what circumstances is
+this part guaranteed to go to
+
+zero?
+So, the question is,
+
+when, in other words,
+under what conditions on the
+
+equation A and B,
+in effect, is what we are
+
+asking.
+When does c1 y1 plus c2 y2 go
+
+to zero as t goes to infinity,
+
+regardless of what
+c1 and c2 are for all c1 c2.
+
+Now, here there was no
+difficulty.
+
+We had the thing very
+explicitly, and you could see k
+
+is positive: this goes to zero.
+And if k is negative,
+
+it doesn't go to zero.
+It goes to infinity.
+
+Here, I want to make the same
+kind of analysis,
+
+except it's just going to take,
+it's a little more trouble.
+
+But the answer,
+when it finally comes out is
+
+very beautiful.
+So, when are all these guys
+
+going to go to zero?
+First of all,
+
+you might as well just have the
+definition.
+
+So, all the good things that
+this is going to imply,
+
+if this is so,
+in other words,
+
+if they all go to zero,
+everything in the complementary
+
+solution, then the ODE is called
+stable.
+
+Some people call it
+asymptotically stable.
+
+I don't know what to call it.
+I can make the analysis,
+
+and then I use the identical
+terminology, c1 y1 plus c2 y2.
+
+This is called the transient
+because it goes to zero.
+
+This is called the particular
+solution now that we labored so
+
+hard to get for the next two
+weeks.
+
+It's the important part.
+It's the steady-state part.
+
+It's what lasts out to infinity
+after the other stuff has
+
+disappeared.
+So, this is the steady-state
+
+solution, steady-state solution,
+okay?
+
+And, the differential equation
+is called stable.
+
+Now, it's of the highest
+interest to know when a
+
+differential equation is stable,
+linear differential equation is
+
+stable in this sense because you
+have a control.
+
+You know what its solutions
+look like.
+
+You have some feeling for how
+it's behaving in the long term.
+
+If this is not so,
+each equation is a law unto
+
+itself if you don't know.
+So, let's do the work.
+
+For the rest of the period,
+what I'd like to do is to find
+
+out what the conditions are,
+which make this true.
+
+Those were the equations which
+we will have a right to call
+
+stable.
+So, when does this happen,
+
+and where is it going to
+happen?
+
+I don't know.
+I guess, here.
+
+Now, I think the first step is
+fairly easy, and it will give
+
+you a good review of what we've
+been doing up until now.
+
+So, I'm simply going to make a
+case-by-case analysis.
+
+Don't worry,
+it won't take very long.
+
+What are the cases we've been
+studying?
+
+Well, what do the
+characteristic roots look like?
+
+The roots of the characteristic
+equation, in other words,
+
+remember, there are cases.
+The first case is they are real
+
+and distinct,
+r1 not equal to r2,
+
+real and distinct.
+What are the other cases?
+
+Well, r1 equals r2.
+And then, there's the case
+
+where there are complex.
+So, I will write it r equals a
+
+plus or minus b i.
+What do the solutions look
+
+like?
+So, my ham-handed approach to
+
+this problem is going to be,
+in each case,
+
+I'll look at the solutions,
+and first get the condition on
+
+the roots.
+So, in other words,
+
+I'm not going to worry right
+away about the a and the b.
+
+I'm going, instead,
+to worry about expressing this
+
+condition of stability in terms
+of the characteristic roots.
+
+In fact, that's the only way in
+which many people know the
+
+conditions.
+You're going to be smarter.
+
+Okay, what do the solutions
+look like?
+
+Well, the general solution
+looks like e to the r1 t plus c2
+
+e to the r2 t.
+
+Okay, so, what's the stability
+condition?
+
+In other words,
+if equation happened to have
+
+its characteristic roots,
+real and distinct,
+
+under what circumstances would
+it be stable?
+
+Would it, in other words,
+all its solutions go to zero?
+
+So, I'm talking about the
+homogeneous equation,
+
+the reduced equation,
+the associated homogeneous
+
+equation.
+Why?
+
+Because that's all that's
+involved in this.
+
+In other words,
+when I write that,
+
+I am no longer interested in
+the whole equation.
+
+All I'm interested in is the
+reduced equation,
+
+the equation where you turn the
+f of t on the
+
+right-hand side into zero.
+So, what's the stability
+
+condition?
+Well, let's write it out.
+
+Under what circumstances will
+all these guys go to zero?
+
+If r1 and r2 should be
+negative, can they be zero?
+
+No, because then it will be a
+constant and it will go to zero.
+
+How about this one?
+Well, in this one,
+
+it's (c1 plus c2 times t)
+multiplied by e to the r1 t.
+
+Of course, both of these are
+
+the same.
+I'll just arbitrarily pick one
+
+of them.
+What happens to this as things
+
+go to zero?
+Well, this part is rising,
+
+at least if c2 is positive.
+This part is either helping or
+
+it's hindering.
+But, I hope you know what these
+
+functions look like,
+and you know which of them go
+
+to zero.
+They go to zero if r1 is
+
+negative.
+It might rise in the beginning,
+
+but after a while they lose the
+energy.
+
+Of course, if r1 is equal to
+zero, what do these guys do?
+
+Linear, go to infinity.
+Well, we are doing okay.
+
+How about here?
+Well, here, it's a little more
+
+complicated.
+The solutions look like e to
+
+the at times (c1 cosine bt plus
+c2 sine bt).
+
+Now, this part is a pure
+
+oscillation.
+You know that.
+
+It might have a big amplitude,
+but whatever it does,
+
+it does the same thing all the
+time.
+
+So, whether this goes to zero
+depends entirely upon what that
+
+exponential is doing.
+And, that exponential goes to
+
+zero if a is negative.
+So here, the condition is
+
+negative.
+And now, the only thing left to
+
+do is to say it nicely.
+I've got three cases,
+
+and I want to say them all in
+one breath.
+
+So, the stability condition is,
+the ODE is stable.
+
+So, this is,
+or f of t.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+But, psychologically,
+
+you can put this as zero there,
+is stable if what?
+
+In case one,
+this is true.
+
+In case two,
+that's true.
+
+In case three,
+that's true.
+
+But that's ugly.
+Make it beautiful.
+
+The beautiful way of saying it
+is if all the characteristic
+
+roots have negative real parts.
+If the characteristic roots,
+
+the r's or the a plus or minus
+b i, have negative real part.
+
+That's the form in which the
+electrical engineers will nod
+
+their head, tell you,
+yeah, that's right,
+
+negative real part,
+sorry.
+
+Isn't it right?
+Is that right here?
+
+Yeah.
+What's the real part of these
+
+guys?
+They themselves,
+
+because they are real.
+What's the real part of this?
+
+Yeah.
+The only case in which I really
+
+had to use real part is when I
+talk about the complex case
+
+because a is just the real part
+of a complex number.
+
+It's not the whole thing.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f079K1f2WQk.txt b/f079K1f2WQk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f943ef7a0f41346963dd891e68b8faacdb31365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f079K1f2WQk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in quantum
+mechanics you see this I appearing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you see this I appearing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you see this I appearing here
+and it's a complex number square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a complex number square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a complex number square root of
+minus1 and that shows that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and that shows that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and that shows that somehow
+complex numbers are very important well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers are very important well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers are very important well
+it's difficult to overemphasize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to overemphasize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to overemphasize their
+importance so I is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so I is the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so I is the square root of
+minus1 was invented by people in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 was invented by people in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 was invented by people in order
+to solve equations equations like x² =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve equations equations like x² =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve equations equations like x² =
+-1 and it so happens that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and it so happens that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and it so happens that once you
+invent I you don't need to invent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent I you don't need to invent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent I you don't need to invent more
+numbers and you can solve every polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you can solve every polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you can solve every polom
+equation with just I and square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with just I and square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with just I and square root of
+I well square root of I can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well square root of I can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well square root of I can be written
+in terms of I and other numbers so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and other numbers so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and other numbers so um if
+you have a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complex number
+Z we sometimes write it this way and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z we sometimes write it this way and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z we sometimes write it this way and we
+say it belongs to the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it belongs to the complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it belongs to the complex numbers
+and with A and B belonging to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with A and B belonging to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with A and B belonging to the real
+numbers and we say that the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we say that the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we say that the real part of
+Z is a and the imaginary part of Z is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is a and the imaginary part of Z is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is a and the imaginary part of Z is B
+we also Define the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also Define the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also Define the complex
+conjugate of Z which is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of Z which is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of Z which is a minus
+IB and we picture the complex number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IB and we picture the complex number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IB and we picture the complex number uh
+Z by putting a on the x axis B on the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z by putting a on the x axis B on the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z by putting a on the x axis B on the Y
+AIS and we think of the complex number Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and we think of the complex number Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and we think of the complex number Z
+here kind of like putting the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of like putting the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of like putting the real
+numbers here and the imaginary Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here and the imaginary Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here and the imaginary Parts
+here so um you can think of this as i b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um you can think of this as i b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um you can think of this as i b
+or B but uh this is the complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or B but uh this is the complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or B but uh this is the complex number
+maybe IB would be a better way to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe IB would be a better way to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe IB would be a better way to write
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here so with complex numbers there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so with complex numbers there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so with complex numbers there's one
+uh more uh useful identity you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more uh useful identity you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more uh useful identity you define
+the norm of the complex number to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the complex number to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the complex number to be
+square root of a 2 + b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a 2 + b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a 2 + b^
+S and then this results in the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and then this results in the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and then this results in the norm
+squared being a 2 + b^ 2 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared being a 2 + b^ 2 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared being a 2 + b^ 2 and it's
+actually equal to Z * Z star a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to Z * Z star a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to Z * Z star a very
+fundamental equation Z * Z Star if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation Z * Z Star if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation Z * Z Star if you
+multiply Z * Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply Z * Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply Z * Z
+Star you get a squ + b squ so the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star you get a squ + b squ so the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star you get a squ + b squ so the norm
+squared the norm of this thing is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and uh that's uh pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's one other identity that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one other identity that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one other identity that is is
+very useful I might as well mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful I might as well mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful I might as well mention it
+here as we're going to be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we're going to be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we're going to be working with
+complex numbers and uh for more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and uh for more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and uh for more practice
+and complex numbers you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complex numbers you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complex numbers you'll see the
+homework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so
+suppose I have in the complex plane an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have in the complex plane an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have in the complex plane an
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+Theta and I want to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I want to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I want to figure out what is
+this complex number Z here at unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number Z here at unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number Z here at unit
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would
+know that its real part would be cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and its imaginary part would be S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and its imaginary part would be S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and its imaginary part would be S
+Theta it's a circle of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so that must be the complex number Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that must be the complex number Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that must be the complex number Z
+must be equal to cosine theta plus I sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to cosine theta plus I sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to cosine theta plus I sin
+Theta because the real part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta because the real part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta because the real part of it is
+cosine Theta it's indeed that horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta it's indeed that horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta it's indeed that horizontal
+part projection and the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part projection and the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part projection and the imaginary part
+is the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical
+projection well the thing that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection well the thing that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection well the thing that is very
+amazing is that this is equal to e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing is that this is equal to e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing is that this is equal to e to
+the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+Theta and that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that is very
+non-trivial to prove it you have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial to prove it you have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial to prove it you have to work
+a bit but it's a very famous result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit but it's a very famous result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit but it's a very famous result and
+we'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is complex number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is complex number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is complex number so
+uh complex numbers you use them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex numbers you use them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex numbers you use them in
+electromagnetism you sometimes use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism you sometimes use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism you sometimes use them
+in classical mechanics but you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics but you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics but you always
+used it in an auxiliary way it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in an auxiliary way it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in an auxiliary way it was not
+directly relevant because the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly relevant because the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly relevant because the electric
+field is real the position is real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is real the position is real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is real the position is real the
+velocity is real everything is real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is real everything is real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is real everything is real and
+the equations are real on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are real on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are real on the other hand
+in quantum mechanics the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics the equation
+already has an I so in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics p is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics p is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics p is a complex number
+necessarily it has to be in fact if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it has to be in fact if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it has to be in fact if it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+real you could have a you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you could have a you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you could have a you would have a
+contradiction because if s is real turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because if s is real turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because if s is real turns
+out for all physical systems we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for all physical systems we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for all physical systems we're
+interested in h on py real gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in h on py real gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in h on py real gives you a
+real thing and here if SI is real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing and here if SI is real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing and here if SI is real the
+derivative is real and this is imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is real and this is imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is real and this is imaginary
+and you have a contradiction so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a contradiction so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a contradiction so there
+are no solutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no solutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no solutions that are
+real so you need complex numbers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so you need complex numbers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so you need complex numbers they're
+not auxiliary on the other hand you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not auxiliary on the other hand you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not auxiliary on the other hand you can
+never measure a complex number complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never measure a complex number complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never measure a complex number complex
+you measure real numbers Dieter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure real numbers Dieter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure real numbers Dieter
+of position weight anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position weight anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position weight anything that you
+really measure at the end of the day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really measure at the end of the day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really measure at the end of the day is
+a real number so if the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number so if the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number so if the wave function
+was a complex number was the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a complex number was the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a complex number was the issue of
+what is the physical interpretation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the physical interpretation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the physical interpretation and
+maxb had the idea that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxb had the idea that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxb had the idea that you have to
+calculate the real number called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the real number called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the real number called the
+norm of this square and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of this square and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of this square and this is
+proportional to probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that was a great discovery and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was a great discovery and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was a great discovery and had
+a lot to do with the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with the development of
+quantum mechanics many people hated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics many people hated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics many people hated this
+uh uh in fact shinger himself hated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in fact shinger himself hated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in fact shinger himself hated it
+um and uh his invention of the shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh his invention of the shringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh his invention of the shringer
+cat was an attempt to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat was an attempt to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat was an attempt to show how
+ridiculous was the idea of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous was the idea of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous was the idea of thinking of
+these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as
+probabilities but he was wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but he was wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but he was wrong and
+Einstein was wrong wrong in that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was wrong wrong in that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was wrong wrong in that way but
+when very good physicists are wrong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when very good physicists are wrong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when very good physicists are wrong uh
+they are not wrong for silly reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not wrong for silly reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not wrong for silly reasons
+they are wrong for good reasons and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are wrong for good reasons and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are wrong for good reasons and we
+can learn a lot from their thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot from their thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot from their thinking and
+uh this epr things that we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this epr things that we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this epr things that we will discuss
+at this at some moment in your Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at some moment in your Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at some moment in your Quantum
+sequence at MIT Einstein Podolski Rosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at MIT Einstein Podolski Rosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at MIT Einstein Podolski Rosen
+was a attempt to show that quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a attempt to show that quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a attempt to show that quantum
+mechanics was wrong and led to amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics was wrong and led to amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics was wrong and led to amazing
+discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+it was the epr paper itself was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the epr paper itself was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the epr paper itself was wrong
+but it brought up ideas that turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it brought up ideas that turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it brought up ideas that turned out
+to be very important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f0udxGcoztE.txt b/f0udxGcoztE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cb9dd251e1c31a7f4469a84b9e22a277fac3181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f0udxGcoztE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right does someone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right does someone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right does someone want to
+tell me up here hello everyone up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me up here hello everyone up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me up here hello everyone up here
+um what uh how they got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer over everyone over there I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over everyone over there I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over everyone over there I guess
+uh okay I'm coming over there so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I'm coming over there so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I'm coming over there so we have
+uh for the answer we have an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the answer we have an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the answer we have an MIT
+chemistry bag that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special um well since your Delta H value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special um well since your Delta H value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special um well since your Delta H value
+is acts as the Y intercept you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acts as the Y intercept you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acts as the Y intercept you know that
+it's negative because it starts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative because it starts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative because it starts um
+negatively and then you also see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively and then you also see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively and then you also see that
+you're ascending positively so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ascending positively so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ascending positively so that you
+know um your slope is positive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um your slope is positive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um your slope is positive and so
+Delta s also has to be POS um negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s also has to be POS um negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s also has to be POS um negative
+to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it
+positive interesting that was not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive interesting that was not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive interesting that was not uh
+that was a different answer than I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a different answer than I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a different answer than I would
+have given but that works really well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given but that works really well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given but that works really well um
+which is always great to ask people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always great to ask people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always great to ask people so
+you could also think about this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also think about this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also think about this in terms
+of you're going from a situation with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you're going from a situation with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you're going from a situation with a
+negative Delta G to a positive value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G to a positive value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G to a positive value so
+you know that temperature is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that temperature is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that temperature is going to
+make a difference there um and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference there um and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference there um and so that
+would also tell you how the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also tell you how the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also tell you how the temperature
+um changes is also going to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um changes is also going to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um changes is also going to tell you the
+answer to that so that's great all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that so that's great all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that so that's great all right
+so a couple of announcements as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of announcements as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of announcements as you can
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+see see what I am wearing on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see what I am wearing on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see what I am wearing on my
+legs so um I was pleased with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so um I was pleased with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs so um I was pleased with the
+performance on exam 2 the average was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on exam 2 the average was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on exam 2 the average was
+84.7 not a quite as celebratory as 86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84.7 not a quite as celebratory as 86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84.7 not a quite as celebratory as 86
+7.4 which was the average on exam one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 which was the average on exam one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 which was the average on exam one
+yeah that's those are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's those are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's those are real numbers
+that's a little weird but anyway um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little weird but anyway um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little weird but anyway um I
+was still very happy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still very happy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still very happy with the
+performance on the exam I would like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on the exam I would like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on the exam I would like for
+exam three for the average to be back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam three for the average to be back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam three for the average to be back at
+87 though I like it to be very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 though I like it to be very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 though I like it to be very close to
+90 because I want everyone to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 because I want everyone to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 because I want everyone to have an
+average around 90 in the class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average around 90 in the class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average around 90 in the class to
+demonstrate excellent knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate excellent knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate excellent knowledge of
+chemistry so I tried to write an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I tried to write an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I tried to write an exam
+where I feel like if you have excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I feel like if you have excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I feel like if you have excellent
+knowledge of chemistry you can get a 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of chemistry you can get a 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of chemistry you can get a 90%
+or above so uh this is my goal I all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or above so uh this is my goal I all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or above so uh this is my goal I all
+want you to have this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to have this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to have this fundamental
+knowledge of chemistry that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of chemistry that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of chemistry that you can go
+out and solve the energy problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and solve the energy problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and solve the energy problem that
+you can go out and be ready to tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go out and be ready to tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go out and be ready to tackle
+the next great challenge in health um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next great challenge in health um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next great challenge in health um
+there's so many challenges facing us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many challenges facing us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many challenges facing us and
+we don't even know what they are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even know what they are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even know what they are right
+now so the Ebola uh situation I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the Ebola uh situation I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the Ebola uh situation I think is
+a real Cas and point that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real Cas and point that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real Cas and point that we don't know
+what the next challenge facing us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next challenge facing us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next challenge facing us is
+going to be so we need to be ready with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so we need to be ready with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so we need to be ready with
+our chemistry knowledge the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chemistry knowledge the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chemistry knowledge the only thing I
+can tell you about the challenges facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you about the challenges facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you about the challenges facing
+us is that knowing chemistry is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that knowing chemistry is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that knowing chemistry is going to
+be really important in tackling those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really important in tackling those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really important in tackling those
+problems so everyone needs to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so everyone needs to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so everyone needs to have an
+excellent understanding of chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent understanding of chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent understanding of chemistry to
+go on and do well and solve the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do well and solve the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do well and solve the problems
+of the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world so
+84.7 really good you're getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84.7 really good you're getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84.7 really good you're getting there
+awesome so uh celebratory tights or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so uh celebratory tights or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so uh celebratory tights or
+leggings not really sure the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leggings not really sure the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leggings not really sure the difference
+between tights and leggings anyway um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between tights and leggings anyway um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between tights and leggings anyway um I
+was very pleased but uh next next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very pleased but uh next next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very pleased but uh next next unit
+next exam has thermodynamics chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next exam has thermodynamics chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next exam has thermodynamics chemical
+equilibrium and acid base we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and acid base we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and acid base we're already
+done with thermodynamics and moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with thermodynamics and moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with thermodynamics and moving on
+so it's just for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just for the rest of the
+semester about halfway there the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about halfway there the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about halfway there the rate
+seems to accelerate so uh problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to accelerate so uh problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to accelerate so uh problem set
+five thermodynamics it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thermodynamics it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thermodynamics it's a little
+shorter because you have fewer days to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter because you have fewer days to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter because you have fewer days to
+do it so we wanted to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so we wanted to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so we wanted to make sure that you
+would be able to get it done um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to get it done um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to get it done um by
+Friday at noon but that's when it's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at noon but that's when it's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at noon but that's when it's due
+it's all thermodynamics we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all thermodynamics we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all thermodynamics we've already
+covered all the material on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the material on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the material on the problem
+set you can do Do It um already right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can do Do It um already right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can do Do It um already right
+away all right so also on my wardrobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all right so also on my wardrobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all right so also on my wardrobe
+I'm commenting a lot on my wardrobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm commenting a lot on my wardrobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm commenting a lot on my wardrobe
+today you'll notice maybe that I've worn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you'll notice maybe that I've worn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you'll notice maybe that I've worn
+this shirt once before and my goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shirt once before and my goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shirt once before and my goal was
+really to have a different shirt every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to have a different shirt every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to have a different shirt every
+time now this shirt is appropriate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this shirt is appropriate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this shirt is appropriate for
+today's lecture but I just wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture but I just wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture but I just wanted to say
+that I did try to get a different shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did try to get a different shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did try to get a different shirt
+um and uh I ordered new shirts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I ordered new shirts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I ordered new shirts on
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
+this year and um one of the shirts had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year and um one of the shirts had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year and um one of the shirts had
+to do with entropy and I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with entropy and I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with entropy and I just thought
+thought I would share with you briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would share with you briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would share with you briefly
+because it's a good review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a good review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a good review of
+thermodynamics what happens when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics what happens when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics what happens when you do
+things related to entropy so just to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to entropy so just to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to entropy so just to to
+sort of show you what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you what happened in
+September I was super organized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September I was super organized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September I was super organized I
+ordered my shirts and on October 3rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered my shirts and on October 3rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered my shirts and on October 3rd
+they shipped uh they went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shipped uh they went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shipped uh they went through
+Indianapolis to Massachusetts and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indianapolis to Massachusetts and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indianapolis to Massachusetts and to
+Newton Highlands about somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Highlands about somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Highlands about somewhere around
+October 8th or 9th that's where I live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 8th or 9th that's where I live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 8th or 9th that's where I live
+so that's really good but the shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really good but the shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really good but the shirts
+were about entropy and then look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about entropy and then look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about entropy and then look what
+happened wait rooted for delivery to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened wait rooted for delivery to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened wait rooted for delivery to a
+new address Jersey City Cincinnati Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new address Jersey City Cincinnati Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new address Jersey City Cincinnati Ohio
+Warrendale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrendale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrendale
+Pennsylvania and then yesterday they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and then yesterday they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and then yesterday they
+were in Springfield Massachusetts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in Springfield Massachusetts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in Springfield Massachusetts to
+which I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this does not happen when you order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not happen when you order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not happen when you order
+t-shirts about kinetics that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts about kinetics that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts about kinetics that's all I'm
+saying those arrive record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time thermodynamics is not always your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thermodynamics is not always your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thermodynamics is not always your
+friend but you can embrace it and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend but you can embrace it and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend but you can embrace it and I'm
+going to try to calm myself down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to calm myself down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to calm myself down because
+we should be at equilibrium today today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be at equilibrium today today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be at equilibrium today today
+the topic is chemical equilibrium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is chemical equilibrium it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is chemical equilibrium it's
+the cal part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cal part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cal part of
+thermodynamics we'll get back to entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics we'll get back to entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics we'll get back to entropy
+there will be some mention of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some mention of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some mention of entropy
+but I'm going to try to calm down I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to try to calm down I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to try to calm down I'm
+going to remember my reaction quotients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember my reaction quotients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remember my reaction quotients
+in my equilibrium constants and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my equilibrium constants and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my equilibrium constants and think
+about chemical equilibrium and rce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical equilibrium and rce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical equilibrium and rce the
+T-shirt I am wearing because I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirt I am wearing because I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirt I am wearing because I feel
+powerful in this t-shirt like I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful in this t-shirt like I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful in this t-shirt like I can
+control thermodynamics with the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control thermodynamics with the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control thermodynamics with the power of
+the Green Lantern with chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Lantern with chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Lantern with chemistry
+knowledge at my fingertips and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge at my fingertips and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge at my fingertips and I will
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+forward so chemical equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so chemical equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so chemical equilibrium is
+coming but it's also a dynamic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but it's also a dynamic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but it's also a dynamic process
+we can't forget that the reactions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't forget that the reactions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't forget that the reactions have
+not stopped it's just the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stopped it's just the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stopped it's just the rate of the
+forward reaction is equal to the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward reaction is equal to the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward reaction is equal to the rate of
+the reverse reaction so there's no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so there's no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so there's no net
+change but the dynamic process is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the dynamic process is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the dynamic process is still
+happening so my goal in life is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so my goal in life is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so my goal in life is to have
+equilibrium in my life the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in my life the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in my life the amount of
+work the rate at which work comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the rate at which work comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the rate at which work comes into
+my office equals the rate at which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office equals the rate at which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office equals the rate at which I
+complete the work and it leaves my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the work and it leaves my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the work and it leaves my
+office most of you should also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office most of you should also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office most of you should also have this
+goal the rate at which problem sets come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal the rate at which problem sets come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal the rate at which problem sets come
+in equals the rate at which you complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals the rate at which you complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals the rate at which you complete
+the problem sets and the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets and the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets and the problem sets
+get turned turned in you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get turned turned in you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get turned turned in you don't want to
+get yourself in a situation where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yourself in a situation where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yourself in a situation where that
+equilibrium is messed up where the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is messed up where the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is messed up where the rate
+of things coming in is just nowhere at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things coming in is just nowhere at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things coming in is just nowhere at
+all equal to the rate at which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal to the rate at which things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal to the rate at which things
+are completed and going out so goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completed and going out so goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completed and going out so goal
+chemical equilibrium we want to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium we want to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium we want to be at
+this calm place where we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calm place where we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calm place where we're still
+working hard it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard it's still
+Dynamic but the net change is good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic but the net change is good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic but the net change is good it's
+in our favor the amount of work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our favor the amount of work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our favor the amount of work we're
+doing equals the work coming in so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing equals the work coming in so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing equals the work coming in so I
+like chemical equilibrium I feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemical equilibrium I feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemical equilibrium I feel like it
+brings hope to ther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings hope to ther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings hope to ther
+Dynamics so let's look at an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so let's look at an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so let's look at an example of
+a reaction and we're going to talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction and we're going to talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction and we're going to talk a lot
+about this reaction in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction in chemical
+equilibrium so we have N2 nitrogen H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we have N2 nitrogen H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we have N2 nitrogen H2
+hydrogen coming together to form ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen coming together to form ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen coming together to form ammonia
+and has a Delta G KN of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a Delta G KN of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a Delta G KN of minus
+32.9 K per mole so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32.9 K per mole so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32.9 K per mole so let's think about
+what's happening in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the beginning of
+this reaction when we're just starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction when we're just starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction when we're just starting
+this reaction so we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction so we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction so we can plot
+concentration on one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration on one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration on one axis
+and we can have time on our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have time on our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have time on our other
+axis so time increasing over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so time increasing over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so time increasing over here and we
+can think about what happens when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what happens when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what happens when we're
+starting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting our
+reaction we will have uh we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we will have uh we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we will have uh we can have
+hydrogen starting out we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen starting out we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen starting out we have some
+hydrogen a certain concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen a certain concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen a certain concentration and
+it's going to come down and level out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come down and level out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come down and level out so
+that's our H2 we'll also have nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our H2 we'll also have nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our H2 we'll also have nitrogen
+in as a reactant it comes down levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a reactant it comes down levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a reactant it comes down levels
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and we're starting with our product we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting with our product we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting with our product we
+have no product we're just starting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no product we're just starting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no product we're just starting the
+reaction with reactants so product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with reactants so product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with reactants so product
+increases and then levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so we're decreasing our reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we're decreasing our reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we're decreasing our reactants
+increasing our product but the lines go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing our product but the lines go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing our product but the lines go
+flat the reaction is still happening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat the reaction is still happening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat the reaction is still happening the
+reaction in the forward direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the forward direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the forward direction is
+happening and then in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then in the reverse
+direction is happening but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is happening but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is happening but there's no
+net change in equilibrium because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net change in equilibrium because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net change in equilibrium because it's
+reached a state where the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a state where the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a state where the rate of the
+for reaction equals the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaction equals the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaction equals the rate of the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+reaction and let me also just point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and let me also just point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and let me also just point out
+some arrow and some nomenclature here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arrow and some nomenclature here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arrow and some nomenclature here so
+we have this double arrow and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this double arrow and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this double arrow and you can
+see this a couple of different ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this a couple of different ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this a couple of different ways but
+this indicates the reactions going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates the reactions going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates the reactions going
+forward and the reaction is going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the reaction is going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the reaction is going back
+and that's necessary if your equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's necessary if your equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's necessary if your equilibrium
+the definition of equilibrium rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of equilibrium rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of equilibrium rate
+forward equals right back at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward equals right back at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward equals right back at equilibrium
+so you'll be seeing those arrows a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be seeing those arrows a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be seeing those arrows a lot
+all right so let's think about Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's think about Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's think about Delta G
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+in terms of what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what's happening at
+different times in this reaction so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in this reaction so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in this reaction so if
+we're just starting out this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just starting out this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just starting out this reaction
+and you don't have a lot of products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have a lot of products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have a lot of products so
+you're in this case a pure reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this case a pure reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this case a pure reactants at
+this point you're going to be moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you're going to be moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you're going to be moving in
+the forward Direction you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Direction you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Direction you need to make
+products and so at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so at this point the
+forward direction is negative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction is negative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction is negative it's
+spontaneous you're spontaneously making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous you're spontaneously making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous you're spontaneously making
+your products you don't have any at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products you don't have any at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products you don't have any at this
+point and so your Delta G is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so your Delta G is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so your Delta G is going to be
+negative so up here with pure reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so up here with pure reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so up here with pure reactants
+your Delta G is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta G is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta G is negative
+now if you started with pure products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you started with pure products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you started with pure products
+you could do that as well the NH3 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that as well the NH3 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that as well the NH3 will
+dissociate and form the reactants and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate and form the reactants and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate and form the reactants and so
+that would be over here and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be over here and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be over here and so when you
+have excess products now the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess products now the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess products now the forward
+direction is positive it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is positive it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is positive it's not
+spontaneous because it's the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it's the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it's the reverse
+direction that is spontaneous so over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that is spontaneous so over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that is spontaneous so over in
+this part of the graph over here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the graph over here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the graph over here our
+Delta G is positive so if you have pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is positive so if you have pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is positive so if you have pure
+reactants you spontaneously go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants you spontaneously go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants you spontaneously go to
+products if you aure products you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if you aure products you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if you aure products you're
+going toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward
+reactants and when you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and when you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and when you have the right
+amount of reactants to products the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reactants to products the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reactants to products the
+right ratio for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ratio for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ratio for
+equilibrium then you get to equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then you get to equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then you get to equilibrium
+and Delta g equals Zer at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta g equals Zer at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta g equals Zer at that
+point so Delta G is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so Delta G is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so Delta G is going to change
+depending on your ratio of products to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants so Delta G changes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so Delta G changes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so Delta G changes as the
+proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion
+of the reactants and the products change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and the products change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and the products change
+and there's an equation to describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an equation to describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an equation to describe that
+so we're back now to having a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're back now to having a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're back now to having a few more
+uh equations in this unit noted a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations in this unit noted a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations in this unit noted a lot of
+people forgot to bring calculators to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forgot to bring calculators to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forgot to bring calculators to
+exam 2 there weren't so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 there weren't so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 there weren't so many
+calculations we're back to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're back to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're back to more
+calculations again so Delta g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations again so Delta g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations again so Delta g equals
+Delta G KN plus RT natural log of Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN plus RT natural log of Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN plus RT natural log of Q so
+let's think about these terms so Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about these terms so Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about these terms so Delta G
+is Gibbs free energy at some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gibbs free energy at some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gibbs free energy at some particular
+point at some ratio of product to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at some ratio of product to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at some ratio of product to
+reactant Delta G KN is Gibs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant Delta G KN is Gibs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant Delta G KN is Gibs free energy
+under standard conditions in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under standard conditions in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under standard conditions in their
+standard state q is our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state q is our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state q is our reaction
+quotient products over reactants and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient products over reactants and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient products over reactants and R
+is the universal gas constant and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the universal gas constant and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the universal gas constant and T is
+temperature so this equation describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this equation describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this equation describes
+how Delta G will compare to Delta G not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Delta G will compare to Delta G not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Delta G will compare to Delta G not
+at a particular condition particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular condition particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular condition particular
+ratio of products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of products and
+reactants so let's talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so let's talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so let's talk about this
+reaction quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q so let's look at a madeup reaction a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so let's look at a madeup reaction a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so let's look at a madeup reaction a
+plus b goes to C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b goes to C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b goes to C plus
+d and think about that reaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and think about that reaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and think about that reaction in the
+gas phase we think about that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase we think about that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase we think about that reaction
+in the gas phase we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gas phase we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gas phase we're going to be
+talking about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about partial
+pressures and so Q over here is products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and so Q over here is products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and so Q over here is products
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+reactants but here we're writing it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants but here we're writing it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants but here we're writing it out
+in a more complicated long way so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more complicated long way so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more complicated long way so let's
+go through this so we have this P subc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this so we have this P subc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this so we have this P subc
+well what is that that is partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is that that is partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is that that is partial
+pressure so partial pressure of gas X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so partial pressure of gas X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so partial pressure of gas X
+and this is partial pressure of gas C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is partial pressure of gas C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is partial pressure of gas C
+and C is a product so and D is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is a product so and D is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is a product so and D is a product
+so we have products over reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have products over reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have products over reactants
+partial pressure of gas C over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas C over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas C over P
+reference pressure partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference pressure partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference pressure partial pressure
+reference which is one bar the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference which is one bar the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference which is one bar the reference
+is one bar so we're dividing that by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one bar so we're dividing that by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one bar so we're dividing that by one
+and this is raised to the little C which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is raised to the little C which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is raised to the little C which
+has to do with the coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the coefficients of the
+reaction then we have partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction then we have partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction then we have partial pressure
+of gas D over our reference raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas D over our reference raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas D over our reference raised to
+the small D those are our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small D those are our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small D those are our products
+products are C and D over reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are C and D over reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are C and D over reactants
+partial pressure of gas a over reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas a over reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas a over reference
+raised to little a partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to little a partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to little a partial pressure of
+gas B over reference raised to Little B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas B over reference raised to Little B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas B over reference raised to Little B
+but one the number one the partial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one the number one the partial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one the number one the partial the
+reference is one so most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is one so most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is one so most of the time
+you'll see the following expression Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the following expression Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the following expression Q
+our reaction quotient partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction quotient partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction quotient partial pressure
+of gas C to the stochiometry little C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas C to the stochiometry little C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas C to the stochiometry little C
+partial pressure of gas D raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas D raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas D raised to the
+stochiometry D over reactants partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry D over reactants partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry D over reactants partial
+pressure of a little a partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of a little a partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of a little a partial pressure
+of B little B and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B little B and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B little B and you will
+note that because we had one bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that because we had one bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that because we had one bar and
+these are in bars our units are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in bars our units are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in bars our units are going to
+cancel here so Q does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel here so Q does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel here so Q does not have
+units I knew this would be this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units I knew this would be this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units I knew this would be this should
+be very exciting for you you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very exciting for you you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very exciting for you you won't be
+losing one point for lack of units with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing one point for lack of units with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing one point for lack of units with
+Q There Are No units so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q There Are No units so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q There Are No units so this is very
+exciting um so there's the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting um so there's the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting um so there's the expression
+that you'll mostly see for you uh for Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll mostly see for you uh for Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll mostly see for you uh for Q
+and now we can kind of forget that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can kind of forget that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can kind of forget that the
+reference is there we can ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is there we can ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is there we can ignore the
+reference you just don't freak out later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you just don't freak out later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you just don't freak out later
+if you have no units it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have no units it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have no units it's
+okay all right so we are also could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we are also could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we are also could be
+talking about solution and here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about solution and here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about solution and here we're
+going to talk about concentrations and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about concentrations and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about concentrations and a
+lot of these problems they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these problems they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these problems they're talking
+about things in the gas phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the gas phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the gas phase and
+they're giving you concentrations don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you concentrations don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you concentrations don't
+worry about it it's all okay um so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it it's all okay um so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it it's all okay um so here
+are concentration reference C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concentration reference C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concentration reference C for
+concentration is one molar and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is one molar and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is one molar and you'll
+see this term C in Brackets that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this term C in Brackets that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this term C in Brackets that means
+concentration of and so if you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of and so if you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of and so if you see that
+like this Con this would you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Con this would you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Con this would you would
+Express this in words as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this in words as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this in words as the
+concentration of C again that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of C again that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of C again that's a
+product over the reference we'll get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over the reference we'll get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over the reference we'll get rid
+of the reference in a minute but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reference in a minute but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reference in a minute but we'll
+keep it for now raised to the little C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it for now raised to the little C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it for now raised to the little C
+concentration of product D over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of product D over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of product D over this
+concentration reference of one molar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration reference of one molar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration reference of one molar to
+the Little D concentration of reactant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Little D concentration of reactant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Little D concentration of reactant a
+over this concentration reference raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this concentration reference raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this concentration reference raised
+to the little a concentration of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the little a concentration of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the little a concentration of other
+reactant B over our concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant B over our concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant B over our concentration
+reference of one molar raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of one molar raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference of one molar raised to the
+little B and then again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B and then again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B and then again this is
+concentration and we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we can get this
+expression which is usually the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is usually the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is usually the one you
+see of just products over reactants but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of just products over reactants but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of just products over reactants but
+I will make one point here that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make one point here that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make one point here that you need
+to know how to balance equations to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to balance equations to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to balance equations to be
+able to do these so if uh you had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these so if uh you had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these so if uh you had in the
+beginning of the book there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the book there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the book there was
+something about balancing limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about balancing limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about balancing limiting
+reagents stuff like that um if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents stuff like that um if you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents stuff like that um if you feel
+like you did not master that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you did not master that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you did not master that you want to
+go over it you need to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it you need to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it you need to be able to to
+balance and in a lot of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and in a lot of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and in a lot of these problems
+you may be thinking about limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be thinking about limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be thinking about limiting
+reagents again all right so that's Q you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents again all right so that's Q you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents again all right so that's Q you
+can see it as partial pressure and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it as partial pressure and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it as partial pressure and I'm
+going to do a little partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little partial pressure
+gas review on Friday um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas review on Friday um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas review on Friday um or
+concentrations with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations with these
+brackets so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets so at
+equilibrium Delta g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Delta g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Delta g equals
+zero and it's a dynamic process rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's a dynamic process rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's a dynamic process rate of
+the forward reaction equals rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward reaction equals rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward reaction equals rate of the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+reaction Q now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q now
+is the equilibrium constant because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium constant because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium constant because the
+ratio of products to reactants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of products to reactants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of products to reactants in
+equilibrium is the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is the definition of
+equilibrium con of the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium con of the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium con of the equilibrium
+constant so when Delta g equals z q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so when Delta g equals z q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so when Delta g equals z q
+equals K so we now can can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K so we now can can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K so we now can can go back to
+this expression that we had and rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that we had and rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that we had and rewrite
+this for the situation at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the situation at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the situation at equilibrium
+when Delta g equals z so when Delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Delta g equals z so when Delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Delta g equals z so when Delta g
+equals z this is zero and Q is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z this is zero and Q is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z this is zero and Q is K
+K is products over reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is products over reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is products over reactants at
+equilibrium and we can rewrite this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we can rewrite this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we can rewrite this or
+rearrange it now Delta G not equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it now Delta G not equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it now Delta G not equals
+minus RT natural log of K and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT natural log of K and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT natural log of K and that's a
+very important equation that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important equation that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important equation that you'll be
+using a lot in these units so it relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a lot in these units so it relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a lot in these units so it relates
+Delta G with our equilibrium constant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G with our equilibrium constant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G with our equilibrium constant K
+and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on
+temperature all right so K same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so K same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so K same
+expression is Q except for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is Q except for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is Q except for something
+very important which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important which is that the
+concentrations of the concentrations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the concentrations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the concentrations at
+equilibrium so has the same form as q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so has the same form as q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so has the same form as q
+but it's only the amount of products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only the amount of products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only the amount of products and
+reactants at equilibrium so in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at equilibrium so in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at equilibrium so in the gas
+phase we would write K in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we would write K in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we would write K in terms of our
+partial pressures and again this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures and again this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures and again this is this
+little symbol to remind you these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little symbol to remind you these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little symbol to remind you these are
+the concentrations at equilibrium and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations at equilibrium and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations at equilibrium and in
+solution it would be expressed in molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it would be expressed in molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it would be expressed in molar
+or something else so K is again products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else so K is again products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else so K is again products
+over reactants but only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants but only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants but only those
+concentrations at equilibrium whereas Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at equilibrium whereas Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at equilibrium whereas Q
+is at any point any concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any point any concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any point any concentrations of
+products over reactants for Q for K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants for Q for K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants for Q for K it's
+those concentrations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those concentrations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those concentrations at
+equilibrium all right so now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so now let's think
+about q and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about q and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about q and K
+together so we can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we can rewrite this
+expression again we just derived a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again we just derived a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again we just derived a new
+expression for Del for Delta G KN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Del for Delta G KN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Del for Delta G KN and
+that was minus RT natural log of K so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was minus RT natural log of K so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was minus RT natural log of K so we
+can say Delta g equals and now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say Delta g equals and now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say Delta g equals and now have this
+other expression minus RT natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other expression minus RT natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other expression minus RT natural log of
+K plus RT again gas constant temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus RT again gas constant temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus RT again gas constant temperature
+natural log of Q and we can simplify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of Q and we can simplify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of Q and we can simplify it
+bring out the RTS and now we have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the RTS and now we have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the RTS and now we have Delta
+g equals RT natural log of Q over K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals RT natural log of Q over K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals RT natural log of Q over K and
+this is again a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a very important
+expression um that you'll use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um that you'll use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um that you'll use a lot
+because it tells you about Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you about Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you about Delta G
+whether the reaction is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction is going to be
+spontaneous in the forward direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward direction or
+the reverse Direction depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse Direction depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse Direction depending on the
+ratio of Q and K this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of Q and K this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of Q and K this is a very
+important equation for chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation for chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation for chemical
+equilibrium so let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's think about what
+this what this means what comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this means what comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this means what comes out of
+this so the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the relationship
+between q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between q and
+K if Q is less than K what is the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K if Q is less than K what is the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K if Q is less than K what is the sign
+of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta
+G you can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G you can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G you can just yell it
+out yep so it's going to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yep so it's going to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yep so it's going to be negative
+just mathematically you can look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mathematically you can look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mathematically you can look at that
+expression so it'll be negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it'll be negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it'll be negative and
+again we give you all the equations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we give you all the equations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we give you all the equations on
+the equation sheet that will be there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation sheet that will be there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation sheet that will be there so
+you just need to know how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to know how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to know how to think about
+it and so the forward reaction ction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the forward reaction ction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the forward reaction ction
+will occur and so if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur and so if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur and so if we think about this
+it's going to mean that at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean that at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean that at equilibrium
+there are more products than there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more products than there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more products than there are
+at this time for Q there's less products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time for Q there's less products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time for Q there's less products
+in the Q expression K is greater than Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Q expression K is greater than Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Q expression K is greater than Q
+so we need to make more products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to make more products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to make more products so
+Delta G will be negative and the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G will be negative and the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G will be negative and the forward
+reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will
+occur so when Q is greater than K Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so when Q is greater than K Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so when Q is greater than K Delta
+G is positive and so when Q is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is positive and so when Q is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is positive and so when Q is greater
+than K that means there's more products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K that means there's more products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K that means there's more products
+now in q then they're are equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in q then they're are equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in q then they're are equilibrium
+too many products so we need to shift it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many products so we need to shift it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many products so we need to shift it
+in the reverse Direction so Delta G will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse Direction so Delta G will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse Direction so Delta G will
+be positive so again thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive so again thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive so again thinking about the
+ratio of Q and K tells you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of Q and K tells you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of Q and K tells you about the
+what direction is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction is going to be
+spontaneous is it spontaneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous is it spontaneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous is it spontaneous in the
+forward direction or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction or in the
+reverse okay so let's um do continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse okay so let's um do continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse okay so let's um do continue
+doing a little uh example we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little uh example we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little uh example we can do a
+little calculation here on the board for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little calculation here on the board for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little calculation here on the board for
+the same reaction we're given a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reaction we're given a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reaction we're given a value of
+K and now we're told some uh partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and now we're told some uh partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and now we're told some uh partial
+pressures of these gases and asked which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of these gases and asked which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of these gases and asked which
+direction the reaction will go so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reaction will go so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reaction will go so let's
+write the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression for
+Q so Q again is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so Q again is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so Q again is going to be equal to
+products over reactants so q and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants so q and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants so q and our
+product here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here is our
+NH3 so we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 so we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 so we're going to be talking about
+the partial pressure because it's a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure because it's a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure because it's a gas
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+NH3 and am I done with the top part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 and am I done with the top part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 and am I done with the top part of
+this expression no what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression no what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression no what do I
+need yep again we need to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yep again we need to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yep again we need to remember the
+stochiometry of the reaction so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry of the reaction so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry of the reaction so now we
+have the partial pressure of N2 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the partial pressure of N2 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the partial pressure of N2 on the
+bottom and I'm good and the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and I'm good and the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and I'm good and the partial
+pressure of H2 and again I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of H2 and again I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of H2 and again I have to
+remember um that there are three H2S in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um that there are three H2S in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um that there are three H2S in
+this balanced reaction so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this balanced reaction so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this balanced reaction so we have the
+partial pressure of H2 to the 3 I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of H2 to the 3 I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of H2 to the 3 I can
+put in my numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in my numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in my numbers
+1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5.5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 over
+2.2 these numbers may be made up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 these numbers may be made up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 these numbers may be made up that's
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+2.1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 *
+10us 2 and we're back to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 2 and we're back to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 2 and we're back to thinking about
+significant figures a lot again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures a lot again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures a lot again in this
+unit so I have two there so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so I have two there so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so I have two there so I'm going to
+have these two here and I'm good but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two here and I'm good but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two here and I'm good but now
+this is the value of Q and I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the value of Q and I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the value of Q and I want you to
+tell me with a clicker question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me with a clicker question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me with a clicker question what
+direction is this reaction going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right so recognized um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right so recognized um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right so recognized um for
+the most part that uh yeah most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part that uh yeah most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part that uh yeah most of these
+numbers that Q is a bigger number than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that Q is a bigger number than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that Q is a bigger number than K
+and so then you have to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you have to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you have to think about what
+that means and so when Q is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and so when Q is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and so when Q is greater than
+k then you're going to go toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then you're going to go toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then you're going to go toward
+reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+um and uh so you're going to dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so you're going to dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so you're going to dissociate
+the product until you achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product until you achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product until you achieve
+equilibrium again and so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again and so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again and so this means
+means when you have a big Q number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you have a big Q number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you have a big Q number you
+have too many products compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many products compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many products compared to the
+to the equilibrium State and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equilibrium State and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equilibrium State and you want to
+dissociate your products so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate your products so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate your products so you're going
+to go spontaneously in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go spontaneously in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go spontaneously in the reverse
+Direction now I just want to put mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now I just want to put mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now I just want to put mention
+one point um I have for the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point um I have for the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point um I have for the first part
+of the course I only taught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course I only taught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course I only taught that
+material once before but the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once before but the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once before but the second part
+I've taught a lot so I have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taught a lot so I have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taught a lot so I have lots of
+years of experience of what people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of experience of what people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of experience of what people do
+wrong on exams on this part and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on exams on this part and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on exams on this part and I will
+share one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share one thing
+a lot of students and I faculty too I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of students and I faculty too I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of students and I faculty too I'm
+this way right left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right left
+challenged so they write left when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged so they write left when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged so they write left when they
+mean right they write right when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right they write right when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right they write right when they
+mean left and so for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean left and so for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean left and so for those of you who
+are like me and have this issue draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like me and have this issue draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like me and have this issue draw an
+arrow when people draw an arrow they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow when people draw an arrow they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow when people draw an arrow they
+always draw it in the direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always draw it in the direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always draw it in the direction that
+they mean or they say toward reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean or they say toward reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean or they say toward reactants
+or toward products and so I've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or toward products and so I've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or toward products and so I've seen so
+many times on the test they'd say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times on the test they'd say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times on the test they'd say you
+know have explain the answer beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have explain the answer beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have explain the answer beautifully
+and then write the wrong direction down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write the wrong direction down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write the wrong direction down
+so um if you are right left challenged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you are right left challenged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if you are right left challenged
+try toward reactants or toward products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try toward reactants or toward products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try toward reactants or toward products
+or draw an arrow so that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or draw an arrow so that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or draw an arrow so that is my
+suggestion to you as someone who's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to you as someone who's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to you as someone who's also
+very bad with saying the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad with saying the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad with saying the right direction
+left or right when I mean that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right when I mean that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right when I mean that direction
+okay so what does k tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so K tells us about the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K tells us about the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K tells us about the ratio of
+products to reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to reactants at
+equilibrium and if you have a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and if you have a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and if you have a very big
+number for K it's going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for K it's going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for K it's going to tell you
+something about the ratio of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ratio of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ratio of those
+products to the reactants and there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to the reactants and there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to the reactants and there'll
+be a lot of products for reactants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of products for reactants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of products for reactants so
+let's just think about this for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about this for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about this for a minute
+so when K is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when K is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when K is greater than
+one k is products over reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one k is products over reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one k is products over reactants
+equilibrium that's going to mean High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's going to mean High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's going to mean High
+products so you'll have a higher number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you'll have a higher number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you'll have a higher number
+there but if you have a small value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you have a small value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you have a small value for
+k then you're going to have low products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then you're going to have low products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then you're going to have low products
+at equilibrium so this is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so this is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so this is a good thing
+just to think about and check yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to think about and check yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to think about and check yourself
+um when you're doing these problems does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're doing these problems does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're doing these problems does
+my answer actually make sense and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer actually make sense and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer actually make sense and if you
+see a big value for K you're like great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a big value for K you're like great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a big value for K you're like great
+if I want products I want a big value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want products I want a big value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want products I want a big value
+for the equilibrium constant means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium constant means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium constant means that
+this reaction is going to give me a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is going to give me a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is going to give me a lot
+of what I want a lot of my products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I want a lot of my products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I want a lot of my products
+because again K is products over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again K is products over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again K is products over
+reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at
+equilibrium all right so let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so let's do an
+example here so here is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so here is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so here is an example where
+K is greater than one it's actually 6.84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is greater than one it's actually 6.84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is greater than one it's actually 6.84
+at room temperature you have a Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you have a Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you have a Delta G
+knot of minus 4.76 K per mole to NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot of minus 4.76 K per mole to NO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot of minus 4.76 K per mole to NO2
+molecules going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N24 so we're going to start with one bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N24 so we're going to start with one bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N24 so we're going to start with one bar
+of our reactants and no products so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our reactants and no products so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our reactants and no products so we
+can look at what that's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what that's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what that's going to look
+like in our plot of concentration versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in our plot of concentration versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in our plot of concentration versus
+time and here the concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here the concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here the concentration is
+indicated as partial pressure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated as partial pressure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated as partial pressure which is
+one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of
+concentration so we're starting only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so we're starting only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so we're starting only
+with our reactants it will go down we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our reactants it will go down we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our reactants it will go down we'll
+have no products in the beginning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no products in the beginning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no products in the beginning at
+times zero no products and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero no products and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero no products and that will
+grow up the curves will level off as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up the curves will level off as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up the curves will level off as you
+reach the equilibrium again the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the equilibrium again the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the equilibrium again the reaction
+still going in the forward in Reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going in the forward in Reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going in the forward in Reverse
+directions but the rate are equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but the rate are equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but the rate are equal so
+there's no net change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change in the
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+then so now we can actually do some math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so now we can actually do some math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so now we can actually do some math
+and figure out how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how this
+changes and so this is uh one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so this is uh one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so this is uh one way that
+you can set up these kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set up these kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set up these kinds of problems
+and we will be doing these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be doing these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be doing these types of
+problems in chemical equilibrium acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in chemical equilibrium acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in chemical equilibrium acid
+base equilibrium um there'll be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base equilibrium um there'll be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base equilibrium um there'll be many
+examples so it's good to become familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so it's good to become familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so it's good to become familiar
+with them if you haven't seen it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them if you haven't seen it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them if you haven't seen it before
+so we can calculate the part partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can calculate the part partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can calculate the part partial
+pressures at equilibrium using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures at equilibrium using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures at equilibrium using this
+information so when we started we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when we started we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when we started we only
+had our reactant we had one bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our reactant we had one bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our reactant we had one bar
+1.0000 bar to be specific and we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0000 bar to be specific and we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0000 bar to be specific and we had no
+product as the reaction goes we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as the reaction goes we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as the reaction goes we will
+form product so it's plus X some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form product so it's plus X some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form product so it's plus X some amount
+of product is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of product is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of product is going to be
+formed how much of the reaction what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed how much of the reaction what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed how much of the reaction what is
+the change in partial pressure as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in partial pressure as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in partial pressure as you go
+to equilibrium what what what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium what what what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrium what what what happens to
+this what changes what do I put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what changes what do I put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what changes what do I put in this
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+what I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so I heard minus X I heard so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so I heard minus X I heard so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so I heard minus X I heard so it's
+minus 2x because you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2x because you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2x because you have to remember
+the stochiometry of the reaction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry of the reaction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry of the reaction and so
+we have two of these going to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two of these going to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two of these going to one of
+those so it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so it's minus
+2X and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and then at
+equilibrium we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we have
+1.us 2X if is our concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.us 2X if is our concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.us 2X if is our concentration of our
+reactant and our concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and our concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and our concentration of
+product is plus X so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is plus X so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is plus X so now we're going to
+solve for this and we need to write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this and we need to write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this and we need to write an
+expression for the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the equilibrium constant
+so why don't you write that for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90% oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% oh so
+close Okay so again the trick here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Okay so again the trick here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Okay so again the trick here you
+have products over react and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have products over react and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have products over react and you have to
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+stochiometry so we can go back over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry so we can go back over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry so we can go back over here
+so we have partial pressure of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have partial pressure of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have partial pressure of our
+product over partial pressure of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over partial pressure of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over partial pressure of our
+reactant and we have the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and we have the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant and we have the uh the
+stochiometry there and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry there and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry there and now we can
+continue to plug in so the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to plug in so the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to plug in so the concentration
+the partial pressure of our product is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of our product is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of our product is X
+at equilibrium the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium the partial pressure of
+our reactant is 1 - 2x and that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactant is 1 - 2x and that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactant is 1 - 2x and that holds
+term is raised to the two so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is raised to the two so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is raised to the two so it's all
+that whole term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole term is
+squared and if you solve forx you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you solve forx you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you solve forx you will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+0.38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.38
+bar so you definitely want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you definitely want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you definitely want to remember
+calculators and things on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators and things on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators and things on this
+exam and that value then is our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and that value then is our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and that value then is our product
+so that's the answer to the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer to the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer to the partial
+pressure of the product because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the product because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the product because that's
+what x is another thing that I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x is another thing that I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x is another thing that I've seen
+on exams is that people people solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exams is that people people solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exams is that people people solve for
+x they're happy to solve for x but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x they're happy to solve for x but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x they're happy to solve for x but then
+they don't remember what x was so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember what x was so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember what x was so keep
+track of what things uh belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what things uh belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what things uh belong to
+what so then we want to also find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so then we want to also find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so then we want to also find the
+partial pressure of our reactant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of our reactant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of our reactant that
+was 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1 minus
+2x so here we have 1 - 2 * X and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x so here we have 1 - 2 * X and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x so here we have 1 - 2 * X and you can
+see the significant figure fund that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the significant figure fund that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the significant figure fund that one
+can have in this because we we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have in this because we we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have in this because we we have um
+multiplication division subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication division subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication division subtraction
+and pretty soon we're going to have log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty soon we're going to have log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty soon we're going to have log
+significant figure rules so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure rules so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure rules so there's
+going to be a lot of fun and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of fun and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of fun and of course
+then this is our reactant over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is our reactant over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is our reactant over here so
+let's just go back to the diagram which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go back to the diagram which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go back to the diagram which
+is up above in your notes on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up above in your notes on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up above in your notes on the same
+page in your notes um and plug these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in your notes um and plug these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in your notes um and plug these in
+and think about what this means so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what this means so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what this means so we've
+done the math and we see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the math and we see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the math and we see that our
+reactant at equilibrium is 238 bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at equilibrium is 238 bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at equilibrium is 238 bar and
+and our product at equilibrium is 381
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our product at equilibrium is 381
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our product at equilibrium is 381
+bar so K is greater than one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so K is greater than one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so K is greater than one more
+products and you see that that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and you see that that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and you see that that works out
+so if you were asked just to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were asked just to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were asked just to explain
+what you expected you could say k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expected you could say k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expected you could say k is
+greater than one I expect more products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one I expect more products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one I expect more products
+but if you do the math and you'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do the math and you'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do the math and you'll often
+do the math you can calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math you can calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math you can calculate what the
+partial pressures are um at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures are um at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures are um at equilibrium
+of the reactants and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and of the
+products all right so now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so now let's think
+about about the relationship again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the relationship again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the relationship again
+between Delta G KN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so here is our expression we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so here is our expression we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so here is our expression we saw
+before we can also rewrite this to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can also rewrite this to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can also rewrite this to solve
+for K so sometimes you will be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K so sometimes you will be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K so sometimes you will be given
+information about Delta G KN and asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Delta G KN and asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Delta G KN and asked
+to calculate a k at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a k at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a k at a particular
+temperature but we can also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but we can also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but we can also think about
+what we would expect so if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would expect so if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would expect so if K is
+large what is going to be true about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large what is going to be true about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large what is going to be true about
+Delta G not and so why don't you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G not and so why don't you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G not and so why don't you tell me
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it would be a large negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it would be a large negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it would be a large negative
+number and we can think about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we can think about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we can think about this that
+if you're going to have if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to have if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to have if you really
+are lying on the side of products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lying on the side of products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lying on the side of products and
+your rea action then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rea action then that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rea action then that would be
+consistent with a bigger value and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a bigger value and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a bigger value and a
+negative value so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so you can think about
+again we talked about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we talked about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we talked about in terms of
+formation is the thing that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is the thing that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is the thing that's being
+formed more or less stable compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed more or less stable compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed more or less stable compared to
+its elements the same sort of idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elements the same sort of idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elements the same sort of idea you
+can think about the relative stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the relative stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the relative stability
+um and whether you'd expect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and whether you'd expect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and whether you'd expect more
+products or more reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or more reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or more reactants at
+equilibrium based on uh on this values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium based on uh on this values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium based on uh on this values
+so let's do an example and prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do an example and prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do an example and prove that
+this is true so let's consider baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so let's consider baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so let's consider baking
+soda again baking soda works really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda again baking soda works really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda again baking soda works really well
+for this unit on thermodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this unit on thermodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this unit on thermodynamics and
+chemical equilibrium so again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium so again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium so again we have
+our baking soda going uh to CO2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baking soda going uh to CO2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baking soda going uh to CO2 which is
+very important the CO2 gas which helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important the CO2 gas which helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important the CO2 gas which helps
+our bread rise and we calculated last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bread rise and we calculated last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bread rise and we calculated last
+week that the Delta G KN at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that the Delta G KN at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that the Delta G KN at room
+temperature for this process was plus 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for this process was plus 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for this process was plus 36
+K per mole and uh that would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole and uh that would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole and uh that would mean that
+it's not not spontaneous in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not spontaneous in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not spontaneous in the forward
+Direction which is really bad for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which is really bad for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which is really bad for our
+bread because we need the CO2 gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread because we need the CO2 gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread because we need the CO2 gas to
+cause it to rise but the good news was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it to rise but the good news was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it to rise but the good news was
+that if we remember to turn on the oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we remember to turn on the oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we remember to turn on the oven
+in baking bread and put it at a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baking bread and put it at a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baking bread and put it at a normal
+temperature in the oven um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the oven um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the oven um that the
+Delta G KN is minus5 K per mole so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN is minus5 K per mole so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN is minus5 K per mole so then
+it becomes a spontaneous reaction now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a spontaneous reaction now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a spontaneous reaction now we
+can think about this in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this in terms of our
+equilibrium constant K so if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K so if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K so if we do the
+math here at room temperature K would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here at room temperature K would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here at room temperature K would be
+4.9 * 10- 7 that is a small number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.9 * 10- 7 that is a small number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.9 * 10- 7 that is a small number that
+means that there is very little product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is very little product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is very little product
+at equilibrium at this temperature very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium at this temperature very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium at this temperature very
+little CO2 gas to be able to be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little CO2 gas to be able to be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little CO2 gas to be able to be used to
+make our bread rise but now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our bread rise but now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our bread rise but now if we
+calculate k at this value at a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate k at this value at a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate k at this value at a negative
+number for Delta g k is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for Delta g k is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for Delta g k is now
+55 so we have quite a lot of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so we have quite a lot of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so we have quite a lot of product
+then to be used to make the bread rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to be used to make the bread rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to be used to make the bread rise
+so you can think about things in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about things in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about things in terms
+of Delta G's and whether something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta G's and whether something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta G's and whether something's
+going to be spontaneous and give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spontaneous and give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spontaneous and give you the
+product you want but the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you want but the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you want but the equilibrium
+constant gives you that information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant gives you that information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant gives you that information as
+well if it's a very small number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's a very small number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's a very small number you
+have very little product and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little product and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little product and if you want
+product if you're trying to industrially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you're trying to industrially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you're trying to industrially
+make something that's a very bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that's a very bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that's a very bad thing
+um but if uh if you have a big value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if uh if you have a big value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if uh if you have a big value for
+K and it's negative Delta G not value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's negative Delta G not value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's negative Delta G not value
+then that's good if you want a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's good if you want a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's good if you want a lot of
+the product at equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product at equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product at equilibrium so
+equilibrium doesn't just matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium doesn't just matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium doesn't just matter for
+things like baking soda or forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like baking soda or forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like baking soda or forming
+ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
+chemical equilibrium applies to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium applies to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium applies to large
+molecules as well such as enzymes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules as well such as enzymes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules as well such as enzymes in
+your body that are catalyzing reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body that are catalyzing reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body that are catalyzing reactions
+so I'm going to share with you an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to share with you an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to share with you an in
+their own words um and this is a Nomi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words um and this is a Nomi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words um and this is a Nomi
+Ando who um I will just mention uh is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ando who um I will just mention uh is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ando who um I will just mention uh is an
+MIT undergraduate was a graduate of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT undergraduate was a graduate of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT undergraduate was a graduate of MIT
+was an undergraduate here um in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate here um in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate here um in physics
+majored in physics and she is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored in physics and she is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored in physics and she is now a
+professor of do you want to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of do you want to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of do you want to guess
+chemistry that's right she's a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's right she's a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's right she's a professor
+of chemistry at Princeton University so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry at Princeton University so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry at Princeton University so
+um here is a good example of uh what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is a good example of uh what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is a good example of uh what can
+happen and uh she was very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh she was very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh she was very happy
+actually I think it was 511 didn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think it was 511 didn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think it was 511 didn't exist
+then I think it was 5'11 when she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think it was 5'11 when she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think it was 5'11 when she was
+here um but nonetheless um so here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but nonetheless um so here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but nonetheless um so here in
+her words about chemical equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her words about chemical equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her words about chemical equilibrium and
+the protein she studies my name is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein she studies my name is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein she studies my name is and
+and I study a protein called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I study a protein called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I study a protein called
+ribonucleotide reductase or RNR for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase or RNR for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase or RNR for
+short it catalyzes the reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short it catalyzes the reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short it catalyzes the reaction of
+converting ribonucleotides or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting ribonucleotides or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting ribonucleotides or the
+building blocks of RNA into deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks of RNA into deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks of RNA into deoxy
+ribonucleotides or the building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides or the building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides or the building blocks
+of DNA it's the only means of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it's the only means of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it's the only means of getting
+those letters for DNA so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters for DNA so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters for DNA so it's important
+for DNA synthesis and repair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DNA synthesis and repair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DNA synthesis and repair and
+replication it knows uh for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it knows uh for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it knows uh for example um
+when there's an imbalance in uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an imbalance in uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an imbalance in uh the the
+pools of the the letters for DNA or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools of the the letters for DNA or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools of the the letters for DNA or um
+if there's um a lot of the letters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's um a lot of the letters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's um a lot of the letters of
+the RNA and this controls the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA and this controls the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA and this controls the sort of
+state that RNR is in and uh RNR can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that RNR is in and uh RNR can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that RNR is in and uh RNR can be
+in an equilibrium of active and inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an equilibrium of active and inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an equilibrium of active and inactive
+states that are sort of regulated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are sort of regulated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are sort of regulated by the
+alphabet soup in the cell when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet soup in the cell when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet soup in the cell when it's
+active it's very compact but then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it's very compact but then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it's very compact but then it has
+to make a really dramatic structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a really dramatic structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a really dramatic structural
+change to go into an inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to go into an inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to go into an inactive
+State I have this imagery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I have this imagery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I have this imagery of
+Transformers because it's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers because it's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers because it's just so
+dramatic so when it's active it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic so when it's active it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic so when it's active it's
+compact like when a Transformer is a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact like when a Transformer is a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact like when a Transformer is a car
+and when it's inactive it sort of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's inactive it sort of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's inactive it sort of it
+makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a
+sound and then it expands into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and then it expands into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and then it expands into a
+robot the letter A uh or uh adenosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the letter A uh or uh adenosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the letter A uh or uh adenosine
+pushes this equilibrium from the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes this equilibrium from the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes this equilibrium from the active
+to inactive State and tells RNR okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inactive State and tells RNR okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inactive State and tells RNR okay we
+have enough of the DNA letters so stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of the DNA letters so stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of the DNA letters so stop
+for humans it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humans it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humans it's really important to
+study RNR because it's um it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study RNR because it's um it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study RNR because it's um it's the
+protein that is essential for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is essential for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is essential for making
+letters of DNA so it's essential for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of DNA so it's essential for DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of DNA so it's essential for DNA
+replication uh which is essential for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication uh which is essential for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication uh which is essential for uh
+cells to divide um and uh we want RNR to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to divide um and uh we want RNR to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to divide um and uh we want RNR to
+function normally uh for our health but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normally uh for our health but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normally uh for our health but
+um in in cells that are are dividing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in cells that are are dividing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in cells that are are dividing too
+quickly such as tumor cells uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly such as tumor cells uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly such as tumor cells uh we want
+to slow it down so actually RNR is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow it down so actually RNR is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow it down so actually RNR is a
+really important uh Target for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important uh Target for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important uh Target for uh
+anti-cancer drugs but also because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs but also because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs but also because um
+RNR exists in every organism um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNR exists in every organism um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNR exists in every organism um we can
+start looking at differences between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at differences between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at differences between um
+different species so for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species so for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species so for example it
+could be um antibacterial um and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um antibacterial um and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um antibacterial um and not
+just anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer so that's an example of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so that's an example of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so that's an example of how you
+have a shift between two states in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shift between two states in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shift between two states in an
+active and active state that it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and active state that it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and active state that it's just a
+chemical equilibrium and binding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium and binding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium and binding one
+thing shifts the equilibrium One Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing shifts the equilibrium One Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing shifts the equilibrium One Way
+binding something else shifts it back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding something else shifts it back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding something else shifts it back so
+chemical equilibrium a lot of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium a lot of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium a lot of nature
+works by just subtly Shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works by just subtly Shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works by just subtly Shifting the
+equilibrium between different states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between different states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between different states so
+understanding chemical equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding chemical equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding chemical equilibrium is
+pretty important all right so now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important all right so now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important all right so now now
+we're going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply
+stress to our chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress to our chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress to our chemical
+equilibrium and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we're going to talk
+about principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principle of
+lattier so here a system in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier so here a system in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier so here a system in equilibrium
+that subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject to
+stress will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress will
+react in a way that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react in a way that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react in a way that tends to
+minimize that stress and whenever I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that stress and whenever I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that stress and whenever I talk
+to MIT students about this I feel like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT students about this I feel like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT students about this I feel like I
+need to to really emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to really emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to really emphasize this
+point MIT students experience a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point MIT students experience a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point MIT students experience a lot of
+stress but often do not tend to react in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress but often do not tend to react in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress but often do not tend to react in
+a way to minimize that stress they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to minimize that stress they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to minimize that stress they say
+all right I am just struggling with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I am just struggling with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I am just struggling with this
+double major I don't know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double major I don't know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double major I don't know what to do
+it's just so much work so maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so much work so maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so much work so maybe I should
+triple Major instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple Major instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple Major instead
+no ask yourself what would lattier do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ask yourself what would lattier do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ask yourself what would lattier do
+minimize double maj major single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize double maj major single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize double maj major single
+major so this is a principle that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major so this is a principle that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major so this is a principle that can
+apply to your life and I recently um saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to your life and I recently um saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to your life and I recently um saw
+a chemistry major and uh we had lunch he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry major and uh we had lunch he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry major and uh we had lunch he
+was a former MIT student and now he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a former MIT student and now he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a former MIT student and now he's a
+CEO of a company small company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of a company small company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of a company small company in
+Cambridge that's doing um designing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge that's doing um designing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge that's doing um designing uh
+computer software platforms he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software platforms he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software platforms he was a
+chemistry major and he's doing software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry major and he's doing software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry major and he's doing software
+design and building like little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and building like little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and building like little uh
+computer tablet things for restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer tablet things for restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer tablet things for restaurants
+so um I said would do you use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I said would do you use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I said would do you use your
+Chemistry at all and he goes oh I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry at all and he goes oh I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemistry at all and he goes oh I use
+some things all the time especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things all the time especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things all the time especially
+later's principle um All About
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later's principle um All About
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later's principle um All About
+minimizing the stress so um that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the stress so um that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the stress so um that was one
+thing that he really grabbed on to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he really grabbed on to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he really grabbed on to in
+chemistry so again if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so again if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so again if you think about
+this about minimizing the stress You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about minimizing the stress You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about minimizing the stress You can
+predict the direction of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction of the reaction
+and in nature this really works pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in nature this really works pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in nature this really works pretty
+well so Lala's principle gives us a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so Lala's principle gives us a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so Lala's principle gives us a way
+to predict the direction the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the direction the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the direction the reaction
+will go in if you ask which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in if you ask which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in if you ask which direction
+will minimize the stress so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize the stress so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will minimize the stress so let's look
+at an example we're back to N2 and H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example we're back to N2 and H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example we're back to N2 and H2
+making ammonia so here's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ammonia so here's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ammonia so here's a slightly
+different plot than I drew over here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot than I drew over here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot than I drew over here now
+this is a reaction sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reaction sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reaction sensitive to
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+is going to change with temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to change with temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to change with temperature so
+every plot of this may look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plot of this may look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plot of this may look a little
+different depending on what temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what temperature
+it's at so but some things are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at so but some things are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at so but some things are the same
+if you start with hydrogen and nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with hydrogen and nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with hydrogen and nitrogen
+you'll have some of those to begin begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some of those to begin begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some of those to begin begin
+with they will be above zero but ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they will be above zero but ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they will be above zero but ammonia
+will start if you have no product you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start if you have no product you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start if you have no product you'll
+have ammonia at zero and it'll rise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ammonia at zero and it'll rise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ammonia at zero and it'll rise in
+the other thing that should look similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that should look similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that should look similar
+is that as the reaction runs for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as the reaction runs for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as the reaction runs for long
+enough it'll reach equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll reach equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll reach equilibrium and
+you'll have the lines level out you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the lines level out you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the lines level out you'll
+reach an equilibrium State now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach an equilibrium State now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach an equilibrium State now what
+happens if you stress that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you stress that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you stress that equilibrium
+state so say you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so say you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so say you add
+hydrogen and so this line adds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so this line adds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so this line adds the
+hydrogen then it goes down then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it goes down then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it goes down then you're
+also Al going to use up some nitrogen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Al going to use up some nitrogen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Al going to use up some nitrogen as
+you're using up the hydrogen you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using up the hydrogen you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using up the hydrogen you're just
+going to shift it to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift it to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift it to make more
+product now say you make product you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now say you make product you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now say you make product you add
+product sorry you're adding product it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sorry you're adding product it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sorry you're adding product it's
+going to shift to minimize the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift to minimize the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift to minimize the stress
+use up the product have the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up the product have the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up the product have the product
+dissociate and make more hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate and make more hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate and make more hydrogen and
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+nitrogen so here's the plot now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so here's the plot now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so here's the plot now let's
+just think about what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what's happening at
+each step so if we're adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step so if we're adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step so if we're adding more
+reactant you have more reactant you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant you have more reactant you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant you have more reactant you have
+too much reactant shift to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much reactant shift to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much reactant shift to minimize the
+stress and you will shift the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and you will shift the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and you will shift the reaction
+toward product get rid of the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward product get rid of the reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward product get rid of the reactant
+use up the reactant let's get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up the reactant let's get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up the reactant let's get back to
+the equilibrium condition minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium condition minimize the
+stress now we can think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress now we can think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress now we can think about this in
+terms of uh q and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh q and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh q and K
+again um so when you have reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so when you have reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so when you have reactants
+added then Q is going to fall below K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added then Q is going to fall below K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added then Q is going to fall below K
+momentarily and so that means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily and so that means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily and so that means if you
+think about our equation over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our equation over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our equation over here
+recall this equation this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this equation this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this equation this important
+equation so with Q less than K you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so with Q less than K you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so with Q less than K you get a
+negative Delta G and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G and that's going to be
+spontaneous toward the right toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous toward the right toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous toward the right toward
+products so again you respond by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so again you respond by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so again you respond by making
+more products you shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more products you shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more products you shift to the
+right and you saw that over here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you saw that over here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you saw that over here it's
+shifting toward products you're using up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting toward products you're using up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting toward products you're using up
+the hydrogen you're using up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen you're using up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen you're using up the
+nitrogen you're trying to return to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen you're trying to return to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen you're trying to return to an
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+condition now what happens if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition now what happens if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition now what happens if we add
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+product and so when you're adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so when you're adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so when you're adding more
+product Q is greater than K momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Q is greater than K momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Q is greater than K momentarily
+you have too many products now compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too many products now compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too many products now compared
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+equilibrium and when Q is greater than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and when Q is greater than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and when Q is greater than K
+you get a positive Delta G and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a positive Delta G and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a positive Delta G and that
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+reverse direction or non-spontaneous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse direction or non-spontaneous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse direction or non-spontaneous in
+the forward Direction so you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Direction so you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Direction so you shift
+toward reactants you shift to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward reactants you shift to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward reactants you shift to the left
+so again you can use this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you can use this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you can use this equation to
+think about what direction is now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what direction is now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what direction is now going
+to be favorable and so here you added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be favorable and so here you added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be favorable and so here you added
+product the product gets used up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the product gets used up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the product gets used up it's
+shifting toward reactants and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting toward reactants and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting toward reactants and you're
+making more reactants until you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making more reactants until you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making more reactants until you reach
+equilibrium again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again
+and we have one minute left for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one minute left for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one minute left for last
+clicker question what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question what happens when you
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products all right so let's just take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so let's just take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so let's just take 10
+more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so we'll just put it up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just put it up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll just put it up over here
+so that means that Delta G is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that Delta G is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that Delta G is going to
+be negative in that case because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative in that case because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative in that case because you
+remove product so Q is less than K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove product so Q is less than K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove product so Q is less than K and
+so the reaction is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction is going to be
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+Delta G will be negative and you move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G will be negative and you move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G will be negative and you move to
+make more products again minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more products again minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more products again minimize the
+stress you took away products you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you took away products you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you took away products you need
+to make more minimize the stress do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make more minimize the stress do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make more minimize the stress do
+problems at five and minimize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at five and minimize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at five and minimize your
+stress
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f12cqwfH-N0.txt b/f12cqwfH-N0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38ac5331c1100479dde64853d340ae023a98bc77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f12cqwfH-N0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14749 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu for those of you who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu for those of you who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu for those of you who don't
+read the Times back to front every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Times back to front every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Times back to front every day
+there was a horrific section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a horrific section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a horrific section that
+relates to today's lecture it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to today's lecture it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to today's lecture it's not as
+uh it didn't give me nice cases as Don's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't give me nice cases as Don's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it didn't give me nice cases as Don's
+did but the but the headline captures a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the but the headline captures a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but the but the headline captures a
+lot of what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what goes on
+in the section and a lot of what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the section and a lot of what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the section and a lot of what we'll
+talk about today the headline is fuel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today the headline is fuel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today the headline is fuel to
+burn now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn now
+what so I'm going to talk about Shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I'm going to talk about Shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I'm going to talk about Shale
+and its implications and what it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its implications and what it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its implications and what it's done
+to the energy Universe in the last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy Universe in the last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy Universe in the last last
+couple of years but first I've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years but first I've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years but first I've got some
+unfinished business business uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfinished business business uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfinished business business uh from
+last time a couple of questions I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time a couple of questions I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time a couple of questions I didn't
+answer Prosper asked whether anybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Prosper asked whether anybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Prosper asked whether anybody was
+still making coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still making coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still making coal
+gas uh in the old-fashioned manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh in the old-fashioned manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh in the old-fashioned manufactured
+gas Town Gas heated and used the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Town Gas heated and used the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Town Gas heated and used the results
+style and I couldn't find anybody I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and I couldn't find anybody I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and I couldn't find anybody I
+looked around I did the usual kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around I did the usual kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around I did the usual kind of
+web crawling but what I did find is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web crawling but what I did find is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web crawling but what I did find is a
+lot of people that have made and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that have made and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that have made and are
+making gas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making gas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making gas from
+wood this is a uh a reactor being sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood this is a uh a reactor being sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood this is a uh a reactor being sold
+by a company in South Africa that sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a company in South Africa that sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a company in South Africa that sold
+it to a number of locations wood pellets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a number of locations wood pellets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a number of locations wood pellets
+to make gas sometimes for for vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make gas sometimes for for vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make gas sometimes for for vehicles
+sometimes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for
+um um uh use in gas Mains um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh use in gas Mains um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh use in gas Mains um and this
+one this is from Wikipedia but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is from Wikipedia but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is from Wikipedia but I
+couldn't resist it this is a North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resist it this is a North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resist it this is a North
+Korean wood powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean wood powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean wood powered
+truck uh but if you if you browse around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck uh but if you if you browse around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck uh but if you if you browse around
+there are a lot of examples during World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of examples during World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of examples during World
+War II where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II where
+these reactors were put on cars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactors were put on cars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactors were put on cars that
+were then converted to run on wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then converted to run on wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then converted to run on wood
+because you couldn't get gasoline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you couldn't get gasoline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you couldn't get gasoline in
+Continental Europe in World War II so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental Europe in World War II so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental Europe in World War II so
+it's not a novel technology it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a novel technology it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a novel technology it's not
+your first choice technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first choice technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first choice technology for
+vehicles uh but in places that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles uh but in places that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles uh but in places that have a
+lot of wood and not much else it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wood and not much else it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wood and not much else it
+apparently is an interesting and used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently is an interesting and used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently is an interesting and used
+technology there are plenty of vendors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology there are plenty of vendors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology there are plenty of vendors
+there are plenty of examples so wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of examples so wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of examples so wood
+gasification but I couldn't find anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasification but I couldn't find anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasification but I couldn't find anybody
+who's doing coal commercially so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing coal commercially so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing coal commercially so that's
+answer that's that's unfinished item one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's that's unfinished item one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's that's unfinished item one
+uh unfinished item two was CO2 emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfinished item two was CO2 emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfinished item two was CO2 emissions
+sidon asked about how fossil fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidon asked about how fossil fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidon asked about how fossil fuels
+compare and I kind of mumbled um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and I kind of mumbled um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and I kind of mumbled um you
+will recall it it turns out if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall it it turns out if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall it it turns out if you think
+about it a little bit beyond the Mumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little bit beyond the Mumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little bit beyond the Mumble
+stage it's not a simple question you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it's not a simple question you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it's not a simple question you can
+do emissions per BTU right you burn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do emissions per BTU right you burn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do emissions per BTU right you burn the
+stuff what what do you get um uh per BTU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what what do you get um uh per BTU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what what do you get um uh per BTU
+and that's the carbon hydrogen mix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the carbon hydrogen mix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the carbon hydrogen mix in
+the in the fuel which varies slightly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the fuel which varies slightly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the fuel which varies slightly so
+you see coal has about 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coal has about 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coal has about 75%
+more uh emissions per BTU than natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh emissions per BTU than natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh emissions per BTU than natural
+gas and petroleum based fuels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and petroleum based fuels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and petroleum based fuels are
+somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in
+between but of course you don't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but of course you don't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but of course you don't buy
+fuels for BTUs you buy fuels for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels for BTUs you buy fuels for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels for BTUs you buy fuels for some
+purpose some Energy Service you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose some Energy Service you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose some Energy Service you will
+recall we don't actually most of us live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we don't actually most of us live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we don't actually most of us live
+for BTUs alone uh so he home heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BTUs alone uh so he home heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BTUs alone uh so he home heating
+that would be a good comparison but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good comparison but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good comparison but
+suppose you want to do electricity well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to do electricity well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to do electricity well
+then you have to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think about how
+efficiently you can use them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you can use them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you can use them in
+electricity you'll note that a uh a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you'll note that a uh a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you'll note that a uh a gas
+combined cycle plant is more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle plant is more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle plant is more efficient
+than a coal a traditional coal steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a coal a traditional coal steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a coal a traditional coal steam
+turbine plant so that means in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine plant so that means in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine plant so that means in terms of
+per kilowatt hour the advantage to gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilowatt hour the advantage to gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilowatt hour the advantage to gas
+over coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over coal
+grows and you think about gas powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and you think about gas powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and you think about gas powered
+automobiles versus gasoline powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles versus gasoline powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles versus gasoline powered
+automobiles again there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles again there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles again there's a difference
+in engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engine
+efficiency but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but even
+that um you got to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you got to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you got to think about the
+emissions in producing it if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in producing it if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in producing it if you want to
+do this kind of comparison and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of comparison and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of comparison and I haven't
+really seen a good study that lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen a good study that lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen a good study that lets you
+get to that third level so good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that third level so good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that third level so good question
+easy answer here somewhat easier answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy answer here somewhat easier answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy answer here somewhat easier answer
+somewhat harder answer here can't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat harder answer here can't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat harder answer here can't answer
+that okay okay any questions or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay any questions or comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay any questions or comments
+on either of these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+okay let me go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go to
+Shale so the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale so the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale so the new
+technology that really has changed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that really has changed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that really has changed well
+it is and it isn't a new technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and it isn't a new technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and it isn't a new technology so
+let me be a little bit clear about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be a little bit clear about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be a little bit clear about that
+but this is horizontal drilling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is horizontal drilling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is horizontal drilling and
+hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic
+cracking called fracking so there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking called fracking so there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking called fracking so there's sort
+of two pieces to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two pieces to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two pieces to it
+one is the ability to to drill deep into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the ability to to drill deep into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the ability to to drill deep into
+Shale this this little example shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale this this little example shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale this this little example shows
+Shale 7,000 ft deep uh in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale 7,000 ft deep uh in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale 7,000 ft deep uh in this case the
+marcelis I think this is from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelis I think this is from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelis I think this is from the the
+the pen environment thing and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pen environment thing and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pen environment thing and to do
+horizontal drilling horizontal drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal drilling horizontal drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal drilling horizontal drilling
+is not that new but it's relatively new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that new but it's relatively new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that new but it's relatively new
+and then to put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to put down
+fluid which I'll talk about in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which I'll talk about in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which I'll talk about in a bit
+under pressure to make cracks in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure to make cracks in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure to make cracks in the in
+the Shale which permits gas and or oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shale which permits gas and or oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shale which permits gas and or oil
+um uh to come back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to come back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to come back into the
+pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe
+fracking if you just drill down and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking if you just drill down and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking if you just drill down and and
+crack horizontally has been done for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack horizontally has been done for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack horizontally has been done for a
+long time horizontal drilling has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time horizontal drilling has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time horizontal drilling has been
+done for a relatively long time putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for a relatively long time putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for a relatively long time putting
+the two pieces together has had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces together has had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pieces together has had a
+revolutionary impact the I caution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary impact the I caution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary impact the I caution you
+the times repeats what the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times repeats what the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times repeats what the president
+said in his State of the Union message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in his State of the Union message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in his State of the Union message
+which is doe started all of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doe started all of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doe started all of this in the
+80s well PE this drives people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s well PE this drives people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s well PE this drives people in the
+industry crazy they say doe invested a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry crazy they say doe invested a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry crazy they say doe invested a
+few dollars in the 80s and then a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dollars in the 80s and then a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dollars in the 80s and then a whole
+bunch of little us companies invested a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little us companies invested a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little us companies invested a
+lot since then to actually make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot since then to actually make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot since then to actually make this
+work so it big firms like Exxon did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it big firms like Exxon did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so it big firms like Exxon did not
+have this technology they're busy buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this technology they're busy buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this technology they're busy buying
+small firms does this sound like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms does this sound like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms does this sound like a
+familiar story from from Don discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar story from from Don discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar story from from Don discussion
+I mean little guys experimented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean little guys experimented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean little guys experimented and
+experimented and got it to work so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented and got it to work so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented and got it to work so most
+of this fluid and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fluid and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fluid and we'll come back to
+this is water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is water and
+sand but there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand but there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand but there's other
+stuff and what other stuff varies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and what other stuff varies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and what other stuff varies from
+producer to producer and is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer to producer and is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer to producer and is the source
+of a good deal of controversy but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good deal of controversy but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good deal of controversy but it's
+mostly water and sand and what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly water and sand and what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly water and sand and what this does
+is it makes it economical to extract gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it makes it economical to extract gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it makes it economical to extract gas
+and oil from seven 10,000 ft underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oil from seven 10,000 ft underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oil from seven 10,000 ft underground
+Shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale
+deposits now it's not just that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits now it's not just that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits now it's not just that it's
+possible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's
+cheap and cheap is the story um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and cheap is the story um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and cheap is the story um now
+there's Shale around the world oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Shale around the world oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Shale around the world oh well
+yeah this is what this is what one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what this is what one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what this is what one well
+look one installation looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look one installation looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look one installation looks like this
+would be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the
+pad and what normally happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad and what normally happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad and what normally happens is you
+drill multiple Wells from a single pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill multiple Wells from a single pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill multiple Wells from a single pad
+so they might go underground this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might go underground this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might go underground this
+Direction and this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and this direction and
+whatever so you cover an area with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so you cover an area with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so you cover an area with
+multiple Wells from a pad when you pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Wells from a pad when you pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Wells from a pad when you pump
+the water down under pressure it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water down under pressure it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water down under pressure it comes
+back there's a shock and it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there's a shock and it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there's a shock and it comes back
+not only with the stuff you put down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with the stuff you put down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with the stuff you put down but
+with stuff it picks up various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff it picks up various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff it picks up various
+underground minerals and chemicals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground minerals and chemicals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground minerals and chemicals and
+occasionally something's radioactive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally something's radioactive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally something's radioactive or
+something's toxic it is then typically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's toxic it is then typically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's toxic it is then typically I
+assume piped although I don't see pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume piped although I don't see pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume piped although I don't see pipes
+it's piped to a to a holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's piped to a to a holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's piped to a to a holding
+Pond uh and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pond uh and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pond uh and from
+there it's interesting in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's interesting in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's interesting in this picture
+it's being trucked away uh sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being trucked away uh sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being trucked away uh sorry the the
+water is stored in a pit or a pond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is stored in a pit or a pond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is stored in a pit or a pond and
+then taken to a treatment plant what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taken to a treatment plant what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taken to a treatment plant what's
+often done with it instead is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done with it instead is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done with it instead is it's
+injected underground in a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected underground in a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected underground in a deep
+well so it either get the water either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it either get the water either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it either get the water either
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+treated out of this out of this pond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated out of this out of this pond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated out of this out of this pond or
+it gets either here or someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets either here or someplace else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets either here or someplace else
+dumped back into something that'll hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped back into something that'll hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped back into something that'll hold
+it underground some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underground some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underground some
+formation where you might otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation where you might otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation where you might otherwise
+store CO2 for instance but that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store CO2 for instance but that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store CO2 for instance but that those
+are the two possibilities so questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two possibilities so questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two possibilities so questions
+about the the basic story here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the basic story here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the basic story here the the
+the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic
+process yeah it's back the after youed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yeah it's back the after youed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yeah it's back the after youed
+the usual gas well the gas has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual gas well the gas has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual gas well the gas has come up
+with it so you you're basically taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you you're basically taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you you're basically taking
+the gas off and and then you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas off and and then you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas off and and then you take the
+water uh yeah no this is this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh yeah no this is this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh yeah no this is this is not
+this is not full of full of commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not full of full of commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not full of full of commercially
+recoverable gas yeah Jacob kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chuid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuid
+well usually a surfactant of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually a surfactant of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually a surfactant of some sort
+to reduce surface tension to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce surface tension to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce surface tension to make it
+more easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily
+penetrate in some cases people have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate in some cases people have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate in some cases people have put
+Benzene and various petroleum products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene and various petroleum products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene and various petroleum products
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+this causes a lot of distress as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this causes a lot of distress as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this causes a lot of distress as you can
+imagine um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um but
+usually usually some surfactant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually some surfactant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually some surfactant and
+other stuff the for the little guys this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff the for the little guys this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff the for the little guys this
+has been sort of a secret sauce it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been sort of a secret sauce it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been sort of a secret sauce it's
+mostly mostly water and sand and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly mostly water and sand and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly mostly water and sand and I'm not
+going to tell you what the rest is haha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what the rest is haha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what the rest is haha
+well if you have what's missing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have what's missing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have what's missing here is
+is this might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this might be an
+aquafer so there might be groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquafer so there might be groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquafer so there might be groundwater
+issues and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we're going to talk about
+this usually not coming up from 7,000 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually not coming up from 7,000 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually not coming up from 7,000 ft
+down the aquafers are higher but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the aquafers are higher but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the aquafers are higher but if the
+Well's Integrity is breached stuff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well's Integrity is breached stuff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well's Integrity is breached stuff can
+come out from the well and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out from the well and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out from the well and that
+happens okay anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay anything
+else all right so that's the picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so that's the picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so that's the picture so
+this process now makes it economical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process now makes it economical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process now makes it economical to
+extract oil and and natural gas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract oil and and natural gas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract oil and and natural gas from
+Shale where's the Shale this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale where's the Shale this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale where's the Shale this is the key
+thing is this gray bar is the height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this gray bar is the height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this gray bar is the height is
+the amount of shale gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of shale gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of shale gas
+recoverable uh the black is CED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable uh the black is CED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable uh the black is CED
+methane which is you know also also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane which is you know also also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane which is you know also also
+doable but the new the new thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable but the new the new thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable but the new the new thing is the
+gray bar and you will notice we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray bar and you will notice we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray bar and you will notice we have a
+lot of it there's not that much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it there's not that much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it there's not that much in the
+Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+East uh some presumably in Africa but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East uh some presumably in Africa but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East uh some presumably in Africa but
+little EX exploration some in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little EX exploration some in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little EX exploration some in Latin
+America a lot of it over here in Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America a lot of it over here in Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America a lot of it over here in Asia
+Pacific which is mostly China so China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific which is mostly China so China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific which is mostly China so China
+appears to have a lot of shale we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to have a lot of shale we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to have a lot of shale we got
+really lucky we have enormous amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lucky we have enormous amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lucky we have enormous amounts of
+shale from which this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale from which this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale from which this stuff is
+recoverable Australia often refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable Australia often refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable Australia often refers to
+itself as The Lucky Country uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as The Lucky Country uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as The Lucky Country uh in this
+one we got lucky uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we got lucky uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we got lucky uh
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+um this I believe is oecd Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this I believe is oecd Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this I believe is oecd Europe and
+that is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mostly
+which is which is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is starting
+to starting to U work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to starting to U work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to starting to U work on
+it so where is it in the US well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so where is it in the US well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so where is it in the US well the
+good news and the bad news is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news and the bad news is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news and the bad news is a lot of
+it is near where demand is as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is near where demand is as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is near where demand is as opposed to
+say wind or solar that tend to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wind or solar that tend to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wind or solar that tend to be in the
+desert or in the high plains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert or in the high plains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert or in the high plains
+the a big play here is the marcelis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a big play here is the marcelis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a big play here is the marcelis and
+that's New York and Pennsylvania and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's New York and Pennsylvania and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's New York and Pennsylvania and
+Ohio uh and kind of in this Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio uh and kind of in this Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio uh and kind of in this Eastern
+region that's enormous that's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's enormous that's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's enormous that's just an
+enormous amount of recoverable gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of recoverable gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of recoverable gas the
+other play that people talk other plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other play that people talk other plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other play that people talk other plays
+that people talk about are the bakan up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people talk about are the bakan up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people talk about are the bakan up
+here mostly in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mostly in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mostly in North
+Dakota the bakan has a lot of oil that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota the bakan has a lot of oil that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota the bakan has a lot of oil that
+is being recovered using this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being recovered using this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being recovered using this same
+technique as well as gas there are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique as well as gas there are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique as well as gas there are not a
+lot of Pipelines out of North Dakota and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Pipelines out of North Dakota and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Pipelines out of North Dakota and
+as we will see that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see that's a
+problem but oil you can move oil's oil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but oil you can move oil's oil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but oil you can move oil's oil's
+valuable enough you can find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enough you can find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enough you can find a way to
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+it the other places are the Barnett the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other places are the Barnett the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other places are the Barnett the
+Barnett shale a lot of which is oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnett shale a lot of which is oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnett shale a lot of which is oh yeah
+there are a lot of people up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people up
+here in the marcelis some of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the marcelis some of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the marcelis some of this is
+rural some of it's near urban areas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural some of it's near urban areas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural some of it's near urban areas you
+read that pen environment document they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that pen environment document they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that pen environment document they
+talk a lot about schools libraries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about schools libraries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about schools libraries and
+stuff down here in Texas a lot of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down here in Texas a lot of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down here in Texas a lot of it's
+not near anything which is all good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near anything which is all good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near anything which is all good and
+in the bar in the bachan a lot of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bar in the bachan a lot of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bar in the bachan a lot of it's
+not near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not near
+anything um I think the Eagle Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um I think the Eagle Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um I think the Eagle Ford
+supposedly has a lot of oil but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly has a lot of oil but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly has a lot of oil but people
+have been doing various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing various kinds of
+fracking in Texas not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking in Texas not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking in Texas not necessarily
+horizontal but vertical and experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal but vertical and experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal but vertical and experimental
+for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long
+time nobody's drilled for anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time nobody's drilled for anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time nobody's drilled for anything in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+East since the first Pennsylvania Oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East since the first Pennsylvania Oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East since the first Pennsylvania Oil
+Field went dry in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field went dry in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field went dry in the 19th century
+um the well I'll say a little more uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the well I'll say a little more uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the well I'll say a little more uh as
+you see there are plays elsewhere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there are plays elsewhere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there are plays elsewhere but
+the but in Arkansa for instance there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but in Arkansa for instance there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but in Arkansa for instance there's
+there's some action um but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some action um but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some action um but this is the
+marcelis is what people talk about a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelis is what people talk about a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelis is what people talk about a lot
+the bakan there's a lot of action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bakan there's a lot of action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bakan there's a lot of action and
+then down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down in
+Texas um with a little bit elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas um with a little bit elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas um with a little bit elsewhere
+little little in California Colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little in California Colorado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little in California Colorado
+again people have been doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again people have been doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again people have been doing this in
+Colorado for a while the reserves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado for a while the reserves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado for a while the reserves are
+smaller and I don't know much about most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I don't know much about most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I don't know much about most
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+others comments or reactions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others comments or reactions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others comments or reactions about
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's all this done well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's all this done well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's all this done well it's
+created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a
+boom this is a map of Wells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom this is a map of Wells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom this is a map of Wells in
+Pennsylvania through the end of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania through the end of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania through the end of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20010 you see the you see the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20010 you see the you see the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20010 you see the you see the trajectory
+27 Wells drilled in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 Wells drilled in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 Wells drilled in 2010
+161 then 785 then 1445 and 3,000 wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+161 then 785 then 1445 and 3,000 wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+161 then 785 then 1445 and 3,000 wells
+in the ground producing by April of 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground producing by April of 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground producing by April of 2011
+with rapid permitting going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rapid permitting going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rapid permitting going on
+concentrated in a in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in a in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in a in a few
+areas um similar story elsewhere they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um similar story elsewhere they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um similar story elsewhere they
+the Pennsylvania folks just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pennsylvania folks just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pennsylvania folks just happened to
+have provided a convenient map so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided a convenient map so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided a convenient map so you
+have a drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a drilling
+boom um to get at this resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's it done well it's depressed gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it done well it's depressed gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it done well it's depressed gas
+prices you may recall last time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you may recall last time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you may recall last time this is
+a Henry Hub Henry Hub price last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Henry Hub Henry Hub price last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Henry Hub Henry Hub price last time
+this graph cut off about here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph cut off about here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph cut off about here this is
+the result this is the um uh rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result this is the um uh rest of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result this is the um uh rest of it
+we're down in the neighborhood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down in the neighborhood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down in the neighborhood of
+$2 uh per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 uh per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 uh per million
+BTUs where the normal price was tending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs where the normal price was tending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs where the normal price was tending
+to be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be around
+10 10 8 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 8 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 8 10
+was what people thought was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what people thought was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what people thought was sort of
+normal and again if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and again if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and again if you go back to the
+Pennsylvania figure oops the drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania figure oops the drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania figure oops the drilling
+this is all since it just began in 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all since it just began in 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all since it just began in 2007
+there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+pre-2007 Drilling in Pennsylvania and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-2007 Drilling in Pennsylvania and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-2007 Drilling in Pennsylvania and
+there are 3,000 more than 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 3,000 more than 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 3,000 more than 3,000
+Wells probably four by now uh producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells probably four by now uh producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells probably four by now uh producing
+so this has come on very fast very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has come on very fast very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has come on very fast very big
+and in parts of the country where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in parts of the country where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in parts of the country where people
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+and it's depressed the natural gas price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's depressed the natural gas price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's depressed the natural gas price
+to go to a a question that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a a question that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a a question that we discussed
+last time this is arguably old business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is arguably old business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is arguably old business
+but just to do a an oil oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to do a an oil oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to do a an oil oh
+yeah people in the business say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people in the business say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people in the business say what
+happened the reason we're at $2 is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the reason we're at $2 is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the reason we're at $2 is a lot
+of people got very excited this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people got very excited this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people got very excited this happens
+in businesses like this everybody drills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in businesses like this everybody drills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in businesses like this everybody drills
+a well all of a sudden oh my God we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well all of a sudden oh my God we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well all of a sudden oh my God we've
+drilled too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled too many
+Wells it's not profitable most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells it's not profitable most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells it's not profitable most people
+say to get at this gas at $2 a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to get at this gas at $2 a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to get at this gas at $2 a million
+cubic a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic a million
+btu but at four it is and at six it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btu but at four it is and at six it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btu but at four it is and at six it is
+so somewhere in the 4 to six range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhere in the 4 to six range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhere in the 4 to six range is
+where people look for a long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people look for a long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people look for a long run
+equilibrium drilling will slow down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium drilling will slow down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium drilling will slow down for
+gas alone demand will pull the price up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas alone demand will pull the price up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas alone demand will pull the price up
+blah blah blah so they look at the 4 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so they look at the 4 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so they look at the 4 to
+six range as opposed to the 8 to 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six range as opposed to the 8 to 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six range as opposed to the 8 to 10 to
+higher range as a place where gas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher range as a place where gas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher range as a place where gas will
+settle down and there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down and there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down and there is a lot of
+it there's controversy about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's controversy about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's controversy about how much
+there is but so one thing it did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but so one thing it did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but so one thing it did was to
+depress the gas price it drove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depress the gas price it drove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depress the gas price it drove an
+interesting wedge between gas and oil so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wedge between gas and oil so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting wedge between gas and oil so
+this is another one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another one of these
+comparisons if you just look at dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons if you just look at dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons if you just look at dollars
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+BTU which is I I caution is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU which is I I caution is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU which is I I caution is kind of a
+crude measure right because not all BTUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude measure right because not all BTUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude measure right because not all BTUs
+are created equal a gasoline is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created equal a gasoline is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created equal a gasoline is better
+for automobiles because you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for automobiles because you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for automobiles because you can have a
+higher energy density in a longer range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy density in a longer range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy density in a longer range
+and so forth and it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and it's easier to
+transport per BTU so oil has a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport per BTU so oil has a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport per BTU so oil has a variety
+of advantages but if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advantages but if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advantages but if you just look at
+BTUs then the conversion factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs then the conversion factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs then the conversion factor is
+apparently 5.82 five which references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 5.82 five which references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 5.82 five which references
+tend to agree on uh so that means if gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to agree on uh so that means if gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to agree on uh so that means if gas
+is $2 a million BTUs that translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $2 a million BTUs that translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $2 a million BTUs that translates
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+$11.65 a barrel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11.65 a barrel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11.65 a barrel of
+oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+but when gas hit $2 recently over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when gas hit $2 recently over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when gas hit $2 recently over here
+oil was over a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was over a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was over a 100
+so that says in BTU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says in BTU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says in BTU
+terms the difference right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the difference right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the difference right now is
+enormous is enormous if you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous is enormous if you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous is enormous if you can find a
+way to use the gas BTUs and not oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use the gas BTUs and not oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use the gas BTUs and not oil
+BTUs it makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs it makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs it makes a big
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+um it makes a difference in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes a difference in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes a difference in a lot of
+settings I have a colleague I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings I have a colleague I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings I have a colleague I haven't
+seen I haven't seen the paper but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen I haven't seen the paper but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen I haven't seen the paper but he
+says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's
+straightforward that a natural gas car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that a natural gas car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that a natural gas car
+dominates an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates an electric
+car um an all El electric car you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um an all El electric car you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um an all El electric car you got to
+have an expensive battery it has limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expensive battery it has limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expensive battery it has limited
+range da da da da da you got to plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range da da da da da you got to plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range da da da da da you got to plug it
+in a natural gas you need a tank engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural gas you need a tank engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural gas you need a tank engine
+is Trivial to modify doesn't cost much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Trivial to modify doesn't cost much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Trivial to modify doesn't cost much
+more and the range is also limited but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and the range is also limited but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and the range is also limited but
+it's about the same so why would you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same so why would you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same so why would you buy
+an electric car when you can buy a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric car when you can buy a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric car when you can buy a gas
+car well we'll see if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car well we'll see if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car well we'll see if they're not
+subsidized yet uh we'll see but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized yet uh we'll see but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized yet uh we'll see but anyway
+this is a big deal again historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal again historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal again historically
+there are gaps between oil and gas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gaps between oil and gas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gaps between oil and gas they
+don't they don't track precisely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't track precisely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't track precisely because
+as I mentioned last time you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time you don't
+really have electric utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have electric utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have electric utilities
+substituting every 5 minutes between oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting every 5 minutes between oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting every 5 minutes between oil
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+gas but this is pretty much unheard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but this is pretty much unheard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but this is pretty much unheard of
+that difference in B in price per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference in B in price per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference in B in price per
+BTU is unheard of and it's opened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU is unheard of and it's opened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU is unheard of and it's opened in the
+last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of
+years so that has implications and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so that has implications and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so that has implications and again
+the times talks about about this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times talks about about this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times talks about about this without
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+picture the other thing it does is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other thing it does is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other thing it does is look
+at this this is the uh Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is the uh Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is the uh Energy
+Information administration's uh annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information administration's uh annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information administration's uh annual
+energy Outlook early release which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Outlook early release which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Outlook early release which came
+out either January or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out either January or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out either January or
+February it says this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February it says this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February it says this is their
+projection for future production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection for future production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection for future production of
+natural gas this brown thing on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas this brown thing on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas this brown thing on the top
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+shale I mean look at it there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale I mean look at it there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale I mean look at it there's nothing
+going on here until oh about 2006 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here until oh about 2006 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here until oh about 2006 2007
+and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it
+explodes and by 2035 it accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes and by 2035 it accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes and by 2035 it accounts for
+what almost half of total us production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what almost half of total us production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what almost half of total us production
+previous previous efforts uh previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous previous efforts uh previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous previous efforts uh previous
+work sort of focused on these uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sort of focused on these uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sort of focused on these uh just
+plain old gas gas that you get with oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain old gas gas that you get with oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain old gas gas that you get with oil
+cold bed methane steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold bed methane steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold bed methane steady
+decline increase in demand lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline increase in demand lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline increase in demand lots of
+imports tight gas which is related is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports tight gas which is related is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports tight gas which is related is
+going up but Shale gas is projected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up but Shale gas is projected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up but Shale gas is projected to
+explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode
+I happen to look cuz I was updating last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to look cuz I was updating last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to look cuz I was updating last
+year's lecture and I had a graph like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's lecture and I had a graph like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's lecture and I had a graph like
+this last year the graph last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last year the graph last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last year the graph last
+year showed this was again um Circa last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year showed this was again um Circa last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year showed this was again um Circa last
+June or July no it would have been March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June or July no it would have been March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June or July no it would have been March
+or April um it showed the us being a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or April um it showed the us being a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or April um it showed the us being a net
+importer of natural gas through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importer of natural gas through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importer of natural gas through
+2035 again this was a year ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2035 again this was a year ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2035 again this was a year ago it
+projected big increases in shale but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected big increases in shale but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected big increases in shale but not
+enough to offset demand and said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to offset demand and said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to offset demand and said we
+would be an importer through 2035 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an importer through 2035 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an importer through 2035 the
+current projection a year later is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current projection a year later is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current projection a year later is will
+be a net exporter of liquefied gas by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a net exporter of liquefied gas by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a net exporter of liquefied gas by
+2016 will be a net exporter overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 will be a net exporter overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 will be a net exporter overall
+Pipeline and liquefied by 2021 that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pipeline and liquefied by 2021 that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pipeline and liquefied by 2021 that's in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+year that's unheard of just just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's unheard of just just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's unheard of just just to be
+clear that's a dramatic dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's a dramatic dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's a dramatic dramatic
+change I think when I taught this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I think when I taught this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I think when I taught this two
+years ago I'm not sure we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I'm not sure we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I'm not sure we mentioned
+Shale anyway the other thing is it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale anyway the other thing is it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale anyway the other thing is it has
+had an impact also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an impact also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an impact also on
+oil if you look at oil us production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil if you look at oil us production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil if you look at oil us production of
+oil as we discussed early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil as we discussed early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil as we discussed early in the
+semester has been in long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester has been in long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester has been in long-term
+decline in large part because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in large part because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in large part because of
+shale and related developments it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale and related developments it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shale and related developments it they
+now project a pretty steady increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now project a pretty steady increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now project a pretty steady increase in
+US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+production uh and this is not oh my God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh and this is not oh my God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh and this is not oh my God
+we've we've authorized deep water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've authorized deep water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've authorized deep water
+drilling or oh my God we're drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling or oh my God we're drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling or oh my God we're drilling
+drilling the uh uh National um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling the uh uh National um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling the uh uh National um uh
+wildlife refuge on the North Slope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife refuge on the North Slope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife refuge on the North Slope this
+is under current policy this is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under current policy this is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under current policy this is under
+current policy we will produce lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's good about
+this what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are the
+benefits we'll come to cost in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits we'll come to cost in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits we'll come to cost in a minute
+but why what is this a good thing why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why what is this a good thing why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why what is this a good thing why is
+this a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a good thing
+Maxwell it'll get us energy it'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell it'll get us energy it'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell it'll get us energy it'll move
+us toward energy Independence if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us toward energy Independence if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us toward energy Independence if we use
+the natural gas and transportation most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural gas and transportation most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural gas and transportation most
+I'm energy security rather yeah you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm energy security rather yeah you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm energy security rather yeah you get
+it'll affect our balance of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll affect our balance of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll affect our balance of payments
+regardless it'll but since most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless it'll but since most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless it'll but since most of our
+gas Imports are from Canada I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Imports are from Canada I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Imports are from Canada I know
+they're shaky up there but but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shaky up there but but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shaky up there but but to the
+extent we use it in transportation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we use it in transportation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we use it in transportation you
+really get some energy Security benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get some energy Security benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get some energy Security benefits
+and let me just expand on that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just expand on that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just expand on that a little
+bit cuz I know other people want to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cuz I know other people want to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cuz I know other people want to want
+to talk one of the interesting things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk one of the interesting things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk one of the interesting things in
+here that I hadn't focused on uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I hadn't focused on uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I hadn't focused on uh in the
+times rather they talk about the garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rather they talk about the garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rather they talk about the garbage
+truck Market garbage trucks are perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck Market garbage trucks are perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck Market garbage trucks are perfect
+for this they're centrally fueled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this they're centrally fueled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this they're centrally fueled
+they're in use for a few hours a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in use for a few hours a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in use for a few hours a day
+it's it's perfect to and given the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's perfect to and given the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's perfect to and given the price
+difference the fuel price difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the fuel price difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the fuel price difference
+they said something like half of garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said something like half of garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said something like half of garbage
+trucks sold now are natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks sold now are natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks sold now are natural gas
+compatible a third of buses sold now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible a third of buses sold now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible a third of buses sold now are
+natural gas compatible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas compatible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas compatible so
+you do expect a reasonable amount of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do expect a reasonable amount of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do expect a reasonable amount of use
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+transportation that'll reduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that'll reduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that'll reduce our
+Imports improve the trade balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports improve the trade balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports improve the trade balance and
+improve energy security anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve energy security anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve energy security anything else
+yeah reduction in emissions reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reduction in emissions reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reduction in emissions reduction in
+emissions we'll get I want to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we'll get I want to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we'll get I want to come back
+to that later because that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later because that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later because that's that's an
+issue you expect it to reduce CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you expect it to reduce CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you expect it to reduce CO2
+emissions as we move from coal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions as we move from coal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions as we move from coal to
+Natural Gas there's some controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Gas there's some controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Gas there's some controversy
+there and I want to come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I want to come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I want to come back to that
+Jessica it's a new resource but um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica it's a new resource but um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica it's a new resource but um we
+have most of the infrastructure laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have most of the infrastructure laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have most of the infrastructure laid out
+so you're taking most of the cost out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking most of the cost out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking most of the cost out or
+it's easier as a there's less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier as a there's less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier as a there's less of a
+barrier of Entry to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier of Entry to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier of Entry to adopt
+this you don't have you don't have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have you don't have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have you don't have too
+much of a chicken egg problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a chicken egg problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a chicken egg problem because
+you do have the pipeline infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have the pipeline infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have the pipeline infrastructure
+in place not everywhere we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place not everywhere we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place not everywhere we'll see that
+in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+um um you do have to put in if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you do have to put in if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you do have to put in if you're
+going to do it in transportation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it in transportation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it in transportation you
+have to put in um uh refueling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put in um uh refueling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put in um uh refueling
+stations the times argues that to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations the times argues that to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations the times argues that to do it
+effectively in trucking forgetting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in trucking forgetting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in trucking forgetting about
+garbage trucks and so forth that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage trucks and so forth that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage trucks and so forth that you can
+pretty much do now to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much do now to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much do now to do it for
+Interstate Trucking you need they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interstate Trucking you need they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interstate Trucking you need they said
+2800 fueling stations on the major truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2800 fueling stations on the major truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2800 fueling stations on the major truck
+routes and people are building them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and people are building them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and people are building them
+David incre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost you expect the US industry to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you expect the US industry to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you expect the US industry to be
+more competitive because costs have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competitive because costs have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competitive because costs have come
+down um there's the other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um there's the other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um there's the other interesting
+thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+we tend to forget because we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to forget because we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to forget because we think of
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+gas particularly in this class as mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas particularly in this class as mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas particularly in this class as mostly
+an energy source but it's a feed stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy source but it's a feed stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy source but it's a feed stock
+for a variety of chemical processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of chemical processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of chemical processes and
+so a bunch of industries that use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bunch of industries that use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bunch of industries that use that
+as a feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a feed
+stock Plastics importantly but others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Plastics importantly but others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Plastics importantly but others
+are moving back to the US because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving back to the US because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving back to the US because it's
+so much cheaper here than elsewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cheaper here than elsewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cheaper here than elsewhere so
+you're getting sort of natural gas-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sort of natural gas-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sort of natural gas-based
+manufacturing moving back not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing moving back not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing moving back not only
+because energy costs are down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy costs are down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy costs are down but
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh feed stock costs are down anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feed stock costs are down anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feed stock costs are down anything
+else Ryan American jobs jobs I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Ryan American jobs jobs I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Ryan American jobs jobs I've got a
+great graphic on that that I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great graphic on that that I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great graphic on that that I'll show you
+in a minute but that's normally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but that's normally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but that's normally the
+first thing in Congress it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in Congress it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in Congress it's the first
+thing they say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they say this is
+jobs okay I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs okay I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs okay I think we
+have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have
+a most of the benefits but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most of the benefits but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most of the benefits but not all
+anything else anybody can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry yes K we continue to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yes K we continue to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yes K we continue to explore
+approved resources increasing so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved resources increasing so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved resources increasing so in the
+future we can expect prices to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we can expect prices to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we can expect prices to be less
+volatile know in the ground it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile know in the ground it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile know in the ground it might be
+less volatile I think so uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less volatile I think so uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less volatile I think so uh but you
+still have this short run inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this short run inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this short run inelastic
+demand inelastic supply issue and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand inelastic supply issue and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand inelastic supply issue and a
+really cold winter or really warm winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold winter or really warm winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold winter or really warm winter
+can have an impact they do store gas not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an impact they do store gas not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an impact they do store gas not
+just in the big tanks you see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the big tanks you see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the big tanks you see when you
+drive south along the Waterfront but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive south along the Waterfront but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive south along the Waterfront but
+it's stored in underground caverns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in underground caverns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in underground caverns and
+has been for a long time so it you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been for a long time so it you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been for a long time so it you would
+hope that the volatility will go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the volatility will go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the volatility will go down
+because we're a little bit out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're a little bit out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're a little bit out of the
+World Market yeah didn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Market yeah didn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Market yeah didn't have that
+anything else yeah bring money for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah bring money for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah bring money for the
+government in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in terms of
+royalties it might if they if it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties it might if they if it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties it might if they if it comes
+from federal lands suppose it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from federal lands suppose it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from federal lands suppose it comes from
+private lands I have friends who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lands I have friends who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lands I have friends who
+inherited an otherwise useless Ranch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited an otherwise useless Ranch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited an otherwise useless Ranch in
+Texas and we're told there's natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and we're told there's natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and we're told there's natural gas
+under your land we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your land we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under your land we'd like to
+drill they like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill they like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill they like that
+uh they like to because they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they like to because they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they like to because they weren't
+going to live there in fact nobody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live there in fact nobody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live there in fact nobody was
+living there and uh they're happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living there and uh they're happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living there and uh they're happy to
+cash that check when it comes in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that check when it comes in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that check when it comes in every
+month so it's it's it's money for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month so it's it's it's money for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month so it's it's it's money for the
+government in revenues depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in revenues depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in revenues depending on the
+royalties it could be money from land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties it could be money from land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties it could be money from land
+owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners
+um and that's everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's everything except
+something that um uh we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um uh we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um uh we haven't talked
+about and you might not pick up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you might not pick up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you might not pick up until
+we've talked about electricity and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about electricity and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about electricity and that
+is one of the issues of bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wind and
+solar is you need they vary and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is you need they vary and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is you need they vary and they
+vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+unpredictably so you need resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictably so you need resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictably so you need resources that
+can respond to that I mean storage would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond to that I mean storage would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond to that I mean storage would
+be swell storage is the Holy Grail we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be swell storage is the Holy Grail we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be swell storage is the Holy Grail we
+don't have storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have storage
+economically so what you tend to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically so what you tend to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically so what you tend to use is
+you tend to use gas turbines and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to use gas turbines and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to use gas turbines and gas
+turbines if you recall from not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines if you recall from not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines if you recall from not not
+combined cycle but plain old gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle but plain old gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle but plain old gas
+turbines and on an earlier slide I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines and on an earlier slide I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines and on an earlier slide I had
+the efficiency of those and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of those and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of those and it's not
+high but they're quick well this reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but they're quick well this reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but they're quick well this reduces
+the running cost of the devices you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running cost of the devices you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running cost of the devices you will
+use to use more wind and solar and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to use more wind and solar and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to use more wind and solar and thus
+makes it easier to integrate wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to integrate wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to integrate wind and
+solar into the system Jacob you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar into the system Jacob you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar into the system Jacob you had a
+point yeah well was say you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah well was say you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah well was say you're going
+down path of like it provides Bas power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down path of like it provides Bas power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down path of like it provides Bas power
+it can provide base load it provides as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can provide base load it provides as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can provide base load it provides as
+we were saying lower emissions base load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying lower emissions base load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying lower emissions base load
+power particularly the combined cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power particularly the combined cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power particularly the combined cycle
+stuff gas us what we use to turn on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff gas us what we use to turn on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff gas us what we use to turn on and
+off really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off really quickly
+when and you use the combined cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and you use the combined cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and you use the combined cycle
+stuff for for base load I you may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for for base load I you may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for for base load I you may or may
+not remember the brief discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember the brief discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember the brief discussion of
+combined cycle we'll probably come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle we'll probably come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle we'll probably come back
+to it but when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but when we talked about
+hexion uh I mentioned there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexion uh I mentioned there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexion uh I mentioned there were
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+uh two sorts of Technologies um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sorts of Technologies um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sorts of Technologies um and the
+combined cycle technology is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle technology is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle technology is a
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+technology not unrelated to what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology not unrelated to what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology not unrelated to what was
+going on at hexion but it's generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at hexion but it's generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at hexion but it's generating
+technology you use natural gas or oil or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you use natural gas or oil or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you use natural gas or oil or
+whatever but typically natural gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but typically natural gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but typically natural gas to
+run a gas turbine the exhaust from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a gas turbine the exhaust from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a gas turbine the exhaust from the
+gas turbine is hot use the exhaust from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas turbine is hot use the exhaust from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas turbine is hot use the exhaust from
+the gas turbine to heat water to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas turbine to heat water to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas turbine to heat water to make
+Steam and you're run a steam turbine H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam and you're run a steam turbine H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam and you're run a steam turbine H
+combined cycle you can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle you can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle you can get a lot of
+efficiency because you're not putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you're not putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you're not putting
+out a high temperature exhaust you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a high temperature exhaust you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a high temperature exhaust you're
+not wasting that heat you use it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wasting that heat you use it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wasting that heat you use it and you
+can use it effectively in a steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it effectively in a steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it effectively in a steam
+turbine so that's effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine so that's effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine so that's effective
+so the other thing we didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing we didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing we didn't talk about
+and that's because you don't own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you don't own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you don't own
+homes uh but if you own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes uh but if you own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes uh but if you own a
+home you'll have lower heating costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you'll have lower heating costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you'll have lower heating costs
+that bill that comes around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bill that comes around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bill that comes around in the
+winter will be lower this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter will be lower this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter will be lower this is a good
+thing I just managed to persuade my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just managed to persuade my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just managed to persuade my
+condo to convert to gas from oil um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condo to convert to gas from oil um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condo to convert to gas from oil um and
+electricity will be cheaper so for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity will be cheaper so for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity will be cheaper so for those
+of us who pay these bills that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who pay these bills that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who pay these bills that's a good
+thing uh we'll reduce gas and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we'll reduce gas and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we'll reduce gas and probably
+oil imports um we'll also will reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil imports um we'll also will reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil imports um we'll also will reduce it
+because there's more production but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more production but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's more production but also
+because you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be
+substituting uh gas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting uh gas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting uh gas for
+oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+um us manufacturing people get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um us manufacturing people get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um us manufacturing people get very
+excited about a rebirth of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about a rebirth of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about a rebirth of us
+manufacturing some of which is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing some of which is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing some of which is driven by
+energy some of which is driven by feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy some of which is driven by feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy some of which is driven by feed
+stock prices um easier to integrate wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices um easier to integrate wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices um easier to integrate wind
+and solar money for people in rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solar money for people in rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solar money for people in rural
+Texas uh for ranches they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas uh for ranches they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas uh for ranches they have no
+intention of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of living
+on um we're going to talk about the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um we're going to talk about the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um we're going to talk about the I
+didn't underline some but I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't underline some but I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't underline some but I probably
+should have underlined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have underlined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have underlined
+some um fewer Neighbors in rural Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um fewer Neighbors in rural Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um fewer Neighbors in rural Texas
+than o in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than o in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than o in urban
+Pennsylvania that's an issue and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania that's an issue and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania that's an issue and of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+jobs this is North Dakota these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs this is North Dakota these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs this is North Dakota these are
+pictures of North Dakota and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of North Dakota and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of North Dakota and
+this is oil production in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oil production in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oil production in North
+Dakota North Dakota is now the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota North Dakota is now the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota North Dakota is now the number
+four oil producing state in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oil producing state in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oil producing state in the country
+from pretty far down the down the league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pretty far down the down the league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pretty far down the down the league
+table and for the last three years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and for the last three years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and for the last three years I
+don't know what the early 2012 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the early 2012 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the early 2012 numbers
+are but for the last three years it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but for the last three years it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but for the last three years it's
+had the lowest unemployment rate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the lowest unemployment rate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the lowest unemployment rate in the
+country so if you're from North Dakota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so if you're from North Dakota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so if you're from North Dakota
+this is fabulous stuff all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fabulous stuff all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fabulous stuff all of a sudden
+the land is worth something all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land is worth something all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land is worth something all of a
+sudden they're lot of jobs and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden they're lot of jobs and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden they're lot of jobs and if you're
+running a restaurant all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a restaurant all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a restaurant all of a sudden
+there are people who come in um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who come in um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who come in um this is
+oil production this is gas production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil production this is gas production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil production this is gas production
+and this is an interesting graph for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an interesting graph for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an interesting graph for a
+number of reasons you see what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons you see what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons you see what you would
+expect which is uh natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which is uh natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which is uh natural gas
+production goes way up but there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production goes way up but there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production goes way up but there aren't
+pipelines and this is the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines and this is the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines and this is the percentage
+flared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared
+so not marketed means flared they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not marketed means flared they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not marketed means flared they're
+burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning
+it um so they're burning well depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so they're burning well depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so they're burning well depending
+on the on the month up to 40% typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the month up to 40% typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the month up to 40% typically
+above 30% of the gas produced the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 30% of the gas produced the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 30% of the gas produced the money
+is in the oil they don't have a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the oil they don't have a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the oil they don't have a they
+don't have enough pipeline capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough pipeline capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough pipeline capacity to
+get the gas out so they burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gas out so they burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gas out so they burn
+it which is a shame somebody will build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is a shame somebody will build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is a shame somebody will build
+a pipeline that's money that's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipeline that's money that's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipeline that's money that's money
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned
+okay comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can
+find and I was going to try to do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and I was going to try to do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and I was going to try to do it but
+my my earlier attempts to link YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my earlier attempts to link YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my earlier attempts to link YouTube
+videos didn't work well but you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos didn't work well but you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos didn't work well but you can go
+to go to YouTube and most videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to YouTube and most videos on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to YouTube and most videos on
+fracking uh look look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking uh look look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking uh look look like
+this somebody somebody pours water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somebody somebody pours water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somebody somebody pours water
+lights a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a match
+F uh and earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh and earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh and earthquake
+and earthquakes there was some recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earthquakes there was some recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earthquakes there was some recent
+press coverage of fracking related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press coverage of fracking related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press coverage of fracking related
+earthquakes so this is not a benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes so this is not a benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes so this is not a benign
+completely benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely benign
+technology I mean neither were railroads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I mean neither were railroads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I mean neither were railroads
+neither were Coal Fired power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither were Coal Fired power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither were Coal Fired power plants
+neither were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither were
+automobiles but it is it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles but it is it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles but it is it it has
+issues some of the issues they mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues some of the issues they mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues some of the issues they mostly
+come from these from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from these from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from these from these
+features um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um
+some of the fluids contain toxics some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fluids contain toxics some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fluids contain toxics some
+of the stuff that's pumped down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that's pumped down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that's pumped down and
+again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it
+varies from player to player uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from player to player uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from player to player uh is
+toxic uh the water that comes up has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic uh the water that comes up has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic uh the water that comes up has is
+at least as bad as the stuff that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as bad as the stuff that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as bad as the stuff that went
+down often quite quite a bit worse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down often quite quite a bit worse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down often quite quite a bit worse it's
+got whatever junk it picked up uh under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got whatever junk it picked up uh under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got whatever junk it picked up uh under
+under traveling through thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under traveling through thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under traveling through thousands of
+feet of of rock um the wells go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of of rock um the wells go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of of rock um the wells go through
+aquifers often you drill down you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquifers often you drill down you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquifers often you drill down you're
+drilling down through an aquifer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling down through an aquifer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling down through an aquifer that's
+somebody's groundwater that's the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's groundwater that's the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's groundwater that's the well
+water that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's uh
+burning um methane has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning um methane has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning um methane has its own
+toxicities it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicities it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicities it is
+flammable per that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flammable per that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flammable per that
+picture uh and it is a greenhouse gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh and it is a greenhouse gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh and it is a greenhouse gas so
+the question that Philip raised of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that Philip raised of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that Philip raised of lower
+lower emissions gets to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower emissions gets to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower emissions gets to be a little
+complicated because meth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaks so these are the main issues let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks so these are the main issues let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks so these are the main issues let
+me just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just walk
+through some of the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems first is groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems first is groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems first is groundwater
+contamination not that big a deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination not that big a deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination not that big a deal in
+Texas big deal in Pennsylvania they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas big deal in Pennsylvania they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas big deal in Pennsylvania they
+actually have water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have water in
+Pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania
+um the best evidence know says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the best evidence know says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the best evidence know says that the
+problem comes from the wellbore from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes from the wellbore from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes from the wellbore from
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+down that it's very hard for the gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that it's very hard for the gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that it's very hard for the gas to
+leak up from 7,000 through 7,000 ft of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak up from 7,000 through 7,000 ft of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak up from 7,000 through 7,000 ft of
+rock into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock into the
+groundwater but in any case there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater but in any case there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater but in any case there are
+plenty of examples where groundwater has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples where groundwater has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples where groundwater has
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+contaminated there's also this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated there's also this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated there's also this issue of
+waste water the stuff that's coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste water the stuff that's coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste water the stuff that's coming back
+it's got all kinds of junk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all kinds of junk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all kinds of junk in
+it uh if you don't inject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you don't inject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you don't inject it
+safely if the holding Pond leaks if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely if the holding Pond leaks if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely if the holding Pond leaks if the
+treatment isn't adequate you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment isn't adequate you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment isn't adequate you can have
+that as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contamination there is nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination there is nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination there is nearby
+pollution there's all this junk you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution there's all this junk you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution there's all this junk you're
+running an industrial operation again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an industrial operation again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an industrial operation again
+not necessarily so terrible in Texas do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily so terrible in Texas do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily so terrible in Texas do
+I have a picture of no I don't uh not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a picture of no I don't uh not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a picture of no I don't uh not so
+terrible in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible in some
+places but the methane will be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but the methane will be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but the methane will be out
+that's not nice stuff various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not nice stuff various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not nice stuff various other
+toxic things come out volatiles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic things come out volatiles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic things come out volatiles in the
+groundwater you get dust and noise and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater you get dust and noise and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater you get dust and noise and a
+lot of traffic a lot of vehicle traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of traffic a lot of vehicle traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of traffic a lot of vehicle traffic
+you truck the gas out typically and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you truck the gas out typically and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you truck the gas out typically and find
+a pipeline you don't build a pipeline to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipeline you don't build a pipeline to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipeline you don't build a pipeline to
+every wellsite so it's noisy and messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every wellsite so it's noisy and messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every wellsite so it's noisy and messy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+dirty does that matter well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty does that matter well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty does that matter well in
+Pennsylvania and New York there tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and New York there tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania and New York there tend to
+be a lot of people around in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of people around in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of people around in North
+Dakota and Texas not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota and Texas not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota and Texas not so
+many so whether these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so whether these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so whether these things are
+important or not depends on a what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or not depends on a what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or not depends on a what the
+well does and B what damages it inflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does and B what damages it inflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does and B what damages it inflicts
+huh I mean my friend's Ranch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I mean my friend's Ranch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I mean my friend's Ranch there's
+nobody for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody for
+Miles uh so yeah there's dust and dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miles uh so yeah there's dust and dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miles uh so yeah there's dust and dirt
+and traffic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traffic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traffic and
+junk but it's polluting The Sage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk but it's polluting The Sage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk but it's polluting The Sage
+Brush uh in that pen environment thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brush uh in that pen environment thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brush uh in that pen environment thing
+there's schools hospitals nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane
+leakage let me talk about methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage let me talk about methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage let me talk about methane
+leakage there was just a piece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage there was just a piece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage there was just a piece in
+nature uh about methane leakage from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh about methane leakage from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh about methane leakage from one
+field that that folks managed to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that that folks managed to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that that folks managed to measure
+well and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it was
+like not to make up a number like 6% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not to make up a number like 6% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not to make up a number like 6% of
+total production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total production
+leaked well methane's a greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked well methane's a greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked well methane's a greenhouse
+gas uh we talked about that earlier it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh we talked about that earlier it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh we talked about that earlier it
+has a relatively short halflife order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively short halflife order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively short halflife order of
+magnitude 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude 10
+years quicker than carbon dioxide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years quicker than carbon dioxide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years quicker than carbon dioxide to
+come out of the atmosphere but while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the atmosphere but while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the atmosphere but while
+it's in the atmosphere it's potent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the atmosphere it's potent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the atmosphere it's potent more
+potent than carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent than carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent than carbon
+dioxide per unit of mass or maybe per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide per unit of mass or maybe per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide per unit of mass or maybe per
+mole one way or the other in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole one way or the other in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole one way or the other in any case
+this is sort of a serious issue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a serious issue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a serious issue if
+you're going to produce this stuff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to produce this stuff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to produce this stuff at
+scale for a while and dump a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for a while and dump a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale for a while and dump a lot of
+methane in the atmosphere you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane in the atmosphere you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane in the atmosphere you're going
+to have climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have climate
+implications there was a study that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications there was a study that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications there was a study that said
+um producing and using natural gas via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producing and using natural gas via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producing and using natural gas via
+fracking is worse for the climate than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking is worse for the climate than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking is worse for the climate than
+coal on a life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal on a life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal on a life cycle
+basis um that study was pretty badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis um that study was pretty badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis um that study was pretty badly
+flawed uh because it it assumed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed uh because it it assumed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed uh because it it assumed very
+inefficient coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient coal
+plants but if the methane leakage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants but if the methane leakage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants but if the methane leakage is
+high enough that could that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough that could that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough that could that could be
+right and if if you use the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if if you use the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if if you use the right
+measure of climate damage which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of climate damage which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of climate damage which I think
+you use the wrong measure of climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the wrong measure of climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the wrong measure of climate
+damage as well but that's a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earthquakes uh another fracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes uh another fracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes uh another fracking
+earthquake from that t-shirt great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake from that t-shirt great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake from that t-shirt great
+t-shirt uh again this year there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt uh again this year there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt uh again this year there were
+discussions of earthquakes in northw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of earthquakes in northw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of earthquakes in northw
+northeastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeastern
+Ohio uh thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio uh thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio uh thought to be
+associated with basically dumping all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with basically dumping all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with basically dumping all
+that water deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water deep
+underground kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground kind of
+lubricating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricating the
+formations uh an Ohio regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations uh an Ohio regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations uh an Ohio regulatory
+Authority with a lot of cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority with a lot of cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority with a lot of cons
+consultation with geologists has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation with geologists has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation with geologists has
+verified they think that in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified they think that in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified they think that in fact the
+fracking was the cause small earthquakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking was the cause small earthquakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking was the cause small earthquakes
+but you know small earthquakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know small earthquakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know small earthquakes are
+earthquakes um magnitude three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes um magnitude three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes um magnitude three kind of
+Earth Quake for those who follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Quake for those who follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Quake for those who follow that
+sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+um in Ohio they've responded by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Ohio they've responded by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Ohio they've responded by saying
+it doesn't always do this it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't always do this it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't always do this it does it
+when it's injected in certain ways into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's injected in certain ways into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's injected in certain ways into
+certain formations and they have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain formations and they have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain formations and they have a set
+of regulations for Ohio that uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulations for Ohio that uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulations for Ohio that uh they
+think will deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will deal with
+this but it's an issue earthquakes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's an issue earthquakes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's an issue earthquakes not
+everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+favorite how many people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite how many people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite how many people have been
+through an earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an earthquake
+Oh Yeah from California where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Yeah from California where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Yeah from California where all
+over here yeah there was a little one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah there was a little one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah there was a little one
+here yeah okay that's true that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah okay that's true that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah okay that's true that's true
+that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't
+count if it's not magnitude five at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if it's not magnitude five at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if it's not magnitude five at
+least it doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't count
+okay it's a weird feeling and in Ohio it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a weird feeling and in Ohio it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a weird feeling and in Ohio it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+happen but it does now it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it does now it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it does now it does
+now okay and this one is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and this one is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and this one is actually very
+interesting if I if I as I hope you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if I if I as I hope you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if I if I as I hope you did
+you looked at the jacobe at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the jacobe at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the jacobe at all
+article their argument is if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article their argument is if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article their argument is if you look
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+road we're going to need a and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we're going to need a and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we're going to need a and you're
+serious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about
+climate you will recall from our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate you will recall from our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate you will recall from our our
+difficult negotiations the world's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult negotiations the world's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult negotiations the world's going
+to need big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need big
+reductions and you can't get the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and you can't get the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and you can't get the big
+reductions unless you get unless you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions unless you get unless you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions unless you get unless you can
+figure out some magical way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some magical way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some magical way to do
+transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+but you're not going to get the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not going to get the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not going to get the big
+reductions unless you get the the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions unless you get the the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions unless you get the the carbon
+emissions from the electric power sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the electric power sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the electric power sector
+way down natural gas doesn't do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down natural gas doesn't do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down natural gas doesn't do that for
+you it gets it down but not way down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it gets it down but not way down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it gets it down but not way down but
+if natural gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if natural gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if natural gas is
+cheap then a you don't build a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap then a you don't build a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap then a you don't build a nuclear
+plant you don't fool around with nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant you don't fool around with nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant you don't fool around with nuclear
+technology because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because it's so
+non-competitive and wind and solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-competitive and wind and solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-competitive and wind and solar
+require bigger subsidies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require bigger subsidies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require bigger subsidies to
+compete and so the argument is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete and so the argument is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete and so the argument is it's
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+possible that cheap Shale gas will slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that cheap Shale gas will slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that cheap Shale gas will slow
+the development of very low carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of very low carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of very low carbon
+Technologies and thus be a bridge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and thus be a bridge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and thus be a bridge to
+nowhere right it'll e we will easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere right it'll e we will easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere right it'll e we will easily
+lower the carbon content of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the carbon content of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the carbon content of the electric
+power system and heating and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system and heating and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system and heating and other
+things but after a while we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but after a while we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but after a while we won't be
+able to go any farther because we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go any farther because we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go any farther because we won't
+have the Technologies we need because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Technologies we need because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Technologies we need because
+they will will have been non-competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will will have been non-competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will will have been non-competitive
+all along and been very expensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along and been very expensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along and been very expensive in
+subsidy terms terms and so we could this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy terms terms and so we could this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy terms terms and so we could this
+can easily be a bridge to nowhere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily be a bridge to nowhere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily be a bridge to nowhere that
+stops progress on climate after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops progress on climate after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops progress on climate after a
+while that's that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that's that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that's that's why it's a
+complicated question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question uh
+shortterm yeah unless you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm yeah unless you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm yeah unless you get a lot of
+leakage but the long-term question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage but the long-term question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage but the long-term question is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+hard what what what's it mean for wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what what what's it mean for wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard what what what's it mean for wind
+solar nuclear other carbon- free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar nuclear other carbon- free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar nuclear other carbon- free
+Technologies the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the European
+Union I learned on Monday has a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I learned on Monday has a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I learned on Monday has a formal
+plan to have zero carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to have zero carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to have zero carbon dioxide
+emissions from its electric power sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from its electric power sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from its electric power sector
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as the presenter said we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as the presenter said we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as the presenter said we in
+Europe do a lot of talking uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe do a lot of talking uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe do a lot of talking uh but you
+know if you do a projection of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do a projection of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do a projection of what it
+takes to get 80% of reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to get 80% of reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to get 80% of reduction in
+greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+emissions boy you better be pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions boy you better be pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions boy you better be pretty low
+carbon and natural gas won't get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and natural gas won't get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and natural gas won't get you
+there no matter how cheap it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the policy invite questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the policy invite questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the policy invite questions
+on any of this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of this yeah
+Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max
+piece wind nuclearly comp right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece wind nuclearly comp right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece wind nuclearly comp right now
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dev it just well it wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dev it just well it wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dev it just well it wind and
+solar are being driven by subsidies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar are being driven by subsidies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar are being driven by subsidies and
+those subsidies get to be more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subsidies get to be more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subsidies get to be more more
+expensive as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as the
+alternative gets to be cheaper so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative gets to be cheaper so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative gets to be cheaper so uh the
+argument is yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is yeah you
+could but if you were starting a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but if you were starting a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but if you were starting a wind
+turbine business you'd have to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine business you'd have to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine business you'd have to be really
+sure the subsidies or pretty sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the subsidies or pretty sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the subsidies or pretty sure that
+you can get the cost down so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the cost down so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the cost down so you won't
+need them the lower the cost of gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them the lower the cost of gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them the lower the cost of gas is
+the harder that second is to be sure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder that second is to be sure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder that second is to be sure of
+and the lower the cost of gas is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower the cost of gas is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower the cost of gas is in a
+way the first gets shaky because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the first gets shaky because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the first gets shaky because it
+becomes hard politically to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard politically to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard politically to justify
+subsidizing wind and solar when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing wind and solar when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing wind and solar when we're
+moving into gas and Emissions are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into gas and Emissions are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into gas and Emissions are going
+down and we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+swell nuclear I think is going to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell nuclear I think is going to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell nuclear I think is going to is
+going to hit be hit the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit be hit the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit be hit the hardest
+um there's well we we we we may talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's well we we we we may talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's well we we we we may talk
+about nuclear and we'll hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear and we'll hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear and we'll hear about
+nuclear from some of your papers so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear from some of your papers so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear from some of your papers so I'm
+looking forward to learning um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to learning um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to learning um but I
+think what what people do tend to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what people do tend to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what people do tend to say is
+with gas these prices even not forget $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas these prices even not forget $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas these prices even not forget $2
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+$4 boy is a nuclear plant out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4 boy is a nuclear plant out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4 boy is a nuclear plant out of the
+money and if you don't build them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if you don't build them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if you don't build them it's
+hard to really prove out the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to really prove out the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to really prove out the technology
+right so all these fabulous designs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all these fabulous designs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all these fabulous designs for
+intrinsically safe smallscale nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically safe smallscale nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically safe smallscale nuclear
+plants but unless we build them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants but unless we build them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants but unless we build them we're
+not going to know and building them gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know and building them gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know and building them gets
+to be a more expensive proposition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a more expensive proposition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a more expensive proposition so
+it's hard to do that nuclear is tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do that nuclear is tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do that nuclear is tough
+because you really need to do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really need to do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really need to do it at
+scale means somebody's got to Bear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale means somebody's got to Bear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale means somebody's got to Bear the
+commercial risk and the commercial risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial risk and the commercial risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial risk and the commercial risk
+gets bigger with cheap gas so I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger with cheap gas so I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger with cheap gas so I I think
+that's the basic that's the basic issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic that's the basic issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic that's the basic issue
+I mean the government could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the government could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the government could
+say look I think this is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I think this is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I think this is so important
+we're going to keep doing it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep doing it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep doing it the
+Europeans might I worry about us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans might I worry about us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans might I worry about us and
+we'll see about the Europeans we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see about the Europeans we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see about the Europeans we'll see
+about the Europeans anything else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Europeans anything else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Europeans anything else yeah
+doesn't it matter also though if we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it matter also though if we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it matter also though if we'll
+if in a few years we'll have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in a few years we'll have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in a few years we'll have some sort
+of like carbon tax or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like carbon tax or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like carbon tax or something like
+that or because then you would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or because then you would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or because then you would start
+arguing that the whatever emits carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that the whatever emits carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that the whatever emits carbon
+will become less competitive yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become less competitive yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become less competitive yeah I mean
+with a serious carbon tax again cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a serious carbon tax again cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a serious carbon tax again cheap
+Shale cheap gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the advantage of Renewables over gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advantage of Renewables over gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advantage of Renewables over gas
+fired power goes down with the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power goes down with the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power goes down with the price of
+gas given any carbon tax you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas given any carbon tax you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas given any carbon tax you're right
+the carbon tax widens the gap cheap gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon tax widens the gap cheap gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon tax widens the gap cheap gas
+narrows it so you need a bigger carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrows it so you need a bigger carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrows it so you need a bigger carbon
+tax to have the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to have the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to have the same the same
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean we
+all we all say of course we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we all say of course we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we all say of course we're going to
+have a carbon tax at some point we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbon tax at some point we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbon tax at some point we have
+to have a carbon tax at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a carbon tax at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a carbon tax at some point
+um I know people who' been saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know people who' been saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know people who' been saying that
+for 20 years so so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years so so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years so so I would
+love love to be young enough to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love love to be young enough to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love love to be young enough to have the
+feeling that of course it'll happen soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that of course it'll happen soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that of course it'll happen soon
+but I've watched it not happen for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've watched it not happen for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've watched it not happen for so
+long and I've watched the Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I've watched the Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I've watched the Republican
+Party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party
+Harden against climate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harden against climate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harden against climate so
+firmly that we'll see it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmly that we'll see it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmly that we'll see it may
+take uh those of us in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh those of us in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh those of us in the area
+speculate from time to time that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate from time to time that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate from time to time that it's
+going to take something like an ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take something like an ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take something like an ozone
+hole you recall well you may not recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you recall well you may not recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you recall well you may not recall
+what led to the Montreal protocol wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what led to the Montreal protocol wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what led to the Montreal protocol wasn't
+all the brilliant chemist work done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the brilliant chemist work done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the brilliant chemist work done a
+lot of it here at MIT that won a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it here at MIT that won a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it here at MIT that won a Nobel
+Prize it was the opening of the ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize it was the opening of the ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize it was the opening of the ozone
+hole over the Antarctic like such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole over the Antarctic like such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole over the Antarctic like such an
+image there's a hole in the ozone most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image there's a hole in the ozone most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image there's a hole in the ozone most
+of us didn't know there was ozone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us didn't know there was ozone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us didn't know there was ozone to
+have a hole in but there's a hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hole in but there's a hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hole in but there's a hole in the
+ozone and it's letting in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone and it's letting in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone and it's letting in all these
+harmful rays and it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful rays and it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful rays and it's getting
+bigger that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that was pretty
+dramatic uh having the Arctic be ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic uh having the Arctic be ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic uh having the Arctic be ice
+free maybe maybe that'll be dramatic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free maybe maybe that'll be dramatic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free maybe maybe that'll be dramatic but
+you know we don't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't see that
+ozone hole you go out and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone hole you go out and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone hole you go out and you get a
+suntan and your risk of skin cancer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suntan and your risk of skin cancer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suntan and your risk of skin cancer goes
+up well that's that kind of comes home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well that's that kind of comes home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well that's that kind of comes home
+there aren't any more polar bears well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any more polar bears well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any more polar bears well
+that's too bad but I can go to the zoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too bad but I can go to the zoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too bad but I can go to the zoo
+so I don't know what on the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what on the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what on the climate
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+I I love polar bears don't don't please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I love polar bears don't don't please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I love polar bears don't don't please
+don't quote me uh they charismatic meapa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quote me uh they charismatic meapa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quote me uh they charismatic meapa
+as the phrase goes um it may well take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the phrase goes um it may well take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the phrase goes um it may well take
+something like that anyway anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that anyway anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that anyway anything else
+before I go to the to the policy Arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+compies uh in terms of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compies uh in terms of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compies uh in terms of uh this
+industry the the the big companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the the the big companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry the the the big companies have
+bought small companies to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought small companies to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought small companies to get the
+technology so the people who were big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so the people who were big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so the people who were big
+gas producers are big gas producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas producers are big gas producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas producers are big gas producers
+again there are still small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there are still small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there are still small
+players there are still small players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players there are still small players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players there are still small players
+next CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direct I I don't know I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I could be wrong but I I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could be wrong but I I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could be wrong but I I don't have
+the and we do sort of see these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and we do sort of see these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and we do sort of see these folks
+when they come to the energy initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come to the energy initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come to the energy initiative
+to to fund research so we get some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to fund research so we get some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to fund research so we get some sense
+of what at least some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what at least some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what at least some of them are
+interested in I hear a lot more interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I hear a lot more interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I hear a lot more interest
+in uh finding Technologies than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh finding Technologies than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh finding Technologies than
+extraction Technologies uh 3D SI seismic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction Technologies uh 3D SI seismic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction Technologies uh 3D SI seismic
+um underground mapping improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um underground mapping improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um underground mapping improvements
+there rather than better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there rather than better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there rather than better
+drilling uh this has it's a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling uh this has it's a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling uh this has it's a young
+technology but it seems surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but it seems surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but it seems surprisingly
+mature nobody says if only we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature nobody says if only we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature nobody says if only we could do
+this the the one issue that people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the one issue that people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the one issue that people talk
+about and the times mentions it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the times mentions it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the times mentions it a little
+bit is the technology was aimed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is the technology was aimed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is the technology was aimed at
+gas uh and it's not yet tuned for oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh and it's not yet tuned for oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh and it's not yet tuned for oil
+and there are places where there's oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are places where there's oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are places where there's oil
+but they're getting a ton of oil out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're getting a ton of oil out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're getting a ton of oil out of
+North Dakota so it's not too badly tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota so it's not too badly tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota so it's not too badly tuned
+so uh this doesn't seem to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this doesn't seem to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this doesn't seem to be this
+particular technology doesn't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology doesn't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology doesn't seem to be
+a huge R&D Target at least that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge R&D Target at least that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge R&D Target at least that's my
+sense the stuff that would help you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the stuff that would help you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the stuff that would help you yeah
+that's very deep Shale the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very deep Shale the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very deep Shale the stuff that
+would help you f figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help you f figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help you f figure out where the
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+is uh seems to be higher on their wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh seems to be higher on their wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh seems to be higher on their wish
+list than techniques to get it out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list than techniques to get it out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list than techniques to get it out if
+they can find it they can go down 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find it they can go down 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find it they can go down 10,000
+ft drill sideways break the Shale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft drill sideways break the Shale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft drill sideways break the Shale and
+get the gas out which is pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gas out which is pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gas out which is pretty amazing
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay the policy Arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh the the pen environment report is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the pen environment report is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the pen environment report is
+pretty good on this uh it's it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good on this uh it's it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good on this uh it's it's a bit
+of an advocacy piece but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an advocacy piece but it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an advocacy piece but it's pretty
+good you would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you would normally
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that the air stuff would be EPA the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the air stuff would be EPA the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the air stuff would be EPA the air
+pollution issues I talked about there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues I talked about there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues I talked about there is
+a Safe Drinking Water Act that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Safe Drinking Water Act that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Safe Drinking Water Act that you would
+think would cover stuff that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would cover stuff that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would cover stuff that would
+affect the aquifer and indeed it does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the aquifer and indeed it does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the aquifer and indeed it does in
+a lot of a lot of areas but there EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of a lot of areas but there EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of a lot of areas but there EX
+exemptions to a lot of federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions to a lot of federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions to a lot of federal
+legislation put in place quietly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation put in place quietly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation put in place quietly in the
+middle of the night that means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the night that means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the night that means there's
+relatively little EPA can do it can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little EPA can do it can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little EPA can do it can set
+some standards for local Air emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standards for local Air emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standards for local Air emissions
+and it's doing that for methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's doing that for methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's doing that for methane
+emissions it will probably have RS on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions it will probably have RS on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions it will probably have RS on
+methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane
+leakage but the water side it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage but the water side it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage but the water side it's pretty
+limited by law I mean it covers a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by law I mean it covers a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by law I mean it covers a lot of
+stuff that pollutes aquifers it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that pollutes aquifers it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that pollutes aquifers it can't
+get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now and even if it set the standards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and even if it set the standards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and even if it set the standards the
+enforcement would be at the state level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement would be at the state level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement would be at the state level
+and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about
+it this is not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is not easy
+enforcement I showed you 2400 wells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement I showed you 2400 wells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement I showed you 2400 wells in
+Pennsylvania lots more coming how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania lots more coming how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania lots more coming how many
+inspectors do you think the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors do you think the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors do you think the state of
+Pennsylvania has to to inspect natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania has to to inspect natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania has to to inspect natural
+gas Wells well they haven't had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Wells well they haven't had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Wells well they haven't had any
+natural gas drilling in Pennsylvania or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas drilling in Pennsylvania or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas drilling in Pennsylvania or
+drilling for anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling for anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling for anything in
+Pennsylvania so they probably started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania so they probably started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania so they probably started
+out with oh let's say zero and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with oh let's say zero and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with oh let's say zero and maybe
+they have a few if their budget's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few if their budget's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few if their budget's been
+generous so enforcement's a state issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous so enforcement's a state issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous so enforcement's a state issue
+the rules about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules about the
+fluids are state issues EPA can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids are state issues EPA can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids are state issues EPA can't
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+that rules for that well the boore how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rules for that well the boore how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rules for that well the boore how
+well it's sealed how thick the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's sealed how thick the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's sealed how thick the concrete
+is what kind of concrete all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of concrete all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of concrete all the the
+stuff that gets you down below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that gets you down below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that gets you down below the
+aquafer and that has to be inspected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquafer and that has to be inspected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquafer and that has to be inspected
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+state the experience and attitudes vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the experience and attitudes vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the experience and attitudes vary
+enormously among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously among
+states New York as I'll mention in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states New York as I'll mention in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states New York as I'll mention in more
+detail has a moratorium you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail has a moratorium you cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail has a moratorium you cannot do
+this in the state of New York full stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the state of New York full stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the state of New York full stop
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+Pennsylvania is letting people drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania is letting people drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania is letting people drill
+does Pennsylvania have expertise does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pennsylvania have expertise does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pennsylvania have expertise does
+Pennsylvania have an adequate budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania have an adequate budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania have an adequate budget
+does Pennsylvania have adequate laws the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pennsylvania have adequate laws the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pennsylvania have adequate laws the
+pen environment reports suggests not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen environment reports suggests not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen environment reports suggests not
+Others May disagree I don't know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others May disagree I don't know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others May disagree I don't know enough
+to have a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a view
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Texas Texas does oil and gas they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas Texas does oil and gas they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas Texas does oil and gas they've
+been Drilling and fracking in Texas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Drilling and fracking in Texas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Drilling and fracking in Texas for
+a long time not at this scale and Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time not at this scale and Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time not at this scale and Texas
+also has a lot of rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a lot of rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a lot of rural
+areas where yeah it's a Dusty and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where yeah it's a Dusty and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where yeah it's a Dusty and it's
+dirty and it's I don't care nobody lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty and it's I don't care nobody lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty and it's I don't care nobody lives
+here it's a job they're jobs that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a job they're jobs that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a job they're jobs that's
+fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous
+um some states are revving up there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some states are revving up there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some states are revving up there's a
+lot of Industry interest there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Industry interest there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Industry interest there's a lot
+of of Texas is now requiring fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Texas is now requiring fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Texas is now requiring fluid
+disclosure I think others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there's an interesting industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's an interesting industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's an interesting industry
+split the small guys oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the small guys oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the small guys oppose
+regulation the small guys say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the small guys say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the small guys say I don't
+want to tell you what my fluid is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you what my fluid is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you what my fluid is I
+don't want to be inspected I'm doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be inspected I'm doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be inspected I'm doing a
+good job leave me alone I'm just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job leave me alone I'm just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job leave me alone I'm just a
+little guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy
+you talk to people from Exxon and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to people from Exxon and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to people from Exxon and people
+from Exxon and Chevron and those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Exxon and Chevron and those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Exxon and Chevron and those guys
+say we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we need
+regulation okay this is anti- stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay this is anti- stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay this is anti- stereotype
+and it's worth thinking about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth thinking about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth thinking about because
+we'll come to public policy in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to public policy in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to public policy in a little
+while they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they want
+regulation why do they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation why do they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation why do they want
+regulation they don't want to see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation they don't want to see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation they don't want to see a lot
+of those videos of drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those videos of drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those videos of drinking water
+burning they don't want a lot of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning they don't want a lot of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning they don't want a lot of states
+to do what New York has done and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what New York has done and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what New York has done and say you
+can't drill here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't drill here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't drill here
+so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big
+guys think okay it adds a dollar or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think okay it adds a dollar or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think okay it adds a dollar or two
+per million cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million cubic
+feet to control methane emissions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet to control methane emissions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet to control methane emissions to
+inspect the wellbore to limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect the wellbore to limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect the wellbore to limit the
+fracking fluids to disclose everything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking fluids to disclose everything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking fluids to disclose everything a
+dollar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is
+nothing to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to the big
+guys a dollar might be something to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys a dollar might be something to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys a dollar might be something to the
+little guys the big guys are afraid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guys the big guys are afraid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guys the big guys are afraid of a
+backlash the big guys are afraid and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash the big guys are afraid and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash the big guys are afraid and you
+hear them say this over after about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them say this over after about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them say this over after about two
+drinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinks
+this industry could go to the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry could go to the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry could go to the way of
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+power the public could be so fed up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the public could be so fed up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the public could be so fed up with
+earthquakes and groundwater pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes and groundwater pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes and groundwater pollution
+and burning water coming out of faucets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning water coming out of faucets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning water coming out of faucets
+that we get shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get shut
+down and the country that could have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the country that could have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the country that could have all
+this abundant relatively clean energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abundant relatively clean energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abundant relatively clean energy
+won't get it so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get it so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get it so the big
+guys are in favor of sensible regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are in favor of sensible regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are in favor of sensible regulation
+there's a lot of Industry best practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Industry best practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Industry best practice
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+there's a lot of work by the big guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work by the big guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work by the big guys
+with the states to avoid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the states to avoid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the states to avoid a
+backlash please impose reasonable costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash please impose reasonable costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash please impose reasonable costs
+on this industry we will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this industry we will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this industry we will still be
+cheap don't shut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap don't shut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap don't shut it
+down an awful lot in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an awful lot in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an awful lot in the environment
+Community think State regulation can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community think State regulation can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community think State regulation can't
+work Pennsylvania is going to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Pennsylvania is going to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Pennsylvania is going to regulate
+natural gas drilling they haven't seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas drilling they haven't seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas drilling they haven't seen a
+well for 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for 100 years
+what so they say it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so they say it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so they say it's hard to
+enforce you're going to inspect every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce you're going to inspect every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce you're going to inspect every
+well as it's being drilled you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as it's being drilled you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as it's being drilled you're going
+to monitor the quality of the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitor the quality of the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to monitor the quality of the concrete
+this is a serious enforcement problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a serious enforcement problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a serious enforcement problem
+they're all over the landscape you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the landscape you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the landscape you can't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it yes in principle regulation might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes in principle regulation might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes in principle regulation might
+make this safe and if and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this safe and if and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this safe and if and and so forth
+and clean but you can't do it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean but you can't do it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean but you can't do it so you
+should just kill it just kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kill it just kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kill it just kill
+it you again if you if you Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you again if you if you Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you again if you if you Google
+fracking on uh if you do look at Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking on uh if you do look at Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking on uh if you do look at Google
+Images uh uh and and and call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images uh uh and and and call for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images uh uh and and and call for
+fracking you will get posters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking you will get posters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking you will get posters and
+rallies Galore ban it ban it ban it stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies Galore ban it ban it ban it stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rallies Galore ban it ban it ban it stop
+fracking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking in
+Ohio where else did do you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio where else did do you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio where else did do you see a lot of
+it's banned in New York it's banned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's banned in New York it's banned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's banned in New York it's banned in
+France it's banned in at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France it's banned in at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France it's banned in at least one
+German State and there are debates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German State and there are debates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German State and there are debates in
+lots of other places that say basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other places that say basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other places that say basically
+you can't make it's a moratorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it's a moratorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it's a moratorium
+if you can prove it's clean and safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove it's clean and safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove it's clean and safe
+we'll let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let it go
+on in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in North
+Dakota it's jobs in Texas it's we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota it's jobs in Texas it's we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dakota it's jobs in Texas it's we know
+this and nobody lives out there on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and nobody lives out there on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and nobody lives out there on those
+ranches anyway in New York it's it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranches anyway in New York it's it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranches anyway in New York it's it this
+is New York people live here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is New York people live here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is New York people live here
+Pennsylvania people live here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania people live here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania people live here yeah
+Jessica we go using the natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica we go using the natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica we go using the natural gas
+reserves the the ones we have now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves the the ones we have now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves the the ones we have now the
+Shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shale
+gas hard to no we don't what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas hard to no we don't what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas hard to no we don't what we're
+getting are estimates of probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting are estimates of probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting are estimates of probably
+recoverable reserves proved reserves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable reserves proved reserves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable reserves proved reserves are
+much lower but estimates are hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower but estimates are hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower but estimates are hundreds of
+years it's just a lot of gas at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's just a lot of gas at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's just a lot of gas at at at
+low costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low costs
+so the what that thought leads to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what that thought leads to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what that thought leads to and
+the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's
+cheap leads to it may be impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap leads to it may be impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap leads to it may be impossible to
+kill because the economic benefits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill because the economic benefits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill because the economic benefits are
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+large that politically it may be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that politically it may be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that politically it may be hard to
+kill but suppose everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill but suppose everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill but suppose everybody in
+Pennsylvania has their water uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania has their water uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania has their water uh their
+water burn when it comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water burn when it comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water burn when it comes out of the
+tap will New York drop its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap will New York drop its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap will New York drop its
+moratorium probably not will Ohio impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium probably not will Ohio impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium probably not will Ohio impose
+the moratorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moratorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moratorium
+probably so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so if you
+can't make it safe you know what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make it safe you know what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make it safe you know what's a
+little burning water I mean is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little burning water I mean is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little burning water I mean is things
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+um think about the stuff we breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about the stuff we breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about the stuff we breathe
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+um but that's dramatic that's a Youtube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's dramatic that's a Youtube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's dramatic that's a Youtube
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+um the pen environment report has sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pen environment report has sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pen environment report has sort
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+balanced proposal it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced proposal it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced proposal it talks
+about this is another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is another part of the
+environment Comm environmental Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment Comm environmental Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment Comm environmental Community
+it clearly couldn't be killed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clearly couldn't be killed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clearly couldn't be killed in
+Pennsylvania right it's 3,000 producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania right it's 3,000 producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania right it's 3,000 producing
+Wells and 10 a day being permitted what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells and 10 a day being permitted what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells and 10 a day being permitted what
+are you kidding we're going to kill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you kidding we're going to kill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you kidding we're going to kill this
+I don't think so not now so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so not now so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so not now so they say
+what you need to do is eliminate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is eliminate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is eliminate these
+Federal exemptions so EPA can play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal exemptions so EPA can play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal exemptions so EPA can play a
+role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for
+groundwater and they have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater and they have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater and they have a number of
+very specific suggestions which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific suggestions which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific suggestions which I don't
+want to go in for tightening regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go in for tightening regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go in for tightening regulation
+in Pennsylvania like not letting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pennsylvania like not letting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pennsylvania like not letting this
+stuff happen near a school or near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happen near a school or near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happen near a school or near a
+hospital just because there is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital just because there is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital just because there is increased
+local pollution no matter what you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local pollution no matter what you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local pollution no matter what you do uh
+and giving the agency some money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving the agency some money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving the agency some money to
+enforce it's easy to write rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it's easy to write rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it's easy to write rules
+enforcement takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement takes
+people um and then finally that lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and then finally that lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and then finally that lovely
+interview with Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Fred
+crup Fred krup from the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crup Fred krup from the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crup Fred krup from the environmental
+defense fund as we'll talk about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense fund as we'll talk about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense fund as we'll talk about later
+the environmental defense fund has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental defense fund has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental defense fund has
+played a very interesting role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a very interesting role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a very interesting role
+historically in in making environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically in in making environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically in in making environmental
+policy in this country to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy in this country to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy in this country to the extent
+possible economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible economically
+sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible
+um and crup argues you can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and crup argues you can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and crup argues you can't do anything
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Washington so to say the EPA should play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington so to say the EPA should play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington so to say the EPA should play
+a role of course it should but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role of course it should but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role of course it should but you can't
+get that passed you can't get sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that passed you can't get sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that passed you can't get sensible
+legislation passed in Washington you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation passed in Washington you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation passed in Washington you
+can't get those loopholes closed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get those loopholes closed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get those loopholes closed at
+least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not
+now and you probably shouldn't kill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you probably shouldn't kill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you probably shouldn't kill it
+because the benefits are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the benefits are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the benefits are so
+large I think underlying that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I think underlying that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I think underlying that is a
+realist saying you probably can't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist saying you probably can't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist saying you probably can't kill
+it because the economic benefits are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the economic benefits are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the economic benefits are so
+large for so many people so there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for so many people so there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for so many people so there really
+isn't any choice but to work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any choice but to work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any choice but to work for the
+work with the states encourage states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the states encourage states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the states encourage states to
+talk to each other encourage the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other encourage the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other encourage the big
+producers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers to
+work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+industry so that's sort of the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so that's sort of the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so that's sort of the policy
+environment I think reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I think reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I think reactions
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+anything okay let me throw the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay let me throw the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay let me throw the floor
+open suppose we were lucky enough or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open suppose we were lucky enough or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open suppose we were lucky enough or
+unfortunate enough to have shale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate enough to have shale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate enough to have shale in
+Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're MIT students you can march on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're MIT students you can march on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're MIT students you can march on the
+state house you can get TV time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state house you can get TV time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state house you can get TV time you can
+you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make
+noise what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise what do you
+do drill baby drill we need the jobs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do drill baby drill we need the jobs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do drill baby drill we need the jobs we
+need the benefits let's let's be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the benefits let's let's be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the benefits let's let's be really
+let's make it hard it's not under Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it hard it's not under Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it hard it's not under Boston
+okay that would be too easy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be too easy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be too easy they're
+never going to drill Under Paris but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to drill Under Paris but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to drill Under Paris but
+suppose the Shale is in the western part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the Shale is in the western part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the Shale is in the western part
+of the state which has been chronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state which has been chronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state which has been chronically
+depressed suppose that's where the Shale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed suppose that's where the Shale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed suppose that's where the Shale
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the western part of not the berkers kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western part of not the berkers kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western part of not the berkers kind
+of central massachus Pittsfield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of central massachus Pittsfield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of central massachus Pittsfield is
+anybody anybody been to Pittsfield okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody been to Pittsfield okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody been to Pittsfield okay
+you've been to Pittsfield all right are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been to Pittsfield all right are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been to Pittsfield all right are
+you from Pittsfield no it's near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from Pittsfield no it's near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from Pittsfield no it's near
+Tanglewood it is near Tanglewood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood it is near Tanglewood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood it is near Tanglewood
+Tanglewood is nice Pittsfield well Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood is nice Pittsfield well Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood is nice Pittsfield well Mass
+mocha but otherwise been depressed for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocha but otherwise been depressed for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocha but otherwise been depressed for a
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+time we got Shale in Pittsfield in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got Shale in Pittsfield in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got Shale in Pittsfield in the
+central part of Massachusetts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of Massachusetts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of Massachusetts where
+there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+jobs and you're going to march on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you're going to march on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you're going to march on the
+State House Alex you had a was that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State House Alex you had a was that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State House Alex you had a was that your
+hand I saw I was think way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I saw I was think way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I saw I was think way to do
+itely figure out how to do it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itely figure out how to do it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itely figure out how to do it so that
+your is then I think it would be a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is then I think it would be a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is then I think it would be a thing
+that you should do but otherwise like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do but otherwise like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do but otherwise like I
+don't think it's worth it if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's worth it if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's worth it if you're
+causing problems to all the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems to all the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems to all the people who
+live there there are a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there there are a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live there there are a lot of people
+inett even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inett even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inett even in
+Pittsfield so would you Advocate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsfield so would you Advocate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsfield so would you Advocate a
+moratorium until we know for sure how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium until we know for sure how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium until we know for sure how to
+do it safely advate for regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it safely advate for regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it safely advate for regulations
+so are we sure we know how to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we sure we know how to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we sure we know how to regulate
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+no okay but you would say at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay but you would say at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay but you would say at the very
+least the state ought to acquire some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the state ought to acquire some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the state ought to acquire some
+expertise we ought to have a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise we ought to have a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise we ought to have a legal
+framework I mean nobody's drilled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework I mean nobody's drilled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework I mean nobody's drilled for
+anything but water in Massachusetts ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but water in Massachusetts ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but water in Massachusetts ever
+so we we don't have anybody who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we don't have anybody who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we don't have anybody who knows
+about about deep Wells or groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about deep Wells or groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about deep Wells or groundwater
+contam well we know about groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contam well we know about groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contam well we know about groundwater
+contamination okay anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else Ariana my parents have a house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Ariana my parents have a house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Ariana my parents have a house in
+um like Upstate Wester in New York um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like Upstate Wester in New York um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like Upstate Wester in New York um
+and a couple of years ago actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of years ago actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of years ago actually like
+our town exped with uh antiaging SL um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our town exped with uh antiaging SL um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our town exped with uh antiaging SL um
+like they were on like like literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were on like like literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were on like like literally
+like everyone's on everyone's yard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone's on everyone's yard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone's on everyone's yard um
+and I think that like even though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that like even though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that like even though there
+are a lot of large scale benefits um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of large scale benefits um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of large scale benefits um in
+the end like and you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end like and you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end like and you know it's like
+great to do it in Texas and places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to do it in Texas and places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to do it in Texas and places where
+people don't really live but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really live but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really live but there's a
+large sentiment of like not in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sentiment of like not in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sentiment of like not in my
+backyard um and you know like we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard um and you know like we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard um and you know like we like
+our house and we I mean I'm um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our house and we I mean I'm um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our house and we I mean I'm um like
+primary residents in New York City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary residents in New York City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary residents in New York City and
+like the whole point of going there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole point of going there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole point of going there is
+that it's like nicer and clean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like nicer and clean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like nicer and clean and the
+air is clean um and like getting to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is clean um and like getting to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is clean um and like getting to like
+spend some time like with nature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time like with nature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time like with nature I
+guess and I hope you have some nature up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I hope you have some nature up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I hope you have some nature up
+there yeah Tre um but like the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah Tre um but like the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah Tre um but like the the idea
+is like great Energy prices fall but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like great Energy prices fall but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like great Energy prices fall but I
+don't want it at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it at my
+expense so You' you'd Advocate if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense so You' you'd Advocate if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense so You' you'd Advocate if we can
+translate to Western Massachusetts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to Western Massachusetts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to Western Massachusetts which
+isn't that dissimilar you'd say no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that dissimilar you'd say no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that dissimilar you'd say no no
+thank you they're doing it in Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you they're doing it in Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you they're doing it in Texas
+they're doing it in North Dakota the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it in North Dakota the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it in North Dakota the
+people in Pennsylvania mayor may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Pennsylvania mayor may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Pennsylvania mayor may not
+have made a mistake but we're we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a mistake but we're we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a mistake but we're we're not
+going to do it full stop okay uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it full stop okay uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it full stop okay uh I would
+also say like why would the why would if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say like why would the why would if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say like why would the why would if
+you're prinia my or whoever has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prinia my or whoever has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prinia my or whoever has a
+significant population and has no EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant population and has no EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant population and has no EXP
+experience with it why be in a hurry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with it why be in a hurry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with it why be in a hurry to
+like go ahead and uh and drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go ahead and uh and drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go ahead and uh and drill
+everything and not just wait to see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and not just wait to see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and not just wait to see like
+some sort of regulations uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of regulations uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of regulations uh uh I
+mean to have a a clear framework of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have a a clear framework of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have a a clear framework of what
+you should regulate and how you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should regulate and how you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should regulate and how you should
+do it and what are the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what are the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and what are the where the
+consequences and all that so leave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and all that so leave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and all that so leave like
+North Dakota and Texas have like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota and Texas have like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota and Texas have like uh
+smaller lower population density figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lower population density figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lower population density figure
+out like the hard stuff and then figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like the hard stuff and then figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like the hard stuff and then figure
+out if you want to do it or not in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you want to do it or not in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you want to do it or not in a few
+years when you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when you know what the
+consequences are of course we may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences are of course we may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences are of course we may not be
+happy with a regime that would make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with a regime that would make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with a regime that would make them
+in happy in North Dakota right cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in happy in North Dakota right cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in happy in North Dakota right cuz
+they're desperate for jobs and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're desperate for jobs and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're desperate for jobs and we're not
+that desperate so they might be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desperate so they might be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desperate so they might be willing
+to deal with to to accept environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with to to accept environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with to to accept environmental
+harms that we wouldn't like so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms that we wouldn't like so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms that we wouldn't like so you
+wouldn't just want to follow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't just want to follow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't just want to follow them
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+Julian um so I I'm going to agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian um so I I'm going to agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian um so I I'm going to agree with
+Alex for the most part in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex for the most part in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex for the most part in that
+regulation is needed to some extent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is needed to some extent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is needed to some extent it
+is needed to keep things safe um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to keep things safe um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to keep things safe um but
+realistically you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically you're going to have to
+work very very very hard to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very very very hard to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very very very hard to keep
+people's hands off of money sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's hands off of money sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's hands off of money sitting
+under the ground um like I'm from Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground um like I'm from Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground um like I'm from Santa
+Barbara and like you you can see the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara and like you you can see the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara and like you you can see the oil
+out there can you I can see like 13 oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there can you I can see like 13 oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there can you I can see like 13 oil
+rigs from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigs from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigs from my
+house um and like there there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um and like there there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um and like there there is a very
+very very strong environmental movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong environmental movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong environmental movement
+like it's California like blue Democrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's California like blue Democrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's California like blue Democrat
+is as hard as you can pretty much you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as hard as you can pretty much you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as hard as you can pretty much you do
+have some Republicans in Santa Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Republicans in Santa Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Republicans in Santa Barbara
+we we do but it is quite blue it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do but it is quite blue it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do but it is quite blue it is
+quite quite blue and still people drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite blue and still people drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite blue and still people drill
+for oil you can see the the oil rigs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil you can see the the oil rigs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil you can see the the oil rigs out
+there they they're even pumps on land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they're even pumps on land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they're even pumps on land
+and whatnot and I mean it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and I mean it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and I mean it's kind of a
+tough argument to go against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough argument to go against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough argument to go against it
+economically I mean when you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically I mean when you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically I mean when you can say
+that okay these people might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay these people might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay these people might have some
+bad health effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad health effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad health effects
+from fracking and whatnot but if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fracking and whatnot but if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fracking and whatnot but if they
+can't afford health care anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then then what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what's the difference
+really well we have universal healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we have universal healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we have universal healthcare
+in Massachusetts to a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts to a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts to a pretty good
+approximation so we're okay here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so we're okay here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so we're okay here so so
+we may as well just drill because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may as well just drill because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may as well just drill because
+everybody can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can get
+Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh it's an example like if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's an example like if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's an example like if someone
+can't afford something like the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford something like the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford something like the economic
+benefits I mean not necessarily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits I mean not necessarily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits I mean not necessarily in
+Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts
+exclusively but let's say another state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively but let's say another state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively but let's say another state
+which doesn't have Universal healthare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have Universal healthare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have Universal healthare
+let's say um that argument could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um that argument could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um that argument could be
+Connecticut or Western Connecticut Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut or Western Connecticut Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut or Western Connecticut Rhode
+Island yeah I mean the there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island yeah I mean the there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island yeah I mean the there are
+economic benefits which can in turn have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits which can in turn have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits which can in turn have
+other benefits uh and yes there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other benefits uh and yes there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other benefits uh and yes there should
+definitely be regulation but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be regulation but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be regulation but the
+argument to to say no we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to to say no we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to to say no we should
+absolutely not touch the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not touch the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not touch the stuff that's
+under the ground is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground is going to be
+extremely EX extremely hard especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely EX extremely hard especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely EX extremely hard especially
+when you go against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go against
+probably all the lobbyists from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all the lobbyists from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all the lobbyists from X
+different firms which are for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firms which are for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firms which are for this
+measure and all the mayors of depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and all the mayors of depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and all the mayors of depressed
+towns who say we need jobs we need jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns who say we need jobs we need jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns who say we need jobs we need jobs
+AB you're going you you going to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB you're going you you going to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB you're going you you going to agree
+or disagree uh I disagree actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disagree uh I disagree actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disagree uh I disagree actually
+because like when we had the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like when we had the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like when we had the climate
+negotiations we were talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations we were talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations we were talking about how
+Argent is to start taking actions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argent is to start taking actions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argent is to start taking actions to
+reduce the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the CO2
+emissions green g missions so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions green g missions so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions green g missions so if we
+start getting gas using this method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting gas using this method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting gas using this method and
+many studies shows that it has it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies shows that it has it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies shows that it has it might
+have very bad effects on environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very bad effects on environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very bad effects on environment and
+in 10 years we will see okay what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years we will see okay what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years we will see okay what are
+the bad effects that this method have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad effects that this method have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad effects that this method have
+it's going to be like 2022 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like 2022 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like 2022 and then we
+going to start discussing again how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start discussing again how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start discussing again how to
+reduce cleanhouse emissions I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cleanhouse emissions I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cleanhouse emissions I think it's
+going to be too late by then and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be too late by then and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be too late by then and at this
+time you'd say no I mean we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd say no I mean we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd say no I mean we don't have
+room for for any any more mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for for any any more mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for for any any more mistakes
+against envir or let them make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against envir or let them make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against envir or let them make the
+mistakes in North Dakota and not and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in North Dakota and not and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in North Dakota and not and not
+Nationwide every does anybody nobody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationwide every does anybody nobody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationwide every does anybody nobody in
+here from North Dakota as I recall I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from North Dakota as I recall I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from North Dakota as I recall I can
+insult North get out of town uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insult North get out of town uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insult North get out of town uh
+D from an environmental perspective even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D from an environmental perspective even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D from an environmental perspective even
+if you can and it's like 100% clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can and it's like 100% clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can and it's like 100% clean and
+no me leaking your water is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no me leaking your water is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no me leaking your water is this is
+still a terrible thing for carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a terrible thing for carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a terrible thing for carbon
+emissions because like your options for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions because like your options for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions because like your options for
+decreasing your heating B are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing your heating B are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing your heating B are like
+insulating your house so it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating your house so it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating your house so it's more
+efficient so you don't need as much or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so you don't need as much or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so you don't need as much or
+using cheap natural gas so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cheap natural gas so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cheap natural gas so that you can
+continue having a really efficient house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue having a really efficient house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue having a really efficient house
+and leaking heat everywhere so You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaking heat everywhere so You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaking heat everywhere so You'
+you'd you're troubled by the bridge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd you're troubled by the bridge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd you're troubled by the bridge to
+nowhere argument and you'd say unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere argument and you'd say unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere argument and you'd say unless we
+actually can fit this into a climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can fit this into a climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can fit this into a climate
+policy which it could be if it were part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which it could be if it were part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which it could be if it were part
+of a carbon tax use this for a while get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a carbon tax use this for a while get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a carbon tax use this for a while get
+off it would you be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it would you be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it would you be comfortable with
+that or you just you just say no so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you just you just say no so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you just you just say no so I
+say like environmentally that's yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like environmentally that's yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like environmentally that's yeah or
+you could use you know if the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use you know if the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use you know if the costs are
+so you can have a very high carbon tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a very high carbon tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a very high carbon tax
+and then use that Revenue to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that Revenue to perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that Revenue to perhaps
+support solar nuclear whatever but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support solar nuclear whatever but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support solar nuclear whatever but I
+think economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think economically
+like you can't make that AR you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't make that AR you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't make that AR you have to
+give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people
+jobs environmental arguments are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs environmental arguments are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs environmental arguments are going
+to get legislation pass so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get legislation pass so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get legislation pass so you're saying
+you'd march on the state house and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd march on the state house and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd march on the state house and you'd
+say only with a carbon tax and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say only with a carbon tax and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say only with a carbon tax and you'd
+count on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on
+losing yeah okay no no I mean hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing yeah okay no no I mean hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing yeah okay no no I mean hey you
+fight the good fight jobs are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight the good fight jobs are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight the good fight jobs are not going
+to be are going to be the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be are going to be the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be are going to be the environment
+every yeah Max you've been patient um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every yeah Max you've been patient um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every yeah Max you've been patient um so
+I would say that this is an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that this is an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that this is an opportunity
+for Massachusetts to like help take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts to like help take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts to like help take the
+lead on a relatively new industry and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on a relatively new industry and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on a relatively new industry and I
+don't think that people will pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that people will pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that people will pass that
+out so you think no matter what we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you think no matter what we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you think no matter what we what
+we say in here and what you guys do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say in here and what you guys do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say in here and what you guys do when
+you march on the capital we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you march on the capital we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you march on the capital we're going to
+drill but but New York didn't maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill but but New York didn't maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill but but New York didn't maybe
+because of all those signs in Ariana's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all those signs in Ariana's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all those signs in Ariana's
+town maybe Ariana's town shut down New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town maybe Ariana's town shut down New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town maybe Ariana's town shut down New
+York New York and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York New York and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York New York and there are a lot of
+people in Upstate New York who need jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Upstate New York who need jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Upstate New York who need jobs
+there are a lot of depressed towns up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of depressed towns up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of depressed towns up
+there there are a lot of land owners up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a lot of land owners up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a lot of land owners up
+there who'd love to lease for drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who'd love to lease for drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who'd love to lease for drilling
+but they managed to shut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they managed to shut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they managed to shut it
+down we're going to talk about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're going to talk about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're going to talk about that but
+you want to go on well yeah I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go on well yeah I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go on well yeah I was just
+saying I'm from South Dakota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jeal you at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M yeah well my my my guess is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M yeah well my my my guess is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M yeah well my my my guess is there are
+people from some South Dakota towns who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from some South Dakota towns who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from some South Dakota towns who
+are now living in North Dakota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now living in North Dakota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now living in North Dakota
+um yeah North Dakota was going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah North Dakota was going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah North Dakota was going to change
+the name of its state to Dakota to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of its state to Dakota to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of its state to Dakota to avoid
+the north for a while but Matthew uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north for a while but Matthew uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north for a while but Matthew uh I
+just think the economic benefit is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think the economic benefit is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think the economic benefit is too
+big to pass up and it was like a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to pass up and it was like a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to pass up and it was like a serious
+envir environmental concern that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envir environmental concern that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envir environmental concern that'll
+become more apparent it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more apparent it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more apparent it'll be
+accelerated to regulation if we allow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated to regulation if we allow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated to regulation if we allow it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+happen so you think it's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you think it's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you think it's going to happen
+we're going to see envir Al concerns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see envir Al concerns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see envir Al concerns the
+what the big guys are worried about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big guys are worried about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big guys are worried about is
+weak regulation leads to environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak regulation leads to environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak regulation leads to environmental
+disasters leads to a Nationwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters leads to a Nationwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters leads to a Nationwide
+moratorium whatever happened in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium whatever happened in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moratorium whatever happened in New York
+Could Happen Nationwide maybe maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could Happen Nationwide maybe maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could Happen Nationwide maybe maybe not
+in North Dakota but that's their concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North Dakota but that's their concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North Dakota but that's their concern
+and you're saying we should we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're saying we should we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're saying we should we should
+run that yeah I mean I think if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that yeah I mean I think if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that yeah I mean I think if they
+realize the economic benefit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the economic benefit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the economic benefit from the
+beginning they're not going to just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they're not going to just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they're not going to just stop
+it like all together they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like all together they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like all together they're going to
+like provide some regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like provide some regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like provide some regulations
+well there's a lot of work doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of work doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of work doing
+regulation again it VAR state to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation again it VAR state to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation again it VAR state to state
+but okay yeah um I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah um I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah um I think you know
+there's a two-part argument for doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two-part argument for doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two-part argument for doing it
+but doing it on a a limited scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doing it on a a limited scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doing it on a a limited scale you
+know the first is that U like we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first is that U like we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first is that U like we said
+there's kind of a u over supply of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a u over supply of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a u over supply of gas
+at the moment you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment you know and the
+technology being relatively new is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology being relatively new is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology being relatively new is
+relatively expensive so you're buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive so you're buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive so you're buying
+high and selling low um but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and selling low um but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and selling low um but it is
+important to start getting some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start getting some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start getting some kind of
+an understanding of of the drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an understanding of of the drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an understanding of of the drilling
+process because from what I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because from what I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because from what I understand
+um the effects are different from place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the effects are different from place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the effects are different from place
+to place because you know what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place because you know what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place because you know what's in the
+Shell is different so what works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell is different so what works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell is different so what works and
+what's on the way down the Dakotas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the way down the Dakotas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the way down the Dakotas is
+different from what maybe Works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what maybe Works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what maybe Works in
+Massachusetts it's different composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it's different composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it's different composition
+so I would arue for doing a limited roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would arue for doing a limited roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would arue for doing a limited roll
+out you know you don't do it 5 miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you don't do it 5 miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you don't do it 5 miles
+from the town you do it 40 mil from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the town you do it 40 mil from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the town you do it 40 mil from the
+town and you don't authorize 2,000 Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and you don't authorize 2,000 Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and you don't authorize 2,000 Wells
+you you authorize 30 you know and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you authorize 30 you know and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you authorize 30 you know and see
+what happens hopefully isn't there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens hopefully isn't there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens hopefully isn't there you
+can figure out what's going on before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what's going on before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what's going on before
+people out and shut down so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out and shut down so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out and shut down so that's
+interesting so You' and I hadn't heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so You' and I hadn't heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so You' and I hadn't heard
+that proposal before what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proposal before what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proposal before what makes it
+interesting so you'd say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you'd say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you'd say we're
+Massachusetts we haven't done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we haven't done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we haven't done this
+before we're going to hire some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to hire some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to hire some people
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+expertise but you know the ones in Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but you know the ones in Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but you know the ones in Texas
+who know what they're doing are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know what they're doing are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know what they're doing are mostly
+staying in Texas so we can't effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in Texas so we can't effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in Texas so we can't effectively
+regulate 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate 300
+Wells let's let's authorize 30 and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells let's let's authorize 30 and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells let's let's authorize 30 and let's
+watch them closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them closely
+and see what we can learn yeah and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we can learn yeah and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we can learn yeah and once
+the market stabilizes then you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market stabilizes then you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market stabilizes then you can start
+pumping more and then you'll have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping more and then you'll have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping more and then you'll have a nice
+hopefully using cheaper technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully using cheaper technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully using cheaper technology
+that's more developed at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more developed at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more developed at a higher
+price interesting interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price interesting interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price interesting interesting yeah
+hadn't heard that okay Marie you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't heard that okay Marie you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't heard that okay Marie you had a
+um yeah I just wanted to mention that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I just wanted to mention that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I just wanted to mention that I
+think there has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there has been
+successful I knowas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful I knowas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful I knowas
+has long time a lot of area and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long time a lot of area and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long time a lot of area and the
+Barnett sh is actually like right over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnett sh is actually like right over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnett sh is actually like right over
+the Dallas for Worth Metroplex so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dallas for Worth Metroplex so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dallas for Worth Metroplex so like
+it is really like in an urban location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really like in an urban location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really like in an urban location
+and they are drilling like all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are drilling like all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are drilling like all around
+that and um it's just like a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um it's just like a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um it's just like a place where
+it has been well regulated and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been well regulated and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been well regulated and people
+like follow their example yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like follow their example yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like follow their example yeah I mean
+Texas for instance uh in the bipartisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas for instance uh in the bipartisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas for instance uh in the bipartisan
+policy Center thing seems to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Center thing seems to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Center thing seems to have been
+the first state to basically require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state to basically require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state to basically require
+disclosure of fracking fluids which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure of fracking fluids which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure of fracking fluids which is
+sort of a first natural step I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a first natural step I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a first natural step I think and
+then you limit things that can go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you limit things that can go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you limit things that can go down
+so maybe we can copy Texas but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we can copy Texas but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we can copy Texas but they have
+been Drilling in the Barnet for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Drilling in the Barnet for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Drilling in the Barnet for a while
+with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different
+Technologies okay and we should we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies okay and we should we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies okay and we should we'll
+all wear hats that'll be great Sam well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wear hats that'll be great Sam well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wear hats that'll be great Sam well
+kind I just as like Massachusetts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I just as like Massachusetts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I just as like Massachusetts I
+think you know if you're trying to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know if you're trying to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know if you're trying to like
+sell that proposal you might have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that proposal you might have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that proposal you might have a hard
+time selling massachusett to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time selling massachusett to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time selling massachusett to
+Massachusetts like copying Texas just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts like copying Texas just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts like copying Texas just
+from like Association like people Mass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like Association like people Mass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like Association like people Mass a
+huge family of Texas so I think like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge family of Texas so I think like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge family of Texas so I think like you
+didn't like Rick Perry's Camp never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like Rick Perry's Camp never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like Rick Perry's Camp never
+mind um but I did think kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um but I did think kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um but I did think kind of
+politically be hard to cele just m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically be hard to cele just m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically be hard to cele just m
+people are like pretty environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like pretty environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are like pretty environmentally
+cautious and all really I think all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious and all really I think all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious and all really I think all it
+would take is like one anecdote of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take is like one anecdote of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take is like one anecdote of like
+oh my cousin in Ohio he had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my cousin in Ohio he had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my cousin in Ohio he had an
+earthquake or his water was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake or his water was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake or his water was on
+fire so you think we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire so you think we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire so you think we like to
+overreact so political system overreacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overreact so political system overreacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overreact so political system overreacts
+so your view is um even though Ariana's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your view is um even though Ariana's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your view is um even though Ariana's
+Community managed to shut down the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community managed to shut down the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community managed to shut down the state
+of New York which is a pretty blue state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York which is a pretty blue state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York which is a pretty blue state
+but probably less environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably less environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably less environmentally
+conscious than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious than this
+one it would be tough to do here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it would be tough to do here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it would be tough to do here so what
+would you Advocate instead when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you Advocate instead when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you Advocate instead when you
+march when you march on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march when you march on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march when you march on the state
+capital take the money and invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital take the money and invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital take the money and invest in
+like Green Technology instead I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Green Technology instead I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Green Technology instead I think
+the path like the this like path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path like the this like path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path like the this like path to
+Nowhere argument is pretty good as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nowhere argument is pretty good as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nowhere argument is pretty good as well
+it's pretty interesting yeah what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty interesting yeah what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty interesting yeah what what
+about the uh go slow approach I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh go slow approach I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh go slow approach I think
+once you start down there it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start down there it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start down there it's going to
+be hard to stop pretty simp I mean once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to stop pretty simp I mean once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to stop pretty simp I mean once
+you start putting in a few I mean it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start putting in a few I mean it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start putting in a few I mean it is
+going to produce cheap energy but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce cheap energy but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce cheap energy but it
+doesn't really mean and jobs and jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really mean and jobs and jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really mean and jobs and jobs
+we'll put we'll put them in Pittsfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put we'll put them in Pittsfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put we'll put them in Pittsfield
+or someplace like Pittsfield yeah Max um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someplace like Pittsfield yeah Max um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someplace like Pittsfield yeah Max um
+I think the biggest issue to G the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the biggest issue to G the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the biggest issue to G the
+votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes
+is a of transparency in the industry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a of transparency in the industry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a of transparency in the industry the
+argument that uh the chemicals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh the chemicals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh the chemicals are
+proprietary so we can't know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary so we can't know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary so we can't know and then
+nobody really has a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really has a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really has a good way of
+measuring how much methan release into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring how much methan release into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring how much methan release into
+the environment and so we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and so we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and so we know the
+economic benefits of we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits of we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits of we don't know the
+EnV detriment of it so and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EnV detriment of it so and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EnV detriment of it so and that's the
+biggest problem with regulating even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem with regulating even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem with regulating even if
+you did like a few small Wells before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did like a few small Wells before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did like a few small Wells before
+you moved into a large scale you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you moved into a large scale you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you moved into a large scale you got
+trouble regulating them just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble regulating them just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble regulating them just because of
+those loopholes and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loopholes and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loopholes and the fact that
+there's no real metric for how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real metric for how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real metric for how much
+damage it's actually doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage it's actually doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage it's actually doing there
+are techniques not great techniques but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques not great techniques but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques not great techniques but
+there are techniques that can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are techniques that can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are techniques that can measure
+methane emissions methane leakage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane emissions methane leakage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane emissions methane leakage it
+isn't trivial that peace in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't trivial that peace in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't trivial that peace in nature
+talked about how they managed to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how they managed to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how they managed to me
+measure methane emissions from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure methane emissions from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure methane emissions from sort of
+one area um methane leakage but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area um methane leakage but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area um methane leakage but it's
+naturally tricky because it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally tricky because it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally tricky because it comes from
+lots of different places and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different places and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different places and is
+dispersed you can however talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed you can however talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed you can however talk
+about sealing requirements and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sealing requirements and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sealing requirements and how
+joints are done you can put in things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints are done you can put in things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints are done you can put in things it
+it may be hard to measure what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be hard to measure what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be hard to measure what happens
+but you can put in place regulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put in place regulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put in place regulation that
+will reduce it whether it'll reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce it whether it'll reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce it whether it'll reduce it
+enough blah blah blah so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough blah blah blah so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough blah blah blah so you're saying
+so where would you go when you march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where would you go when you march
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where would you go when you march
+to I mean advocating for because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean advocating for because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean advocating for because the
+economic benefits are there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits are there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic benefits are there but
+demanding transparency from the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding transparency from the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding transparency from the firms
+that are doing it the kind of to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing it the kind of to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing it the kind of to the
+ground and having them or at least come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and having them or at least come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and having them or at least come
+up with some sort of metric to let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some sort of metric to let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some sort of metric to let us
+know how much damage they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much damage they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much damage they're actually
+doing yeah so you might you might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah so you might you might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah so you might you might work
+on the development of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the development of measurement
+methods for methane for instance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for methane for instance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for methane for instance and
+require them to implement them and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to implement them and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to implement them and so on
+and so forth yeah given how afraid some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah given how afraid some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah given how afraid some
+of the companies are backlash especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies are backlash especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies are backlash especially
+if you invite the bigger ones perhaps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invite the bigger ones perhaps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invite the bigger ones perhaps is
+has a slippery slope you think you me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slippery slope you think you me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slippery slope you think you me if
+you build 30 and you know they do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build 30 and you know they do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build 30 and you know they do well
+and regulation starts loosening that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulation starts loosening that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulation starts loosening that's
+almost immediately you know if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately you know if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately you know if anything
+does go wrong that's the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go wrong that's the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go wrong that's the whole thing
+gets shut down the companies are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets shut down the companies are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets shut down the companies are quite
+incentivized in a similar way to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized in a similar way to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized in a similar way to neutral
+companies say keep you a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies say keep you a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies say keep you a completely
+white Shine the big guys are precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white Shine the big guys are precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white Shine the big guys are precisely
+and so the little guys are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the little guys are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the little guys are the the
+potential trouble spots and so for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential trouble spots and so for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential trouble spots and so for your
+30 given that you have some data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 given that you have some data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 given that you have some data on
+these big guys in other states it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big guys in other states it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big guys in other states it would
+sent to your 30 test cases and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to your 30 test cases and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to your 30 test cases and many of
+your future cases to be from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future cases to be from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future cases to be from those
+people that you have at least some prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you have at least some prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you have at least some prior
+history of oh that's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of oh that's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of oh that's interesting so
+you'd look at you'd look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd look at you'd look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd look at you'd look at their
+regulatory history elsewhere and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory history elsewhere and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory history elsewhere and you
+would try in Massachusetts not to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try in Massachusetts not to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try in Massachusetts not to let
+people who have bad records drill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have bad records drill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have bad records drill and
+then you have comparative history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have comparative history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have comparative history
+between what they do in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they do in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they do in Massachusetts
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor
+yeah just from an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just from an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just from an environmental
+perspective isn't it better to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective isn't it better to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective isn't it better to do in
+Massachusetts in the sense that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts in the sense that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts in the sense that it's
+going to be happening world over so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happening world over so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happening world over so you
+could argue that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that happens in
+Massachusetts and the type of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and the type of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and the type of population
+that you have and all Engineers you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and all Engineers you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and all Engineers you're
+going to set industry best practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set industry best practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set industry best practices in
+Massachusetts which are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts which are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts which are going to be
+copied and toota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied and toota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied and toota
+them maybe maybe the counterargument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them maybe maybe the counterargument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them maybe maybe the counterargument is
+that because of our population density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of our population density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of our population density
+uh the pro the uh potential for damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pro the uh potential for damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pro the uh potential for damage
+is higher potential for environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher potential for environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher potential for environmental
+damage yeah yeah no no so you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage yeah yeah no no so you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage yeah yeah no no so you're you're
+saying you'd do it here but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you'd do it here but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you'd do it here but you would
+allocate State resources and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate State resources and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate State resources and of course
+you'd beg for federal resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd beg for federal resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd beg for federal resources to
+improve best practices to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve best practices to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve best practices to improve
+measurement methods one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement methods one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement methods one of the things
+that the Secretary of Energy Advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Secretary of Energy Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Secretary of Energy Advisory
+Board the cab report that's cited in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board the cab report that's cited in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board the cab report that's cited in a
+couple of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of places
+stressed they said the government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed they said the government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed they said the government is
+lousy at this the big guys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy at this the big guys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy at this the big guys in the
+industry are able to develop and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry are able to develop and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry are able to develop and improve
+best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices
+they need to be encouraged to do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be encouraged to do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be encouraged to do it the
+problem is once you come up with a best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is once you come up with a best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is once you come up with a best
+practice it becomes a compulsory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it becomes a compulsory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it becomes a compulsory
+practice and so forth but but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and so forth but but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and so forth but but that's a
+another issue okay I think we're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue okay I think we're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue okay I think we're out of
+time um have a great long weekend we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um have a great long weekend we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um have a great long weekend we
+will do electricity next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g-VehRFsDcI.txt b/g-VehRFsDcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02020a7d9895c882f11309431a0be4845b3ea689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g-VehRFsDcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so last time I tried uh um EAS us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last time I tried uh um EAS us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last time I tried uh um EAS us
+into a a switch in thinking from instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a switch in thinking from instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a switch in thinking from instead
+of trying to explicitly solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to explicitly solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to explicitly solve the
+Hamilton jacobe equation I wanted to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton jacobe equation I wanted to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton jacobe equation I wanted to try
+thinking about a different class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a different class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a different class of
+algorithms which we called policy search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which we called policy search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which we called policy search
+where you explicitly parameterize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you explicitly parameterize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you explicitly parameterize your
+control system with some parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system with some parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system with some parameters and
+then just search in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just search in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just search in the space of
+parameters for a good solution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for a good solution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for a good solution okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea was let's go ahead and Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was let's go ahead and Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was let's go ahead and Define
+you know some class of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some class of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some class of control
+systems by some parameter Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then our optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then our optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then our optimal control
+problem which is which we called you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is which we called you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is which we called you
+know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of
+minimizing uh J pi of X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing uh J pi of X not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing uh J pi of X not
+t we could think of as explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t we could think of as explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t we could think of as explicitly
+minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing
+um over that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over that Vector
+Alpha something that if I shorthand Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha something that if I shorthand Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha something that if I shorthand Pi
+of alpha with just Alpha of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha with just Alpha of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha with just Alpha of x0
+T and if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if you're willing to
+um to restrict your thinking to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to restrict your thinking to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to restrict your thinking to a single
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+condition then you can really just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you can really just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you can really just think
+of it as I've got some old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as I've got some old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as I've got some old
+function J of Alpha and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function J of Alpha and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function J of Alpha and I want to
+minimize it with respect to Alpha okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it with respect to Alpha okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it with respect to Alpha okay
+that puts you squarely in the land of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts you squarely in the land of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts you squarely in the land of
+you can call fmin in mat lab you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call fmin in mat lab you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call fmin in mat lab you can do
+sort of any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any old
+optimization um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so today I I said the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so today I I said the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so today I I said the the
+lecture is called trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimization I tried to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization I tried to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization I tried to point out that
+thinking about this policy search that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this policy search that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this policy search that
+could be a general thing that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a general thing that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a general thing that could
+Encompass um you know feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies for instance this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies for instance this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies for instance this could
+be parameterized by you know if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parameterized by you know if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parameterized by you know if K is
+filled out with Alphas that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out with Alphas that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out with Alphas that's that's
+okay and I also said it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also said it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also said it could be
+um open loop trajectories right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open loop trajectories right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open loop trajectories right in
+general I could just ignore X and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could just ignore X and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could just ignore X and it
+could just be um let me see how I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be um let me see how I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be um let me see how I wrote
+it last time it could just be let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time it could just be let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time it could just be let's say
+um that U at time T is just Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that U at time T is just Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that U at time T is just Alpha of
+n where n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n equals
+some floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of d/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d/
+DT not sure that's the best way to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT not sure that's the best way to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT not sure that's the best way to write
+it but that's a I think an a clean way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's a I think an a clean way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's a I think an a clean way
+to write it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that mean that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that means that
+my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control
+policy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy over
+time is just um a a set of it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just um a a set of it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just um a a set of it's a it's a
+zero order hold trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right where each of these are are DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where each of these are are DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where each of these are are DT
+long and this one is Alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and this one is Alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and this one is Alpha 1
+this one's Alpha 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if I'm willing to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm willing to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm willing to make some
+sort of simple um tape of trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple um tape of trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple um tape of trajectories
+right that are parameterized by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that are parameterized by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that are parameterized by these
+alphas and naturally you can do a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and naturally you can do a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and naturally you can do a a
+cleaner job of doing this with splines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner job of doing this with splines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner job of doing this with splines
+or or whatever but let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever but let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever but let's think about the
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+representation then solving this Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then solving this Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then solving this Min
+Alpha J Alpha is equivalent to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha J Alpha is equivalent to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha J Alpha is equivalent to trying to
+find the open loop trajectory that i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the open loop trajectory that i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the open loop trajectory that i'
+like to follow which minimizes J right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to follow which minimizes J right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to follow which minimizes J right
+for instance for some initial for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for some initial for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for some initial for for a
+particular initial condition okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular initial condition okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular initial condition okay so
+that class is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class is this
+um sort of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loop um family of of control policies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop um family of of control policies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop um family of of control policies is
+special enough that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special enough that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special enough that there's a lot of
+methods that are that are highly tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are that are highly tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are that are highly tuned
+for that open loop trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that open loop trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that open loop trajectory
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+okay so I want to I want to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to I want to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to I want to talk about a
+few of them today they're very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them today they're very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them today they're very powerful
+they tend to scale to nice to fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to scale to nice to fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to scale to nice to fairly
+High dimensional systems um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dimensional systems um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dimensional systems um and I
+actually think they can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think they can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think they can be used as a
+part of a process to design good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a process to design good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a process to design good
+feedback controllers but that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controllers but that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controllers but that's a that's
+a longer story let me just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer story let me just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer story let me just tell you
+today how to solve open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectories okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories okay
+um in the trajectory optimization world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the trajectory optimization world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the trajectory optimization world
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+roughly well there's lots of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly well there's lots of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly well there's lots of ideas and
+so so many ideas actually that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so many ideas actually that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so many ideas actually that I might
+it's going to slip into Tuesday I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to slip into Tuesday I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to slip into Tuesday I
+decided all right but um let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided all right but um let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided all right but um let me tell you
+about the first two of them today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first two of them today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first two of them today
+um I want to talk about first shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods and then Direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and then Direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and then Direct
+collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods and I've got lots of Half Baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and I've got lots of Half Baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and I've got lots of Half Baked
+examples that were coded in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that were coded in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that were coded in the middle
+of the night so to to hopefully bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night so to to hopefully bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night so to to hopefully bring
+the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through okay so what's the shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay so what's the shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay so what's the shooting
+method um you might be able to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um you might be able to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um you might be able to guess
+shooting methods are well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting methods are well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting methods are well how many
+people know how how many people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know how how many people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know how how many people know
+what shooting methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shooting methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shooting methods
+are excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how would you characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how would you characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how would you characterize the
+shooting method what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just can integrate the States from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can integrate the States from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can integrate the States from
+the from the beginning time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the beginning time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the beginning time and the
+coast states from the end time and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast states from the end time and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast states from the end time and hope
+they match up in the middle or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match up in the middle or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match up in the middle or something
+perfect well yeah so so I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect well yeah so so I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect well yeah so so I mean in
+general actually so um it's even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general actually so um it's even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general actually so um it's even simpler
+than that u in general so shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that u in general so shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that u in general so shooting
+methods are often the title for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are often the title for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are often the title for solving
+boundary value problems which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary value problems which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary value problems which is what
+you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said
+right the name comes from boundary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the name comes from boundary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the name comes from boundary value
+problems we can use them more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can use them more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can use them more generally
+um even if it's just initial an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it's just initial an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it's just initial an initial
+value problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem
+but the basic idea is exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea is exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea is exactly what you
+said let's just simulate the system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's just simulate the system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's just simulate the system with
+the parameters we have and then work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters we have and then work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters we have and then work to
+change our parameters shoot a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our parameters shoot a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our parameters shoot a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+right so let's say we have uh um t overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say we have uh um t overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say we have uh um t overx
+for some very simple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some very simple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some very simple system
+um and I run my controller from initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I run my controller from initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I run my controller from initial
+conditions here and I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and I get some
+trajectory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory with
+Alpha equals 1 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals 1 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equals 1 let's
+say or even Alpha equals some some long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or even Alpha equals some some long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or even Alpha equals some some long
+Vector right maybe it's 1 2 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right maybe it's 1 2 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right maybe it's 1 2 43
+6 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 I get
+that and let's say my goal is to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let's say my goal is to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let's say my goal is to get my
+final conditions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conditions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conditions to be
+here then what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to change Alpha and run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change Alpha and run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change Alpha and run it
+again shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again shooting
+successively until I get to my desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively until I get to my desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively until I get to my desired
+fi final value if I change Alpha then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi final value if I change Alpha then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi final value if I change Alpha then
+maybe my controller gets me here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my controller gets me here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my controller gets me here and if
+I change it again maybe it'll get me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change it again maybe it'll get me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change it again maybe it'll get me all
+the way up to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+right I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a yeah okay I'll tell you the update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah okay I'll tell you the update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah okay I'll tell you the update
+yeah um but the big idea is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um but the big idea is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um but the big idea is I'm going to
+take some um going to try to solve a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some um going to try to solve a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some um going to try to solve a a
+problem for instance a boundary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for instance a boundary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for instance a boundary value
+Problem by starting with some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problem by starting with some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problem by starting with some initial
+conditions simulating and just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions simulating and just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions simulating and just changing
+them parameters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them parameters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them parameters okay
+so you can imagine if the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine if the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine if the thing you're
+trying to solve is not expli I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is not expli I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is not expli I mean a
+boundary value problem is is obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary value problem is is obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary value problem is is obviously
+one thing we can do but maybe you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we can do but maybe you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we can do but maybe you also
+have a cost that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cost that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cost that you're trying to
+optimize over that then uh um the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize over that then uh um the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize over that then uh um the basic
+idea still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea still
+holds okay so I told you um I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay so I told you um I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay so I told you um I told you
+the first way to start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first way to start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first way to start thinking about
+how to do that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um we can evaluate J of Alpha pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can evaluate J of Alpha pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can evaluate J of Alpha pretty
+easily let me stick with my superscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily let me stick with my superscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily let me stick with my superscript
+Alpha notation we can evaluate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha notation we can evaluate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha notation we can evaluate that with
+just forward simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and if you want to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you want to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you want to know how to
+change Alpha then it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alpha then it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alpha then it helps to
+know um the gradients partial J partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um the gradients partial J partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um the gradients partial J partial
+Alpha evaluated it at the current Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I told you one way to do that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I told you one way to do that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I told you one way to do that last
+time with an ad joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method which I still can't resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which I still can't resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which I still can't resist
+calling um back propop through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling um back propop through time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling um back propop through time
+because that's I learned it first as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's I learned it first as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's I learned it first as a
+neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy and there's a second way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and there's a second way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and there's a second way to do it
+which um which in some cases is not less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um which in some cases is not less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um which in some cases is not less
+efficient but is certainly easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but is certainly easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but is certainly easier to
+derive and easier to code so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and easier to code so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive and easier to code so I want to
+do that to make sure we have um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that to make sure we have um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that to make sure we have um the
+intuition about it too it's also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about it too it's also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about it too it's also useful
+um again this is the neural network name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is the neural network name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is the neural network name
+for it this probably a good name from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it this probably a good name from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it this probably a good name from
+more standard optimization Theory but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard optimization Theory but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard optimization Theory but um
+in neural networks people call it real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neural networks people call it real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neural networks people call it real
+time recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning which is RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is RT
+RL this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bptt okay so how do we compute um J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bptt okay so how do we compute um J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bptt okay so how do we compute um J of
+Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right the agid method we told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the agid method we told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the agid method we told you that
+uh I told you that if you simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I told you that if you simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I told you that if you simulate the
+system forward in time um you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system forward in time um you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system forward in time um you get the
+the sort of forward equations you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of forward equations you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of forward equations you figure
+out J if you then simulate the adint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out J if you then simulate the adint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out J if you then simulate the adint
+equation backwards in time I called it y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation backwards in time I called it y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation backwards in time I called it y
+y dot is some function going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot is some function going backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot is some function going backwards
+you can interpret y as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpret y as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpret y as being the
+sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of
+changing um so why let me let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing um so why let me let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing um so why let me let me just
+write down the form of it quickly so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the form of it quickly so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the form of it quickly so we
+um the ad joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ad joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ad joint
+remember was x doal f ofx going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forward make sure I write down the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward make sure I write down the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward make sure I write down the right
+equation before you going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then um negative y dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um negative y dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um negative y dot is
+uh F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh F
+ofx Yus g ofx t where those are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx Yus g ofx t where those are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx Yus g ofx t where those are the big
+gradient matrices I I wrote down last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient matrices I I wrote down last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient matrices I I wrote down last
+time going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backwards and then the update gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and then the update gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and then the update gives you
+um that partial J partial Alpha is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that partial J partial Alpha is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that partial J partial Alpha is just
+a simple integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay so this backwards um equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so this backwards um equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so this backwards um equation
+which happens to be the adjoint equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the adjoint equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the adjoint equation
+we saw in pontryagin's minimum principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in pontryagin's minimum principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in pontryagin's minimum principle
+y has a um interpretation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y has a um interpretation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y has a um interpretation as the
+sensitivity of the cost on changing X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the cost on changing X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the cost on changing X
+why some at some time t y at time three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some at some time t y at time three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some at some time t y at time three
+is the it's the same size the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it's the same size the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it's the same size the same
+Dimension as X this y variable okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension as X this y variable okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension as X this y variable okay it's
+a column Vector just like X it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column Vector just like X it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column Vector just like X it has the
+interpretation it's the the sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation it's the the sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation it's the the sensitivity
+of J on changing X at that time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J on changing X at that time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J on changing X at that time okay so
+you compute forward then you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute forward then you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute forward then you compute
+back the the gradient of J with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the the gradient of J with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the the gradient of J with respect
+to X of T and then knowing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X of T and then knowing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X of T and then knowing that you can
+simply compute the other the the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply compute the other the the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply compute the other the the full
+gradient with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to the
+alpha okay and that took a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay and that took a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay and that took a little bit of
+dation the through the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dation the through the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dation the through the gr
+multipliers um RTL RL is actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simpler is that okay if I if that wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler is that okay if I if that wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler is that okay if I if that wall
+disappears for a minute we wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for a minute we wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears for a minute we wrote that
+last time right it's going to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time right it's going to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time right it's going to going to
+go to my third wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this time I'm only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this time I'm only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this time I'm only going to
+simulate forward in time which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate forward in time which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate forward in time which is why
+it's called real time recurrent learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called real time recurrent learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called real time recurrent learning
+because people think you you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think you you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think you you know some
+people don't like having to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like having to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like having to simulate
+forward to capital T and then simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to capital T and then simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to capital T and then simulate
+all the way back to make an update it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to make an update it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to make an update it's
+sort of you have to go all the way till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you have to go all the way till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you have to go all the way till
+the end of time in order to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time in order to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time in order to make your
+update at time two it's more appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update at time two it's more appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update at time two it's more appealing
+if you can make your update at time two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make your update at time two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make your update at time two
+by just thinking about time 0 to two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just thinking about time 0 to two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just thinking about time 0 to two so
+you can do it in a forward pass only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in a forward pass only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in a forward pass only uh
+the the name came from maybe that's um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the name came from maybe that's um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the name came from maybe that's um I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+um at one point in time someone maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at one point in time someone maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at one point in time someone maybe
+thought maybe this is what the brain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe this is what the brain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe this is what the brain's
+doing because people thought the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because people thought the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because people thought the brain
+can't be doing these backward passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be doing these backward passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be doing these backward passes
+right efficiently so maybe realtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right efficiently so maybe realtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right efficiently so maybe realtime
+recurrent learning is what the brain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent learning is what the brain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent learning is what the brain's
+doing but I don't think people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I don't think people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I don't think people really
+think that anymore that was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that anymore that was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that anymore that was there was
+one paper that thought that which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper that thought that which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper that thought that which is a
+nice paper but so let's do let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper but so let's do let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper but so let's do let me just
+show you rtrl because it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you rtrl because it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you rtrl because it turns out to be
+maybe even the more um the more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the more um the more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the more um the more simple
+thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so
+um I have J um of alpha starting from x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero is the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+oops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again let me come up with a a new um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me come up with a a new um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me come up with a a new um
+working variable this the previous one y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working variable this the previous one y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working variable this the previous one y
+was was useful coming backwards if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was useful coming backwards if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was useful coming backwards if we're
+going to go forward let me Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go forward let me Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go forward let me Define a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+P where the ith element is partial x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P where the ith element is partial x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P where the ith element is partial x i
+partial Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+okay if I have that and I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have that and I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have that and I want to take
+gradients with respect to this then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients with respect to this then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients with respect to this then I
+can do it pretty easily actually if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it pretty easily actually if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it pretty easily actually if I
+want to do paral J partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do paral J partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do paral J partial
+Alpha it's just I can go inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's just I can go inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's just I can go inside the
+integral it's just DT and just using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's just DT and just using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's just DT and just using my
+chain rule here I get partial G partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here I get partial G partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here I get partial G partial
+X partial X partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial X partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial X partial
+Alpha right these are X at sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right these are X at sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right these are X at sometime
+t plus partial G partial U at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus partial G partial U at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus partial G partial U at time
+T partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T partial
+Pi partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha and in general if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and in general if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and in general if I have a
+feedback term in my policy I'm also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback term in my policy I'm also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback term in my policy I'm also got
+to worry about partial G partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about partial G partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about partial G partial U
+partial Pi partial X partial X partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha it's just a chain rule derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's just a chain rule derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's just a chain rule derivative
+of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agree turns out using those Matrix um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree turns out using those Matrix um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree turns out using those Matrix um
+you know the matrices we had used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the matrices we had used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the matrices we had used before
+I can write that very simply as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write that very simply as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write that very simply as uh
+integral from 0 to T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T of
+GX the big derivative of x * P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX the big derivative of x * P this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX the big derivative of x * P this
+Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix here
+plus the big derivative of G on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha right if we can if we know partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right if we can if we know partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right if we can if we know partial
+X of T partial Alpha then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T partial Alpha then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T partial Alpha then
+it's it's easy okay so how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy okay so how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy okay so how do we get
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+x t partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t partial
+Alpha well that's easy too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the forward equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the forward equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the forward equation here
+x u which is in this case Pi alpha x t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's look at the how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at the how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at the how those
+this changes with Alpha right let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes with Alpha right let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes with Alpha right let's take
+the derivative with respect to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to Alpha
+I'll write it even more cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X Plus partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus partial F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus partial F partial
+U um partial Pi partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um partial Pi partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um partial Pi partial
+X time P which is partial X partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time P which is partial X partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time P which is partial X partial
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+right write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody agree with that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agree with that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agree with that chain
+rule no okay ask yeah so there we have G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule no okay ask yeah so there we have G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule no okay ask yeah so there we have G
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect be the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh g g of X is actually um partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g g of X is actually um partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g g of X is actually um partial G
+partial X Plus partial u g partial U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X Plus partial u g partial U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X Plus partial u g partial U
+partial Pi partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Pi partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Pi partial
+X right that's the big gradient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right that's the big gradient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right that's the big gradient with
+respect to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i this is now the Matrix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this is now the Matrix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this is now the Matrix uh
+P oh thank you that should be a j on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P oh thank you that should be a j on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P oh thank you that should be a j on the
+bottom good thank you please do catch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom good thank you please do catch me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom good thank you please do catch me
+on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things yeah thank you okay so then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah thank you okay so then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah thank you okay so then then
+then are we happy with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is pretty simple too I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is pretty simple too I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is pretty simple too I just
+now I get us an equation forward in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I get us an equation forward in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I get us an equation forward in the
+gradients P dot right is my big f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients P dot right is my big f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients P dot right is my big f of x
+which again is part the direct and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again is part the direct and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again is part the direct and the
+indirect um gradient respect to X time p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect um gradient respect to X time p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect um gradient respect to X time p
+plus the gradient of f with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the gradient of f with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the gradient of f with respect to
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's
+it right I'm almost waiting for more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right I'm almost waiting for more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right I'm almost waiting for more to
+do right but so if you're willing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right but so if you're willing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right but so if you're willing to go
+if you want to go forward in time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go forward in time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go forward in time then
+um if you're willing to keep around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're willing to keep around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're willing to keep around this
+extra term partial P um or sorry partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term partial P um or sorry partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term partial P um or sorry partial
+X partial Alpha then as you move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial Alpha then as you move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X partial Alpha then as you move forward
+in time you can you can build up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you can you can build up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you can you can build up your
+gradient of partial J partial Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of partial J partial Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of partial J partial Alpha
+right and by the time you get to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and by the time you get to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and by the time you get to the end
+of time you don't have to go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time you don't have to go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time you don't have to go backwards
+again you know what the total derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know what the total derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know what the total derivative
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+MHM so what why would you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHM so what why would you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHM so what why would you use this
+versus the other method everybody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other method everybody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other method everybody okay
+with that sort of I I don't see big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that sort of I I don't see big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that sort of I I don't see big
+smiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiles
+but this is satisfying and simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is satisfying and simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is satisfying and simple right
+smile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile
+um the cost of this is carrying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost of this is carrying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost of this is carrying around
+this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so potentially that could be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so potentially that could be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so potentially that could be big
+if you have a lot of parameters let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of parameters let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of parameters let's
+say I have a 100 parameters in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a 100 parameters in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a 100 parameters in my
+control system or 10,000 parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system or 10,000 parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system or 10,000 parameters in
+my control system then you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control system then you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control system then you're actually
+integrating forward a matrix equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating forward a matrix equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating forward a matrix equation
+that could be pretty big right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be pretty big right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be pretty big right it's
+something that's X the dimension of X by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's X the dimension of X by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's X the dimension of X by
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+parameters so that's one that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that's one that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that's one that's really
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+only problem with it okay the back prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem with it okay the back prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem with it okay the back prop
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time is more is is only carrying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is more is is only carrying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is more is is only carrying around
+this Y which is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y which is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y which is the size of
+X but to do this sort of nice forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but to do this sort of nice forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but to do this sort of nice forward
+backward update you'd better be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward update you'd better be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward update you'd better be able to
+remember um the trajectory that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the trajectory that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the trajectory that you've
+taken that X has taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken that X has taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken that X has taken over
+time so for very long trajectories it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for very long trajectories it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for very long trajectories it
+might not be much more efficient to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be much more efficient to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be much more efficient to do
+this um it's just a trade-off some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um it's just a trade-off some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um it's just a trade-off some
+problems are actually quite um nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are actually quite um nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are actually quite um nicely
+done in rtrl some are nicely done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in rtrl some are nicely done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in rtrl some are nicely done with
+with backrop through time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with backrop through time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with backrop through time the the
+backrop through time is the reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backrop through time is the reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backrop through time is the reason it's
+so beautiful and clean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beautiful and clean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beautiful and clean is that
+um so remembering um so your goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remembering um so your goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remembering um so your goal here
+is to compute a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute a vector
+partial J which J is a scalar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial J which J is a scalar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial J which J is a scalar with
+respect to a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a vector of
+parameters right here you have to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right here you have to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right here you have to carry
+around a matrix to do that partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a matrix to do that partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a matrix to do that partial X
+forward right the back propop through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right the back propop through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right the back propop through
+time takes advantage of the fact that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time takes advantage of the fact that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time takes advantage of the fact that at
+the end of time everything collapses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time everything collapses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time everything collapses to
+a scaler again and that's why it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler again and that's why it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler again and that's why it only
+has to sort of carry backwards if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sort of carry backwards if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sort of carry backwards if you're
+willing to go all the way at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go all the way at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go all the way at the end of
+time you can remember only the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can remember only the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can remember only the the
+effect of that scalar value J with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that scalar value J with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that scalar value J with
+respect to the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the X's
+so that's why you're allowed to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you're allowed to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you're allowed to carry
+around less of this okay but it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around less of this okay but it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around less of this okay but it involves
+going forward and backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is that intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more there's various other reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's various other reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's various other reasons why
+you might prefer one or the other so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might prefer one or the other so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might prefer one or the other so for
+instance um let's say you have a a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um let's say you have a a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um let's say you have a a final
+a boundary condition let's say your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition let's say your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition let's say your your
+um cost function your you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cost function your you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cost function your you want to solve
+this constraint this this minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint this this minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint this this minimize this
+function subject to the constraint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function subject to the constraint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function subject to the constraint that
+X of capital t is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal right you can write that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right you can write that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right you can write that constraint
+into either of them I find it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into either of them I find it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into either of them I find it more
+natural to write it into this the rtrl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to write it into this the rtrl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to write it into this the rtrl
+form just because you know explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just because you know explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just because you know explicitly
+partial X partial Alpha so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X partial Alpha so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X partial Alpha so if you want
+to compute at the end your constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute at the end your constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute at the end your constraint
+derivatives saying what should I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives saying what should I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives saying what should I have
+done how should I have changed Alpha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how should I have changed Alpha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done how should I have changed Alpha in
+order to enforce that constraint then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enforce that constraint then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enforce that constraint then
+it's actually a simple function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a simple function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a simple function of
+P so I I maybe I'm not giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so I I maybe I'm not giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so I I maybe I'm not giving you a
+Silver Bullet by telling you one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silver Bullet by telling you one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silver Bullet by telling you one way or
+the other but depending on exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but depending on exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but depending on exactly the
+way you want to use them sometimes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you want to use them sometimes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you want to use them sometimes one
+is more useful than the other okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more useful than the other okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more useful than the other okay so in
+the simulations I'm about to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulations I'm about to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulations I'm about to show you
+I'm going to actually use rtrl just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually use rtrl just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually use rtrl just
+because it's also this is Trivial to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also this is Trivial to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also this is Trivial to to
+code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so but the big idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but the big idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but the big idea here is
+really just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that
+I'm doing a shooting method I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing a shooting method I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing a shooting method I'm
+simulating this thing forward and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating this thing forward and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating this thing forward and I'm
+trying to compute what's the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute what's the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute what's the change in
+that my scalar cost with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my scalar cost with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my scalar cost with respect to a
+change of my parameters so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of my parameters so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of my parameters so that I can
+then update my parameters and last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then update my parameters and last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then update my parameters and last time
+we talked about multiple ways to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about multiple ways to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about multiple ways to do that
+you might do that with a simple gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do that with a simple gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do that with a simple gradient
+descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent
+algorithm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could do gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do gradient
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+descent you could say that Alpha um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent you could say that Alpha um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent you could say that Alpha um at
+the N plus one step is just alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus one step is just alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus one step is just alpha n
+minus some learning rate Ada time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some learning rate Ada time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some learning rate Ada time
+partial J partial Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I argued last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I argued last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I argued last time
+that you can do better than that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do better than that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do better than that by
+sequential quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming to the point where sqp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming to the point where sqp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming to the point where sqp
+methods are so robust that you just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are so robust that you just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are so robust that you just find
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+Snapped you download it and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snapped you download it and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snapped you download it and you use
+it I'll try to convince you as the uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll try to convince you as the uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll try to convince you as the uh as
+we run some of these things that apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run some of these things that apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run some of these things that apart
+from installing a package which takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from installing a package which takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from installing a package which takes a
+few few minutes uh once you do it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few minutes uh once you do it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few few minutes uh once you do it you'll
+never go back to this okay I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back to this okay I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back to this okay I'll tell you
+one reason right off the bat choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason right off the bat choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason right off the bat choosing
+the learning rate is pain in the butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning rate is pain in the butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning rate is pain in the butt
+yeah you never have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you never have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you never have to do it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sold okay uh let's see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold okay uh let's see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold okay uh let's see some
+examples um let me do the pendulum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um let me do the pendulum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um let me do the pendulum with
+snapped okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped okay so
+um so using snapped is just all you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so using snapped is just all you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so using snapped is just all you do
+is you tell it you give it a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you tell it you give it a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you tell it you give it a function
+which can compute J and J the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can compute J and J the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can compute J and J the the
+derivatives of J it's so snap stood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of J it's so snap stood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of J it's so snap stood for
+sparse nonlinear optimal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse nonlinear optimal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse nonlinear optimal or
+optimization and uh um in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and uh um in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and uh um in a lot of
+problems many elements of this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many elements of this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems many elements of this Vector
+partial J partial Alpha are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial J partial Alpha are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial J partial Alpha are
+zero okay we're going to see that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay we're going to see that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay we're going to see that in our
+direct collocation methods they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct collocation methods they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct collocation methods they're very
+there's a lot of the method a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of the method a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of the method a lot of
+those gradients are zero it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gradients are zero it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gradients are zero it happens in
+the one I just told you um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I just told you um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I just told you um this is a
+typically not typically all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not typically all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not typically all of those
+elements of that Vector are uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of that Vector are uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of that Vector are uh are
+nonzero which means I'm not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero which means I'm not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero which means I'm not actually
+getting an advantage by using the sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an advantage by using the sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an advantage by using the sparse
+npol is the non-sparse version but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npol is the non-sparse version but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npol is the non-sparse version but I
+don't think it's much worse if if if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's much worse if if if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's much worse if if if any
+worse okay just for those of you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay just for those of you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay just for those of you that
+are trying to figure out which package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to figure out which package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to figure out which package
+you want to convince your pi to buy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to convince your pi to buy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to convince your pi to buy I
+think snapped is normally pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think snapped is normally pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think snapped is normally pretty pretty
+good um okay so and there's a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um okay so and there's a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um okay so and there's a student
+version uh that we can have you download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh that we can have you download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh that we can have you download
+that'll do small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems okay so let's do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so let's do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so let's do the the
+pendulum um my cost function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is just an lqr cost yeah I have q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just an lqr cost yeah I have q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just an lqr cost yeah I have q is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+I have J is the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have J is the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have J is the integral from 0 to
+capital T of xus the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T of xus the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T of xus the X
+goal I had to be careful about wrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I had to be careful about wrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I had to be careful about wrapping
+but transpose Q x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but transpose Q x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but transpose Q x - x
+goal plus u transpose r u whole thing DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I actually also have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I actually also have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I actually also have a final
+value cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where
+um Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 one qf is 100 times that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 one qf is 100 times that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 one qf is 100 times that or
+something q and R is uh 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's going to reward the thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to reward the thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to reward the thing for
+getting to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the top
+right let's see what it does I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see what it does I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see what it does I'm going
+to plot um the trajectory for every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot um the trajectory for every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot um the trajectory for every step
+of the optimization okay so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optimization okay so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optimization okay so it's not
+quite doing Simple gradient descent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doing Simple gradient descent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doing Simple gradient descent it's
+now going to do a sequential quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to do a sequential quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to do a sequential quadratic
+programming update where it estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming update where it estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming update where it estimates
+the quadratic bowl and tries to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic bowl and tries to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic bowl and tries to jump
+right to the minimum of the bowl so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the minimum of the bowl so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the minimum of the bowl so it's
+going to be a little bit more jumpy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit more jumpy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit more jumpy as
+you see it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast finding the last optimization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast finding the last optimization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast finding the last optimization and
+then Boop right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Boop right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Boop right to the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+yeah a question so how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a question so how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a question so how does this
+trajectory parameterized is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory parameterized is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory parameterized is it is it
+just open it's exactly this the floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open it's exactly this the floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open it's exactly this the floor of
+the of T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of T over
+DT my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT my
+sloppy notation was because it's MLB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy notation was because it's MLB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy notation was because it's MLB
+notation right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that's the the open loop policy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the the open loop policy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the the open loop policy which
+is the which had U at time T was just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the which had U at time T was just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the which had U at time T was just I
+do a floor and I go to the to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a floor and I go to the to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a floor and I go to the to the nth
+index in Alpha so alpha 1 is my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index in Alpha so alpha 1 is my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index in Alpha so alpha 1 is my control
+action from zero to DT so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action from zero to DT so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action from zero to DT so how many
+paramet in this cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramet in this cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramet in this cas
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I did 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I did 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I did 2
+seconds covered by 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bins I bet if I do 20 bins it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins I bet if I do 20 bins it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins I bet if I do 20 bins it's okay
+might be a little less faithful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little less faithful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little less faithful to
+the less smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less smooth
+but it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works
+out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's fast I mean so please realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's fast I mean so please realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's fast I mean so please realize
+that like 60% of that time was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 60% of that time was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 60% of that time was just
+drawing those plots to the screen easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing those plots to the screen easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing those plots to the screen easily
+easily right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right
+um okay it's just especially when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay it's just especially when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay it's just especially when it's
+reshaping the screen and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping the screen and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping the screen and stuff like that
+that's wasted time okay so um hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wasted time okay so um hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wasted time okay so um hey we
+could do the same thing on the C Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing on the C Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing on the C Pole
+right can we do this without time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we do this without time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we do this without time time
+good question yes so um yes it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question yes so um yes it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question yes so um yes it's quite
+simple in direct collocation it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in direct collocation it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in direct collocation it's really
+simple so why don't I so actually my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so why don't I so actually my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so why don't I so actually my
+imple my code does it for direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imple my code does it for direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imple my code does it for direct
+collocation and doesn't do it for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and doesn't do it for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and doesn't do it for for
+the gradient but it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient but it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient but it's actually quite
+fine you just have to have t as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you just have to have t as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you just have to have t as one of
+your parameters tucked into Alpha and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parameters tucked into Alpha and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parameters tucked into Alpha and be
+able to compute partial J partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute partial J partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute partial J partial
+T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which
+is not very hard actually if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very hard actually if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very hard actually if you just
+have to you just have to figure out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you just have to figure out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you just have to figure out um
+you know how this function changes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how this function changes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how this function changes when
+you add when you take a derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add when you take a derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add when you take a derivative with
+respect to T and it's it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T and it's it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T and it's it's just it's
+like an x dot times the quantity J at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an x dot times the quantity J at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an x dot times the quantity J at T
+it's not too bad yeah if you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad yeah if you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad yeah if you can take
+that gradient you can you can optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient you can you can optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradient you can you can optimize
+with respect to it okay so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to it okay so what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to it okay so what about
+for the cart pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh I forgot I took off the zooming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I forgot I took off the zooming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I forgot I took off the zooming so
+it's it's a I gave it a fixed axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to make a liar out of me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make a liar out of me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make a liar out of me this
+is the slowest I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there it is
+right can I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that
+again it's normally more impressive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's starting from random initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's starting from random initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's starting from random initial
+tapes by the way and every time I've run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes by the way and every time I've run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes by the way and every time I've run
+it it comes up with the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it comes up with the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it comes up with the same for the
+cart pole comes up with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart pole comes up with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart pole comes up with the same
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+right not quite as impressive as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not quite as impressive as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not quite as impressive as it was
+in the lab but uh but that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab but uh but that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab but uh but that's still
+pretty good yeah and if I turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good yeah and if I turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good yeah and if I turn off
+drawing I bet it's a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawing there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing there we
+go and I think my computer's slower on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I think my computer's slower on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I think my computer's slower on
+battery power too that's probably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery power too that's probably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery power too that's probably it's
+my my my I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my my I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my my I'm
+disappointed oh well still pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed oh well still pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed oh well still pretty fast
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um good so yeah so I was just wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good so yeah so I was just wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good so yeah so I was just wondering
+if you simulated longer would it stay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simulated longer would it stay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simulated longer would it stay at
+the top or would it fall down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I actually put a final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I actually put a final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I actually put a final value
+constraint in on that so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in on that so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in on that so it actually
+gets to0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to0
+0 so because I'm simulating it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so because I'm simulating it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so because I'm simulating it probably
+would stay up right um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay up right um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay up right um but I think
+natural thing to do would be to to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do would be to to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do would be to to throw
+an lqr controller in on the top for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lqr controller in on the top for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lqr controller in on the top for
+instance right and in fact we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right and in fact we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right and in fact we're going
+to talk on Tuesday about how to lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk on Tuesday about how to lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk on Tuesday about how to lqr
+stabilize that whole trajectory because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize that whole trajectory because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize that whole trajectory because
+for the most part I think open loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part I think open loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part I think open loop is
+just the first piece of the Just Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first piece of the Just Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first piece of the Just Just
+One of the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the tools
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um good so what happens if we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you can do the acrobot too I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do the acrobot too I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do the acrobot too I'll do
+the acrobot in a second here but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I also have the sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also have the sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I also have the sort of simple
+gradient descent version in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent version in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent version in
+here that if I just did my um Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if I just did my um Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if I just did my um Alpha
+equals beta * DJ d alpha in there let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals beta * DJ d alpha in there let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals beta * DJ d alpha in there let's
+see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does was that faster it's too bad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does was that faster it's too bad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does was that faster it's too bad okay
+let me try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again that's not running I didn't save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I knew that was too good to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true okay my errors are too big I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay my errors are too big I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay my errors are too big I
+probably have to change my learning rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to change my learning rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to change my learning rate
+there boy confirming my complaint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it
+works right but never do it again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right but never do it again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right but never do it again you
+don't need to just download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to just download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to just download
+spped okay it'll get there eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spped okay it'll get there eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spped okay it'll get there eventually
+you can see the air is going down and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the air is going down and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the air is going down and if
+I you know set my learning rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know set my learning rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know set my learning rate
+properly it'll go down pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly it'll go down pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly it'll go down pretty
+fast but not fast enough for me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but not fast enough for me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but not fast enough for me to be
+patient right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the snapped version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again on the pendulum is very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the pendulum is very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the pendulum is very fast
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me do um direct collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do um direct collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do um direct collocation
+before we get too mystified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulations there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations there's another
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+um so so shooting methods can are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so shooting methods can are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so shooting methods can are are
+certainly subject to local Minima and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly subject to local Minima and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly subject to local Minima and
+I've got an example that I'll I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an example that I'll I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an example that I'll I'll show
+you in a few minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a few minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a few minutes um
+that I hope we'll make that clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope we'll make that clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope we'll make that clear that
+why they can be subject to local Minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they can be subject to local Minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they can be subject to local Minima
+um some that people do um they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some that people do um they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some that people do um they do
+sometimes multiple shooting methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes multiple shooting methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes multiple shooting methods
+sometimes it sort of um there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it sort of um there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it sort of um there's even
+numerical sensitivity sometimes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical sensitivity sometimes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical sensitivity sometimes sort of
+of integrating this thing for such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrating this thing for such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrating this thing for such a
+long time so a lot of times people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so a lot of times people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so a lot of times people will
+Define some break point in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some break point in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some break point in the middle of
+their some artificial break point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their some artificial break point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their some artificial break point in the
+middle of their um trajectory and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of their um trajectory and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of their um trajectory and say
+I'm going to optimize first try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to optimize first try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to optimize first try to get
+me to this point and then I'll say if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to this point and then I'll say if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to this point and then I'll say if I
+simulated from some other point to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated from some other point to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated from some other point to here
+and then use as a constraint in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use as a constraint in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use as a constraint in their
+optimization to try to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to try to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to try to make that
+residual go to to zero if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual go to to zero if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual go to to zero if that makes
+sense I'm just I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I'm just I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I'm just I'm not going to talk
+about multiple shooting but just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiple shooting but just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiple shooting but just know
+that um there's a version that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's a version that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's a version that people
+use often which are the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use often which are the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use often which are the multiple
+shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods to some extent direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to some extent direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to some extent direct
+collocation is maybe the the extreme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation is maybe the the extreme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation is maybe the the extreme of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um I told you there's a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I told you there's a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I told you there's a lot of good
+reasons to use snapped or or some sqp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to use snapped or or some sqp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to use snapped or or some sqp
+okay so so first of all um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know why use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why use
+snapped um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped um
+no learning rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no learning rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no learning rate
+tweaking that's a big one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking that's a big one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking that's a big one for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+um it's often faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence because you're doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence because you're doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence because you're doing you
+know big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big
+steps you can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you can sometimes
+jump over small local Minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but there's a big one in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's a big one in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's a big one in there
+that's not on the list yet what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on the list yet what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on the list yet what's the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+one I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say what's perhaps the the best reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's perhaps the the best reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's perhaps the the best reason I
+think to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to use
+SNT for constraints good it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNT for constraints good it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNT for constraints good it's easy to
+add constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the way these sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way these sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way these sequential
+programs are solved are with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are solved are with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are solved are with these
+interior Point methods and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior Point methods and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior Point methods and things like
+this and they're they're very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they're they're very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they're they're very efficient
+at handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at handling
+constraints okay so in my um pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints okay so in my um pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints okay so in my um pendulum
+swing up on the simple gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing up on the simple gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing up on the simple gradient descent
+I didn't actually have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually have a final
+constraint on getting to the top in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on getting to the top in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on getting to the top in the
+SN version It's just trivial to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN version It's just trivial to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN version It's just trivial to add that
+okay I can put bounds on my actions very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can put bounds on my actions very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can put bounds on my actions very
+easily I could say that do gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I could say that do gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I could say that do gradient
+descent but never let um U at time T be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but never let um U at time T be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but never let um U at time T be
+better bigger than five right I can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bigger than five right I can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bigger than five right I can even
+I can even put constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can even put constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can even put constraints on the
+trajectory if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory if I wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay so because of the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because of the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because of the power of
+nonlinear optimization to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization to handle
+constraints people came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints people came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints people came up with a
+different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to
+hand um the optimal control problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um the optimal control problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um the optimal control problem to
+an sqp method that that exploits those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sqp method that that exploits those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sqp method that that exploits those
+constraint solving abilities a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint solving abilities a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint solving abilities a little
+bit more explicitly and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more explicitly and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more explicitly and that's the
+direct collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods please yeah we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods please yeah we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods please yeah we talking about
+previous cases we showed um isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cases we showed um isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cases we showed um isn't it
+just providing the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just providing the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just providing the cost function
+provided the qes and R be sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the qes and R be sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the qes and R be sufficient to
+actually get a pen to the top so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a pen to the top so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a pen to the top so if you
+add a hard constraint on top of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a hard constraint on top of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a hard constraint on top of it that
+we want it to be on the top it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be on the top it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be on the top it sort of
+like cheating with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cheating with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cheating with respect to
+Method um because the goal that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method um because the goal that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method um because the goal that we have
+is essentially is maximize or minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially is maximize or minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially is maximize or minimize
+the the cost that you have over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost that you have over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost that you have over the
+trajectory we can like put some content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we can like put some content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we can like put some content
+like it would be more information right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would be more information right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would be more information right
+like for example I want to reach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example I want to reach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example I want to reach this
+estate or that estate for sure without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate or that estate for sure without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate or that estate for sure without
+specifying a cost or yeah that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a cost or yeah that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a cost or yeah that so I
+think that's a very RL way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very RL way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very RL way to think
+about it right um not cheating I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right um not cheating I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right um not cheating I mean
+cheat cheating is good if you can hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat cheating is good if you can hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat cheating is good if you can hand
+more information to your algorithm do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to your algorithm do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to your algorithm do it
+don't worry about cheating but but no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about cheating but but no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about cheating but but no I
+agree me adust so the question was is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree me adust so the question was is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree me adust so the question was is it
+fair to give it a final get value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to give it a final get value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to give it a final get value
+constraint or am I comparing apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or am I comparing apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint or am I comparing apples and
+oranges roughly right I if I say one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges roughly right I if I say one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges roughly right I if I say one is
+not using the final value constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the final value constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the final value constraint and
+the other one is so in my opinion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is so in my opinion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is so in my opinion the
+goal is actually to get there at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is actually to get there at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is actually to get there at time T
+right the optimal control problem I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the optimal control problem I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the optimal control problem I'd
+like to solve is minimize some even um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to solve is minimize some even um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to solve is minimize some even um
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+minimizing um just U transpose r u DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing um just U transpose r u DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing um just U transpose r u DT
+subject to X of T is my goal that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to X of T is my goal that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to X of T is my goal that might
+be my favorite way to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my favorite way to write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my favorite way to write it down
+right um and that's just the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that's just the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that's just the question is
+what methods can I use to to to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what methods can I use to to to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what methods can I use to to to solve
+that so the opposite view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the opposite view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the opposite view of the world
+here maybe is that because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe is that because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe is that because a lot of the
+methods don't handle these constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods don't handle these constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods don't handle these constraints
+explicitly I'm stuck writing down a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I'm stuck writing down a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I'm stuck writing down a cost
+function which is X transpose QX plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is X transpose QX plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is X transpose QX plus u
+transpose Ru right even if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Ru right even if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Ru right even if that's not
+explicitly what I want or or maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what I want or or maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what I want or or maybe maybe
+I should say um especially the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say um especially the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say um especially the closest
+analogy is if I have a final value cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is if I have a final value cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is if I have a final value cost
+right right and maybe I make qf really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and maybe I make qf really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and maybe I make qf really
+big the only question is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the only question is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the only question is what do you
+really want to do in most cases I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do in most cases I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do in most cases I really
+want to do that so I'm I'm quite happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that so I'm I'm quite happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that so I'm I'm quite happy
+to um use solvers which could do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um use solvers which could do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um use solvers which could do either
+case I think a more powerful solver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think a more powerful solver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think a more powerful solver is
+one that can handle either case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can handle either case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can handle either case the
+other question is if we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is if we want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is if we want to solve
+something which takes a lot of time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which takes a lot of time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which takes a lot of time like
+T is relatively big seems that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is relatively big seems that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is relatively big seems that uh that
+this open loop policy thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open loop policy thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open loop policy thing that you're
+following it has one parameter per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it has one parameter per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it has one parameter per time
+step y could have a lot of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step y could have a lot of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step y could have a lot of parameters
+right good but is it possible to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good but is it possible to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good but is it possible to like
+just describe the whole policy with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe the whole policy with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe the whole policy with a
+very limited space with like a very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited space with like a very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited space with like a very few
+parameters and all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and all for
+that so I tried to be careful to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I tried to be careful to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I tried to be careful to write
+down the equations so the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equations so the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equations so the question was
+um Can people hear the question or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can people hear the question or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can people hear the question or not
+the question was roughly that uh um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was roughly that uh um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was roughly that uh um that
+if you're worried about a problem with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about a problem with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about a problem with a
+very long Horizon time it seems that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long Horizon time it seems that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long Horizon time it seems that I
+might have to have a very long large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to have a very long large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to have a very long large
+list of parameters to cover to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of parameters to cover to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of parameters to cover to make a
+tape that's that long right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape that's that long right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape that's that long right and so
+aren't the algorithms rather inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the algorithms rather inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the algorithms rather inefficient
+there wouldn't couldn't I do better by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't couldn't I do better by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't couldn't I do better by
+writing down maybe a feedback policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down maybe a feedback policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down maybe a feedback policy
+right that's often the cas is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's often the cas is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's often the cas is that
+feedback policies can be more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies can be more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies can be more compact
+right so I tried to write down all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I tried to write down all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I tried to write down all these
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+um uh as if there was some dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh as if there was some dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh as if there was some dependence on
+on X in your policy 2 so you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X in your policy 2 so you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X in your policy 2 so you so the
+equations will be the same if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be the same if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will be the same if you do
+that version the only thing thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version the only thing thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version the only thing thing that I
+don't handle nicely in the the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't handle nicely in the the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't handle nicely in the the things
+I'm throwing up on the board is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing up on the board is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing up on the board is that I'm
+always simulating from the same x0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always simulating from the same x0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always simulating from the same x0 so
+I'm really explicitly optimizing even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really explicitly optimizing even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really explicitly optimizing even if
+I optimize a feedback controller from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I optimize a feedback controller from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I optimize a feedback controller from a
+single initial Condition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single initial Condition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single initial Condition it's
+performance from a single initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from a single initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from a single initial
+condition so you can quite easily say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so you can quite easily say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so you can quite easily say
+make um you know make a different cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um you know make a different cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um you know make a different cost
+function which is let's say I want J to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is let's say I want J to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is let's say I want J to
+be the sum of my performance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of my performance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of my performance from
+initial conditions you know you know K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions you know you know K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions you know you know K
+through 100 and this would be say j a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 100 and this would be say j a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 100 and this would be say j a of
+XK Z or something like this right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK Z or something like this right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK Z or something like this right maybe
+I could I could start it from 100 of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could start it from 100 of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could start it from 100 of my
+favorite initial conditions and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite initial conditions and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite initial conditions and that
+would try to optimize a feedback policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to optimize a feedback policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to optimize a feedback policy
+perhaps better um but the the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps better um but the the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps better um but the the only thing
+that's not nicely addressed I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not nicely addressed I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not nicely addressed I think is
+is choosing your initial conditions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choosing your initial conditions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choosing your initial conditions in a
+nice way DP dynamic programming handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way DP dynamic programming handles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way DP dynamic programming handles
+that beautifully and these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beautifully and these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beautifully and these things are
+much more local methods so they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more local methods so they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more local methods so they have to
+be in there but I absolutely agree often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there but I absolutely agree often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in there but I absolutely agree often
+times the um um open loop tapes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the um um open loop tapes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the um um open loop tapes are not
+a not a particularly sparse way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not a particularly sparse way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not a particularly sparse way to
+parameterize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize a
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+good so the direct collocation methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the direct collocation methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the direct collocation methods
+like I said they more explicitly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said they more explicitly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said they more explicitly they're
+even more in the sense of open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more in the sense of open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more in the sense of open loop
+policies versus feedback policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies versus feedback policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies versus feedback policies
+actually and they're but they also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and they're but they also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and they're but they also more
+explicitly add these constraints okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly add these constraints okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly add these constraints okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the idea let's make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea let's make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea let's make my
+Alpha my Vector that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha my Vector that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha my Vector that I'm trying to
+optimize over a list of can I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize over a list of can I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize over a list of can I call it
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+uu U1 U2 is that that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu U1 U2 is that that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu U1 U2 is that that's another
+reasonable way to describe what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to describe what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to describe what I've
+already done right to U capital N I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done right to U capital N I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done right to U capital N I've
+got a list of control actions right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a list of control actions right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a list of control actions right but
+now I'm going to actually also I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to actually also I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to actually also I'm going
+to augment my parameter Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to augment my parameter Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to augment my parameter Vector
+with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the
+state Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm just going to make an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just going to make an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just going to make an even
+bigger uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger uh parameter
+Vector okay one of the reasons to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay one of the reasons to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay one of the reasons to do
+that is I can now evaluate J um of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I can now evaluate J um of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I can now evaluate J um of alpha
+which is this 0 to t g of X maybe I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this 0 to t g of X maybe I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this 0 to t g of X maybe I even
+I approximate it discretization right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you can have a DT in there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have a DT in there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have a DT in there or not
+doesn't matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me if I have you and X and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I have you and X and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I have you and X and all these
+things directly in my parameter Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things directly in my parameter Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things directly in my parameter Vector I
+don't actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to
+simulate in order to evaluate that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate in order to evaluate that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate in order to evaluate that I can
+just evaluate it immediately right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just evaluate it immediately right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just evaluate it immediately right I
+have X and I have U the only problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X and I have U the only problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X and I have U the only problem is
+that how do I pick um Alpha so that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I pick um Alpha so that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I pick um Alpha so that X
+and U are consistent right it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U are consistent right it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U are consistent right it better be
+the case that X1 looks like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that X1 looks like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that X1 looks like you know the
+integration of x0 with with u applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of x0 with with u applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of x0 with with u applied
+had better get me to X1 so instead of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better get me to X1 so instead of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better get me to X1 so instead of of
+having that sort of implicit in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that sort of implicit in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that sort of implicit in my
+equations let's make it an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's make it an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's make it an explicit
+constraint so let's do this subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so let's do this subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so let's do this subject to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+constraint that X of n + one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that X of n + one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that X of n + one actually
+lots of constraints right so it's a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of constraints right so it's a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of constraints right so it's a list
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+constraints X1 had better be um f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints X1 had better be um f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints X1 had better be um f of
+x0 u0 time DT let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it better be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so on an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if I'm willing to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm willing to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm willing to add
+representation here I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here I can actually
+evaluate my cost function without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate my cost function without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate my cost function without
+explicitly simulating that's cool I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly simulating that's cool I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly simulating that's cool I can
+take gradients very quickly because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take gradients very quickly because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take gradients very quickly because now
+it's just explicitly the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just explicitly the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just explicitly the gradients
+partial G partial X well I know X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right would you also want x1- f x0 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would you also want x1- f x0 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would you also want x1- f x0 u
+dtus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 yes thank you thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 yes thank you thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 yes thank you thank you um
+so Plus thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good thank you I had some weird mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good thank you I had some weird mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good thank you I had some weird mix
+of discreete time and continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discreete time and continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discreete time and continuous time
+floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you can if you
+parameterize it like this um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it like this um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it like this um you can
+very efficiently calculate the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently calculate the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently calculate the gradients
+for instance words you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance words you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance words you can you can
+easily calculate the gradient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily calculate the gradient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily calculate the gradient with
+respect to time in this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time in this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time in this parameter
+and you just add a lot of constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just add a lot of constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just add a lot of constraints to
+your solver and you're you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solver and you're you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solver and you're you're asking
+your solver to solve for a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solver to solve for a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solver to solve for a lot more
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+right turns out that I mean these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right turns out that I mean these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right turns out that I mean these the
+the solvers handle constraints very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvers handle constraints very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvers handle constraints very
+efficiently in fact it it's often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently in fact it it's often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently in fact it it's often times
+more efficient to add constraints to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to add constraints to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to add constraints to the
+system because it it reduces the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it it reduces the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it it reduces the search
+base okay so this is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base okay so this is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base okay so this is actually quite
+fast the only criticism of it or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the only criticism of it or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the only criticism of it or and
+there's another nice thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another nice thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another nice thing about it is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you can sort of I'll show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of I'll show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of I'll show you what I
+mean by this but you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this but you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this but you can sort of
+initialize this um in ways that hop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize this um in ways that hop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize this um in ways that hop out
+of other local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other local
+Minima so if I let's say I just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so if I let's say I just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so if I let's say I just choose
+my initial conditions in the previous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial conditions in the previous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial conditions in the previous um
+simulations I just always just chose u0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations I just always just chose u0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations I just always just chose u0o
+to un to be some random small random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un to be some random small random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un to be some random small random
+number so the the pendulum in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the the pendulum in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the the pendulum in the first
+thing would just shake here a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would just shake here a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would just shake here a little bit
+and then it quickly changed until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it quickly changed until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it quickly changed until it
+swing up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing up to the
+top I can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I can pick
+X perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X perhaps more
+intelligently it won't have satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently it won't have satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently it won't have satisfied
+this constraints in the initial case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraints in the initial case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraints in the initial case but
+I could choose an X let's say for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could choose an X let's say for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could choose an X let's say for the
+pendulum let's say my initial guess at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum let's say my initial guess at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum let's say my initial guess at X
+would be a direct trajectory that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a direct trajectory that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a direct trajectory that goes
+straight up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up to the
+top okay if I start searching now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top okay if I start searching now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top okay if I start searching now for
+Alphas that are um that minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas that are um that minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas that are um that minimize this
+cost and satisfy those constraints it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and satisfy those constraints it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and satisfy those constraints it
+just puts me in a different sort of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just puts me in a different sort of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just puts me in a different sort of area
+of the search space and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the search space and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the search space and it might
+actually help me find the swing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help me find the swing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help me find the swing up
+policies it's a very sort ofis thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies it's a very sort ofis thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies it's a very sort ofis thing to
+say but it makes a big difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but it makes a big difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but it makes a big difference in
+practice I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so direct I think most people today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so direct I think most people today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so direct I think most people today
+actually use these direct collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use these direct collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use these direct collocation
+methods for trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for trajectory
+optimization the only yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh you're worried that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you're worried that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh you're worried that this would
+change the constraint Matrix would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the constraint Matrix would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the constraint Matrix would
+change well theze of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well theze of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well theze of you
+get okay so so just one time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so so just one time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so so just one time okay so
+that's not I don't do it that way um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not I don't do it that way um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not I don't do it that way um in
+in my code I do it um I say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my code I do it um I say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my code I do it um I say that this is
+um valid from 0 to T Over N let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um valid from 0 to T Over N let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um valid from 0 to T Over N let's say
+right and this one is used from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this one is used from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this one is used from you know
+T Over N to 2T Over N so on so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Over N to 2T Over N so on so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Over N to 2T Over N so on so it just
+stretches out so the DT is not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out so the DT is not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out so the DT is not constant
+right I use that same action for longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I use that same action for longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I use that same action for longer
+if my T stretches out and that keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my T stretches out and that keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my T stretches out and that keeps the
+parameter Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Vector
+constant yeah but um I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant yeah but um I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant yeah but um I think I think
+sort of if you were to purchase a durall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you were to purchase a durall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you were to purchase a durall
+this is often shorthand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often shorthand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often shorthand is
+durall direct collocation dur call and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall direct collocation dur call and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall direct collocation dur call and U
+there was a dirk call package that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a dirk call package that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a dirk call package that you
+could get in Fortran you know 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get in Fortran you know 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get in Fortran you know 10 years
+ago or something that I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or something that I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or something that I think a lot of
+people used and I think those do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used and I think those do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used and I think those do things
+like it stretches out time and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it stretches out time and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it stretches out time and then if
+DT gets ridiculous it adds some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT gets ridiculous it adds some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT gets ridiculous it adds some more
+points and then you know a more polished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then you know a more polished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then you know a more polished
+software package would do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software package would do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software package would do these things
+like adding parameters and then reinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adding parameters and then reinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adding parameters and then reinal
+reaing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaing the
+optimization mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+Okay um should I show you how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um should I show you how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um should I show you how it works
+is that I mean is that the best thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I mean is that the best thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I mean is that the best thing to
+do here uh it's a pretty simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here uh it's a pretty simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here uh it's a pretty simple idea
+the the part that I can't really express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the part that I can't really express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the part that I can't really express
+to you efficiently in here is is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you efficiently in here is is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you efficiently in here is is why
+that this is uh uh something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh uh something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh uh something that the
+solvers can do very well I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers can do very well I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers can do very well I can tell you
+that it's it's about how sqps do in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's about how sqps do in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's about how sqps do in um
+interior Point methods but but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior Point methods but but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior Point methods but but I don't
+want to get into that so I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that so I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that so I think if you
+just sort of take it on faith that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of take it on faith that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of take it on faith that
+they're good at handling constraints I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at handling constraints I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at handling constraints I
+think it's reasonable to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable to think that
+maybe sending in an over uh overdefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sending in an over uh overdefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sending in an over uh overdefined
+trajectory and allowing it to sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and allowing it to sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and allowing it to sort out
+the constraints is a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints is a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints is a reasonable thing to
+try and in practice let me tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and in practice let me tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and in practice let me tell you that
+it's it's pretty fast so um so can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty fast so um so can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty fast so um so can I do
+the pendulum uh durall now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that one was fast before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that one was fast before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that one was fast before
+now you notice the time Horizon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice the time Horizon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice the time Horizon here
+3.06 yeah so that's what I wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.06 yeah so that's what I wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.06 yeah so that's what I wanted to be
+doing he liked 3.06 better than two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing he liked 3.06 better than two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing he liked 3.06 better than two so
+maybe my other ones would work better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my other ones would work better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my other ones would work better if
+I if I put three in there um okay so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I put three in there um okay so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I put three in there um okay so can
+we do the someone called for the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the someone called for the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the someone called for the robot
+before d call on the acrobot oh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before d call on the acrobot oh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before d call on the acrobot oh I should
+turn off the plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's also got this final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also got this final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also got this final value
+constraint that's why it quickly got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's why it quickly got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's why it quickly got to
+the goal to satisfy that constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal to satisfy that constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal to satisfy that constraint and
+now it's making sure that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's making sure that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's making sure that all the
+Dynamics that these trajectories are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that these trajectories are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that these trajectories are um
+are satisfied and then it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied and then it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied and then it's just
+optimizing within that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing within that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing within that constraint
+manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I didn't really mean to I'm afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't really mean to I'm afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't really mean to I'm afraid
+to hit control C and might crash that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit control C and might crash that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit control C and might crash that's
+the one thing about snap being a Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing about snap being a Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing about snap being a Max
+package calling Fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop now my gooe is gone in my code's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop now my gooe is gone in my code's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop now my gooe is gone in my code's
+gone great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay good um and it got to the top no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay good um and it got to the top no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay good um and it got to the top no
+that's the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pendulum
+sorry it's cheating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so turning off printing just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turning off printing just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turning off printing just run
+dir call for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here how easily these me can be extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toas I think they're heavily tuned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toas I think they're heavily tuned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toas I think they're heavily tuned to
+the deterministic case I I won't I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic case I I won't I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic case I I won't I won't
+make a blanked statement saying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a blanked statement saying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a blanked statement saying they
+can't be um Extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be um Extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be um Extended
+but yeah even the feedback I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah even the feedback I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah even the feedback I I really
+think these the direct collocation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these the direct collocation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these the direct collocation in
+particular feels very specialized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular feels very specialized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular feels very specialized for
+open loop trajectory optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is slower than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it gets there yeah John is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it gets there yeah John is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it gets there yeah John is
+there a reason why you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why you need to have
+using your parameter vector and not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your parameter vector and not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your parameter vector and not like
+feedback policy parameters and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy parameters and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy parameters and you can
+evaluate the U given the X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the U given the X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the U given the X and the
+feedback policy parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could do that
+yep yeah I think the key thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah I think the key thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah I think the key thing is
+parameterizing the policy as well as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the policy as well as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the policy as well as as
+X but I think you're right if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but I think you're right if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but I think you're right if you did
+some handful of W's or Alphas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some handful of W's or Alphas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some handful of W's or Alphas there
+sorry um then yeah I think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um then yeah I think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um then yeah I think you could
+probably do that too yep I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that too yep I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that too yep I mean
+implementing this constraint is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this constraint is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this constraint is uh the
+only real criticism that people have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real criticism that people have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real criticism that people have of
+direct collocation methods almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct collocation methods almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct collocation methods almost
+everybody uses them it seems the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses them it seems the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses them it seems the only
+criticism that they have is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism that they have is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism that they have is that they
+they sort of this fixed step integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of this fixed step integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of this fixed step integration
+in here the constraint being satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here the constraint being satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here the constraint being satisfied
+it's hard to do sort of an OD solver in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do sort of an OD solver in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do sort of an OD solver in
+that step because you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step because you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step because you need to be able to
+take the the the gradients of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the the gradients of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the the gradients of your
+constraint so they tend to be fixed step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so they tend to be fixed step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so they tend to be fixed step
+integration routines roughly and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration routines roughly and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration routines roughly and so the
+accuracy if if people point to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy if if people point to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy if if people point to a problem
+with direct collocation methods they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with direct collocation methods they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with direct collocation methods they
+uniformly say that they're not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly say that they're not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly say that they're not as
+accurate as the shooting methods because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as the shooting methods because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as the shooting methods because
+you don't actually numerically simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually numerically simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually numerically simulate
+your system carefully right you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system carefully right you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system carefully right you've
+picked some time discretization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked some time discretization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked some time discretization of the
+system and you get it right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you get it right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you get it right for
+that okay but I I don't think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but I I don't think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but I I don't think that's a
+big deal actually and if they're fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal actually and if they're fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal actually and if they're fast
+and they um get out of local Minima then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um get out of local Minima then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um get out of local Minima then
+you know worst case solve it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know worst case solve it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know worst case solve it this way
+and then do a shoot little shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a shoot little shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a shoot little shooting
+method at the end to to finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method at the end to to finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method at the end to to finish the
+optimization if you like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now John and I were talking before class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now John and I were talking before class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now John and I were talking before class
+said there's really no reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's really no reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's really no reason why you
+couldn't compute the gradients of an OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't compute the gradients of an OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't compute the gradients of an OD
+update inside here well how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update inside here well how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update inside here well how would you do
+that You' do it exactly like we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that You' do it exactly like we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that You' do it exactly like we did the
+shooting method right you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method right you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method right you could sort of
+run a little to confute the gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a little to confute the gradients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a little to confute the gradients of
+your constraint you could actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your constraint you could actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your constraint you could actually do
+the adjoint method or the rtrl method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint method or the rtrl method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint method or the rtrl method to
+compute those gradients and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute those gradients and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute those gradients and then that
+puts you somewhere in the land between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you somewhere in the land between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you somewhere in the land between
+direct coligation and multiple shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I swear that my laptop must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I swear that my laptop must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I swear that my laptop must be
+operating at like half half a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at like half half a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at like half half a brain
+right now because this is much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because this is much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because this is much faster
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you connected power I'm not connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you connected power I'm not connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you connected power I'm not connected
+into power right if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into power right if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into power right if you go to the
+battery I guess it switches to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery I guess it switches to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery I guess it switches to energy
+saut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saut
+yeah yeah you're right I should turn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're right I should turn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're right I should turn I
+could probably turn it off right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably turn it off right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably turn it off right now
+um so that was a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory that's just Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though yeah I i' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah I i' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah I i' be
+exceptionally embarrassed if I plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally embarrassed if I plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally embarrassed if I plugged
+it in or changed the power settings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in or changed the power settings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in or changed the power settings and
+it was still slow so let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still slow so let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still slow so let me just say
+that it was faster and live and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was faster and live and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was faster and live and we'll
+leave it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it like
+that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so
+um okay let me just make the point of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me just make the point of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me just make the point of do
+people understand how a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand how a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand how a problem like
+this we sort of saw a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we sort of saw a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we sort of saw a demonstration
+there if you could sort of remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you could sort of remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you could sort of remember in
+your head what the acrobot did the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head what the acrobot did the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head what the acrobot did the first
+time and the SEC acrobot did the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the SEC acrobot did the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the SEC acrobot did the second
+time they both got to the goal pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they both got to the goal pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they both got to the goal pretty
+well they took slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they took slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they took slightly different
+trajectories at least to my eye um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories at least to my eye um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories at least to my eye um and
+so so one of the complaints about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the complaints about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the complaints about any of
+these trajectory optimization methods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trajectory optimization methods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trajectory optimization methods is
+they're only local methods right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only local methods right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only local methods right we're
+only going to find a local um Optima in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to find a local um Optima in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to find a local um Optima in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+optimization okay now for me think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay now for me think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay now for me think about
+these problems a lot it's still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems a lot it's still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems a lot it's still not
+completely intuitive how you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely intuitive how you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely intuitive how you what you
+think of a local Minima in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a local Minima in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a local Minima in these
+settings might be um okay there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings might be um okay there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings might be um okay there's some
+places where it could be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it could be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it could be pretty
+intuitive so the pendulum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so the pendulum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so the pendulum you can
+imagine if I if I found one policy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I if I found one policy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I if I found one policy that
+pumped up with you know one pump you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped up with you know one pump you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped up with you know one pump you
+could imagine it might be hard to can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine it might be hard to can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine it might be hard to can to
+sort of get over across landscape so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get over across landscape so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get over across landscape so you
+did two pumps to get up right that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two pumps to get up right that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two pumps to get up right that could
+be a um a case where a local minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a um a case where a local minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a um a case where a local minimum
+makes sense um I tried to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense um I tried to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense um I tried to come up with a
+little bit more um obvious of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um obvious of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um obvious of an example
+here let me um relating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me um relating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me um relating to
+the the original grid World stuff we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the original grid World stuff we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the original grid World stuff we did
+okay so now um this isn't so much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um this isn't so much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um this isn't so much a
+Dynamics problem but I thought maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics problem but I thought maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics problem but I thought maybe a
+path planning problem would make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path planning problem would make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path planning problem would make the
+point so here's a random um geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here's a random um geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here's a random um geometric
+landscape yeah with gaussian bumps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape yeah with gaussian bumps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape yeah with gaussian bumps that
+you try to avoid or you Ur cost I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to avoid or you Ur cost I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to avoid or you Ur cost I'm
+actually plotting the cost landscape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plotting the cost landscape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plotting the cost landscape as
+a function of X so you see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X so you see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X so you see there's a
+small hill which is trying to take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small hill which is trying to take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small hill which is trying to take me
+down to the goal in red can I turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the goal in red can I turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the goal in red can I turn the
+lights all the way down for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay it'll be dramatic this way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay it'll be dramatic this way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay it'll be dramatic this way um
+so so there's a goal here in red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's a goal here in red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's a goal here in red and
+let's say the initial conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the initial conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the initial conditions are
+over there in green and your task is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there in green and your task is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there in green and your task is to
+take the system which is X do equals U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the system which is X do equals U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the system which is X do equals U
+where X is is the XY position of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is is the XY position of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is is the XY position of this
+and U is a you know the Velocity in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is a you know the Velocity in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is a you know the Velocity in X
+the Velocity in y okay so you just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Velocity in y okay so you just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Velocity in y okay so you just a
+trivial dynamical system but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial dynamical system but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial dynamical system but you're
+trying to find a path that gets you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a path that gets you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a path that gets you to
+the goal with sort of minimal cost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal with sort of minimal cost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal with sort of minimal cost okay
+so I did this example just because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did this example just because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did this example just because well
+people some people care about this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people care about this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people care about this kind
+of example but um but also because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example but um but also because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example but um but also because I
+think it's sort of critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's sort of critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's sort of critically
+obvious uh how you could have local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh how you could have local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh how you could have local
+Minima right if I get a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima right if I get a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima right if I get a trajectory
+that's on one side of the mountain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on one side of the mountain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on one side of the mountain and
+maybe the best the optimal globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the best the optimal globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the best the optimal globally
+optimal trajectory is on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal trajectory is on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal trajectory is on the other side
+of the mountain it might be hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mountain it might be hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mountain it might be hard for me
+to get across the mountain to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across the mountain to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across the mountain to that
+trajectory so let's just see that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so let's just see that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so let's just see that happen
+let me um should you direct collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um should you direct collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um should you direct collocation
+here uh what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Implement good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement good okay so
+um I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type so I just did direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I just did direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I just did direct
+cocation and really quickly it found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocation and really quickly it found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocation and really quickly it found
+this so this is not the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is not the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is not the optimization
+software's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software's
+fault what if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah so found some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so found some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so found some nice
+path through the Foothills here um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through the Foothills here um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through the Foothills here um to
+the to the goal right that's looks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the goal right that's looks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the goal right that's looks that
+looks like yeah please can you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like yeah please can you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like yeah please can you try to
+like specify some of those like since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specify some of those like since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specify some of those like since
+you have the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the X
+parameterized um yep can you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized um yep can you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized um yep can you you know
+try to make it go through a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it go through a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it go through a particular
+you know set of bumps by specifying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set of bumps by specifying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set of bumps by specifying that
+so so exactly so so the reason I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so exactly so so the reason I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so exactly so so the reason I chose
+to do direct location for this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do direct location for this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do direct location for this is my
+initial guess U was just some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess U was just some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess U was just some random
+Vector but my X was actually a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but my X was actually a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but my X was actually a direct
+line from start to the goal okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from start to the goal okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from start to the goal okay so if
+you had drawn it you know as a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had drawn it you know as a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had drawn it you know as a line
+between those first two and then going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those first two and then going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those first two and then going
+around to good so the one I the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to good so the one I the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to good so the one I the one I
+thought to do was let's just do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to do was let's just do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to do was let's just do just
+because it was easy to type Let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was easy to type Let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was easy to type Let's do an
+initial X which just goes directly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial X which just goes directly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial X which just goes directly this
+way and then see what happens I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then see what happens I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then see what happens I think
+that's what I had here so so if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I had here so so if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I had here so so if I change
+my X my xtape here is now um Lin space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X my xtape here is now um Lin space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X my xtape here is now um Lin space
+you know so it interpolates in x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it interpolates in x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it interpolates in x0
+straight to the goal but then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the goal but then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the goal but then the other
+one is just X1 straight across reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just X1 straight across reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just X1 straight across reading
+my lab code is not what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab code is not what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab code is not what you want to do
+in class here but uh if I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class here but uh if I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class here but uh if I set the
+initial X tape to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial X tape to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial X tape to be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and I run it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's doing its solving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing its solving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing its solving it's
+probably doing it in some window oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doing it in some window oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doing it in some window oh I
+turned off animation didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+oops that was a failure but it found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that was a failure but it found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that was a failure but it found a
+different path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path
+okay but it actually told me warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it actually told me warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it actually told me warning
+exited so I have this you know check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exited so I have this you know check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exited so I have this you know check
+page 19 of gil6 the paper um to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 19 of gil6 the paper um to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 19 of gil6 the paper um to figure
+out what the heck exit 41 means but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the heck exit 41 means but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the heck exit 41 means but uh
+uh it basically couldn't satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically couldn't satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically couldn't satisfy the
+constraints so that I bet if I just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so that I bet if I just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so that I bet if I just run
+it again with the random initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with the random initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with the random initial
+conditions it'll be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but the point is exactly this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the point is exactly this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the point is exactly this so
+still found one that just it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still found one that just it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still found one that just it probably
+didn't satisfy some of the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy some of the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy some of the constraints
+at some some small part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some some small part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some some small part of that
+trajectory here it went the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory here it went the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory here it went the other way
+around the mountain yeah okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mountain yeah okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mountain yeah okay so there
+are local Minima in these problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local Minima in these problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local Minima in these problems okay
+in problems like this it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problems like this it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problems like this it's completely
+obvious why there are local Minima um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why there are local Minima um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why there are local Minima um in
+the acrobot and things like that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot and things like that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot and things like that uh you
+will find that there are local minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that there are local minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that there are local minimum
+if you start with different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with different random
+parameterizations you'll find slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations you'll find slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations you'll find slightly
+different swing up trajectories okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different swing up trajectories okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different swing up trajectories okay um
+uh so our local Minima a killer most a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so our local Minima a killer most a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so our local Minima a killer most a
+lot of people say well that that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people say well that that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people say well that that means
+you know these methods stink you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these methods stink you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these methods stink you can
+only they're subject to local Minima um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they're subject to local Minima um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they're subject to local Minima um
+I don't care if there if I'm in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care if there if I'm in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care if there if I'm in a local
+minimal for the most part I mean so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal for the most part I mean so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal for the most part I mean so okay
+so if I was really going to have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was really going to have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I was really going to have to walk
+around a mountain instead of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a mountain instead of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a mountain instead of walking
+through the mountains then maybe I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mountains then maybe I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mountains then maybe I'd
+care but if I'm doing an acrobot and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but if I'm doing an acrobot and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but if I'm doing an acrobot and it
+swings up you know like this instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings up you know like this instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings up you know like this instead of
+swings up like like this I for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings up like like this I for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings up like like this I for the most
+part I don't care right so um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't care right so um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't care right so um in
+although people talk about it a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although people talk about it a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although people talk about it a lot I
+find in most of the problems I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in most of the problems I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in most of the problems I care
+about local minimum aren't that big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about local minimum aren't that big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about local minimum aren't that big of a
+deal yeah they exist sometimes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal yeah they exist sometimes they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal yeah they exist sometimes they can
+they can upset your numerics but eh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can upset your numerics but eh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can upset your numerics but eh as
+long as you get to the goal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you get to the goal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you get to the goal I'm
+happy okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are a couple other ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a couple other ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a couple other ideas in
+these trajectory optimization um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trajectory optimization um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trajectory optimization um
+well and on Tuesday I guess I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and on Tuesday I guess I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and on Tuesday I guess I'm going to
+wait till Tuesday now I'm going to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till Tuesday now I'm going to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till Tuesday now I'm going to first
+of all I'm going to tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I'm going to tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I'm going to tell you how to
+stabilize these trajectories because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize these trajectories because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize these trajectories because
+it's useless as it is right now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless as it is right now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless as it is right now if I
+just even simulated it with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even simulated it with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even simulated it with a different
+DT it would probably fall right um or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it would probably fall right um or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it would probably fall right um or or
+not get to the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get to the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get to the mountain
+um so but it turns out even with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but it turns out even with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but it turns out even with a
+pretty coarse um time step if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty coarse um time step if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty coarse um time step if you
+stabilize the thing with feedback then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the thing with feedback then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the thing with feedback then
+it works great okay so I'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works great okay so I'll show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works great okay so I'll show you how
+to do the trajectory stabilization with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the trajectory stabilization with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the trajectory stabilization with
+an lqr method on Tuesday and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lqr method on Tuesday and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lqr method on Tuesday and that's
+actually going to lead to another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to lead to another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to lead to another class
+of the trajectory optimizers which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trajectory optimizers which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trajectory optimizers which would
+be an iterative lqr method okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an iterative lqr method okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an iterative lqr method okay and then
+just spending on depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spending on depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spending on depending on how
+um how much I sleep this weekend uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much I sleep this weekend uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much I sleep this weekend uh I'll
+try to I was thinking about doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to I was thinking about doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to I was thinking about doing the
+the discrete mechanics version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete mechanics version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete mechanics version of the
+trajectory optimizers on Tuesday too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory optimizers on Tuesday too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory optimizers on Tuesday too
+we'll see so we'll push the walking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see so we'll push the walking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see so we'll push the walking back
+until Thursday just to to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Thursday just to to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Thursday just to to complete the
+story about these trajectories solvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about these trajectories solvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about these trajectories solvers
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're pretty good they're pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty good they're pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty good they're pretty fast
+especially if you are plugged into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you are plugged into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you are plugged into the
+wall okay see you see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h6Z7vx9iUB8.txt b/h6Z7vx9iUB8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b889bf4f807e9b03ac4f4a38e271b6b35aeffdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h6Z7vx9iUB8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3919 @@
+[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF
+MAN'S DESIRING" BY
+
+JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH]
+
+PROFESSOR: So far in this course
+we've been talking a
+
+lot about data abstraction.
+
+And remember the idea is that
+we build systems that have
+
+these horizontal barriers in
+them, these abstraction
+
+barriers that separate use,
+the way you might use some
+
+data object, from the way
+you might represent it.
+
+Or another way to think of that
+is up here you have the
+
+boss who's going to be using
+some sort of data object.
+
+And down here is George
+who's implemented it.
+
+Now this notion of separating
+use from representation so you
+
+can think about these two
+problems separately is a very,
+
+very powerful programming
+methodology, data abstraction.
+
+On the other hand, it's not
+really sufficient for really
+
+complex systems. And the problem
+with this is George.
+
+Or actually, the problem
+is that there
+
+are a lot of Georges.
+
+Let's be concrete.
+
+Let's suppose there is George,
+and there's also Martha.
+
+OK, now George and Martha are
+both working on this system,
+
+both designing representations,
+and
+
+absolutely are incompatible.
+
+They wouldn't cooperate on a
+representation under any
+
+circumstances.
+
+And the problem is you would
+like to have some system where
+
+both George and Martha are
+designing representations, and
+
+yet, if you're above this
+abstraction barrier you don't
+
+want to have to worry about
+that, whether something is
+
+done by George or by Martha.
+
+And you don't want George
+and Martha to
+
+interfere with each other.
+
+Somehow in designing a system,
+you not only want these
+
+horizontal barriers, but you
+also want some kind of
+
+vertical barrier to keep George
+and Martha separate.
+
+Let me be a little bit
+more concrete.
+
+Imagine that you're thinking
+about personnel records for a
+
+large company with a lot of
+loosely linked divisions that
+
+don't cooperate very
+well either.
+
+And imagine even that this
+company is formed by merging a
+
+whole bunch of companies that
+already have their personnel
+
+record system set up.
+
+And imagine that once these
+divisions are all linked in
+
+some kind of very sophisticated
+satellite
+
+network, and all these databases
+are put together.
+
+And what you'd like to do is,
+from any place in the company,
+
+to be able to say things like,
+oh, what's the name in a
+
+personnel record?
+
+Or, what's the job description
+in a personnel record?
+
+And not have to worry about the
+fact that each division
+
+obviously is going to have
+completely separate
+
+conventions for how you might
+implement these records.
+
+From this point you don't
+want to know about that.
+
+Well how could you
+possibly do that?
+
+One way, of course, is to send
+down an edict from somewhere
+
+that everybody has to change
+their format to some fixed
+
+compatible thing.
+
+That's what people often try,
+and of course it never works.
+
+Another thing that you might
+want to do is somehow arrange
+
+it so you can have these
+vertical barriers.
+
+So that when you ask for the
+name of a personnel record,
+
+somehow, whatever format it
+happens to be, name will
+
+figure out how to do
+the right thing.
+
+We want name to be, so-called,
+a generic operator.
+
+Generic operator means what it
+sort of precisely does depends
+
+on the kind of data that
+it's looking at.
+
+More than that, you'd like to
+design the system so that the
+
+next time a new division comes
+into the company they don't
+
+have to make any big changes in
+what they're already doing
+
+to link into this system, and
+the rest of the company
+
+doesn't have to make any big
+changes to admit their stuff
+
+to the system.
+
+So that's the problem you should
+be thinking about.
+
+Like it's sort of
+just your work.
+
+You want to be able to
+include new things by
+
+making minimal changes.
+
+OK, well that's the problem
+that we'll be
+
+talking about today.
+
+And you should have this sort
+of distributed personnel
+
+record system in your mind.
+
+But actually the one I'll be
+talking about is a problem
+
+that's a little bit more
+self-contained than that.
+
+that'll bring up the issues,
+I think, more clearly.
+
+That's the problem of doing a
+system that does arithmetic on
+
+complex numbers.
+
+So let's take a look here.
+
+Just as a little review,
+there are things
+
+called complex numbers.
+
+Complex number you can think
+of as a point in
+
+the plane, or z.
+
+And you can represent a point
+either by its real-part and
+
+its imaginary-part.
+
+So if this is z and its
+real-part is this much, and
+
+its imaginary-part is that
+much, and you write z
+
+equals x plus iy.
+
+Or another way to represent a
+complex number is by saying,
+
+what's the distance from the
+origin, and what's the angle?
+
+So that represents a complex
+number as its
+
+radius times an angle.
+
+This one's called-- the
+original one's called
+
+rectangular form, rectangular
+representation, real- and
+
+imaginary-part, or polar
+representation.
+
+Magnitude and angle--
+
+and if you know the real- and
+imaginary-part, you can figure
+
+out the magnitude and angle.
+
+If you know x and y, you can
+get r by this formula.
+
+Square root of sum of the
+squares, and you can get the
+
+angle as an arctangent.
+
+Or conversely, if you knew
+r and A you could
+
+figure out x and y.
+
+x is r times the cosine of A,
+and y is r times the sine of
+
+A. All right, so there's
+these two.
+
+They're complex numbers.
+
+You can think of them
+either in polar form
+
+or rectangular form.
+
+What we would like to do is
+make a system that does
+
+arithmetic on complex numbers.
+
+In other words, what
+we'd like--
+
+just like the rational
+number example--
+
+is to have some operations plus
+c, which is going to take
+
+two complex numbers and add
+them, subtract them, and
+
+multiply them, and
+divide them.
+
+OK, well there's little bit
+of mathematics behind it.
+
+What are the actual formulas for
+manipulating such things?
+
+And it's sort of not important
+where they come from, but just
+
+as an implementer let's see--
+
+if you want to add two complex
+numbers it's pretty easy to
+
+get its real-part and
+its imaginary-part.
+
+The real-part of the sum of
+two complex numbers, the
+
+real-part of the z1 plus z2 is
+the real-part of z1 plus the
+
+real-part of z2.
+
+And the imaginary-part of z1
+plus z2 is the imaginary part
+
+of z1 plus the imaginary
+part of z2.
+
+So it's pretty easy to
+add complex numbers.
+
+You just add the corresponding
+parts and make a new complex
+
+number with those parts.
+
+If you want to multiply them,
+it's kind of nice to do it in
+
+polar form.
+
+Because if you have two complex
+numbers, the magnitude
+
+of their product is here, the
+product of the magnitudes.
+
+And the angle of the product
+is the sum of the angles.
+
+So that's sort of mathematics
+that allows you to do
+
+arithmetic on complex numbers.
+
+Let's actually think about
+the implementation.
+
+Well we do it just like
+rational numbers.
+
+We come down, we assume
+we have some
+
+constructors and selectors.
+
+What would we like?
+
+Well let's assume that we make
+a data object cloud, which is
+
+a complex number that has some
+stuff in it, and that we can
+
+get out from a complex number
+the real-part, or the
+
+imaginary-part, or the
+magnitude, or the angle.
+
+We want some ways of making
+complex numbers-- not only
+
+selectors, but constructors.
+
+So we'll assume we have a thing
+called make-rectangular.
+
+What make-rectangular is going
+to do is take a real-part and
+
+an imaginary-part and construct
+a complex number
+
+with those parts.
+
+Similarly, we can have
+make-polar which will take a
+
+magnitude and an angle, and
+construct a complex number
+
+which has that magnitude
+and angle.
+
+So here's a system.
+
+We'll have two constructors
+and four selectors.
+
+And now, just like before, in
+terms of that abstract data
+
+we'll go ahead and implement our
+complex number operations.
+
+And here you can see translated
+into Lisp code just
+
+the arithmetic formulas
+I put down before.
+
+If I want to add two complex
+numbers I will make a complex
+
+number out of its real-
+and imaginary-parts.
+
+The real part of the complex
+number I'm going to make is
+
+the sum of the real-parts.
+
+The imaginary part of the
+complex number I'm going to
+
+make is the sum of the
+imaginary-parts.
+
+I put those together, make
+a complex number.
+
+That's how I implement complex
+number addition.
+
+Subtraction is essentially
+the same.
+
+All I do is subtract the parts
+rather than add them.
+
+To multiply two complex
+numbers, I
+
+use the other formula.
+
+I'll make a complex number out
+of a magnitude and angle.
+
+The magnitude is going to be the
+product of the magnitudes
+
+of the two complex numbers
+I'm multiplying.
+
+And the angle is going to be the
+sum of the angles of the
+
+two complex numbers
+I'm multiplying.
+
+So there's multiplication.
+
+And then division, division
+is almost the same.
+
+Here I divide the magnitudes
+and subtract the angles.
+
+Now I've implemented
+the operations.
+
+And what do we do?
+
+We call on George.
+
+We've done the use, let's
+worry about the
+
+representation.
+
+We'll call on George and say to
+George, go ahead and build
+
+us a complex number
+representation.
+
+Well that's fine.
+
+George can say, we'll implement
+a complex number
+
+simply as a pair that has
+the real-part and the
+
+imaginary-part.
+
+So if I want to make a complex
+number with a certain
+
+real-part and an imaginary-part,
+I'll just use
+
+cons to form a pair, and that
+will-- that's George's
+
+representation of a
+complex number.
+
+So if I want to get out the
+real-part of something, I just
+
+extract the car,
+the first part.
+
+If I want to get the
+imaginary-part, I extract the
+
+cdr. How do I deal with the
+magnitude and angle?
+
+Well if I want to extract the
+magnitude of one of these
+
+things, I get the square root
+of the sum of the square of
+
+the car plus the square of the
+cdr. If I want to get the
+
+angle, I compute the
+arctangent of
+
+the cdr in the car.
+
+This is a list procedure for
+computing arctangent.
+
+And if somebody hands me a
+magnitude and an angle and
+
+says, make me a complex number,
+well I compute the
+
+real-part and the
+imaginary-part, or our cosine
+
+of a and our sine of
+a, and stick them
+
+together into a pair.
+
+OK so we're done.
+
+In fact, what I just did,
+conceptually, is absolutely no
+
+different from the rational
+number representation that we
+
+looked at last time.
+
+It's the same sort of idea.
+
+You implement the operators,
+you pick a representation.
+
+Nothing different.
+
+Now let's worry about Martha.
+
+See, Martha has a
+different idea.
+
+She doesn't want to represent a
+complex number as a pair of
+
+a real-part and an
+imaginary-part.
+
+What she would like to do is
+represent a complex number as
+
+a pair of a magnitude
+and an angle.
+
+So if instead of calling up
+George we ask Martha to design
+
+our representation, we get
+something like this.
+
+We get make-polar.
+
+Sure, if I give you a magnitude
+and an angle we're
+
+just going to form a pair that
+has magnitude and angle.
+
+If you want to extract the
+magnitude, that's easy.
+
+You just pull out the
+car or the pair.
+
+If you want to extract the
+angle, sure, that's easy.
+
+You just pull out the cdr.
+If you want to look for
+
+real-parts and imaginary-parts,
+well then you
+
+have to do some work.
+
+If you want the real-part, you
+have to get r cosine a.
+
+In other words, r, the car of
+the pair, times the cosine of
+
+the cdr of the pair.
+
+So this is r times
+the cosine of a,
+
+and that's the real-part.
+
+If you want to get the
+imaginary-part, it's r times
+
+the sine of a.
+
+And if I hand you a real-part
+and an imaginary-part and say,
+
+make me a complex number
+with that real-part and
+
+imaginary-part, well I figure
+out what the magnitude and
+
+angle should be.
+
+The magnitude's the square root
+of the sum of the squares
+
+and the angle's the
+arctangent.
+
+I put those together
+to make a pair.
+
+So there's Martha's idea.
+
+Well which is better?
+
+Well if you're doing a lot of
+additions, probably George's
+
+is better, because you're doing
+a lot of real-parts and
+
+imaginary-parts.
+
+If mostly you're going to be
+doing multiplications and
+
+divisions, then maybe Martha's
+idea is better.
+
+Or maybe, and this is the real
+point, you can't decide.
+
+Or maybe you just have to let
+them both hang around, for
+
+personality reasons.
+
+Maybe you just really
+can't ever decide
+
+what you would like.
+
+And again, what we would really
+like is a system that
+
+looks like this.
+
+That somehow there's George
+over here, who has built
+
+rectangular complex numbers.
+
+And Martha, who has polar
+complex numbers.
+
+And somehow we have operations
+that can add, and subtract,
+
+and multiply, and divide, and it
+shouldn't matter that there
+
+are two incompatible
+representations of complex
+
+numbers floating around
+this system.
+
+In other words, not only like
+an abstraction barrier here
+
+that has things in it like
+a real-part, and an
+
+imaginary-part, and magnitude,
+and angle.
+
+So not only is there an
+abstraction barrier that hides
+
+the actual representation from
+us, but also there's some kind
+
+of vertical barrier here that
+allows both of these
+
+representations to
+exist without
+
+interfering with each other.
+
+The idea is that the
+things in here--
+
+real-part, imaginary-part,
+magnitude, and angle--
+
+will be generic operators.
+
+If you ask for the real-part,
+it will worry about what
+
+representation it's
+looking at.
+
+OK, well how can we do that?
+
+There's actually a really
+obvious idea, if you're used
+
+to thinking about
+complex numbers.
+
+If you're used to thinking
+about compound data.
+
+See, suppose you could just tell
+by looking at a complex
+
+number whether it
+was constructed
+
+by George or Martha.
+
+In other words, so it's not that
+what's floating around
+
+here are ordinary, just complex
+numbers, right?
+
+They're fancy, designer
+complex numbers.
+
+So you look at a complex numbers
+as it's not just a
+
+complex number, it's got a label
+on it that says, this
+
+one is by Martha.
+
+Or this is a complex
+number by George.
+
+Right?
+
+They're signed.
+
+See, and then whenever we looked
+at a complex number we
+
+could just read the label, and
+then we'd know how you expect
+
+to operate on that.
+
+In other words, what
+we want is not just
+
+ordinary data objects.
+
+We want to introduce the
+notion of what's
+
+called typed data.
+
+Typed data means, again, there's
+some sort of cloud.
+
+And what it's got in it is an
+ordinary data object like
+
+we've been thinking about.
+
+Pulled out the contents, sort
+of the actual data.
+
+But also a thing called a
+type, but it's signed by
+
+either George or Martha.
+
+So we're going to go from
+regular data to type data.
+
+How do we build that?
+
+Well that's easy.
+
+We know how to build clouds.
+
+We build them out of pairs.
+
+So here's a little
+representation that supports
+
+typed data.
+
+There's a thing called take a
+type and attach it to a piece
+
+of contents, and we
+just use cons.
+
+And if we have a piece of typed
+data, we can look at the
+
+type, which is the car.
+
+We can look at the contents,
+which is the cdr. Now along
+
+with that, the way we use our
+type data will test, when
+
+we're given a piece of data,
+what type it is.
+
+So we have some type
+predicates with us.
+
+For example, to see whether
+a complex number is one of
+
+George's, whether it's
+rectangular, we just check to
+
+see if the type of that is the
+symbol rectangular, right?
+
+The symbol rectangular.
+
+And to check whether a complex
+number is one of Martha's, we
+
+check to see whether the type
+is the symbol polar.
+
+So that's a way to test
+what kind of number
+
+we're looking at.
+
+Now let's think about
+how we can use that
+
+to build the system.
+
+So let's suppose that George
+and Martha were off working
+
+separately, and each of them
+had designed their complex
+
+number representation
+packages.
+
+What do they have to do to
+become part of the system, to
+
+exist compatibly?
+
+Well it's really pretty easy.
+
+Remember, George had
+this package.
+
+Here's George's original
+package, or half of it.
+
+And underlined in red are the
+changes he has to make.
+
+So before, when George made a
+complex number out of an x and
+
+y, he just put them together
+to make a pair.
+
+And the only difference is
+that now he signs them.
+
+He attaches the type,
+which is the symbol
+
+rectangular to that pair.
+
+Everything else George does
+is the same, except that--
+
+see, George and Martha both
+have procedures named
+
+real-part and imaginary-part.
+
+So to allow them both to exist
+in the same Lisp environment,
+
+George had changed the names
+of his procedures.
+
+So we'll say, this is George's
+real-part procedure.
+
+It's the real-part rectangular
+procedure, the imaginary-part
+
+rectangular procedure.
+
+And then here's the rest
+of George's package.
+
+He'd had magnitude and angle,
+just renames them magnitude
+
+rectangular and angle
+rectangular.
+
+And Martha has to do basically
+the same thing.
+
+Martha previously, when she made
+a complex number out of a
+
+magnitude and angle,
+she just cons them.
+
+Now she attaches the type polar,
+and she changes the
+
+name so her real-part procedure
+won't conflict in
+
+name with George's.
+
+It's a real-part-polar,
+imaginary-part-polar,
+
+magnitude polar, and
+angle polar.
+
+Now we have the system.
+
+Right there's George
+and Martha.
+
+And now we've got to get some
+kind of manager to look at
+
+these types.
+
+How are these things actually
+going to work now that George
+
+and Martha have supplied
+us with typed data?
+
+Well what we have are a bunch
+of generic selectors.
+
+Generic selectors for complex
+numbers real-part,
+
+imaginary-part, magnitude,
+and angle.
+
+Let's look at them
+more closely.
+
+What does a real-part do?
+
+If I ask for the real part
+of a complex number,
+
+well I look at it.
+
+I look at its type.
+
+I say, is it rectangular?
+
+If so, I apply George's real
+part procedure to the contents
+
+of that complex number.
+
+This is a number that
+has a type on it.
+
+I strip off the type
+using contents and
+
+apply George's procedure.
+
+Or is this a polar
+complex number?
+
+If I want the real part, I
+apply Martha's real part
+
+procedure to the contents
+of that number.
+
+So that's how real part works.
+
+And then similarly there's
+imaginary-part, which is
+
+almost the same.
+
+It looks at the number and
+if it's rectangular, uses
+
+George's imaginary-part
+procedure.
+
+If it's polar, uses Martha's.
+
+And then there's a magnitude
+and an angle.
+
+So there's a system.
+
+Has three parts.
+
+There's sort of George, and
+Martha, and the manager.
+
+And that's how you get generic
+operators implemented.
+
+Let's look at just a simple
+example, just to pin it down.
+
+But exactly how this is going to
+work, suppose you're going
+
+to be looking at the complex
+number who's real-part is one,
+
+and who's imaginary-part
+is two.
+
+So that would be one plus 2i.
+
+What would happen is up here,
+up here above where the
+
+operations have to happen,
+that number would be
+
+represented as a pair of 1 and
+2 together with typed data.
+
+That would be the contents.
+
+And the whole data would be
+that thing with the symbol
+
+rectangular added onto that.
+
+And that's the way that complex
+number would exist in
+
+the system.
+
+When you went to take the
+real-part, the manager would
+
+look at this and say, oh
+it's one of George's.
+
+He'll strip off the type
+and hand down to
+
+George the pair 1, 2.
+
+And that's the kind of data
+that George developed his
+
+system to use.
+
+So it gets stripped down.
+
+Later on, if you ask George to
+construct a complex number,
+
+George would construct some
+complex number as a pair, and
+
+before he passes it back up
+through the manager would
+
+attach the type rectangular.
+
+So you see what happens.
+
+There's no confusion
+in this system.
+
+It doesn't matter in the least
+that the pair 1, 2 means
+
+something completely different
+in Martha's world.
+
+In Martha's world this pair
+means the complex number whose
+
+magnitude is 1 and
+whose angle is 2.
+
+And there's no confusion,
+because by the time any pair
+
+like this gets handed back
+through the manager to the
+
+main system it's going to have
+the type polar attached.
+
+Whereas this one would have the
+type rectangular attached.
+
+OK, let's take a break.
+
+[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF
+MAN'S DESIRING" BY
+
+JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH]
+
+We just looked at
+a strategy for
+
+implementing generic operators.
+
+That strategy has a name: it's
+called dispatch type.
+
+And the idea is that you
+break your system
+
+into a bunch of pieces.
+
+There's George and Martha, who
+are making representations,
+
+and then there's the manager.
+
+Looks at the types on the data
+and then dispatches them to
+
+the right person.
+
+Well what criticisms can we
+make of that as a system
+
+organization?
+
+Well first of all there was this
+little, annoying problem
+
+that George and Martha had to
+change the names of their
+
+procedures.
+
+George originally had a
+real-part procedure, and he
+
+had to go name it real-part
+rectangular so it wouldn't
+
+interfere with Martha's
+real-part procedure, which is
+
+now named real-part-polar, so it
+wouldn't interfere with the
+
+manager's real-part procedure,
+who's now named real-part.
+
+That's kind of an annoying
+problem.
+
+But I'm not going to talk
+about that one now.
+
+We'll see later on when we think
+about the structure of
+
+Lisp names and environments that
+there really are ways to
+
+package all those so-called name
+spaces separately so they
+
+don't interfere with
+each other.
+
+Not going to think about
+that problem now.
+
+The problem that I actually
+want to focus on is what
+
+happens when you bring somebody
+new into the system.
+
+What has to happen?
+
+Well George and Martha
+don't care.
+
+George is sitting there in his
+rectangular world, has his
+
+procedures and his types.
+
+Martha sits in her
+polar world.
+
+She doesn't care.
+
+But let's look at the manager.
+
+What's the manager have to do?
+
+The manager comes through and
+had these operations.
+
+There was a test
+for rectangular
+
+and a test for polar.
+
+If Harry comes in with some new
+kind of complex number,
+
+and Harry has a new type, Harry
+type complex number, the
+
+manager has to go in and change
+all those procedures.
+
+So the inflexibility in the
+system, the place where work
+
+has to happen to accommodate
+change, is in the manager.
+
+That's pretty annoying.
+
+It's even more annoying when you
+realize the manager's not
+
+doing anything.
+
+The manager is just being
+a paper pusher.
+
+Let's look again at these
+programs. What are they doing?
+
+What does real-part do?
+
+Real-part says, oh, is it the
+kind of complex number that
+
+George can handle?
+
+If so, send it off to George.
+
+Is it the kind of complex number
+that Martha can handle?
+
+If so, send it off to Martha.
+
+So it's really annoying that the
+bottleneck in this system,
+
+the thing that's preventing
+flexibility and change, is
+
+completely in the bureaucracy.
+
+It's not in anybody who's
+doing any of the work.
+
+Not an uncommon situation,
+unfortunately.
+
+See, what's really going on--
+
+abstractly in the system,
+there's a table.
+
+So what's really happening is
+somewhere there's a table.
+
+There're types.
+
+There's polar and rectangular.
+
+And Harry's may be over here.
+
+And there are operators.
+
+There's an operator
+like real-part.
+
+Or imaginary-part.
+
+Or a magnitude and angle.
+
+And sitting in this table are
+the right procedures.
+
+So sitting here for the type
+polar and real-part is
+
+Martha's procedure
+real-part-polar.
+
+And over here in the table
+is George's procedure
+
+real-part-rectangular.
+
+And over here would be, say,
+Martha's procedure
+
+magnitude-polar, and
+George's procedure
+
+magnitude-rectangular,
+right, and so on.
+
+The rest of this table's
+filled in.
+
+And that's really
+what's going on.
+
+So in some sense, all the
+manager is doing is acting as
+
+this table.
+
+Well how do we fix our system?
+
+How do you fix bureaucracies
+a lot of the time?
+
+What you do is you get
+rid of the manager.
+
+We just take the manager and
+replace him by a computer.
+
+We're going to automate
+him out of existence.
+
+Namely, instead of having the
+manager who basically consults
+
+this table, we'll have our
+system use the table directly.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Let's assume, again using data
+abstraction, that we have some
+
+kind of data structure
+that's a table.
+
+And we have ways of sticking
+things in and ways of getting
+
+things out.
+
+And to be explicit, let me
+assume that there's an
+
+operation called "put." And put
+is going to take, in this
+
+case two things I'll call
+"keys." Key1 and key2.
+
+And a value.
+
+And that stores the value in the
+table under key1 and key2.
+
+And then we'll assume there's
+a thing called "get," such
+
+that if later on I say, get me
+what's in the table stored
+
+under key1 and key2, it'll
+retrieve whatever value was
+
+stored there.
+
+And let's not worry about how
+tables are implemented.
+
+That's yet another data
+abstraction, George's problem.
+
+And maybe we'll see later--
+
+talk about how you might
+actually build tables in Lisp.
+
+Well given this organization,
+what did George and Martha
+
+have to do?
+
+Well when they build their
+system, they each have the
+
+responsibility to set
+up their appropriate
+
+column in the table.
+
+So what George does, for
+example, when he defines his
+
+procedures, all he has to do
+is go off and put into the
+
+table under the
+type-rectangular.
+
+And the name of the operation
+is real-part, his procedure
+
+real-part-rectangular.
+
+So notice what's going
+into this table.
+
+The two keys here are symbols,
+rectangular and real-part.
+
+That's the quote.
+
+And what's going into the table
+is the actual procedure
+
+that he wrote, real-part
+rectangular.
+
+And then puts an imaginary part
+into the table, filed
+
+under the keys rectangular-
+and imaginary-part, and
+
+magnitude under the keys
+rectangular magnitude, angle
+
+under rectangular-angle.
+
+So that's what George has to do
+to be part of this system.
+
+Martha similarly sets
+up the column and
+
+the table under polar.
+
+Polar and real-part.
+
+Is the procedure
+real-part-polar?
+
+And imaginary-part, and
+magnitude, and angle.
+
+So this is what Martha has to
+do to be part of the system.
+
+Everyone who makes a
+representation has the
+
+responsibility for setting
+up a column in the table.
+
+And what does Harry do when
+Harry comes in with his
+
+brilliant idea for implementing
+complex numbers?
+
+Well he makes whatever procedure
+he wants and builds
+
+a new column in this table.
+
+OK, well what happened
+to the manager?
+
+The manager has been automated
+out of existence and is
+
+replaced by a procedure
+called operate.
+
+And this is the key procedure
+in the whole system.
+
+Let's say define operate.
+
+Operate is going to take an
+operation that you want to do,
+
+the name of an operation, and an
+object that you would like
+
+to apply that operation to.
+
+So for example, the real-part
+of some particular complex
+
+number, what does it do?
+
+Well the first thing it does,
+it looks in the table.
+
+Goes into the table and tries
+to find a procedure that's
+
+stored in the table.
+
+So it gets from the table, using
+as keys the type of the
+
+object and the operator, but
+looks on the table and sees
+
+what's stored under the type
+of the object and the
+
+operator, sees if anything's
+stored.
+
+Let's assume that get
+is implemented.
+
+So if nothing is stored there,
+it'll return the empty list.
+
+So it says, if there's actually
+something stored
+
+there, if the procedure here is
+not no, then it'll take the
+
+procedure that it found in the
+table and apply it to the
+
+contents of the object.
+
+And otherwise if there was
+nothing stored there, it'll--
+
+well we can decide.
+
+In this case let's have it put
+out an error message saying,
+
+undefined operator.
+
+No operator for this type.
+
+Or some appropriate
+error message.
+
+OK?
+
+And that replaces the manager.
+
+How do we really use it?
+
+Well what we say is we'll go
+off and define our generic
+
+selectors using operate.
+
+We'll say that the real-part
+of an object is found by
+
+operating on the object with
+the name of the operation
+
+being real-part.
+
+And then similarly,
+imaginary-part is operate
+
+using the name imaginary-part
+and magnitude and angle.
+
+That's our implementation.
+
+That plus the tape plus
+the operate procedure.
+
+And the table effectively
+replaces what the
+
+manager used to do.
+
+Let's just go through that
+slowly to show you
+
+what's going on.
+
+Suppose I have one of Martha's
+complex numbers.
+
+It's got magnitude
+1 and angle 2.
+
+And it's one of Martha's.
+
+So it's labeled here, polar.
+
+Let's call that z.
+
+Suppose that's z.
+
+And suppose with this
+implementation someone comes
+
+up and asks for the
+real-part of z.
+
+Well real-part now is defined
+in terms of operate.
+
+So that's equivalent to saying
+operate with the name of the
+
+operator being real-part, the
+symbol real-part on z.
+
+And now operate comes.
+
+It's going to look in the table,
+and it's going to try
+
+and find something
+stored under--
+
+the operation is going to apply
+by looking in the table
+
+under the type of the object.
+
+And the type of z is polar.
+
+So it's going to look and say,
+can I get using polar?
+
+And the operation name,
+which was real-part.
+
+It's going to look in there
+and apply that to
+
+the contents of z.
+
+And that?
+
+If everything was set up
+correctly, this thing is the
+
+procedure that Martha
+put there.
+
+This is real-part-polar.
+
+And this is z without
+its type.
+
+The thing that Martha originally
+designed those
+
+procedures to work on,
+which is 1, 2.
+
+And so operate sort of does
+uniformly what the manager
+
+used to do sort of all
+over the system.
+
+It finds the right thing, looks
+in the table, strips off
+
+the type, and passes
+it down into the
+
+person who handles it.
+
+This is another, and, you can
+see, more flexible for most
+
+purposes, way of implementing
+generic operators.
+
+And it's called data-directed
+programming.
+
+And the idea of that is in some
+sense the data objects
+
+themselves, those little complex
+numbers that are
+
+floating around the system,
+are carrying with them the
+
+information about how you
+should operate on them.
+
+Let's break for questions.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you have
+stored in that data object?
+
+You have the data itself, you
+have its type, and you have
+
+the operations for that type?
+
+Or where are the operations
+that you found?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let me--
+
+yeah, that's a good question.
+
+Because it raises other
+possibilities of how
+
+you might do it.
+
+And of course there are a
+lot of possibilities.
+
+In this particular
+implementation, what's sitting
+
+in this data object, for
+example, is the data itself--
+
+which in this case is
+a pair of 1 and 2--
+
+and also a symbol.
+
+This is the symbol, the word
+P-O-L-A-R, and that's what's
+
+sitting in this data object.
+
+Where are the operations
+themselves?
+
+The operations are sitting
+in the table.
+
+So in this table, the rows and
+columns of the table are
+
+labeled by symbols.
+
+So when I store something in
+this table, the key might be
+
+the symbol polar and the
+symbol magnitude.
+
+And I think by writing it this
+way I've been very confusing.
+
+Because what's really
+sitting here isn't--
+
+when I wrote magnitude polar,
+what I mean is the procedure
+
+magnitude polar.
+
+And probably what I really
+should have written--
+
+except it's too small
+for me to write
+
+in this little space--
+
+is something like lambda
+of z, the thing that
+
+Martha wrote to implement.
+
+And then you can see from that,
+there's another way that
+
+I alluded to of solving this
+name conflict problem, which
+
+is that George and Martha
+never have to name their
+
+procedures at all.
+
+They can just stick the
+anonymous things generated by
+
+lambda directly into
+the table.
+
+There's also another thing that
+your question raises, is
+
+the possibility that maybe what
+I would like somehow is
+
+to store in this data object not
+the symbol P-O-L-A-R but
+
+maybe actually all the
+operations themselves.
+
+And that's another way to
+organize the system, called
+
+message passing.
+
+So there are a lot of
+ways you can do it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Therefore if Martha
+and George had used the same
+
+procedure names, it would be
+OK because it wouldn't look
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+See, they wouldn't even
+have to name their
+
+procedures at all.
+
+What George could have written
+instead of saying put in the
+
+table under rectangular- and
+real-part, the procedure
+
+real-part rectangular, George
+could have written put under
+
+rectangular real-part, lambda
+of z, such and such,
+
+and such and such.
+
+And the system would work
+completely the same.
+
+AUDIENCE: My question is, Martha
+could have put key1
+
+key2 real-part, and George
+could have put key1 key2
+
+real-part, and as long as they
+defined them differently they
+
+wouldn't have had any
+conflicts, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that would all
+be OK except for the fact that
+
+if you imagine George and Martha
+typing at the same
+
+console with the same meanings
+for all their names, and it
+
+would get confused by real-part,
+but there are ways
+
+to arrange that, too.
+
+And in principle you're
+absolutely right.
+
+If their names didn't
+conflict--
+
+it's the objects that go in
+the table, not the names.
+
+OK, let's take a break.
+
+[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF
+MAN'S DESIRING" BY
+
+JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH]
+
+All right, well we just looked
+at data-directed programming
+
+as a way of implementing a
+system that does arithmetic on
+
+complex numbers.
+
+So I had these operations in it
+called plus C and minus C,
+
+and multiply, and divide,
+and maybe some others.
+
+And that sat on top of-- and
+this is the key point-- sat on
+
+top of two different
+representations.
+
+A rectangular package here,
+and a polar package.
+
+And maybe some more.
+
+And we saw that the whole idea
+is that maybe some more are
+
+now very easy to add.
+
+But that doesn't really show the
+power of this methodology.
+
+Shows you what's going on.
+
+The power of the methodology
+only becomes apparent when you
+
+start embedding this in some
+more complex system.
+
+What I'm going to do now is
+embed this in some more
+
+complex system.
+
+Let's assume that what we really
+have is a general kind
+
+of arithmetic system.
+
+So called generic arithmetic
+system.
+
+And at the top level here,
+somebody can say add two
+
+things, or subtract two things,
+or multiply two
+
+things, or divide two things.
+
+And underneath that there's
+an abstraction barrier.
+
+And underneath this barrier,
+is, say, a
+
+complex arithmetic package.
+
+And you can say, add two
+complex numbers.
+
+Or you might also have--
+remember we did a rational
+
+number package-- you might
+have that sitting there.
+
+And there might be
+a rational thing.
+
+And the rational number package,
+well, has the things
+
+we implemented.
+
+Plus rat, and times
+rat, and so on.
+
+Or you might have ordinary
+Lisp numbers.
+
+You might say add
+three and four.
+
+So we might have ordinary
+numbers, in which case we have
+
+the Lisp supplied plus, and
+minus, and times, and slash.
+
+OK, so we might imagine this
+complex number system sitting
+
+in a more complicated generic
+operator structure at
+
+the next level up.
+
+Well how can we make that?
+
+We already have the
+idea, we're just
+
+going to do it again.
+
+We've implemented a rational
+number package.
+
+Let's look at how it
+has to be changed.
+
+In fact, at this level
+it doesn't have to
+
+be changed at all.
+
+This is exactly the code that
+we wrote last time.
+
+To add two rational
+numbers, remember
+
+there was this formula.
+
+You make a rational number
+whose numerator--
+
+the numerator of the first times
+the denominator of the
+
+second, plus the denominator
+of the first times the
+
+numerator of the second.
+
+And who's denominator is the
+product of the denominators.
+
+And minus rat, and star
+rat, and slash rat.
+
+And this is exactly the rational
+number package that
+
+we made before.
+
+We're ignoring the GCD problem,
+but let's not worry
+
+about that.
+
+As implementers of this rational
+number package, how
+
+do we install it in the generic
+arithmetic system?
+
+Well that's easy.
+
+There's only one thing we
+have to do differently.
+
+Whereas previously we said that
+to make a rational number
+
+you built a pair of the
+numerator and denominator,
+
+here we'll not only build the
+pair, but we'll sign it.
+
+We'll attach the
+type rational.
+
+That's the only thing we have
+to do different, make it a
+
+typed data object.
+
+And now we'll stick our
+operations in the table.
+
+We'll put under the symbol
+rational and the operation add
+
+our procedure, plus rat.
+
+And, again, note this
+is a symbol.
+
+Right?
+
+Quote, unquote, but the actual
+thing we're putting in the
+
+table is the procedure.
+
+And for how to subtract,
+well you subtract
+
+rationals with minus rat.
+
+And multiply, and divide.
+
+And that is exactly and
+precisely what we have to do
+
+to fit inside this generic
+arithmetic system.
+
+Well how does the whole
+thing work?
+
+See, what we want to do is have
+some generic operators.
+
+Have add and sub and
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+be generic operators.
+
+So we're going to define add and
+say, to add x and y, that
+
+will be operate--
+
+we were going to call
+it operate-2.
+
+This is our operator procedure,
+but set up for two
+
+arguments using add
+on x and y.
+
+And so this is the analog
+to operate.
+
+Let's look at the
+code for second.
+
+It's almost like operate.
+
+To operate with some operator
+on an argument 1 and an
+
+argument 2, well the first thing
+we're going to do is
+
+check and see if the two
+arguments have the same type.
+
+So we'll say, is the type of the
+first argument the same as
+
+the type of the second
+argument?
+
+And if they're not, we'll go
+off and complain, and say,
+
+that's an error.
+
+We don't know how to do that.
+
+If they do have the same
+type, we'll do
+
+exactly what we did before.
+
+We'll go look and filed under
+the type of the argument--
+
+arg 1 and arg 2 have the same
+type, so it doesn't matter.
+
+So we'll look in the table,
+find the procedure.
+
+If there is a procedure there,
+then we'll apply it to the
+
+contents of the argument 1 and
+the contents of arg 2.
+
+And otherwise we'll
+say, error.
+
+Undefined operator.
+
+And so there's operate-2.
+
+And that's all we have to do.
+
+We just built the complex
+number package before.
+
+How do we embed that complex
+number package in
+
+this generic system?
+
+Almost the same.
+
+We make a procedure called
+make-complex that takes
+
+whatever George and Martha
+hand to us and add the
+
+type-complex.
+
+And then we say, to add complex
+numbers, plus complex,
+
+we use our internal procedure,
+plus c, and attach a type,
+
+make that a complex number.
+
+So our original package had
+names plus c and minus c that
+
+we're using to communicate
+with George and Martha.
+
+And then to communicate with the
+outside world, we have a
+
+thing called plus-complex
+and minus-complex.
+
+And so on.
+
+And the only difference
+is that these return
+
+values that are tight.
+
+So they can be looked
+at up here.
+
+And these are internal
+operations.
+
+Let's go look at that
+slide again.
+
+There's one more thing we do.
+
+After defining plus-complex, we
+put under the type complex
+
+and the symbol add, that
+procedure plus complex.
+
+And then similarly for
+subtracting complex numbers,
+
+and multiplying them,
+and dividing them.
+
+OK, how do we install
+ordinary numbers?
+
+Exactly the same way.
+
+Come off and say, well we'll
+make a thing called
+
+make-number.
+
+Make-number takes a number and
+attaches a type, which is the
+
+symbol number.
+
+We build a procedure called
+plus-number, which is simply,
+
+add the two things using the
+ordinary addition, because in
+
+this case we're talking about
+ordinary numbers, and attach a
+
+type to it and make
+that a number.
+
+And then we put into the table
+under the symbol number and
+
+the operation add, this
+procedure plus-number, and
+
+then the same thing for
+subtracting, and multiplying,
+
+and dividing.
+
+Let's look at an example,
+just to make it clear.
+
+Suppose, for instance,
+I'm going
+
+to perform the operation.
+
+So I sit up here and I'm going
+to perform the operation,
+
+which looks like multiplying
+two complex numbers.
+
+So I would multiply, say,
+3 plus 4i and 2 plus 6i.
+
+And that's something that
+I might want to take
+
+hand that to mul.
+
+I'll write mul as my generic
+operator here.
+
+How's that going to work?
+
+Well 3 plus 4i, say, sits in
+the system at this level as
+
+something that looks
+like this.
+
+Let's say it was one
+of George's.
+
+So it would have a 3 and a 4.
+
+And attached to that would be
+George's type, which would say
+
+rectangular, it came
+from George.
+
+And attached to that--
+
+and this itself would be the
+data view from the next level
+
+up, which it is--
+
+so that itself would be a
+type-data object which would
+
+say complex.
+
+So that's what this object would
+look like up here at the
+
+very highest level, where
+the really super-generic
+
+operations are looking at it.
+
+Now what happens, mul
+eventually's going to come
+
+along and say, oh,
+what's it's type?
+
+It's type is complex.
+
+Go through to operate-2 and say,
+oh, what I want to do is
+
+apply what's in the table,
+which is going to be the
+
+procedure star complex, on
+this thing with the type
+
+stripped off.
+
+So it's going to strip off the
+type, take that much, and send
+
+that down into the
+complex world.
+
+The complex world looks at its
+operations and says, oh, I
+
+have to apply star c.
+
+Star c might say, oh, at some
+point I want to look at the
+
+magnitude of this object that
+it's in, that it's got.
+
+And they'll say, oh, it's
+
+rectangular, it's one of George's.
+
+So it'll then strip off the next
+version of type, and hand
+
+that down to George to take
+the magnitude of.
+
+So you see what's going
+on is that there are
+
+these chains of types.
+
+And the length of the chain is
+sort of the number of levels
+
+that you're going to be going
+up in this table.
+
+And what a type tells you, every
+time you have a vertical
+
+barrier in this table, where
+there's some ambiguity about
+
+where you should go down to the
+next level, the type is
+
+telling you where to go.
+
+And then everybody at the
+bottom, as they construct data
+
+and filter it up, they stick
+their type back on.
+
+So that's the general structure
+of the system.
+
+OK.
+
+Now that we've got this, let's
+go and make this thing even
+
+more complex.
+
+Let's talk about adding to the
+system not only these kinds of
+
+numbers, but it's also
+meaningful to start talking
+
+about adding polynomials.
+
+Might do arithmetic
+on polynomials.
+
+Like we could have x to the
+fifteenth plus 2x to the
+
+seventh plus 5.
+
+That might be some polynomial.
+
+And if we have two such gadgets
+we can add them or
+
+multiply them.
+
+Let's not worry about
+dividing them.
+
+Just add them, multiply them,
+then we'll subtract them.
+
+What do we have to do?
+
+Well let's think about how we
+might represent a polynomial.
+
+It's going to be some
+typed data object.
+
+So let's say a polynomial to
+this system might look like a
+
+thing that starts with
+the type polynomial.
+
+And then maybe it says the
+next thing is what
+
+variable its in.
+
+So I might say I'm a polynomial
+in the variable x.
+
+And then it'll have some
+information about
+
+what the terms are.
+
+And there're just tons of ways
+to do this, but one way is to
+
+say we're going to have a thing
+called a term-list. And
+
+a term-list--
+
+well, in our case we'll
+use something
+
+that looks like this.
+
+We'll make it a bunch of pairs
+which have an order in a
+
+coefficient.
+
+So this polynomial would be
+represented by this term-list.
+
+And what that means is that
+this polynomial starts off
+
+with a term of order 15
+and coefficient 1.
+
+And the next thing in it is
+a term of order 7 and
+
+coefficient 2, a term of order
+0, which is constant in
+
+coefficient 5.
+
+And there are lots and lots of
+ways, and lots and lots of
+
+trade-offs when you really think
+about making algebraic
+
+manipulation packages about
+exactly how you should
+
+represent these things.
+
+But this is a fairly
+standard one.
+
+It's useful in a lot
+of contexts.
+
+OK, well how do we implement
+our polynomial arithmetic?
+
+Let's start out.
+
+What we'll do to make
+a polynomial--
+
+we'll first have a way
+to make polynomials.
+
+We're going to make a polynomial
+out of variable
+
+like x and term-list. And all
+that does is we'll package
+
+them together someway.
+
+We'll put the variable together
+with the term list
+
+using cons, and then attached
+to that the type polynomial.
+
+OK, how do we add
+two polynomials?
+
+To add a polynomial, p1 and
+p2, and then just for
+
+simplicity let's say
+we will only add
+
+things in the same variable.
+
+So if they have the same
+variable, and same variable
+
+here is going to be some
+selector we write, whose
+
+details we don't care about.
+
+If the two polynomials have the
+same variable, then we'll
+
+do something.
+
+If they don't have the same
+variable, we'll give an error,
+
+polynomials not in the
+same variable.
+
+And if they do have the same
+variable, what we'll do is
+
+we'll make a polynomial whose
+variable is whatever that
+
+variable is, and whose term-list
+is something we'll
+
+call sum-terms. Plus terms will
+add the two term lists.
+
+So we'll add the two term
+lists to the polynomial.
+
+That'll give us a term-list.
+We'll add on, we'll say it's a
+
+polynomial in the variable
+with that
+
+term-list. That's plus poly.
+
+And then we're going to put in
+our table under the type
+
+polynomial, add them
+using plus poly.
+
+And of course we really
+haven't done much.
+
+What we've really done is pushed
+all the work onto this
+
+thing, plus-terms, which is
+supposed to add term-lists.
+
+Let's look at that.
+
+Here's an overview of how we
+might add two term-lists.
+
+So L1 and L2 were going
+to be two term-lists.
+
+And a term-list is a bunch of
+pairs, coefficient in order.
+
+And it's a big case analysis.
+
+And the first thing we'll check
+for and see if there are
+
+any terms. We're going to
+recursively work down these
+
+term-lists, so eventually we'll
+get to a place where
+
+either L1 or L2 might
+be empty.
+
+And if either one is empty,
+our answer will
+
+be the other one.
+
+So if L1 is empty we'll return
+L2, and if L2 is empty
+
+we'll return L1.
+
+Otherwise there are sort of
+three interesting cases.
+
+What we're going to do is grab
+the first term in each of
+
+those lists, called t1 and t2.
+
+And we're going to look at
+three cases, depending on
+
+whether the order of t1 is
+greater than the order of t2,
+
+or less than t2, or the same.
+
+Those are the three cases
+we're going to look at.
+
+Let's look at this case.
+
+If the order of t1 is greater
+than the order of t2, then
+
+what that means is that our
+answer is going to start with
+
+this term of the order of t1.
+
+Because it won't combine with
+any lower order terms. So what
+
+we do is add the lower order
+terms. We recursively add
+
+together all the terms
+in the rest of the
+
+term-list in L1 and L2.
+
+That's going to be the lower
+order terms of the answer.
+
+And then we're going to
+adjoin to that the
+
+highest order term.
+
+And I'm using here a whole bunch
+of procedures I haven't
+
+defined, like a adjoin-term, and
+rest-terms, and selectors
+
+that get order.
+
+But you can imagine
+what those are.
+
+So if the first term-list has
+a higher order than the
+
+second, we recursively add all
+the lower terms and then stick
+
+on that last term.
+
+The other case, the same way.
+
+If the first term has a smaller
+order, well then we
+
+add the first term-list and the
+rest of the terms in the
+
+second one, and adjoin on
+this highest order term.
+
+So so far nothing's much
+happened, we've just sort of
+
+pushed this thing off into
+adding lower order terms. The
+
+last case where you actually get
+to a coefficients that you
+
+have to add, this will
+be the case where
+
+the orders are equal.
+
+What we do is, well again
+recursively add the lower
+
+order terms. But now we have to
+really combine something.
+
+What we do is we make a term
+whose order is the order of
+
+the term we're looking at.
+
+By now t1 and t2 have
+the same order.
+
+That's its order.
+
+And its coefficient is gotten
+by adding the coefficient of
+
+t1 and the coefficient of t2.
+
+This is a big recursive working
+down of terms, but
+
+really there's only one
+interesting symbol in this
+
+procedure, only one
+interesting idea.
+
+The interesting idea
+is this add.
+
+And the reason that's
+interesting is because
+
+something completely wonderful
+just happened.
+
+We reduced adding polynomials,
+not to sort of plus, but to
+
+the generic add.
+
+In other words, by implementing
+it that way, not
+
+only do we have our system where
+we can have rational
+
+numbers, or complex numbers,
+or ordinary numbers, we've
+
+just added on polynomials.
+
+But the coefficients of the
+polynomials can be anything
+
+that the system can add.
+
+So these could be polynomials
+whose coefficients are
+
+rational numbers or complex
+numbers, which in turn could
+
+be either rectangular, or polar,
+or ordinary numbers.
+
+So what I mean precisely
+is our system right now
+
+automatically can handle things
+like adding together
+
+polynomials that have this one:
+2/3 of x squared plus
+
+5/17 x plus 11/4.
+
+Or automatically handle
+polynomials that look like 3
+
+plus 2i times x to the fifth
+plus 4 plus 7i, or something.
+
+You can automatically
+handle those things.
+
+Why is that?
+
+That's merely because, or
+profoundly because we reduced
+
+adding polynomials to adding
+their coefficients.
+
+And adding coefficients was
+done by the generic add
+
+operator, which said, I don't
+care what your types are as
+
+long as I know how to add you.
+
+So automatically for
+free we get the
+
+ability to handle that.
+
+What's even better than that,
+because remember one of the
+
+things we did is we put into the
+table that the way you add
+
+polynomials is using
+plus poly.
+
+That means that polynomials
+themselves are
+
+things that can be added.
+
+So for instance let
+me write one here.
+
+Here's a polynomial.
+
+So this gadget here I'm
+writing up, this is a
+
+polynomial in y whose
+coefficients are
+
+polynomials in x.
+
+So you see, simply by saying,
+polynomials are themselves
+
+things that can be added, we can
+go off and say, well not
+
+only can we deal with rationals,
+or complex, or
+
+ordinary numbers, but we can
+deal with polynomials whose
+
+coefficients are rationals, or
+complex, or ordinary numbers,
+
+or polynomials whose
+coefficients are rationals, or
+
+complex, rectangular, polar,
+or ordinary numbers, or
+
+polynomials whose coefficients
+are rationals, complex, or
+
+ordinary numbers.
+
+And so on, and so
+on, and so on.
+
+So this is sort of an infinite
+or maybe a recursive tower of
+
+types that we've built up.
+
+And it's all exactly from
+that one little symbol.
+
+A-D-D. Writing "add" instead
+of "plus" in
+
+the polynomial thing.
+
+Slightly different way to
+think about it is that
+
+polynomials are a constructor
+for types.
+
+Namely you give it a type, like
+integer, and it returns
+
+for you polynomials in x whose
+coefficients are integers.
+
+And the important thing about
+that is that the operations on
+
+polynomials reduce to the
+operations on the
+
+coefficients.
+
+And there are a lot of
+things like that.
+
+So for example, let's go back
+and rational numbers.
+
+We thought about rational
+numbers as an integer over an
+
+integer, but there's
+the general notion
+
+of a rational object.
+
+Like we might think about 3x
+plus 7 over x squared plus 1.
+
+That's general rational object
+whose numerator and
+
+denominator are polynomials.
+
+And to add two of them we use
+the same formula, numerator
+
+times denominator plus
+denominator times numerator
+
+over product of denominators.
+
+How could we install
+that in our system?
+
+Well here's our original
+rational
+
+number arithmetic package.
+
+And all we have to do in order
+to make the entire system
+
+continue working with general
+rational objects, is replace
+
+these particular pluses and
+stars by the generic operator.
+
+So if we simply change that
+procedure to this one, here
+
+we've changed plus and star
+to add a mul, those are
+
+absolutely the only change,
+then suddenly our entire
+
+system can start talking about
+objects that look like this.
+
+So for example, here is a
+rational object whose
+
+numerator is a polynomial in
+x whose coefficients are
+
+rational numbers.
+
+Or here is a rational object
+whose numerator is polynomials
+
+in x whose coefficients are
+rational objects constructed
+
+out of complex numbers.
+
+And then there are a lot of
+other things like that.
+
+See, whenever you have a thing
+where the operations reduce to
+
+operations on the pieces,
+another example would be two
+
+by two matrices.
+
+I have the idea, there might
+be a matrix here of general
+
+things that I don't
+care about.
+
+But if I add two of them, the
+answer over here is gotten by
+
+adding this one and that one,
+however they like to add.
+
+So I can implement that
+the same way.
+
+And if I do that, then again
+suddenly my system can start
+
+handling things like this.
+
+So here's a matrix whose
+elements happen to be--
+
+we'll say this element here
+is a rational object whose
+
+numerator and denominators
+are polynomials.
+
+And all that comes for free.
+
+What's really going on here?
+
+What's really going on is
+getting rid of this manager
+
+who's sitting there poking his
+nose into who everybody's
+
+business is.
+
+We built a system that has
+decentralized control.
+
+So when you come into and no
+one's poking around saying,
+
+gee, are you in the
+official list of
+
+people who can be added?
+
+Rather you say, well go off
+and add yourself how your
+
+parts like to be added.
+
+And the result of that is you
+can get this very, very, very
+
+complex hierarchy where a lot
+of things just get done and
+
+rooted to the right place
+automatically.
+
+Let's stop for questions.
+
+AUDIENCE: You say you
+get this for free.
+
+One thing that strikes me is
+that now you've lost kind of
+
+the cleanness of the break
+between what's on top and
+
+what's underneath.
+
+In other words, now you're
+defining some of the
+
+lower-level procedures
+in terms of things
+
+above their own line.
+
+Isn't that dangerous?
+
+Or, if nothing more, a little
+less structured?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I--
+
+the question is whether that's
+less structured.
+
+Depends on what you
+mean by structure.
+
+All this is doing
+is recursion.
+
+See, it's saying that the
+way you add these
+
+guys is to use that.
+
+And that's not less structured,
+it's just a
+
+recursive structure.
+
+So I don't think it's
+particularly any less clean.
+
+AUDIENCE: Now when you want to
+change the multiplier or the
+
+add operator, suddenly you've
+got tremendous consequences
+
+underneath that you're not
+even sure the extent of.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right, but
+it depends what you mean.
+
+See, this goes both ways.
+
+What would be a good example?
+
+I ignored greatest common
+divisor, for instance.
+
+I ignored that problem just to
+keep the example simple.
+
+But if I suddenly decided that
+plus rat here should do a GCD
+
+computation and install that,
+then that immediately becomes
+
+available to all of these, to
+that guy, and that guy, and
+
+that guy, and all
+the way down.
+
+So it depends what you mean by
+the coherence of your system.
+
+It's certainly true that you
+might want to have a special
+
+different one that didn't
+filter down through the
+
+coefficients, but the nice thing
+about this particular
+
+example is that mostly you do.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't that the
+problem, I think, that you're
+
+getting to tied in with the fact
+that the structuring, the
+
+recursiveness of that
+structuring there is actually
+
+in execution as opposed to just
+definition of the actual
+
+types themselves?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think I understand
+the question.
+
+The point is that these types
+evolve and get more and more
+
+complex as the thing's
+actually running.
+
+Is that what--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+As it's running.
+
+PROFESSOR: --what
+you're saying?
+
+Yes, the point is--
+
+AUDIENCE: As opposed to
+the basic definitions.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The type structure is
+sort of recursive.
+
+It's not that you can make this
+finite list of the actual
+
+things they might look like
+before the system runs.
+
+It's something that evolves.
+
+So if you want to specify that
+system, you have to do in some
+
+other way than by this finite
+list. You have to do it by a
+
+recursive structure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the basic
+structure of the types is
+
+pretty clean and simple.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+I understand once you have your
+data structure set up,
+
+how it pulls off complex and
+passes that down, and then
+
+pulls off rect, passes
+that down.
+
+But if you're just a user and
+you don't know anything about
+
+rect or polar or whatever, how
+do you initially set up that
+
+data structure so that
+everything goes
+
+to the right spot?
+
+If I just have the equation over
+there on the left and I
+
+just want to add, multiply
+complex numbers--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well that's
+the wonderful thing.
+
+If you're just a user
+you say "mul."
+
+AUDIENCE: And it figures out
+that I mean complex numbers?
+
+Or how do I tell it
+that I want--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well you're
+going to have in your
+
+hands complex numbers.
+
+See what you would have at some
+level, as a real user, is
+
+a constructor for
+complex numbers.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then I have to
+make complex numbers?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have
+to make them.
+
+What you would probably have as
+a user is some little thing
+
+in the reader loop, which would
+give you some plausible
+
+way to type in a complex
+number, in
+
+whatever format you like.
+
+Or it might be that you're
+never typing them in.
+
+Someone's just handing
+you a complex number.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, so if I had a
+complex number that had a
+
+polynomial in it, I'd have to
+make my polynomial and then
+
+make my complex number.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right if you wanted
+it constructed from scratch.
+
+At some point you construct
+them from scratch.
+
+But what you don't have to know
+of that is when you have
+
+the object you can just say
+"mul." And it'll multiply.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think the question
+that was being posed here is,
+
+say if I want to change my
+presentation of complexes, or
+
+some operation of complex, how
+much real code I will have to
+
+gets around with, or change
+to change it in
+
+one specific operation?
+
+PROFESSOR: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+what you have to change.
+
+And the point is that
+you only have to
+
+change what you're changing.
+
+See if Martha decides that
+she would rather--
+
+let's see something silly--
+
+like change the order
+in the pair.
+
+Like angle and magnitude in
+the other order, she just
+
+makes that change locally.
+
+And the whole thing will
+propagate through the system
+
+in the right way.
+
+Or if suddenly you said, gee, I
+have another representation
+
+for rationals.
+
+And I'm going to stick it
+here, by filing those
+
+operations in the table.
+
+Then suddenly all of these
+polynomials whose coefficients
+
+are coefficients of
+coefficients, or whatever,
+
+also can automatically have
+available that representation.
+
+That's the power of this
+particular one.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm not sure if I can
+even pose an intelligent
+
+sounding question.
+
+But somehow this whole thing
+went really nicely to this
+
+beautiful finish where
+all the things seemed
+
+to fall into place.
+
+Sort of seemed a little
+contrived.
+
+That's all for the sake,
+I'm sure, of teaching.
+
+I doubt that the guys
+who first did this--
+
+and I could be wrong--
+
+figured it all out so that when
+they just all put it all
+
+together, you could all of the
+sudden, blam, do any kind of
+
+arithmetic on any
+kind of object.
+
+It seems like maybe they had
+to play with it for a while
+
+and had to bash it
+and rework it.
+
+And it seems like that's the
+kind of problem we're really
+
+faced with we start trying to
+design a really complex
+
+system, is having lots of
+different kinds of parts and
+
+not even knowing what kinds of
+operations we're going to want
+
+to do on those parts.
+
+How to organize the operations
+in this nice way so that no
+
+matter what you do, when you
+start putting them together
+
+everything starts falling
+out for free.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well
+that's certainly a
+
+very intelligent question.
+
+One part is this is a very good
+methodology that people
+
+have discovered a lot coming
+from symbolic algebra.
+
+Because there are a lot
+of complications.
+
+To allow you to implement these
+things before you decide
+
+what you want all the
+operations to
+
+be, and all of that.
+
+So in some sense it's an
+answer that people have
+
+discovered by wading
+through this stuff.
+
+In another sense, it is a
+very contrived example.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems like to be
+able to do this you do have to
+
+wade through it for a certain
+amount of time before you can
+
+become good at it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me show you how
+terribly contrived this is.
+
+So you can write all these
+wonderful things.
+
+But the system that I wrote
+here, and if we had another
+
+half an hour to give this
+lecture I would have given
+
+this part of it, which says,
+notice that it breaks down if
+
+I tell it to do something as
+foolish as add 3 plus 7/2.
+
+Because what will happen is
+you'll get to operate-2, and
+
+operate-2 will say, oh
+this is type number,
+
+and that's type rational.
+
+I don't know how to add them.
+
+So you'd like the system at
+least to be able to say
+
+something like, gee,
+before you do that
+
+change that to 3/1.
+
+Turn it into a rational number,
+hand that to the
+
+rational package.
+
+That's the thing I didn't talk
+about in this lecture.
+
+It's a little bit in the book,
+which talks about the problem
+
+of what's called coercion.
+
+Where you wanted--
+
+see, having so carefully set
+up all of these types as
+
+distinct objects, a lot of times
+you want to also put in
+
+knowledge about how to view
+an ordinary number
+
+as a kind of rational.
+
+Or view an ordinary number
+as a kind of complex.
+
+That's where the complexity in
+the system really starts
+
+happening, where you talk
+about, see where
+
+do I put that knowledge?
+
+Is it rational to know that
+ordinary numbers might be
+
+pieces of [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+of them?
+
+Or they're terrible, terrible
+examples, like if I might want
+
+to add a complex number
+to a rational number.
+
+Bad example.
+
+5/7.
+
+Then somebody's got to know that
+I have to convert these
+
+to another type, which is
+complex numbers whose parts
+
+might be rationals.
+
+And who worries about that?
+
+Does complex worry about that?
+
+Does rational worry
+about that?
+
+Does plus worry about that?
+
+That's where the real
+complexity comes in.
+
+And that's where it's pretty
+well sorted out.
+
+And a lot of, in fact, all of
+this message passing stuff was
+
+motivated by problems
+like this.
+
+And when you really push it,
+people are-- somehow the
+
+algebraic manipulation problem
+seems to be so complex that
+
+the people who are always at the
+edge of it are exactly in
+
+the state you said.
+
+They're wading through this
+thing, mucking around, seeing
+
+what they use, trying
+to distill stuff.
+
+AUDIENCE: I just want to come
+back to this issue of
+
+complexity once more.
+
+It certainly seems to be true
+that you have a great deal of
+
+flexibility in altering the
+lower level kinds of things.
+
+But it is true that you are,
+in a sense, freezing higher
+
+level operations.
+
+Or at least if you change them
+you don't know where all of
+
+the changes are going to show
+up, or how they are.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's an
+extremely good question.
+
+What I have to do is, if I
+decide there's a new general
+
+operation called equality test,
+then all of these people
+
+have to decide whether or not
+they would like to have an
+
+equality test by looking
+in the table.
+
+There're ways to decentralize
+it even more.
+
+That's what I sort of hinted at
+last time, where I said you
+
+could not only have this type as
+a symbol, but you actually
+
+might store in each object
+the operations
+
+that it knows of that.
+
+So you might have things like
+greatest common divisor, which
+
+is a thing here which is defined
+only for integers, and
+
+not in general for
+rational numbers.
+
+So it might be a very, very
+fragmented system.
+
+And then depending on where
+you want your flexibility,
+
+there's a whole spectrum
+of places that you
+
+can build that in.
+
+But you're pointing at the place
+where this starts being
+
+weak, that there has to be some
+agreement on top here
+
+about these general
+operations.
+
+Or at least people have
+to think about them.
+
+Or you might decide, you might
+have a table that's very
+
+sparse, that only has
+a few things in it.
+
+But there are lot of ways
+to play that game.
+
+OK, thank you.
+
+[MUSIC: "JESU, JOY OF
+MAN'S DESIRING" BY
+
+JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jeI3wpulyPw.txt b/jeI3wpulyPw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20b08ee807fcfb5852b402928f62d118184ed727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jeI3wpulyPw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+about yourselves so raise your hand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourselves so raise your hand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourselves so raise your hand I
+guess if you're from Wellesley nobody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you're from Wellesley nobody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you're from Wellesley nobody at
+lawlessly wants to fly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawlessly wants to fly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawlessly wants to fly okay
+Harvard okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard okay
+everybody else can boo who's not who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else can boo who's not who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else can boo who's not who has
+no MIT affiliation all right awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no MIT affiliation all right awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no MIT affiliation all right awesome
+well welcome who actually raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well welcome who actually raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well welcome who actually raise your
+hand if you've never been in a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you've never been in a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you've never been in a light
+aircraft if you have no experience in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft if you have no experience in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft if you have no experience in a
+little airplane okay that's good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane okay that's good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane okay that's good that's
+a good number for the for the MIT folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good number for the for the MIT folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good number for the for the MIT folks
+how many are you how many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many are you how many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many are you how many of you are
+undergrads okay that's a good number how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads okay that's a good number how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads okay that's a good number how
+many of you are graduate students even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are graduate students even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are graduate students even
+larger number and how many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number and how many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number and how many of you are
+neither you're just like an MIT alum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither you're just like an MIT alum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither you're just like an MIT alum or
+staff just a few okay great well welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff just a few okay great well welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff just a few okay great well welcome
+all of you and let's just go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you and let's just go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you and let's just go through the
+goals let's see what who's in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals let's see what who's in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals let's see what who's in the room
+who wants to eventually fly an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to eventually fly an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to eventually fly an airplane
+whoa how about a helicopter good I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa how about a helicopter good I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa how about a helicopter good I'm
+happy to see that what about drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see that what about drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see that what about drones
+alright that's a larger number than last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's a larger number than last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's a larger number than last
+year that's great all right so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's great all right so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's great all right so your
+course objectives are to get ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course objectives are to get ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course objectives are to get ready for
+your official FAA knowledge test this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your official FAA knowledge test this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your official FAA knowledge test this is
+sometimes called the written test as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the written test as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the written test as
+opposed to the practical test or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the practical test or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the practical test or the
+check ride that you do at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check ride that you do at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check ride that you do at the end of
+your flight training it's available in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight training it's available in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight training it's available in a
+bunch of different versions including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different versions including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different versions including
+for airplanes and helicopters we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for airplanes and helicopters we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for airplanes and helicopters we're
+going to concentrate in this class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to concentrate in this class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to concentrate in this class on
+airplane partly because of the show of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane partly because of the show of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane partly because of the show of
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+you will also be prepared though for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also be prepared though for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also be prepared though for the
+FAs remote pilot test if you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAs remote pilot test if you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAs remote pilot test if you decide to
+go direct entry into the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go direct entry into the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go direct entry into the world of
+commercial drones we hope that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial drones we hope that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial drones we hope that this is
+also going to help you any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to help you any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to help you any kind of
+thorough study usually helps you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough study usually helps you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough study usually helps you make
+more efficient use of your in aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient use of your in aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient use of your in aircraft
+time and because we have tina here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and because we have tina here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and because we have tina here with
+her PhD and aero-astro we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her PhD and aero-astro we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her PhD and aero-astro we're going
+learn something about the engineering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the engineering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the engineering as
+well so what is great about aviation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what is great about aviation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what is great about aviation you
+know people were dreaming about flying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people were dreaming about flying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people were dreaming about flying a
+long time ago going back to the ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago going back to the ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago going back to the ancient
+Greeks only recently we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks only recently we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks only recently we've been able to
+do it which is a good thing one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it which is a good thing one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it which is a good thing one thing I
+like about it is to look at the geology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it is to look at the geology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it is to look at the geology
+and the organization of human settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organization of human settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organization of human settlement
+on the planet it's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet it's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet it's there's a lot of
+interesting structural patterns that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structural patterns that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structural patterns that one
+can see from above flying you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from above flying you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from above flying you know a lot
+of the greatest engineering achievements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest engineering achievements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest engineering achievements
+of the last hundred years or so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last hundred years or so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last hundred years or so are
+embodied in the aircraft that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the aircraft that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the aircraft that you know
+you can personally go down to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can personally go down to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can personally go down to the local
+airport rent and fly also you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport rent and fly also you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport rent and fly also you know I
+mind everybody at MIT is pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind everybody at MIT is pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind everybody at MIT is pretty good at
+doing stuff at a desk and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff at a desk and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff at a desk and thinking about
+hard problems when sitting at a desk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems when sitting at a desk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems when sitting at a desk but
+there's no emotions to manage a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no emotions to manage a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no emotions to manage a lot of
+other than depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know flying combines everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know flying combines everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know flying combines everything
+you might be a little bit afraid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be a little bit afraid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be a little bit afraid it's
+not natural to be up in the air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not natural to be up in the air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not natural to be up in the air so
+you're working all of your human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working all of your human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working all of your human
+capacities at one time you're managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities at one time you're managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities at one time you're managing
+your fear you're working your brain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fear you're working your brain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fear you're working your brain to
+think about what's coming next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's coming next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's coming next
+and you're also working your muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're also working your muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're also working your muscles
+finally you know you can get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you know you can get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you know you can get to the
+beach quickly but as I note here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach quickly but as I note here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach quickly but as I note here you
+know most places unfortunately little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most places unfortunately little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most places unfortunately little
+airplanes when you factor in the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes when you factor in the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes when you factor in the weather
+and all the training that you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the training that you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the training that you have to do
+a lot of times you could have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times you could have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times you could have gotten
+door to door faster I might I might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to door faster I might I might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to door faster I might I might also
+just ask a couple of you guys pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask a couple of you guys pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask a couple of you guys pretty
+much everyone raised their hand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everyone raised their hand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everyone raised their hand about
+wanting to fly so maybe we can just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to fly so maybe we can just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to fly so maybe we can just get
+here from a couple of you why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from a couple of you why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from a couple of you why do you
+want to fly what's your interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly what's your interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fly what's your interest in
+taking the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now like five tears already dead and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like five tears already dead and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like five tears already dead and if
+it's a normal step to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a normal step to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a normal step to like
+that's great so just for the folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so just for the folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so just for the folks that
+couldn't hear oh and what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear oh and what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear oh and what's your name
+Lawrence Lawrence was saying he's a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Lawrence was saying he's a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Lawrence was saying he's a PhD
+student in aerospace engineering and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in aerospace engineering and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in aerospace engineering and has
+learned all the theory and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned all the theory and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned all the theory and so it's a
+natural step to want to go and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step to want to go and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural step to want to go and do it
+yourself that's great all right can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's great all right can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's great all right can you
+do it yes as in fact appears on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yes as in fact appears on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yes as in fact appears on the
+slide here there are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here there are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here there are a whole bunch of
+little airports near us we'll show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airports near us we'll show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airports near us we'll show them
+on a subsequent slide they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a subsequent slide they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a subsequent slide they all have
+flight schools and you can rent either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools and you can rent either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools and you can rent either
+airplanes or helicopters or both as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes or helicopters or both as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes or helicopters or both as well
+as find an instructor to teach you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as find an instructor to teach you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as find an instructor to teach you you
+can actually learn to fly in about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually learn to fly in about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually learn to fly in about ten
+hours to me it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to me it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to me it's a little bit
+unfortunate that so much emphasis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that so much emphasis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that so much emphasis is
+placed on getting a pilot certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on getting a pilot certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on getting a pilot certificate
+because it is an independent achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is an independent achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is an independent achievement
+to actually be able to take off cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be able to take off cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be able to take off cruise
+around and land without the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and land without the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and land without the instructor
+having to touch anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to touch anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to touch anything
+so that achievement unfortunately isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that achievement unfortunately isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that achievement unfortunately isn't
+recognized with a little certificate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized with a little certificate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized with a little certificate but
+that's actually learning to fly the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually learning to fly the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually learning to fly the rest
+of the training which you know takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the training which you know takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the training which you know takes
+three times as long as actually learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as long as actually learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as long as actually learning
+the fly is directed at flying a broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly is directed at flying a broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly is directed at flying a broken
+aircraft or a lost aircraft all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft or a lost aircraft all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft or a lost aircraft all this
+stuff that prepares you to be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that prepares you to be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that prepares you to be the only
+pilot in the aircraft which may not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot in the aircraft which may not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot in the aircraft which may not even
+be a goal for passengers they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a goal for passengers they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a goal for passengers they would
+rather have two pilots in the front not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have two pilots in the front not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have two pilots in the front not
+just one pilot but there's a bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pilot but there's a bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pilot but there's a bizarre
+focus on training one person to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on training one person to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on training one person to do
+everything which we'll get into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything which we'll get into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything which we'll get into a little
+bit more okay so here's our local area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more okay so here's our local area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more okay so here's our local area
+and watch this fancy device here whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch this fancy device here whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch this fancy device here whoa
+so we're somewhere between Logan Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're somewhere between Logan Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're somewhere between Logan Airport
+on the bottom right and Hanscom field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right and Hanscom field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right and Hanscom field
+which is surrounded by dashed blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is surrounded by dashed blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is surrounded by dashed blue line
+telling you it's a towered Airport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it's a towered Airport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it's a towered Airport so
+those are the two closest airports I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two closest airports I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two closest airports I
+think Norwood is just about as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Norwood is just about as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Norwood is just about as close
+I'll show that right here on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show that right here on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show that right here on the lower
+left of the figure these airports that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the figure these airports that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the figure these airports that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+in a magenta color those don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a magenta color those don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a magenta color those don't have
+control towers over here is Beverly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control towers over here is Beverly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control towers over here is Beverly and
+here's Lawrence I think we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Lawrence I think we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Lawrence I think we've covered
+the airports that MIT folks most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports that MIT folks most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports that MIT folks most
+normally fly out of but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally fly out of but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally fly out of but there's also
+Nashua not too far away so their Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashua not too far away so their Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashua not too far away so their Airport
+you're surrounded by airports even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surrounded by airports even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surrounded by airports even if
+Logan is the one that you're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan is the one that you're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan is the one that you're most
+familiar with Hanscom field is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Hanscom field is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Hanscom field is the most
+substantial of the airports this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial of the airports this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial of the airports this is only
+about a third of the ramp space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the ramp space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the ramp space and
+hangars and structures built up around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangars and structures built up around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangars and structures built up around
+Hanscom that's a picture that I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom that's a picture that I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom that's a picture that I took
+from Robinson r44 helicopter which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Robinson r44 helicopter which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Robinson r44 helicopter which you
+guys could be flying in next week and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys could be flying in next week and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys could be flying in next week and he
+was gonna tell you what she likes to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna tell you what she likes to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna tell you what she likes to do
+on a typical trip so we heard from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a typical trip so we heard from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a typical trip so we heard from a
+couple of you that are observers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you that are observers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you that are observers or
+participants in the MIT flying club did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in the MIT flying club did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in the MIT flying club did
+anyone participate in the fly out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone participate in the fly out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone participate in the fly out a
+couple years ago to Maine to Bar Harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago to Maine to Bar Harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago to Maine to Bar Harbor
+all right so this is a picture from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a picture from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a picture from that
+flight to Bar Harbor just grab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight to Bar Harbor just grab the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight to Bar Harbor just grab the
+clicker for me Thanks so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker for me Thanks so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker for me Thanks so if you were to
+drive you know we took off just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you know we took off just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you know we took off just as
+Phillip was describing one of the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip was describing one of the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip was describing one of the nearby
+airports is at Hanscom so we we took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports is at Hanscom so we we took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports is at Hanscom so we we took off
+from Hanscom if you were to drive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hanscom if you were to drive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hanscom if you were to drive it
+would be a four and a half hour drive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a four and a half hour drive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a four and a half hour drive to
+get there and back so it wouldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and back so it wouldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and back so it wouldn't really
+be something that you could easily do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you could easily do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you could easily do as
+a day trip but since we're flying it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day trip but since we're flying it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day trip but since we're flying it was
+a great day trip so we flew up along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great day trip so we flew up along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great day trip so we flew up along the
+coast all the way to Bar Harbor and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast all the way to Bar Harbor and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast all the way to Bar Harbor and what
+was really great about that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really great about that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really great about that is that we
+could go hiking so this was the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go hiking so this was the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go hiking so this was the all
+these folks flew in little airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks flew in little airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks flew in little airplanes
+from the Boston area through the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Boston area through the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Boston area through the MIT
+flying Club and we all flew up to Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying Club and we all flew up to Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying Club and we all flew up to Bar
+Harbor Maine and then we went hiking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor Maine and then we went hiking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor Maine and then we went hiking in
+the Acadia woods and forests it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Acadia woods and forests it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Acadia woods and forests it was
+really beautiful wonderful day and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful wonderful day and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful wonderful day and then
+we flew back and landed just after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flew back and landed just after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flew back and landed just after
+sunset back here so it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunset back here so it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunset back here so it was a really
+beautiful experience and a lot of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful experience and a lot of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful experience and a lot of fun to
+fly along the coastline so I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly along the coastline so I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly along the coastline so I highly
+recommend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're looking for a longer trip so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking for a longer trip so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking for a longer trip so I
+designed this you can check it out on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed this you can check it out on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed this you can check it out on my
+web blog it is a trip in a little Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web blog it is a trip in a little Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web blog it is a trip in a little Cirrus
+that'll take you to all 48 states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take you to all 48 states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take you to all 48 states in
+just 18 days and only about 50 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 18 days and only about 50 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 18 days and only about 50 hours of
+flight time and that's a pretty standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight time and that's a pretty standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight time and that's a pretty standard
+a little airplane but more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little airplane but more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little airplane but more importantly
+so people who I just came back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who I just came back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who I just came back from
+Bentonville Arkansas and there's a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bentonville Arkansas and there's a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bentonville Arkansas and there's a guy
+there who's the grandson of Sam Walton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who's the grandson of Sam Walton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who's the grandson of Sam Walton
+the founder of Walmart so he can pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder of Walmart so he can pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder of Walmart so he can pretty
+much do anything he wants and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do anything he wants and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do anything he wants and what does
+he like to do he has a couple p-51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he like to do he has a couple p-51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he like to do he has a couple p-51
+Mustangs he was flying alongside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mustangs he was flying alongside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mustangs he was flying alongside this
+little Dean Verde aerobatic plane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Dean Verde aerobatic plane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Dean Verde aerobatic plane that
+we were testing out he's got a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were testing out he's got a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were testing out he's got a super
+corsair there were only ten built he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corsair there were only ten built he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corsair there were only ten built he
+started as a little of a flight school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a little of a flight school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a little of a flight school
+at the local airport he flies his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the local airport he flies his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the local airport he flies his whole
+phenom 300 business JAL over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenom 300 business JAL over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenom 300 business JAL over the world
+so you know I think that's a proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I think that's a proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I think that's a proof that
+flying is fun because people who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying is fun because people who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying is fun because people who could
+do anything that they want to do also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything that they want to do also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything that they want to do also
+fly you're going to meet people from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you're going to meet people from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you're going to meet people from all
+around the world of all different ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world of all different ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world of all different ages
+it's a very diverse group especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very diverse group especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very diverse group especially if
+you like older guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it safe okay so we're gonna show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it safe okay so we're gonna show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it safe okay so we're gonna show you
+how to make it safe it's not safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it safe it's not safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it safe it's not safe
+statistically compared to JetBlue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically compared to JetBlue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically compared to JetBlue but
+that's not because little airplanes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not because little airplanes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not because little airplanes are
+feeble as you'll see in this class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeble as you'll see in this class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeble as you'll see in this class I
+think it's because of the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because of the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because of the way that
+people have been flying them so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been flying them so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been flying them so we're
+going to show you how if you train like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how if you train like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how if you train like
+the airlines and fly like the airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airlines and fly like the airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airlines and fly like the airlines
+you can be getting much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be getting much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be getting much closer to
+airline level of safety in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline level of safety in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline level of safety in little
+airplanes as long as you're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes as long as you're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes as long as you're a little bit
+conservative with the weather and if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with the weather and if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with the weather and if all
+else fails if you're flying a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else fails if you're flying a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else fails if you're flying a modern
+design airplane reach up and pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design airplane reach up and pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design airplane reach up and pull the
+parachute and the whole airplane will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute and the whole airplane will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute and the whole airplane will
+float down and you'll get out into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float down and you'll get out into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float down and you'll get out into a
+swamp okay so this is me I was class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp okay so this is me I was class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp okay so this is me I was class of
+82 at MIT it was much more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 at MIT it was much more challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 at MIT it was much more challenging
+then than it is for you guys that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then than it is for you guys that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then than it is for you guys that's
+because the Wisconsin Ice Sheet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Wisconsin Ice Sheet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Wisconsin Ice Sheet was
+covering the campus to a depth of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the campus to a depth of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the campus to a depth of about
+a hundred and feet so we had to tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and feet so we had to tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and feet so we had to tunnel
+our way from East Campus into the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way from East Campus into the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way from East Campus into the main
+buildings I've been flying since 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings I've been flying since 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings I've been flying since 2002
+I'm an instructor at East Coast Aero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an instructor at East Coast Aero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an instructor at East Coast Aero
+Club at Hanscom field I was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club at Hanscom field I was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club at Hanscom field I was also a
+regional jet pilot I decided to learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional jet pilot I decided to learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional jet pilot I decided to learn to
+fly jets and there's no better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly jets and there's no better way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly jets and there's no better way to do
+that than at the airline's so I flew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than at the airline's so I flew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than at the airline's so I flew a
+50-seat regional jet called the CRJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-seat regional jet called the CRJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-seat regional jet called the CRJ
+Canada regional jet for Delta I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada regional jet for Delta I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada regional jet for Delta I have
+type ratings which we'll get into later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type ratings which we'll get into later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type ratings which we'll get into later
+you need specific licensing for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need specific licensing for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need specific licensing for each
+turbojet powered aircraft that you fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet powered aircraft that you fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet powered aircraft that you fly
+so I've got two of those for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got two of those for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got two of those for one of
+them's for the smallest Cessna business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them's for the smallest Cessna business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them's for the smallest Cessna business
+jet I usually fly though these days a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet I usually fly though these days a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet I usually fly though these days a
+four-seat Cirrus Robinson r44 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat Cirrus Robinson r44 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat Cirrus Robinson r44 a
+four-seat helicopter and a Pilatus pc-12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat helicopter and a Pilatus pc-12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat helicopter and a Pilatus pc-12
+which holds either 11 people total or 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which holds either 11 people total or 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which holds either 11 people total or 60
+sea turtles which we'll get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea turtles which we'll get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea turtles which we'll get into a
+little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a little bit about me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit about me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit about me in the
+top left corner you'll see me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left corner you'll see me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left corner you'll see me I'm
+actually sitting in a Cessna 172 here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sitting in a Cessna 172 here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sitting in a Cessna 172 here at
+Hanscom and I'm doing my engine run-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom and I'm doing my engine run-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom and I'm doing my engine run-up
+and what do you see out the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you see out the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you see out the at the
+window does anyone recognize it an f-18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window does anyone recognize it an f-18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window does anyone recognize it an f-18
+so so what's really cool is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what's really cool is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what's really cool is that this
+Airport that I fly out of Hanscom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport that I fly out of Hanscom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport that I fly out of Hanscom is
+also a military Air Force Base which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a military Air Force Base which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a military Air Force Base which is
+really exciting because upon occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting because upon occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting because upon occasion
+you'll actually see military jets come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see military jets come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see military jets come
+out and they of course did not wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they of course did not wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they of course did not wait for
+me even though I was first in line they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me even though I was first in line they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me even though I was first in line they
+night they nicely cut in front there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night they nicely cut in front there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night they nicely cut in front there
+they called themselves jet one and jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called themselves jet one and jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called themselves jet one and jet
+two and they went out and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and they went out and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and they went out and it really
+looked like they didn't take any space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like they didn't take any space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like they didn't take any space
+at all to any of the runway length to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all to any of the runway length to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all to any of the runway length to
+takeoff it really looked from where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff it really looked from where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff it really looked from where I
+was sitting kind of right next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting kind of right next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting kind of right next to it
+like they like they just turned like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they like they just turned like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they like they just turned like a
+rocket ship and took off and it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket ship and took off and it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket ship and took off and it was it
+was really amazing it's hard yet no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really amazing it's hard yet no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really amazing it's hard yet no
+problem so this is just a picture of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is just a picture of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is just a picture of me
+just going on a flight with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going on a flight with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going on a flight with some other
+MIT folks in the area and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT folks in the area and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT folks in the area and then of course
+if all else fails you can just jump out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all else fails you can just jump out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all else fails you can just jump out
+so a little bit of background so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of background so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of background so I'm I'm
+also aero-astro just like you Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also aero-astro just like you Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also aero-astro just like you Lawrence
+and so I I studied course 16 here I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I I studied course 16 here I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I I studied course 16 here I did
+my undergrad in 2009 and I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergrad in 2009 and I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergrad in 2009 and I was really
+passionate about it and continued on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about it and continued on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about it and continued on and
+I did the MIT system design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the MIT system design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the MIT system design and
+management program for my master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management program for my master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management program for my master's
+degree and then continued on in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then continued on in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and then continued on in an
+interdepartmental PhD across aero-astro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdepartmental PhD across aero-astro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdepartmental PhD across aero-astro
+engineering systems and Sloan it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering systems and Sloan it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering systems and Sloan it's a
+really great experience one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great experience one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great experience one of the
+things that got me really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that got me really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that got me really excited about
+it is that when I was an undergrad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that when I was an undergrad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that when I was an undergrad in
+the core 16 department we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core 16 department we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core 16 department we were
+developing a satellite and we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a satellite and we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a satellite and we needed to
+test that satellite so we actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that satellite so we actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that satellite so we actually got
+to go on a zero gravity flight so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on a zero gravity flight so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on a zero gravity flight so I
+don't know has anyone heard of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know has anyone heard of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know has anyone heard of a
+zero-gravity flight or the vomit comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero-gravity flight or the vomit comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero-gravity flight or the vomit comment
+alright so a couple folks didn't raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so a couple folks didn't raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so a couple folks didn't raise
+their hands so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands so the idea is that
+the plane flies in a parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane flies in a parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane flies in a parabolic
+trajectory and much like a rollercoaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and much like a rollercoaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and much like a rollercoaster
+when you're at the top of the parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at the top of the parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at the top of the parabola
+or the top of the roller coaster you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top of the roller coaster you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top of the roller coaster you
+know how your stomach feels like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how your stomach feels like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how your stomach feels like it's
+lifting all right we're getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting all right we're getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting all right we're getting some
+head nods the rest of you guys really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nods the rest of you guys really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nods the rest of you guys really
+need to go on a roller coaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go on a roller coaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go on a roller coaster
+so when you get that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you get that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you get that you can actually
+when an airplane flies like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an airplane flies like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an airplane flies like that you can
+have everyone inside the airplane kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everyone inside the airplane kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everyone inside the airplane kind
+of float up and have that sensation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of float up and have that sensation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of float up and have that sensation of
+zero gravity or microgravity it lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gravity or microgravity it lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gravity or microgravity it lasts
+about 30 seconds and that's also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 seconds and that's also how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 seconds and that's also how
+they film certain movies like Apollo 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they film certain movies like Apollo 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they film certain movies like Apollo 13
+to show the astronauts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the astronauts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the astronauts and
+weightlessness so we use that to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightlessness so we use that to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightlessness so we use that to test
+our satellite so it was a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our satellite so it was a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our satellite so it was a really great
+experience it got me really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it got me really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it got me really excited
+about things and then I felt very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and then I felt very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and then I felt very
+similar to you that I wanted to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to you that I wanted to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to you that I wanted to see the
+theory in action and so I became a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in action and so I became a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in action and so I became a pilot
+in terms of my professional career I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of my professional career I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of my professional career I
+developed electronic warfare systems I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed electronic warfare systems I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed electronic warfare systems I
+went on to Raytheon I was the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to Raytheon I was the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to Raytheon I was the chief
+engineer of a 40 million dollar advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer of a 40 million dollar advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer of a 40 million dollar advanced
+radar and electronic warfare system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar and electronic warfare system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar and electronic warfare system now
+I'm into entrepreneurship and have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm into entrepreneurship and have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm into entrepreneurship and have my
+own company in the security space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company in the security space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company in the security space and
+I've been a pilot since 2012 and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a pilot since 2012 and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been a pilot since 2012 and I love
+flying with the MIT flying Club and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying with the MIT flying Club and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying with the MIT flying Club and I'm
+currently working on my IFR who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on my IFR who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on my IFR who knows
+what if' R stands for shout it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if' R stands for shout it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if' R stands for shout it out
+good job instrument flight ratings if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job instrument flight ratings if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job instrument flight ratings if
+you don't know that's fine we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that's fine we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that's fine we're gonna
+cover that so we'll explain it all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that so we'll explain it all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that so we'll explain it all but
+right now I fly a pretty much usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I fly a pretty much usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I fly a pretty much usually
+the training aircraft the Cessna 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training aircraft the Cessna 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training aircraft the Cessna 172
+it's a very very safe and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very safe and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very safe and stable
+aircraft so we'll talk about a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so we'll talk about a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so we'll talk about a bunch of
+different aircraft all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aircraft all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aircraft all right so let's
+hope that you've done the pre-reading if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you've done the pre-reading if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you've done the pre-reading if
+you hadn't you know I know everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hadn't you know I know everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hadn't you know I know everybody
+here in this room at least the MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this room at least the MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this room at least the MIT and
+Harvard folks are good at the book stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard folks are good at the book stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard folks are good at the book stuff
+so please do hit the books some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do hit the books some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do hit the books some of the
+thorny R and less interesting topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorny R and less interesting topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorny R and less interesting topics
+we're going to rely on you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rely on you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rely on you to read
+through the book so don't worry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the book so don't worry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the book so don't worry if you
+get everything in the class we're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everything in the class we're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everything in the class we're giving
+you kind of the highlights that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of the highlights that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of the highlights that are in
+the books and passing is 70 on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books and passing is 70 on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books and passing is 70 on the test
+all right optional supplies just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right optional supplies just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right optional supplies just for
+your reference if you you know study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference if you you know study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference if you you know study a
+typical flight student a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical flight student a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical flight student a lot of them
+will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have
+a non fa textbook it's not necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non fa textbook it's not necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non fa textbook it's not necessary but
+some people like the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like the different
+perspective there's a free online one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there's a free online one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there's a free online one
+that we reference later that's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reference later that's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reference later that's written
+by a PhD physicist which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PhD physicist which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PhD physicist which is kind of
+interesting a lot of people have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a lot of people have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a lot of people have a hard
+copy a big thick book called far aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a big thick book called far aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a big thick book called far aim
+with the regulations and the FAS overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the regulations and the FAS overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the regulations and the FAS overall
+guidance on how to use airports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance on how to use airports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance on how to use airports and
+electronic navigation there are test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic navigation there are test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic navigation there are test
+preparation books that you can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation books that you can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation books that you can get an
+electronic versions of this that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic versions of this that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic versions of this that just
+give you sample tests you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sample tests you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sample tests you're going to
+use one of the websites from the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of the websites from the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of the websites from the king
+schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+it's a popular vendor for those and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a popular vendor for those and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a popular vendor for those and then
+before your checkride you'll be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your checkride you'll be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your checkride you'll be reading
+the airman certification standards FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airman certification standards FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airman certification standards FAA
+still is this kind of sexist language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is this kind of sexist language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is this kind of sexist language
+there's air man and airman for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's air man and airman for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's air man and airman for all
+pilots and this is tells you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots and this is tells you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots and this is tells you what you
+need to demonstrate when you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to demonstrate when you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to demonstrate when you're getting
+your final chapter most people will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final chapter most people will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final chapter most people will also
+buy their own personal headset the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy their own personal headset the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy their own personal headset the noise
+canceling ones make life a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling ones make life a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling ones make life a lot better
+Lightspeed it's probably a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightspeed it's probably a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightspeed it's probably a little more
+rugged than Bose Bose is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged than Bose Bose is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged than Bose Bose is more
+comfortable on the years the front desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable on the years the front desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable on the years the front desk
+of a typical flight school will have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical flight school will have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical flight school will have all
+this stuff for sale the process a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff for sale the process a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff for sale the process a lot of
+people who wonder well how do I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wonder well how do I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wonder well how do I get to
+my private pilot's license you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my private pilot's license you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my private pilot's license you need the
+flight training you apply for a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight training you apply for a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight training you apply for a student
+pilot certificate on an FAA website I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot certificate on an FAA website I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot certificate on an FAA website I
+don't know if that's still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's still running
+completely I just renewed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely I just renewed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely I just renewed the
+registration for an aircraft so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration for an aircraft so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration for an aircraft so that
+part of the FAA is running I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the FAA is running I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the FAA is running I don't know
+if they're sending out student pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're sending out student pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're sending out student pilot
+certificates during the shutdown or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates during the shutdown or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates during the shutdown or not
+you have to do one medical exam in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do one medical exam in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do one medical exam in your
+life at least with an aviation doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life at least with an aviation doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life at least with an aviation doctor
+who's been blessed by the FAA and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been blessed by the FAA and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been blessed by the FAA and you
+get your third class medical after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your third class medical after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your third class medical after
+eventually you'll be able to go your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll be able to go your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll be able to go your
+regular doctor if you want then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular doctor if you want then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular doctor if you want then you take
+this knowledge test and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge test and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge test and that's what
+you're being prepped for in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being prepped for in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being prepped for in this class
+and finally you'll do your practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you'll do your practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you'll do your practical
+exam with an FAA designated examiner one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam with an FAA designated examiner one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam with an FAA designated examiner one
+of whom should actually be here tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whom should actually be here tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whom should actually be here tomorrow
+so you can ask him how he tortures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask him how he tortures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask him how he tortures
+people on the checkride I actually I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the checkride I actually I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the checkride I actually I had
+to take one you have to do you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one you have to do you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one you have to do you know a
+lot of these steps over again when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these steps over again when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these steps over again when you
+do a type rating for a new aircraft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a type rating for a new aircraft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a type rating for a new aircraft so
+when I worked at the airline the oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked at the airline the oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked at the airline the oral
+there was a guy who was famously harsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a guy who was famously harsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a guy who was famously harsh
+and he would keep people who are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would keep people who are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would keep people who are trying
+to fly the Canada regional jet in knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly the Canada regional jet in knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly the Canada regional jet in knots
+for hours and have him sweating during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours and have him sweating during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours and have him sweating during
+the oral exam and the first question he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral exam and the first question he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral exam and the first question he
+asked me the airplane has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me the airplane has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me the airplane has these
+hydraulic pumps that they're AC motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic pumps that they're AC motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic pumps that they're AC motors
+and it has the engines generating the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the engines generating the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the engines generating the AC
+power but a lot of stuff runs on DC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but a lot of stuff runs on DC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but a lot of stuff runs on DC and
+I'd really wondered about the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really wondered about the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really wondered about the electrical
+systems of the airplane so I called up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the airplane so I called up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the airplane so I called up a
+friend of mine as a physics professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine as a physics professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine as a physics professor at
+UC Berkeley and we had a one-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC Berkeley and we had a one-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC Berkeley and we had a one-hour
+discussion about when it made sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about when it made sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about when it made sense to
+generate AC and pipe that around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate AC and pipe that around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate AC and pipe that around the
+airplane and high voltage versus low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and high voltage versus low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and high voltage versus low
+voltage in DC and so I hung up and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in DC and so I hung up and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in DC and so I hung up and said
+goodbye to my friend Joel and then a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye to my friend Joel and then a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye to my friend Joel and then a few
+weeks later there was the oral exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later there was the oral exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later there was the oral exam and
+and the first question the guy asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question the guy asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question the guy asked me
+was and my resume I'd put on my resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and my resume I'd put on my resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and my resume I'd put on my resume
+that I just had a bachelor's degree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just had a bachelor's degree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just had a bachelor's degree I
+didn't list any of my other degrees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't list any of my other degrees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't list any of my other degrees I
+have a PhD in EE as it happens so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PhD in EE as it happens so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PhD in EE as it happens so this
+guy who was the the bane of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was the the bane of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was the the bane of all the
+pilots at this Delta subsidiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots at this Delta subsidiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots at this Delta subsidiary
+he said Philip what why does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said Philip what why does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said Philip what why does the
+airplane have both an AC and a DC system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane have both an AC and a DC system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane have both an AC and a DC system
+so I gave him a little five-minute spiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave him a little five-minute spiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I gave him a little five-minute spiel
+based on my conversation with my physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on my conversation with my physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on my conversation with my physics
+professor friend he said okay the oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor friend he said okay the oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor friend he said okay the oral
+dough rolls over it's time to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dough rolls over it's time to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dough rolls over it's time to go into
+the simulator it maps me another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator it maps me another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator it maps me another a
+single other question all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single other question all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single other question all right so let's
+do the part that we should have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the part that we should have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the part that we should have done it
+earlier put on the mic so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier put on the mic so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier put on the mic so it's
+conventional in religious settings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional in religious settings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional in religious settings to
+bring in a reformed sinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a reformed sinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a reformed sinner
+and that's what we have here somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we have here somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we have here somebody
+who's found faith and there's now living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's found faith and there's now living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's found faith and there's now living
+the name thank you so much for lip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name thank you so much for lip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name thank you so much for lip and
+Dina for having me here I mean actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dina for having me here I mean actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dina for having me here I mean actually
+I'm a fourth-year PhD student at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a fourth-year PhD student at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a fourth-year PhD student at Harvard
+I do neuroscience and when I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do neuroscience and when I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do neuroscience and when I'm not
+trying to understand how the brain works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand how the brain works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand how the brain works
+I like to do most things adventurous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to do most things adventurous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to do most things adventurous and
+I had really awesome friends who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had really awesome friends who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had really awesome friends who
+introduced me to the MIT Flying Club so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to the MIT Flying Club so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced me to the MIT Flying Club so
+that was my first general aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first general aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first general aviation
+experience I was a passenger on a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I was a passenger on a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I was a passenger on a fly
+out to Republic Airport it's in Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Republic Airport it's in Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Republic Airport it's in Long
+Island it's really nice because most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's really nice because most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's really nice because most of
+the times if we get cleared we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times if we get cleared we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times if we get cleared we get to
+fly over the Hudson and you'll get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly over the Hudson and you'll get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly over the Hudson and you'll get this
+really nice view of the New York skyline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice view of the New York skyline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice view of the New York skyline
+so and I so the the other photo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I so the the other photo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I so the the other photo is
+actually Philip and his sitter so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Philip and his sitter so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Philip and his sitter so I was
+super lucky to be on an other fly out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lucky to be on an other fly out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lucky to be on an other fly out as
+a passenger and I got to fly in his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passenger and I got to fly in his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passenger and I got to fly in his in
+the sitarist so this is to Chatham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sitarist so this is to Chatham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sitarist so this is to Chatham
+another really beautiful airport in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really beautiful airport in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really beautiful airport in the
+Cape Cod so all of that inspired me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Cod so all of that inspired me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape Cod so all of that inspired me to
+become a pilot but what really enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a pilot but what really enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a pilot but what really enabled
+me was precisely this course because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was precisely this course because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was precisely this course because so
+I am doing my PhD in neuroscience my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am doing my PhD in neuroscience my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am doing my PhD in neuroscience my
+aviation knowledge was literally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation knowledge was literally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation knowledge was literally like
+like Calvin was like okay there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Calvin was like okay there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Calvin was like okay there are all
+these little button styles probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little button styles probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little button styles probably just
+had to check all those things and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to check all those things and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to check all those things and just
+like magic that civilians are flying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic that civilians are flying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic that civilians are flying so
+I like this course was what really laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this course was what really laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this course was what really laid
+the foundation for the aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation for the aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation for the aviation
+experience in the rest of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the rest of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the rest of my life
+and Tina was one of the instructors when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tina was one of the instructors when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tina was one of the instructors when
+I took the course it was a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the course it was a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the course it was a slightly
+different format it was over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format it was over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format it was over the entire
+semester once a week but I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester once a week but I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester once a week but I really
+enjoyed it so the end of it I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it so the end of it I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it so the end of it I felt
+really ready to take the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ready to take the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ready to take the practical
+flying lesson so I was a student pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying lesson so I was a student pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying lesson so I was a student pilot
+at East Coast Aero Club Bedford so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at East Coast Aero Club Bedford so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at East Coast Aero Club Bedford so my
+two years of grad school stipend that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years of grad school stipend that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years of grad school stipend that I
+saved was like put to good use and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved was like put to good use and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved was like put to good use and the
+picture on the left is my first solo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the left is my first solo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the left is my first solo so
+that's though that's me doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's though that's me doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's though that's me doing the
+traffic pattern at Bedford so like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic pattern at Bedford so like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic pattern at Bedford so like I
+didn't have any like fancy electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any like fancy electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any like fancy electronic
+flight back then I was just all paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight back then I was just all paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight back then I was just all paper
+mouths so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths so there was
+the GPS on my phone tracking me doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS on my phone tracking me doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS on my phone tracking me doing
+the traffic partnered Bedford and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic partnered Bedford and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic partnered Bedford and like
+you can see how happy I was with all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how happy I was with all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how happy I was with all my
+cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone
+Smiley's my logbook so then think end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smiley's my logbook so then think end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smiley's my logbook so then think end of
+September got my private pilot's license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September got my private pilot's license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September got my private pilot's license
+so I flew the warrior so yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I flew the warrior so yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I flew the warrior so yeah so that's
+the that's me after the check ride after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's me after the check ride after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's me after the check ride after
+passing the check ride in the warrior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the check ride in the warrior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the check ride in the warrior
+so after ppl I wanted too much to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after ppl I wanted too much to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after ppl I wanted too much to take
+spin training and did a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin training and did a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin training and did a little bit of
+aerobatics in the decathlon at East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatics in the decathlon at East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatics in the decathlon at East
+Coast so decathlon's orb is a tailwheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast so decathlon's orb is a tailwheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast so decathlon's orb is a tailwheel
+aerobatic aircraft and i and when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic aircraft and i and when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic aircraft and i and when when
+you do your PPO they're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your PPO they're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your PPO they're always going to
+tell you like you you will do stalls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like you you will do stalls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like you you will do stalls and
+they're always going to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to tell you that
+like okay and we don't want to spin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and we don't want to spin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and we don't want to spin that
+was like okay I wanna for you how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like okay I wanna for you how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like okay I wanna for you how it is
+going yeah oh sorry yeah ppl is privates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah oh sorry yeah ppl is privates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah oh sorry yeah ppl is privates
+pilot's license which is what all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's license which is what all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's license which is what all of us
+here for so yeah so after so after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for so yeah so after so after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for so yeah so after so after a
+little bit of aerobatic and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of aerobatic and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of aerobatic and it's been
+training so my recent flying experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so my recent flying experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so my recent flying experience
+is being a lot with MIT flying club now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being a lot with MIT flying club now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being a lot with MIT flying club now
+as a pilot so this so I did the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot so this so I did the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot so this so I did the same the
+first time I was ever on the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I was ever on the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I was ever on the light
+aircraft which was this layout with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft which was this layout with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft which was this layout with the
+ready flying club to Republic Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready flying club to Republic Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready flying club to Republic Airport
+and and very recently I did that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and very recently I did that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and very recently I did that as a
+pilot carrying like passengers with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot carrying like passengers with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot carrying like passengers with the
+flying club so that felt really nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying club so that felt really nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying club so that felt really nice so
+you can you can see like over the Hudson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can see like over the Hudson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can see like over the Hudson
+mm feel southbound towards Republic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm feel southbound towards Republic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm feel southbound towards Republic and
+you get this really awesome view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this really awesome view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this really awesome view of the
+New York skyline and yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York skyline and yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York skyline and yeah it's it's
+really beautiful if you get it talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful if you get it talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful if you get it talk to
+like LaGuardia Newark and I spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LaGuardia Newark and I spoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LaGuardia Newark and I spoke to
+Carol tower that was like literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol tower that was like literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol tower that was like literally a
+dream come true for me so I would relive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream come true for me so I would relive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream come true for me so I would relive
+this moment like any number of times I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment like any number of times I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment like any number of times I'm
+500 feet above the ground level and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 feet above the ground level and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 feet above the ground level and like
+you can see the tiny shadow of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the tiny shadow of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the tiny shadow of my
+aircraft and like talking to JFK and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and like talking to JFK and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and like talking to JFK and I'm
+500 feet because there are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 feet because there are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 feet because there are all these
+commercial jets deciding to land at JFK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets deciding to land at JFK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets deciding to land at JFK
+so it's it's a totally beautiful feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a totally beautiful feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a totally beautiful feeling
+so I've also been flying with my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've also been flying with my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've also been flying with my friends
+and like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this is
+though Winnipesaukee lake near Laconia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Winnipesaukee lake near Laconia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Winnipesaukee lake near Laconia
+yeah I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm sure
+and yeah for the Howard folks things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah for the Howard folks things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah for the Howard folks things
+just one person you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person you can probably
+recognize like Sanders theater so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize like Sanders theater so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize like Sanders theater so this
+is a city tour so you could get cleared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a city tour so you could get cleared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a city tour so you could get cleared
+into the Boston class bravo airspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Boston class bravo airspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Boston class bravo airspace and
+so you can yeah this is one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can yeah this is one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can yeah this is one of my
+friends who took photo of like though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who took photo of like though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who took photo of like though
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the Howard campus you can see Sanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Howard campus you can see Sanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Howard campus you can see Sanders
+Theater of a Memorial Church and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theater of a Memorial Church and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theater of a Memorial Church and just
+fall setting in so my mom visited me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall setting in so my mom visited me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall setting in so my mom visited me
+from Indy I took her flying so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Indy I took her flying so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Indy I took her flying so that was
+a very beautiful feeling like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very beautiful feeling like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very beautiful feeling like to show
+her what this means to me although she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her what this means to me although she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her what this means to me although she
+was totally terrified yeah so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was totally terrified yeah so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was totally terrified yeah so I guess
+okay so obviously I love it I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so obviously I love it I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so obviously I love it I mean it's
+really fun the beautiful view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun the beautiful view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun the beautiful view is
+experience and like the super adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and like the super adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and like the super adrenaline
+and excitement every time I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excitement every time I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excitement every time I have the
+play in and and this it is challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in and and this it is challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in and and this it is challenging
+and there's really something like new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really something like new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really something like new
+rewarding to learn from every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding to learn from every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding to learn from every single
+experience every single flight and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every single flight and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every single flight and of
+course the people so yeah thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the people so yeah thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the people so yeah thank you and
+just just sharing my experience from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just sharing my experience from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just sharing my experience from
+like having no errors to background to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having no errors to background to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having no errors to background to
+being here I hope it inspires some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here I hope it inspires some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here I hope it inspires some of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we're coming back and sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming back and sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming back and sharing your
+experience so so that could be could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so so that could be could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so so that could be could be
+you guys next year so a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys next year so a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys next year so a little bit about
+the FAA written exam so as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA written exam so as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA written exam so as we said
+sometimes it's called the written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called the written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called the written that
+is the knowledge based exam so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the knowledge based exam so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the knowledge based exam so that is
+what ideally you'll be prepared to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ideally you'll be prepared to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ideally you'll be prepared to pass
+with flying colors so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flying colors so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flying colors so it's a
+computer-based multiple-choice exam they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-based multiple-choice exam they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-based multiple-choice exam they
+usually give you about two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually give you about two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually give you about two and a half
+hours and you don't necessarily need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and you don't necessarily need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and you don't necessarily need the
+whole time there are 60 questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time there are 60 questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time there are 60 questions and
+they basically kind of shuffle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically kind of shuffle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically kind of shuffle those
+questions so we're gonna be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we're gonna be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we're gonna be teaching
+content somewhat that goes beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content somewhat that goes beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content somewhat that goes beyond this
+exam because this is an MIT course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam because this is an MIT course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam because this is an MIT course so
+we're actually going to teach a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to teach a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to teach a little
+bit more about the aerodynamics and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about the aerodynamics and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about the aerodynamics and and
+how really planes fly and go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how really planes fly and go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how really planes fly and go a little
+bit beyond just the course but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond just the course but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit beyond just the course but we will
+cover all this material and then so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all this material and then so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all this material and then so as
+as Philip Artie said to pass you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Philip Artie said to pass you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Philip Artie said to pass you need a
+70 but we believe that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 but we believe that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 but we believe that you can you can
+score higher than that so we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score higher than that so we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score higher than that so we really
+encourage you to take this exam right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take this exam right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take this exam right
+after the course so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course so we can actually
+Philip can actually endorse your logbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip can actually endorse your logbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip can actually endorse your logbook
+or you can we you can actually print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can we you can actually print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can we you can actually print out
+a logbook and endorse you to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logbook and endorse you to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logbook and endorse you to take that
+written exam so just following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written exam so just following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written exam so just following the
+course the final exam of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the final exam of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the final exam of this course
+will be a practice FAA exam and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a practice FAA exam and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a practice FAA exam and so you
+can take that you can actually take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that you can actually take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that you can actually take it
+as many times as you want in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many times as you want in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many times as you want in order to
+pass but hopefully you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass but hopefully you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass but hopefully you don't have to
+take it too many times and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it too many times and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it too many times and after that
+will endorse you so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will endorse you so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will endorse you so that you can
+actually go take the actual FAA written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go take the actual FAA written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go take the actual FAA written
+exam and get that out of the way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and get that out of the way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and get that out of the way so you
+can be on your way to becoming a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so most East Coast Aero Club I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most East Coast Aero Club I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most East Coast Aero Club I'm an
+instructor they are most of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor they are most of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor they are most of the people
+that I've seen will skim through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen will skim through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen will skim through at
+least the FAA books about three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the FAA books about three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the FAA books about three times
+before they take the test they will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they take the test they will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they take the test they will use
+a test prep book and they end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test prep book and they end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test prep book and they end up getting
+you know a 98 or 100 on the exam so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 98 or 100 on the exam so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 98 or 100 on the exam so they
+do a little bit they go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit they go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit they go a little bit
+overboard if the goal is just to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overboard if the goal is just to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overboard if the goal is just to pass
+again if you have the physics question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have the physics question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have the physics question
+physics type question we do recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics type question we do recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics type question we do recommend
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+online textbook from this physics PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online textbook from this physics PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online textbook from this physics PhD
+these presentations of course are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these presentations of course are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these presentations of course are all
+available from the course homepage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from the course homepage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from the course homepage you
+can download them and follow all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download them and follow all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download them and follow all the
+links as Tina mentioned I can endorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links as Tina mentioned I can endorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links as Tina mentioned I can endorse
+you any aero-astro majors who complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any aero-astro majors who complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any aero-astro majors who complain
+that it's too hard remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's too hard remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's too hard remember that
+everything that you're reading from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you're reading from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you're reading from the
+FAA is designed for somebody who's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA is designed for somebody who's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA is designed for somebody who's still
+in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tina so this is just a sample question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina so this is just a sample question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina so this is just a sample question
+they give you a flavor obviously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a flavor obviously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a flavor obviously we
+haven't taught you the material yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taught you the material yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taught you the material yet but
+why don't we just take a minute to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just take a minute to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just take a minute to read
+this and then see if you guys can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then see if you guys can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then see if you guys can have a
+good estimate as to the answer so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate as to the answer so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate as to the answer so I
+thought this would be appropriate given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this would be appropriate given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this would be appropriate given
+the weather conditions you guys had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather conditions you guys had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather conditions you guys had to
+trudge through a lot of snow and slush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trudge through a lot of snow and slush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trudge through a lot of snow and slush
+to get here today so here's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get here today so here's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get here today so here's a question
+about Frost why is frost considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Frost why is frost considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Frost why is frost considered
+hazardous to flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay who thinks it's a who thinks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who thinks it's a who thinks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who thinks it's a who thinks it's
+be alright who thinks it's C alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be alright who thinks it's C alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be alright who thinks it's C alright
+good job guys I mean just generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job guys I mean just generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job guys I mean just generally
+icing bad for a plane so so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing bad for a plane so so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing bad for a plane so so anything
+that's really increasing lift or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really increasing lift or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really increasing lift or
+increasing control effectiveness that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing control effectiveness that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing control effectiveness that's
+not what you're getting when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you're getting when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you're getting when you have
+frost it's a bad thing so we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost it's a bad thing so we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost it's a bad thing so we'll discuss
+this in more detail all right here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in more detail all right here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in more detail all right here's the
+schedule for the next couple days we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule for the next couple days we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule for the next couple days we'll
+just talk about the parts that are fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about the parts that are fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about the parts that are fun
+this afternoon we're going to be visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon we're going to be visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon we're going to be visited
+by an f-22 pilot that's a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an f-22 pilot that's a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an f-22 pilot that's a little better
+than a Cessna Piper or Cirrus in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a Cessna Piper or Cirrus in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a Cessna Piper or Cirrus in terms
+of performance if not in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance if not in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance if not in terms of
+cost-effectiveness lunch time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-effectiveness lunch time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-effectiveness lunch time there's
+going to be pizza and a slideshow about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pizza and a slideshow about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pizza and a slideshow about
+Oshkosh the big aviation gathering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh the big aviation gathering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh the big aviation gathering that
+happens in Wisconsin every year tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Wisconsin every year tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Wisconsin every year tomorrow
+you're gonna hear from a designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna hear from a designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna hear from a designated
+pilot examiner mark Nathanson who's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot examiner mark Nathanson who's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot examiner mark Nathanson who's an
+aerobatic instructor and a US Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic instructor and a US Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobatic instructor and a US Air Force
+f-4 fighter pilot veteran day three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-4 fighter pilot veteran day three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-4 fighter pilot veteran day three
+Michael host Holdsworth is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael host Holdsworth is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael host Holdsworth is going to come
+in he's a local drone pilot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in he's a local drone pilot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in he's a local drone pilot for
+Hollywood so he'll tell you about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood so he'll tell you about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood so he'll tell you about using
+the commercial drone license to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial drone license to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commercial drone license to do
+something interesting at lunch on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting at lunch on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting at lunch on day
+three on Thursday you're gonna hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on Thursday you're gonna hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on Thursday you're gonna hear from
+a veteran actually know he's an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a veteran actually know he's an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a veteran actually know he's an active
+duty officer in the Brazilian Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty officer in the Brazilian Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty officer in the Brazilian Air Force
+who's here at MIT and he's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here at MIT and he's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here at MIT and he's going to tell
+you about being a test pilot and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about being a test pilot and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about being a test pilot and then at
+the end of the class we've tacked on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class we've tacked on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class we've tacked on the
+founder of for flight which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of for flight which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of for flight which is one of
+the most successful app aviation app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most successful app aviation app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most successful app aviation app
+companies there in a lot of airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there in a lot of airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there in a lot of airline
+cockpits now as a replacement for paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpits now as a replacement for paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpits now as a replacement for paper
+and they do a lot of flight planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do a lot of flight planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do a lot of flight planning and
+so he's gonna bring himself to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's gonna bring himself to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's gonna bring himself to talk
+about you know any questions you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know any questions you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know any questions you might
+have about starting the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about starting the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about starting the company
+being successful in business and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being successful in business and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being successful in business and also
+one of his engineering folks I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his engineering folks I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his engineering folks I think to
+talk about the engineering behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the engineering behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the engineering behind the
+app that's gonna be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that's gonna be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that's gonna be a little bit more
+informal it's optional but we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal it's optional but we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal it's optional but we think
+it'll be interesting okay so welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be interesting okay so welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be interesting okay so welcome
+again and now you're part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now you're part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now you're part of the
+community of aviators at least as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of aviators at least as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of aviators at least as soon
+as you go on your first MIT flying club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go on your first MIT flying club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go on your first MIT flying club
+fly out it is better to be on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly out it is better to be on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly out it is better to be on the ground
+wishing you were in the air and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishing you were in the air and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishing you were in the air and then
+vice versa but people have been wishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa but people have been wishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa but people have been wishing
+to be in the air for tens of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the air for tens of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the air for tens of thousands
+of years and we think that well we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and we think that well we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and we think that well we feel
+lucky to be some of the few who are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to be some of the few who are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to be some of the few who are able
+to control our own destiny through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control our own destiny through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control our own destiny through the
+air so now it's time for questions while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so now it's time for questions while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so now it's time for questions while
+you're formulating your brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're formulating your brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're formulating your brilliant
+questions enjoyed these photos which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions enjoyed these photos which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions enjoyed these photos which I
+snapped at the Reno Air Races where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped at the Reno Air Races where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped at the Reno Air Races where the
+Blue Angels obviously already visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the so yeah what why do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the so yeah what why do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the so yeah what why do you have
+both AC power and DC power on a big jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both AC power and DC power on a big jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both AC power and DC power on a big jet
+big jets the flight controls are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jets the flight controls are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jets the flight controls are too
+heavy to be operated by a human so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy to be operated by a human so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy to be operated by a human so you
+need a hydraulic power basically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hydraulic power basically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hydraulic power basically there
+may still be steel cables going out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be steel cables going out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be steel cables going out to
+the flight controls but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight controls but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight controls but they're just
+modulating hydraulic pressure how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating hydraulic pressure how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating hydraulic pressure how do you
+generate hydraulic pressure there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate hydraulic pressure there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate hydraulic pressure there's a
+big motor to pump the hydraulics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big motor to pump the hydraulics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big motor to pump the hydraulics and
+it's easier to run a big motor with AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to run a big motor with AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to run a big motor with AC
+power compared to DC power so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power compared to DC power so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power compared to DC power so and the
+engines are also spinning so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are also spinning so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are also spinning so if you just
+think about Maxwell's equations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Maxwell's equations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Maxwell's equations it's
+simple to run AC for that whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to run AC for that whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to run AC for that whereas the
+electronics and also of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and also of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and also of course you can
+have higher voltage and transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher voltage and transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher voltage and transform it
+down and then for the electronics DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then for the electronics DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then for the electronics DC
+power is what they want so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is what they want so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is what they want so that's why
+the DC's in there to run radios and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC's in there to run radios and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC's in there to run radios and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kVu37T6sB_E.txt b/kVu37T6sB_E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3cda7b10936e7a2dafb3d4eda01377e8ed910af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kVu37T6sB_E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we're gonna switch gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna switch gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna switch gears
+again today and we're gonna move off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again today and we're gonna move off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again today and we're gonna move off of
+kind of pure genetics and start to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pure genetics and start to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pure genetics and start to talk
+about molecular genetics and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular genetics and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular genetics and I want to
+start with the concept of let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the concept of let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the concept of let's say you
+want to identify a piece of DNA purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify a piece of DNA purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify a piece of DNA purify
+it and propagate it so that you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and propagate it so that you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and propagate it so that you have it
+for future use use and so the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future use use and so the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future use use and so the process of
+doing this is known as cloning and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is known as cloning and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is known as cloning and it's
+the process of if you will purifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of if you will purifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of if you will purifying and
+propagating a piece of DNA in an in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating a piece of DNA in an in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating a piece of DNA in an in an
+organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so sort of the goal for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sort of the goal for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sort of the goal for this
+lecture is for you to know how if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is for you to know how if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is for you to know how if you
+wanted to let's say identify a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to let's say identify a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to let's say identify a piece of
+DNA maybe you're interested in a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA maybe you're interested in a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA maybe you're interested in a piece
+of DNA that contains a given gene how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that contains a given gene how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that contains a given gene how
+would you go go about getting that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you go go about getting that DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you go go about getting that DNA
+in a state that can be propagated sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state that can be propagated sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state that can be propagated sort
+of on and on and how can you identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on and on and how can you identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on and on and how can you identify
+the piece of DNA you want okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of DNA you want okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of DNA you want okay and so
+one tool that we're going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tool that we're going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tool that we're going to use is
+we're going to use an organism bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use an organism bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use an organism bacteria
+as a tool um so I'll draw my sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool um so I'll draw my sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool um so I'll draw my sample
+bacterial cell here could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell here could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell here could be something
+like e.coli just some bacterium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e.coli just some bacterium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e.coli just some bacterium and
+you'll recall when we talked about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall when we talked about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall when we talked about when
+I talked about cells a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about cells a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about cells a few weeks ago
+bacteria and prokaryotic cells have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and prokaryotic cells have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and prokaryotic cells have a
+chromosome called the nucleoid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome called the nucleoid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome called the nucleoid that's
+present inside all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present inside all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present inside all right so that's the
+bacterial chromosome but bacteria can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial chromosome but bacteria can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial chromosome but bacteria can
+also have extra chromosomal pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have extra chromosomal pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have extra chromosomal pieces of
+DNA that are called plasmids that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are called plasmids that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are called plasmids that exist
+in their cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their cytoplasm
+these are plasmids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these extra chromosomal pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these extra chromosomal pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these extra chromosomal pieces of
+DNA replicate independently of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replicate independently of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replicate independently of the
+chromosome and they can persist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and they can persist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and they can persist in the
+bacterial cell and be passed on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell and be passed on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell and be passed on to the
+daughters of this bacterial cell as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of this bacterial cell as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of this bacterial cell as the
+bacterial cells divide okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells divide okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells divide okay so if we
+focus on an individual plasmid what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on an individual plasmid what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on an individual plasmid what a
+plasmid would look like often they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid would look like often they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid would look like often they have
+a cassette or a gene that confers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cassette or a gene that confers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cassette or a gene that confers
+antibiotic resistance and that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic resistance and that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic resistance and that's often
+the reason that these bacteria are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that these bacteria are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that these bacteria are
+harboring these plasmids because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harboring these plasmids because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harboring these plasmids because it
+gives them a sort of advantage if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them a sort of advantage if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them a sort of advantage if
+they're exposed to a certain antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exposed to a certain antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exposed to a certain antibiotic
+from a predator organism so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a predator organism so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a predator organism so this would
+confer antibiotic resistance one common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer antibiotic resistance one common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer antibiotic resistance one common
+example is ampicillin resistance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is ampicillin resistance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is ampicillin resistance which
+I'll abbreviate just amp with the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll abbreviate just amp with the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll abbreviate just amp with the are
+next to it okay but these plasmids for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it okay but these plasmids for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it okay but these plasmids for
+them to propagate from bacterial cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to propagate from bacterial cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to propagate from bacterial cell to
+bacterial cell they also need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell they also need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell they also need to be able
+to undergo replication so they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo replication so they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo replication so they also have
+what is known as an origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as an origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as an origin of
+replication which is often abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication which is often abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication which is often abbreviated
+ori which basically allows this plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori which basically allows this plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori which basically allows this plasmid
+to be replicated such that copies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be replicated such that copies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be replicated such that copies of the
+plasmid are passed on to the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid are passed on to the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid are passed on to the subsequent
+generation of bacteria okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of bacteria okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of bacteria okay and we can
+take advantage of this plasmid system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this plasmid system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this plasmid system in
+bacteria because we could take let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria because we could take let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria because we could take let's say
+a piece of foreign DNA and this foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of foreign DNA and this foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of foreign DNA and this foreign
+DNA could be of eukaryotic origin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA could be of eukaryotic origin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA could be of eukaryotic origin we
+could take a piece of eukaryotic DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a piece of eukaryotic DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a piece of eukaryotic DNA and
+insert it inside of this plasmid and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it inside of this plasmid and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it inside of this plasmid and we
+can basically use the plasmid as a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically use the plasmid as a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically use the plasmid as a sort
+of platform or a vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of platform or a vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of platform or a vac
+Derr to carry the piece of DNA that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derr to carry the piece of DNA that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derr to carry the piece of DNA that we
+might be interested in and to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in and to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in and to use the
+bacteria to replicate that DNA and pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to replicate that DNA and pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to replicate that DNA and pass
+it on to its descendants so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to its descendants so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to its descendants so that you
+essentially have a clone of bacteria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have a clone of bacteria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have a clone of bacteria and
+you have a clone of this DNA in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a clone of this DNA in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a clone of this DNA in a given
+bacterial population so again this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial population so again this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial population so again this would
+have an origin and maybe an ampicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an origin and maybe an ampicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an origin and maybe an ampicillin
+resistance to it so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to it so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to it so how would you
+determine whether or not bacteria have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not bacteria have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not bacteria have a
+plasmid in it you think of an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid in it you think of an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid in it you think of an experiment
+you could do to determine whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do to determine whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do to determine whether the
+bacteria has this plasmid Stephon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so what Stephen suggested is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what Stephen suggested is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what Stephen suggested is
+that if if he wanted to know whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if he wanted to know whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if he wanted to know whether or
+not this bacteria had the plasmid in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this bacteria had the plasmid in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this bacteria had the plasmid in it
+he would add ampicillin to the media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would add ampicillin to the media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would add ampicillin to the media and
+if the bacteria doesn't have the plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bacteria doesn't have the plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bacteria doesn't have the plasmid
+it won't be able to grow but if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be able to grow but if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be able to grow but if it has
+the plasmid it encodes this gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid it encodes this gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid it encodes this gene that
+confers ampicillin resistance and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers ampicillin resistance and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers ampicillin resistance and it
+will thus be able to grow okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will thus be able to grow okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will thus be able to grow okay so that's
+exactly right so you're able to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you're able to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you're able to select
+for bacteria with a given plasmid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria with a given plasmid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria with a given plasmid by
+simply growing it on media that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply growing it on media that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply growing it on media that contains
+an antibiotic okay I now want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibiotic okay I now want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibiotic okay I now want to go
+through steps in cloning a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through steps in cloning a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through steps in cloning a piece of DNA
+and we'll go through it sort of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through it sort of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through it sort of as a
+series of ordered steps so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of ordered steps so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of ordered steps so you can see
+how the process works I'm gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the process works I'm gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the process works I'm gonna start
+with a step to cut the DNA after cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a step to cut the DNA after cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a step to cut the DNA after cutting
+the DNA we'll then mix pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once we mix the pieces together we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we mix the pieces together we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we mix the pieces together we'll do
+something known as a ligation and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something known as a ligation and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something known as a ligation and I'll
+explain that to you in just a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that to you in just a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that to you in just a minute and
+then finally we'll end with selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we'll end with selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we'll end with selecting
+the plasmids that have the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmids that have the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmids that have the piece of
+foreign DNA that we want and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign DNA that we want and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign DNA that we want and this is
+known as recombinant DNA because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as recombinant DNA because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as recombinant DNA because you've
+recombined a piece of DNA from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined a piece of DNA from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined a piece of DNA from one
+organism it could be a eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it could be a eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it could be a eukaryotic
+organism like humans with a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like humans with a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like humans with a piece of DNA
+that's from a prokaryotic cell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from a prokaryotic cell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from a prokaryotic cell a
+bacterium okay so we then have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium okay so we then have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium okay so we then have some sort
+of selection process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're gonna go through this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna go through this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna go through this step
+by step and we're gonna start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and we're gonna start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and we're gonna start with
+cutting DNA okay so cutting DNA and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting DNA okay so cutting DNA and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting DNA okay so cutting DNA and it
+turns out we've talked about what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we've talked about what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we've talked about what type
+of enzyme do you think would cut DNA not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme do you think would cut DNA not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme do you think would cut DNA not
+just generally not as specific as what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally not as specific as what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally not as specific as what's
+up on the slide what type of enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the slide what type of enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the slide what type of enzyme
+would cleave DNA think about what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cleave DNA think about what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cleave DNA think about what how
+enzymes are named yes so Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are named yes so Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are named yes so Stephen
+suggested the DNA's which is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the DNA's which is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the DNA's which is a really
+good suggestion right so enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suggestion right so enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suggestion right so enzyme that
+will cut DNA would be a DNA's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cut DNA would be a DNA's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cut DNA would be a DNA's another
+word for that as a nuclease it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that as a nuclease it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that as a nuclease it's some
+type of nucleus and the type of nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of nucleus and the type of nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of nucleus and the type of nucleus
+we're going to talk about is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is going to be
+an endonuclease we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endonuclease we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endonuclease we talked about
+exonucleases which chew DNA from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exonucleases which chew DNA from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exonucleases which chew DNA from the
+ends in the context of DNA replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in the context of DNA replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in the context of DNA replication
+what would in endonucleases is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would in endonucleases is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would in endonucleases is it's a
+nucleus that's going to recognize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's going to recognize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's going to recognize a
+fragment of DNA and cleave it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of DNA and cleave it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of DNA and cleave it in the
+middle so it doesn't require an end it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it doesn't require an end it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it doesn't require an end it's
+going to chop it right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chop it right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chop it right in the middle
+okay and there's a type of endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a type of endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a type of endonuclease
+and these are called restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are called restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are called restriction
+endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases
+they are nucleases that are natively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are nucleases that are natively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are nucleases that are natively
+present in a lot of different bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a lot of different bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a lot of different bacteria
+and these restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these restriction endonucleases
+essentially look through the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially look through the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially look through the DNA
+sequence and they recognize a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and they recognize a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and they recognize a specific
+sequence of nucleotides and make a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of nucleotides and make a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of nucleotides and make a cut
+right at that sequence okay so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that sequence okay so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that sequence okay so I have a
+few examples to show you here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples to show you here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples to show you here the first
+is this eco r1 restriction endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this eco r1 restriction endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this eco r1 restriction endonuclease
+eco r1 so rich from eco lie and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 so rich from eco lie and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 so rich from eco lie and it
+recognizes the sequence GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the sequence GA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the sequence GA
+ATTC so it recognizes the six nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATTC so it recognizes the six nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATTC so it recognizes the six nucleotide
+sequence and it Cleaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and it Cleaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and it Cleaves the
+double-stranded DNA on the top strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA on the top strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA on the top strand
+between the G and the a and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the G and the a and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the G and the a and on the
+bottom strand between the G and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand between the G and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand between the G and the a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you can see that the two cuts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the two cuts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the two cuts are
+staggered so when this cut is made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggered so when this cut is made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggered so when this cut is made it
+leaves the DNA with two ends and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the DNA with two ends and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the DNA with two ends and they're
+sticky because there's a five-prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky because there's a five-prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky because there's a five-prime
+overhang at each end so each end has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang at each end so each end has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang at each end so each end has
+this TTA a sequence and these nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TTA a sequence and these nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TTA a sequence and these nucleotide
+bases can base pair with the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases can base pair with the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases can base pair with the complement
+complementary sequence so this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary sequence so this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary sequence so this sequence
+could base pair with the sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could base pair with the sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could base pair with the sequence that
+has an end a ATT okay so these two ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an end a ATT okay so these two ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an end a ATT okay so these two ends
+that I've generated here could stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've generated here could stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've generated here could stick to
+each other or there could be other ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or there could be other ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or there could be other ends
+that have the TTA a sequence that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the TTA a sequence that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the TTA a sequence that could
+stick to them okay so another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to them okay so another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to them okay so another example is
+this kpn one endonuclease and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kpn one endonuclease and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kpn one endonuclease and this is
+from a different bacterium but again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different bacterium but again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different bacterium but again it
+Cleaves the DNA on the two strands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleaves the DNA on the two strands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleaves the DNA on the two strands and
+this time it Cleaves the top strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time it Cleaves the top strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time it Cleaves the top strand
+farther down the sequence and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther down the sequence and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther down the sequence and that
+generates what's known as a three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates what's known as a three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates what's known as a three prime
+overhang but again you have an overhang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang but again you have an overhang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang but again you have an overhang
+so this is what is known as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what is known as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what is known as having a
+sticky end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky end
+because again these nucleotides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these nucleotides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these nucleotides are
+available to base pair with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to base pair with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to base pair with their
+complementary sequence the final type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary sequence the final type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary sequence the final type of
+restriction enzyme that I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme that I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme that I'll tell you
+about is eco r5 which is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is eco r5 which is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is eco r5 which is a different
+enzyme from eco lie and this generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme from eco lie and this generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme from eco lie and this generates a
+break but this time it cuts at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break but this time it cuts at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break but this time it cuts at the same
+position on both DNA strands and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on both DNA strands and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on both DNA strands and that
+generates an end that's known as a blunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an end that's known as a blunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an end that's known as a blunt
+end because there's no overhang and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because there's no overhang and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because there's no overhang and
+there are no nucleotides that would sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no nucleotides that would sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no nucleotides that would sort
+of basically recognize a complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically recognize a complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically recognize a complementary
+sort of end like the sticky ends do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of end like the sticky ends do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of end like the sticky ends do okay
+so these are several of many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are several of many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are several of many many
+different types of restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of restriction
+endonucleases that are present in a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases that are present in a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases that are present in a wide
+range of bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then now that you have a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then now that you have a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then now that you have a tool
+that allows you to cut DNA you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to cut DNA you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to cut DNA you could
+then cut DNA from two different sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut DNA from two different sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut DNA from two different sources
+and I've outlined that here the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've outlined that here the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've outlined that here the vector
+is what the plasmid DNA is commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the plasmid DNA is commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the plasmid DNA is commonly
+referred to so we commonly refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to so we commonly refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to so we commonly refer to this
+prokaryotic part of the plasmid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic part of the plasmid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic part of the plasmid the
+vector DNA and the part that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector DNA and the part that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector DNA and the part that we're
+trying to insert that's the foreign DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to insert that's the foreign DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to insert that's the foreign DNA
+the insert okay that's just kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insert okay that's just kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insert okay that's just kind of the
+lingo in the field okay so here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo in the field okay so here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo in the field okay so here I have a
+plasmid it looks like a plasmid it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid it looks like a plasmid it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid it looks like a plasmid it has
+an origin of replication it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an origin of replication it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an origin of replication it has
+ampicillin resistance and it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampicillin resistance and it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampicillin resistance and it has this
+eco r1 site which just means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 site which just means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 site which just means that this
+DNA sequence has a g-a-a-t-t-c okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence has a g-a-a-t-t-c okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence has a g-a-a-t-t-c okay so
+it's something that will be recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that will be recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that will be recognized
+by this restriction endonuclease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this restriction endonuclease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this restriction endonuclease and
+then if you cut this enzyme with eco r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you cut this enzyme with eco r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you cut this enzyme with eco r1
+you start with the linear piece right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with the linear piece right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with the linear piece right so
+I at six am started engineering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at six am started engineering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at six am started engineering this
+here and so let's say I have my plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so let's say I have my plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so let's say I have my plasmid
+DNA and I cut it at the eco r1 site then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and I cut it at the eco r1 site then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and I cut it at the eco r1 site then
+I cleave it if you cleave a circle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cleave it if you cleave a circle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cleave it if you cleave a circle now
+you have a linear piece of DNA okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a linear piece of DNA okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a linear piece of DNA okay but
+it has sticky ends right and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has sticky ends right and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has sticky ends right and these
+sticky ends so pretend that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky ends so pretend that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky ends so pretend that this is a
+foreign piece of DNA this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign piece of DNA this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign piece of DNA this is my
+eukaryotic DNA let's pretend it carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic DNA let's pretend it carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic DNA let's pretend it carries
+the gene elastin and this has ends too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene elastin and this has ends too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene elastin and this has ends too
+and if they're eco r1 ends then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're eco r1 ends then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're eco r1 ends then they
+will be able to stick to the sticky ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to stick to the sticky ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to stick to the sticky ends
+of the plasmid and if you just get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasmid and if you just get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasmid and if you just get one
+sticking now you have this piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking now you have this piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking now you have this piece of DNA
+which is two different fragments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two different fragments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two different fragments in
+tandem but it's going to be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem but it's going to be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem but it's going to be moving
+around in space in the cytoplasm and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in space in the cytoplasm and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in space in the cytoplasm and at
+some point it might be recognized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it might be recognized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it might be recognized and
+stick to the other eco r1 end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the other eco r1 end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the other eco r1 end and then
+you have now a circular piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now a circular piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now a circular piece of DNA
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+but now your circular piece of DNA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now your circular piece of DNA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now your circular piece of DNA has
+this piece of foreign DNA that's present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of foreign DNA that's present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of foreign DNA that's present
+inside the vector which is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the vector which is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the vector which is the sort of
+poster tape here okay so I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster tape here okay so I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster tape here okay so I just wanted
+to show you that so you can kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that so you can kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that so you can kind of you
+have to when you're doing molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to when you're doing molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to when you're doing molecular
+biology you have to imagine these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you have to imagine these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you have to imagine these sort
+of ends sticking to each other and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ends sticking to each other and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ends sticking to each other and how
+they're gonna sort of wrap around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna sort of wrap around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna sort of wrap around and
+connect for the final product okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect for the final product okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect for the final product okay so
+let's say you get DNA and your DNA could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get DNA and your DNA could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get DNA and your DNA could
+be eukaryotic DNA from let's say humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eukaryotic DNA from let's say humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eukaryotic DNA from let's say humans
+or flies or whatever your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flies or whatever your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flies or whatever your favorite
+eukaryote is and in the genome of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryote is and in the genome of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryote is and in the genome of that
+organism there will be many restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism there will be many restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism there will be many restriction
+sites but if you chop it up you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but if you chop it up you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but if you chop it up you will get
+various fragments that have sticky ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various fragments that have sticky ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various fragments that have sticky ends
+for eco r1 on both sides and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eco r1 on both sides and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eco r1 on both sides and then if you
+mix the vector and the insert together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the vector and the insert together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the vector and the insert together
+you have some probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some probability of getting
+that insert to be incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insert to be incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insert to be incorporated into the
+vector okay and then once this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay and then once this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay and then once this is
+present and ligated together you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and ligated together you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and ligated together you can
+then put this into bacteria and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put this into bacteria and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put this into bacteria and it will
+be replicated okay so we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replicated okay so we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replicated okay so we focused on
+cutting but if you mix these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting but if you mix these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting but if you mix these together
+like I showed you at the tape you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I showed you at the tape you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I showed you at the tape you're
+gonna have sticky ends that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have sticky ends that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have sticky ends that come
+together and stick together and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and stick together and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and stick together and you'll
+eventually get a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get a situation where you
+have your insert so you have your insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your insert so you have your insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your insert so you have your insert
+here that might have your gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might have your gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might have your gene of
+interest and your vector DNA here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and your vector DNA here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and your vector DNA here but
+when these things that Nishal II stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these things that Nishal II stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these things that Nishal II stick
+together you don't have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you don't have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you don't have a single
+molecule that where everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that where everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that where everything is
+covalently attached right you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently attached right you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently attached right you just have
+these base pair interactions between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these base pair interactions between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these base pair interactions between the
+two overhangs as they stick to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two overhangs as they stick to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two overhangs as they stick to each
+other through base pair interactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through base pair interactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through base pair interactions so
+if we think about what's going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what's going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about what's going on right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you have initially if we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have initially if we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have initially if we're thinking
+about eco r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eco r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eco r1
+a sequence that is nope sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence that is nope sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence that is nope sorry this
+should be a see you have the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a see you have the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a see you have the this is the
+nucleotide sequence but when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide sequence but when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide sequence but when it's
+sticking together the top strand will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking together the top strand will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking together the top strand will
+have a free five prime phosphate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free five prime phosphate on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free five prime phosphate on this
+adenosine and there will be no covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine and there will be no covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine and there will be no covalent
+bond between this adenosine in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond between this adenosine in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond between this adenosine in this
+guanosine okay so that's what the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanosine okay so that's what the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanosine okay so that's what the top
+strand would look like the bottom strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand would look like the bottom strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand would look like the bottom strand
+would look like this where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this where there are
+covalent bonds along the DNA backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds along the DNA backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds along the DNA backbone
+OOP sorry mutation there okay right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OOP sorry mutation there okay right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OOP sorry mutation there okay right and
+this is incorporated maybe in a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incorporated maybe in a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incorporated maybe in a broader
+sequence and this bottom strand will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and this bottom strand will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and this bottom strand will
+have a free five prime phosphate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free five prime phosphate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free five prime phosphate here
+and a free three prime hydroxyl here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a free three prime hydroxyl here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a free three prime hydroxyl here but
+there's no covalent bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent bond here
+there's no covalent bond here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent bond here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent bond here right so
+at this stage you don't have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage you don't have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage you don't have a single
+piece of DNA you have two pieces of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you have two pieces of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you have two pieces of DNA
+that are interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacting with each other
+through base pair interactions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through base pair interactions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through base pair interactions okay so
+eventually you want it to be a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you want it to be a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you want it to be a single
+piece piece of DNA and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece piece of DNA and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece piece of DNA and so you have to
+perform a step that is known as sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a step that is known as sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a step that is known as sorry
+have my phosphate got in the way but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my phosphate got in the way but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my phosphate got in the way but you
+want to perform what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to perform what's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to perform what's known as a
+ligation where you take something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligation where you take something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligation where you take something that's
+just sticking together through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sticking together through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sticking together through
+nucleotide base pair interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base pair interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base pair interactions and
+you add a type of enzyme which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a type of enzyme which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a type of enzyme which is called
+DNA ligase to catalyze the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA ligase to catalyze the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA ligase to catalyze the formation of
+covalent bonds here in here so DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds here in here so DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds here in here so DNA
+ligase is an enzyme that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase is an enzyme that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase is an enzyme that if you have a
+free five prime phosphate here in a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free five prime phosphate here in a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free five prime phosphate here in a free
+3 prime hydroxyl it'll catalyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 prime hydroxyl it'll catalyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 prime hydroxyl it'll catalyze the
+formation of a phosphodiester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a phosphodiester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a phosphodiester bond
+between these two big bases and the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two big bases and the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two big bases and the DNA
+okay so this DNA ligase forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this DNA ligase forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this DNA ligase forms a
+phosphodiester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you go from having a no bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go from having a no bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go from having a no bond there
+to having a bond so then you eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a bond so then you eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a bond so then you eventually
+will get this sequence now where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this sequence now where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this sequence now where you
+have where you have covalent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where you have covalent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where you have covalent bonds
+between each of the base pairs and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of the base pairs and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of the base pairs and what
+you see here is you've recreated the eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is you've recreated the eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is you've recreated the eco
+r1 site okay so when you get to eco r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 site okay so when you get to eco r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 site okay so when you get to eco r1
+sticky ends sort of recognizing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky ends sort of recognizing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky ends sort of recognizing each
+other and sticking to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sticking to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sticking to each other and
+then you like them together you recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you like them together you recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you like them together you recreate
+that nuclei site so that you can cleave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nuclei site so that you can cleave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nuclei site so that you can cleave
+it again with the eco r1 enzyme okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with the eco r1 enzyme okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again with the eco r1 enzyme okay so
+now moving on I'll move on right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now moving on I'll move on right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now moving on I'll move on right here so
+the last step is that once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step is that once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step is that once we have
+pieces of DNA with this insert and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA with this insert and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA with this insert and let's
+say we're trying to find a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're trying to find a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're trying to find a piece of DNA
+in from a eukaryotic organism we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from a eukaryotic organism we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from a eukaryotic organism we might
+start with an animal we have to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an animal we have to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an animal we have to extract
+its chromosomal DNA digest it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chromosomal DNA digest it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chromosomal DNA digest it with the
+restriction enzyme and then we digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme and then we digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzyme and then we digest
+the vector with the same restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector with the same restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector with the same restriction
+enzyme and then we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and then we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and then we're going to make
+we're gonna randomly insert these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna randomly insert these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna randomly insert these pieces
+of DNA into different vectors such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA into different vectors such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA into different vectors such that
+each bacteria who gets one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bacteria who gets one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bacteria who gets one of these
+plasmids will be replicating a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids will be replicating a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids will be replicating a different
+piece of DNA that's of eukaryotic origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's of eukaryotic origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's of eukaryotic origin
+okay and this is what is known as a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what is known as a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what is known as a DNA
+library okay so this is making a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library okay so this is making a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library okay so this is making a DNA
+library and a DNA library is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and a DNA library is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and a DNA library is essentially
+a collection of different pieces of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of different pieces of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of different pieces of DNA
+that are from some source okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are from some source okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are from some source okay but
+different bacterial clones will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bacterial clones will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bacterial clones will be
+replicating a different piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating a different piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating a different piece of that
+DNA okay so you can see the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so you can see the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so you can see the challenge
+now is to find the needle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to find the needle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to find the needle and the
+haystack right you're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack right you're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack right you're trying to find
+that one piece of DNA which is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece of DNA which is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece of DNA which is the one
+you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in
+okay and I'll tell talk about several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll tell talk about several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll tell talk about several
+strategies that you can use to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that you can use to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that you can use to find the
+piece of DNA that you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that you're interested in
+I'll focus on selection but first I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on selection but first I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on selection but first I just
+want to differentiate between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate between two
+different types of ways you could search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of ways you could search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of ways you could search
+for a piece of DNA you could do a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of DNA you could do a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of DNA you could do a screen
+and this is similar to what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is similar to what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is similar to what we talked
+about on Monday where you look through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Monday where you look through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Monday where you look through a
+whole population of individuals and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population of individuals and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population of individuals and you
+look for a given phenotype so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a given phenotype so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a given phenotype so in the
+case of flies right we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of flies right we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of flies right we talked about
+house Morgan's lab was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Morgan's lab was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house Morgan's lab was looking for
+differences in eye color and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in eye color and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in eye color and that was a
+screen because they looked through a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because they looked through a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen because they looked through a ton
+of normal flies to find the one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal flies to find the one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal flies to find the one they
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+okay another strategy would be to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another strategy would be to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another strategy would be to do
+what's called a selection where you kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a selection where you kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a selection where you kill
+off everything that's not what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off everything that's not what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off everything that's not what you want
+by making the organism grow in some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the organism grow in some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the organism grow in some sort
+of selective condition condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selective condition condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selective condition condition and
+then you only allow the organisms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only allow the organisms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only allow the organisms to
+grow that are the ones that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that are the ones that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that are the ones that you want
+okay so this is called a selection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is called a selection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is called a selection and
+I'm going to illustrate several examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate several examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate several examples
+of selections just so that you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selections just so that you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selections just so that you get an
+idea of how this works okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how this works okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how this works okay so the first
+example I'll give is antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give is antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give is antibiotic
+resistance and as Steven so kindly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and as Steven so kindly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and as Steven so kindly
+pointed out earlier in the lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out earlier in the lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out earlier in the lecture the
+way we can select for bacteria that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can select for bacteria that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can select for bacteria that have
+taken up this plasmid is to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up this plasmid is to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up this plasmid is to select the
+bacteria that grow in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that grow in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that grow in the presence of
+the antibiotic okay so let's say you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibiotic okay so let's say you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibiotic okay so let's say you had
+a population of bacteria and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population of bacteria and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population of bacteria and let's say
+they started out being sensitive to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out being sensitive to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started out being sensitive to an
+antibiotic you could transform them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic you could transform them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic you could transform them with
+DNA from a strain that's resistant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from a strain that's resistant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from a strain that's resistant and
+maybe that's resistant strain has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's resistant strain has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's resistant strain has a
+plasmid that has a gene that confers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that has a gene that confers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that has a gene that confers
+antibiotic resistance in which case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic resistance in which case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic resistance in which case if
+it's taken up by the sensitive bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken up by the sensitive bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken up by the sensitive bacteria
+if you then grow it on a plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then grow it on a plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then grow it on a plate
+that has the antibiotic you might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the antibiotic you might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the antibiotic you might get a
+colony or a clone of cells that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony or a clone of cells that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony or a clone of cells that has
+taken up the piece of DNA that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up the piece of DNA that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up the piece of DNA that you're
+interested in in this case the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in this case the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in this case the piece of
+DNA that confers antibiotic resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that confers antibiotic resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that confers antibiotic resistance
+okay everyone see how that works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone see how that works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone see how that works so
+you're selecting only the cells to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting only the cells to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting only the cells to grow
+here that have taken up this antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that have taken up this antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that have taken up this antibiotic
+resistance gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance gene okay
+I'm going to use another example now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use another example now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use another example now
+from yeast and it involves functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeast and it involves functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeast and it involves functional
+complementation and I'm gonna start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation and I'm gonna start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation and I'm gonna start with
+something that involves the biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involves the biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involves the biosynthesis
+of an essential amino acid and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an essential amino acid and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an essential amino acid and then I'm
+gonna go to a more interesting case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to a more interesting case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to a more interesting case
+which is a case where that involves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case where that involves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case where that involves an
+experiment that evolved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that evolved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that evolved the
+identification of the master regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the master regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the master regulator
+of cell division in humans okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division in humans okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division in humans okay but
+we'll start with just amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with just amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with just amino acid
+biosynthesis and there are mutants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and there are mutants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and there are mutants of
+yeast known as auxotrophs and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast known as auxotrophs and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast known as auxotrophs and these are
+mutants mutant yeast or mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants mutant yeast or mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants mutant yeast or mutant
+microorganisms that fail to produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms that fail to produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms that fail to produce an
+essential nutrient okay so an auxotrophs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient okay so an auxotrophs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient okay so an auxotrophs
+is a mutant that fails to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mutant that fails to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mutant that fails to make a
+nutrient that's essential so fails to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient that's essential so fails to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient that's essential so fails to
+make a nutrient and the opposite of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nutrient and the opposite of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nutrient and the opposite of an
+ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox
+is called a proto TRO a proto troph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a proto TRO a proto troph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a proto TRO a proto troph
+proto trope is a essentially a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto trope is a essentially a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto trope is a essentially a normal
+functioning microorganism that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning microorganism that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning microorganism that's able to
+produce all of the essential nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all of the essential nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all of the essential nutrients
+that it needs in order to grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs in order to grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs in order to grow and
+survive okay so this produces all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay so this produces all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay so this produces all
+nutrients and so let's say you had an ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrophic
+provide leucine to it it would fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide leucine to it it would fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide leucine to it it would fail to
+grow okay so we'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay so we'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay so we'll start with the
+leucine auxotrophs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine auxotrophs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine auxotrophs
+and let's say you want to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say you want to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say you want to identify the
+gene that's defective in this leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that's defective in this leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that's defective in this leucine
+auxotrophs you'd perform a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxotrophs you'd perform a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxotrophs you'd perform a similar
+strategy to this one where you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to this one where you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to this one where you'd have
+your auxotrophs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auxotrophs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auxotrophs
+that you're transforming so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're transforming so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're transforming so your
+auxotrophs down here and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxotrophs down here and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxotrophs down here and you would
+transform that strain with DNA from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that strain with DNA from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that strain with DNA from what
+organism if you're trying to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism if you're trying to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism if you're trying to identify
+the functional gene what what organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional gene what what organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional gene what what organism
+would you use to produce the DNA you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use to produce the DNA you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use to produce the DNA you're
+going to transform into that organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform into that organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform into that organism
+Xavier is exactly right you'd use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xavier is exactly right you'd use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xavier is exactly right you'd use the
+proto-truk right so in this case you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-truk right so in this case you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-truk right so in this case you use
+DNA from the proto trove because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from the proto trove because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from the proto trove because the
+proto truth has a functional copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto truth has a functional copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto truth has a functional copy of
+that gene you know it does because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene you know it does because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene you know it does because it's
+able to grow without adding leucine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to grow without adding leucine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to grow without adding leucine and
+then you could take the auxotrophs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could take the auxotrophs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could take the auxotrophs
+mutants that's transformed with DNA from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that's transformed with DNA from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that's transformed with DNA from
+the proto-truk and you played it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proto-truk and you played it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proto-truk and you played it on
+media and what should be a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and what should be a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and what should be a property of
+the media should leucine be present or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media should leucine be present or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media should leucine be present or
+absent carmen it should be lab absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent carmen it should be lab absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent carmen it should be lab absent
+exactly right so you'd look on plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you'd look on plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so you'd look on plates
+that lack leucine or - for leucine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lack leucine or - for leucine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lack leucine or - for leucine and
+you'd select for colonies that now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd select for colonies that now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd select for colonies that now are
+all of a sudden able to grow on leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden able to grow on leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden able to grow on leucine
+okay so you've restored the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've restored the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've restored the function of
+leucine biosynthesis in this clone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine biosynthesis in this clone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine biosynthesis in this clone and
+you've made it into a proto troph again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is what's known as functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what's known as functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what's known as functional
+complementation because you're taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation because you're taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation because you're taking a
+cell that is defective in some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that is defective in some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that is defective in some function
+and you're complimenting it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're complimenting it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're complimenting it you're
+complimenting or rescuing the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimenting or rescuing the phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimenting or rescuing the phenotype
+okay now even as a former yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now even as a former yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now even as a former yeast
+geneticist I don't find amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist I don't find amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist I don't find amino acid
+biosynthesis and functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and functional
+complementation in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation in the context of
+leucine all that exciting so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine all that exciting so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine all that exciting so I want to
+present one last example that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one last example that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one last example that involves
+an experiment that is going to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that is going to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that is going to involve
+the yeast cell cycle mutants and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast cell cycle mutants and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast cell cycle mutants and I'm
+going to tell you about the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about the experiment
+that led to the cloning of the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the cloning of the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the cloning of the master
+regulator of cell division in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of cell division in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of cell division in humans
+okay and it involves a yeast mutant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it involves a yeast mutant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it involves a yeast mutant and
+yeast specifically a yeast cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast specifically a yeast cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast specifically a yeast cell cycle
+mutant and these yeast cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and these yeast cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and these yeast cell cycle
+mutants are what are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants are what are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants are what are known as
+conditional mutants they are isolated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutants they are isolated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutants they are isolated as
+conditional mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutants
+meaning that these mutants are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that these mutants are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that these mutants are able to
+grow under certain conditions but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow under certain conditions but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow under certain conditions but not
+others and specifically the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and specifically the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and specifically the condition
+they used is temperature so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used is temperature so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used is temperature so there are
+temperature sensitive mutants these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitive mutants these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitive mutants these
+cells can grow at 25 degrees but not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can grow at 25 degrees but not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can grow at 25 degrees but not at
+37 degrees okay so this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees okay so this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees okay so this is known as a
+temperature sensitive mutant where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitive mutant where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitive mutant where you
+can propagate the mutant at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate the mutant at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate the mutant at one
+temperature but then you can see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but then you can see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but then you can see if you
+raise the temperature and then it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the temperature and then it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the temperature and then it stops
+growing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing okay
+and so you can see the mutant phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see the mutant phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see the mutant phenotype
+because normal wild-type functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normal wild-type functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normal wild-type functional
+yeast can grow at both temperatures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast can grow at both temperatures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast can grow at both temperatures okay
+so this is a special type of mutant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a special type of mutant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a special type of mutant and
+I'm gonna tell you about an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna tell you about an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna tell you about an experiment
+done by Paul nurse who's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Paul nurse who's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Paul nurse who's an excellent
+yeast geneticist and what he did was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast geneticist and what he did was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast geneticist and what he did was he
+used these yeast cell cycle mutants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these yeast cell cycle mutants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these yeast cell cycle mutants to
+identify the human gene for what's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the human gene for what's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the human gene for what's now
+known as cyclin dependent kinase or cdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cyclin dependent kinase or cdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cyclin dependent kinase or cdk
+for short okay this is the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short okay this is the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short okay this is the master
+regulator of cell division in organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of cell division in organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of cell division in organisms
+raining ranging from yeast all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining ranging from yeast all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining ranging from yeast all the way
+up to humans okay but he used yeast as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to humans okay but he used yeast as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to humans okay but he used yeast as a
+model system to identify this gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model system to identify this gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model system to identify this gene okay
+and the process was he took yeast cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process was he took yeast cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process was he took yeast cells
+and Paul nurse worked on fission yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul nurse worked on fission yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul nurse worked on fission yeast
+cells which are rod shaped cells and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are rod shaped cells and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are rod shaped cells and he
+identified yeast mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeast mutants and he had a mutant into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast mutants and he had a mutant into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast mutants and he had a mutant into
+the cdk gene of yeast he didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cdk gene of yeast he didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cdk gene of yeast he didn't really
+know it at the time but the yeast cdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it at the time but the yeast cdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it at the time but the yeast cdk
+mutant what he knew is that this mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant what he knew is that this mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant what he knew is that this mutant
+was critically involved in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was critically involved in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was critically involved in the cell
+cycle in numerous types of yeast so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in numerous types of yeast so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in numerous types of yeast so he
+knew this is an important gene and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this is an important gene and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this is an important gene and what
+he wanted to do was to identify if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to do was to identify if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to do was to identify if
+humans had an equivalent gene that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans had an equivalent gene that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans had an equivalent gene that could
+function in the same way okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way okay so if you
+just have the cdk mutant and do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the cdk mutant and do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the cdk mutant and do nothing
+to it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it will
+not grow at 37 degrees okay but what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not grow at 37 degrees okay but what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not grow at 37 degrees okay but what he
+did was to take a DNA library similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to take a DNA library similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to take a DNA library similar to
+what I showed you before when you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before when you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before when you just
+chop up DNA from an organism in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop up DNA from an organism in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop up DNA from an organism in this
+case he's using a human DNA library and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case he's using a human DNA library and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case he's using a human DNA library and
+he used a particular type of library but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a particular type of library but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a particular type of library but
+I'm gonna skip over that for now for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip over that for now for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip over that for now for now
+and come back to it later so he used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to it later so he used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to it later so he used a
+human DNA library that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA library that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human DNA library that's just a
+collection of pieces of DNA from a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of pieces of DNA from a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of pieces of DNA from a human
+source okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay
+so he's taking human DNA putting it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's taking human DNA putting it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's taking human DNA putting it into
+a yeast plasmid and transforming yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast plasmid and transforming yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast plasmid and transforming yeast
+with that human DNA and he's looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that human DNA and he's looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that human DNA and he's looking for
+a piece of DNA that's able to complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA that's able to complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA that's able to complement
+the cdk mutant meaning that the yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cdk mutant meaning that the yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cdk mutant meaning that the yeast
+cells would then be able to grow at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would then be able to grow at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would then be able to grow at the
+non-permissive temperature of 37 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-permissive temperature of 37 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-permissive temperature of 37 degrees
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you then looks for on a plate four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you then looks for on a plate four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you then looks for on a plate four
+colonies of yeast that are growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies of yeast that are growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies of yeast that are growing at
+the non-permissive temperature of 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-permissive temperature of 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-permissive temperature of 37
+degrees so if you didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so if you didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so if you didn't do anything
+with this mutant if you didn't transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mutant if you didn't transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mutant if you didn't transform
+in the DNA nothing would grow but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA nothing would grow but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA nothing would grow but he
+identified pieces of human DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified pieces of human DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified pieces of human DNA that
+rescued the phenotype of this mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued the phenotype of this mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued the phenotype of this mutant
+okay and so these are yeast that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so these are yeast that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so these are yeast that have
+the human gene for cdk and they now grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human gene for cdk and they now grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human gene for cdk and they now grow
+okay and this is a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a functional
+complementation experiment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation experiment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation experiment because
+you're rescuing the growth of this yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rescuing the growth of this yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rescuing the growth of this yeast
+now not with a yeast gene but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not with a yeast gene but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not with a yeast gene but with a
+human gene okay and this human cdk gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene okay and this human cdk gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene okay and this human cdk gene
+is so conserved across eukaryotes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so conserved across eukaryotes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so conserved across eukaryotes that
+it's able to still function in a yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to still function in a yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to still function in a yeast
+cell which is pretty amazing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is pretty amazing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is pretty amazing okay so
+this just outlines the experiment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just outlines the experiment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just outlines the experiment here
+north at 25 degrees these yeast mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north at 25 degrees these yeast mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north at 25 degrees these yeast mutants
+can grow and form colonies and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow and form colonies and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow and form colonies and at that
+temperature you can transform the East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can transform the East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can transform the East
+with different pieces of human DNA most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different pieces of human DNA most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different pieces of human DNA most
+of the human DNA is not going to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human DNA is not going to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human DNA is not going to be what
+you want you're looking for the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you're looking for the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you're looking for the needle
+in the haystack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the haystack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the haystack
+so most of these are not going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of these are not going to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of these are not going to grow
+at 37 degree but you're looking for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 37 degree but you're looking for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 37 degree but you're looking for this
+guy here that gets the human CDK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here that gets the human CDK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here that gets the human CDK and
+that restores greet of the growth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that restores greet of the growth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that restores greet of the growth to
+this mutant strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutant strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutant strain
+okay so wallah you get a colony of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so wallah you get a colony of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so wallah you get a colony of cells
+that are growing and boom Paul nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are growing and boom Paul nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are growing and boom Paul nurse
+wins a Nobel Prize and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins a Nobel Prize and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins a Nobel Prize and the rest of the
+Eastfield as well or a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastfield as well or a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastfield as well or a number of people
+who are working on cell cycle mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working on cell cycle mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working on cell cycle mutants
+this is one of the experiments that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the experiments that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the experiments that led
+to the 2001 Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2001 Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2001 Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+yeast cell cycle geneticists alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast cell cycle geneticists alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast cell cycle geneticists alright so
+I've told you about how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you about how to find the
+needle in the haystack and this was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in the haystack and this was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in the haystack and this was more
+common when we didn't know the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when we didn't know the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when we didn't know the genome
+sequence of an organism but now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an organism but now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an organism but now I want
+to tell you how knowing the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you how knowing the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you how knowing the genome
+sequence of an organism would allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an organism would allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an organism would allow you
+to replicate and amplify a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate and amplify a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate and amplify a piece of DNA
+in vitro okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vitro okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vitro okay
+so I'm going to tell you about a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about a an
+approach known as polymerase chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach known as polymerase chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach known as polymerase chain
+reaction or PCR and what PCR is is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or PCR and what PCR is is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or PCR and what PCR is is it's
+an in vitro method so it's an in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in vitro method so it's an in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in vitro method so it's an in vitro
+approach to assembly to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to assembly to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to assembly to essentially
+amplify DNA and so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify DNA and so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify DNA and so let's say you have a
+piece of DNA it could be a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA it could be a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA it could be a piece of DNA
+in the genome and you know the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome and you know the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome and you know the sequence
+of this DNA and there has base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this DNA and there has base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this DNA and there has base pairs
+between this between the two strands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this between the two strands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this between the two strands so
+normally for DNA replication to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally for DNA replication to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally for DNA replication to occur
+what do you need what needs to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need what needs to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need what needs to happen
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can the polymerase get in now No why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the polymerase get in now No why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the polymerase get in now No why not
+miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah you have to unwind it right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to unwind it right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to unwind it right so you
+have to denature at first so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to denature at first so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to denature at first so if you
+denature it now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature it now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature it now you have to
+single-stranded pieces of DNA right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded pieces of DNA right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded pieces of DNA right now
+what would a polymerase need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a polymerase need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a polymerase need to
+replicate that yeah Jeremy a primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate that yeah Jeremy a primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate that yeah Jeremy a primer
+exactly right and if you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and if you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and if you know if you
+know the sequence you can have a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sequence you can have a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the sequence you can have a company
+synthesize a primer that's the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a primer that's the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a primer that's the exact
+sequence here and base pay base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here and base pay base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here and base pay base pairs
+here and I'll just draw the five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll just draw the five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll just draw the five prime
+end of the primer right there and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the primer right there and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the primer right there and now
+this primer has a free three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primer has a free three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primer has a free three prime
+hydroxyl here and if you added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl here and if you added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl here and if you added a
+polymerase it would synthesize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase it would synthesize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase it would synthesize this
+bottom strand here so this is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand here so this is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom strand here so this is known as
+the forward primer and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward primer and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward primer and on the other
+strand you can design a primer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand you can design a primer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand you can design a primer this
+complementary to these bases here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary to these bases here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary to these bases here again
+the 5 prime end is out this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5 prime end is out this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5 prime end is out this would be
+known as the reverse primer and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the reverse primer and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the reverse primer and then you
+could have the DNA polymerize synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the DNA polymerize synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the DNA polymerize synthesize
+the opposite strand okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite strand okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite strand okay all right so
+the step here will be to first denature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step here will be to first denature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step here will be to first denature
+so the first step would be to melt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step would be to melt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step would be to melt or
+denature the DNA double-stranded DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature the DNA double-stranded DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature the DNA double-stranded DNA so
+you denature the double-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you denature the double-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you denature the double-stranded DNA
+this is commonly done above 90 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly done above 90 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly done above 90 90
+degrees Celsius and then the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and then the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and then the next step
+is once you have these single-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you have these single-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you have these single-stranded
+pieces of DNA you can act you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA you can act you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA you can act you can have a
+primer present that anneals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer present that anneals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer present that anneals
+to the opposite strands so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opposite strands so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opposite strands so you can have
+primer annealing and if you have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer annealing and if you have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer annealing and if you have this is
+commonly done that are between 50 and 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done that are between 50 and 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done that are between 50 and 60
+degrees Celsius you have to cool it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius you have to cool it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius you have to cool it down
+so that the primer can now base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the primer can now base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the primer can now base pair
+such that not everything is denatured so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that not everything is denatured so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that not everything is denatured so
+you have to cool it down for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to cool it down for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to cool it down for these
+primers to recognize their cognate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers to recognize their cognate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers to recognize their cognate
+sequence and base pair with it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and base pair with it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and base pair with it and then
+once you have the primer annealed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the primer annealed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the primer annealed to the
+template then you can add DNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template then you can add DNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template then you can add DNA polymerase
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+synthesize a new strand so DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a new strand so DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a new strand so DNA
+polymerize for new strand synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerize for new strand synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerize for new strand synthesis and
+this is commonly done at around 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly done at around 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly done at around 70
+degrees Celsius and then you can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and then you can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and then you can repeat
+this process over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process over and over again and
+each step you're going to double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you're going to double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you're going to double the
+amount of DNA that you have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of DNA that you have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of DNA that you have between
+these two primers okay so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two primers okay so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two primers okay so let me just
+this is just a figure illustrates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a figure illustrates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a figure illustrates this
+it's on the handout and online basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the handout and online basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the handout and online basically
+you have your original double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your original double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your original double stranded
+piece of DNA you denature it and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you denature it and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you denature it and allow
+the primers to anneal new strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primers to anneal new strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primers to anneal new strand
+synthesis then you take these new pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis then you take these new pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis then you take these new pieces
+of double stranded DNA denature them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double stranded DNA denature them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double stranded DNA denature them the
+primers anneal to those new strands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers anneal to those new strands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers anneal to those new strands and
+now you get new strands and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get new strands and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get new strands and you just
+keep doing this cycle over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing this cycle over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing this cycle over and over
+again and you essentially amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you essentially amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you essentially amplify the
+piece of DNA that's between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's between the two
+primer sequences okay so this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer sequences okay so this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer sequences okay so this is often
+used in forensics because you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in forensics because you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in forensics because you can have
+very little DNA and just by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little DNA and just by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little DNA and just by adding
+primers you can really amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers you can really amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers you can really amplify the
+number of pieces of DNA you have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pieces of DNA you have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pieces of DNA you have between
+these two fragments so you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fragments so you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fragments so you go from
+having very little DNA to a lot of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very little DNA to a lot of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very little DNA to a lot of DNA
+ok any questions about PCR I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any questions about PCR I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any questions about PCR I'm going to
+move on to something that all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to something that all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to something that all right so
+all right I've really been focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I've really been focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I've really been focused on
+discovery up to this point but I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery up to this point but I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery up to this point but I know
+that a number of you are engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number of you are engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number of you are engineers and
+you probably want to engineer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to engineer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to engineer something
+ok and so I've had to and this is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and so I've had to and this is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and so I've had to and this is I'm
+gonna tell you about a field that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about a field that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about a field that is
+moving so rapidly I'm gonna probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so rapidly I'm gonna probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so rapidly I'm gonna probably
+have to totally revamp my lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to totally revamp my lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to totally revamp my lecture for
+next year ok and I'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year ok and I'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year ok and I'm gonna tell you
+about genome editing so the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genome editing so the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genome editing so the last part of
+this story genome or DNA editing and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story genome or DNA editing and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story genome or DNA editing and I'm
+gonna tell you about a specific type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about a specific type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you about a specific type of
+system called CRISPR cast 9 which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called CRISPR cast 9 which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called CRISPR cast 9 which has
+been in the news a lot and there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the news a lot and there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the news a lot and there's a lot
+of excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excitement
+about this approach in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this approach in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this approach in the context of
+editing the human genome and possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing the human genome and possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing the human genome and possibly
+curing genetic diseases who here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing genetic diseases who here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing genetic diseases who here has
+heard of CRISPR cast 9 okay good so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of CRISPR cast 9 okay good so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of CRISPR cast 9 okay good so our
+that's good our media is doing its job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good our media is doing its job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good our media is doing its job
+okay so so who knows what it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so who knows what it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so who knows what it is okay
+some of us know what it is I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us know what it is I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us know what it is I just want
+to just give you a very superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give you a very superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give you a very superficial
+overview of what it is and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what it is and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what it is and why it's
+important and I'm gonna keep coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I'm gonna keep coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I'm gonna keep coming back
+to it during the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it during the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it during the course of the semester
+because I think it raises a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it raises a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it raises a lot of
+ethical questions and especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical questions and especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical questions and especially in the
+context of stem cells I need you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of stem cells I need you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of stem cells I need you to know
+the foundation before we get into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation before we get into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation before we get into like
+the really good stuff okay so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really good stuff okay so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really good stuff okay so let's see
+so we're gonna engineer something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna engineer something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna engineer something so
+we're going to talk about repairing DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about repairing DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about repairing DNA
+and if we want to edit the genome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we want to edit the genome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we want to edit the genome the
+way this is most often done is by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is most often done is by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is most often done is by making
+a double-stranded break okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double-stranded break okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double-stranded break okay so if you
+make a double-stranded break in a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a double-stranded break in a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a double-stranded break in a piece
+of DNA it can be repaired one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it can be repaired one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA it can be repaired one of two
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+one is by non-homologous end joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is by non-homologous end joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is by non-homologous end joining
+where the two pieces of DNA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two pieces of DNA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two pieces of DNA are
+basically just shoved back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just shoved back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just shoved back together
+again and this results often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this results often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this results often in
+mutations so if you're trying to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so if you're trying to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so if you're trying to fix
+something unless you're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unless you're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unless you're just trying to
+break it that's probably not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it that's probably not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it that's probably not what you
+want but an alternative approach to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but an alternative approach to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but an alternative approach to to
+DNA repair that organisms have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA repair that organisms have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA repair that organisms have is
+something called homology directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called homology directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called homology directed
+repair okay in this case you can break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair okay in this case you can break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair okay in this case you can break a
+piece of DNA and add a piece of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA and add a piece of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA and add a piece of DNA that
+has a different sequence but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different sequence but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different sequence but with
+homology near where the double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology near where the double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology near where the double-stranded
+break is and in that case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break is and in that case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break is and in that case you can
+replace the original sequence with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the original sequence with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the original sequence with what
+you provide as donor DNA so it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide as donor DNA so it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide as donor DNA so it gives you
+an ability to essentially change the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ability to essentially change the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ability to essentially change the DNA
+sequence at a given locus if you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at a given locus if you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at a given locus if you're able
+to cleave the DNA at a specific locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleave the DNA at a specific locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleave the DNA at a specific locus
+okay so first I want to start with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I want to start with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I want to start with just
+a thought experiment right you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment right you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment right you're all
+thinking okay we need to cleave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay we need to cleave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay we need to cleave
+double-stranded DNA and boy I just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA and boy I just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA and boy I just gave
+you a perfect tool for that I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a perfect tool for that I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a perfect tool for that I gave you
+all these restriction endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these restriction endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these restriction endonuclease
+right so what's the problem with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the problem with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the problem with those
+well let's think about the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think about the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think about the human genome
+the human genome is 3 billion base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome is 3 billion base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome is 3 billion base pairs
+and an eco r1 site looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an eco r1 site looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an eco r1 site looks like this
+g-a-a-t-t-c so it's six nucleotides long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-a-a-t-t-c so it's six nucleotides long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-a-a-t-t-c so it's six nucleotides long
+and if you think of just like a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of just like a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of just like a random
+sequence of three billion base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of three billion base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of three billion base pairs
+right you would get this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you would get this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you would get this sequence
+randomly one out of every four to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly one out of every four to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly one out of every four to the
+sixth times okay so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth times okay so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth times okay so that's going to be
+about one every 4096 times okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one every 4096 times okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one every 4096 times okay so if
+you get this in random DNA one every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this in random DNA one every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this in random DNA one every
+roughly four thousand times if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly four thousand times if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly four thousand times if you use
+it to cleave the human genome is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to cleave the human genome is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to cleave the human genome is going
+to cleave like hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleave like hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleave like hundreds of thousands of
+places in the human genome okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the human genome okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the human genome okay so we
+need much more specificity if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much more specificity if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much more specificity if we want to
+select let's say a given gene that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select let's say a given gene that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select let's say a given gene that has a
+disease-causing allele and try to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease-causing allele and try to fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease-causing allele and try to fix it
+because if we use a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we use a restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we use a restriction
+endonuclease we just chop up the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease we just chop up the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease we just chop up the whole
+genome and that would be bad okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and that would be bad okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and that would be bad okay so
+specificity is the name of the game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity is the name of the game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity is the name of the game here
+this is not specific and we need a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not specific and we need a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not specific and we need a tool
+that's more specific okay and that tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more specific okay and that tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more specific okay and that tool
+is going to be CRISPR cast nine and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be CRISPR cast nine and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be CRISPR cast nine and what
+CRISPR cast nine is is it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR cast nine is is it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR cast nine is is it's essentially
+an RNA guided endonuclease okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RNA guided endonuclease okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RNA guided endonuclease okay so it's
+RNA guided and it's an endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA guided and it's an endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA guided and it's an endonuclease
+restriction enzymes right they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes right they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes right they have
+nothing to do with RNA they don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with RNA they don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with RNA they don't use
+RNA to recognize their their nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA to recognize their their nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA to recognize their their nucleotide
+sequence it's just a protein and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it's just a protein and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it's just a protein and the
+protein recognizes the nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein recognizes the nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein recognizes the nucleotide
+sequence in crass Burk CRISPR casts nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in crass Burk CRISPR casts nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in crass Burk CRISPR casts nine
+you have an endonuclease which is cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an endonuclease which is cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an endonuclease which is cast
+nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine
+bump this up so the endonuclease is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump this up so the endonuclease is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump this up so the endonuclease is the
+protein the cast nine is the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the cast nine is the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the cast nine is the protein
+that's the endonuclease but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the endonuclease but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the endonuclease but its
+selection of a target depends on an RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of a target depends on an RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of a target depends on an RNA
+molecule that is bound to okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is bound to okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is bound to okay so the
+specificity comes at least in part from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity comes at least in part from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity comes at least in part from
+what's known as a guide or a guide RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a guide or a guide RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a guide or a guide RNA
+or single guide RNA that's what's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or single guide RNA that's what's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or single guide RNA that's what's most
+most often used in genome editing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often used in genome editing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often used in genome editing so
+this guide RNA basically allows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guide RNA basically allows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guide RNA basically allows this
+enzyme to find a specific sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to find a specific sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to find a specific sequence and
+the guide RNA is 20 nucleotides or looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide RNA is 20 nucleotides or looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide RNA is 20 nucleotides or looks
+for homology for a 20 nucleotide base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homology for a 20 nucleotide base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homology for a 20 nucleotide base
+pair sequence so you can see already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair sequence so you can see already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair sequence so you can see already
+right we're doing way better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're doing way better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're doing way better than the
+six base pair recognition motif we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six base pair recognition motif we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six base pair recognition motif we have
+20 nucleotides and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 nucleotides and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 nucleotides and there are other
+components of the system which increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the system which increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the system which increase
+the specificity but this then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity but this then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity but this then you have
+your cast 9 in blue which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cast 9 in blue which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cast 9 in blue which is the
+endonuclease your RNA the guide RNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease your RNA the guide RNA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease your RNA the guide RNA in
+black and the template here is in gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and the template here is in gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and the template here is in gray
+and what you see is this RNA sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is this RNA sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is this RNA sort of
+exhibiting complementarity to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting complementarity to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting complementarity to this
+target sequence and only if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target sequence and only if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target sequence and only if there's
+complementarity between the RNA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity between the RNA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity between the RNA and the
+target will this endonuclease get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target will this endonuclease get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target will this endonuclease get
+activated and cleave at this site okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and cleave at this site okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and cleave at this site okay
+so the RNA is sort of serving like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the RNA is sort of serving like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the RNA is sort of serving like a
+guide dog for this for this endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide dog for this for this endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide dog for this for this endonuclease
+to guide it to the certain location to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide it to the certain location to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide it to the certain location to
+cleave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave okay
+so the idea then is if you want to edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea then is if you want to edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea then is if you want to edit
+the genome and why people are so excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome and why people are so excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome and why people are so excited
+about this these days is you now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this these days is you now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this these days is you now have a
+system that might allow you to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that might allow you to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that might allow you to generate
+a double-stranded break in one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double-stranded break in one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double-stranded break in one specific
+place in the genome and if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the genome and if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the genome and if you can do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+then if you provide a donor DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you provide a donor DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you provide a donor DNA that
+maybe has a different sequence if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe has a different sequence if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe has a different sequence if you
+consider a disease allele right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a disease allele right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a disease allele right let's
+say you know there's a gene that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know there's a gene that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know there's a gene that when
+there's a certain allele Kazaa causes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain allele Kazaa causes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain allele Kazaa causes an
+inherited form of a disease right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited form of a disease right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited form of a disease right you
+could then take donor DNA from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then take donor DNA from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then take donor DNA from an
+unaffected individual and take cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected individual and take cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected individual and take cells
+from the affected individual and cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the affected individual and cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the affected individual and cut the
+locus that's problematic and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus that's problematic and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus that's problematic and get a
+repair of the defective allele using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair of the defective allele using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair of the defective allele using a
+normal allele of the gene and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal allele of the gene and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal allele of the gene and that would
+essentially rescue the function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rescue the function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rescue the function of that
+gene if it were then reintroduced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene if it were then reintroduced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene if it were then reintroduced into
+the patient okay you see sort of roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient okay you see sort of roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient okay you see sort of roughly
+how this works okay so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works okay so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works okay so this is a very
+sort of broad in general sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broad in general sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broad in general sort of
+conceptual framework for how this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework for how this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework for how this might
+happen let's say you have an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's say you have an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let's say you have an individual
+with a blood disorder let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a blood disorder let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a blood disorder let's say
+sickle-cell anemia or beta thalassemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickle-cell anemia or beta thalassemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickle-cell anemia or beta thalassemia
+those are inherited blood disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are inherited blood disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are inherited blood disorders
+which lead to anemia you could remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lead to anemia you could remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lead to anemia you could remove
+cells and what might be the best are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and what might be the best are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and what might be the best are the
+stem cells from a patient and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells from a patient and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells from a patient and you could
+then take those stem cells and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take those stem cells and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take those stem cells and use
+CRISPR cast nine in vitro in cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR cast nine in vitro in cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR cast nine in vitro in cell
+culture to edit that individual cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to edit that individual cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to edit that individual cells to
+repair the genetic defect and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the genetic defect and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the genetic defect and you could
+then reintroduce those to the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reintroduce those to the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reintroduce those to the patient
+where if they're stims stem cells they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if they're stims stem cells they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if they're stims stem cells they'd
+reoccupy the stem cell niche and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoccupy the stem cell niche and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoccupy the stem cell niche and produce
+functional blood cells that would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional blood cells that would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional blood cells that would then
+essentially cure the individual of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cure the individual of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cure the individual of the
+disease this is how scientists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease this is how scientists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease this is how scientists are
+thinking about the use of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the use of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the use of the system
+nowaday and this hasn't really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowaday and this hasn't really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowaday and this hasn't really been
+successful yet but there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yet but there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yet but there are several
+clinical trials that are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials that are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials that are currently
+underway where where people are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway where where people are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway where where people are trying
+to show that this can be used to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this can be used to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this can be used to treat
+human genetic diseases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genetic diseases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genetic diseases okay
+so in the next year you are gonna hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next year you are gonna hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next year you are gonna hear
+more about this almost undoubtedly as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this almost undoubtedly as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this almost undoubtedly as we
+as we start to hear the results of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to hear the results of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to hear the results of some
+of these patients there are concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these patients there are concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these patients there are concerns
+about this as well I don't want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as well I don't want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as well I don't want to like
+over blow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over blow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over blow it
+there's certainly concerns we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly concerns we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly concerns we don't know
+this is gonna work I mean people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna work I mean people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna work I mean people have
+been talking about this type of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this type of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this type of stuff
+since I was a student 20 years ago but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was a student 20 years ago but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was a student 20 years ago but I
+feel like we're getting we're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we're getting we're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we're getting we're much more
+advanced now and the tools are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced now and the tools are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced now and the tools are more
+advanced and so I feel like we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and so I feel like we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and so I feel like we're kind
+of getting to the point where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting to the point where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting to the point where there's a
+much greater chance that this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater chance that this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater chance that this will be
+successful these days than it was 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful these days than it was 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful these days than it was 20
+years ago I just want to point out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I just want to point out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I just want to point out where
+this system how it was discovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system how it was discovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system how it was discovered and
+where it came from and I like this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from and I like this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from and I like this as an
+example much as like for the fly genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example much as like for the fly genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example much as like for the fly genes
+that define major signaling pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that define major signaling pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that define major signaling pathways
+this is a discovery that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a discovery that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a discovery that came from
+fundamental research on basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental research on basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental research on basically the
+the ecology of bacteria okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecology of bacteria okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecology of bacteria okay so this
+CRISPR casts 9 system essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR casts 9 system essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR casts 9 system essentially
+evolved in bacteria as a form of an arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in bacteria as a form of an arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in bacteria as a form of an arms
+race between bacteria and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race between bacteria and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race between bacteria and their
+predators bacteriophage which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators bacteriophage which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators bacteriophage which are
+viruses that infect bacteria ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that infect bacteria ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that infect bacteria ok so this
+is an arms race between bacteria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an arms race between bacteria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an arms race between bacteria and
+they're vicious predators bacteriophage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what CRISPR is where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what CRISPR is where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what CRISPR is where these
+enzymes and the system evolved from is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and the system evolved from is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and the system evolved from is
+this is a form of an adaptive immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a form of an adaptive immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a form of an adaptive immune
+system for bacteria which is pretty wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for bacteria which is pretty wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for bacteria which is pretty wild
+in and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of itself
+okay so CRISPR is an adaptive immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so CRISPR is an adaptive immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so CRISPR is an adaptive immune
+system for bacteria you haven't gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for bacteria you haven't gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for bacteria you haven't gotten
+your flu shot you should get it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flu shot you should get it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flu shot you should get it we'll
+talk about human immunity later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about human immunity later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about human immunity later in the
+semester but this is where bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but this is where bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but this is where bacterial
+immunity kind of I'm sneaking it in okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity kind of I'm sneaking it in okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity kind of I'm sneaking it in okay
+so the way this works in bacteria what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works in bacteria what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works in bacteria what
+CRISPR stands for is clusters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR stands for is clusters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR stands for is clusters of
+regularly interspaced short palindromic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly interspaced short palindromic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly interspaced short palindromic
+repeats so you can see already thank God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so you can see already thank God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so you can see already thank God
+they gave it an acronym otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave it an acronym otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave it an acronym otherwise it
+wouldn't be getting nearly as much buzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be getting nearly as much buzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be getting nearly as much buzz
+because no one can say that and so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one can say that and so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one can say that and so where
+this CRISPR came from is on bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this CRISPR came from is on bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this CRISPR came from is on bacterial
+chromosomes of many bacteria there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes of many bacteria there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes of many bacteria there's
+these clusters of interspaced short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters of interspaced short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clusters of interspaced short
+palindromic repeats and the repeats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindromic repeats and the repeats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindromic repeats and the repeats are
+interrupted by spacers and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted by spacers and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted by spacers and what
+researchers discovered are these spacers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers discovered are these spacers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers discovered are these spacers
+have sequence similarity and identity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequence similarity and identity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequence similarity and identity to
+sequences that are from bacteria phage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that are from bacteria phage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that are from bacteria phage
+okay so each of these colored sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each of these colored sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each of these colored sequences
+here has some type of complementarity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has some type of complementarity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has some type of complementarity to
+some type of bacteria phage okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of bacteria phage okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of bacteria phage okay and so
+when a phage infects bacteria or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a phage infects bacteria or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a phage infects bacteria or some
+bacteria what happens is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria what happens is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria what happens is that there's a
+system to recognize that foreign genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to recognize that foreign genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to recognize that foreign genetic
+element and take a piece of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and take a piece of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and take a piece of it and
+insert it in the genome and that serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it in the genome and that serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it in the genome and that serves
+as a memory for the bacteria to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a memory for the bacteria to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a memory for the bacteria to remember
+that it got infected by that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it got infected by that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it got infected by that particular
+phage okay and then later on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phage okay and then later on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phage okay and then later on what the
+bacteria does is it transcribes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria does is it transcribes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria does is it transcribes this
+region and forms these mature what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and forms these mature what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and forms these mature what are
+known as CRISPR rnase where you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as CRISPR rnase where you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as CRISPR rnase where you can see
+there's some sequence would recognize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sequence would recognize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sequence would recognize a
+foreign genetic element so therefore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign genetic element so therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign genetic element so therefore in
+the future if this phage came around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future if this phage came around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future if this phage came around
+again what would happen is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what would happen is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what would happen is one of these
+CRISPR rnase would recognize the foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR rnase would recognize the foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRISPR rnase would recognize the foreign
+genetic element through base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic element through base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic element through base pair
+complementarity and it would know to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity and it would know to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity and it would know to cut
+it and after the the target is cut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and after the the target is cut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and after the the target is cut is
+then degraded by the bacterial cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then degraded by the bacterial cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then degraded by the bacterial cell okay
+so this is a way for bacteria to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way for bacteria to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way for bacteria to
+remember what viruses have infected them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what viruses have infected them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what viruses have infected them
+and to have a defense mechanism against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have a defense mechanism against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have a defense mechanism against
+it okay so it's a pretty cool system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it's a pretty cool system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it's a pretty cool system you
+know what's also cool about this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's also cool about this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's also cool about this system
+is it's an adaptive immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an adaptive immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an adaptive immune system
+similar to how we sort of recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how we sort of recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how we sort of recognize
+foreign pathogens which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign pathogens which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign pathogens which
+different about it is this is heritable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about it is this is heritable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about it is this is heritable
+it's incorporated into the genome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incorporated into the genome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incorporated into the genome and
+the more phage the descendants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more phage the descendants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more phage the descendants of this
+bacteria see the more of these repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria see the more of these repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria see the more of these repeats
+you see okay so this is a heritable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see okay so this is a heritable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see okay so this is a heritable
+immune system which unfortunately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system which unfortunately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system which unfortunately we
+don't have okay so you should still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have okay so you should still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have okay so you should still get
+your flu shot we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flu shot we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flu shot we'll talk about
+vaccination later on have a good few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination later on have a good few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination later on have a good few
+days and I will see you on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l-bSkqJ6ytE.txt b/l-bSkqJ6ytE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fb439e65f307f3b73c50c16677d9b93974bd26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l-bSkqJ6ytE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the current
+opportunities and challenges that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and challenges that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and challenges that you'll
+face as you enter the labor market my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as you enter the labor market my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face as you enter the labor market my
+first question is are these the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is are these the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is are these the best of
+times or the worst of times to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or the worst of times to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or the worst of times to be
+looking for a job and starting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a job and starting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a job and starting your
+career well let's take a look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career well let's take a look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career well let's take a look at some of
+the labor market realities that you face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market realities that you face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market realities that you face
+you all recall what we referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all recall what we referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all recall what we referred to as
+the Great Recession of 2007 and 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession of 2007 and 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession of 2007 and 2009
+this chart shows just how many jobs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart shows just how many jobs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart shows just how many jobs we
+lost during that time period well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost during that time period well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost during that time period well the
+good news is that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that in fact
+2015 finally was a great year for job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 finally was a great year for job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 finally was a great year for job
+growth in the US we made a big dent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the US we made a big dent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the US we made a big dent in
+closing the jobs deficit by creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the jobs deficit by creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the jobs deficit by creating
+nearly two and a half million jobs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly two and a half million jobs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly two and a half million jobs so
+now we only need another 3 million more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we only need another 3 million more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we only need another 3 million more
+to close the full job deficit let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close the full job deficit let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close the full job deficit let's hope
+we keep making progress like we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep making progress like we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep making progress like we did last
+year no guarantees given the shaky World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year no guarantees given the shaky World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year no guarantees given the shaky World
+economy we're in so we have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we're in so we have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we're in so we have to keep
+pressing government and business laders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing government and business laders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing government and business laders
+to keep the job growth going strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the job growth going strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the job growth going strong
+that's challenge number one but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenge number one but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenge number one but that's
+only the beginning of the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the beginning of the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the beginning of the challenge
+recall what the Occupy Movement said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what the Occupy Movement said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what the Occupy Movement said
+that 1% of the top earners are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1% of the top earners are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1% of the top earners are getting
+all of the income well they were right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the income well they were right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the income well they were right
+over 50% of income growth in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50% of income growth in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50% of income growth in the last
+last decade has come to the top 1% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade has come to the top 1% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade has come to the top 1% and
+we have to go way back here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go way back here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go way back here to
+1928 to have a situation where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1928 to have a situation where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1928 to have a situation where we get
+that much unequal distribution of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much unequal distribution of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much unequal distribution of income
+so we do have an income problem but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have an income problem but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have an income problem but it
+wasn't always this way from the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't always this way from the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't always this way from the end of
+World War II down here about 1947
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II down here about 1947
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II down here about 1947
+1948 all the way through till about 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 all the way through till about 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 all the way through till about 1980
+we saw an economy where wages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw an economy where wages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw an economy where wages and
+productivity and profits move together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and profits move together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and profits move together
+later on we're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we're going to talk about this
+as the era of the postor War II social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the era of the postor War II social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the era of the postor War II social
+contract but something happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract but something happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract but something happened here
+note after 1980s productivity continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note after 1980s productivity continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note after 1980s productivity continued
+to grow by over 80% but wages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow by over 80% but wages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow by over 80% but wages and
+compensation Flatline the average worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation Flatline the average worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation Flatline the average worker
+in the United States economy has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States economy has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States economy has only
+seen about a 9% wage increase since 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen about a 9% wage increase since 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen about a 9% wage increase since 1980
+and in fact if you don't have a college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you don't have a college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you don't have a college
+degree your wages have gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree your wages have gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree your wages have gone down
+relative to the cost of living during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the cost of living during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the cost of living during
+this time period so while in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period so while in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period so while in the early
+stage we had what President Kennedy said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we had what President Kennedy said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we had what President Kennedy said
+a rising tide lifts all boats everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising tide lifts all boats everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising tide lifts all boats everybody
+worked hard and shared in the gains we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard and shared in the gains we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard and shared in the gains we
+have seen something happen since 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen something happen since 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen something happen since 1980
+that has changed that let's now focus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed that let's now focus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has changed that let's now focus a
+little bit more carefully on just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more carefully on just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more carefully on just what
+happens if you are entering the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you are entering the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you are entering the labor
+market after finishing high school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market after finishing high school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market after finishing high school or
+college at this point in time many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at this point in time many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at this point in time many of
+you will start off as unpaid interns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will start off as unpaid interns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will start off as unpaid interns or
+in part-time jobs or in jobs that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part-time jobs or in jobs that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part-time jobs or in jobs that don't
+use the full education that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the full education that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the full education that you've
+worked so hard to achieve you'll be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so hard to achieve you'll be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so hard to achieve you'll be what
+we call underemployed and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call underemployed and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call underemployed and it's not
+surprising that given that many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that given that many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that given that many of your
+cohort are experiencing very low levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort are experiencing very low levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort are experiencing very low levels
+of job satisfaction in fact the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of job satisfaction in fact the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of job satisfaction in fact the lowest
+levels that we have seen in many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that we have seen in many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that we have seen in many years
+back in the 1980s this red line shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1980s this red line shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1980s this red line shows
+that people under the age of 25 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people under the age of 25 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people under the age of 25 were
+like others more than 50% were satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like others more than 50% were satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like others more than 50% were satisfied
+with their wages their hours of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their wages their hours of work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their wages their hours of work and
+their opportunities to learn on the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opportunities to learn on the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opportunities to learn on the job
+but now these numbers have declined to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now these numbers have declined to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now these numbers have declined to a
+little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over
+35% and so only about onethird of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% and so only about onethird of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% and so only about onethird of young
+people are satisfied with their jobs how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are satisfied with their jobs how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are satisfied with their jobs how
+does this really affect you well the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this really affect you well the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this really affect you well the E
+economic evidence is very clear if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic evidence is very clear if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic evidence is very clear if you
+start off as many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off as many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off as many of you are
+experiencing now in lowincome jobs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing now in lowincome jobs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing now in lowincome jobs that
+don't use your full skills that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use your full skills that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use your full skills that you've
+been educated for or you start off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been educated for or you start off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been educated for or you start off as a
+paid or even an unpaid intern or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid or even an unpaid intern or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid or even an unpaid intern or you
+start off in part-time work in hotels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off in part-time work in hotels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off in part-time work in hotels or
+restaurants or other uh retail areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants or other uh retail areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants or other uh retail areas
+you're going to experience about uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to experience about uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to experience about uh 10
+years or even more of suppressed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or even more of suppressed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or even more of suppressed income
+and lack of opportunities for growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lack of opportunities for growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lack of opportunities for growth
+does it have to be this way I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be this way I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be this way I don't
+believe that for a moment there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that for a moment there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that for a moment there's no
+iron law of Economics that produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron law of Economics that produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron law of Economics that produced
+these results it's the results of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results it's the results of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results it's the results of bad
+policies of our institutions and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies of our institutions and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies of our institutions and the way
+in which we govern work failing to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we govern work failing to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we govern work failing to catch
+up with the changing Workforce and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the changing Workforce and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the changing Workforce and the
+changing nature of work and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of work and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of work and we can do
+better and in fact many firms are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and in fact many firms are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and in fact many firms are doing
+better some companies are way ahead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better some companies are way ahead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better some companies are way ahead in
+providing good jobs a lot of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing good jobs a lot of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing good jobs a lot of innovation
+is happening at the local level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening at the local level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening at the local level in
+startups in nonprofit organizations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups in nonprofit organizations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups in nonprofit organizations in
+state and local governments we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local governments we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local governments we're going
+to look at some of those Innovations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some of those Innovations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some of those Innovations in
+our next video and ask how you can join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next video and ask how you can join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next video and ask how you can join
+this process so that we can improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process so that we can improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process so that we can improve the
+work life of everyone going forward
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lKihMJaJR9Y.txt b/lKihMJaJR9Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab35252cea8047e935b3fffa820eb034389ef8e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lKihMJaJR9Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we sort of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of got
+into this place where we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this place where we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this place where we can make
+anything we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we want
+all the way at the scale of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at the scale of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way at the scale of the atom
+while at the same time we need that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the same time we need that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the same time we need that more
+than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever
+to solve the most pressing global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the most pressing global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the most pressing global
+challenges it's a really exciting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges it's a really exciting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges it's a really exciting time
+to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+how atoms come together and what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how atoms come together and what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how atoms come together and what we can
+do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that
+today on shock radio we're talking atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on shock radio we're talking atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on shock radio we're talking atoms
+in this episode we're going to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're going to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're going to see what
+it takes to bring concepts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to bring concepts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to bring concepts from
+theory to reality and how one professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to reality and how one professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to reality and how one professor
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+has learned to make his course content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned to make his course content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned to make his course content
+real tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tangible
+and important to his students if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important to his students if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important to his students if you can
+touch and feel some aspect of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and feel some aspect of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and feel some aspect of what
+you're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning
+then you learn it in a richer way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn it in a richer way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn it in a richer way right
+you learn it from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn it from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn it from a different
+angle you you see the problem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you you see the problem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you you see the problem a little
+bit differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+we're going to explore the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explore the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explore the world of
+solid state chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state chemistry
+course 3091 which as always is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 3091 which as always is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 3091 which as always is available
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+mit open courseware and to take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit open courseware and to take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit open courseware and to take us
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+we're talking with professor jeffrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking with professor jeffrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking with professor jeffrey
+grossman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossman
+i am the head of the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am the head of the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am the head of the department of
+materials science and engineering at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials science and engineering at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials science and engineering at mit
+i teach 3091 and i do it as the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach 3091 and i do it as the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach 3091 and i do it as the lead
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+but it's only possible to teach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only possible to teach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only possible to teach it
+effectively because i have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively because i have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively because i have an
+outstanding staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding staff
+of tas as well as a wonderful course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tas as well as a wonderful course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tas as well as a wonderful course
+administrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator
+who all come together and we give it our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who all come together and we give it our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who all come together and we give it our
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+you know every fall so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every fall so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every fall so that's why the
+course works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course works
+and this course like many others we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this course like many others we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this course like many others we've
+highlighted on our show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted on our show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted on our show
+needs a team that understands how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a team that understands how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a team that understands how to
+speak and appeal to a general audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and appeal to a general audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and appeal to a general audience
+an audience that may not know much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audience that may not know much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audience that may not know much about
+chemistry to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to begin with
+this course is what we at mit call a gir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is what we at mit call a gir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is what we at mit call a gir
+or general institute requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general institute requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general institute requirement
+before a student can graduate from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a student can graduate from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a student can graduate from mit
+with an undergraduate degree they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an undergraduate degree they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an undergraduate degree they have
+to have taken one semester of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have taken one semester of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have taken one semester of chemistry
+so we emphasize uh the basic building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we emphasize uh the basic building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we emphasize uh the basic building
+blocks of chemistry and then we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of chemistry and then we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of chemistry and then we build
+solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids
+out of those and so so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those and so so the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those and so so the basic
+building blocks are atoms and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks are atoms and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks are atoms and the way
+atoms bond together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms bond together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms bond together
+and then how those atoms come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how those atoms come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how those atoms come together
+to make solid materials and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make solid materials and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make solid materials and that's why
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the course that i teach is called solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that i teach is called solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that i teach is called solid
+state chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've probably heard of the stone age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard of the stone age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard of the stone age
+and the iron age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the iron age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the iron age
+but what age are we living in now part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what age are we living in now part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what age are we living in now part
+of what makes this course so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes this course so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes this course so interesting
+and one of the reasons that i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reasons that i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reasons that i wanted to
+share it with you is that it invites you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it with you is that it invites you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it with you is that it invites you
+to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore
+questions just like this questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just like this questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just like this questions that
+take a contemporary look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a contemporary look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a contemporary look
+at solid-state chemistry so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at solid-state chemistry so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at solid-state chemistry so as a
+material scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientist
+and engineer i love the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineer i love the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineer i love the fact that
+we tend to name the age we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to name the age we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to name the age we live in
+by the sort of material that mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sort of material that mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sort of material that mattered
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+in that age i would say that recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that age i would say that recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that age i would say that recently
+we've had the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the age of
+silicon the age of plastics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the age of plastics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the age of plastics right
+i think that we have reached a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we have reached a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we have reached a time
+in science and engineering where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and engineering where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and engineering where
+we will never be able to do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able to do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able to do that again
+i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e
+to name the age we live in by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name the age we live in by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name the age we live in by some
+single material and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single material and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single material and the reason is that
+we are now at a place where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now at a place where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now at a place where we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+design any material any way we want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design any material any way we want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design any material any way we want all
+the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down
+to the atoms that make it up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atoms that make it up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atoms that make it up and so
+that's a kind of new era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kind of new era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kind of new era
+and i call that the age of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i call that the age of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i call that the age of materials
+design it's really the age of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's really the age of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's really the age of atomic
+scale materials design there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale materials design there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale materials design there's a very
+famous speech that richard feynman gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous speech that richard feynman gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous speech that richard feynman gave
+called um there's plenty of room at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um there's plenty of room at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um there's plenty of room at the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+and it was really sort of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really sort of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really sort of the first
+vision of what what would happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what what would happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what what would happen if you
+could sort of move atoms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of move atoms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of move atoms around
+anywhere you wanted right and and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you wanted right and and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you wanted right and and well
+you could make pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make pretty much
+anything right and and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right and and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right and and so the the
+question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is
+um how could you do that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how could you do that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how could you do that and then the
+other question is what would you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is what would you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is what would you make
+and if that wasn't enough to pique your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that wasn't enough to pique your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that wasn't enough to pique your
+interest professor grossman makes sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest professor grossman makes sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest professor grossman makes sure
+to apply these questions to the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply these questions to the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply these questions to the issues
+that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+humanity on a global scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity on a global scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity on a global scale
+what is so exciting about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so exciting about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is so exciting about the fact that
+we now are able to put atoms anywhere we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now are able to put atoms anywhere we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now are able to put atoms anywhere we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+that has come at a critical moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has come at a critical moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has come at a critical moment in
+the challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge that
+that we face globally in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we face globally in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we face globally in energy
+in climate and sustainability and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in climate and sustainability and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in climate and sustainability and many
+other challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other challenges
+because at the heart of getting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the heart of getting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the heart of getting through
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+solving these really hard problems lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving these really hard problems lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving these really hard problems lies
+the design of a new material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of a new material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of a new material
+and so so we sort of got into this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we sort of got into this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we sort of got into this place
+where we can make anything we want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can make anything we want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can make anything we want all
+the way at the scale of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way at the scale of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way at the scale of the atom
+and while at the same time we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while at the same time we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while at the same time we need that
+more than ever to solve the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than ever to solve the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than ever to solve the most
+pressing global challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing global challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing global challenges
+it's a really exciting time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really exciting time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really exciting time to
+understand how atoms come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how atoms come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how atoms come together and
+what we can do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do with that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to professor grossman the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to professor grossman the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to professor grossman the real world
+applications of solid state chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of solid state chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of solid state chemistry
+are just as important as the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as important as the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as important as the theoretical
+concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+so much so in fact that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so in fact that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so in fact that every single
+lecture has an added element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture has an added element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture has an added element that
+explains how students can practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how students can practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how students can practically
+apply the concepts in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the concepts in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the concepts in the real world
+just because i'm teaching say a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because i'm teaching say a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because i'm teaching say a lecture
+on the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the periodic table
+or i'm teaching a lecture on lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm teaching a lecture on lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm teaching a lecture on lewis
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+or i'm teaching a lecture on x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm teaching a lecture on x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm teaching a lecture on x-ray
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+it doesn't mean i can't connect in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean i can't connect in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean i can't connect in each
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+to some sort of bigger picture question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of bigger picture question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of bigger picture question
+or or something that they can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something that they can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something that they can really
+connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to
+that is more broadly sort of accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more broadly sort of accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more broadly sort of accessible
+i call it my why this matters moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it my why this matters moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it my why this matters moment
+because it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives
+context and i think we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and i think we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and i think we as
+as teachers should be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as teachers should be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as teachers should be able to do that
+with anything we're teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything we're teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything we're teaching
+so for every single one of the 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every single one of the 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every single one of the 36
+lectures that i teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that i teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that i teach
+i take a while this matters moment and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take a while this matters moment and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take a while this matters moment and i
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+what it is that we learned right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we learned right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we learned right there
+in that lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that lecture
+to some sort of pressing global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of pressing global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of pressing global
+challenge or maybe it's a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge or maybe it's a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge or maybe it's a technology
+that they all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all know
+or can connect to just to give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can connect to just to give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can connect to just to give that
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+and as you may have guessed the why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you may have guessed the why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you may have guessed the why this
+matters moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters moments
+are a favorite part of professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a favorite part of professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a favorite part of professor
+grossman's lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossman's lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossman's lectures and
+not just for the students it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for the students it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for the students it's also
+really important for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for me
+because it makes me excited and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes me excited and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes me excited and it makes
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+every year come up with sort of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year come up with sort of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year come up with sort of new
+ideas for how to relate the material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for how to relate the material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for how to relate the material to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+you know bigger picture aspect of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bigger picture aspect of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bigger picture aspect of their
+lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+in the first year i actually wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first year i actually wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first year i actually wound up
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+cutting that short you know sometimes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting that short you know sometimes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting that short you know sometimes i
+had too much material to get through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had too much material to get through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had too much material to get through in
+a lecture and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture and so
+we didn't get to the why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get to the why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get to the why this matters
+and what i heard from students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i heard from students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i heard from students
+was how that was such a an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how that was such a an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how that was such a an important
+part of each lecture that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture that they didn't
+want me to ever cut it short and so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to ever cut it short and so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to ever cut it short and so i've
+been very protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very protective
+of those moments of class because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those moments of class because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those moments of class because as
+soon as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as i
+put the why this matters moment in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the why this matters moment in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the why this matters moment in front
+of them they sit at the edge of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them they sit at the edge of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them they sit at the edge of their
+seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats
+i feel that this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel that this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel that this is something that we
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+in any class we teach i don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any class we teach i don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any class we teach i don't care if
+it's some advanced algebra or python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some advanced algebra or python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some advanced algebra or python
+programming class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming class or
+civil engineering it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering it doesn't matter
+every time we teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we teach
+i think that we can take what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we can take what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we can take what we're
+teaching and we can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and we can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and we can try
+to give it some sort of of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it some sort of of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it some sort of of context
+how what they've just learned connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what they've just learned connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what they've just learned connects
+to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else
+at the heart of professor grossman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the heart of professor grossman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the heart of professor grossman's
+teaching is a focus on allowing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching is a focus on allowing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching is a focus on allowing his
+students to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to see
+and touch and interact with the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touch and interact with the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touch and interact with the subject
+matter to make it apparent to the senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to make it apparent to the senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to make it apparent to the senses
+in order to make it matter i always feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make it matter i always feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make it matter i always feel
+that if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can
+sort of touch and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of touch and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of touch and feel
+some aspect of what you're learning then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspect of what you're learning then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspect of what you're learning then
+you learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn it
+in a richer way right you learn it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a richer way right you learn it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a richer way right you learn it from
+a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+angle you you see the problem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you you see the problem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you you see the problem a little
+bit differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+so in the very first lecture in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the very first lecture in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the very first lecture in fact in
+the introductory lecture i talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introductory lecture i talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introductory lecture i talk about
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+it is that chemistry came to be what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that chemistry came to be what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that chemistry came to be what was
+sort of the early goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the early goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the early goals
+of chemists what were they trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemists what were they trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemists what were they trying to do
+and one of the things that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that they did
+is they took things like a rock right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they took things like a rock right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they took things like a rock right
+and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well
+how do you break this down what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you break this down what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you break this down what's it
+made of and so they smash it or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of and so they smash it or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of and so they smash it or they
+light stuff on fire we don't tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stuff on fire we don't tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stuff on fire we don't tell them
+we don't tell our students to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't tell our students to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't tell our students to do that by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+or they they they mix things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they they they mix things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they they they mix things together
+right so they smash it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they smash it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they smash it they
+break it they'd mix it with that they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it they'd mix it with that they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it they'd mix it with that they'd
+mix it with that right and they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with that right and they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with that right and they say well
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+and through that came discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through that came discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through that came discovery of the
+basic building blocks of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic building blocks of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic building blocks of matter
+and so what i wanted is i wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i wanted is i wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i wanted is i wanted to say
+well okay let's put ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay let's put ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay let's put ourselves
+back in that position at the time my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in that position at the time my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in that position at the time my
+youngest daughter was six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest daughter was six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngest daughter was six
+and so you know she had had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know she had had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know she had had something
+like three birthday parties she went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three birthday parties she went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three birthday parties she went to
+in one weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one weekend
+and so our hallway had a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our hallway had a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our hallway had a whole bunch of
+these goodie bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goodie bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goodie bags
+with like candy and disney toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like candy and disney toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like candy and disney toys
+and i was looking at those things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was looking at those things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was looking at those things you
+know maybe we could put chemistry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we could put chemistry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we could put chemistry in
+these bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bags
+so we created a set of goodie bags about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we created a set of goodie bags about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we created a set of goodie bags about
+one each week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each week
+and so in the very first goodie bag i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the very first goodie bag i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the very first goodie bag i
+give students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give students
+five different strips of of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different strips of of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different strips of of something
+i don't tell them what they are and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't tell them what they are and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't tell them what they are and i
+give them a ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a ruler
+to measure the strips um they can weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the strips um they can weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the strips um they can weigh
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and i give them some vinegar and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i give them some vinegar and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i give them some vinegar and again
+the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to
+try to put them in the position of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put them in the position of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put them in the position of well
+let me give you things that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you things that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you things that you don't
+know what they are how would you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are how would you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they are how would you figure
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+and that gets to a really important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets to a really important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets to a really important part
+of the goodie bag it is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goodie bag it is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goodie bag it is meant to
+complement what i'm teaching by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement what i'm teaching by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement what i'm teaching by giving
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+a way for them to touch and hold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for them to touch and hold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for them to touch and hold and
+interact with the chemistry but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the chemistry but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the chemistry but it's
+also meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also meant
+for them if they want to go beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them if they want to go beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them if they want to go beyond what
+we're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning
+and to try their own ideas out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try their own ideas out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to try their own ideas out
+professor grossman knows his methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor grossman knows his methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor grossman knows his methods
+aren't exactly conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't exactly conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't exactly conventional
+and might not even be effective in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might not even be effective in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might not even be effective in every
+given scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given scenario
+but his teaching experiments are guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his teaching experiments are guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his teaching experiments are guided
+by strong communication with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by strong communication with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by strong communication with his
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+and a simple yet powerful philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simple yet powerful philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simple yet powerful philosophy
+trust the process you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the process you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the process you don't have to
+have everything worked perfectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything worked perfectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything worked perfectly but
+work on it together with your students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it together with your students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it together with your students
+and you know so the goodie bags i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so the goodie bags i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so the goodie bags i was
+very excited about them but i think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about them but i think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about them but i think they
+really needed to be tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needed to be tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needed to be tried
+for a year and then to figure out sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year and then to figure out sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year and then to figure out sort
+of well okay what worked and what didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well okay what worked and what didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well okay what worked and what didn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and and let me get feedback and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let me get feedback and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let me get feedback and let me
+talk to students about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to students about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to students about it
+and then let's let's make them better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's let's make them better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's let's make them better
+and i think that's true every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's true every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's true every year
+i always want to teach better and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always want to teach better and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always want to teach better and i
+always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to
+get feedback and realize what doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get feedback and realize what doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get feedback and realize what doesn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and what does and then amplify what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does and then amplify what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does and then amplify what does
+and add to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add to it
+and trying new ideas out is a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying new ideas out is a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying new ideas out is a part of
+that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+i tell my students all the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell my students all the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell my students all the time that
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+this is so important right progress has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important right progress has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important right progress has
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+at all to do with success nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all to do with success nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all to do with success nothing
+progress has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has
+to do with what we choose to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with what we choose to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with what we choose to do with
+failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure
+you know because that is then what leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that is then what leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that is then what leads
+to to the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the success
+and i try to convey that to students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i try to convey that to students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i try to convey that to students and
+i have to convey it to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to convey it to myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to convey it to myself
+as well right that you have to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right that you have to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right that you have to remind
+ourselves that we're all in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that we're all in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that we're all in that same
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so professor grossman continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so professor grossman continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so professor grossman continues to
+work on inspiring his students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on inspiring his students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on inspiring his students to
+explore new ways of looking at the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore new ways of looking at the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore new ways of looking at the world
+one goody bag at a time he's made all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goody bag at a time he's made all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goody bag at a time he's made all of
+his teaching materials from introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his teaching materials from introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his teaching materials from introduction
+to solid state chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid state chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solid state chemistry
+openly available to you on our mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly available to you on our mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly available to you on our mit open
+courseware website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+so be sure to check them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be sure to check them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be sure to check them out
+thank you for listening we hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for listening we hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for listening we hope you're
+feeling as excited as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling as excited as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling as excited as we are
+to keep learning we'd love to hear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep learning we'd love to hear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep learning we'd love to hear how
+you use the resources on mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the resources on mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the resources on mit open
+courseware to power change in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware to power change in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware to power change in your life
+classroom or community you can send us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or community you can send us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or community you can send us
+an email or even call us to tell us your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or even call us to tell us your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or even call us to tell us your
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+and we'll share it with other listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll share it with other listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll share it with other listeners
+so they can feel inspired too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can feel inspired too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can feel inspired too
+our phone number is 617-475-0534
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phone number is 617-475-0534
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phone number is 617-475-0534
+and you can also find it in the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also find it in the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also find it in the show
+notes signing off from cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes signing off from cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes signing off from cambridge
+massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+i'm sarah hansen from mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sarah hansen from mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sarah hansen from mit open
+courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mom pass the card
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lSUET2RmOh4.txt b/lSUET2RmOh4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efe7b3513a8a092f70d0c1d6fe9c835637d0816c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lSUET2RmOh4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the feedback that we give them really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the feedback that we give them really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the feedback that we give them really
+involves encouraging them to show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves encouraging them to show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves encouraging them to show them
+how they can use the core material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use the core material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use the core material on
+their slides but also their their metad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their slides but also their their metad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their slides but also their their metad
+discourse in presenting and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse in presenting and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse in presenting and that's sort
+of a like a term that we use to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a like a term that we use to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a like a term that we use to um to
+explain like how you talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like how you talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like how you talk about what
+you're talking about um and so the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about um and so the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about um and so the meta
+discourse is often what does the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse is often what does the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse is often what does the best
+job of making those links for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of making those links for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of making those links for the
+benefit of the audience and ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the audience and ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the audience and ultimately a
+lot of the feedback that we offer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the feedback that we offer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the feedback that we offer to
+them has to do with getting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to do with getting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to do with getting them to
+think about the audience and who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the audience and who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the audience and who they
+are and helping them understand because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and helping them understand because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and helping them understand because
+this isn't something that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't something that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't something that they
+necessarily come in understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily come in understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily come in understanding that
+they need to speak and write in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to speak and write in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to speak and write in such a
+way that it can be understood not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it can be understood not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it can be understood not only
+by the professor who obviously knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the professor who obviously knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the professor who obviously knows
+more than they do but by somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they do but by somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they do but by somebody who
+isn't familiar with the experiment who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't familiar with the experiment who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't familiar with the experiment who's
+coming to it for the first first time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mPSDaN4AJl8.txt b/mPSDaN4AJl8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5226869521e6e448cca020f78ea750858227e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mPSDaN4AJl8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+I like this lecture because most of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this lecture because most of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this lecture because most of my
+the first half of my career was entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of my career was entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of my career was entirely
+devoted to the electronic structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to the electronic structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to the electronic structure of
+diatomic molecules and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and this is sort of
+how you make sense of diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make sense of diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make sense of diatomic molecules
+now in 511 1 511 too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 511 1 511 too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 511 1 511 too
+one of the most exciting thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most exciting thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most exciting thing that
+attracts chemists do it too because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts chemists do it too because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts chemists do it too because it
+attracts people to become chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts people to become chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts people to become chemistry
+majors is the global interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors is the global interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors is the global interpretation of
+the periodic table in terms of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table in terms of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table in terms of some
+simple ideas so that you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas so that you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas so that you know those
+simple ideas enable you to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas enable you to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas enable you to predict the
+important properties of all of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of all of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of all of the atoms
+and that's a pretty exciting thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pretty exciting thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pretty exciting thing to
+feel like yes it all makes some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like yes it all makes some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like yes it all makes some sense
+and then we go on to other topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go on to other topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go on to other topics in
+chemistry and we forget about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and we forget about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and we forget about the fact
+that we think we understand the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think we understand the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think we understand the periodic
+table completely we don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table completely we don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table completely we don't use that
+information and one thing that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and one thing that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and one thing that I've
+tried to do throughout my career is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do throughout my career is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do throughout my career is to
+take the insights simple insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the insights simple insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the insights simple insights into
+the periodic table and explain molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table and explain molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table and explain molecular
+properties and now this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and now this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and now this is really a
+strange thing because we have computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing because we have computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing because we have computer
+programs that can calculate any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that can calculate any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that can calculate any the
+properties any property you want of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties any property you want of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties any property you want of a
+small molecule so why would we ever care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule so why would we ever care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule so why would we ever care
+about that do you care about being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that do you care about being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that do you care about being able
+to predict the properties because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the properties because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the properties because we can
+calculate them and the answer is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them and the answer is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them and the answer is we want
+to understand we don't we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand we don't we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand we don't we want to be
+able without a computer to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able without a computer to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able without a computer to say this is
+what we expect for a particular molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect for a particular molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect for a particular molecule
+not just the diatomic molecule what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the diatomic molecule what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the diatomic molecule what are
+the things that control the bonding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that control the bonding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that control the bonding in
+molecules in general and the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in general and the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in general and the properties
+in moly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moly
+in general and if you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and if you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and if you can understand
+what happens in diatomic molecules there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in diatomic molecules there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in diatomic molecules there
+are very few cases which would leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very few cases which would leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very few cases which would leave you
+at a loss for what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a loss for what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a loss for what will be the
+properties of this new molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this new molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this new molecule that
+you're looking at or how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at or how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at or how would you
+manipulate a molecule so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate a molecule so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate a molecule so that you can
+force it to go into the states that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it to go into the states that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it to go into the states that will
+expose the critical properties that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose the critical properties that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose the critical properties that you
+want so it's it's the sort of part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so it's it's the sort of part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so it's it's the sort of part of a
+toolkit that any practicing physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit that any practicing physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit that any practicing physical
+chemist who's worried about spectra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist who's worried about spectra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist who's worried about spectra of
+molecular properties electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular properties electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular properties electronic
+properties would would have to master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties would would have to master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties would would have to master
+and and this is really hard because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is really hard because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is really hard because one
+you have a computer you can generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a computer you can generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a computer you can generate the
+answers completely accurately and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers completely accurately and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers completely accurately and two
+you're smart and Mikey students and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart and Mikey students and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart and Mikey students and you
+believe in the truth rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the truth rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the truth rather than
+estimating the truth but I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the truth but I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the truth but I'd like to
+maintain that if you can estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain that if you can estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain that if you can estimate the
+truth and find out whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and find out whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and find out whether your
+estimates are wrong or right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are wrong or right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are wrong or right that
+enables you to have confidence to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to have confidence to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to have confidence to deal
+with other properties other problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other properties other problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other properties other problems and
+so what I want to do today is to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do today is to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do today is to give a
+sense of how you begin to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how you begin to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how you begin to understand the
+electronic structure of simple molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of simple molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of simple molecules
+and I want to tell you that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to tell you that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to tell you that a lot of the
+second-order or complicated patches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order or complicated patches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order or complicated patches you
+put on these this simple picture are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on these this simple picture are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on these this simple picture are
+things that you develop and criticize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you develop and criticize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you develop and criticize
+throughout your career and you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career and you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career and you say yeah
+well this works but that doesn't and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works but that doesn't and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works but that doesn't and why
+doesn't it work and that's what we do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it work and that's what we do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it work and that's what we do as
+physical chemists we look for when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists we look for when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists we look for when the
+simple picture breaks and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple picture breaks and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple picture breaks and we have our
+own private simple pictures which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private simple pictures which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private simple pictures which we're
+constantly trying to make better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to make better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to make better than
+anybody else's okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else's okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else's okay so
+we have the periodic table we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the periodic table we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the periodic table we know the
+properties of atoms we know especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of atoms we know especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of atoms we know especially
+what the ion is that how the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ion is that how the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ion is that how the ionization
+energy is supposed to behave we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is supposed to behave we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is supposed to behave we know how
+the electronic states are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic states are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic states are supposed to be
+the low-lying electronic states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-lying electronic states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-lying electronic states are
+supposed to be ordered excuse me we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be ordered excuse me we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be ordered excuse me we know
+about orbital sizes everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about orbital sizes everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about orbital sizes everything is
+related to this idea of atomic orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this idea of atomic orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this idea of atomic orbital
+energies and shielding and and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and shielding and and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and shielding and and and it's
+all related to the hydrogen atom what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all related to the hydrogen atom what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all related to the hydrogen atom what we
+got from the hydrogen atom was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the hydrogen atom was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the hydrogen atom was a
+framework for understanding electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for understanding electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for understanding electronic
+properties of atoms and what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of atoms and what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of atoms and what we know
+about electronic properties of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electronic properties of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electronic properties of atoms
+should be important in explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be important in explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be important in explaining
+electronic properties of molecules so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic properties of molecules so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic properties of molecules so I
+want you to be able to make toy models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to make toy models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to make toy models
+to draw pictures which are crude but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw pictures which are crude but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw pictures which are crude but
+guiding in your insights and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding in your insights and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding in your insights and it's all
+based on what we saw and you soon are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we saw and you soon are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we saw and you soon are
+going to have two lectures from Troy Van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two lectures from Troy Van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two lectures from Troy Van
+Voorhis which will lead you to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voorhis which will lead you to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voorhis which will lead you to use some
+of the simple computer programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simple computer programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simple computer programs that
+enable you to calculate an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to calculate an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to calculate an electronic
+property of anything okay so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of anything okay so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of anything okay so we want to
+extend what we had for the h2 plus to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend what we had for the h2 plus to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend what we had for the h2 plus to be
+able to understand h2 aah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand h2 aah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand h2 aah
+a two and a B molecules and these each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and a B molecules and these each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two and a B molecules and these each
+each of these steps involve extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these steps involve extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these steps involve extensions
+of relatively simple ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's so let's begin okay I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's begin okay I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's begin okay I told you
+that I believe the simplest explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I believe the simplest explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I believe the simplest explanation
+for bonding is we have two atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bonding is we have two atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bonding is we have two atomic
+orbitals that overlap in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that overlap in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that overlap in the region
+where the this overlap region can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the this overlap region can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the this overlap region can be
+attracted to both nuclei destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to both nuclei destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to both nuclei destructive
+constructive interference allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference allows the
+causes the density in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the density in this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the density in this special
+region to be twice as the amplitude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to be twice as the amplitude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to be twice as the amplitude to
+be twice as large the density to be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice as large the density to be four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice as large the density to be four
+times as large and that's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as large and that's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as large and that's a large
+energetic effect and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic effect and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic effect and the amount of
+overlap is crucial you can have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap is crucial you can have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap is crucial you can have too
+little if the atoms are too far apart no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if the atoms are too far apart no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if the atoms are too far apart no
+bond you could have too much if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond you could have too much if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond you could have too much if the
+atoms are too close together okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are too close together okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are too close together okay so we
+need to now sort of look at cartoons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to now sort of look at cartoons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to now sort of look at cartoons of
+orbitals and learn about the names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and learn about the names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and learn about the names for
+these orbitals so the simplest orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbitals so the simplest orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbitals so the simplest orbital
+is a gerado sigma grata in s Orgel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gerado sigma grata in s Orgel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gerado sigma grata in s Orgel
+okay so sigma means there are no nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sigma means there are no nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sigma means there are no nodal
+planes containing the inter nuclear axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes containing the inter nuclear axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes containing the inter nuclear axis
+gerado means that in the body frame it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerado means that in the body frame it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerado means that in the body frame it's
+even symmetry so we have an NS a plus NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even symmetry so we have an NS a plus NS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even symmetry so we have an NS a plus NS
+b and that looks like this we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and that looks like this we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and that looks like this we can have
+an anti-bonding orbital again with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-bonding orbital again with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-bonding orbital again with we
+put the the predominant atomic character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the the predominant atomic character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the the predominant atomic character
+atomic orbital character in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital character in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital character in parentheses
+and for heteronuclear molecules we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for heteronuclear molecules we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for heteronuclear molecules we also
+put which which atom is more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put which which atom is more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put which which atom is more important
+in that orbital and this will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that orbital and this will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that orbital and this will be just
+NSA - NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that that will look like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that will look like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that will look like this and
+there's no overlap here in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no overlap here in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no overlap here in fact there's
+negative overlap and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative overlap and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative overlap and that's an
+anti-bonding orbital and you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and you can you can
+say if there's no overlap well then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there's no overlap well then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there's no overlap well then if
+the actual picture will sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual picture will sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual picture will sort of look
+like this where the region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where the region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where the region in the
+bonding region is actually depleted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding region is actually depleted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding region is actually depleted and
+there's less there and that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less there and that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less there and that's part of
+why it's anti-bonding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can also make Sigma G and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also make Sigma G and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also make Sigma G and P
+orbitals and n be ZZ is the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and n be ZZ is the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and n be ZZ is the inter
+nuclear axis a minus NP z B well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear axis a minus NP z B well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear axis a minus NP z B well that
+gives us something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus plus minus minus and the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus minus and the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus minus and the minus sign
+is needed to turn this around but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to turn this around but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to turn this around but this
+is overall gerado symmetry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall gerado symmetry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall gerado symmetry and so
+everything is fine and then we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fine and then we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fine and then we can have
+Sigma U star and P and that would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma U star and P and that would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma U star and P and that would just
+be the plus sign here and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the plus sign here and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the plus sign here and this would be
+that would be an anti-bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an anti-bonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an anti-bonding orbital
+now I put a star on these orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put a star on these orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put a star on these orbitals
+because when we don't have atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we don't have atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we don't have atomic
+symmetry when we don't have G and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry when we don't have G and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry when we don't have G and use
+symmetry we still use a star to imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we still use a star to imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we still use a star to imply
+antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding
+but in diatomic molecules this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in diatomic molecules this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in diatomic molecules this is
+redundant you should be able just by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant you should be able just by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant you should be able just by by
+looking at the orbital character or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the orbital character or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the orbital character or
+looking at a picture to say yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a picture to say yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a picture to say yes it's
+it's a bonding orbital and it's either G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bonding orbital and it's either G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bonding orbital and it's either G
+or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have pi u MP and and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have pi u MP and and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have pi u MP and and that would
+be well let's do it the opposite order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'd like to have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to have something that's
+bonding so we have two phases right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so we have two phases right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so we have two phases right and
+that's unger otta because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unger otta because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unger otta because when you
+reflect through the center the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect through the center the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect through the center the other
+center of the origin of coordinates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the origin of coordinates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the origin of coordinates we
+go from plus to minus so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from plus to minus so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from plus to minus so that's an
+Kurata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurata
+but that's bonding and that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's bonding and that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's bonding and that's a little
+trick because you start to think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because you start to think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because you start to think from
+Sigma that one rod is anti-bonding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that one rod is anti-bonding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that one rod is anti-bonding okay
+and finally we have the pi g star MP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have the pi g star MP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have the pi g star MP and
+and that would be plus minus minus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be plus minus minus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be plus minus minus plus
+and that's Kurata okay there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Kurata okay there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Kurata okay there are a
+couple of other things that we know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things that we know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things that we know just
+from these pictures and that is the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these pictures and that is the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these pictures and that is the P
+Sigma orbital is much more directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbital is much more directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbital is much more directional
+than the S Sigma orbital that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the S Sigma orbital that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the S Sigma orbital that's all you
+get it Sigma for s and so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it Sigma for s and so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it Sigma for s and so that the
+bonding interaction between P Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding interaction between P Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding interaction between P Sigma
+orbitals is it turns on it longer range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals is it turns on it longer range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals is it turns on it longer range
+than for s so there's qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for s so there's qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for s so there's qualitative
+differences that and sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that and sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that and sometimes you know
+you have a bond distance determined by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond distance determined by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond distance determined by a
+favorable overlap between one pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable overlap between one pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable overlap between one pair of
+orbitals and it makes things not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and it makes things not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and it makes things not so good
+for other orbitals so usually you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other orbitals so usually you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other orbitals so usually you have a
+ground state you figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you figure out what the
+ground state of molecule is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of molecule is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of molecule is and that
+tells you something about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about what the
+internuclear distance is and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance is and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance is and then you
+might go to excited states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go to excited states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go to excited states of the
+molecule or excited configurations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or excited configurations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or excited configurations and
+these excited configurations well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excited configurations well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excited configurations well if
+you're going to take if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take if you're going to
+learn about a molecule you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about a molecule you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about a molecule you're going to
+do spectroscopy so if you go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spectroscopy so if you go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spectroscopy so if you go from the
+ground state to an excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state to an excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state to an excited state and
+the internuclear distance of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internuclear distance of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internuclear distance of the ground
+state is wrong for the excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is wrong for the excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is wrong for the excited state
+well then you're going to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're going to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you're going to have a big
+change to geometry your health you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to geometry your health you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to geometry your health you'll
+have franck-condon factors which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have franck-condon factors which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have franck-condon factors which I
+haven't talked about Frank kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about Frank kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about Frank kind of
+factors I will the that say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I will the that say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors I will the that say okay the
+transition is going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is going to have a lot of
+vibrational structure and it'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure and it'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational structure and it'll tell you
+all sorts of good stuff about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of good stuff about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of good stuff about that but
+the important thing is when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is when you start
+looking at a molecule you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a molecule you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a molecule you want to know
+what the ground state looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ground state looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ground state looks like and
+what transitions from the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what transitions from the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what transitions from the ground state
+ought to look like when you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to look like when you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to look like when you're ready to
+know how to use the simple structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use the simple structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use the simple structural
+information you're getting from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're getting from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're getting from these
+orbitals okay because there's no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals okay because there's no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals okay because there's no point
+doing an experiment if you don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment if you don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment if you don't have an
+idea about what the experiment will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about what the experiment will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about what the experiment will
+yield that's what most people do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield that's what most people do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield that's what most people do when
+they do an experiment they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do an experiment they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do an experiment they did the
+experiment because they thought it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because they thought it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because they thought it would
+yield something and they wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield something and they wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield something and they wanted to be
+surprised because they'd like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised because they'd like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised because they'd like to show
+that maybe it didn't do what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it didn't do what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it didn't do what they were
+expecting okay so we have pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting okay so we have pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting okay so we have pictures and
+we have notation and this notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have notation and this notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have notation and this notation is
+what is used by professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is used by professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is used by professional
+spectroscopy so we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so we care about
+directionality and we care about size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and we care about size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and we care about size of
+orbitals and these are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and these are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and these are this is
+definitely something that you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that you you're
+empowered from 511 1 511 to I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered from 511 1 511 to I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered from 511 1 511 to I'll talk
+more about that too okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that too okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that too okay in
+thermodynamics when we when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics when we when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics when we when we're
+concerned about the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the enthalpy of
+formation of a molecule we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a molecule we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a molecule we have we have
+to set a zero of enthalpy and we said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set a zero of enthalpy and we said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set a zero of enthalpy and we said it
+as separated atoms in their most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as separated atoms in their most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as separated atoms in their most stable
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and energy or enthalpy is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy or enthalpy is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy or enthalpy is something
+where there is no natural zero we won in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no natural zero we won in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no natural zero we won in
+a row which is convenient for all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row which is convenient for all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row which is convenient for all of our
+calculations and insights and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and insights and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and insights and so what we
+do is we say okay every particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say okay every particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say okay every particle that
+we're going to be looking at we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at we're going
+to make a molecule out of two atoms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a molecule out of two atoms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a molecule out of two atoms like
+a and B and a B star so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B and a B star so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B and a B star so we have the
+energy of a less electron B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a less electron B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a less electron B plus
+electron or a B plus electron that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or a B plus electron that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or a B plus electron that's a
+common zero of energy so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common zero of energy so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common zero of energy so we talked about
+orbital energies relative to this common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies relative to this common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies relative to this common
+zero now in almost every textbooks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now in almost every textbooks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now in almost every textbooks the
+orbital diagrams are given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital diagrams are given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital diagrams are given to you
+there's no discussion of what's the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no discussion of what's the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no discussion of what's the zero
+of energy if you're going to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy if you're going to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy if you're going to know
+anything you really want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you really want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you really want to be able to
+calculate or to say all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or to say all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or to say all of the things
+all of the actors in this game are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the actors in this game are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the actors in this game are
+acting in a way related to how far below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in a way related to how far below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in a way related to how far below
+this ionization energy they are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ionization energy they are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ionization energy they are because
+that determines their size and the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines their size and the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines their size and the size
+determines the overlap and bonding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the overlap and bonding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the overlap and bonding is
+related to overlap okay so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to overlap okay so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to overlap okay so we'll we'll
+play that game so for h2 plus it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game so for h2 plus it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game so for h2 plus it was
+very simple we just had the 1s at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple we just had the 1s at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple we just had the 1s at R
+equals infinity and over here the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals infinity and over here the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals infinity and over here the 1s
+orbital at our equal infinity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital at our equal infinity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital at our equal infinity and then
+we solved the minimal basis variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved the minimal basis variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved the minimal basis variational
+problem and we discovered that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we discovered that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we discovered that we had
+something like this where this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where this is the
+anti-bonding orbital this is the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital this is the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital this is the bonding
+orbital the anti-bonding orbital is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the anti-bonding orbital is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the anti-bonding orbital is more
+anti-bonding than the bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding than the bonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding than the bonding orbital
+is bonding and of course this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bonding and of course this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bonding and of course this energy
+difference depends on inter nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference depends on inter nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference depends on inter nuclear
+distance also not often talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance also not often talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance also not often talked about so
+if we if we and so we have the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we and so we have the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we and so we have the starting
+point at R equals infinity for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at R equals infinity for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at R equals infinity for the the
+separated atoms now as we bring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atoms now as we bring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atoms now as we bring these
+atoms together before there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms together before there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms together before there's any
+bonding at all we had say we have 1s on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding at all we had say we have 1s on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding at all we had say we have 1s on
+a and we make the internuclear distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we make the internuclear distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we make the internuclear distance
+smaller and smaller and the bare nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and the bare nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and the bare nucleus
+of the other atom starts to penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other atom starts to penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other atom starts to penetrate
+into the so as you move the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the so as you move the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the so as you move the the
+positively charged nucleus towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus towards the
+the static charge on the other atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static charge on the other atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static charge on the other atom
+that's a favorable interaction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a favorable interaction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a favorable interaction but
+there's the repulsion between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the repulsion between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the repulsion between the two
+nuclei and when the the nucleus the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and when the the nucleus the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and when the the nucleus the bare
+nucleus of one atom penetrates inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of one atom penetrates inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of one atom penetrates inside
+the charge distribution of the other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge distribution of the other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge distribution of the other it
+seems less attraction and more repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems less attraction and more repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems less attraction and more repulsion
+and so this is why you get a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is why you get a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is why you get a potential
+curve that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that looks like this
+the repulsion occurs at two short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion occurs at two short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion occurs at two short
+internuclear distance and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance and from the
+variational calculation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation you can
+determine the value of the inter nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the value of the inter nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the value of the inter nuclear
+just to equilibrium a nuclear distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to equilibrium a nuclear distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to equilibrium a nuclear distance
+and so a lot of these diagrams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of these diagrams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of these diagrams are
+calculated at this particular in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at this particular in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at this particular in a
+nuclear distance it's especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance it's especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance it's especially
+important because the repulsive States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because the repulsive States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because the repulsive States
+don't have a minimum and so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a minimum and so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a minimum and so there's no
+particular energy or distance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy or distance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy or distance that you
+care about and so the so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and so the so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and so the so that if you
+want a simple picture everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a simple picture everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a simple picture everything is
+calculated at that particular interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at that particular interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated at that particular interview
+distance okay so sometimes you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so sometimes you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so sometimes you want to
+have a little bit more insight in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit more insight in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit more insight in this
+picture and instead of drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and instead of drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and instead of drawing the
+starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+at infinite separation you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinite separation you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinite separation you could say
+well let's let's let's schematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's let's schematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's let's schematically
+suggest what happens as you sew at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest what happens as you sew at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest what happens as you sew at
+shorter in earlier distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter in earlier distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter in earlier distance that
+separated atom energy increases a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom energy increases a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom energy increases a little
+bit and that could be useful but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and that could be useful but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and that could be useful but it
+complicates things so I won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates things so I won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates things so I won't do that
+but often we do like to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often we do like to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often we do like to know what
+happens is we bring particles together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we bring particles together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we bring particles together
+as opposed to starting at infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to starting at infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to starting at infinity and
+coming into the end point which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the end point which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the end point which is the
+bond of the equilibrium in erisa so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond of the equilibrium in erisa so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond of the equilibrium in erisa so you
+can put that insight in if you wish so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that insight in if you wish so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put that insight in if you wish so
+we know that this bonding interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this bonding interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this bonding interaction is
+smaller than the anti bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the anti bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the anti bonding
+interaction ok ok we can now go from h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction ok ok we can now go from h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction ok ok we can now go from h2
+plus h2 and the first thing we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h2 and the first thing we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h2 and the first thing we know is
+when we go from h2 plus 2h2 we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go from h2 plus 2h2 we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go from h2 plus 2h2 we can put
+an electron into the same orbital but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron into the same orbital but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron into the same orbital but
+with opposite spin and as a result we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite spin and as a result we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite spin and as a result we
+don't have to worry about mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about mysterious
+things like overlap repulsion or poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like overlap repulsion or poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like overlap repulsion or poly
+poly repulsion because we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly repulsion because we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly repulsion because we're putting
+electrons into different spin orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into different spin orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into different spin orbitals
+and that's all you have to do if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you have to do if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you have to do if you try
+to put an electron to electrons into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an electron to electrons into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an electron to electrons into the
+same spin orbital that's really bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spin orbital that's really bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spin orbital that's really bad and
+once we get beyond hydrogen hydrogen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get beyond hydrogen hydrogen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get beyond hydrogen hydrogen has
+this neat situation that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neat situation that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neat situation that there is no
+char there is no core it's just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+char there is no core it's just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+char there is no core it's just the the
+the nuclei but for for anything other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei but for for anything other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei but for for anything other
+than hydride or hydrogen we have a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hydride or hydrogen we have a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hydride or hydrogen we have a a an
+inner core which is filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner core which is filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner core which is filled with
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+both spins so anytime you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both spins so anytime you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both spins so anytime you have an
+orbital that gets too close to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that gets too close to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that gets too close to the other
+the other atom there is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atom there is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atom there is going to be this
+mysterious overlap repulsion and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious overlap repulsion and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious overlap repulsion and that
+makes the the are the inner wall of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the the are the inner wall of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the the are the inner wall of most
+potentials other than hydrogen extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials other than hydrogen extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials other than hydrogen extremely
+vertical okay that's so let me just oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay that's so let me just oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay that's so let me just oh I
+know what I wanted to say okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I wanted to say okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I wanted to say okay but I
+will get to that later okay when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to that later okay when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to that later okay when we go
+from h2 plus h2 we discover this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from h2 plus h2 we discover this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from h2 plus h2 we discover this the
+equilibria nuclear distance decreases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria nuclear distance decreases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria nuclear distance decreases by
+approximately 30% the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 30% the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 30% the vibrational
+frequency increases by 90 percent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency increases by 90 percent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency increases by 90 percent the
+dissociation energy increases by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy increases by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy increases by about
+70 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent
+these are big effects they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big effects they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big effects they're not a
+factor to naively you know if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to naively you know if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to naively you know if one
+electron gives a bond or give some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gives a bond or give some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gives a bond or give some sort
+of a a bonding interaction to should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a bonding interaction to should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a bonding interaction to should
+give twice that much but this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give twice that much but this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give twice that much but this is pretty
+close to twice that much even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to twice that much even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to twice that much even though
+that's only 30% it's a big effect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only 30% it's a big effect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only 30% it's a big effect and so
+it's because we're allowed to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we're allowed to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we're allowed to put an
+electron into an an orbital which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into an an orbital which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into an an orbital which is
+bonding and there's no magic overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and there's no magic overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and there's no magic overlap
+repulsion there is just the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion there is just the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion there is just the inter
+electronic energy repulsion but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy repulsion but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy repulsion but this is
+so our picture is where chemists we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our picture is where chemists we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our picture is where chemists we
+believe in bonds the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in bonds the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in bonds the most important
+thing is bonds and in almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bonds and in almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bonds and in almost every
+calculus every situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to conserve the number of bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to conserve the number of bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to conserve the number of bonds
+or know how much you have to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or know how much you have to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or know how much you have to pay for
+changing the number of bonds that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the number of bonds that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the number of bonds that's the
+course thing but we're little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course thing but we're little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course thing but we're little more
+sophisticated okay now in our picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated okay now in our picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated okay now in our picture
+for h2 plus we had an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus we had an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus we had an effective
+Hamiltonian or a variational calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or a variational calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or a variational calculation
+I like to talk about effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to talk about effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to talk about effective
+Hamiltonian but we the crucial actors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian but we the crucial actors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian but we the crucial actors in
+the h2 plus problem where the overlap as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h2 plus problem where the overlap as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h2 plus problem where the overlap as
+a function of our the interaction energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of our the interaction energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of our the interaction energy
+is a function of R and the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of R and the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of R and the orbital
+energy as a function of R and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of R and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of R and these are
+the actors in almost all further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors in almost all further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors in almost all further
+calculations you're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you're going to want to
+either know these things or be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either know these things or be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either know these things or be able to
+estimate their sizes so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate their sizes so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate their sizes so you know the
+consequences and we know much much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and we know much much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and we know much much of
+the consequences from h2 plus we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences from h2 plus we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences from h2 plus we know
+that as our decreases the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our decreases the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our decreases the overlap
+increases the energy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the energy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the energy the energy
+increases and the interaction energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and the interaction energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and the interaction energy
+between the two atoms increases so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two atoms increases so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two atoms increases so these
+are the factors that we put into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the factors that we put into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the factors that we put into a
+calculation we know that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we know that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we know that there is a
+bonding region and typically we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding region and typically we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding region and typically we can say
+that the bonding region is for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bonding region is for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bonding region is for hydrogen
+for h2 plus and for any molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus and for any molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus and for any molecule is
+going to be roughly between the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly between the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly between the atomic
+orbital radius and twice the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital radius and twice the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital radius and twice the atomic
+orbital radius because we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital radius because we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital radius because we've got two
+atoms and so they sort of want to sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so they sort of want to sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and so they sort of want to sit at
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+radius and then as we get closer we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and then as we get closer we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and then as we get closer we get
+bonding and as we get too close we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and as we get too close we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and as we get too close we get
+antibonding and so this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and so this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and so this is a this is a
+critical region okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we're ready to take the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're ready to take the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're ready to take the next
+few steps so so we want to do these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few steps so so we want to do these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few steps so so we want to do these two
+plus H 2 2 a 2 and so the questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H 2 2 a 2 and so the questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus H 2 2 a 2 and so the questions we
+ask is how many electrons that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is how many electrons that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is how many electrons that's easy
+put the energy to feed the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the energy to feed the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the energy to feed the energy
+electrons into louis MO well to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into louis MO well to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into louis MO well to do that
+you need to know the the energy order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the the energy order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the the energy order of
+the emos we get a configuration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emos we get a configuration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emos we get a configuration which is
+just a list of the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list of the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list of the number of electrons
+in each of the molecular orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the molecular orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the molecular orbitals and
+these configurations have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations have have
+particular states and for a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular states and for a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular states and for a diatomic
+molecule we know the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we know the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we know the projection of the
+electron orbital angular momentum on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron orbital angular momentum on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron orbital angular momentum on the
+internuclear axis lamda we know the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear axis lamda we know the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear axis lamda we know the spin
+and sometimes we know about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we know about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we know about this thing
+Omega which is the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which is the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which is the projection of the
+spin as well as the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin as well as the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin as well as the projection of the
+orbital angular momentum and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angular momentum and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angular momentum and so we have
+a notation for electronic States which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation for electronic States which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation for electronic States which
+will be lambda 2 s plus 1 Omega and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lambda 2 s plus 1 Omega and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lambda 2 s plus 1 Omega and so
+if we have say we have a triplet well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have say we have a triplet well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have say we have a triplet well
+this triplet will be 2 s plus 1 is 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triplet will be 2 s plus 1 is 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triplet will be 2 s plus 1 is 3 and
+so that and this is PI say so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and this is PI say so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and this is PI say so the
+correct way to say that is not 3 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to say that is not 3 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to say that is not 3 PI
+but triplet pie and we normally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but triplet pie and we normally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but triplet pie and we normally don't
+talk about that in any special notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in any special notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in any special notation
+okay so the splittings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the splittings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the splittings of the
+configurations for height h2 we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations for height h2 we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations for height h2 we have the
+ground state and that's Sigma G 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and that's Sigma G 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and that's Sigma G 1 s
+squared and the lowest excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the lowest excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the lowest excited state
+triplet Sigma G triplet Sigma u plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Sigma G triplet Sigma u plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Sigma G triplet Sigma u plus and
+that's Sigma G 1 s Sigma u yes and ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Sigma G 1 s Sigma u yes and ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Sigma G 1 s Sigma u yes and ok so
+we have we have these pictures and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have these pictures and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have these pictures and this
+is bound this has got a bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound this has got a bonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound this has got a bonding orbital
+and in anybody Ruppel this is a sigma u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in anybody Ruppel this is a sigma u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in anybody Ruppel this is a sigma u
+1s sorry and and so it's anybody so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s sorry and and so it's anybody so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s sorry and and so it's anybody so this
+is repulsive or or usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repulsive or or usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repulsive or or usually it's
+repulsive at all inter nuclear distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive at all inter nuclear distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive at all inter nuclear distance
+okay then then there are higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then there are higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then there are higher or
+higher energy orbitals that comes from 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy orbitals that comes from 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy orbitals that comes from 2
+P 2 P PI and 2 P Sigma and they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 P PI and 2 P Sigma and they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 P PI and 2 P Sigma and they give
+rise to many many states but we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to many many states but we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to many many states but we know for
+hydrogen when we go from 1 s 2 2 P we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen when we go from 1 s 2 2 P we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen when we go from 1 s 2 2 P we're
+at very very high energy 3/4 of a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very very high energy 3/4 of a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very very high energy 3/4 of a red
+burg which means and that's an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burg which means and that's an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burg which means and that's an energy
+that's larger than any chemical bond we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than any chemical bond we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than any chemical bond we
+know so the excited states of h2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the excited states of h2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the excited states of h2 are
+going to be a little bit weird because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit weird because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit weird because
+of this tremendous excitation energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tremendous excitation energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tremendous excitation energy and
+because the excitation energy is so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the excitation energy is so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the excitation energy is so high
+we're probably not prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably not prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably not prepared to
+understand what's going on up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on up there
+and in fact terrible things happen up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact terrible things happen up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact terrible things happen up at
+high energy we get potential curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy we get potential curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy we get potential curves that
+are double minima there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double minima there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double minima there are all sorts of
+things and that they have to do with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that they have to do with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that they have to do with you
+could have h plus h minus I am pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have h plus h minus I am pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have h plus h minus I am pair
+states you can have H 2 plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you can have H 2 plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you can have H 2 plus plus
+electron those are rid burg states as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron those are rid burg states as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron those are rid burg states as
+well as the normal valence States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the normal valence States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the normal valence States so
+normally we don't want to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we don't want to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we don't want to worry about
+that and there are two places we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there are two places we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there are two places we don't
+want to go without preparation one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go without preparation one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go without preparation one is to
+very high excitation energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high excitation energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high excitation energy and the
+other is to very large a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is to very large a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is to very large a nuclear
+distance because things can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because things can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because things can happen
+the weirdnesses are much more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weirdnesses are much more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weirdnesses are much more important
+when there is no car ok ok so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no car ok ok so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no car ok ok so since
+everything is dependent on our we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is dependent on our we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is dependent on our we need
+to know how to estimate the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to estimate the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to estimate the inner
+nuclear distance and we know for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance and we know for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear distance and we know for an
+atomic orbital the ionization energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital the ionization energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital the ionization energy is
+HC times the Redbird constant over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC times the Redbird constant over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC times the Redbird constant over N
+squared and and this yes okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and and this yes okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and and this yes okay and we
+know that the average are for n NL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the average are for n NL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the average are for n NL
+orbital is a0 times N squared over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is a0 times N squared over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is a0 times N squared over the
+charge and so if we want to relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so if we want to relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so if we want to relate the
+in Italy the the size of an orbital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy the the size of an orbital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy the the size of an orbital to
+something that we can measure well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can measure well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can measure well we
+can simply put in this equation for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simply put in this equation for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simply put in this equation for its
+there n squared here and we get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there n squared here and we get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there n squared here and we get that the
+average size of an orbital will be a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average size of an orbital will be a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average size of an orbital will be a 0
+which is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen
+atom about half an angstrom x HC are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom about half an angstrom x HC are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom about half an angstrom x HC are the
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+110,000 wave numbers and over Z I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110,000 wave numbers and over Z I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110,000 wave numbers and over Z I'm
+sorry over I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over I know
+so this ionization energy is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ionization energy is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ionization energy is measured
+and and so if you know the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you know the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you know the ionization
+energy you know are if you are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you know are if you are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you know are if you are talking
+about a molecular orbital diagram you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecular orbital diagram you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecular orbital diagram you
+have R and ionization energy on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R and ionization energy on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R and ionization energy on it and
+so you can see how to make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how to make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how to make everything
+relate to each other ok let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other ok let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other ok let's do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+let's look at the NH molecule this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the NH molecule this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the NH molecule this is
+not a stable molecule but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a stable molecule but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a stable molecule but it's a
+molecule that is important in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is important in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is important in some
+chemical reactions it's easy to make NH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions it's easy to make NH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions it's easy to make NH
+by having say nitrogen n2 and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having say nitrogen n2 and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having say nitrogen n2 and hydrogen
+and doing a discharge and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing a discharge and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing a discharge and so in order to
+be able to understand age you start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand age you start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand age you start out
+with all of the orbital energies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the orbital energies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of the orbital energies so
+let's make a little table we have h 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a little table we have h 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a little table we have h 1s
+and what you have a tiny zation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have a tiny zation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have a tiny zation energy
+when it's thirteen point six electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's thirteen point six electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's thirteen point six electron
+volts we have h 2s and 2p for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts we have h 2s and 2p for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts we have h 2s and 2p for hydrogen
+they're degenerate and that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're degenerate and that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're degenerate and that's three
+point four electron volts for nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four electron volts for nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four electron volts for nitrogen
+1s this is an obscenely large energy Ida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s this is an obscenely large energy Ida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s this is an obscenely large energy Ida
+and so it's greater than 100 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's greater than 100 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's greater than 100 electron
+volts we have it n2 s which is 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts we have it n2 s which is 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts we have it n2 s which is 18
+electron volts we have n to P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts we have n to P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts we have n to P which is
+12 electron volts and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 electron volts and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 electron volts and we're going to
+have at the end the ground stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the end the ground stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the end the ground stay
+NH which turns out to be a triplet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g- state and that's at thirteen point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g- state and that's at thirteen point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g- state and that's at thirteen point
+six bv so one of the things you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six bv so one of the things you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six bv so one of the things you want to
+do is ask okay all my actors where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is ask okay all my actors where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is ask okay all my actors where are
+they below the ionization energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they below the ionization energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they below the ionization energy okay
+and the next thing you do is you arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing you do is you arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing you do is you arrange
+things in energy order and so the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in energy order and so the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in energy order and so the lowest
+one is this and it's out of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this and it's out of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this and it's out of the picture
+altogether the next lowest one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether the next lowest one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether the next lowest one is this
+and then we have two and let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have two and let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have two and let's just say
+this is three to four and this is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three to four and this is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three to four and this is order
+three they're roughly degenerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're roughly degenerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're roughly degenerate and
+that's what we're looking for because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for because
+when the orbitals are degenerate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the orbitals are degenerate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the orbitals are degenerate they
+have about the same energy and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the same energy and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the same energy and we know
+from perturbation theory if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perturbation theory if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perturbation theory if you want to
+have a mixture of two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mixture of two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mixture of two different things
+you want the energy denominator to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the energy denominator to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the energy denominator to be
+small so here's you know all the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so here's you know all the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so here's you know all the actors
+the simple stuff we know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple stuff we know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple stuff we know what their
+energies are we know that if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are we know that if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are we know that if we have two
+things that have the same or nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have the same or nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have the same or nearly the
+same energy they're going to be mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy they're going to be mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy they're going to be mixed
+and so so now with this sort of a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so now with this sort of a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so now with this sort of a table
+and annotate a table the last one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and annotate a table the last one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and annotate a table the last one is
+this disco we can write down the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disco we can write down the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disco we can write down the low
+lying configurations and we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying configurations and we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying configurations and we can say
+something about the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the nature of the
+molecular orbital diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I stress the most important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I stress the most important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I stress the most important thing is
+something that's easily measured for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's easily measured for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's easily measured for
+atoms because what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms because what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms because what we want to do is
+build on what we think we know for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on what we think we know for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on what we think we know for for
+the periodic table to have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table to have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table to have some sort of
+insight into the molecular periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the molecular periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the molecular periodic
+table although it's a multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table although it's a multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table although it's a multi-dimensional
+periodic table that's probably a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table that's probably a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table that's probably a stupid
+thing to say okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say okay so here's the
+molecular orbital diagram for NH so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram for NH so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram for NH so over
+on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side
+we have h plus over on this side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have h plus over on this side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have h plus over on this side we have
+n plus and we put the orbitals on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus and we put the orbitals on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus and we put the orbitals on okay
+so here is minus three point four which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is minus three point four which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is minus three point four which
+is the hydrogen us or 2p and down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hydrogen us or 2p and down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hydrogen us or 2p and down here
+we have the hydrogen 1s and that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the hydrogen 1s and that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the hydrogen 1s and that's at
+minus thirteen point six and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus thirteen point six and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus thirteen point six and over here
+we have the nitrogen 2p and that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the nitrogen 2p and that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the nitrogen 2p and that's at
+minus twelve so what do we do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twelve so what do we do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus twelve so what do we do and then
+down down much farther below we have way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down much farther below we have way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down much farther below we have way
+down here we have the nitrogen 1s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we have the nitrogen 1s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we have the nitrogen 1s the
+nitrogen to us okay how many electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to us okay how many electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to us okay how many electrons
+do we have well before I do that so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have well before I do that so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have well before I do that so how
+many electrons are on nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't do that you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do that you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do that you don't know the
+period of people at all how many that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of people at all how many that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of people at all how many that I
+did everybody see that well then I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody see that well then I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody see that well then I can't
+ask you yes it's seven electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you yes it's seven electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you yes it's seven electrons and
+plus one for the hydrogen right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one for the hydrogen right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one for the hydrogen right so we're
+dealing with eight electrons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with eight electrons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with eight electrons and so
+we're going to put eight electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put eight electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put eight electrons in
+two orbitals and now on this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals and now on this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals and now on this diagram
+basically I have two orbitals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have two orbitals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have two orbitals that are
+roughly at the same energy and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly at the same energy and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly at the same energy and so we
+know that all the action is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that all the action is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that all the action is going to be
+that and I'm well so we can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm well so we can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm well so we can draw
+something something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something like this and
+something like that and now we use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now we use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now we use our
+perturbation ideas and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation ideas and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation ideas and this guy is
+higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy
+and so it's closer to this other orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's closer to this other orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's closer to this other orbital
+so this one is dominantly nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is dominantly nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is dominantly nitrogen and
+this one is dominantly hydrogen make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is dominantly hydrogen make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is dominantly hydrogen make
+this dotted okay so we have two orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotted okay so we have two orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotted okay so we have two orbitals
+this one is polarized towards nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is polarized towards nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is polarized towards nitrogen
+and this one is polarized towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is polarized towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is polarized towards
+hydrogen and so and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so and then there's another
+oval here this is two peopIe well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oval here this is two peopIe well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oval here this is two peopIe well what
+about two peopIe there is no PI orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two peopIe there is no PI orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two peopIe there is no PI orbital
+here the lowest PI orbital is way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the lowest PI orbital is way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the lowest PI orbital is way up
+here so this guy is nonbonding so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this guy is nonbonding so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this guy is nonbonding so we
+have a bonding orbital a nonbonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bonding orbital a nonbonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bonding orbital a nonbonding
+orbital and an antibonding orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and an antibonding orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and an antibonding orbital and
+then up here we have something that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up here we have something that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up here we have something that's so
+high energy we might call it a rid berg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy we might call it a rid berg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy we might call it a rid berg
+orbital or just something else okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital or just something else okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital or just something else okay so
+now we start putting electrons into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we start putting electrons into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we start putting electrons into
+orbitals in orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals in orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals in orbital and
+order energy so we have Sigma nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy so we have Sigma nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy so we have Sigma nitrogen
+one s squared that's the lowest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s squared that's the lowest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s squared that's the lowest one
+that's way down here I erased it it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way down here I erased it it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way down here I erased it it's at
+minus 100 electron volts and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100 electron volts and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100 electron volts and then we
+have nitrogen us that's pretty far down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nitrogen us that's pretty far down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nitrogen us that's pretty far down
+too and so these two we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so these two we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so these two we don't have any
+doubt though the electrons go into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt though the electrons go into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt though the electrons go into these
+Sigma orbitals and there's nobody nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbitals and there's nobody nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma orbitals and there's nobody nearby
+and so these are localized on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are localized on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are localized on the
+nitrogen atom we've got four more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen atom we've got four more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen atom we've got four more
+electrons to deal with we have Sigma NH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to deal with we have Sigma NH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to deal with we have Sigma NH
+NH don't call this Sigma we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH don't call this Sigma we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH don't call this Sigma we got two
+electrons there and then we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and then we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and then we have so we
+got two electrons two electrons in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two electrons two electrons in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two electrons two electrons in not
+in in corbels we have a bond and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in corbels we have a bond and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in corbels we have a bond and we have
+a non bond yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really up to you
+I mean the lowest I mean we're it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the lowest I mean we're it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the lowest I mean we're it's a
+question of how much detail you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how much detail you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how much detail you want to
+be honest about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about okay
+there's always interaction but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always interaction but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always interaction but the
+important thing is if the orbital energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is if the orbital energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is if the orbital energy
+is really low or you know stable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really low or you know stable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really low or you know stable the
+electrons are really in the orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really in the orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really in the orbitals are
+really compact and so at equally really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really compact and so at equally really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really compact and so at equally really
+distance which is determined by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is determined by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is determined by a
+bonding orbital the they're just out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital the they're just out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital the they're just out of
+play so so it's not zero you you can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so so it's not zero you you can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so so it's not zero you you can but
+you really care about big effects things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care about big effects things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care about big effects things
+are that are worth roughly the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are worth roughly the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are worth roughly the energy of
+a tenth of a bond I mean and you can as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth of a bond I mean and you can as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth of a bond I mean and you can as
+you get more and more better at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more and more better at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more and more better at this you
+could say well we'll worry about bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well we'll worry about bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well we'll worry about bonding
+effects that are worth less than a tenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that are worth less than a tenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that are worth less than a tenth
+of a bond or a typical bond but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bond or a typical bond but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bond or a typical bond but it's
+really you know you want to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you want to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you want to organize
+things in in the order of how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in the order of how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in the order of how important
+they are how careful you have to be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how careful you have to be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how careful you have to be how
+many subtle effects you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subtle effects you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many subtle effects you have to take
+into account and so to avoid craziness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account and so to avoid craziness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account and so to avoid craziness
+you want to say I'm not going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say I'm not going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say I'm not going to worry
+about this because it's too small or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because it's too small or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because it's too small or
+because their energy difference is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their energy difference is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their energy difference is too
+large and it's very important to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's very important to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's very important to be able
+to shed unnecessary factors until you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shed unnecessary factors until you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shed unnecessary factors until you're
+ready to deal with them or maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to deal with them or maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to deal with them or maybe you
+never will okay so that was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never will okay so that was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never will okay so that was a really
+great question and all right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question and all right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question and all right so we have
+the list of we're going to put it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of we're going to put it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of we're going to put it oh
+here it is okay so these are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is okay so these are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is okay so these are three
+filled orbitals they give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled orbitals they give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled orbitals they give rise to
+singlet Sigma but we have two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma but we have two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma but we have two electrons
+in a PI orbital and once you if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a PI orbital and once you if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a PI orbital and once you if you care
+about this stuff you'll learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff you'll learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff you'll learn how to
+figure out what two electrons in a PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what two electrons in a PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what two electrons in a PI
+orbital give you and they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital give you and they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital give you and they give you
+triplet Sigma - gee I'm sorry no G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Sigma - gee I'm sorry no G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet Sigma - gee I'm sorry no G is
+this a head or a nuclear triplet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a head or a nuclear triplet Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a head or a nuclear triplet Sigma
+minus Sigma Delta Sigma Sigma plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Sigma Delta Sigma Sigma plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Sigma Delta Sigma Sigma plus and
+this is actually much easier than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually much easier than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually much easier than for
+atomic four for inorganic chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic four for inorganic chemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic four for inorganic chemistry or
+four for just figuring out the LS states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for just figuring out the LS states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for just figuring out the LS states
+of an atom because basically we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom because basically we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom because basically we have
+Sigma Pi and Delta and you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Pi and Delta and you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Pi and Delta and you can figure
+out well PI squared is going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well PI squared is going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well PI squared is going to give you
+this PI cubed is going to give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI cubed is going to give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI cubed is going to give you this
+again except this it's going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again except this it's going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again except this it's going to give you
+this again so you there's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again so you there's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again so you there's a finite
+number of things that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that you don't have to
+work out the energy levels by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the energy levels by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the energy levels by an
+elaborate procedure and so you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate procedure and so you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate procedure and so you can sort
+of memorize them because there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memorize them because there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memorize them because there's very
+few that you actually are going to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that you actually are going to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that you actually are going to deal
+with okay so now what's rules apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so now what's rules apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so now what's rules apply to
+molecules so what's the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so what's the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so what's the ground state of
+NH triplet Sigma - so that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH triplet Sigma - so that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH triplet Sigma - so that's nice
+because you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be doing
+spectroscopy and you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you're going to be
+starting with a molecule in a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a molecule in a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a molecule in a triplet
+state and you've got you've got us a PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you've got you've got us a PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you've got you've got us a PI
+bond and so you know typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and so you know typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and so you know typical
+internuclear distance for a pi bond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance for a pi bond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance for a pi bond or
+you can figure it out and and we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure it out and and we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure it out and and we're only
+going to be seeing triplet States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seeing triplet States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seeing triplet States and
+we're only going to be seeing triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be seeing triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be seeing triplet
+Sigma minus States or triplet PI States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma minus States or triplet PI States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma minus States or triplet PI States
+because of the selection rules now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the selection rules now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the selection rules now I'm
+telling you this you could learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this you could learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this you could learn that
+these are extra things you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are extra things you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are extra things you've got to
+know the most important stuff okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the most important stuff okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the most important stuff okay so we
+have a intentionally naive primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a intentionally naive primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a intentionally naive primitive
+like a normal diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal diagram
+okay now my chance to say terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now my chance to say terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now my chance to say terrible
+things about textbooks every one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about textbooks every one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about textbooks every one of you
+has seen the molecular orbital diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen the molecular orbital diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen the molecular orbital diagram
+for this mystical a2 molecule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mystical a2 molecule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mystical a2 molecule right
+everybody's seen it and it's presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's seen it and it's presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's seen it and it's presented
+and it's presented either dishonestly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's presented either dishonestly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's presented either dishonestly or
+semi honestly with an asterisk so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi honestly with an asterisk so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi honestly with an asterisk so let's
+just understand this again we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understand this again we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understand this again we have the
+ionization energy we have a plus and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we have a plus and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we have a plus and a
+plus and we plot the energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and we plot the energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and we plot the energies and
+naively we say okay here's 2s same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively we say okay here's 2s same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively we say okay here's 2s same
+energy 2s and here is 2 P 2 P 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 2s and here is 2 P 2 P 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 2s and here is 2 P 2 P 4
+molecules other than 4 atoms other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules other than 4 atoms other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules other than 4 atoms other than
+hydrogen 2p is above 2s and so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 2p is above 2s and so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 2p is above 2s and so we we
+know well we can we can draw some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well we can we can draw some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well we can we can draw some kind
+of a diagram like this and now so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a diagram like this and now so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a diagram like this and now so these
+are the Sigma star 2s and Sigma 2's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Sigma star 2s and Sigma 2's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Sigma star 2s and Sigma 2's no
+problem and then we draw something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we draw something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then we draw something like
+this for the PI orbitals for the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the PI orbitals for the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the PI orbitals for the P
+orbitals and we have something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok that makes sense now the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that makes sense now the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that makes sense now the lowest
+energy orbital has to be the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbital has to be the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbital has to be the more
+directional P orbitals so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional P orbitals so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional P orbitals so this is going
+to be the P Sigma orbital and so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the P Sigma orbital and so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the P Sigma orbital and so we'll
+have a Sigma 2p a PI 2p a PI star 2 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Sigma 2p a PI 2p a PI star 2 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Sigma 2p a PI 2p a PI star 2 P
+and a sigma star 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you know what you get using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know what you get using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know what you get using
+common sense and it's wrong and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and it's wrong and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and it's wrong and most of
+the textbooks say well if we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks say well if we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks say well if we have to
+correct this it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this it turns out that the
+energy order of these two orbitals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy order of these two orbitals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy order of these two orbitals is
+frequently reversed and most textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently reversed and most textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently reversed and most textbooks
+don't tell you why they just say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you why they just say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you why they just say well
+this is what you would expect and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you would expect and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you would expect and the
+the canonical level of molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical level of molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical level of molecular orbital
+diagram for homonuclear diatomics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for homonuclear diatomics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for homonuclear diatomics has
+the PI below Sigma except for oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PI below Sigma except for oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PI below Sigma except for oxygen and
+fluorine well that's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine well that's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine well that's that's not
+something that builds confidence the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that builds confidence the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that builds confidence the key
+is that and that's something you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and that's something you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and that's something you learned
+in 5:11 1 5 11 to the energy gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5:11 1 5 11 to the energy gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5:11 1 5 11 to the energy gap between
+2s and 2p depends on shielding and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p depends on shielding and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p depends on shielding and so as
+you start out with lithium 2s and 2p our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start out with lithium 2s and 2p our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start out with lithium 2s and 2p our
+lithium is more like hydrogen so 2s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is more like hydrogen so 2s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium is more like hydrogen so 2s and
+2p are nearly degenerate when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p are nearly degenerate when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p are nearly degenerate when you get
+the fluorine the energy gap between 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorine the energy gap between 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorine the energy gap between 2s
+and 2p is enormous because 2's shields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2p is enormous because 2's shields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2p is enormous because 2's shields
+2p and as a result the well that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and as a result the well that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and as a result the well that's just
+the ceiling arguments explained this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling arguments explained this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling arguments explained this
+this energy gap and it gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap and it gets large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap and it gets large
+because 2 s is unshielded and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 s is unshielded and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 s is unshielded and it really
+it gets very stable whereas 2p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets very stable whereas 2p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets very stable whereas 2p is
+increasingly affected by the shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly affected by the shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly affected by the shielding
+by s and as a charge increases the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s and as a charge increases the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s and as a charge increases the the
+orbital energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy okay
+I thought I had a better explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I had a better explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I had a better explanation for
+it but I do have one that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I do have one that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I do have one that's just not
+handy and so what happens well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy and so what happens well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy and so what happens well what
+happens as you go from lithium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you go from lithium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you go from lithium where
+this and this are close together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are close together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are close together you
+have interaction between orbitals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interaction between orbitals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interaction between orbitals of the
+same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the Hamiltonian is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the Hamiltonian is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the Hamiltonian is totally
+symmetric oh my goodness okay so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric oh my goodness okay so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric oh my goodness okay so because
+that Hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+you can have interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have interactions between
+orbitals of the same symmetry and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals of the same symmetry and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals of the same symmetry and as a
+result this guy gets pushed up and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this guy gets pushed up and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this guy gets pushed up and this
+guy gets pushed up and this guy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets pushed up and this guy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets pushed up and this guy gets
+pushed down but these are so far though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down but these are so far though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down but these are so far though
+the picture you don't care so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture you don't care so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture you don't care so it's
+really just the relative energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the relative energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the relative energies of
+these two and it's all due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and it's all due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and it's all due to the
+relative energies of 2s and 2p and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative energies of 2s and 2p and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative energies of 2s and 2p and then
+you get the correct energy level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the correct energy level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the correct energy level diagram
+and you and you say well maybe as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you say well maybe as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you say well maybe as we
+went across the periodic table there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went across the periodic table there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went across the periodic table there
+will be a switch and there is a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a switch and there is a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a switch and there is a switch
+and since I've lived most of my early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since I've lived most of my early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since I've lived most of my early
+life in Co and Ed - I and O - I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in Co and Ed - I and O - I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in Co and Ed - I and O - I've
+encountered that and I thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that and I thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that and I thought about it
+a lot ok so that's pretty much all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot ok so that's pretty much all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot ok so that's pretty much all I'm
+going to say about the molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about the molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about the molecular orbital
+diagram and I think next lecture is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I think next lecture is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I think next lecture is on
+local theory ok
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mYaHarsAF5w.txt b/mYaHarsAF5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39ed9c25456dd34613b15542135be5b7e00e2fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mYaHarsAF5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good evening and welcome to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good evening and welcome to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good evening and welcome to what is
+really the last evening seminar of 8.224
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the last evening seminar of 8.224
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the last evening seminar of 8.224
+exploring black holes for this academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes for this academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring black holes for this academic
+year. I'm Professor Ed Burchinger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. I'm Professor Ed Burchinger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. I'm Professor Ed Burchinger and
+I'm going to be talking about cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be talking about cosmic
+structure formation from cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure formation from cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure formation from cosmic
+inflation in the early universe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the early universe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the early universe to the
+formation of galaxies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of galaxies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of galaxies.
+Let me put up a slide showing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me put up a slide showing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me put up a slide showing in
+pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form outline
+uh what our talk what this talk is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what our talk what this talk is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what our talk what this talk is going
+to be about. It is really the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about. It is really the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about. It is really the sequence
+of the universe starting from the dawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe starting from the dawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe starting from the dawn
+of time a tiny fraction of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time a tiny fraction of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time a tiny fraction of a second
+uh to a state of tremendous fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a state of tremendous fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a state of tremendous fluctuations
+and inflationary expansion through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inflationary expansion through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inflationary expansion through to
+the era when we see the cosmic microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the era when we see the cosmic microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the era when we see the cosmic microwave
+background radiation and finally to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation and finally to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation and finally to our
+present day universe filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day universe filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day universe filled with
+galaxies with planets and teaming with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies with planets and teaming with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies with planets and teaming with
+life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life.
+Now, this is a a kind of a schematic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a a kind of a schematic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a a kind of a schematic in
+concept showing some of the key moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept showing some of the key moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept showing some of the key moments
+and qualitative features of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitative features of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitative features of the universe
+over this 13.7 billion years. On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this 13.7 billion years. On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this 13.7 billion years. On the
+side board, I've been a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side board, I've been a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side board, I've been a little more
+quantitative by listing times of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative by listing times of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative by listing times of certain
+events in the universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the universe.
+the thermal energy of particles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal energy of particles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal energy of particles.
+Boltzman's constant times temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzman's constant times temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzman's constant times temperature.
+That's an energy per particle. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's an energy per particle. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's an energy per particle. And then
+the event that is characterized by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that is characterized by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that is characterized by that
+time. Cosmologists like to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Cosmologists like to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Cosmologists like to describe
+events in the universe less by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the universe less by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the universe less by their
+time than by their temperature. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than by their temperature. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than by their temperature. And the
+reason for that is time and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is time and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is time and temperature
+have an inverse relationship. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inverse relationship. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inverse relationship. The
+universe is expanding. An expanding gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is expanding. An expanding gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is expanding. An expanding gas
+cools by adiabatic expansion. Just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools by adiabatic expansion. Just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools by adiabatic expansion. Just like
+if you let the air out of a bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let the air out of a bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let the air out of a bicycle
+tire, it feels cool. Conversely, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire, it feels cool. Conversely, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire, it feels cool. Conversely, if you
+compress it, it gets hot. And we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, it gets hot. And we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, it gets hot. And we know
+that if the universe started in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the universe started in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the universe started in a very
+hot, dense phase, then it went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot, dense phase, then it went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot, dense phase, then it went through
+this sequence of temperatures. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of temperatures. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of temperatures. We're
+very confident about that. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confident about that. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confident about that. We have
+direct evidence that the universe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct evidence that the universe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct evidence that the universe at
+early times was at least as hot as 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early times was at least as hot as 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early times was at least as hot as 10
+kilo electron volts. That is about 10^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo electron volts. That is about 10^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo electron volts. That is about 10^
+the 8th degrees Kelvin. 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th degrees Kelvin. 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th degrees Kelvin. 100 million
+degrees Kelvin. What's the evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Kelvin. What's the evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Kelvin. What's the evidence we
+have for that? It's the helium in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for that? It's the helium in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for that? It's the helium in the
+universe. We know therefore that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. We know therefore that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. We know therefore that the
+universe started in a hot dense state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe started in a hot dense state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe started in a hot dense state.
+We know that today its temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know that today its temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know that today its temperature is
+2.7° Kelvin, much colder. So it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7° Kelvin, much colder. So it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7° Kelvin, much colder. So it went
+through this sequence of temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this sequence of temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this sequence of temperatures
+and therefore through the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore through the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore through the sequence of
+physical events characterized by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical events characterized by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical events characterized by those
+temperatures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+What we know less well is the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we know less well is the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we know less well is the time at
+which which each of those events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which each of those events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which each of those events
+occurred. And it is only in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred. And it is only in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred. And it is only in the last
+couple of months that for example we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months that for example we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months that for example we've
+learned that the age of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the age of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the age of the universe
+today 13.7 gig years we know that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today 13.7 gig years we know that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today 13.7 gig years we know that to
+about 1% accuracy. If you'd asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1% accuracy. If you'd asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1% accuracy. If you'd asked me
+that question at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question at the beginning of the
+semester I would have said it's about 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I would have said it's about 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I would have said it's about 14
+give or take one or two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give or take one or two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give or take one or two.
+So now we know that number fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we know that number fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we know that number fairly well
+and I could make these other numbers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could make these other numbers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could make these other numbers a
+little more accurate but what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more accurate but what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more accurate but what really
+counts is the temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts is the temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts is the temperature.
+So as we look in this u kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we look in this u kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we look in this u kind of
+storyline for the universe the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyline for the universe the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyline for the universe the events
+that we're trying to put together in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to put together in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to put together in our
+picture of understanding the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of understanding the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of understanding the universe
+start from high energies early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from high energies early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from high energies early times
+with inflationary era professor Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inflationary era professor Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inflationary era professor Alan
+Goose talked about in his talk and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goose talked about in his talk and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goose talked about in his talk and then
+as we go to lower and lower temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to lower and lower temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to lower and lower temperatures
+we probe physics that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probe physics that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probe physics that's a little bit
+simpler than the physics of inflation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the physics of inflation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the physics of inflation.
+Actually, inflation itself is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, inflation itself is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, inflation itself is a very
+simple phenomenon. But the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple phenomenon. But the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple phenomenon. But the particle
+physics that inflation is based upon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that inflation is based upon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that inflation is based upon is
+particle physics that we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics that we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics that we still don't
+understand since we haven't probed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand since we haven't probed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand since we haven't probed it
+directly in terrestrial laboratories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in terrestrial laboratories.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in terrestrial laboratories.
+Much of the excitement about the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Much of the excitement about the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Much of the excitement about the study
+of the universe is the hope that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is the hope that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is the hope that we can
+learn something about particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about particle physics
+at these tremendous energies by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these tremendous energies by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these tremendous energies by looking
+at the relics, the remnants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the relics, the remnants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the relics, the remnants of this
+early phase left over in our universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early phase left over in our universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early phase left over in our universe.
+So I'm going to be highlighting the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to be highlighting the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to be highlighting the role
+of inflation. I'll be highlighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation. I'll be highlighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation. I'll be highlighting the
+role of the microwave background. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the microwave background. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the microwave background. Uh
+shortly before the microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly before the microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly before the microwave background
+radiation was released to us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation was released to us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation was released to us in the
+event that we call CMV decoupling, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that we call CMV decoupling, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that we call CMV decoupling, there
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a change in the universe from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the universe from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the universe from a
+radiation dominated phase to a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation dominated phase to a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation dominated phase to a matter
+dominated phase. We call the current era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated phase. We call the current era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated phase. We call the current era
+the matter era. Actually, if this were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter era. Actually, if this were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter era. Actually, if this were a
+little more precise, I'd say that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise, I'd say that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more precise, I'd say that just
+before today, just before this now, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before today, just before this now, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before today, just before this now, the
+universe has become dark energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has become dark energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has become dark energy
+dominated. But I didn't put that down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. But I didn't put that down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated. But I didn't put that down on
+this diagram since the dark energy seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram since the dark energy seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram since the dark energy seems
+to have very little to do with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have very little to do with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have very little to do with anything
+else in cosmology. It's a big puzzle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in cosmology. It's a big puzzle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in cosmology. It's a big puzzle and
+it has little effect, very little effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has little effect, very little effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has little effect, very little effect
+on galaxy formation, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on galaxy formation, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on galaxy formation, for
+example. But we'll focus on inflation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. But we'll focus on inflation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. But we'll focus on inflation as
+a source of fluctuations in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of fluctuations in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of fluctuations in the early
+universe. the microwave background as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. the microwave background as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. the microwave background as a
+signpost of those fluctuations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signpost of those fluctuations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signpost of those fluctuations and then
+the physics of gravity amplifying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of gravity amplifying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of gravity amplifying those
+fluctuations to form galaxies starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations to form galaxies starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations to form galaxies starting
+about 1 billion years after the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bang. So I've already alluded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang. So I've already alluded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang. So I've already alluded to the
+fossil relics that we use to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil relics that we use to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil relics that we use to study the
+early universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe.
+They are the cosmic microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are the cosmic microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are the cosmic microwave background
+radiation, galaxies themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation, galaxies themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation, galaxies themselves and
+indeed all the matter in the universe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed all the matter in the universe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed all the matter in the universe,
+atoms, dark matter and dark energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms, dark matter and dark energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms, dark matter and dark energy.
+These were we think produced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were we think produced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were we think produced in the
+early universe. And if we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe. And if we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe. And if we understand
+well enough what these substances are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough what these substances are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough what these substances are,
+how they interact, how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact, how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact, how they were
+produced, then we have some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced, then we have some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced, then we have some information
+about the particle physics of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particle physics of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particle physics of the early
+universe. And that is one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And that is one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And that is one of the great
+excitements of the subject to physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today. Now, so much has been learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Now, so much has been learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Now, so much has been learned
+about the microwave background from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the microwave background from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the microwave background from the
+results, recent results of the Wilkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results, recent results of the Wilkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results, recent results of the Wilkinson
+microwave anisotropy probe satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave anisotropy probe satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave anisotropy probe satellite
+that I'd like to spend a moment talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to spend a moment talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to spend a moment talking
+about it. You heard from Professor Lyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You heard from Professor Lyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You heard from Professor Lyman
+Page of Princeton about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Page of Princeton about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Page of Princeton about the first
+results from this satellite mission.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from this satellite mission.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from this satellite mission.
+They're really spectacular. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're really spectacular. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're really spectacular. They have
+really taught us a lot about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taught us a lot about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taught us a lot about the early
+universe. And I will show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And I will show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And I will show you an
+animation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation of
+this describing a bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this describing a bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this describing a bit about this
+satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite
+mission just to show what it is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission just to show what it is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission just to show what it is that we
+see when we look at the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when we look at the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when we look at the microwave
+background radiation. First of all, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation. First of all, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation. First of all, this
+is a an artist conception of a galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an artist conception of a galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an artist conception of a galaxy
+perhaps like the Milky Way galaxy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps like the Milky Way galaxy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps like the Milky Way galaxy with
+some uh companions, satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh companions, satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh companions, satellite
+companions. And we're going to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions. And we're going to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions. And we're going to take an
+imaginary space flight here, flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary space flight here, flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary space flight here, flying
+through our galaxy, imagining that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our galaxy, imagining that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our galaxy, imagining that we
+lay in the dis of stars and we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay in the dis of stars and we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay in the dis of stars and we see this
+beautiful starfield, the Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful starfield, the Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful starfield, the Milky Way
+galaxy. In fact, this is perhaps even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy. In fact, this is perhaps even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy. In fact, this is perhaps even an
+optical photograph of the Milky Way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical photograph of the Milky Way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical photograph of the Milky Way.
+Now, imagine our space flight has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, imagine our space flight has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, imagine our space flight has taken
+us to the Earth and we put a grid on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the Earth and we put a grid on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the Earth and we put a grid on the
+sky and we've just moved super luminally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and we've just moved super luminally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and we've just moved super luminally
+outside of our universe so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our universe so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our universe so that we can
+see it on a sphere from the outside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on a sphere from the outside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on a sphere from the outside.
+Unfold that sphere onto a sheet of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfold that sphere onto a sheet of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfold that sphere onto a sheet of paper
+and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you
+have. Now let's look at the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Now let's look at the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Now let's look at the appearance
+of our galaxy in the sky in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our galaxy in the sky in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our galaxy in the sky in different
+wavelengths from the optical, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths from the optical, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths from the optical, the
+infrared, submillimeter and millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared, submillimeter and millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared, submillimeter and millimeter
+waves going from high energy photons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves going from high energy photons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves going from high energy photons of
+the optical light to low energy photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical light to low energy photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical light to low energy photons
+of the microwave background. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microwave background. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microwave background. And this
+animation is really cool because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is really cool because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is really cool because it
+shows at one time both the uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows at one time both the uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows at one time both the uh different
+kinds of emission that exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of emission that exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of emission that exist in the
+universe and on the other hand it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and on the other hand it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and on the other hand it brings
+out the physics a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the physics a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the physics a little bit of the
+fluctuations in the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the microwave
+background. I'm going to replay it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. I'm going to replay it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. I'm going to replay it for
+you. But before I do, let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. But before I do, let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. But before I do, let's look at this
+image, the final one. This is a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image, the final one. This is a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image, the final one. This is a map of
+the sky in the microwaves with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky in the microwaves with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky in the microwaves with the
+contrast turned up. And if you watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast turned up. And if you watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast turned up. And if you watch it
+again, you'll see that before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you'll see that before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you'll see that before that
+contrast knob was turned up, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast knob was turned up, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast knob was turned up, you know,
+television sets used to have a dial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television sets used to have a dial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television sets used to have a dial that
+you could turn called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could turn called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could turn called
+contrast. Now I think everything is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast. Now I think everything is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast. Now I think everything is by
+computer and digital. But sharpening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and digital. But sharpening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and digital. But sharpening the
+contrast means you change the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast means you change the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast means you change the scale of
+black and white or of colors to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white or of colors to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white or of colors to bring
+out features that are otherwise hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out features that are otherwise hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out features that are otherwise hidden
+in the dim uniform intensity. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dim uniform intensity. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dim uniform intensity. And that
+was really clear in this microwave map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really clear in this microwave map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really clear in this microwave map
+before the contrast bar was moved up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the contrast bar was moved up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the contrast bar was moved up.
+This was almost a uniform gray. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was almost a uniform gray. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was almost a uniform gray. And
+that's because the cosmic microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the cosmic microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the cosmic microwave
+background radiation is such a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation is such a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation is such a strong
+light source at the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source at the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source at the microwave
+wavelengths. It almost makes a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths. It almost makes a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths. It almost makes a uniform
+brightness around the sky. Now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness around the sky. Now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness around the sky. Now what's
+left over is this red band. That is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over is this red band. That is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over is this red band. That is the
+band of our Milky Way galaxy. The same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of our Milky Way galaxy. The same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of our Milky Way galaxy. The same
+residual that we see with stars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual that we see with stars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual that we see with stars in the
+visible light with gas clouds at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light with gas clouds at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light with gas clouds at other
+wavelengths the infrared and so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths the infrared and so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths the infrared and so on that
+shows up in the microwave as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the microwave as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the microwave as well. So
+this is from our own galaxy. It's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from our own galaxy. It's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from our own galaxy. It's what
+we call a foreground for the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a foreground for the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a foreground for the cosmic
+background radiation. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation. The
+stuff in the blues and greens and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the blues and greens and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the blues and greens and what
+the blues and greens show are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blues and greens show are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blues and greens show are the
+fluctuations produced in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations produced in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations produced in the early
+universe during inflation which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe during inflation which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe during inflation which then
+subsequently amplified to form galaxies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently amplified to form galaxies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently amplified to form galaxies.
+Now, I really love this animation, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I really love this animation, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I really love this animation, so I
+want to show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. The model of the galaxy here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. The model of the galaxy here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. The model of the galaxy here is a
+little bit hokey. You can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hokey. You can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hokey. You can see how the
+stars kind of just turn on when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars kind of just turn on when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars kind of just turn on when you get
+close to the disc and then they fade to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the disc and then they fade to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the disc and then they fade to
+this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful
+starfield. But what I love is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starfield. But what I love is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starfield. But what I love is the way
+that the celestial sphere, we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the celestial sphere, we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the celestial sphere, we think of a
+sphere surrounding us. And just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere surrounding us. And just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere surrounding us. And just like you
+can take a sphere, a globe of the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a sphere, a globe of the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a sphere, a globe of the Earth
+and project it onto a flat screen, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project it onto a flat screen, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project it onto a flat screen, so
+you can do with the sphere, celestial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the sphere, celestial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the sphere, celestial
+sphere around us. And here is the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere around us. And here is the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere around us. And here is the Milky
+Way galaxy in the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy in the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy in the optical
+light. It's really gorgeous. Not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. It's really gorgeous. Not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. It's really gorgeous. Not so
+gorgeous in that view. The infrared,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous in that view. The infrared,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous in that view. The infrared,
+there's this band that you see for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this band that you see for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this band that you see for a
+short while in the infrared. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short while in the infrared. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short while in the infrared. That's
+actually the plane of the solar system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the plane of the solar system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the plane of the solar system,
+the ecliptic plane with dust. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecliptic plane with dust. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecliptic plane with dust. And then
+this nearly uniform brightness that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nearly uniform brightness that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nearly uniform brightness that only
+reveals the fluctuations once you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals the fluctuations once you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals the fluctuations once you turn
+the contrast way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast way
+up. Those are the tiniest fluctuations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Those are the tiniest fluctuations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Those are the tiniest fluctuations.
+One part in a few parts in 100,000 left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One part in a few parts in 100,000 left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One part in a few parts in 100,000 left
+over from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universe and they were measured by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and they were measured by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and they were measured by this
+satellite, the Wilkinson microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite, the Wilkinson microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite, the Wilkinson microwave
+anisotra probe. Now what did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotra probe. Now what did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotra probe. Now what did the
+satellite do for us? Well, once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite do for us? Well, once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite do for us? Well, once you
+subtract away the galaxy, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract away the galaxy, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract away the galaxy, which is
+possible by using by combining uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible by using by combining uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible by using by combining uh
+slightly different color images, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different color images, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different color images, the
+galaxy has a different spectrum. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy has a different spectrum. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy has a different spectrum. You can
+make a map of the microwave background.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a map of the microwave background.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a map of the microwave background.
+This was the map made from data taken 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was the map made from data taken 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was the map made from data taken 10
+years ago by the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago by the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago by the cosmic background
+explorer satellite. It was the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorer satellite. It was the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorer satellite. It was the mission
+that first found these fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first found these fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first found these fluctuations and
+gave us confidence that the inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us confidence that the inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us confidence that the inflationary
+model and our ideas about cosmology were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and our ideas about cosmology were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and our ideas about cosmology were
+on the right track.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track.
+Well, now I'll show you how this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now I'll show you how this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now I'll show you how this picture
+gets refined by WMAP. And you'll see not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets refined by WMAP. And you'll see not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets refined by WMAP. And you'll see not
+only we were we on the right track, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we were we on the right track, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we were we on the right track, but
+we begin to see the exquisite detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin to see the exquisite detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin to see the exquisite detail
+that modern technology can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern technology can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern technology can show
+us. And there it is. We can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And there it is. We can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And there it is. We can go back and
+forth between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two
+maps. And it's like being nearsighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps. And it's like being nearsighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps. And it's like being nearsighted
+and then finding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finding your
+glasses, putting in your contact lenses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses, putting in your contact lenses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses, putting in your contact lenses.
+If you're me, you get to see a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're me, you get to see a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're me, you get to see a whole lot
+more structure. And that means we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more structure. And that means we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more structure. And that means we can
+see more of the inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of the inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of the inflationary
+fluctuations and therefore learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and therefore learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and therefore learn more
+about the universe. Now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe. Now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe. Now in
+2003, well, what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003, well, what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003, well, what are those
+fluctuations? We say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations? We say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations? We say they're
+inflationary fluctuations, but in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations, but in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations, but in fact,
+what they are is sound waves. Sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are is sound waves. Sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are is sound waves. Sound
+waves traveling through the ionized gas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves traveling through the ionized gas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves traveling through the ionized gas,
+the plasma in the early universe. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma in the early universe. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma in the early universe. Those
+sound waves started from the bang, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound waves started from the bang, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound waves started from the bang, the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+bang with the cosmic uh inflationary era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang with the cosmic uh inflationary era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang with the cosmic uh inflationary era
+that set the expanding universe into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set the expanding universe into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set the expanding universe into
+very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid
+motion. And there are really two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And there are really two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. And there are really two main
+outcomes of inflation. One is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of inflation. One is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of inflation. One is that
+produces a very large universe spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a very large universe spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a very large universe spatially
+close to flat, a large old universe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to flat, a large old universe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to flat, a large old universe with
+very small spatial curvature. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small spatial curvature. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small spatial curvature. That's
+been confirmed now by the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confirmed now by the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confirmed now by the microwave
+background measurements. But it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background measurements. But it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background measurements. But it also
+imprints very small fluctuations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprints very small fluctuations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprints very small fluctuations of
+energy density or of temperature on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density or of temperature on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density or of temperature on this
+gas. And if you have small fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. And if you have small fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. And if you have small fluctuations
+of the density or temperature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density or temperature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density or temperature of a
+plasma ionized gas, you have sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ionized gas, you have sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ionized gas, you have sound
+waves. And I'm going to play for you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And I'm going to play for you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And I'm going to play for you a
+synthetic uh sound file of what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic uh sound file of what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic uh sound file of what these
+fluctuations, inflationary fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations, inflationary fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations, inflationary fluctuations
+would have sounded like about 1 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sounded like about 1 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sounded like about 1 second
+after the Big Bang. So about the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang. So about the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang. So about the time of
+nutrino decoupling while helium was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrino decoupling while helium was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrino decoupling while helium was
+being produced in this fiery furnace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced in this fiery furnace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced in this fiery furnace of
+the Big Bang. I'm going to play that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang. I'm going to play that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang. I'm going to play that.
+That's how how it would have sounded if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how how it would have sounded if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how how it would have sounded if
+you were there. Almost how it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were there. Almost how it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were there. Almost how it would
+sound as you'll see. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain. It sounds like you turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain. It sounds like you turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain. It sounds like you turned on
+your television set and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel. Well, that static is really how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel. Well, that static is really how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel. Well, that static is really how
+it would have sounded because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have sounded because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have sounded because the
+quantum fluctuations are random. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum fluctuations are random. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum fluctuations are random. They're
+random noise. And the static that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise. And the static that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise. And the static that you
+have on a television set that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on a television set that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on a television set that's not
+tuned properly or a radio sta radio set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned properly or a radio sta radio set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned properly or a radio sta radio set
+that's not tuned to a station is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not tuned to a station is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not tuned to a station is just
+noise. Now there's one thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. Now there's one thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. Now there's one thing about that
+noise signal I played that's uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise signal I played that's uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise signal I played that's uh that's
+not true to the actual sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true to the actual sound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true to the actual sound.
+The pitch, if you listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully, this pitch isn't changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully, this pitch isn't changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully, this pitch isn't changing
+with time, but the actual sound waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time, but the actual sound waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time, but the actual sound waves
+produced in the universe would redshift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the universe would redshift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the universe would redshift
+and the pitch would change with time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pitch would change with time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pitch would change with time as
+the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+expands. So the sound, this first sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands. So the sound, this first sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands. So the sound, this first sound
+file is actually not correct. That's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file is actually not correct. That's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file is actually not correct. That's how
+the sounds would be if uh your frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds would be if uh your frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds would be if uh your frequency
+standard were changing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard were changing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard were changing with the
+expansion of the universe. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe. But if you
+were there with your ear hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there with your ear hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there with your ear hearing the
+sounds about a second after the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds about a second after the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds about a second after the big
+bang, it would sound like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that whistle, that lowering in pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that whistle, that lowering in pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that whistle, that lowering in pitch
+is exactly what you expect for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what you expect for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what you expect for the
+Doppler shift of something moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler shift of something moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler shift of something moving away
+or for for the cosmological red shift.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for for the cosmological red shift.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for for the cosmological red shift.
+The frequencies decrease inversely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The frequencies decrease inversely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The frequencies decrease inversely with
+the expansion of the universe. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe. And the
+universe expands by a factor of three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands by a factor of three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands by a factor of three or
+so during the time of that sound file. 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the time of that sound file. 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during the time of that sound file. 1
+second after the big bang till about 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the big bang till about 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the big bang till about 4
+seconds after I guess it expands by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after I guess it expands by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after I guess it expands by a
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+two. So that's what those fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So that's what those fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So that's what those fluctuations
+would have sounded like. And when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sounded like. And when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have sounded like. And when we
+look at the microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the microwave background
+radiation, we see a snapshot frozen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation, we see a snapshot frozen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation, we see a snapshot frozen in
+time, a frozen moment of those sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, a frozen moment of those sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, a frozen moment of those sound
+waves, 380,000 years at this moment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves, 380,000 years at this moment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves, 380,000 years at this moment,
+microwave background decoupling after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background decoupling after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background decoupling after
+the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big
+Bang. Now, I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. Now, I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. Now, I'm going to show you a
+series of three images which go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three images which go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three images which go from
+what the WMAP satellite actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the WMAP satellite actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the WMAP satellite actually
+observed, which is not the pretty blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed, which is not the pretty blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed, which is not the pretty blue
+and green pictures I showed, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green pictures I showed, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green pictures I showed, but
+actually more like this. and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more like this. and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more like this. and I'll show
+you how they arrive at that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they arrive at that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they arrive at that high
+contrast beautiful image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast beautiful image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast beautiful image of the
+inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary
+fluctuations. First of all, the WMAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. First of all, the WMAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. First of all, the WMAP
+satellite looked at five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite looked at five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite looked at five different
+frequencies in the microwave. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the microwave. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in the microwave. It's like
+having a radio receiver that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a radio receiver that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a radio receiver that actually
+could measure five different radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure five different radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure five different radio
+stations at once. And uh the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations at once. And uh the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations at once. And uh the reason it
+did that is that there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that is that there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that is that there's a certain
+dependence on frequency predicted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on frequency predicted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on frequency predicted by
+fluctuations from the big bang. they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations from the big bang. they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations from the big bang. they
+should have this black body spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this black body spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this black body spectrum
+whereas other sources of radiation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas other sources of radiation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas other sources of radiation would
+de deviate from this black body. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de deviate from this black body. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de deviate from this black body. So for
+this first image what the W map team did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first image what the W map team did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first image what the W map team did
+is just uh to use three of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh to use three of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh to use three of the frequency
+channels and it colorcoded them in false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and it colorcoded them in false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and it colorcoded them in false
+colors. It made one red, one green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. It made one red, one green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. It made one red, one green and
+one blue. And you know that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one blue. And you know that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one blue. And you know that if you take
+an equal weight of red, green and blue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal weight of red, green and blue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal weight of red, green and blue,
+you get white or gray or black depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get white or gray or black depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get white or gray or black depending
+on how how much red, green, and blue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how how much red, green, and blue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how how much red, green, and blue you
+take. So um radiation that has the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take. So um radiation that has the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take. So um radiation that has the black
+body spectrum is gray or white on a gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body spectrum is gray or white on a gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body spectrum is gray or white on a gray
+scale in this image. Radiation that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this image. Radiation that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this image. Radiation that had
+departs from the thermal spectrum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departs from the thermal spectrum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departs from the thermal spectrum is a
+different color. And here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color. And here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color. And here you can see
+impressively clearly radiation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressively clearly radiation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressively clearly radiation from the
+Milky Way galaxy in these red spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way galaxy in these red spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way galaxy in these red spots
+because the emitting gas clouds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the emitting gas clouds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the emitting gas clouds in the
+Milky Way galaxy are not at 2.7 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way galaxy are not at 2.7 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way galaxy are not at 2.7 degrees
+Kelvin. Now uh one other thing you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. Now uh one other thing you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. Now uh one other thing you see
+in this map is what's called a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this map is what's called a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this map is what's called a dipole
+pattern. The fact that this upper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern. The fact that this upper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern. The fact that this upper right
+hand portion of the picture has brighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand portion of the picture has brighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand portion of the picture has brighter
+intensity than the bottom left hand. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity than the bottom left hand. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity than the bottom left hand. Now
+one interpretation is simply that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interpretation is simply that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interpretation is simply that the
+universe is hotter in this direction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is hotter in this direction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is hotter in this direction by
+a few thousandth of a degree Kelvin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few thousandth of a degree Kelvin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few thousandth of a degree Kelvin.
+Another interpretation that is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another interpretation that is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another interpretation that is equally
+uh acceptable and more likely physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acceptable and more likely physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acceptable and more likely physically
+is that the universe has no such dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the universe has no such dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the universe has no such dipole
+pattern but we are moving relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but we are moving relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but we are moving relative to
+this radiation. The photons flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation. The photons flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation. The photons flying
+through the universe are like a swarm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the universe are like a swarm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the universe are like a swarm of
+bees. And the swarm of bees can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees. And the swarm of bees can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees. And the swarm of bees can be
+coming towards you or moving away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming towards you or moving away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming towards you or moving away from
+you or sitting right on top of you. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or sitting right on top of you. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or sitting right on top of you. And
+it so happens that it is coming towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so happens that it is coming towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so happens that it is coming towards
+us in this direction because the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in this direction because the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in this direction because the Milky
+Way galaxy, the sun orbiting around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy, the sun orbiting around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy, the sun orbiting around the
+galaxy are moving. Well, we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy are moving. Well, we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy are moving. Well, we know how to
+correct for the Doppler shift. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the Doppler shift. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the Doppler shift. So, we
+can go to the cosmic rest frame removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the cosmic rest frame removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the cosmic rest frame removing
+that dipole. And this is the pattern we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dipole. And this is the pattern we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dipole. And this is the pattern we
+get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+Not only have we removed the dipole,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only have we removed the dipole,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only have we removed the dipole,
+we've also increased the contrast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also increased the contrast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also increased the contrast so
+that the smaller fluctuations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the smaller fluctuations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the smaller fluctuations are
+brought out in intensity and the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out in intensity and the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out in intensity and the Milky
+Way galaxy is even more prominent. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy is even more prominent. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy is even more prominent. Now,
+in fact, not just the Milky Way galaxy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, not just the Milky Way galaxy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, not just the Milky Way galaxy,
+but others as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but others as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but others as
+well. That little spot is the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. That little spot is the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. That little spot is the large
+Melanic cloud satellite galaxy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanic cloud satellite galaxy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanic cloud satellite galaxy to the
+Milky Way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way.
+these spots. One of them uh is I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spots. One of them uh is I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spots. One of them uh is I believe
+a galaxy in the Virgo cluster and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy in the Virgo cluster and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy in the Virgo cluster and two of
+them are distant quazars which also emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are distant quazars which also emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are distant quazars which also emit
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+microwaves but they have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves but they have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves but they have a different
+spectrum from the black body. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum from the black body. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum from the black body. So if we
+correct for that black body spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for that black body spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for that black body spectrum and
+then use a different a false color map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use a different a false color map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use a different a false color map
+to show the remaining fluctuations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the remaining fluctuations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the remaining fluctuations we
+get this picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this picture.
+So there are all these steps that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are all these steps that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are all these steps that you
+have to apply to the raw pictures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to apply to the raw pictures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to apply to the raw pictures in the
+microwave to correct them to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave to correct them to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave to correct them to see the
+fluctuations left the imprint of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations left the imprint of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations left the imprint of of the
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+fluctuations produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inflation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation.
+Now I said that there are several relics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I said that there are several relics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I said that there are several relics
+of the big bang that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big bang that we're going to
+study and in particular my talk has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and in particular my talk has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and in particular my talk has the
+title with galaxy formation in it. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title with galaxy formation in it. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title with galaxy formation in it. So I
+wanted to say something about galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say something about galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say something about galaxies
+as observed. Um our understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as observed. Um our understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as observed. Um our understanding of the
+formation of galaxies and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of galaxies and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of galaxies and their
+structures in the early universe has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the early universe has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the early universe has
+really changed dramatically also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed dramatically also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed dramatically also in the
+last 10 years thanks largely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years thanks largely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years thanks largely to the
+Hubble Space Telescope and also to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble Space Telescope and also to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble Space Telescope and also to new
+generations of groundbased telescopes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of groundbased telescopes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of groundbased telescopes.
+At the time this picture was made,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the time this picture was made,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the time this picture was made,
+so-called Hubble Deep Field, this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Hubble Deep Field, this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Hubble Deep Field, this was
+the deepest image of the sky ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest image of the sky ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest image of the sky ever
+taken. The Hubble Space Telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken. The Hubble Space Telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken. The Hubble Space Telescope
+pointed at a little tiny patch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at a little tiny patch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at a little tiny patch of the
+sky, very, very narrow area in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky, very, very narrow area in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky, very, very narrow area in the sky
+for almost two weeks at the end of 1995.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost two weeks at the end of 1995.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost two weeks at the end of 1995.
+And that was a really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was a really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was a really expensive
+investment of time because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of time because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of time because there are
+lots of people who want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who want to use the
+Hubble telescope and the director said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble telescope and the director said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble telescope and the director said
+this is so important that I reserve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important that I reserve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important that I reserve this
+time to use for a special project. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to use for a special project. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to use for a special project. The
+astronomical community was thrilled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical community was thrilled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical community was thrilled with
+the results because if the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results because if the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results because if the director
+hadn't pulled together the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't pulled together the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't pulled together the time
+available for those two weeks, nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for those two weeks, nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for those two weeks, nobody
+could have made such a map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made such a map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made such a map of the
+galaxies in the sky. And what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in the sky. And what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in the sky. And what we see is
+that at the faintest limits of our human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the faintest limits of our human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the faintest limits of our human
+view, everywhere there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, everywhere there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, everywhere there are
+galaxies. Every degree of the sky, every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. Every degree of the sky, every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. Every degree of the sky, every
+square degree is just littered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square degree is just littered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square degree is just littered with
+thousands, millions in fact, of galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands, millions in fact, of galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands, millions in fact, of galaxies
+per square degree. On this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square degree. On this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square degree. On this entire
+picture, I believe there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, I believe there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, I believe there are three
+stars from our own Milky Way galaxy. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars from our own Milky Way galaxy. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars from our own Milky Way galaxy. And
+everything else is an external galaxy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is an external galaxy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is an external galaxy.
+Some of them are are large, relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them are are large, relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them are are large, relatively
+large, and you can even see spiral arms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large, and you can even see spiral arms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large, and you can even see spiral arms,
+spiral structure. Those are nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral structure. Those are nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral structure. Those are nearby
+galaxies. So them some of them are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. So them some of them are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. So them some of them are so
+faint that you can't you can't see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint that you can't you can't see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint that you can't you can't see these
+little speckles very well from where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little speckles very well from where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little speckles very well from where you
+sit. But astronomers have analyzed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit. But astronomers have analyzed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit. But astronomers have analyzed that
+image and taken more measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and taken more measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and taken more measurements and
+learned something about the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something about the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something about the formation of
+galaxies. I'm going to show another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. I'm going to show another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. I'm going to show another
+animation. See if I can get this one up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. See if I can get this one up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. See if I can get this one up.
+showing you the Hubble Deep Field right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the Hubble Deep Field right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the Hubble Deep Field right
+above the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the Big
+Dipper. And this is a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dipper. And this is a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dipper. And this is a nice little
+animation that just so shows zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that just so shows zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that just so shows zooming
+into this small portion of the sky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this small portion of the sky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this small portion of the sky.
+First to show what can be seen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First to show what can be seen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First to show what can be seen with
+groundbased telescopes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbased telescopes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbased telescopes in that
+groundbased picture, magnifying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbased picture, magnifying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbased picture, magnifying it
+further to the limits of groundbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the limits of groundbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the limits of groundbased
+telescopes and then filling in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes and then filling in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes and then filling in this
+amazing vista of what the Hubble Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing vista of what the Hubble Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing vista of what the Hubble Space
+Telescope saw.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope saw.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope saw.
+It's really beautiful. Astronomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really beautiful. Astronomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really beautiful. Astronomers
+couldn't get enough of looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get enough of looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get enough of looking at this
+picture and analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. So now comes the question, how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So now comes the question, how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So now comes the question, how did
+these galaxies form? We've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these galaxies form? We've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these galaxies form? We've seen a
+snapshot of the universe less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the universe less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the universe less than a
+half million years after the Big Bang.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million years after the Big Bang.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million years after the Big Bang.
+We see galaxies a billion years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see galaxies a billion years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see galaxies a billion years after
+the big bang. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang. What's the
+connection? How did the fluctuations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection? How did the fluctuations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection? How did the fluctuations we
+see go to form the galaxies? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see go to form the galaxies? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see go to form the galaxies? Well,
+there's several steps. First, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several steps. First, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several steps. First, we've
+talked about and seen now the seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and seen now the seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and seen now the seed
+fluctuations from the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations from the early universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations from the early universe
+produced I see here I say 10us 35 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I see here I say 10us 35 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I see here I say 10us 35 there
+I say 10us 37. We don't really know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 10us 37. We don't really know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 10us 37. We don't really know when
+inflation occurred because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation occurred because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation occurred because we don't know
+the physics of these ultra high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of these ultra high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of these ultra high
+energies. There's speculation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies. There's speculation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies. There's speculation and we
+hope that by learning more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that by learning more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that by learning more about the
+fluctuations, especially one day by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations, especially one day by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations, especially one day by
+measuring the gravity waves from the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the gravity waves from the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the gravity waves from the big
+bang, we can say when inflation took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang, we can say when inflation took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang, we can say when inflation took
+place. Gravity waves would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Gravity waves would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Gravity waves would be a very
+good probe of the energy scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probe of the energy scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probe of the energy scale of
+inflation. I mentioned already the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation. I mentioned already the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation. I mentioned already the two
+outcomes of inflation. It makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of inflation. It makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of inflation. It makes the
+universe large and flat and then leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe large and flat and then leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe large and flat and then leaves
+these quantum fluctuations which become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum fluctuations which become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum fluctuations which become
+amplified through gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified through gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified through gravitational
+amplification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification.
+A gravitational amplification is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A gravitational amplification is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A gravitational amplification is nothing
+more than the fact that gravity wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the fact that gravity wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the fact that gravity wants to
+make things fall. I can't stand a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things fall. I can't stand a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things fall. I can't stand a pencil
+on its tip for very long because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its tip for very long because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its tip for very long because it is
+unstable. Gravity wants it to fall. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. Gravity wants it to fall. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. Gravity wants it to fall. If I
+start out with a little patch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a little patch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a little patch of the
+universe that has more than the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that has more than the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that has more than the average
+amount of matter in it, gravity wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of matter in it, gravity wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of matter in it, gravity wants to
+draw that together, make it collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that together, make it collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that together, make it collapse
+locally, it behaves like a little closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally, it behaves like a little closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally, it behaves like a little closed
+universe where the matter will fall back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where the matter will fall back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where the matter will fall back
+upon itself. Somewhere else of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon itself. Somewhere else of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon itself. Somewhere else of course
+there's a compensating lower density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a compensating lower density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a compensating lower density
+region of the universe and that behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the universe and that behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the universe and that behave
+behaves like a little portion of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a little portion of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a little portion of an open
+universe expands more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expands more
+rapidly. You'll see this when I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. You'll see this when I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. You'll see this when I show you
+an animation of how gravity amplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animation of how gravity amplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animation of how gravity amplifies
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+fluctuations. Now there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. Now there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. Now there is one
+ingredient that you might think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient that you might think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient that you might think is
+unnecessary to the story. That is dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary to the story. That is dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary to the story. That is dark
+matter. Gravity works on us. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Gravity works on us. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Gravity works on us. We're not
+made of dark matter. Why do we need dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of dark matter. Why do we need dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of dark matter. Why do we need dark
+matter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter?
+Well, it's not so much a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not so much a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not so much a question of
+need as fact. Galaxies are surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as fact. Galaxies are surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as fact. Galaxies are surrounded by
+clouds of dark matter. Its existence has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds of dark matter. Its existence has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds of dark matter. Its existence has
+been inferred for about 50 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inferred for about 50 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inferred for about 50 years in
+clusters of galaxies. The evidence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of galaxies. The evidence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of galaxies. The evidence by
+now is so strong that it is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is so strong that it is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is so strong that it is almost
+universally accepted in the astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally accepted in the astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally accepted in the astronomy
+and physics communities that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics communities that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics communities that most of the
+mass in the universe is in this unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the universe is in this unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in the universe is in this unknown
+dark form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark form.
+But it is crucial for galaxy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is crucial for galaxy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is crucial for galaxy formation
+for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following
+reason. Before at times before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Before at times before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Before at times before the
+microwave background was released to us,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background was released to us,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background was released to us,
+photons and electrons scattered rapidly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and electrons scattered rapidly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and electrons scattered rapidly.
+That's why we don't see any earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why we don't see any earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why we don't see any earlier than
+380,000 years after the big bang. We see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380,000 years after the big bang. We see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380,000 years after the big bang. We see
+only back in time to where the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only back in time to where the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only back in time to where the atomic
+where hydrogen hydrogen became neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where hydrogen hydrogen became neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where hydrogen hydrogen became neutral
+atomic matter. Earlier times and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter. Earlier times and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter. Earlier times and higher
+temperatures we had ionized hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures we had ionized hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures we had ionized hydrogen
+which was protons and electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was protons and electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was protons and electrons and
+those scatter the radiation so much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those scatter the radiation so much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those scatter the radiation so much it's
+like if you took an electron and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you took an electron and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you took an electron and you try
+to move it be like moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it be like moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it be like moving through
+molasses just couldn't do it. It's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molasses just couldn't do it. It's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molasses just couldn't do it. It's too
+much resistance to motion of charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much resistance to motion of charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much resistance to motion of charged
+particles when you have an ionized gas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles when you have an ionized gas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles when you have an ionized gas.
+That means that atomic matter is unable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that atomic matter is unable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that atomic matter is unable
+to experience this gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience this gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experience this gravitational
+instability. Imagine you had you stuck a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability. Imagine you had you stuck a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability. Imagine you had you stuck a
+pencil on its end in a a jar of honey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil on its end in a a jar of honey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil on its end in a a jar of honey.
+Well, it wouldn't fall very fast, would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it wouldn't fall very fast, would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it wouldn't fall very fast, would
+it? The viscosity would prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? The viscosity would prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? The viscosity would prevent the
+pencil from falling. And so the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil from falling. And so the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil from falling. And so the atomic
+matter is likewise held in this viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is likewise held in this viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is likewise held in this viscous
+grip of the radiation and prevented from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of the radiation and prevented from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of the radiation and prevented from
+doing much of anything until 380,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing much of anything until 380,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing much of anything until 380,000
+years after the big bang more or less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the big bang more or less.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the big bang more or less.
+Dark matter however is has no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark matter however is has no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark matter however is has no such
+interactions with photons because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with photons because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with photons because we
+haven't seen it. It doesn't scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it. It doesn't scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it. It doesn't scatter
+radiation. The universe would not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation. The universe would not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation. The universe would not be the
+matter would not be dark and transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter would not be dark and transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter would not be dark and transparent
+if it scattered radiation. So the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it scattered radiation. So the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it scattered radiation. So the dark
+matter is free to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is free to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is free to begin
+clustering under gravity at much earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering under gravity at much earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering under gravity at much earlier
+times. And for about 20 years, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. And for about 20 years, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. And for about 20 years, we've
+recognized that it's a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that it's a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that it's a crucial
+ingredient of a successful theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of a successful theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of a successful theory of
+galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation. I probably don't need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. I probably don't need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. I probably don't need to uh
+review for this class, but I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for this class, but I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for this class, but I'll do it
+anyway. I know that one group is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. I know that one group is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. I know that one group is going
+to be talking about dark matter and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about dark matter and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about dark matter and dark
+energy in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in its
+presentations next week. Dark matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations next week. Dark matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations next week. Dark matter is
+the invisible stuff that gravity draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invisible stuff that gravity draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invisible stuff that gravity draws
+into galaxies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into galaxies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into galaxies.
+Its distribution in space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its distribution in space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its distribution in space is
+clumpy. It has positive mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpy. It has positive mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpy. It has positive mass and
+negligible pressure. So, it's a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible pressure. So, it's a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible pressure. So, it's a source
+of attractive gravity. It's detected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attractive gravity. It's detected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attractive gravity. It's detected so
+far only by its gravitational effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far only by its gravitational effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far only by its gravitational effects on
+galaxies or on light rays that pass by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies or on light rays that pass by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies or on light rays that pass by
+galaxies through gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies through gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies through gravitational
+lensing or on the gas in clusters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lensing or on the gas in clusters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lensing or on the gas in clusters of
+galaxies. And we have a good idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. And we have a good idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. And we have a good idea of
+what it could be. There are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be. There are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be. There are two
+elementary particles that physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles that physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particles that physicists
+would like to think exist quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to think exist quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to think exist quite
+independently of the cosmological needs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the cosmological needs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the cosmological needs.
+They're particles called the axion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're particles called the axion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're particles called the axion and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+neutralino. In fact, I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralino. In fact, I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralino. In fact, I would be
+surprised if there is only one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if there is only one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if there is only one type of
+dark matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter.
+I would be surprised if there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be surprised if there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be surprised if there's only one
+type of dark matter because the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of dark matter because the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of dark matter because the physics
+needs for these two particles to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs for these two particles to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs for these two particles to exist
+in particle physics models is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particle physics models is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particle physics models is strong
+indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed
+compelling. One experiment may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling. One experiment may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling. One experiment may not be
+enough to find the dark matter all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to find the dark matter all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to find the dark matter all of
+it. Dark energy is also invisible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Dark energy is also invisible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Dark energy is also invisible but
+gravity does not draw it into galaxies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity does not draw it into galaxies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity does not draw it into galaxies.
+It is not the dark matter around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is not the dark matter around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is not the dark matter around
+galaxies. It is smoothly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. It is smoothly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. It is smoothly distributed
+through space as best we can tell. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space as best we can tell. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space as best we can tell. And
+it's a source of repulsive gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a source of repulsive gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a source of repulsive gravity
+instead of attractive gravity. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of attractive gravity. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of attractive gravity. It's
+detected by its gravitational effect not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected by its gravitational effect not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected by its gravitational effect not
+on galaxies but on the overall expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on galaxies but on the overall expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on galaxies but on the overall expansion
+rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the
+universe. And we have some ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And we have some ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. And we have some ideas about
+what it could be, but they're pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be, but they're pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could be, but they're pure
+speculations. Vacuum energy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations. Vacuum energy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations. Vacuum energy,
+cosmological constant, quintessence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant, quintessence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant, quintessence.
+These are all names for possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are all names for possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are all names for possibilities
+that are not compelling by any means. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not compelling by any means. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not compelling by any means. So
+I would be surprised if there is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be surprised if there is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be surprised if there is any
+dark energy at all. But well, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark energy at all. But well, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark energy at all. But well, most
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+surprised. So in a pi diagram format,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised. So in a pi diagram format,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised. So in a pi diagram format,
+here's the composition of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the composition of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the composition of the universe
+as a fraction of all the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of all the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of all the energy in the
+universe today. Dark energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today. Dark energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today. Dark energy
+73%. Dark matter in the form called cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73%. Dark matter in the form called cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73%. Dark matter in the form called cold
+23% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23% and
+atoms 4%. And does that add up to 100%?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms 4%. And does that add up to 100%?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms 4%. And does that add up to 100%?
+I think so. That's the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so. That's the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so. That's the composition
+today. If you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. If you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. If you look at the
+composition 13 billion years ago, almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition 13 billion years ago, almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition 13 billion years ago, almost
+all of it would have been dark matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it would have been dark matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it would have been dark matter.
+Relatively less would have been dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relatively less would have been dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relatively less would have been dark
+energy. The universe has just become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. The universe has just become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. The universe has just become
+dominated by dark energy within the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by dark energy within the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by dark energy within the last
+few billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few billion
+years. Now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Now let's look at the
+fluctuations again and ask how they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations again and ask how they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations again and ask how they go
+from the early universe into forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early universe into forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early universe into forming
+galaxies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies.
+So I show here a small portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I show here a small portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I show here a small portion of the
+fluctuation pattern like that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation pattern like that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation pattern like that we might
+see in the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the microwave
+background. This is the type of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. This is the type of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background. This is the type of pattern
+produced 10^ theus 35 seconds after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced 10^ theus 35 seconds after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced 10^ theus 35 seconds after the
+big bang or so. Oh, one important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang or so. Oh, one important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang or so. Oh, one important thing
+about inflation. A key to its success is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inflation. A key to its success is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inflation. A key to its success is
+that inflation takes microscopic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inflation takes microscopic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inflation takes microscopic regions
+that are far smaller than a proton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are far smaller than a proton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are far smaller than a proton and
+magnifies them so that today they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifies them so that today they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifies them so that today they're
+bigger than our observable universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than our observable universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than our observable universe.
+So these fluctuations on all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these fluctuations on all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these fluctuations on all these
+scales, this might be mega parex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales, this might be mega parex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales, this might be mega parex or
+millions of mega parex or light years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of mega parex or light years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of mega parex or light years
+across in today's universe back at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in today's universe back at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in today's universe back at those
+extraordinarily early times. All of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily early times. All of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily early times. All of this
+was condensed into a size smaller than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was condensed into a size smaller than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was condensed into a size smaller than a
+proton, much smaller than than a proton.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton, much smaller than than a proton.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton, much smaller than than a proton.
+And so subatomic processes could lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so subatomic processes could lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so subatomic processes could lead to
+the fluctuations that now range over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations that now range over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations that now range over
+cosmological scales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological scales.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological scales.
+That sounds amazing, but it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds amazing, but it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds amazing, but it really is
+the prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of
+inflation. Now, let's take this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation. Now, let's take this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation. Now, let's take this pattern
+laid down a fraction of a second after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid down a fraction of a second after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid down a fraction of a second after
+the Big Bang and look at this pattern.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang and look at this pattern.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang and look at this pattern.
+I'm going to show you what the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you what the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you what the same
+pattern looks like 380,000 years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern looks like 380,000 years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern looks like 380,000 years after
+the Big Bang. At the moment, we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang. At the moment, we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang. At the moment, we call
+microwave background decoupling. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background decoupling. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background decoupling. This is
+actually not a picture of the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a picture of the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a picture of the microwave
+background radiation I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now. Something changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Something changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Something changed.
+I'm going to flip back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to flip back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to flip back and forth between
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two. What has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. What has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. What has
+changed and what has stayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same? What's different about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures?
+Resolution. Now, it's not because I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resolution. Now, it's not because I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resolution. Now, it's not because I had
+a poor quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poor quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poor quality
+image program and I couldn't uh couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image program and I couldn't uh couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image program and I couldn't uh couldn't
+make good high oops don't want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good high oops don't want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good high oops don't want to go to
+that one yet. I couldn't make good high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yet. I couldn't make good high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yet. I couldn't make good high
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+images. I said that the fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images. I said that the fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images. I said that the fluctuations in
+the plasma of the universe were sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma of the universe were sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma of the universe were sound
+waves. Sound waves move outwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. Sound waves move outwards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. Sound waves move outwards in
+space. In fact, I want I want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. In fact, I want I want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. In fact, I want I want to find a
+little animation here for you of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little animation here for you of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little animation here for you of of how
+those sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves. See if I can find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. See if I can find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. See if I can find this
+animation. That's not the right one. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. That's not the right one. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. That's not the right one. I'm
+going to bring up another window here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring up another window here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring up another window here
+because there's a cool little animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a cool little animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a cool little animation
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ripples. So, I want to make this full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripples. So, I want to make this full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripples. So, I want to make this full
+screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, this is Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Explorer. Okay, we'll make do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Explorer. Okay, we'll make do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Explorer. Okay, we'll make do with
+Internet Explorer here. Somehow that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Explorer here. Somehow that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet Explorer here. Somehow that got
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So, I'm going to replay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, I'm going to replay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, I'm going to replay this
+animation, but this is showing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation, but this is showing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation, but this is showing how
+fluctuations produced by inflation end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations produced by inflation end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations produced by inflation end
+up being spots in the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being spots in the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being spots in the microwave
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+radiation. And let's replay this here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation. And let's replay this here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation. And let's replay this here.
+So, imagine you have a pond and you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, imagine you have a pond and you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, imagine you have a pond and you drop
+a stone into the pond and it sets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stone into the pond and it sets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stone into the pond and it sets out
+sets some waves into motion. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets some waves into motion. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets some waves into motion. I'm not
+sure what that pond is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what that pond is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what that pond is supposed to
+be. Okay, now drop a lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Okay, now drop a lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Okay, now drop a lots of
+stones. Each of them makes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones. Each of them makes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones. Each of them makes a little
+pattern that spreads out and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that spreads out and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that spreads out and and then
+this has been false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been false
+colorcoded and is it's shown you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded and is it's shown you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded and is it's shown you how
+this can be a small piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be a small piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be a small piece of the
+microwave background sky. All of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background sky. All of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background sky. All of this
+stuff is the fluff. What was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is the fluff. What was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is the fluff. What was important
+was that early stage where you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that early stage where you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that early stage where you saw the
+ripples spreading out from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples spreading out from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples spreading out from the first
+fluctuations. This happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. This happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. This happens with
+inflationary fluctuations. They get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations. They get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations. They get they
+spread outwards like waves in a pond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread outwards like waves in a pond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread outwards like waves in a pond.
+Not water waves but sound waves. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not water waves but sound waves. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not water waves but sound waves. When
+those waves spread out, they smooth out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves spread out, they smooth out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves spread out, they smooth out
+smaller scale small scale ripples into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scale small scale ripples into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scale small scale ripples into
+larger scale ones. And what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale ones. And what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale ones. And what you're
+seeing in this picture is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in this picture is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in this picture is exactly the
+smoothing out of the inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing out of the inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing out of the inflationary
+fluctuations as a result of sound waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations as a result of sound waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations as a result of sound waves
+traveling through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the
+universe. By the time 380,000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. By the time 380,000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. By the time 380,000 years
+after the Big Bang, those sound waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang, those sound waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big Bang, those sound waves
+had traveled a distance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was oh about 380,000 light years, give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oh about 380,000 light years, give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oh about 380,000 light years, give
+or take a factor of a few. but that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take a factor of a few. but that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take a factor of a few. but that same
+order of magnitude and the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude and the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude and the pattern
+you're seeing here is just a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is just a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is just a million
+lighty years across or so. So the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighty years across or so. So the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighty years across or so. So the sound
+waves have done that. They have smoothed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves have done that. They have smoothed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves have done that. They have smoothed
+out the fluctuations. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fluctuations. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fluctuations. These are
+fluctuations it turns out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations it turns out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations it turns out in the
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+potential. Now I'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Now I'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Now I'm going to show you the
+fluctuations in density and density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in density and density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in density and density is
+not quite the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same thing as
+gravitational potential. So it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential. So it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential. So it looks a
+lot more choppy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more choppy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more choppy.
+These were the seed density fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were the seed density fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were the seed density fluctuations
+that produced galaxies in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced galaxies in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced galaxies in a computer
+model. And I'll close this sequence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. And I'll close this sequence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. And I'll close this sequence by
+showing you the computer model positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the computer model positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the computer model positions
+of the dark matter 13 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dark matter 13 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dark matter 13 billion years
+after the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Big
+Bang. There they are. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. There they are. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. There they are. And I'm going to
+go back and forth between these two. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth between these two. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth between these two. And
+I think you can see the correspondence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is false color representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is false color representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is false color representation of
+dark matter. The place where the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter. The place where the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter. The place where the dark
+matter is dense are the brighter colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is dense are the brighter colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is dense are the brighter colors
+red and yellow and white. The place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and yellow and white. The place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and yellow and white. The place
+where it's low density are black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's low density are black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's low density are black and
+blue. And what happened is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. And what happened is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. And what happened is that the
+places that were dense to begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that were dense to begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that were dense to begin with a
+few hundred thousand years after the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred thousand years after the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred thousand years after the big
+bang as I said those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang as I said those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang as I said those places
+gravitational instability could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational instability could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational instability could take
+over and amplify the fluctuations. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and amplify the fluctuations. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and amplify the fluctuations. So
+over there for example over here see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there for example over here see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there for example over here see
+those places where we had white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places where we had white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places where we had white
+before we get strings chains of galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get strings chains of galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get strings chains of galaxies
+or of at least of dark matter. This was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of at least of dark matter. This was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of at least of dark matter. This was
+only from a dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulation. So an outline here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. So an outline here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. So an outline here the
+inflationary fluctuations begin growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations begin growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary fluctuations begin growing
+soon after the big bang. Cold dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the big bang. Cold dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the big bang. Cold dark
+matter fluctuations amplify by gravity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter fluctuations amplify by gravity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter fluctuations amplify by gravity.
+uh how do we get then to galaxies?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we get then to galaxies?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we get then to galaxies?
+Galaxies, the galaxies we see are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxies, the galaxies we see are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxies, the galaxies we see are made
+of stars and gas and dust which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars and gas and dust which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars and gas and dust which are
+atomic matter, not dark matter. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, not dark matter. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, not dark matter. So what
+about the atomic matter? Well, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the atomic matter? Well, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the atomic matter? Well, as I
+mentioned, that's suppressed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, that's suppressed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, that's suppressed by the
+scattering of electrons and photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of electrons and photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of electrons and photons and
+protons and electrons until the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and electrons until the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and electrons until the end of
+the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma
+era, 380,000 years or so after the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era, 380,000 years or so after the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era, 380,000 years or so after the Big
+Bang. And let us see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. And let us see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. And let us see
+what I'm not sure now what animations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not sure now what animations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not sure now what animations I
+put up here. Let me see. Take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up here. Let me see. Take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up here. Let me see. Take a look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one. Me uh magnify this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit. Oops, wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. We're zooming in on a section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We're zooming in on a section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We're zooming in on a section of
+the cosmic microwave background. By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic microwave background. By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic microwave background. By the
+way, I got these beautiful animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, I got these beautiful animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, I got these beautiful animations
+from the WAP website. uh most of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the WAP website. uh most of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the WAP website. uh most of them.
+And here we're seeing the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here we're seeing the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here we're seeing the formation of
+structure in the universe by a NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the universe by a NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the universe by a NASA
+simulation. And I'll play this one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. And I'll play this one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. And I'll play this one again
+because it's very pretty. This one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very pretty. This one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very pretty. This one is
+not real though. see the how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real though. see the how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real though. see the how that
+galaxies kind of look painted on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they but what it is is trying to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they but what it is is trying to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they but what it is is trying to show is
+how the W map satellite here spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the W map satellite here spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the W map satellite here spinning
+around and measuring measuring the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and measuring measuring the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and measuring measuring the sky
+looks back through the galaxies to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks back through the galaxies to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks back through the galaxies to their
+origins in these fluctuations. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in these fluctuations. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in these fluctuations. Let's
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. Imagine going back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Imagine going back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Imagine going back in time to
+when these fluctuations were present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these fluctuations were present.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these fluctuations were present.
+They start as very small ripples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They start as very small ripples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They start as very small ripples in the
+density of dark matter and gas. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dark matter and gas. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dark matter and gas. But
+gravity then amplifies them and after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity then amplifies them and after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity then amplifies them and after a
+while stars form. Whole universe lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while stars form. Whole universe lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while stars form. Whole universe lights
+up like fireworks as the first stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like fireworks as the first stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like fireworks as the first stars
+form. Stars and black holes. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Stars and black holes. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Stars and black holes. Some of
+those brightest spots must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brightest spots must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brightest spots must have been
+quazars turning on in this artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazars turning on in this artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazars turning on in this artist
+rendition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendition.
+So we see when we look out in galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see when we look out in galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see when we look out in galaxies
+the atomic matter in the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic matter in the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic matter in the microwave
+background we see the fluctuations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we see the fluctuations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we see the fluctuations that
+mainly acted on the dark matter that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly acted on the dark matter that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly acted on the dark matter that we
+have a challenge to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a challenge to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a challenge to understand how
+galaxies and dark matter are linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and dark matter are linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and dark matter are linked
+together. Uh wrong one I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Uh wrong one I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Uh wrong one I didn't want
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+window. Here we go. So let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. Here we go. So let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. Here we go. So let's see what
+the second animation is. Oh that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second animation is. Oh that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second animation is. Oh that one
+won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+show. Well, here's the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show. Well, here's the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show. Well, here's the full
+picture. Take a little patch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Take a little patch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Take a little patch of the
+universe and just sit there and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and just sit there and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and just sit there and watch
+galaxy gravity amplifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy gravity amplifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy gravity amplifying the
+fluctuations in dark matter left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in dark matter left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in dark matter left over
+from the big bang. And what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the big bang. And what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the big bang. And what you might
+see perhaps would look like this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perhaps would look like this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see perhaps would look like this. This
+is a computer simulation of of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a computer simulation of of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a computer simulation of of dark
+matter clumping under gravity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter clumping under gravity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter clumping under gravity.
+So the white means that the dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the white means that the dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the white means that the dark matter
+is very dense and it looks a bit bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very dense and it looks a bit bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very dense and it looks a bit bit
+like a swarm of bees all swarming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a swarm of bees all swarming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a swarm of bees all swarming
+angrily and the swarms cluster together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrily and the swarms cluster together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrily and the swarms cluster together.
+That's gravity drawing in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's gravity drawing in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's gravity drawing in the dark
+matter. The only force in that animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. The only force in that animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. The only force in that animation
+is gravity. Let's look at that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gravity. Let's look at that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gravity. Let's look at that once
+more. It starts out all white. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. It starts out all white. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. It starts out all white. The
+universe was dense. See this tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was dense. See this tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was dense. See this tremendous
+expansion at the beginning? That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at the beginning? That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at the beginning? That's the
+expansion of the universe. The universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe. The universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe. The universe
+is out to here by now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out to here by now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out to here by now.
+and it's continuing. I suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's continuing. I suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's continuing. I suppose the
+universe is bigger than the room by now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is bigger than the room by now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is bigger than the room by now.
+I'm just focusing on this little portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just focusing on this little portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just focusing on this little portion
+to watch the formation of what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the formation of what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the formation of what might
+become a group of galaxies in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a group of galaxies in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a group of galaxies in the real
+universe through a process very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe through a process very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe through a process very much
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+So all these little condensations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all these little condensations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all these little condensations are
+places where the dark matter has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the dark matter has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the dark matter has been
+drawn together by gravity and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn together by gravity and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn together by gravity and they
+started out as quantum fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as quantum fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as quantum fluctuations in
+the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+universe according to our models and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe according to our models and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe according to our models and as
+best we can tell from the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can tell from the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can tell from the universe
+itself. Here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Here's another
+animation. This shows side by side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. This shows side by side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. This shows side by side the
+dark matter and atomic matter hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter and atomic matter hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter and atomic matter hydrogen
+gas in a simulation of a galaxy forming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in a simulation of a galaxy forming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in a simulation of a galaxy forming.
+This is lovely simulation was produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is lovely simulation was produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is lovely simulation was produced
+by Matias Steinmets, a researcher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Matias Steinmets, a researcher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Matias Steinmets, a researcher in
+Germany. The dark matter swirls around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. The dark matter swirls around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. The dark matter swirls around
+like a swarm of bees. And if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a swarm of bees. And if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a swarm of bees. And if you look
+closely at the gas, you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the gas, you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the gas, you'll see a
+swirling disc even with spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling disc even with spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling disc even with spiral
+arms. It's a really lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Our theory, our theoretical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our theory, our theoretical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our theory, our theoretical model
+suppose that the dark matter first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the dark matter first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the dark matter first
+condenses. It has most of the mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses. It has most of the mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses. It has most of the mass and
+most of the gravitational effects. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the gravitational effects. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the gravitational effects. The
+atomic matter, gas, what we call barons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, gas, what we call barons,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, gas, what we call barons,
+falls in and moves a little differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in and moves a little differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in and moves a little differently
+because dark matter particles can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dark matter particles can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dark matter particles can pass
+right through each other. They don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through each other. They don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through each other. They don't
+have any collisional effects. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any collisional effects. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any collisional effects. Whereas
+gas cannot pass through itself. gas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cannot pass through itself. gas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cannot pass through itself. gas will
+flatten into a disc, rotate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten into a disc, rotate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten into a disc, rotate and
+shock, forming, for example, a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock, forming, for example, a spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock, forming, for example, a spiral
+pattern or forming stars. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or forming stars. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or forming stars. That
+simulation is so pretty. Let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is so pretty. Let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is so pretty. Let's look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+again. See, dark matter is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collapsing. And now we're going to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing. And now we're going to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing. And now we're going to zoom
+in on the cloud of dark matter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the cloud of dark matter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the cloud of dark matter and the
+gas within it. And look, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas within it. And look, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas within it. And look, there's a
+little satellite galaxy there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little satellite galaxy there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little satellite galaxy there that's
+whirling around and it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whirling around and it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whirling around and it's going to get
+stripped apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That happened to our own galaxy. It ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That happened to our own galaxy. It ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That happened to our own galaxy. It ate
+some of its neighbors to get to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its neighbors to get to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its neighbors to get to its
+present state. And it's in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present state. And it's in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present state. And it's in the process
+of eating some of its neighbors. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eating some of its neighbors. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eating some of its neighbors. The
+large Magelanic cloud doesn't have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Magelanic cloud doesn't have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Magelanic cloud doesn't have too
+many billions of years to live before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many billions of years to live before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many billions of years to live before it
+gets swallowed by our galaxy, just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets swallowed by our galaxy, just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets swallowed by our galaxy, just like
+that little Denison did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what have we learned from the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what have we learned from the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what have we learned from the last 10
+years of studies of galaxy dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of studies of galaxy dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of studies of galaxy dynamics and
+of the universe? Well, starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe? Well, starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe? Well, starting from
+inflation in the early universe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the early universe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the early universe,
+galaxies can can form, we believe, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies can can form, we believe, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies can can form, we believe, and
+cluster as observed. But there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster as observed. But there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster as observed. But there are some
+requirements. Most of the matter must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. Most of the matter must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. Most of the matter must be
+dark matter, not atomic matter. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter, not atomic matter. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter, not atomic matter. And the
+total matter, dark plus atomic, can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total matter, dark plus atomic, can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total matter, dark plus atomic, can only
+make up about 30% of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up about 30% of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up about 30% of the critical
+density. This was known long before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. This was known long before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. This was known long before the
+WMAP satellite results were announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WMAP satellite results were announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WMAP satellite results were announced
+earlier this year. This really has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year. This really has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year. This really has been
+the paradigm for about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paradigm for about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paradigm for about 10
+years. The dark matter must be cold. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. The dark matter must be cold. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. The dark matter must be cold. I
+haven't talked much about that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked much about that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked much about that but it
+turns out that uh just as atomic matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh just as atomic matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh just as atomic matter
+has a temperature, dark matter can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature, dark matter can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature, dark matter can have
+a temperature and if the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature and if the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature and if the temperature is
+too hot that suppresses the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot that suppresses the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot that suppresses the effects of
+gravity being able to collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity being able to collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity being able to collect the
+particles and to form dense clumps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and to form dense clumps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and to form dense clumps and
+the technical requirements that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical requirements that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical requirements that the
+particles must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles must have been
+non-relativistic at these times matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic at these times matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic at these times matter
+era and that excludes therefore nutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and that excludes therefore nutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and that excludes therefore nutrinos
+Uh there are more particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there are more particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there are more particles in the
+universe than protons, electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe than protons, electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe than protons, electrons and
+neutrons. There are lots of photons. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons. There are lots of photons. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons. There are lots of photons. In
+fact, there are about six billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, there are about six billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, there are about six billion
+photons for every proton or neutron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons for every proton or neutron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons for every proton or neutron in
+the universe. We know that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe. We know that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe. We know that from the
+microwave background radiation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background radiation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background radiation. And
+there are a comparable number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a comparable number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a comparable number of
+nutrinos to photons. Almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrinos to photons. Almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrinos to photons. Almost the
+same. Nutrinos recently have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Nutrinos recently have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Nutrinos recently have been
+measured or inferred to have a non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or inferred to have a non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or inferred to have a non-zero
+mass. So nutrinos make up some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So nutrinos make up some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So nutrinos make up some of the
+mass of the universe, but they make up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the universe, but they make up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the universe, but they make up a
+very small fraction, far less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small fraction, far less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small fraction, far less than the
+atomic matter, we think, or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, we think, or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic matter, we think, or at least
+less, somewhat less than the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less, somewhat less than the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less, somewhat less than the atomic
+matter. We're not completely sure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. We're not completely sure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. We're not completely sure of the
+masses of the nutrinos, only of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the nutrinos, only of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the nutrinos, only of mass
+differences between different nutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between different nutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between different nutrino
+types. But we know from the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types. But we know from the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types. But we know from the physics of
+nutrinos that the dark matter cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrinos that the dark matter cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrinos that the dark matter cannot be
+the nutrinos. Dark matter has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrinos. Dark matter has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrinos. Dark matter has to be
+something else. And as I've mentioned,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. And as I've mentioned,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. And as I've mentioned,
+there are actually two quite compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually two quite compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually two quite compelling
+candidates from particle physics called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates from particle physics called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates from particle physics called
+the axion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutralino. Well, we haven't answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralino. Well, we haven't answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralino. Well, we haven't answered
+all the questions yet about structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions yet about structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions yet about structure
+formation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in the
+universe. I suppose the top questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. I suppose the top questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. I suppose the top questions
+for study in the next decade or so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for study in the next decade or so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for study in the next decade or so will
+be what is the dark matter? Will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what is the dark matter? Will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what is the dark matter? Will it be
+discovered in laboratory experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in laboratory experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in laboratory experiments
+this decade? I think it probably will.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decade? I think it probably will.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decade? I think it probably will.
+I'm I'm hopeful. If not in small-cale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hopeful. If not in small-cale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hopeful. If not in small-cale
+experiments, then perhaps at the Large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments, then perhaps at the Large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments, then perhaps at the Large
+Hadron Collider in CERN, which will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hadron Collider in CERN, which will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hadron Collider in CERN, which will turn
+on starting around 2007 or so, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on starting around 2007 or so, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on starting around 2007 or so, and
+search for a new physics called super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a new physics called super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a new physics called super
+symmetry. These could be super symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry. These could be super symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry. These could be super symmetric
+particles. What is the dark energy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. What is the dark energy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. What is the dark energy?
+That's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a big
+mystery. Not even what is it, but or why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery. Not even what is it, but or why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery. Not even what is it, but or why
+is it there, but why is its abundance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it there, but why is its abundance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it there, but why is its abundance so
+close to that of dark matter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that of dark matter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that of dark matter?
+Now, you'd say, well, it's three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you'd say, well, it's three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you'd say, well, it's three times
+the abundance of dark matter. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundance of dark matter. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundance of dark matter. That
+doesn't sound very close. But remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very close. But remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very close. But remember
+that the ratios of dark energy and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratios of dark energy and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratios of dark energy and dark
+matter change with change with red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter change with change with red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter change with change with red
+shift. They redshift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift. They redshift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift. They redshift
+differently. And so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. And so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. And so that means that the
+dark energy and the dark matter were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark energy and the dark matter were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark energy and the dark matter were
+about the same a few billion years ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same a few billion years ago.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same a few billion years ago.
+Now if you think of all the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you think of all the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you think of all the length of
+time from big bang to trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from big bang to trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from big bang to trillions of
+years, why is it that the dark energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, why is it that the dark energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, why is it that the dark energy
+has become comparable to all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become comparable to all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become comparable to all the rest of
+the energy in the universe just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in the universe just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in the universe just about
+when the sun was born? I think we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun was born? I think we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun was born? I think we had a
+problem set asking was it before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set asking was it before or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set asking was it before or
+after the sun formed but pretty close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the sun formed but pretty close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the sun formed but pretty close.
+Why why do we live in such a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why why do we live in such a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why why do we live in such a special
+time that the dark energy has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the dark energy has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the dark energy has just
+become important now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important now?
+I don't know. That is one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. That is one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. That is one of the big
+mysteries of physics and it bothers me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries of physics and it bothers me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries of physics and it bothers me.
+It bothers a lot of people why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It bothers a lot of people why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It bothers a lot of people why this
+should be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be.
+So, can we understand the astrophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can we understand the astrophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can we understand the astrophysical
+details of galaxy formation? I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of galaxy formation? I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of galaxy formation? I showed
+you computer models, computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you computer models, computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you computer models, computer
+simulations. The physics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. The physics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. The physics that
+underlies especially the star formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies especially the star formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies especially the star formation
+in those simulations is hideously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those simulations is hideously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those simulations is hideously
+complicated and very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and very difficult to
+simulate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate.
+So we don't actually know that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't actually know that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't actually know that much
+about the details of galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details of galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details of galaxy
+formation. There are outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. There are outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. There are outstanding
+questions about the sizes and shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the sizes and shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the sizes and shapes of
+galaxies and the dark matter clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and the dark matter clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and the dark matter clouds
+around them. There are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them. There are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them. There are lots of
+outstanding questions about how and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding questions about how and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding questions about how and when
+stars formed and also black holes super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars formed and also black holes super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars formed and also black holes super
+massive black holes in the centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive black holes in the centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive black holes in the centers of
+galaxies and of course the lower mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and of course the lower mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and of course the lower mass
+black holes that we see accreing in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes that we see accreing in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes that we see accreing in our
+own galaxy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's the end of the presentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the end of the presentation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the end of the presentation.
+Thank you very much for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attention. And if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. And if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. And if you have any
+questions, I'll be happy to take them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dark matter
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+matter for the galaxy. You know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for the galaxy. You know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for the galaxy. You know, it's
+supposed to be flat as you go further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be flat as you go further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be flat as you go further
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, this computer simulation really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this computer simulation really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this computer simulation really
+doesn't have the resolution to say very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the resolution to say very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the resolution to say very
+much about the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the rotation
+curve. The gas is modeled using discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. The gas is modeled using discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. The gas is modeled using discrete
+particles. You can see the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. You can see the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. You can see the particles
+whirling around. And there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whirling around. And there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whirling around. And there are a few
+thousand particles of gas here. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand particles of gas here. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand particles of gas here. Maybe
+10,000, but I think not even so many.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000, but I think not even so many.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000, but I think not even so many.
+So the details are only crudely modeled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the details are only crudely modeled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the details are only crudely modeled.
+Um the simulation does show actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the simulation does show actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the simulation does show actually a
+problem that what tends to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that what tends to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that what tends to happen in
+this cold dark matter model is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cold dark matter model is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cold dark matter model is that the
+gas condenses more than it should. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas condenses more than it should. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas condenses more than it should. The
+gas discs of galaxies are too small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas discs of galaxies are too small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas discs of galaxies are too small in
+these models compared with reality. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models compared with reality. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models compared with reality. Now
+most people think that that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think that that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think that that's a problem
+with the simulations and not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simulations and not a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simulations and not a problem
+with reality or a problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reality or a problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reality or a problem with the
+physics. But until we can use many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. But until we can use many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. But until we can use many more
+particles or different computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or different computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or different computer
+algorithms or somehow model the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or somehow model the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or somehow model the physics
+better, we won't be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, we won't be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, we won't be completely
+sure. So the galaxy rotation curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. So the galaxy rotation curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. So the galaxy rotation curves are
+still kind of one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of one of those
+unresolved questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah well the so the size of galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah well the so the size of galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah well the so the size of galaxies
+depends a whole lot on this atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a whole lot on this atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a whole lot on this atomic
+physics and star formation related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and star formation related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and star formation related
+processes that is really too hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that is really too hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that is really too hard to do
+completely right from first principles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right from first principles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right from first principles.
+So people have to use some approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people have to use some approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people have to use some approximate
+treatments of the gas dynamics and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of the gas dynamics and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of the gas dynamics and that
+means that uh it's hard to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh it's hard to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh it's hard to predict the
+size distribution of galaxies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distribution of galaxies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distribution of galaxies because
+you have to the physics is too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to the physics is too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to the physics is too hard to
+do a completely accurate calculation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a completely accurate calculation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a completely accurate calculation. So
+you have to build in the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to build in the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to build in the size
+distribution if you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you want to make sure
+your calculation is at least giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculation is at least giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculation is at least giving you
+plausible answers and that's bad. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible answers and that's bad. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible answers and that's bad. That
+means that we don't have predictive much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we don't have predictive much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we don't have predictive much
+predictive power with the simulations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power with the simulations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power with the simulations at
+least not as much yet as we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not as much yet as we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not as much yet as we would
+like. There's lots of work left to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. There's lots of work left to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. There's lots of work left to be
+done in this field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Understood you to say that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understood you to say that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understood you to say that we might
+detect dark matter but we won't detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect dark matter but we won't detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect dark matter but we won't detect
+dark energy. Is that because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusive? Well, we only have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive? Well, we only have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive? Well, we only have a theory
+about what it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is.
+Well, uh, one should never say never,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, one should never say never,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, one should never say never,
+but I'll stick my neck out and say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll stick my neck out and say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll stick my neck out and say we
+will never observe directly the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never observe directly the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never observe directly the dark
+energy. I'll make a categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. I'll make a categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. I'll make a categorical
+statement. I just don't believe we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. I just don't believe we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. I just don't believe we ever
+will because whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because whatever it
+is, it it's not anything like standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, it it's not anything like standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, it it's not anything like standard
+particles that would collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that would collide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that would collide with
+anything in your detector. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in your detector. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in your detector. So, I'm
+afraid that we'll only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that we'll only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that we'll only
+have theories for the dark energy. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theories for the dark energy. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theories for the dark energy. Maybe
+we'll learn enough from astronomy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn enough from astronomy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn enough from astronomy that
+we can narrow down those theories to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can narrow down those theories to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can narrow down those theories to a
+very small set. Perhaps even a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small set. Perhaps even a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small set. Perhaps even a unique
+theory, but discover it in a laboratory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, but discover it in a laboratory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, but discover it in a laboratory.
+I don't think so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The dark energy has some gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The dark energy has some gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The dark energy has some gravitational
+attraction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction.
+Holes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holes be
+Uh well that's a good question and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well that's a good question and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well that's a good question and I
+have to be careful uh since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful uh since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful uh since it's a
+technical question and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question and I don't want to
+speak wrongly. It can't be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak wrongly. It can't be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak wrongly. It can't be captured by
+black holes in the way that normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the way that normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes in the way that normal
+matter can because remember the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter can because remember the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter can because remember the dark
+energy doesn't clump. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't clump. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't clump. It's
+smooth. The dark what's more if the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth. The dark what's more if the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth. The dark what's more if the dark
+energy is a cosmological constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a cosmological constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a cosmological constant you
+cannot even clump it even by the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot even clump it even by the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot even clump it even by the gravity
+of a black hole. It's still smooth even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a black hole. It's still smooth even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a black hole. It's still smooth even
+in the presence of a black hole. So no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of a black hole. So no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of a black hole. So no,
+if it's a cosmological constant, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a cosmological constant, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a cosmological constant, it
+cannot be captured by a black hole. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be captured by a black hole. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be captured by a black hole. If
+it's not a cosmological constant, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cosmological constant, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cosmological constant, but
+some form of dark energy or quintessence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of dark energy or quintessence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of dark energy or quintessence
+field, perhaps it can be captured by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, perhaps it can be captured by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, perhaps it can be captured by a
+black hole. I don't know enough. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole. I don't know enough. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole. I don't know enough. That
+would depend on the model and I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend on the model and I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend on the model and I I can't
+tell you the details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the details.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the details.
+What are theories relating to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something about recently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, the idea has been around since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the idea has been around since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the idea has been around since
+1917, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917, right?
+But that's Einstein's cosmological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's Einstein's cosmological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's Einstein's cosmological
+constant. Now, Einstein introduced it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Now, Einstein introduced it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Now, Einstein introduced it as
+a term in his equations to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term in his equations to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term in his equations to stop the
+universe from expanding. That was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe from expanding. That was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe from expanding. That was a
+pretty foolish thing in hindsight. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty foolish thing in hindsight. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty foolish thing in hindsight. It
+didn't have another interpretation until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have another interpretation until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have another interpretation until
+the 1960s when the Russian cosm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s when the Russian cosm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s when the Russian cosm
+cosmologist Zeldovich pointed out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmologist Zeldovich pointed out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmologist Zeldovich pointed out that
+the what we call vacuum fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call vacuum fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call vacuum fluctuations in
+particle physics would behave exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics would behave exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics would behave exactly
+like Einstein's cosmological constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now between 1929 when Hubble discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now between 1929 when Hubble discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now between 1929 when Hubble discovered
+the expansion of the universe and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the universe and about
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1990 the cosmological constant was out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 the cosmological constant was out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 the cosmological constant was out
+of fashion. Einstein called it his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fashion. Einstein called it his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fashion. Einstein called it his
+biggest blunder. So who am I?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest blunder. So who am I?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest blunder. So who am I?
+Cosmologists would say to invoke it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmologists would say to invoke it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmologists would say to invoke it.
+There didn't seem to be any reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There didn't seem to be any reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There didn't seem to be any reason to
+consider the cosmological concept.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cosmological concept.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cosmological concept.
+Things started changing though in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things started changing though in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things started changing though in the
+'9s when uh the evidence accumulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'9s when uh the evidence accumulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'9s when uh the evidence accumulated
+that the dark matter and atomic matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dark matter and atomic matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dark matter and atomic matter
+did not have enough to clo density to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have enough to clo density to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have enough to clo density to
+close the universe and yet there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the universe and yet there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the universe and yet there was
+theoretical support from inflation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical support from inflation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical support from inflation that
+the total density should equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total density should equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total density should equal the
+critical density. So some bold pe bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical density. So some bold pe bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical density. So some bold pe bold
+physicists in the middle 1990s proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the middle 1990s proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the middle 1990s proposed
+resurrected if you like the dark energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurrected if you like the dark energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurrected if you like the dark energy
+the cosmological constant. Even so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmological constant. Even so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmological constant. Even so it
+wasn't taken very seriously until 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't taken very seriously until 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't taken very seriously until 1998
+when two groups of astronomers looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two groups of astronomers looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two groups of astronomers looking
+at distant supernovi published their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distant supernovi published their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distant supernovi published their
+astonishing discovery that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing discovery that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing discovery that that the
+universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is
+accelerating. And since that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating. And since that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating. And since that
+time, it's been difficult to argue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, it's been difficult to argue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, it's been difficult to argue with
+the conclusion that dark energy makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that dark energy makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that dark energy makes up
+most of the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universe. So we don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So we don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So we don't know what it is
+and we haven't known about it for really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't known about it for really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't known about it for really
+seriously for very long at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously for very long at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously for very long at all.
+Ted, the dark matter experiment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it is possible that the dark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is possible that the dark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is possible that the dark that
+these particle ideas for dark matter are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particle ideas for dark matter are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particle ideas for dark matter are
+wrong and the dark matter could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the dark matter could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and the dark matter could be
+something that has no interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has no interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has no interactions
+except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+gravity. Theorists are very clever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. Theorists are very clever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity. Theorists are very clever and
+they make models. Parallel universes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make models. Parallel universes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make models. Parallel universes,
+shadow matter. There are various names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow matter. There are various names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow matter. There are various names
+for matter that would interact only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matter that would interact only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matter that would interact only by
+gravity with matter in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity with matter in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity with matter in our
+universe. But I personally feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. But I personally feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. But I personally feel that
+those are contrived.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are contrived.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are contrived.
+Um there is no reason to invoke parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there is no reason to invoke parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there is no reason to invoke parallel
+universes or shadow matter to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes or shadow matter to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes or shadow matter to account
+for the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dark
+matter. There are very good arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. There are very good arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. There are very good arguments
+for particles called axons which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particles called axons which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particles called axons which can
+solve problems in quantum chromodnamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems in quantum chromodnamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems in quantum chromodnamics
+the theory of quirks of how quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of quirks of how quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of quirks of how quarks
+interact and for super symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and for super symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and for super symmetry and
+super symmetric particles. So in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetric particles. So in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetric particles. So in fact I
+would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that
+uh it is likely many physicists would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is likely many physicists would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is likely many physicists would
+agree it is likely that at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree it is likely that at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree it is likely that at least one
+perhaps both of those particles will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps both of those particles will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps both of those particles will be
+discovered in the next decade due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in the next decade due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in the next decade due to
+their interactions with ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interactions with ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interactions with ordinary
+matter. Perhaps in 10 years I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Perhaps in 10 years I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Perhaps in 10 years I'll be
+proven to be wrong and then I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be wrong and then I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be wrong and then I will be
+happy. I'll be even happier if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. I'll be even happier if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. I'll be even happier if I'm
+proven to be right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be right.
+You assume that go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You assume that go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You assume that go back
+simulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, those interactions are so weak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, those interactions are so weak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, those interactions are so weak that
+they would have virtually no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have virtually no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have virtually no effect
+whatsoever on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever on the
+simulations. There was a, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. There was a, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. There was a, you know, the
+Boston Globe has a science section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Globe has a science section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Globe has a science section on
+Tuesdays and there is a science writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays and there is a science writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays and there is a science writer
+named Chad Ramo who writes a column.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Chad Ramo who writes a column.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Chad Ramo who writes a column.
+Last Tuesday, a week ago, he wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last Tuesday, a week ago, he wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last Tuesday, a week ago, he wrote a
+column about dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column about dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column about dark
+matter. You might want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. You might want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. You might want to go back to
+your Boston Globe and and see it. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Boston Globe and and see it. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Boston Globe and and see it. He
+kind of poked fund at the cosmologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of poked fund at the cosmologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of poked fund at the cosmologists
+who who think that dark matter exists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who think that dark matter exists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who think that dark matter exists,
+but they really have not much evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they really have not much evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they really have not much evidence
+to back it up. Actually, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back it up. Actually, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back it up. Actually, I would
+disagree with Ramo. I think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with Ramo. I think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with Ramo. I think that there's
+a lot of evidence for dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of evidence for dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of evidence for dark
+matter. I don't mind being poked fun at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. I don't mind being poked fun at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. I don't mind being poked fun at
+though.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though.
+He also said dark matter was 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also said dark matter was 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also said dark matter was 90% of the
+universe. So I sent him an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So I sent him an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So I sent him an
+email complaining about that. What was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email complaining about that. What was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email complaining about that. What was
+his response?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his response?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his response?
+Well, I he asked me more questions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I he asked me more questions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I he asked me more questions and I
+told him to go to the W mapite and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him to go to the W mapite and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him to go to the W mapite and I
+haven't heard from him since.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He's a fine writer, but if you write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a fine writer, but if you write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a fine writer, but if you write for
+the newspaper, get your facts right. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper, get your facts right. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper, get your facts right. Oh,
+he is very good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, thanks everyone. I want us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, thanks everyone. I want us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, thanks everyone. I want us
+to appreciate Mike Leonchini who's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appreciate Mike Leonchini who's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appreciate Mike Leonchini who's never
+made a mistake during any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake during any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake during any of these
+things and always gotten everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and always gotten everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and always gotten everything to
+work. So, thank you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mike. And it's going to be time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike. And it's going to be time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike. And it's going to be time for the
+rest of you to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nBDFbsq10To.txt b/nBDFbsq10To.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ea6e308cea8852810ccaae56bbc3c1338568788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nBDFbsq10To.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+Hello everyone, I'm Sushil Bharati from Nepal.
+
+Hello my name is Chris Marchand.
+
+My name is Srinivasan, I'm from Bangalore, India.
+
+My name is Abbas Jaffary, I'm an adjunct mathematics
+instructor at Morraine Valley Community College.
+
+I first learned about OCW when I was in high
+school. And I remembered looking at it and
+
+just thinking about how great all of MIT's
+classes seemed.
+
+I have seen news about OpenCourseWare in the
+internet. Then I fell in love with it.
+
+My first reaction when I read about OCW was...wow
+it can't be true. It's too good to be true
+
+as a matter of fact.
+
+The resources online, you'd be amazed at what
+kids would be interested in learning if you
+
+just show them a little bit about prime numbers
+or areas or tangent lines.
+
+When I first realized that the MIT course
+content was free for students i was like...wow
+
+this is amazing.
+
+You can't put a value on the lectures, because
+it's just absolutely invaluable.
+
+And it was something that really just made me want
+to go to MIT.
+
+I've always admired MIT as an institution
+and I said okay this is what the kids over
+
+there are doing, this is what instructors
+are doing. We can all do this, just pay attention,
+
+look at what's going on.
+
+Thank you MIT.
+
+For opening your books.
+
+For opening your doors.
+
+For opening your hearts.
+
+I am course 6.867 Machine Learning.
+
+I am course 1801.
+
+I am 18.06 Linear Algebra.
+
+You may not know me.
+
+I know you may not know me.
+
+But I am your student.
+
+But I am your student.
+
+And you are my professor.
+
+And you are my professor.
+
+So thank you.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oY0ItxI9xTk.txt b/oY0ItxI9xTk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4567791900c909a98e2be24bcf6df0c2ec2ff6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oY0ItxI9xTk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today we're going to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to emphasize the
+role of power Series in the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of power Series in the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of power Series in the solution of
+linear differential equations and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations and let me
+just say at the outset that we have paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say at the outset that we have paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say at the outset that we have paid
+no attention to nonlinear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no attention to nonlinear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no attention to nonlinear differential
+equations in this course and we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in this course and we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in this course and we won't
+pay any attention to the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay any attention to the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay any attention to the nonlinear
+equation simply because the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation simply because the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation simply because the nonlinear
+equation is very very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very very difficult to
+handle we usually tackle it only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle we usually tackle it only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle we usually tackle it only by
+special cases and even of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases and even of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases and even of more
+importance most of the problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance most of the problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance most of the problems that we
+have to tackle are at least reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tackle are at least reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tackle are at least reasonably
+well approximated by linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well approximated by linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well approximated by linear differential
+equations now what I'd like to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now what I'd like to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now what I'd like to do before
+we launch into Power Series today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we launch into Power Series today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we launch into Power Series today is to
+pull together everything that we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull together everything that we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull together everything that we've said
+so far about linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far about linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far about linear differential
+equations and rather than to drwn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and rather than to drwn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and rather than to drwn on
+here saying that I thought that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here saying that I thought that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here saying that I thought that I would
+write the summary on the board and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the summary on the board and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the summary on the board and we
+could go through this fairly rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through this fairly rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through this fairly rapidly
+together at any rate the lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at any rate the lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at any rate the lecture for
+today is power series Solutions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is power series Solutions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is power series Solutions but the
+summary today is this given the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary today is this given the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary today is this given the general
+linear differential equation L of yal f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation L of yal f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation L of yal f
+ofx with non- constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx with non- constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx with non- constant
+coefficients this equation always has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients this equation always has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients this equation always has a
+general solution provided p q and F are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution provided p q and F are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution provided p q and F are
+continuous not only does the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous not only does the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous not only does the solution
+exist but the solution is always given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but the solution is always given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but the solution is always given
+by y subh plus Y subp where Y subh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y subh plus Y subp where Y subh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y subh plus Y subp where Y subh is
+the general solution of L of y equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution of L of y equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution of L of y equal 0
+and Y subp is any solution in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y subp is any solution in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y subp is any solution in other
+words a particular solution of L of yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a particular solution of L of yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a particular solution of L of yal
+F ofx and then you see the rest of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx and then you see the rest of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx and then you see the rest of our
+study has been how do you find Y subh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study has been how do you find Y subh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study has been how do you find Y subh
+and how do you find y sub P the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you find y sub P the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you find y sub P the point is
+it's very easy to find y subh if L suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to find y subh if L suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to find y subh if L suby
+has constant coefficients that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant coefficients that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant coefficients that was the
+first case that we tackled if L of Y has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case that we tackled if L of Y has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case that we tackled if L of Y has
+constant coefficient then y subh has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient then y subh has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient then y subh has one
+of these three forms depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three forms depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three forms depending on what
+this is the case that holds if the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case that holds if the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case that holds if the roots
+of the characteristic equation are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the characteristic equation are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the characteristic equation are real
+and unequal this is the form that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unequal this is the form that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unequal this is the form that holds
+if the roots are real but equal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the roots are real but equal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the roots are real but equal and this
+is the equation that holds if the reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation that holds if the reals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation that holds if the reals
+are nonre if the roots are non-real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonre if the roots are non-real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonre if the roots are non-real
+where Alpha is the real part of the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is the real part of the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is the real part of the root
+and beta is the imaginary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is the imaginary part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is the imaginary part of the
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+okay as far as y subp was concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as far as y subp was concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as far as y subp was concerned
+recall that the method of undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the method of undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the method of undetermined
+coefficients yields y subp when L of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yields y subp when L of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yields y subp when L of Y
+has constant coefficients and when F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant coefficients and when F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant coefficients and when F ofx
+has the very special form e to the MX or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the very special form e to the MX or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the very special form e to the MX or
+x to the N or cosine MX or sin MX we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the N or cosine MX or sin MX we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the N or cosine MX or sin MX we
+then turned our attention to variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turned our attention to variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turned our attention to variation
+of parameters and the key point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and the key point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and the key point about
+variation of parameters was that by use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters was that by use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters was that by use
+of variation of parameters we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of parameters we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of parameters we could
+always obtain a y subp when y subh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obtain a y subp when y subh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obtain a y subp when y subh was
+known by the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+notice that if what if we are dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if what if we are dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if what if we are dealing
+with constant coefficients then we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant coefficients then we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant coefficients then we do
+know y subh that's what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know y subh that's what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know y subh that's what we were just
+talking about earlier so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier so in particular
+the variation of parameters method will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation of parameters method will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation of parameters method will
+work whenever we have uh constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work whenever we have uh constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work whenever we have uh constant
+coefficients because we know Y subh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because we know Y subh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because we know Y subh in
+that case but quite in general you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but quite in general you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but quite in general you see
+even if the coefficients aren't constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the coefficients aren't constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the coefficients aren't constant
+variation of parameters works and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters works and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters works and in
+fact once we know y sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact once we know y sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact once we know y sub
+H say Y subh is C1 U1 plus C2 U2 then Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H say Y subh is C1 U1 plus C2 U2 then Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H say Y subh is C1 U1 plus C2 U2 then Y
+subp is G1 U1 + G2 U2 where G1 Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp is G1 U1 + G2 U2 where G1 Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp is G1 U1 + G2 U2 where G1 Prime and
+G2 Prime satisfy this pair of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime satisfy this pair of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime satisfy this pair of equations
+the other important thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing about
+variation of parameters was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters was that it
+reduces the order of L of y equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the order of L of y equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the order of L of y equals z
+once one solution of the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once one solution of the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once one solution of the equation is
+known and that you see completes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and that you see completes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and that you see completes our
+summary what we want to tackle next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what we want to tackle next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what we want to tackle next is
+what's still lacking and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's still lacking and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's still lacking and that is that
+the success of the method known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the success of the method known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the success of the method known as
+variation of parameters hinges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters hinges on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters hinges on the
+fact that we have the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have the general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have the general solution
+of the homogeneous equation in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homogeneous equation in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homogeneous equation in other
+words our next problem is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words our next problem is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words our next problem is to find the
+general solution of L of y equals z when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of L of y equals z when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of L of y equals z when
+the coefficients are not constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients are not constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients are not constant in
+other words if I can find this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I can find this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I can find this General
+solution of L of Y equals z when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of Y equals z when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of Y equals z when
+coefficients are not constant then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not constant then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not constant then you
+see I can use the method of variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can use the method of variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can use the method of variation of
+parameters which always yields y subp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which always yields y subp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which always yields y subp
+once Y subh is known to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Y subh is known to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Y subh is known to find the
+particular solution then y subp plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution then y subp plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution then y subp plus y
+subh will be my general solution at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh will be my general solution at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh will be my general solution at any
+rate it's into this environment that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's into this environment that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's into this environment that we
+introduce the concept of power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the concept of power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the concept of power series
+and the key theorem in using power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key theorem in using power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key theorem in using power
+series is this let's suppose that P of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is this let's suppose that P of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is this let's suppose that P of x
+and q ofx are analytic and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q ofx are analytic and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q ofx are analytic and by the way
+I've used that word for complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used that word for complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used that word for complex valued
+functions analytic meant that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions analytic meant that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions analytic meant that all the
+derivatives existed it meant that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives existed it meant that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives existed it meant that the
+function could be expanded are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be expanded are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be expanded are
+represented by a convergent power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a convergent power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a convergent power series
+that's the meaning of analytic even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the meaning of analytic even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the meaning of analytic even in
+the real case when I say that P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real case when I say that P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real case when I say that P and Q
+are analytic for absolute value of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytic for absolute value of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytic for absolute value of x -
+x0 less than some value R what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 less than some value R what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 less than some value R what I mean is
+that P and Q can be represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P and Q can be represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P and Q can be represented by
+convergent power series for all X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series for all X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series for all X which
+are within R of some fix 6. x0 but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within R of some fix 6. x0 but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within R of some fix 6. x0 but at
+any rate all I'm saying is if p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate all I'm saying is if p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate all I'm saying is if p and Q
+are analytic in this interval then every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytic in this interval then every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytic in this interval then every
+solution of this equation every solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation every solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation every solution
+which exists which is defined at xal x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exists which is defined at xal x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exists which is defined at xal x0
+is itself analytic at least in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself analytic at least in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself analytic at least in the same
+interval that P and Q were analytic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that P and Q were analytic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that P and Q were analytic in
+other words what this means is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what this means is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what this means is that in
+the first part of our review we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of our review we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of our review we said
+look at as long as PQ and F are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at as long as PQ and F are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at as long as PQ and F are
+continuous there will always be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous there will always be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous there will always be a
+General solution now we're going one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution now we're going one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution now we're going one
+step further or maybe several steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further or maybe several steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further or maybe several steps
+further we're saying look it as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we're saying look it as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we're saying look it as long as
+p and Q are not only just continuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and Q are not only just continuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and Q are not only just continuous but
+they also happen to be analytic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also happen to be analytic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also happen to be analytic we can
+not only guarantee that there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only guarantee that there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only guarantee that there'll be a
+general solution but we can GA guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution but we can GA guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution but we can GA guarantee
+more to the point that whatever solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point that whatever solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point that whatever solution
+there is will be found in the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is will be found in the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is will be found in the form of a
+convergent power series and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series and that gives
+us the step that we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the step that we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the step that we need to solve
+problems by this technique now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems by this technique now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems by this technique now what I'm
+going to do is this I am going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is this I am going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is this I am going to start
+with an example that we already knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example that we already knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example that we already knew how
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+solve before first of all notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve before first of all notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve before first of all notice that
+the equation Y Prime + yal 0 first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation Y Prime + yal 0 first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation Y Prime + yal 0 first of
+all has constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has constant
+coefficients and notice the lead in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and notice the lead in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and notice the lead in to
+today's lesson was we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson was we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson was we were going to
+tackle situations where we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle situations where we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle situations where we didn't have
+constant coefficients this does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients this does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients this does have
+constant coefficients and even more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients and even more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients and even more to
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+solution is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is known
+in fact what is the solution here it's y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what is the solution here it's y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what is the solution here it's y
+equal an arbitrary constant time sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal an arbitrary constant time sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal an arbitrary constant time sinx
+plus an arbitrary constant time cosin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an arbitrary constant time cosin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an arbitrary constant time cosin x
+I picked one with constant coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked one with constant coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked one with constant coefficients
+where the solution was known simply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solution was known simply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solution was known simply so
+that we could illustrate what the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could illustrate what the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could illustrate what the method
+is by the way notice that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the way notice that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the way notice that in this
+particular problem P of X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem P of X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem P of X which is the
+coefficient of Y Prime is zero Q ofx the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Y Prime is zero Q ofx the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Y Prime is zero Q ofx the
+coefficient of Y is 1 and certainly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Y is 1 and certainly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Y is 1 and certainly zero
+and one are analytic functions in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one are analytic functions in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one are analytic functions in fact
+their power series The Power series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power series The Power series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power series The Power series for
+is zero and the power series for one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the power series for one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the power series for one is
+one so certainly our coefficients meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so certainly our coefficients meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so certainly our coefficients meet
+the requirement and what we do is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement and what we do is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement and what we do is is we
+start off saying okay if any solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off saying okay if any solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off saying okay if any solution
+exists it must look like a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it must look like a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it must look like a power series
+let's go find it words this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go find it words this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go find it words this is a
+glorified version of undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified version of undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified version of undetermined
+coefficients we say look at let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we say look at let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we say look at let's assume
+that our solution has the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our solution has the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our solution has the form of a
+power Series in other words summation n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series in other words summation n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series in other words summation n
+goes from zero to Infinity a subn x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to Infinity a subn x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to Infinity a subn x to
+the N where all I have to know now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N where all I have to know now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N where all I have to know now are
+the values of the A subn and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the A subn and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the A subn and if you
+don't like the sigma notation here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the sigma notation here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the sigma notation here all
+we're saying is we're trying for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is we're trying for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is we're trying for a
+solution in the form y = a0 + a1x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form y = a0 + a1x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form y = a0 + a1x plus
+A2 x^2 Etc where this series is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 x^2 Etc where this series is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 x^2 Etc where this series is a
+convergent power series and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series and why is
+convergent power series important well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series important well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series important well
+the answer we call from part one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we call from part one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we call from part one of our
+course that in the interval of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that in the interval of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that in the interval of absolute
+of convergence the power series behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence the power series behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence the power series behaves
+precisely like a polinomial we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely like a polinomial we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely like a polinomial we can add
+power series term by term we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series term by term we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series term by term we can
+subtract them term by term we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them term by term we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them term by term we can
+multiply the way we do pols we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the way we do pols we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the way we do pols we can
+integrate term by term we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate term by term we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate term by term we can
+differentiate term by term we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate term by term we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate term by term we can
+arrange rearrange the terms The Way We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange rearrange the terms The Way We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange rearrange the terms The Way We
+Wish Etc other has all of the niceties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wish Etc other has all of the niceties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wish Etc other has all of the niceties
+of a finite polinomial expression at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a finite polinomial expression at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a finite polinomial expression at any
+rate what I then do is is I because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I then do is is I because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I then do is is I because I'm
+assuming this is a convergent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this is a convergent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this is a convergent power
+series I differentiate this thing term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I differentiate this thing term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I differentiate this thing term
+by term and if I differentiate this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by term and if I differentiate this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by term and if I differentiate this uh
+notice what I'm doing I differentiate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what I'm doing I differentiate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what I'm doing I differentiate a
+each term here but because I can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term here but because I can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term here but because I can because
+I can differentiate term by term a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can differentiate term by term a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can differentiate term by term a very
+nice generic way of doing this is notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice generic way of doing this is notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice generic way of doing this is notice
+that this is the nth term the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the nth term the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the nth term the derivative
+of this term would be what n a n x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term would be what n a n x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term would be what n a n x to
+the N minus one n an X the N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus one n an X the N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus one n an X the N minus one
+notice that every time you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that every time you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that every time you differentiate
+a term drops out like when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term drops out like when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term drops out like when I
+differentiate this the a zero term drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this the a zero term drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this the a zero term drops
+out when I differentiate this the A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I differentiate this the A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I differentiate this the A1
+term drops out so what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term drops out so what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term drops out so what I do is I
+differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate
+the general expression inside the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general expression inside the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general expression inside the sigma
+sign and then start the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and then start the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and then start the index of
+summation one up further in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation one up further in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation one up further in other words
+instead of going from zero to Infinity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going from zero to Infinity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going from zero to Infinity I
+now go from one to Infinity in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go from one to Infinity in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go from one to Infinity in a similar
+way y double Prime I differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way y double Prime I differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way y double Prime I differentiate this
+term by term that's n * n -1 * a subn *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term that's n * n -1 * a subn *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term that's n * n -1 * a subn *
+x nus 2 and now my sum goes from 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x nus 2 and now my sum goes from 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x nus 2 and now my sum goes from 2 to
+Infinity that's what I've written over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity that's what I've written over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity that's what I've written over
+here now I'm trying to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm trying to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm trying to find out what the
+A's are equal to I I could actually call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's are equal to I I could actually call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's are equal to I I could actually call
+these y subp see I'm looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these y subp see I'm looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these y subp see I'm looking for a
+particular solution perhaps or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution perhaps or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution perhaps or not
+particular in the sense of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the sense of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the sense of a solution
+but this is a trial maybe it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a trial maybe it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a trial maybe it should have
+been a t over here y subt I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a t over here y subt I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a t over here y subt I'm looking
+for a trial solution over here a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a trial solution over here a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a trial solution over here a trial
+solution I take YT Prime YT plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I take YT Prime YT plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I take YT Prime YT plug it in
+here and see what this means and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see what this means and simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see what this means and simply
+replacing YP Prime by this and Y by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing YP Prime by this and Y by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing YP Prime by this and Y by this
+I see that this is the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that this is the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that this is the equation that
+must be satisfied identically now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be satisfied identically now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be satisfied identically now the
+point is the only way a power series can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the only way a power series can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the only way a power series can
+be identically equal to zero is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically equal to zero is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically equal to zero is if
+coefficient by coefficient the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient by coefficient the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient by coefficient the power
+series is zero now what has me bugged a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is zero now what has me bugged a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is zero now what has me bugged a
+little bit here is that the exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here is that the exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here is that the exponents
+don't match up you see notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match up you see notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match up you see notice that the
+general term here has an exponent n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general term here has an exponent n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general term here has an exponent n and
+the general term here has an exponent n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general term here has an exponent n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general term here has an exponent n
+minus 2 a very nice trick that I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 a very nice trick that I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 a very nice trick that I can use
+here is I say you know why don't I jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I say you know why don't I jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I say you know why don't I jack
+up n by two every place I see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up n by two every place I see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up n by two every place I see it in
+other words let me replace n by n + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words let me replace n by n + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words let me replace n by n + 2
+I'll Jack it up by two and to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Jack it up by two and to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Jack it up by two and to compensate
+for that I'll lower the summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I'll lower the summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I'll lower the summation of
+index the index summation by two every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the index summation by two every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index the index summation by two every
+place I see it now let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I see it now let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I see it now let me show you what
+that means so we don't get too confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means so we don't get too confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means so we don't get too confused
+on that let's suppose I had written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that let's suppose I had written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that let's suppose I had written down
+here summation n goes from 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here summation n goes from 0 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here summation n goes from 0 to Infinity
+a subn this means what a0 plus A1 Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn this means what a0 plus A1 Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn this means what a0 plus A1 Plus
+A2 Etc suppose for some reason I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Etc suppose for some reason I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Etc suppose for some reason I would
+like to either lower or raise the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to either lower or raise the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to either lower or raise the index
+here let's suppose I want to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's suppose I want to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's suppose I want to lower the
+index other words I want each I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index other words I want each I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index other words I want each I want the
+subscript here to be K less than what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here to be K less than what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here to be K less than what it
+was before in other words I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before in other words I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before in other words I'm going to
+replace as subn by a subn minus K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace as subn by a subn minus K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace as subn by a subn minus K I
+claim that all I have to do is start my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that all I have to do is start my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that all I have to do is start my
+counting process at n equals K now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting process at n equals K now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting process at n equals K now
+instead of n equals 0 in fact look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of n equals 0 in fact look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of n equals 0 in fact look what
+this says when K when n is k n minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says when K when n is k n minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says when K when n is k n minus K
+is Zer so the first term here is a0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Zer so the first term here is a0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Zer so the first term here is a0 the
+next term would be k + 1 k + 1 minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term would be k + 1 k + 1 minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term would be k + 1 k + 1 minus K
+is 1 so the next term would be A1 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so the next term would be A1 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so the next term would be A1 Etc
+and this is just another way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just another way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just another way of saying
+this so the idea is if I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is if I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is if I want to get
+this to be an N that means I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be an N that means I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be an N that means I have to
+raise everything by two inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise everything by two inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise everything by two inside the
+summation sign so I will lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation sign so I will lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation sign so I will lower
+everything by two outside the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by two outside the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by two outside the summation
+sign now to do that notice what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now to do that notice what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now to do that notice what that's
+going to do my sum here will now go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do my sum here will now go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do my sum here will now go from
+zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+Infinity this will become n + 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this will become n + 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this will become n + 2 this
+will become n + one you see I'm raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become n + one you see I'm raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become n + one you see I'm raising
+it by two every place I'm seeing an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two every place I'm seeing an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two every place I'm seeing an N
+I'm replacing it by n + 2 this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm replacing it by n + 2 this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm replacing it by n + 2 this becomes a
+subn + 2 and this will become n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 and this will become n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 and this will become n in
+summary then this expression is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary then this expression is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary then this expression is the same
+as summation n goes from 0 to Infinity n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as summation n goes from 0 to Infinity n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as summation n goes from 0 to Infinity n
++ 2 * n + 1 a subn + 2 x the N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * n + 1 a subn + 2 x the N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * n + 1 a subn + 2 x the N plus
+summation n goes from 0 to Infinity a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation n goes from 0 to Infinity a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation n goes from 0 to Infinity a n
+x to the n and that must be identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n and that must be identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the n and that must be identically
+zero now the point is that the exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the point is that the exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the point is that the exponents
+now line up I'm starting the sum in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now line up I'm starting the sum in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now line up I'm starting the sum in both
+series at the same place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series at the same place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series at the same place and
+consequently because these are assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently because these are assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently because these are assumed
+to be convergent power series I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergent power series I can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be convergent power series I can add
+them term by term if I add them term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them term by term if I add them term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them term by term if I add them term by
+term that means I come inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that means I come inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that means I come inside the
+summation sign here x to the N is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation sign here x to the N is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation sign here x to the N is a
+common factor I factor that out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor I factor that out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor I factor that out and
+what's left is what n + 2 * n + 1 * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left is what n + 2 * n + 1 * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left is what n + 2 * n + 1 * a
+subn + 2 plus a subn that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 plus a subn that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 plus a subn that's this
+expression here and this is what must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here and this is what must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here and this is what must be
+identically zero now the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero now the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero now the point is that
+the only way that a convergent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that a convergent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that a convergent power
+series can be identically zero is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series can be identically zero is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series can be identically zero is if
+each coefficient is zero and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient is zero and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient is zero and that's how
+I now handle the undetermined Coe iici I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now handle the undetermined Coe iici I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now handle the undetermined Coe iici I
+come to the conclusion that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that because this
+is to be identically zero every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be identically zero every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be identically zero every one of
+these terms must be itself zero setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms must be itself zero setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms must be itself zero setting
+this equal to zero and solving for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero and solving for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero and solving for a
+subn + 2 in terms of a subn I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 in terms of a subn I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn + 2 in terms of a subn I find that
+a subn + 2 must be Min - A N over n + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn + 2 must be Min - A N over n + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subn + 2 must be Min - A N over n + 2
+* n + 1 and what this tells me is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n + 1 and what this tells me is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n + 1 and what this tells me is that I
+now know what a term looks like as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know what a term looks like as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know what a term looks like as soon
+as I know the one that comes two before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know the one that comes two before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know the one that comes two before
+it you see notice that this tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you see notice that this tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you see notice that this tells me how
+to F find a subn + 2 once I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F find a subn + 2 once I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F find a subn + 2 once I happen to
+know what a subn is now look at before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a subn is now look at before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a subn is now look at before I
+can get to two away from a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to two away from a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to two away from a particular
+subscript I must be at least the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I must be at least the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I must be at least the second
+subscript in other words it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript in other words it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript in other words it seems that
+this recipe will tell me how to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe will tell me how to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe will tell me how to find a
+sub 2 in terms of a Sub 0 how to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 in terms of a Sub 0 how to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 in terms of a Sub 0 how to find a
+sub 4 in terms of a sub 2 how to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 4 in terms of a sub 2 how to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 4 in terms of a sub 2 how to find a
+sub3 in terms of a sub 1 one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 in terms of a sub 1 one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 in terms of a sub 1 one but it
+gives me no hold on what a Sub 0 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me no hold on what a Sub 0 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me no hold on what a Sub 0 and a
+sub 1 must be so I say okay what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 1 must be so I say okay what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 1 must be so I say okay what I will
+do is I will use this recipe recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I will use this recipe recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I will use this recipe recognizing
+that I am free to pick a0 and A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am free to pick a0 and A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am free to pick a0 and A1
+completely arbitrarily now look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily now look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily now look at what
+happens here if I pick a0 and A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here if I pick a0 and A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here if I pick a0 and A1
+arbitrarily what does the recipe tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what does the recipe tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what does the recipe tell me
+if I pick n to be zero the recipe says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick n to be zero the recipe says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick n to be zero the recipe says
+what a subn + 2 a sub 2 is minus a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a subn + 2 a sub 2 is minus a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a subn + 2 a sub 2 is minus a 0
+over n + 2 * n + 1 that's just 2 * 1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + 2 * n + 1 that's just 2 * 1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + 2 * n + 1 that's just 2 * 1 a
+sub 2 is just minus a0 over 2 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 is just minus a0 over 2 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 is just minus a0 over 2 factorial
+in a similar way the recipe tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar way the recipe tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar way the recipe tells me
+that a sub4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sub4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sub4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+you see in this case I take n to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in this case I take n to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in this case I take n to be two
+so n + 2 is 4 and if I now say a subn +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n + 2 is 4 and if I now say a subn +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n + 2 is 4 and if I now say a subn +
+2 is - A subn / n + 2 * n + 1 this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is - A subn / n + 2 * n + 1 this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is - A subn / n + 2 * n + 1 this just
+says that A4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that A4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that A4 is minus a sub 2 over 4 * 3
+I know what a sub 2 is from here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what a sub 2 is from here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what a sub 2 is from here so I
+can now Express a sub 2 in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now Express a sub 2 in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now Express a sub 2 in terms of a
+Sub 0 in fact it now turns out that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub 0 in fact it now turns out that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub 0 in fact it now turns out that a
+sub4 is a Sub 0 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub4 is a Sub 0 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub4 is a Sub 0 over 4
+factorially four factorial similarly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorially four factorial similarly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorially four factorial similarly a
+sub6 is min - A sub4 over 6 * 5 a sub4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub6 is min - A sub4 over 6 * 5 a sub4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub6 is min - A sub4 over 6 * 5 a sub4
+is a0 over 4 factorial so substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a0 over 4 factorial so substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a0 over 4 factorial so substituting
+that value of A4 in here I get that A6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of A4 in here I get that A6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of A4 in here I get that A6
+is- a0 over 6 factorial and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is- a0 over 6 factorial and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is- a0 over 6 factorial and without
+beating this thing to death notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating this thing to death notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating this thing to death notice that
+I can find every even subscripted a A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find every even subscripted a A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find every even subscripted a A2
+A4 A6 A8 Etc in terms of a0 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 A6 A8 Etc in terms of a0 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 A6 A8 Etc in terms of a0 time
+something in fact I think you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in fact I think you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in fact I think you can see
+what's starting to develop over here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's starting to develop over here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's starting to develop over here in
+a similar way picking n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way picking n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way picking n to be
+one so n + 2 is 3 the recipe a subn + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so n + 2 is 3 the recipe a subn + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so n + 2 is 3 the recipe a subn + 2
+= minus a subn / n + 2 * n + 1 says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= minus a subn / n + 2 * n + 1 says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= minus a subn / n + 2 * n + 1 says that
+A3 is - A1 over 3 * 2 that's - A1 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is - A1 over 3 * 2 that's - A1 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is - A1 over 3 * 2 that's - A1 over 3
+factorial similarly A5 is min - A3 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial similarly A5 is min - A3 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial similarly A5 is min - A3 over
+5 * 4 noticing that A3 is min - A1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 4 noticing that A3 is min - A1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 4 noticing that A3 is min - A1 over
+3 factorial I see that A5 is A1 over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial I see that A5 is A1 over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial I see that A5 is A1 over 5
+factorial and without going on further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and without going on further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and without going on further
+here notice that A3 A5 A7 A9 A1 Etc will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that A3 A5 A7 A9 A1 Etc will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that A3 A5 A7 A9 A1 Etc will
+all be expressible in terms of A1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be expressible in terms of A1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be expressible in terms of A1 in
+fact I think you can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think you can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think you can see what's
+happening here that the terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here that the terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here that the terms will
+alternate in sign and the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in sign and the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in sign and the coefficients
+will be things like what 1 1 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be things like what 1 1 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be things like what 1 1 over 3
+factorial 1 over 5 factorial 1 over 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 1 over 5 factorial 1 over 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 1 over 5 factorial 1 over 7
+factorial Etc but I leave those details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc but I leave those details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc but I leave those details
+to you because I think that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because I think that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because I think that's the easy
+part to meditate upon but now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to meditate upon but now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to meditate upon but now what we're
+saying is I now know what all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is I now know what all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is I now know what all these
+coefficients look like in terms of a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients look like in terms of a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients look like in terms of a0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+A1 remember what I'm looking for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 remember what I'm looking for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 remember what I'm looking for I'm
+looking for a power series Solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a power series Solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a power series Solution
+that's y = a0 + a1x + A2 x^2 Etc we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y = a0 + a1x + A2 x^2 Etc we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y = a0 + a1x + A2 x^2 Etc we're
+assuming that this is a convergent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this is a convergent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this is a convergent power
+series that means I can group the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that means I can group the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that means I can group the terms
+any way that I want in particular since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way that I want in particular since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way that I want in particular since
+all the even subscripts seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the even subscripts seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the even subscripts seem to be
+expressible in terms of a z and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressible in terms of a z and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressible in terms of a z and all the
+odd subscripts seem to be expressible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd subscripts seem to be expressible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd subscripts seem to be expressible in
+terms of A1 let me group the terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of A1 let me group the terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of A1 let me group the terms with
+even Powers together and the terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Powers together and the terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Powers together and the terms with
+odd Powers together and now remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd Powers together and now remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd Powers together and now remembering
+what A2 and A4 are remember A2 was Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A2 and A4 are remember A2 was Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what A2 and A4 are remember A2 was Min -
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+was minus a0 over 2 factorial A4 was a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus a0 over 2 factorial A4 was a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus a0 over 2 factorial A4 was a0
+over 4 factorial Etc I now factor out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 factorial Etc I now factor out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 factorial Etc I now factor out a
+z from here and substituting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z from here and substituting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z from here and substituting in the
+values of A2 A4 A6 Etc that we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of A2 A4 A6 Etc that we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of A2 A4 A6 Etc that we found
+from before this tells me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before this tells me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before this tells me that the
+coefficient that multiplies a0 is 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies a0 is 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies a0 is 1 -
+x^2 over 2 factorial plus x 4 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 2 factorial plus x 4 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 2 factorial plus x 4 over 4
+factorial Etc and similarly since A3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc and similarly since A3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc and similarly since A3 is
+- A1 over 3 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- A1 over 3 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- A1 over 3 factorial
+and A5 was A1 over 5 factorial Etc I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A5 was A1 over 5 factorial Etc I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A5 was A1 over 5 factorial Etc I can
+now Express all of these in terms of A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Express all of these in terms of A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Express all of these in terms of A1
+I factor out A1 and what's left is x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I factor out A1 and what's left is x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I factor out A1 and what's left is x - x
+Cub over 3 factorial plus x 5 over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub over 3 factorial plus x 5 over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub over 3 factorial plus x 5 over 5
+factorial Etc and now it appears that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc and now it appears that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial Etc and now it appears that my
+solution is this plus this keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this plus this keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this plus this keep in mind
+that a0 and A1 are arbitrary constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a0 and A1 are arbitrary constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a0 and A1 are arbitrary constants
+by the ratio test even if I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ratio test even if I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ratio test even if I didn't know
+what these series represented I can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these series represented I can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these series represented I can show
+that these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these series
+converge absolutely for all finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge absolutely for all finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge absolutely for all finite
+values of X but that's not too crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X but that's not too crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X but that's not too crucial
+here the important point is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the important point is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the important point is that even
+though it may be implicit this does name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it may be implicit this does name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it may be implicit this does name
+some function of X whatever it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X whatever it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X whatever it happens
+to be this names some function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this names some function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this names some function of X
+whatever it happens to be I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be I can find
+particular solu solutions by choosing a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solu solutions by choosing a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solu solutions by choosing a0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+A1 to be certain fixed constants that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 to be certain fixed constants that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 to be certain fixed constants that I
+want them to be these two power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be these two power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be these two power series
+are not constant multiples of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not constant multiples of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not constant multiples of one
+another as you can see by a glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as you can see by a glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as you can see by a glance
+therefore these two solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these two solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these two solutions are
+linearly independent and consequently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent and consequently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent and consequently I
+now have a general solution here even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a general solution here even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a general solution here even
+though this may be awkward for me well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this may be awkward for me well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this may be awkward for me well
+the reason that I picked constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that I picked constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that I picked constant
+coefficients and Y Prime + y equal 0 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and Y Prime + y equal 0 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and Y Prime + y equal 0 was
+that I wanted our first experience to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted our first experience to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted our first experience to be
+pleasant at least in the sense that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant at least in the sense that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant at least in the sense that we
+would get a feeling for what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a feeling for what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a feeling for what the answer
+meant keep in mind that if I had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant keep in mind that if I had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant keep in mind that if I had never
+heard of sinx and cosine X this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of sinx and cosine X this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of sinx and cosine X this solution
+here would make sense but if I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would make sense but if I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would make sense but if I happen to
+recall that the power series expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the power series expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the power series expansion
+for cosine X is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cosine X is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cosine X is precisely
+this just happens you see as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just happens you see as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just happens you see as an
+afterthought that this is cosine X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterthought that this is cosine X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterthought that this is cosine X this
+also happens to be sinx notice now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens to be sinx notice now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens to be sinx notice now what
+this tells me is that the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is that the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is that the solution that
+I found is a0 cinex plus A1 sinx and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found is a0 cinex plus A1 sinx and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found is a0 cinex plus A1 sinx and it
+just happens to agree with the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to agree with the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to agree with the result
+that I already knew now rather than have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already knew now rather than have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I already knew now rather than have
+you feel that I've wasted your time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that I've wasted your time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that I've wasted your time by
+giving you something that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you something that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you something that you've already
+known let me go one step further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known let me go one step further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known let me go one step further and
+give you the same kind of a problem only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same kind of a problem only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same kind of a problem only
+now I'm going to give you one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to give you one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to give you one that you
+couldn't solve before and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve before and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve before and in fact I
+don't think you could solve now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you could solve now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you could solve now if you
+don't use power series and the example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use power series and the example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use power series and the example I
+have in mind is almost the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind is almost the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind is almost the same as the
+one we just did instead of Y Prime + yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just did instead of Y Prime + yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just did instead of Y Prime + yal
+0 I pick y Prime + XY = 0 and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I pick y Prime + XY = 0 and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I pick y Prime + XY = 0 and now you
+see I'm back not back but now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm back not back but now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm back not back but now I have
+arrived at the case of non-constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the case of non-constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the case of non-constant
+coefficients you see the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you see the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you see the coefficient of
+Y is X and that's not a constant so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is X and that's not a constant so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is X and that's not a constant so you
+see now I'm at a Bonafide problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now I'm at a Bonafide problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now I'm at a Bonafide problem where
+I couldn't find y subh in the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't find y subh in the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't find y subh in the trivial
+way that I could if the coefficients all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I could if the coefficients all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I could if the coefficients all
+happen to be constant now the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be constant now the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be constant now the way I
+tackle this is precisely the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle this is precisely the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle this is precisely the same way as
+before what I do is I again try for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what I do is I again try for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what I do is I again try for a
+solution in the form y equals summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form y equals summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form y equals summation
+n goes from 0 to Infinity a subn x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes from 0 to Infinity a subn x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes from 0 to Infinity a subn x to
+the n and what I must do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n and what I must do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n and what I must do now is to
+determine what the a sub ns are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the a sub ns are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the a sub ns are and
+again as before I find y Prime the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as before I find y Prime the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as before I find y Prime the same
+mechanical way as before I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way as before I differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way as before I differentiate
+term by term meaning generically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term meaning generically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term meaning generically I
+differentiate this to get this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this to get this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this to get this and
+similarly to get y dble Prime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to get y dble Prime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to get y dble Prime I
+differentiate this term to get this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this term to get this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this term to get this one
+okay and now what I do in terms of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what I do in terms of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what I do in terms of my
+so-called trial solution see remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called trial solution see remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called trial solution see remember
+these are trial Solutions I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are trial Solutions I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are trial Solutions I'm going to
+try to feed these back into here and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to feed these back into here and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to feed these back into here and see
+if that will tell tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that will tell tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that will tell tell me what the
+coefficients a0 A1 A2 A3 Etc have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a0 A1 A2 A3 Etc have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a0 A1 A2 A3 Etc have to
+look like now if I do that you see I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like now if I do that you see I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like now if I do that you see I get
+what y Prime is just this term Here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what y Prime is just this term Here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what y Prime is just this term Here and
+Now I want x * y that means I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I want x * y that means I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I want x * y that means I have to
+take this Y and multiply it by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Y and multiply it by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Y and multiply it by X
+multiplying by X on the outside since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X on the outside since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X on the outside since
+we're assuming that this is a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that this is a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that this is a convergent
+series that means I can multiply term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that means I can multiply term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that means I can multiply term by
+term therefore I can bring the X inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term therefore I can bring the X inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term therefore I can bring the X inside
+and that makes this x to the n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this x to the n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this x to the n + 1
+rather than x to the n and so I wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than x to the n and so I wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than x to the n and so I wind up
+with the fact that I now want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that I now want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that I now want to find
+the constants a0 A1 Etc from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants a0 A1 Etc from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants a0 A1 Etc from this
+particular relationship you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relationship you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relationship you see what's
+happened here this is just y Prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here this is just y Prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here this is just y Prime this
+is y multiplied by X that's why that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y multiplied by X that's why that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y multiplied by X that's why that n
+plus1 is in here and that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 is in here and that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 is in here and that must be
+identically zero now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero now what I'm going to
+do is the same trick as before what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the same trick as before what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the same trick as before what I'm
+going to do is I want to add these term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I want to add these term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I want to add these term
+by term and I notice that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by term and I notice that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by term and I notice that their
+exponents are different in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents are different in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents are different in fact this
+exponent component is three larger for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent component is three larger for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent component is three larger for
+each value of n than this one right n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of n than this one right n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of n than this one right n +
+1 minus the quantity n minus 2 is 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus the quantity n minus 2 is 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus the quantity n minus 2 is 3 so
+what I want to do is I want to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is I want to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is I want to lower
+this subscript this exponent by three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subscript this exponent by three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subscript this exponent by three so
+I'm going to inside the integral inte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to inside the integral inte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to inside the integral inte
+I'm sorry inside the summation sign I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry inside the summation sign I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry inside the summation sign I am
+going to replace n by n minus 3 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace n by n minus 3 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace n by n minus 3 and in
+line with our previous note to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with our previous note to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with our previous note to
+compensate for this instead of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for this instead of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for this instead of my
+summation going from 0 to Infinity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation going from 0 to Infinity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation going from 0 to Infinity here
+it will now go from from 3 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will now go from from 3 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will now go from from 3 to Infinity
+in other words I am now simply going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I am now simply going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I am now simply going to
+replace this by the equivalent sum n = 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by the equivalent sum n = 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by the equivalent sum n = 3
+to Infinity a sub nus 3 x to the nus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity a sub nus 3 x to the nus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity a sub nus 3 x to the nus 2
+all right and you see if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you see if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you see if I do
+that what I wind up with is simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I wind up with is simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I wind up with is simply this
+expression here and now a new wrinkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here and now a new wrinkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here and now a new wrinkle
+comes up that didn't happen before but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that didn't happen before but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up that didn't happen before but I
+just wanted to make sure a few funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to make sure a few funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to make sure a few funny
+things happen here so I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen here so I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen here so I can tell you
+directly what's going going on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what's going going on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what's going going on and then
+we can drill with the remaining fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can drill with the remaining fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can drill with the remaining fine
+points in the exercises but the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the exercises but the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the exercises but the key
+Point here is look at I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is look at I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is look at I've got the
+exponents lined up now but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents lined up now but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents lined up now but look at the
+IND indices of summation one begins at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND indices of summation one begins at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND indices of summation one begins at
+two and the other begins at three and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the other begins at three and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the other begins at three and it
+seems that they're out of phase all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that they're out of phase all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that they're out of phase all I
+want you to observe is that to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to observe is that to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to observe is that to make this
+start at three I could I could split off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at three I could I could split off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at three I could I could split off
+separately the term that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the term that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the term that corresponds to
+n equals 2 other words notice that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 other words notice that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 other words notice that when
+n equals 2 what I have is what 2 * 1 * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 what I have is what 2 * 1 * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 what I have is what 2 * 1 * a
+sub 2 * x 0 in other words all I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 * x 0 in other words all I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 * x 0 in other words all I have is
+2 a sub 2 2 a sub 2 when n is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a sub 2 2 a sub 2 when n is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a sub 2 2 a sub 2 when n is equal to 2
+so what I can do is is I'll split that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I can do is is I'll split that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I can do is is I'll split that
+Nal 2 term off separately that's 2 a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 term off separately that's 2 a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 term off separately that's 2 a sub
+2 then what's left is the sum as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then what's left is the sum as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then what's left is the sum as n goes
+from 3 to Infinity you see splitting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 to Infinity you see splitting off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 to Infinity you see splitting off
+these terms isn't hard at all all you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms isn't hard at all all you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms isn't hard at all all you do
+is if these don't match up take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these don't match up take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these don't match up take the
+smaller index and split off the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller index and split off the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller index and split off the the
+number of terms necessary so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms necessary so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms necessary so that the
+resulting sum will begin at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sum will begin at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sum will begin at a higher
+index matching this one since they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index matching this one since they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index matching this one since they only
+differed by one here I only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed by one here I only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed by one here I only have to
+split off the N equals 2 term now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split off the N equals 2 term now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split off the N equals 2 term now what I
+have is what I have 2 A2 plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what I have 2 A2 plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what I have 2 A2 plus this
+summation now going from 3 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation now going from 3 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation now going from 3 to infinity
+plus this summation which also goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this summation which also goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this summation which also goes from
+3 to infinity and now since both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to infinity and now since both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to infinity and now since both the
+exponents and the indices match up now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and the indices match up now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and the indices match up now I
+can add term by term for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add term by term for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add term by term for these
+convergent power series I bring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series I bring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent power series I bring these
+inside one integral sign see the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one integral sign see the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside one integral sign see the inter
+the the sigma of a sum is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sigma of a sum is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sigma of a sum is the sum of the
+sigmas I add these up term by term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas I add these up term by term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas I add these up term by term so
+that leaves me what I have my 2 A2 still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me what I have my 2 A2 still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me what I have my 2 A2 still
+outside here and then inside the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here and then inside the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here and then inside the sigma
+notation from 3 to Infinity I have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation from 3 to Infinity I have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation from 3 to Infinity I have what
+n * n -1 * a subn plus a sub nus 3 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * n -1 * a subn plus a sub nus 3 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * n -1 * a subn plus a sub nus 3 that
+whole quantity time x nus 2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole quantity time x nus 2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole quantity time x nus 2 and that
+must be identically zero now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be identically zero now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be identically zero now the only
+way that this can be identically zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this can be identically zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this can be identically zero is
+if each coefficient is zero by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each coefficient is zero by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each coefficient is zero by the way
+notice that since the first term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that since the first term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that since the first term that
+appears here corresponds to Nal 3 when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here corresponds to Nal 3 when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here corresponds to Nal 3 when n
+equals 3 the exponent here is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 the exponent here is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 the exponent here is one so
+notice that this is my only constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is my only constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is my only constant
+term all the terms in here begin with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all the terms in here begin with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all the terms in here begin with at
+least a factor of x in them since my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a factor of x in them since my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a factor of x in them since my
+power series to be identically zero must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series to be identically zero must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series to be identically zero must
+have all of its coefficients identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of its coefficients identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of its coefficients identically
+zero it means that not only must each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it means that not only must each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it means that not only must each of
+these be zero but 2 A2 which is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these be zero but 2 A2 which is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these be zero but 2 A2 which is my
+constant trim on the left hand side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant trim on the left hand side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant trim on the left hand side that
+must also be zero so in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be zero so in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be zero so in other words to
+summarize this up what we're saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this up what we're saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this up what we're saying so
+far is that for this to be identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that for this to be identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that for this to be identically
+zero A2 must be zero and once n is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero A2 must be zero and once n is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero A2 must be zero and once n is at
+least as big as three this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as big as three this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as big as three this condition
+here must be obeyed what condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must be obeyed what condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must be obeyed what condition that
+the expression in Brackets must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression in Brackets must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression in Brackets must be zero
+for each n once n is at least as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n once n is at least as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n once n is at least as big as
+three in other words then in summary A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in other words then in summary A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in other words then in summary A2
+is zero and for n at least as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and for n at least as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and for n at least as big as
+three a subn n is - a sub n - 3/ n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a subn n is - a sub n - 3/ n * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a subn n is - a sub n - 3/ n * n
+-1 and keep in mind the way I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and keep in mind the way I got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and keep in mind the way I got that
+quite trivially was I set this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite trivially was I set this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite trivially was I set this equal to
+zero I transpose the a subn minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I transpose the a subn minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I transpose the a subn minus 3
+divide it through by n * nus1 and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it through by n * nus1 and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it through by n * nus1 and solve
+for a subn what this tells me now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a subn what this tells me now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a subn what this tells me now is
+that once I know a particular a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I know a particular a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I know a particular a look at
+what this tells me this says to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells me this says to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells me this says to find a
+subn once I know what the a was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn once I know what the a was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn once I know what the a was three
+before this one I'm home free in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one I'm home free in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one I'm home free in other
+words to find a sub4 all I have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to find a sub4 all I have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to find a sub4 all I have to know
+is a sub 1 to find a sub five all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sub 1 to find a sub five all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sub 1 to find a sub five all I have
+to know is a sub 2 you see to find a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is a sub 2 you see to find a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is a sub 2 you see to find a sub
+6 all I have to know is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 all I have to know is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 all I have to know is a
+sub3 etc so the idea is I can now pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 etc so the idea is I can now pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 etc so the idea is I can now pick a
+z and A1 at random just as before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and A1 at random just as before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and A1 at random just as before and
+now using this recipe with n equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this recipe with n equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this recipe with n equal to 3
+I have that a sub3 is minus a Sub 0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that a sub3 is minus a Sub 0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that a sub3 is minus a Sub 0 over
+3 * 2 a sub6 is - A sub3 over 6 * 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * 2 a sub6 is - A sub3 over 6 * 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * 2 a sub6 is - A sub3 over 6 * 5 and
+remembering what A3 is in terms of a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what A3 is in terms of a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what A3 is in terms of a0
+this tells me that A6 is a0 over 5 * 6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me that A6 is a0 over 5 * 6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me that A6 is a0 over 5 * 6 *
+3 * 2 and this is not a misprint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * 2 and this is not a misprint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * 2 and this is not a misprint that
+the four is missing here this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four is missing here this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four is missing here this is not a
+factorial you see I have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial you see I have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial you see I have a way of
+generating what these coefficients look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating what these coefficients look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating what these coefficients look
+like but now I've picked a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but now I've picked a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but now I've picked a problem where
+I may not remember or recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not remember or recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not remember or recognize what
+power series I'm getting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series I'm getting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series I'm getting that's
+irrelevant again all I'm saying is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant again all I'm saying is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant again all I'm saying is I can
+determine A3 A6 A9 Etc just knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine A3 A6 A9 Etc just knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine A3 A6 A9 Etc just knowing what
+a z is and just knowing what A1 is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z is and just knowing what A1 is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z is and just knowing what A1 is I can
+determine A4 just by using this recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine A4 just by using this recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine A4 just by using this recipe
+with n equal to 4 A4 is - A1 over 4 * 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal to 4 A4 is - A1 over 4 * 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal to 4 A4 is - A1 over 4 * 3
+A7 is min - A4 over 7 * 6 using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 is min - A4 over 7 * 6 using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 is min - A4 over 7 * 6 using that
+same recipe putting in the value of A4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same recipe putting in the value of A4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same recipe putting in the value of A4
+from here into here I have that A7 is A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here into here I have that A7 is A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here into here I have that A7 is A1
+over 7 * 6 * 4 * 3 and this keeps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 * 6 * 4 * 3 and this keeps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 * 6 * 4 * 3 and this keeps on
+going I can now find A10 in terms of A7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I can now find A10 in terms of A7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I can now find A10 in terms of A7
+that will give me A10 in terms of A1 etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me A10 in terms of A1 etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me A10 in terms of A1 etc
+etc etc finally to find A5 or A8 notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc finally to find A5 or A8 notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc finally to find A5 or A8 notice
+that using the same recipe A5 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the same recipe A5 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the same recipe A5 is minus
+A2 over 5 * 4 but since A2 is zero A5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 over 5 * 4 but since A2 is zero A5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 over 5 * 4 but since A2 is zero A5
+will be zero and similarly because A5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero and similarly because A5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero and similarly because A5 is
+zero A8 will be zero and so will A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero A8 will be zero and so will A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero A8 will be zero and so will A1 and
+A14 Etc now the idea is the series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A14 Etc now the idea is the series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A14 Etc now the idea is the series that
+I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking
+for being a convergence series can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a convergence series can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being a convergence series can be
+rearranged you see the idea in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged you see the idea in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged you see the idea in this
+problem was that I would like to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was that I would like to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was that I would like to group
+the exponents according to whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents according to whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponents according to whether they
+are divisible by three leave a remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divisible by three leave a remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divisible by three leave a remainder
+of one when I divide by three or leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one when I divide by three or leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one when I divide by three or leave a
+remainder of two when I divide by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of two when I divide by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of two when I divide by three
+so I group the terms this way see a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I group the terms this way see a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I group the terms this way see a0
+plus a sub 3xq plus a sub 6 x 6 Etc plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a sub 3xq plus a sub 6 x 6 Etc plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a sub 3xq plus a sub 6 x 6 Etc plus
+a1x plus a4x 4 ET ET plus A2 x^2 + A5 X5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1x plus a4x 4 ET ET plus A2 x^2 + A5 X5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1x plus a4x 4 ET ET plus A2 x^2 + A5 X5
+Etc the idea being that I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc the idea being that I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc the idea being that I know how to
+express A3 A6 A9 in terms of a z I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express A3 A6 A9 in terms of a z I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express A3 A6 A9 in terms of a z I know
+how to express A4 A7 a 10 Etc in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to express A4 A7 a 10 Etc in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to express A4 A7 a 10 Etc in terms
+of A1 and I know how to express A5 A8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 and I know how to express A5 A8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 and I know how to express A5 A8
+Etc in terms of A2 in fact in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in terms of A2 in fact in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in terms of A2 in fact in this
+simple case which turned out nicely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case which turned out nicely they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case which turned out nicely they
+all turn out to be zero these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all turn out to be zero these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all turn out to be zero these
+coefficients so what's left is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what's left is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what's left is what
+replacing A4 A7 Etc by what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing A4 A7 Etc by what they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing A4 A7 Etc by what they look
+like in terms of A1 and A3 A6 Etc by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of A1 and A3 A6 Etc by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of A1 and A3 A6 Etc by
+what they look like in terms of a0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like in terms of a0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like in terms of a0 I
+wind up with y = a0 * 1 - x Cub over 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with y = a0 * 1 - x Cub over 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with y = a0 * 1 - x Cub over 3 *
+2 + x 6/ 6 * 5 * 3 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x 6/ 6 * 5 * 3 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x 6/ 6 * 5 * 3 * 2
+Etc plus A1 times this thing here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc plus A1 times this thing here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc plus A1 times this thing here now
+the only difference between this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference between this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference between this problem
+and the previous one was that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous one was that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous one was that in the
+previous one I happen to recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one I happen to recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one I happen to recognize what
+well-known function had this as a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known function had this as a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known function had this as a power
+Series in this case I don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series in this case I don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series in this case I don't know that
+but this is no less a Bonafide solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is no less a Bonafide solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is no less a Bonafide solution
+than we had in the previous case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we had in the previous case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we had in the previous case this is
+a convergent power series we give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent power series we give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent power series we give it a
+name H of x k of x if this were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name H of x k of x if this were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name H of x k of x if this were the
+solution to an important enough problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to an important enough problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to an important enough problem
+we would say look at instead of calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say look at instead of calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say look at instead of calling
+it h of X and K of X let's give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h of X and K of X let's give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h of X and K of X let's give it a
+special name because it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name because it's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name because it's going to come
+up over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over and over
+again uh I'm not going to go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh I'm not going to go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh I'm not going to go into this
+if I do go into it at all it be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do go into it at all it be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do go into it at all it be very
+lightly in the exercises but things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly in the exercises but things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly in the exercises but things like
+that you may have heard in terms of name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have heard in terms of name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have heard in terms of name
+dropping Bessel functions and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping Bessel functions and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping Bessel functions and the like
+leand polinomial these were all special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leand polinomial these were all special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leand polinomial these were all special
+power series solutions to very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series solutions to very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series solutions to very special
+differential equations where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations where the
+equation itself was so important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation itself was so important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation itself was so important in
+application that the power series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that the power series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that the power series that
+represented the equation was given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the equation was given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the equation was given a
+special name so you see in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name so you see in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name so you see in terms of
+power series Solutions one extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series Solutions one extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series Solutions one extremely
+powerful use of power series is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful use of power series is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful use of power series is that
+it's used to help us find Solutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to help us find Solutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to help us find Solutions of
+the homogeneous equation L of Y equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous equation L of Y equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous equation L of Y equal 0
+and once we have the general solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have the general solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have the general solution of
+the equation L of y equals 0 we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation L of y equals 0 we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation L of y equals 0 we can then
+use variation of parameters to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use variation of parameters to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use variation of parameters to find the
+solution of L of y equals F ofx then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of y equals F ofx then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of y equals F ofx then we
+add these two solutions together to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two solutions together to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two solutions together to get
+the general solution and that ends our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution and that ends our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution and that ends our
+theory on linear differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on linear differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on linear differential equations
+except for one more topic called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one more topic called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one more topic called the
+llas transform that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform that I would like to
+introduce for you to see and so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce for you to see and so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce for you to see and so I will
+have one more lecture in the guise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more lecture in the guise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more lecture in the guise of
+linear differential equation equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation equations
+in order that I can bring up the llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order that I can bring up the llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order that I can bring up the llas
+transform but that won't be until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but that won't be until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but that won't be until next
+time until next time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time until next time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time until next time then
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ojUQk_GNQbQ.txt b/ojUQk_GNQbQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eca8e793d3831df7abb446a49e04ff789aa7b2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojUQk_GNQbQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this is positive definite Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is positive definite Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is positive definite Matrix
+day uh we our application was uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh we our application was uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh we our application was uh the
+second order equation with a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation with a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation with a symmetric
+Matrix S and we solved this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S and we solved this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S and we solved this equation
+second derivative + S * y = 0 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative + S * y = 0 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative + S * y = 0 and you
+maybe remember how we solved it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe remember how we solved it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe remember how we solved it we
+looked for an exponential solution e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for an exponential solution e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for an exponential solution e to
+the I Omega T * a vector X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega T * a vector X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega T * a vector X we
+substituted and we discovered X had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted and we discovered X had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted and we discovered X had to
+be an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an igen
+Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of
+s as usual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s as usual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s as usual and
+Lambda which was Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which was Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which was Omega
+squar is the igon value but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is the igon value but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is the igon value but I didn't
+stop to point out that if we want Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop to point out that if we want Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop to point out that if we want Lambda
+to be Omega squar we need to know Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Omega squar we need to know Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Omega squar we need to know Lambda
+greater or equal to zero so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to zero so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to zero so that is the
+best of the best matrices so metric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of the best matrices so metric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of the best matrices so metric and
+positive definite or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or positive
+semi-definite which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite which
+means the igen values are not only real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the igen values are not only real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the igen values are not only real
+they're real for symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real for symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real for symmetric matrices
+they're also positive positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also positive positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also positive positive definite
+matrices automatically symmetric I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices automatically symmetric I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices automatically symmetric I'm
+only talking about symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about symmetric matrices
+and positive I values okay there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive I values okay there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive I values okay there it is
+positive definite Matrix all the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix all the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix all the igen
+values are positive positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are positive positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are positive positive semi
+definite that word semi allows Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite that word semi allows Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite that word semi allows Lambda
+equals z The Matrix could be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z The Matrix could be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z The Matrix could be singular
+but all the igen values have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the igen values have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the igen values have to be
+greater or equal to zero and let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to zero and let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to zero and let me show
+you exactly where those matrices come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly where those matrices come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly where those matrices come
+from those matrices come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those matrices come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those matrices come from a
+transpose a if I take any Matrix a could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if I take any Matrix a could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if I take any Matrix a could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+rectangular and I could a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and I could a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and I could a transpose a
+will be square a transpose a will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be square a transpose a will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be square a transpose a will be
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+and it will be at least positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be at least positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be at least positive
+semi-definite why is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite why is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite why is that this is the
+simple step that is worth remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple step that is worth remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple step that is worth remembering
+what's special about a transpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about a transpose ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about a transpose ax
+equal Lambda X the good idea multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Lambda X the good idea multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Lambda X the good idea multiply
+both sides by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by X
+transpose take the inner product of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose take the inner product of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose take the inner product of both
+sides with X then I have X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with X then I have X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with X then I have X transpose
+times the left side is X transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the left side is X transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the left side is X transposed
+times the right side I'm okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the right side I'm okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the right side I'm okay with
+equation two when my S is a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two when my S is a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two when my S is a transpose a
+that's my S okay but now I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my S okay but now I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my S okay but now I look at this
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ax inner product with itself that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax inner product with itself that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax inner product with itself that's the
+length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of
+ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax
+squared anytime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared anytime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared anytime I
+have y transpose y I'm getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y transpose y I'm getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y transpose y I'm getting the
+length of Y 2 here here Y is ax so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of Y 2 here here Y is ax so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of Y 2 here here Y is ax so I'm
+getting the length of ax s over here Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the length of ax s over here Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the length of ax s over here Y
+is X so I'm getting the length of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X so I'm getting the length of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X so I'm getting the length of x
+squared and you see that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you see that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you see that number
+Lambda is in this equation I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is in this equation I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is in this equation I have a
+number that can't be negative a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that can't be negative a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that can't be negative a number
+that's positive for sure because X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive for sure because X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive for sure because X is
+not the zero Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the zero Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the zero Vector so
+Lambda is never negative ax could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is never negative ax could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is never negative ax could be the
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+Vector if we were in a singular case ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector if we were in a singular case ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector if we were in a singular case ax
+could be the zero Vector in that case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the zero Vector in that case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the zero Vector in that case I
+would only learn Lambda equals z and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only learn Lambda equals z and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only learn Lambda equals z and I'd
+be in this semi-definite case so if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this semi-definite case so if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this semi-definite case so if I if
+I want to move from semid definite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to move from semid definite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to move from semid definite to
+definite then I must rule out ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite then I must rule out ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite then I must rule out ax equals
+z there because that's certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z there because that's certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z there because that's certainly a
+possibility I mean if I took the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility I mean if I took the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility I mean if I took the zero
+Matrix all zeros as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all zeros as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all zeros as a
+a transpose a would be the zero Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a would be the zero Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a would be the zero Matrix
+that would be symmetric it would all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be symmetric it would all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be symmetric it would all its
+I values would be zero would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I values would be zero would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I values would be zero would it be
+positive semi-definite yes yes all its I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite yes yes all its I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite yes yes all its I
+values would actually be zero of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would actually be zero of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would actually be zero of course
+that's not a case that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a case that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a case that we're really
+thinking about more often we're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about more often we're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about more often we're in this
+good case where all the IG values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case where all the IG values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case where all the IG values are
+above zero okay so that's the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero okay so that's the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero okay so that's the meaning
+and now the next job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next job
+how do we recognize a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we recognize a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we recognize a positive definite
+Matrix it has to be symmetric that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has to be symmetric that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it has to be symmetric that's
+easy to see but how can we tell if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see but how can we tell if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see but how can we tell if it's
+igen values or positive that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values or positive that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values or positive that that's not
+fun because Computing igen values is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun because Computing igen values is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun because Computing igen values is a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+job but we for a large Matrix we uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but we for a large Matrix we uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but we for a large Matrix we uh take
+time on that we didn't know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that we didn't know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that we didn't know how to do it
+a little while ago now there are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago now there are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago now there are good
+ways to do it but it's not for paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it but it's not for paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it but it's not for paper and
+pencil and not for I so how can we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and not for I so how can we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and not for I so how can we tell
+that all the I values are positive well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the I values are positive well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the I values are positive well
+we only want to know their sign we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only want to know their sign we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only want to know their sign we don't
+have to know what they are we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what they are we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what they are we don't know
+the we need the number we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we need the number we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we need the number we just want to
+know is it a positive number and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it a positive number and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it a positive number and there
+are several neat tests can I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I'm going to have five tests five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to have five tests five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to have five tests five
+equivalent tests any one of these tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent tests any one of these tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent tests any one of these tests
+is sufficient to make the Matrix S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to make the Matrix S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to make the Matrix S
+positive definite there is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite there is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite there is a particular
+s there that I'll use as a test Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s there that I'll use as a test Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s there that I'll use as a test Matrix
+so there's a symmetric Matrix S and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a symmetric Matrix S and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a symmetric Matrix S and I
+know it is positive definite but how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is positive definite but how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is positive definite but how how
+do I know okay well so five can you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know okay well so five can you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know okay well so five can you take
+five things here they connect all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things here they connect all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things here they connect all of
+linear algebra it's really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra it's really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra it's really beautiful
+that the igen values that's one chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen values that's one chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen values that's one chapter
+of linear algebra the pivots are another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra the pivots are another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra the pivots are another
+chapter of linear algebra do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of linear algebra do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of linear algebra do you
+remember about pivots that's when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about pivots that's when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about pivots that's when you do
+elimination so four is the first pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so four is the first pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so four is the first pivot
+the first pivot pivot number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot pivot number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pivot pivot number
+one is the four and then when I take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the four and then when I take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the four and then when I take uh
+a multiple of that away from that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of that away from that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of that away from that I get
+a second pivot and I'd see that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second pivot and I'd see that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second pivot and I'd see that that was
+positive so what what's that I maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so what what's that I maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so what what's that I maybe I
+take one and a half away of this I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one and a half away of this I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one and a half away of this I I
+take I multiply that by 1 and half 69
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I multiply that by 1 and half 69
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I multiply that by 1 and half 69
+subtract from 610 so I I actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from 610 so I I actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from 610 so I I actually get a
+one down there so pivot number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two is a one in that case right 69 taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is a one in that case right 69 taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is a one in that case right 69 taken
+away from 610 leaves me 01 okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from 610 leaves me 01 okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from 610 leaves me 01 okay that's
+it passed the pivot test notice I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passed the pivot test notice I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passed the pivot test notice I didn't
+compute the igen values I'm just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the igen values I'm just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the igen values I'm just doing
+other tests now here's another beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tests now here's another beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tests now here's another beautiful
+test it involves determinants all now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it involves determinants all now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it involves determinants all now I
+have to say upper upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say upper upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say upper upper
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant greater than zero what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant greater than zero what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant greater than zero what do I
+mean by an upper left determinant I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by an upper left determinant I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by an upper left determinant I look
+at my Matrix that's a one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my Matrix that's a one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my Matrix that's a one by one
+determinant certainly positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant certainly positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant certainly positive that
+determinant is four here's a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is four here's a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is four here's a 2X two
+determinant and that determinant is 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and that determinant is 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and that determinant is 40
+minus 36 so happen to be four again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 36 so happen to be four again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 36 so happen to be four again so
+the determinant of the Matrix is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix is four
+but I also needed the the ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also needed the the ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also needed the the ones on the
+way I can't just find the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can't just find the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can't just find the determinant of
+the whole Matrix that's the last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Matrix that's the last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Matrix that's the last last
+part of this test but I have to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this test but I have to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this test but I have to do all
+the others as I get there so it passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others as I get there so it passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others as I get there so it passes
+that test check it works so that test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test check it works so that test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test check it works so that test is
+passed I'm doing more work than I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed I'm doing more work than I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed I'm doing more work than I need
+to do because one test would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do because one test would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do because one test would have done
+the job now here comes another one uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job now here comes another one uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job now here comes another one uh s
+is in the is a transpose a that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the is a transpose a that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the is a transpose a that's what
+we looked at a minute ago if s has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a minute ago if s has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a minute ago if s has its
+form a transpose a oh what did we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a transpose a oh what did we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a transpose a oh what did we what
+did we convince ourselves we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we convince ourselves we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we convince ourselves we said that
+this was sure to be semi-definite and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sure to be semi-definite and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sure to be semi-definite and I
+needed some condition to to avoid axal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some condition to to avoid axal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some condition to to avoid axal Z
+there was the possibility of ax equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the possibility of ax equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the possibility of ax equals z
+just bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring that
+down you remember we started there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you remember we started there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you remember we started there and
+ended up here and if ax was Zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up here and if ax was Zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up here and if ax was Zero then
+Lambda was Zero we were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda was Zero we were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda was Zero we were in the
+semi-definite case so I have to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite case so I have to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite case so I have to avoid
+that so I have to say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I have to say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I have to say with
+when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a
+has independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think I could factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I could factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I could factor
+that Matrix S into a transpose a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix S into a transpose a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix S into a transpose a I'm
+sure I could and get independent columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I could and get independent columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I could and get independent columns
+and it would pass test four I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would pass test four I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would pass test four I want to go
+on to test five which is really in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to test five which is really in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to test five which is really in a way
+is the definition the best definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition the best definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition the best definition of
+positive definite so if I took number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so if I took number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so if I took number
+five it's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's the energy
+definition so can I tell you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so can I tell you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so can I tell you what that
+means I mean that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I mean that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I mean that X
+transpose s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose s
+x if I take my Matrix S that I'm testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if I take my Matrix S that I'm testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if I take my Matrix S that I'm testing
+for positive definite I multiply on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive definite I multiply on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive definite I multiply on the
+right by any Vector X any X and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by any Vector X any X and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by any Vector X any X and on the
+left by X transpose well I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left by X transpose well I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left by X transpose well I get a
+number s is a matrix SX is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number s is a matrix SX is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number s is a matrix SX is a vector
+inner product with a vector I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with a vector I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with a vector I get a
+number and that number should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that number should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that number should be
+positive for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X oh I have to make one exception if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X oh I have to make one exception if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X oh I have to make one exception if x
+is the zero Vector then of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero Vector then of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero Vector then of course that
+answer is zero all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except they're zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're zero
+VOR okay so that would be a way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR okay so that would be a way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR okay so that would be a way to uh
+another test and and this is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another test and and this is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another test and and this is associated
+in applications with energy so I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applications with energy so I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applications with energy so I call
+this the energy test or really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the energy test or really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the energy test or really the
+energy definition of positive definite X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy definition of positive definite X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy definition of positive definite X
+transpose SX I'd like to apply that test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose SX I'd like to apply that test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose SX I'd like to apply that test
+so you'll see what does it mean now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see what does it mean now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see what does it mean now
+we're looking at all X to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at all X to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at all X to this to this
+uh particular example but I won't throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular example but I won't throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular example but I won't throw
+away this board here you see igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this board here you see igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this board here you see igen values
+pivots determinants a transpose a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots determinants a transpose a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots determinants a transpose a and
+energ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ
+really all the pieces of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the pieces of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the pieces of linear algebra
+the a transpose a we'll see it more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a transpose a we'll see it more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a transpose a we'll see it more and
+more it comes up in least squares it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it comes up in least squares it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it comes up in least squares it's
+it's if I have a general Matrix a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if I have a general Matrix a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if I have a general Matrix a you
+know it's not even Square it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not even Square it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not even Square it doesn't
+have great properties but when I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great properties but when I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great properties but when I compute
+a transpose a then I get a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a then I get a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a then I get a symmetric
+Matrix and now I know also a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now I know also a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now I know also a positive
+semide definite and with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semide definite and with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semide definite and with a little
+little bit more positive definite Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more positive definite Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more positive definite Matrix
+okay by the way what are the are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way what are the are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way what are the are there
+five tests for semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tests for semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five tests for semi-definite
+matrices yes there are five similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices yes there are five similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices yes there are five similar
+tests all I values greater or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests all I values greater or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests all I values greater or equal to
+zero all pivots greater or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all pivots greater or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all pivots greater or equal to zero
+I I can go down this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can go down this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can go down this and
+just allow that borderline case uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just allow that borderline case uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just allow that borderline case uh that
+that brings in semi-definite I won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings in semi-definite I won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings in semi-definite I won't do
+that let let me let me take my Matrix S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let let me let me take my Matrix S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let let me let me take my Matrix S
+that example small example Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example small example Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example small example Matrix and
+apply the energy test okay so so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the energy test okay so so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the energy test okay so so I'm
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so I'm looking at x that's X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I'm looking at x that's X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I'm looking at x that's X1
+X2 times my Matrix 4 6 6 10 time x X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 times my Matrix 4 6 6 10 time x X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 times my Matrix 4 6 6 10 time x X1
+X2 that's the energy that's my X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the energy that's my X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the energy that's my X
+transpose s x x transpose SX is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose s x x transpose SX is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose s x x transpose SX is that
+what we wanted to compute yes X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to compute yes X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to compute yes X
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+SX now can I compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX now can I compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX now can I compute that
+yes it's a matrix multiplication no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a matrix multiplication no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a matrix multiplication no
+nothing magical here but when I do I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing magical here but when I do I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing magical here but when I do I'll
+show you the shortcut when I do that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the shortcut when I do that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the shortcut when I do that a
+4x1 is going to appear and it'll be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x1 is going to appear and it'll be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x1 is going to appear and it'll be uh
+multiplied by that X1 over there I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that X1 over there I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that X1 over there I'll
+get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+4x12 and then I'll have a 6 X2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x12 and then I'll have a 6 X2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x12 and then I'll have a 6 X2 that's
+multiplying that X1 so there's a 6 X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that X1 so there's a 6 X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that X1 so there's a 6 X1
+X2 and now from this that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now from this that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now from this that was the first
+component and now I have 6 X1 and 10 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and now I have 6 X1 and 10 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and now I have 6 X1 and 10 X2
+multiplying X2 well that's another 6 X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X2 well that's another 6 X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X2 well that's another 6 X1
+X2 and the 10 will multiply X2 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and the 10 will multiply X2 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and the 10 will multiply X2 and X2
+x22 I I did that quickly but the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x22 I I did that quickly but the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x22 I I did that quickly but the result
+is just easy to easy to see the 4 6610
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just easy to easy to see the 4 6610
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just easy to easy to see the 4 6610
+show up in the squares the diagonal four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in the squares the diagonal four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in the squares the diagonal four
+and 10 show up in the squares and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 show up in the squares and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 show up in the squares and the
+off diagonal six which doubles to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal six which doubles to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal six which doubles to 12
+shows up in the X1 X2 the cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the X1 X2 the cross term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in the X1 X2 the cross term
+okay now why should that so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why should that so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why should that so that's a
+number for every X1 and X2 suppose X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for every X1 and X2 suppose X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for every X1 and X2 suppose X1 is
+one and X2 is 1 then the number I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and X2 is 1 then the number I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and X2 is 1 then the number I get is
+4 + 6 + 6 + 10 that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 6 + 6 + 10 that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 6 + 6 + 10 that's probably
+26 it's positive what if X1 is one let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 it's positive what if X1 is one let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 it's positive what if X1 is one let
+me try this X1 is 1 and X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try this X1 is 1 and X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try this X1 is 1 and X2 is
+min-1 do I still get a positive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 do I still get a positive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 do I still get a positive energy
+so my Vector is 1 - one so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my Vector is 1 - one so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my Vector is 1 - one so I get
+four now because of the that I have - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now because of the that I have - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now because of the that I have - 6
+and - 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - 6 and
+10 from the X2 SAR and that's 14 - 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 from the X2 SAR and that's 14 - 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 from the X2 SAR and that's 14 - 12
+that's 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 it's
+positive well I tested two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well I tested two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well I tested two
+vectors I tested the one one vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I tested the one one vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I tested the one one vector and
+the one minus one vector but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minus one vector but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minus one vector but you have to
+know that for every Vector X it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for every Vector X it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for every Vector X it this
+does turn out to be positive and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does turn out to be positive and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does turn out to be positive and I could
+show you that by something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that by something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that by something called
+completing this Square I I it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this Square I I it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this Square I I it's not what
+I plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to
+do the beauty is we have we We Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the beauty is we have we We Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the beauty is we have we We Now
+understand this energy test what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this energy test what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this energy test what it
+means to take X transpose s x write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to take X transpose s x write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to take X transpose s x write it
+out and ask is it always positive is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and ask is it always positive is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and ask is it always positive is it
+always positive okay so that's the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive okay so that's the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive okay so that's the fifth
+number five test but I I think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five test but I I think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five test but I I think of it
+really as the definition and it means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as the definition and it means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as the definition and it means if
+I can I draw a picture here's X1 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I draw a picture here's X1 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I draw a picture here's X1 here's
+X2 and now I'm going to this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now I'm going to this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and now I'm going to this is my
+function X transpose ax my energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X transpose ax my energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X transpose ax my energy that's
+if I graph that you know I have a I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graph that you know I have a I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I graph that you know I have a I have
+an X and A Y and a function Z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and A Y and a function Z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and A Y and a function Z that
+function of X and Y what kind of a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y what kind of a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y what kind of a graph
+does it have when X1 and X2 are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have when X1 and X2 are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have when X1 and X2 are zero
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+there when X1 and X2 move away from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when X1 and X2 move away from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when X1 and X2 move away from zero
+it goes positive that graph is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes positive that graph is like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes positive that graph is like that
+it's a it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bowl and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum one the main application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum one the main application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum one the main application of
+derivatives in calculus is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in calculus is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in calculus is to find the
+test for a minimum and decide minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for a minimum and decide minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for a minimum and decide minimum or
+maximum minimum or maximum imum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum or maximum imum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum or maximum imum and you
+remember the second derivative decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second derivative decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second derivative decides
+minimum or maximum positive second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or maximum positive second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or maximum positive second
+derivative minimum negative second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative minimum negative second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative minimum negative second
+derivative maximum it tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative maximum it tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative maximum it tells you about
+the bending of the curve well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending of the curve well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending of the curve well we're
+in we're in two Dimensions now with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're in two Dimensions now with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're in two Dimensions now with a
+function of two variables this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables this is
+multivariable calculus so what becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus so what becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus so what becomes
+positive second derivative becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive second derivative becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive second derivative becomes
+positive definite Matrix a matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix a matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite Matrix a matrix of
+second derivatives there's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives there's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives there's this is the
+whole subject of optimization maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole subject of optimization maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole subject of optimization maximizing
+minimizing comes here okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing comes here okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing comes here okay that's a
+that's for another day I I I just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for another day I I I just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for another day I I I just would
+like to tell you one more thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you one more thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you one more thing about
+positive definite matrices I got a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices I got a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices I got a book
+in the mail which could be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mail which could be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mail which could be quite
+valuable it's a little paperback and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's a little paperback and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's a little paperback and the
+title is qu frequently asked questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is qu frequently asked questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is qu frequently asked questions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+interviews for financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews for financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews for financial
+math being a Quant going to Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math being a Quant going to Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math being a Quant going to Wall Street
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+rich so that they don't give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich so that they don't give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich so that they don't give you all the
+money right away they make you show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right away they make you show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right away they make you show that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+something and so they ask a few math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so they ask a few math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so they ask a few math
+questions and the first question was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the first question was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the first question was I
+was happy to see this the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy to see this the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy to see this the first question
+asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+when is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite okay can you see that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay can you see that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay can you see that Matrix
+one's on the diagonal those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's on the diagonal those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's on the diagonal those are
+correlation this is a correlation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation this is a correlation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation this is a correlation Matrix
+that's why it's important in finance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's important in finance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's important in finance it
+might be the three correlations of bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the three correlations of bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the three correlations of bonds
+and stocks and foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stocks and foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stocks and foreign
+exchange so each one is correlated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so each one is correlated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so each one is correlated to
+itself with a full correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself with a full correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself with a full correlation of
+one but there'll be a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there'll be a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there'll be a correlation
+between bonds and stocks going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bonds and stocks going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bonds and stocks going up
+together but not perfectly together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but not perfectly together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but not perfectly together by
+some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number
+a and bonds and foreign exchange with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and bonds and foreign exchange with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and bonds and foreign exchange with
+some number B stocks and foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number B stocks and foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number B stocks and foreign
+exchange some number c what is so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange some number c what is so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange some number c what is so that's
+the Matrix of correlations and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of correlations and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of correlations and the key
+point is it is positive definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it is positive definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it is positive definition
+so if they question when you go to Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they question when you go to Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they question when you go to Wall
+Street to apply for the money if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street to apply for the money if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street to apply for the money if you're
+asked what's the test on those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what's the test on those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what's the test on those numbers
+ABC to have a positive definite a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC to have a positive definite a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC to have a positive definite a proper
+correlation Matrix I would suggest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix I would suggest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix I would suggest the
+determinant test the determinant test if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test the determinant test if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test the determinant test if
+I'm given a small Matrix I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given a small Matrix I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given a small Matrix I'll just do
+the determinants so that determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinants so that determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinants so that determinant is
+one no problem this determinant what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no problem this determinant what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no problem this determinant what's
+that 2x two determinant 1 - a^ 2 so 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2x two determinant 1 - a^ 2 so 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2x two determinant 1 - a^ 2 so 1 -
+A 2 has to be positive I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 2 has to be positive I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A 2 has to be positive I'm doing the
+determinant test and what's the 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test and what's the 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test and what's the 3X3
+determinant one from the diagonal and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one from the diagonal and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one from the diagonal and I
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ACB and an ACB I think I have two a BCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACB and an ACB I think I have two a BCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACB and an ACB I think I have two a BCS
+from the the three terms now one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the three terms now one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the three terms now one and
+those terms are the have the plus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are the have the plus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are the have the plus signs
+and now I have some with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have some with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have some with a minus sign
+which better not be too big that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which better not be too big that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which better not be too big that's the
+whole point on positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point on positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point on positive definite
+matrices the off diagonal is not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the off diagonal is not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the off diagonal is not allowed
+to overrun the diagonal the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overrun the diagonal the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overrun the diagonal the diagonal
+should be uh the biggest numbers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh the biggest numbers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh the biggest numbers okay so
+I saw that a squ had to be a a squ had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that a squ had to be a a squ had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that a squ had to be a a squ had
+to be below one but now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be below one but now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be below one but now what's the
+determinant test I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test I think if I
+this has to be bigger than what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be bigger than what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be bigger than what I'm
+getting from this direction which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from this direction which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from this direction which is a
+b^ squ and a c^ squ and an a squ oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ squ and a c^ squ and an a squ oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ squ and a c^ squ and an a squ oh look
+at that a s b 2 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that would be the
+answer that that first test there second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that that first test there second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that that first test there second
+test there well the easy test was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test there well the easy test was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test there well the easy test was just
+one as positive so really this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as positive so really this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as positive so really this is the
+that's what they're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're looking for
+that would be the test those numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the test those numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the test those numbers so
+ABC can't be too large or uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC can't be too large or uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC can't be too large or uh that would
+uh begin to fail good so uh positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh begin to fail good so uh positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh begin to fail good so uh positive
+definite matrices have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices have lots of
+applications here was minimum here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here was minimum here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here was minimum here was
+correlation matrices and finance many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrices and finance many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrices and finance many
+many other places let me just bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places let me just bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places let me just bring down
+the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five
+tests I can values pivots determinants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests I can values pivots determinants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests I can values pivots determinants a
+transpose a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and
+energy and I'll stop there thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/omPD_LtrpGU.txt b/omPD_LtrpGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..734af13b282efc221212ee9337f194c8afa3189b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/omPD_LtrpGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are so many processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many processes
+that are thermally activated there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are thermally activated there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are thermally activated there are
+so many processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many processes
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrhenius like behavior
+that are iranians like and if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are iranians like and if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are iranians like and if you go to
+dartmouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth
+then they'll give you goodie bags with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll give you goodie bags with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll give you goodie bags with
+live crickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live crickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live crickets
+and actually i really hope not but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i really hope not but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i really hope not but this
+is one of the labs that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the labs that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the labs that they have
+where they take crickets and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take crickets and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take crickets and they
+measure the number of times a cricket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the number of times a cricket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the number of times a cricket
+chirps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps
+and and they're like well okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're like well okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're like well okay let's
+measure the cricket chirp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the cricket chirp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the cricket chirp
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 13 seconds we're going to cool them
+down hopefully not too cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hopefully not too cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hopefully not too cold
+and then we're going to heat them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to heat them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to heat them up
+hopefully not too hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not too hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not too hot
+because crickets are nice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because crickets are nice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because crickets are nice right
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so then and they ca but look at
+that and they count it and then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they count it and then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they count it and then what do
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+well they didn't know about arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they didn't know about arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they didn't know about arrhenius
+yet until somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet until somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet until somebody
+from mit went and visited so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit went and visited so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit went and visited so the first
+thing they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they did
+is they plotted the data look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they plotted the data look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they plotted the data look at that
+chirps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirps
+per 13 seconds plotted and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 13 seconds plotted and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 13 seconds plotted and then they're
+all sitting there trying to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sitting there trying to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sitting there trying to fit a
+straight line to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line to it
+and and then someone from this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then someone from this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then someone from this class is
+up their vision they're like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their vision they're like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their vision they're like you know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+i think this looks like a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this looks like a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this looks like a thermally
+activated process so i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process so i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process so i think it's
+probably exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exponential
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they fit this nice exponential
+and it fits the cricket tripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits the cricket tripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fits the cricket tripping
+beautifully and you can go even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and you can go even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and you can go even further
+because you see if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see if you got
+this far well now you see this is a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far well now you see this is a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far well now you see this is a line
+this is a line and we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line and we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line and we're going to do
+that a lot when we go into reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot when we go into reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot when we go into reaction
+kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+if you have a exponential and you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a exponential and you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a exponential and you take a
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+that's a line versus 1 over t right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line versus 1 over t right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line versus 1 over t right
+that's a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line
+versus one over t and so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus one over t and so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus one over t and so that's another
+way you could look at data they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could look at data they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could look at data they didn't
+do it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it there
+but you know you could plot for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could plot for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could plot for example
+you could plot one over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could plot one over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could plot one over t
+versus the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the log of
+the number of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lattice the number of vacancies
+is what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we want
+that ratio is the concentration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio is the concentration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio is the concentration that
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is in equilibrium at some
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lattice the number of lattice
+sites is simply how many lattice sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is simply how many lattice sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is simply how many lattice sites
+you have in whatever volume you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in whatever volume you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in whatever volume you have
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever crystal structure you have
+for whatever element you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever element you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever element you have
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in a few examples so
+that's just a concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a concert
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of sites you have in the
+chunk of material and then instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of material and then instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of material and then instead of
+the question this equation tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question this equation tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question this equation tells you the
+answer to is how many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to is how many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to is how many of those
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy because it's a thermally
+activated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+and if you plot that log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot that log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot that log in
+v versus temperature you get this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v versus temperature you get this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v versus temperature you get this really
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+linear line and the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line and the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line and the slope
+of that line is equal to minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line is equal to minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line is equal to minus e
+vacancy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy divided by
+r or or it could be kb r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or or it could be kb r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or or it could be kb r
+let's write this again per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or it could be kb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it could be kb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it could be kb
+if it's per atom you will see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's per atom you will see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's per atom you will see both
+you will see both and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see both and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see both and this this
+intercept intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept intercept
+is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the intercept is equal what do
+i have here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here the
+the log of n did i write it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of n did i write it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of n did i write it right
+log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um okay oh yeah what else can you do
+well before we go on to the defects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we go on to the defects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we go on to the defects this
+explains the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the doping
+but i kept calling the doping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kept calling the doping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kept calling the doping in
+semiconductors a thermally activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors a thermally activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors a thermally activated
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+but look at what happens this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what happens this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what happens this is the
+carrier concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration
+in that conduction band the thing you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that conduction band the thing you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that conduction band the thing you've
+been you've been learning about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you've been learning about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you've been learning about right
+and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about
+but look at it now versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at it now versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at it now versus temperature
+it's a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line
+it's a straight line this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straight line this is this is
+experimentally what you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what you observe
+and the reason is because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because it's a
+thermally activated process and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated process and in fact
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+what is the activation energy right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the activation energy right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the activation energy right the
+activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy
+for getting an electron into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting an electron into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting an electron into the
+conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band
+is the gap right and so and now you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap right and so and now you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap right and so and now you say
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium has a smaller gap than silicon
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a smaller gap than gallium
+arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are different the slopes are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+because the energy that it takes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy that it takes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy that it takes in that
+activated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap that's why the slopes are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/phk05iSMezA.txt b/phk05iSMezA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d9313da859fef97430d213b42b0b12da1425288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phk05iSMezA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we're going to continue to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue to look
+at stuff in space. So, we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stuff in space. So, we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stuff in space. So, we've been
+working with triple integrals and seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with triple integrals and seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with triple integrals and seeing
+how to set them up in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set them up in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set them up in all sorts of
+coordinate systems. And the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems. And the next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems. And the next topic
+we'll be looking at are vector fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at are vector fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at are vector fields in
+space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so in particular, we'll be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular, we'll be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular, we'll be learning
+about flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flux and
+work. So just for a change, we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So just for a change, we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So just for a change, we'll be
+starting with flux first and we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with flux first and we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with flux first and we'll do
+work actually after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work actually after
+Thanksgiving. So just to remind you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving. So just to remind you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving. So just to remind you,
+well, a vector field in space is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, a vector field in space is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, a vector field in space is just
+the same thing as in the plane. At every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as in the plane. At every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as in the plane. At every
+point you have a vector field, uh so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have a vector field, uh so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have a vector field, uh so at
+every point you have a vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you have a vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you have a vector and the
+components of this vector depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of this vector depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of this vector depend on the
+coordinates x, y, and z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x, y, and z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x, y, and z.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so let's say the components might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so let's say the components might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so let's say the components might be
+PQR or your favorite three letters where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQR or your favorite three letters where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQR or your favorite three letters where
+each of these things is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XYZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you know, you've seen that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you've seen that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you've seen that in the
+plane, it's already pretty hard to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, it's already pretty hard to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, it's already pretty hard to draw
+a vector field. So, usually in space, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field. So, usually in space, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field. So, usually in space, we
+won't really try too hard. Okay? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't really try too hard. Okay? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't really try too hard. Okay? But
+it's still useful to try to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still useful to try to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still useful to try to have a
+general idea for what the vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea for what the vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea for what the vectors in
+there are doing. You know, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are doing. You know, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are doing. You know, whether
+they're all going in the same direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going in the same direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going in the same direction,
+whether they may be all vertical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they may be all vertical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they may be all vertical or
+horizontal, pointing away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal, pointing away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal, pointing away from the
+origin towards it, things like that. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin towards it, things like that. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin towards it, things like that. But
+we won't generally speaking we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't generally speaking we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't generally speaking we won't
+really bother with trying to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bother with trying to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bother with trying to draw a
+picture because that's going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because that's going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because that's going to be quite
+hard. Um just to give you examples well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um just to give you examples well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um just to give you examples well
+the same kind of examples as the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of examples as the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of examples as the plane
+you can think of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. So for
+example the gravitational attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a mass m at let's call this mass big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a mass m at let's call this mass big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a mass m at let's call this mass big
+m at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at a
+point xyz Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point xyz Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point xyz Z
+uh that would be given by a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would be given by a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would be given by a vector field
+that points towards the origin and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points towards the origin and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points towards the origin and whose
+magnitude is inversely proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is inversely proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is inversely proportional to
+the square of a distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of a distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of a distance from the
+origin. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So such a field would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directed towards origin towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed towards origin towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed towards origin towards the
+origin and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude would be of the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would be of the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would be of the order of a
+constant over row squared where row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over row squared where row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over row squared where row is
+the distance from the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the origin.
+Okay, so the picture if I really if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the picture if I really if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the picture if I really if I
+really wanted to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to draw a
+picture would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture would
+be everywhere it's a field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everywhere it's a field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everywhere it's a field that
+points towards the origin and if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points towards the origin and if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points towards the origin and if I'm
+further away then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller and of course I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and of course I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and of course I'm not going to
+try to draw all these vectors in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw all these vectors in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw all these vectors in there.
+Okay, so if I wanted to give a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if I wanted to give a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if I wanted to give a formula
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So formula for that might be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So formula for that might be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So formula for that might be something
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+form min - c *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form min - c *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form min - c *
+xyz over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz over
+cubed. Let's see well the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. Let's see well the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. Let's see well the direction of
+this vector. So this vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector. So this vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector. So this vector is
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+toxyz. xyz is the vector that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxyz. xyz is the vector that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxyz. xyz is the vector that goes from
+the origin to your point. The negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to your point. The negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to your point. The negative
+goes towards the origin. Then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes towards the origin. Then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes towards the origin. Then the
+magnitude of this guy, well magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this guy, well magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this guy, well magnitude of
+x comm y z is just distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comm y z is just distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comm y z is just distance from the
+origin. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. It's
+row. So the magnitude of this thing is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So the magnitude of this thing is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So the magnitude of this thing is 1
+/ row^ 2 times some constant factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ row^ 2 times some constant factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ row^ 2 times some constant factor.
+Okay. So that would be an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that would be an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that would be an example of a
+vector field that comes up in physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, other
+examples would be electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples would be electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples would be electric
+fields. Actually, if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Actually, if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Actually, if you look at the
+electric field generated by a charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field generated by a charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field generated by a charged
+particle at the origin, it's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at the origin, it's given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at the origin, it's given by
+exactly the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of
+formula. And there's magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and so
+on. Um, another example comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity fields. So if you have a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity fields. So if you have a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity fields. So if you have a fluid
+flow, for example, if you want to study,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow, for example, if you want to study,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow, for example, if you want to study,
+you know, wind patterns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, wind patterns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, wind patterns in the
+atmosphere, well, wind most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, well, wind most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, well, wind most of the time
+is kind of horizontal, but maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of horizontal, but maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of horizontal, but maybe it
+depends on the altitude, you know, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the altitude, you know, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the altitude, you know, that
+at high altitude you have jet streams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high altitude you have jet streams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high altitude you have jet streams.
+The wind velocity is not the same at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+altitudes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes.
+And you know just to give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know just to give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know just to give you more
+examples well in math we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples well in math we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples well in math we've seen that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gradient of a function of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables gives you a vector field. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables gives you a vector field. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables gives you a vector field. If
+you have a function u of xyz then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function u of xyz then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function u of xyz then its
+gradient field has just components u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field has just components u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field has just components u
+subx u suby and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx u suby and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx u suby and u
+subz. And of course the cases are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz. And of course the cases are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz. And of course the cases are not
+exclus are not mutually exclusive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclus are not mutually exclusive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclus are not mutually exclusive.
+Right? For example the electric field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? For example the electric field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? For example the electric field or
+gravitational field are given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field are given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field are given by the
+gradient of the gravitational or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the gravitational or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the gravitational or
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+potential. So you know these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. So you know these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. So you know these are not
+like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different
+cases. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. There's
+overlap. Okay. So anyway hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap. Okay. So anyway hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap. Okay. So anyway hopefully
+you're kind of convinced that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of convinced that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of convinced that you should
+learn about gradient about vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about gradient about vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about gradient about vector
+fields. Um what are we going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Um what are we going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Um what are we going to do with
+them? Well, let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux. So, remember not so long ago we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux. So, remember not so long ago we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux. So, remember not so long ago we've
+looked at flux of a two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at flux of a two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at flux of a two dimensional
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field through a curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we had a curve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a curve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a curve in the
+plane and we had a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and we looked at the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we looked at the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we looked at the component of
+a vector field in the direction that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in the direction that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in the direction that was
+normal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve. So we formed the flux integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So we formed the flux integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So we formed the flux integral
+that was a line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a line integral
+fds and that measured how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fds and that measured how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fds and that measured how much the
+vector field was going across the curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field was going across the curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field was going across the curve.
+So if you were thinking of a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you were thinking of a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you were thinking of a velocity
+field that would measure how much fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that would measure how much fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that would measure how much fluid
+is passing through the curve in unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing through the curve in unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing through the curve in unit
+time. Okay. Now let's say that we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. Now let's say that we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. Now let's say that we're in
+space. Well, we can't really think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Well, we can't really think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Well, we can't really think of
+flux as a line integral because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a line integral because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a line integral because if you
+have, you know, a curve in space and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, a curve in space and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, a curve in space and say
+that you have wind or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have wind or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have wind or something like
+that, you can't really ask how much air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you can't really ask how much air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you can't really ask how much air
+is flowing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flowing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flowing through the
+curve. See, to have a flow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. See, to have a flow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. See, to have a flow through
+something, you need actually a surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, you need actually a surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, you need actually a surface.
+If you have a net maybe, then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a net maybe, then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a net maybe, then you can
+ask how much stuff is passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how much stuff is passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how much stuff is passing through
+that surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface.
+So there's going to be a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's going to be a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's going to be a big difference
+here. In the threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. In the threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. In the threedimensional
+case, flux will be measured through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface. And so it will be actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. And so it will be actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. And so it will be actually a
+surface integral, not a line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral, not a line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral, not a line integral
+anymore. So that means we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So that means we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So that means we'll be
+integrating, we'll be summing over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating, we'll be summing over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating, we'll be summing over all
+the pieces of a surface in space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, because a surface is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because a surface is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because a surface is a two
+dimensional object that will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object that will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object that will end up
+being a double integral. But of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a double integral. But of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a double integral. But of course,
+we'll have to set it up properly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to set it up properly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to set it up properly because
+the surface sits in space. So probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface sits in space. So probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface sits in space. So probably
+we'll have x, y, and z to deal with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have x, y, and z to deal with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have x, y, and z to deal with at
+the same time. And we'll have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time. And we'll have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time. And we'll have to somehow
+get rid of one variable so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of one variable so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of one variable so that we can
+set up and evaluate a double integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and evaluate a double integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and evaluate a double integral.
+So conceptually it's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So conceptually it's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So conceptually it's very similar to
+line integrals just you know in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals just you know in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals just you know in a line
+integral in the plane you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the plane you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the plane you had two
+variables that you reduced to one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that you reduced to one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that you reduced to one by
+figuring out what the curve is and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the curve is and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the curve is and here
+you'll have three variables that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have three variables that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have three variables that you
+will reduce to two by figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce to two by figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce to two by figuring out what
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is. Okay so let me give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay so let me give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay so let me give you the
+definition of flux and 3D. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of flux and 3D. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of flux and 3D. So let's say
+that we have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and as a surface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. So let me draw some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So let me draw some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So let me draw some kind of
+picture. You know I have my surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. You know I have my surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. You know I have my surface and
+I have my vector field f. Well at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my vector field f. Well at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my vector field f. Well at every
+point it changes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it changes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it changes with a
+point. Well I want to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Well I want to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Well I want to figure out how
+much my vector field is going across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much my vector field is going across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much my vector field is going across
+that surface. So that means actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface. So that means actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface. So that means actually I
+want to figure out the normal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out the normal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out the normal component
+of my vector field. Okay. So I will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my vector field. Okay. So I will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my vector field. Okay. So I will use
+as in the plain case the unit normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the plain case the unit normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the plain case the unit normal
+vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S. So you know I take my point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So you know I take my point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So you know I take my point on the
+surface and I build a unit vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and I build a unit vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and I build a unit vector that's
+standing on it perpendicularly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, well, we have to decide actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, well, we have to decide actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, well, we have to decide actually
+which way it's standing, right? We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way it's standing, right? We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way it's standing, right? We can
+build our normal vector to go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our normal vector to go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our normal vector to go this way
+or to go the other way around. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to go the other way around. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to go the other way around. There's
+two choices. Basically, whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices. Basically, whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices. Basically, whenever you
+want to set up a flux integral, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up a flux integral, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up a flux integral, you have
+to decide, you have to choose one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide, you have to choose one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide, you have to choose one side
+of a surface and you will count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface and you will count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface and you will count
+positively what flows towards that side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively what flows towards that side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively what flows towards that side,
+negatively what flows towards the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively what flows towards the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively what flows towards the other
+side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+choices for n. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for n. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for n. We need to
+choose a side of a surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in the case of curves see actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the case of curves see actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the case of curves see actually we
+made that choice by deciding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that choice by deciding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that choice by deciding that
+because we were going along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were going along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were going along some
+direction along the curve we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction along the curve we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction along the curve we could
+define we could choose one side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define we could choose one side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define we could choose one side by
+saying let's rotate clockwise from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let's rotate clockwise from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let's rotate clockwise from the
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+vector and in a way what we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and in a way what we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and in a way what we were doing
+is really it was a recipe to choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it was a recipe to choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it was a recipe to choose for
+us one of the two sides. So here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one of the two sides. So here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one of the two sides. So here we
+don't have the notion of orienting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the notion of orienting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the notion of orienting the
+surface other than by precisely choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface other than by precisely choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface other than by precisely choosing
+one of the two possible normal vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two possible normal vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two possible normal vectors.
+So in fact this is called choosing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact this is called choosing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact this is called choosing an
+orientation of a surface. When you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of a surface. When you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of a surface. When you're
+saying that you're orienting the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're orienting the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're orienting the surface
+that really means you're deciding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means you're deciding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means you're deciding which
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which. Okay. So that's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which. Okay. So that's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which. Okay. So that's called an
+orientation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now there's no set convention that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's no set convention that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's no set convention that will
+work forever, but the usual traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work forever, but the usual traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work forever, but the usual traditional
+settings would be to take your normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings would be to take your normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings would be to take your normal
+vector pointing maybe out of a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing maybe out of a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing maybe out of a solid
+region because then you'll be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because then you'll be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because then you'll be looking at
+flux that's coming out of that region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's coming out of that region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's coming out of that region of
+space or if you have a surface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if you have a surface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if you have a surface that's
+not like closed or anything but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like closed or anything but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like closed or anything but maybe
+you will want the flux going up out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want the flux going up out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want the flux going up out uh
+sorry up through the region or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry up through the region or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry up through the region or there's
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+conventions. So you know concretely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. So you know concretely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. So you know concretely on
+problems it will either say which choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it will either say which choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it will either say which choice
+you have to make or you get to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make or you get to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make or you get to choose
+which one you want to make. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you want to make. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you want to make. And of
+course if you choose the other one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you choose the other one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you choose the other one then
+the sign becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign becomes the
+opposite. So now once we've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite. So now once we've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite. So now once we've made a
+choice then we can define the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice then we can define the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice then we can define the flux
+integral. It will just be the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. It will just be the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. It will just be the double
+integral over the surface of f n ds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the surface of f n ds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the surface of f n ds. So
+now I'm using a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using a big
+DS that stands for the surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element on this surface. I'm using ds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on this surface. I'm using ds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on this surface. I'm using ds
+rather than da because I was I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than da because I was I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than da because I was I still
+want to think of da as maybe the area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of da as maybe the area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of da as maybe the area in
+one of the coordinate planes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinate planes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinate planes like the
+one we had in double integrals. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we had in double integrals. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we had in double integrals. You'll
+see later where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later where this comes
+in but conceptually it's very similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but conceptually it's very similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but conceptually it's very similar.
+Okay. So concretely what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So concretely what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So concretely what this means is
+you know I take I cut my surface into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I take I cut my surface into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I take I cut my surface into
+little pieces. Each of them has area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces. Each of them has area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces. Each of them has area
+delta s and for each piece I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta s and for each piece I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta s and for each piece I take my
+vector field. I take my normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. I take my normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. I take my normal
+vector I dot them and I multiply by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I dot them and I multiply by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I dot them and I multiply by this
+surface area and I sum all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area and I sum all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area and I sum all these things
+together. That's what the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. That's what the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. That's what the double
+integral means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in particular an easy case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular an easy case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular an easy case where you
+know you can get away without computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can get away without computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can get away without computing
+anything is of course if your vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is of course if your vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is of course if your vector
+field is tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is tangent to the
+surface because then you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because then you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because then you know that
+there's no flux. I mean flux is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flux. I mean flux is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flux. I mean flux is going to
+be zero because nothing passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero because nothing passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero because nothing passes through
+the surface otherwise well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface otherwise well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface otherwise well we have to
+figure out how to compute these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to compute these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to compute these things.
+So that's what we're going to learn now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, maybe I should box this formula. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, maybe I should box this formula. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, maybe I should box this formula. I
+I've noticed that some of you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed that some of you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed that some of you seem to
+like it when I box the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it when I box the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it when I box the important
+formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+okay. Um, by the way, a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um, by the way, a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um, by the way, a piece of
+notation before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. So, sometimes you'll also see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So, sometimes you'll also see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So, sometimes you'll also see the
+notation vector DS. What is vector DS?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation vector DS. What is vector DS?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation vector DS. What is vector DS?
+Vector DS is this guy n DS put together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector DS is this guy n DS put together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector DS is this guy n DS put together.
+Okay. So vector ds is a vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So vector ds is a vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So vector ds is a vector which
+points perpendicular to the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points perpendicular to the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points perpendicular to the surface and
+whose length corresponds to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose length corresponds to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose length corresponds to the surface
+element. And the reason for having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. And the reason for having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. And the reason for having this
+shortcut notation well not only it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut notation well not only it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut notation well not only it's not
+only laziness you know like saving one n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only laziness you know like saving one n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only laziness you know like saving one n
+but it's because this guy is very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because this guy is very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because this guy is very often
+easier to compute than it is to set up n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to compute than it is to set up n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to compute than it is to set up n
+and ds separately. Actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ds separately. Actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ds separately. Actually if you
+remember in the plane we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the plane we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the plane we've seen that
+vector n little ds can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n little ds can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n little ds can be written
+directly as dy comma negative dx that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly as dy comma negative dx that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly as dy comma negative dx that
+was easier than finding n and ds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier than finding n and ds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier than finding n and ds
+separately. And here the same is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. And here the same is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. And here the same is going
+to be true in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So well so first sorry any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So well so first sorry any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So well so first sorry any questions
+before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples? No. Okay let's do examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first example for today, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first example for today, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first example for today, we're
+going to look at the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector
+field X I + Y +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field X I + Y +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field X I + Y +
+ZK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the sphere of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin. Okay. So, what does the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Okay. So, what does the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Okay. So, what does the picture
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like? I have a sphere of radius A. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? I have a sphere of radius A. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? I have a sphere of radius A. I
+have my vector field. Well, x comma y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my vector field. Well, x comma y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my vector field. Well, x comma y
+comma z. See, that's a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma z. See, that's a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma z. See, that's a vector field
+that's equal to the vector from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the vector from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the vector from the
+origin to the point where I am. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point where I am. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point where I am. So, it's
+pointing radially away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing radially away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing radially away from the
+origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, my vector field is really sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out everywhere away from the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I have to find the normal vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have to find the normal vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have to find the normal vector to
+the sphere. If I want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere. If I want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere. If I want to set
+up double integral over the sphere of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up double integral over the sphere of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up double integral over the sphere of f
+dot vector ds or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot vector ds or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot vector ds or if you
+want f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want f
+dot n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot n
+ds. So what does the normal vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So what does the normal vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So what does the normal vector to
+the sphere look like? Well, depends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere look like? Well, depends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere look like? Well, depends of
+course whether I choose it pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whether I choose it pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whether I choose it pointing out
+or in. Let's say I'm choosing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in. Let's say I'm choosing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in. Let's say I'm choosing it
+pointing out. then it will be sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out. then it will be sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out. then it will be sticking
+straight out of the sphere as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out of the sphere as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out of the sphere as well. So
+hopefully you can see that if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see that if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see that if I take the
+normal vector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to the
+sphere, it's actually pointing radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, it's actually pointing radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, it's actually pointing radially
+out away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin. So in fact our vector field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. So in fact our vector field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. So in fact our vector field and
+our normal vector are parallel to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal vector are parallel to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal vector are parallel to each
+other. Okay, let's think a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, let's think a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, let's think a bit more
+about what the normal vector looks like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the normal vector looks like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the normal vector looks like.
+So I say it's sticking straight out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I say it's sticking straight out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I say it's sticking straight out.
+It's proportional to this vector field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's proportional to this vector field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's proportional to this vector field.
+So maybe I should start by writing XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe I should start by writing XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe I should start by writing XYZ
+because that's the vector that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the vector that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the vector that goes from
+the origin to my point. So it points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to my point. So it points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to my point. So it points
+radially away from the origin. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially away from the origin. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially away from the origin. Now
+there's a small problem with that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small problem with that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small problem with that. It's
+not a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a unit
+vector. So what is its length? Well, its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So what is its length? Well, its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So what is its length? Well, its
+length is square root of x square + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is square root of x square + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is square root of x square + y
+square + z^2. But if I'm on the sphere,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + z^2. But if I'm on the sphere,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + z^2. But if I'm on the sphere,
+then that length is just equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that length is just equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that length is just equal to a
+because distance from the origin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because distance from the origin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because distance from the origin is
+a. So in fact, I get my normal vector by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So in fact, I get my normal vector by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So in fact, I get my normal vector by
+scaling this guy down by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling this guy down by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling this guy down by a factor of
+a. Okay. And let me write down just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Okay. And let me write down just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Okay. And let me write down just in
+case you're still unsure. This is unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're still unsure. This is unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're still unsure. This is unit
+because square roo<unk> of x square +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because square roo<unk> of x square +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because square roo<unk> of x square +
+y^2 + z^2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 + z^2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 + z^2 is equal to
+a on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere. Okay. Um any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Okay. Um any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Okay. Um any questions about
+this? No. Looks okay. I see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? No. Looks okay. I see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? No. Looks okay. I see a lot of
+blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+faces. That physics test must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. That physics test must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. That physics test must have been
+hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I could have put row, but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have put row, but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have put row, but I want to
+emphasize the fact that here it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that here it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that here it's going
+to be a constant. See, I mean, row has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant. See, I mean, row has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant. See, I mean, row has
+this connotation of being a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connotation of being a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connotation of being a variable
+that I will need to then maybe integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will need to then maybe integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will need to then maybe integrate
+over or do something with. And yes, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or do something with. And yes, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or do something with. And yes, it
+would be correct to put row, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be correct to put row, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be correct to put row, but I
+really want to put, you know, then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to put, you know, then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to put, you know, then later
+I will want to replace it by its actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will want to replace it by its actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will want to replace it by its actual
+value, which is a number. then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, which is a number. then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, which is a number. then the
+number is a it's not going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a it's not going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a it's not going to actually
+change from point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from point to
+point. For example, if this was the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. For example, if this was the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. For example, if this was the unit
+sphere, then I would just put, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, then I would just put, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, then I would just put, you know,
+xyz. I wouldn't divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz. I wouldn't divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz. I wouldn't divide by
+anything. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Okay?
+So now let's figure out fn. Let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's figure out fn. Let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's figure out fn. Let's do
+things one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one at a
+time. Well, f and n are parallel to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Well, f and n are parallel to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Well, f and n are parallel to each
+other. So f n the normal component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is actually equal to the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually equal to the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually equal to the length of
+f well times the length of n if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well times the length of n if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well times the length of n if you want
+but that's going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to be one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+since f and n are parallel to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f and n are parallel to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f and n are parallel to each
+other. And what's the magnitude of f if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And what's the magnitude of f if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And what's the magnitude of f if
+I'm on the sphere? Well the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the sphere? Well the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the sphere? Well the magnitude of
+f in general is square root of x + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in general is square root of x + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in general is square root of x + y
+square + z^2. on the sphere that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + z^2. on the sphere that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + z^2. on the sphere that's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a. Okay. The other way to do it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Okay. The other way to do it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Okay. The other way to do it if you
+don't want to think geometrically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to think geometrically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to think geometrically like
+that is to just do the dot product xyz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to just do the dot product xyz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to just do the dot product xyz
+dotted with x a y a z over a. You will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with x a y a z over a. You will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with x a y a z over a. You will
+get x^2 + y^2 + z^2 divided by a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x^2 + y^2 + z^2 divided by a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x^2 + y^2 + z^2 divided by a that
+will simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simplify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simplify to
+a because we're on the sphere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So see we're already actually using here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So see we're already actually using here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So see we're already actually using here
+the relation between X Y and Z. We are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between X Y and Z. We are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between X Y and Z. We are
+not letting X Y and Z be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not letting X Y and Z be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not letting X Y and Z be completely
+arbitrary. But the slogan is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary. But the slogan is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary. But the slogan is everything
+happens on the surface where we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the surface where we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the surface where we're doing
+the integral. We are not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral. We are not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral. We are not looking at
+anything inside or outside. We're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything inside or outside. We're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything inside or outside. We're just
+on the surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now what do I do with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I've
+turned my integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned my integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned my integral
+into the double integral of a ds and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the double integral of a ds and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the double integral of a ds and a
+is just a constant. So, I'm very lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant. So, I'm very lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant. So, I'm very lucky
+here. I can just say, well, this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can just say, well, this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can just say, well, this will be
+a * the double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * the double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * the double integral of
+ds. And of course, someday I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. And of course, someday I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. And of course, someday I'll have to
+learn how to tackle that beast. But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to tackle that beast. But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to tackle that beast. But for
+now, I don't actually need to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, I don't actually need to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, I don't actually need to because
+the double integral of ds just means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral of ds just means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral of ds just means I'm
+summing the area of each little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the area of each little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the area of each little piece of
+the sphere. I'm just going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere. I'm just going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere. I'm just going to get the
+total area of the sphere, which I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area of the sphere, which I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area of the sphere, which I know
+to be 4 pi a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 4 pi a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 4 pi a^
+2. Okay, so this guy here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Okay, so this guy here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Okay, so this guy here is going to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+area of s. So I know that to be 4 pi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of s. So I know that to be 4 pi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of s. So I know that to be 4 pi a
+2. So I will get 4 pi a cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that one was relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that one was relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that one was relatively
+painless. That was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy.
+So let's do a second example with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do a second example with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do a second example with the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+sphere, but now my vector field is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, but now my vector field is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere, but now my vector field is going
+to be just Z *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K. Well, let me give it a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Well, let me give it a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Well, let me give it a different
+name. Let me call it H instead of F or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let me call it H instead of F or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let me call it H instead of F or
+something like that. just so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. just so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. just so that it's
+not called F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore. Okay. Well, the initial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Okay. Well, the initial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Okay. Well, the initial part of
+the setup is still the same. The normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup is still the same. The normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup is still the same. The normal
+vector is still the same. What changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is still the same. What changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is still the same. What changes
+is, of course, my vector field is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, of course, my vector field is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, of course, my vector field is no
+longer sticking straight out. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sticking straight out. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sticking straight out. So, I
+can't use this easy geometric argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this easy geometric argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this easy geometric argument.
+It looks like I will have to compute f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like I will have to compute f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like I will have to compute f
+and then figure out how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to integrate
+that with ds. So, let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still
+have that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that n is
+xyz divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz divided by
+a. So that tells us that h n will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So that tells us that h n will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So that tells us that h n will
+be well 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well 0
+0 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 dot
+xyz over a looks like I will be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz over a looks like I will be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz over a looks like I will be left
+with z ^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry
+so h n is z ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h n is z ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h n is z ^2
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+So the double integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the double integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the double integral for
+flux now becomes double integral on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux now becomes double integral on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux now becomes double integral on the
+sphere of z^2 / a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of z^2 / a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of z^2 / a d
+s. Well, we can take out the 1 / a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. Well, we can take out the 1 / a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. Well, we can take out the 1 / a.
+That's fine. But looks like we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine. But looks like we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine. But looks like we'll have
+actually to integrate z ^2 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to integrate z ^2 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to integrate z ^2 on the
+surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+sphere. So how do we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. So how do we do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. So how do we do that?
+Well, we have to figure out what is ds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have to figure out what is ds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have to figure out what is ds
+in terms of our favorite set of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our favorite set of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our favorite set of two
+variables that we'll use to integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we'll use to integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we'll use to integrate.
+Now, what's the best way to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the best way to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the best way to figure out
+where you are on the sphere? Well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are on the sphere? Well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are on the sphere? Well, you
+could try to use maybe theta and z. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to use maybe theta and z. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to use maybe theta and z. You
+know, if you know how high you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you know how high you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you know how high you are and
+where you are around, in principle, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are around, in principle, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are around, in principle, you
+know where you are on the sphere. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you are on the sphere. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you are on the sphere. But
+since then, since cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then, since cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then, since cylindrical
+coordinates, we've actually learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, we've actually learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, we've actually learned
+about something much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something much much more
+interesting, namely spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, namely spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, namely spherical
+coordinates. It looks like longitude,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. It looks like longitude,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. It looks like longitude,
+latitude is the way to go when trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude is the way to go when trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude is the way to go when trying to
+figure out where you are on a sphere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where you are on a sphere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where you are on a sphere.
+So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use f and
+theta. And of course, we have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out how to express ds in terms of dv and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to express ds in terms of dv and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to express ds in terms of dv and
+d theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d theta.
+Well, if you were paying really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you were paying really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you were paying really really
+close attention last time, then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention last time, then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention last time, then you'll
+notice that we've actually already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we've actually already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we've actually already done
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Okay, so last time we've seen that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so last time we've seen that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so last time we've seen that if I
+have a sphere of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sphere of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sphere of radius
+A and I take a little piece of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I take a little piece of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I take a little piece of it that
+corresponds to small changes in FE and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to small changes in FE and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to small changes in FE and
+theta, then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta, then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta, then we
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+that well we argued that this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we argued that this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we argued that this side
+here, the one that's going east west was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the one that's going east west was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the one that's going east west was
+a piece of a circle. circle of radius.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of a circle. circle of radius.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of a circle. circle of radius.
+So this east west circle has a radius a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this east west circle has a radius a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this east west circle has a radius a
+sin v because that's r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v because that's r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v because that's r.
+So that side is a sin v delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that side is a sin v delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that side is a sin v delta
+theta. And the side that goes north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And the side that goes north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And the side that goes north
+south is a piece of a circle of radius a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south is a piece of a circle of radius a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south is a piece of a circle of radius a
+corresponding to angle delta v. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to angle delta v. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to angle delta v. So it's
+a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+And so just to get to the answer we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so just to get to the answer we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so just to get to the answer we got
+ds equ= a^2 sin v dv d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds equ= a^2 sin v dv d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds equ= a^2 sin v dv d
+theta. Okay. So when we set up a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. So when we set up a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. So when we set up a surface
+integral on the surface of a sphere most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on the surface of a sphere most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on the surface of a sphere most
+likely we'll be using f and theta as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely we'll be using f and theta as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely we'll be using f and theta as our
+two variables of integration and ds will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables of integration and ds will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables of integration and ds will
+become this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this.
+Now, it's okay to think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's okay to think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's okay to think of them as
+spherical coordinates, but I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates, but I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates, but I'd like to
+encourage you not to think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to think of them as
+spherical coordinates. Spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates. Spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates. Spherical
+coordinates are a way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are a way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are a way of describing
+points in space in terms of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in space in terms of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in space in terms of three
+variables. Here, it's more like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Here, it's more like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Here, it's more like we're
+parameterizing the sphere. We're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the sphere. We're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the sphere. We're finding
+a parametric equation for the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric equation for the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric equation for the sphere
+using two variables, f and theta, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two variables, f and theta, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two variables, f and theta, which
+happen to be part of the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be part of the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be part of the spherical
+coordinate system. But see, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. But see, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. But see, there's no
+row involved in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row involved in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row involved in here.
+I'm not using any row ever and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using any row ever and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using any row ever and I'm not
+going to in this calculation I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in this calculation I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to in this calculation I have two
+variables FE and FA that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Okay, it's basically in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, it's basically in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, it's basically in the same way
+as you know when you parameterize a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know when you parameterize a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know when you parameterize a line
+integral on a circle we use theta as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on a circle we use theta as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on a circle we use theta as the
+parameter variable and we never we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter variable and we never we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter variable and we never we never
+think about R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that being said, well, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that being said, well, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that being said, well, we're
+going to use SP and theta. We know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use SP and theta. We know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use SP and theta. We know what
+DS is. We still need to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is. We still need to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is. We still need to figure out what
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+is. Well, so there we want to think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Well, so there we want to think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Well, so there we want to think a
+tiny bit about spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit about spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit about spherical coordinates
+again. And we'll know that Z well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And we'll know that Z well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And we'll know that Z well is
+just a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cosine
+V. Okay, in case you don't quite see it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Okay, in case you don't quite see it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Okay, in case you don't quite see it,
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me draw a small diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You know that f is the angle down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that f is the angle down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that f is the angle down from
+the positive z-axis. This distance is a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive z-axis. This distance is a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive z-axis. This distance is a.
+So this distance here is a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+Okay. So now I have everything I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I have everything I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I have everything I need to
+compute my double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute my double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute my double
+integral. Z ^2 / A D S will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Z ^2 / A D S will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Z ^2 / A D S will become a
+double integral of so Z² becomes A^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of so Z² becomes A^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of so Z² becomes A^2
+cosine V cosine square V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine V cosine square V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine V cosine square V
+sorry over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over
+A times D S becomes A 2 sin V d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times D S becomes A 2 sin V d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times D S becomes A 2 sin V d
+theta. Now I need to set up bounds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Now I need to set up bounds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Now I need to set up bounds.
+Well, what are the bounds? FE goes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what are the bounds? FE goes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what are the bounds? FE goes all
+the way from zero to pi because we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from zero to pi because we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from zero to pi because we go
+all the way from the north pole to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from the north pole to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from the north pole to the
+south pole and theta goes from zero to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi and of course I can get rid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and of course I can get rid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and of course I can get rid of some
+a's invarant take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's invarant take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's invarant take them
+out okay so let's look actually at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so let's look actually at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so let's look actually at what
+number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we
+get so first of all we can take out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so first of all we can take out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so first of all we can take out all
+those a's we get an a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Second, so in the inner integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Second, so in the inner integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Second, so in the inner integral
+where integrating cosine square V sin V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where integrating cosine square V sin V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where integrating cosine square V sin V
+d I claim that integrates to cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d I claim that integrates to cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d I claim that integrates to cosine
+cubed up to some factor and that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed up to some factor and that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed up to some factor and that factor
+should be 1/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 1/3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 1/3.
+Okay, if you look at cosine cub and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if you look at cosine cub and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if you look at cosine cub and you
+take its derivative, you'll get that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative, you'll get that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative, you'll get that guy
+with a negative 3 in front between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative 3 in front between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative 3 in front between 0 and
+pi. And while integrating over theta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. And while integrating over theta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. And while integrating over theta,
+we'll just multiply things by 2 pi. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just multiply things by 2 pi. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just multiply things by 2 pi. So
+let me add a 2 pi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front. Okay. Okay. And now if I evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. Okay. Okay. And now if I evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. Okay. Okay. And now if I evaluate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy between 0 and pi while at pi cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy between 0 and pi while at pi cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy between 0 and pi while at pi cosine
+cub is negative 1 at zero it's one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub is negative 1 at zero it's one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub is negative 1 at zero it's one I
+will get actually 2/3 out of this. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get actually 2/3 out of this. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get actually 2/3 out of this. So I
+end up with 4/3 pi a cubed. Okay. Sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 4/3 pi a cubed. Okay. Sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 4/3 pi a cubed. Okay. Sorry
+I didn't write very much but trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write very much but trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write very much but trying to
+save blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Oh
+yes. Ah yes that's a very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. Ah yes that's a very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. Ah yes that's a very natural
+question that seems that looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that seems that looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that seems that looks a lot
+like somebody we know like the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody we know like the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody we know like the volume of
+a sphere and ultimately it will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere and ultimately it will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere and ultimately it will be uh
+wait until next class when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until next class when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until next class when we talk about
+the divergence theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence theorem
+okay so yeah I mean the question was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean the question was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean the question was is
+this related to the volume of the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this related to the volume of the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this related to the volume of the sphere
+and ultimately it is but for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately it is but for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately it is but for now it's
+just you know some coincidence yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So is there okay so the question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is there okay so the question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is there okay so the question is is
+there a way to do it mdx plus m dd y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to do it mdx plus m dd y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to do it mdx plus m dd y
+plus stuff like that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus stuff like that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus stuff like that the answer is
+unfortunately no because it's not a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately no because it's not a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately no because it's not a line
+integral it's a surface integral so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's a surface integral so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it's a surface integral so we
+need to have two variables in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have two variables in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have two variables in there
+um so in a way you'd end up with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in a way you'd end up with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in a way you'd end up with things
+like you know some dxdys maybe and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some dxdys maybe and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some dxdys maybe and so
+on I mean it's not practical to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean it's not practical to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean it's not practical to do it
+directly that way because you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that way because you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that way because you'd have
+then to compute jacobians to switch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to compute jacobians to switch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to compute jacobians to switch from
+dxdy to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy to something
+else so we are going to various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so we are going to various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so we are going to various ways of
+computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. But it's not much harder. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But it's not much harder. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But it's not much harder. It's the
+same spirit. We just use two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spirit. We just use two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spirit. We just use two variables
+and we set up everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we set up everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we set up everything in terms of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables. Okay. Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Nope. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+By the way, just some food for thought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, just some food for thought.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, just some food for thought.
+Um, no, never mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, no, never mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, no, never mind.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so conclusion of looking at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so conclusion of looking at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so conclusion of looking at these two
+examples is that sometimes we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is that sometimes we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is that sometimes we can use
+geometry. In the first example, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. In the first example, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. In the first example, we
+didn't actually have to compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually have to compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually have to compute an
+integral, but most of the time we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, but most of the time we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, but most of the time we need
+to learn how to set up double integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to set up double integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to set up double integrals.
+So use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So use
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+or you need to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up the double integral over the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the double integral over the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the double integral over the surface
+and so we're going to learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to learn how to do
+that in general. So as I said we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general. So as I said we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general. So as I said we need to
+have two parameters on the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two parameters on the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two parameters on the surface and
+express everything in terms of these. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of these. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of these. So
+let's look at various examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to see you know various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to see you know various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to see you know various
+situations where we can do things. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we can do things. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we can do things. Well
+let's start with an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an easy
+one. Let's call that number zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Let's call that number zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Let's call that number zero
+actually. Um you know say that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Um you know say that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Um you know say that my
+surface S is a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane. So say Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So say Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So say Z equals
+A. Okay. So when I say a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Okay. So when I say a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Okay. So when I say a horizontal
+plane it doesn't have to be the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it doesn't have to be the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it doesn't have to be the entire
+horizontal plane. you know, it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane. you know, it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane. you know, it could be
+a small piece of it. It could even be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small piece of it. It could even be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small piece of it. It could even be to
+trick you, you know, maybe an ellipse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you, you know, maybe an ellipse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you, you know, maybe an ellipse in
+there or a triangle in there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or a triangle in there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or a triangle in there or
+something like that. What you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. What you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. What you have to
+recognize is my surface. It's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is my surface. It's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is my surface. It's a piece of
+just a flat plane. So, I should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a flat plane. So, I should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a flat plane. So, I should not
+worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much
+about what part of the plane it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what part of the plane it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what part of the plane it is.
+Well, it will become important when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it will become important when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it will become important when I
+set up bounds for integration. But when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up bounds for integration. But when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up bounds for integration. But when
+it comes to looking for the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to looking for the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to looking for the normal
+vector, I can rest assured that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, I can rest assured that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, I can rest assured that the
+normal vector to a horizontal plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to a horizontal plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to a horizontal plane is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+vertical. Okay, so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. Okay, so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. Okay, so it's going to be
+either K or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either K or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either K or negative
+K depending on whether I've chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K depending on whether I've chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K depending on whether I've chosen to
+orient it pointing up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient it pointing up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient it pointing up or
+down. And which one I choose might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And which one I choose might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And which one I choose might
+depend on what I'm going to try to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what I'm going to try to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what I'm going to try to do.
+Okay, so the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the normal
+vector is just sticking straight up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is just sticking straight up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is just sticking straight up or
+straight down. Now, what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down. Now, what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down. Now, what about
+ds? Well, it's going to be just the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds? Well, it's going to be just the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds? Well, it's going to be just the area
+element in a horizontal plane just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in a horizontal plane just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in a horizontal plane just looks
+like it should be dx dy. I mean, if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be dx dy. I mean, if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be dx dy. I mean, if I'm
+moving in a horizontal plane to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a horizontal plane to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a horizontal plane to know
+where I am, I should know x and y. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am, I should know x and y. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am, I should know x and y. Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ds will be dx dy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds will be dx dy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds will be dx dy.
+So if I play the game that way, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I play the game that way, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I play the game that way, you
+know, I have my vector field f, I do f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I have my vector field f, I do f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I have my vector field f, I do f
+that just gives me the z component,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives me the z component,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives me the z component,
+which might involve x, y, and z. x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might involve x, y, and z. x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might involve x, y, and z. x and y
+I'm very happy with, they will stay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy with, they will stay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy with, they will stay as
+my variables. Whenever I see z, what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my variables. Whenever I see z, what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my variables. Whenever I see z, what I
+want to get rid of it, but that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it, but that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it, but that's easy
+because z is just equal to a. So I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because z is just equal to a. So I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because z is just equal to a. So I just
+plug that value and I'm left with only x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that value and I'm left with only x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that value and I'm left with only x
+and y and I'm integrating that dx dy. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y and I'm integrating that dx dy. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y and I'm integrating that dx dy. So
+it's actually ending up being just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually ending up being just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually ending up being just a
+usual double integral in xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual double integral in xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual double integral in xy
+coordinates. And of course once it's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And of course once it's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And of course once it's set
+up anything is fair game. You know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything is fair game. You know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything is fair game. You know I
+might want to switch to polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to switch to polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to switch to polar
+coordinates or something like that or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or something like that or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or something like that or I
+can set it up dx dy or dydx. Um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set it up dx dy or dydx. Um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set it up dx dy or dydx. Um all the
+usual stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual stuff
+applies. Okay. But for the initial setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies. Okay. But for the initial setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies. Okay. But for the initial setup
+we are just going to use these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just going to use these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just going to use these and
+express everything in terms of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of x and
+y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y.
+Actually a small variation on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually a small variation on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually a small variation on that.
+Well, let's say that we take vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that we take vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that we take vertical
+planes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that
+are parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel
+to say maybe the blackboard plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say maybe the blackboard plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say maybe the blackboard plane.
+So parallel to the YZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So parallel to the YZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So parallel to the YZ
+plane. So that might be something like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So that might be something like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So that might be something like X
+equals some constant. Well, what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant. Well, what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant. Well, what would I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+then? It would be pretty much the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know, the normal vector to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the normal vector to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the normal vector to this guy
+would be sticking straight out towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sticking straight out towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sticking straight out towards
+me or away from me. Let's say I'm having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or away from me. Let's say I'm having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or away from me. Let's say I'm having
+it come to the front. Well, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come to the front. Well, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come to the front. Well, so the
+normal vector would be plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector would be plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector would be plus minus
+i. And the variables that I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And the variables that I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And the variables that I would be
+using to find out my position on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to find out my position on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to find out my position on this
+guy would be y and z. So, and in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy would be y and z. So, and in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy would be y and z. So, and in terms
+of those, the surface element is just dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those, the surface element is just dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those, the surface element is just dy
+dz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz.
+Similarly for planes parallel to the xz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly for planes parallel to the xz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly for planes parallel to the xz
+plane using well I'm sure you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane using well I'm sure you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane using well I'm sure you can figure
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+Okay so you know these are somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so you know these are somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so you know these are somehow the
+easiest ones because those we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ones because those we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ones because those we already
+know how to compute without too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble. What if it's a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. What if it's a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. What if it's a more complicated
+plane? Well we'll come back to that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane? Well we'll come back to that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane? Well we'll come back to that next
+time. Let's explore some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Let's explore some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Let's explore some other
+situations first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, number one on the list after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, number one on the list after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, number one on the list after
+number zero. Well, let's say that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number zero. Well, let's say that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number zero. Well, let's say that I gave
+you a sphere of radius A centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin or maybe just a half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or maybe just a half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or maybe just a half of that
+sphere or some portion of it. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or some portion of it. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or some portion of it. Well,
+we've already seen how to do things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen how to do things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen how to do things.
+Namely, we'll be saying the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, we'll be saying the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, we'll be saying the normal
+vector is x y z over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is x y z over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is x y z over
+a. Well, plus or minus depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Well, plus or minus depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Well, plus or minus depending on
+whether we want it pointing in or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want it pointing in or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want it pointing in or out
+and ds will be a squ sin v dv d theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ds will be a squ sin v dv d theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ds will be a squ sin v dv d theta.
+So in fact we will express everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact we will express everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact we will express everything in
+terms of f and theta. So if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of f and theta. So if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of f and theta. So if I wanted to
+I could tell you what are the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could tell you what are the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could tell you what are the formulas
+for xyz in terms of fe and theta. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for xyz in terms of fe and theta. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for xyz in terms of fe and theta. You
+know them. But it's actually better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them. But it's actually better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them. But it's actually better to
+wait a little bit. You know, it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit. You know, it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit. You know, it's better
+to do fn because f is also going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do fn because f is also going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do fn because f is also going to have
+a bunch of x's, y's, and z's. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of x's, y's, and z's. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of x's, y's, and z's. And if
+there's any kind of symmetry to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any kind of symmetry to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any kind of symmetry to the
+problem, then you might end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, then you might end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, then you might end up with
+things like x² + y square + z ^2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like x² + y square + z ^2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like x² + y square + z ^2 or
+things that have more symmetry that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have more symmetry that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have more symmetry that are
+easier to express in terms of f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to express in terms of f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to express in terms of f and
+theta. So the advice would be, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So the advice would be, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So the advice would be, you know,
+first do the dot product with f and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first do the dot product with f and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first do the dot product with f and then
+see what you get and then turn it into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you get and then turn it into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you get and then turn it into f
+and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+that's one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one we've
+seen. Uh, let's say that I have so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen. Uh, let's say that I have so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen. Uh, let's say that I have so it's
+a close cousin. Let's say I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close cousin. Let's say I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close cousin. Let's say I have a
+cylinder of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder of radius
+A centered on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A centered on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A centered on the
+Z-axis. Okay, so what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. Okay, so what does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. Okay, so what does that look
+like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And when I say again when I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I say again when I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I say again when I say a
+cylinder, it could be, you know, a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, it could be, you know, a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, it could be, you know, a piece
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cylinder. So first of all, what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. So first of all, what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. So first of all, what does the
+normal vector to a cylinder look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to a cylinder look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector to a cylinder look
+like? Well, it's sticking straight out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, it's sticking straight out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, it's sticking straight out,
+but sticking straight out in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sticking straight out in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sticking straight out in a slightly
+different way from what happens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from what happens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from what happens with a
+sphere? See, the sides of a cylinder are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere? See, the sides of a cylinder are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere? See, the sides of a cylinder are
+vertical. So if you imagine, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. So if you imagine, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. So if you imagine, you know,
+you have this big cylindrical pipe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this big cylindrical pipe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this big cylindrical pipe in
+front of you, hopefully you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you, hopefully you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you, hopefully you can see that
+the normal vector is going to always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal vector is going to always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal vector is going to always be
+horizontal. It's taking straight out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. It's taking straight out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. It's taking straight out in
+the horizontal directions. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal directions. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal directions. It doesn't
+have any Z component. So the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Z component. So the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Z component. So the normal
+vector I claim the normal vector for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I claim the normal vector for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I claim the normal vector for the
+cylinder. So if you have a point here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. So if you have a point here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. So if you have a point here at
+XYZ, well it would be pointing straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ, well it would be pointing straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ, well it would be pointing straight
+out away from the central axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my normal vector well if I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my normal vector well if I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my normal vector well if I'm taking
+it to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to point
+outwards will be going straight away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards will be going straight away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards will be going straight away
+from the central axis that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central axis that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central axis that means you
+know if I look at it from above maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I look at it from above maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I look at it from above maybe
+it's easiest if I look at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easiest if I look at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easiest if I look at it from
+above look at xy so then my cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above look at xy so then my cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above look at xy so then my cylinder
+looks like a circle and the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a circle and the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a circle and the normal
+vector just points straight out see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector just points straight out see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector just points straight out see it's
+the same situation as when we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same situation as when we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same situation as when we had a
+circle in the 2D case the normal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the 2D case the normal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the 2D case the normal vector
+for that is just going to be x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is just going to be x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is just going to be x y and
+zero in the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the z
+component. Well, plus minus depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Well, plus minus depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Well, plus minus depending on
+whether you want it sticking in or out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+okay. Yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we said on our cylinder normal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said on our cylinder normal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said on our cylinder normal vector
+is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus
+minus xy 0 / a. What about the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus xy 0 / a. What about the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus xy 0 / a. What about the surface
+element? So before we ask that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element? So before we ask that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element? So before we ask that actually
+maybe we should first figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should first figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should first figure out what
+coordinates are we going to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are we going to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are we going to use to
+locate ourselves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate ourselves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate ourselves in a
+cylinder. Well yes we probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. Well yes we probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. Well yes we probably want to
+use part of the cylindrical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use part of the cylindrical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use part of the cylindrical coordinates
+except for well we don't want r because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for well we don't want r because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for well we don't want r because
+r doesn't change. It's not a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r doesn't change. It's not a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r doesn't change. It's not a variable
+here. Indeed you know you probably want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Indeed you know you probably want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Indeed you know you probably want
+to use z to tell how high you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use z to tell how high you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use z to tell how high you are and
+theta to tell you where you are around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to tell you where you are around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to tell you where you are around.
+So, ds should be in terms of dz d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta. Now, what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Now, what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Now, what's the what's the
+constant? Well, let's look at a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? Well, let's look at a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? Well, let's look at a small
+piece of our cylinder corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a small angle delta theta and a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small angle delta theta and a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small angle delta theta and a small
+height delta z. Well, the height, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height delta z. Well, the height, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height delta z. Well, the height, as I
+said, is going to be delta z. What about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, is going to be delta z. What about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, is going to be delta z. What about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+width? It's going to be a piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width? It's going to be a piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width? It's going to be a piece of a
+circle of radius a corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius a corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius a corresponding to the
+angle delta theta. So this side will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle delta theta. So this side will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle delta theta. So this side will be
+a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+theta. So delta s is a delta theta delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So delta s is a delta theta delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So delta s is a delta theta delta
+z. So ds is just a dz d theta or d theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. So ds is just a dz d theta or d theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. So ds is just a dz d theta or d theta
+dz doesn't matter which way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Okay. And so when we set up the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. And so when we set up the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. And so when we set up the flux
+integral, we'll take first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, we'll take first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, we'll take first the
+dotproduct of f with this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of f with this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of f with this normal
+vector then we'll stick in this ds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then we'll stick in this ds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then we'll stick in this ds and
+then of course we'll get rid of any x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course we'll get rid of any x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course we'll get rid of any x
+and y's that are left by expressing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y's that are left by expressing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y's that are left by expressing them
+in terms of theta. Maybe x becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of theta. Maybe x becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of theta. Maybe x becomes a
+cosine theta, y becomes a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta, y becomes a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta, y becomes a sin
+theta. Okay, so these various formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay, so these various formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay, so these various formulas
+you should try to remember them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should try to remember them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should try to remember them because
+they're really useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really useful.
+So for the sphere, for the cylinder,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the sphere, for the cylinder,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the sphere, for the cylinder,
+hopefully those for the planes you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully those for the planes you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully those for the planes you kind
+of know already, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know already, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know already, you know,
+intuitively. Okay. What about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively. Okay. What about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively. Okay. What about more
+general surfaces? You know, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general surfaces? You know, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general surfaces? You know, not
+everything in life is made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in life is made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in life is made out of
+cylinders and spheres. Um just, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know, I mean it's a good try, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I mean it's a good try, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I mean it's a good try, but
+uh so let's look at a marginal kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's look at a marginal kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's look at a marginal kind of
+surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface.
+Let's say I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say I give you the
+graph of a function Z equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a function Z equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a function Z equals f
+ofxy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxy.
+So this guy is nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy is nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy is nothing to do with the
+integrant. It's not what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant. It's not what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant. It's not what we're
+integrating. We're just integrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating. We're just integrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating. We're just integrating a
+vector field that has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that has nothing to do with
+that. This is how I want to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is how I want to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is how I want to describe the
+surface on which I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on which I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on which I will be
+integrating. Okay. So my surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating. Okay. So my surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating. Okay. So my surface is
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+by Z is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z is a function of
+XY. Well, I would need to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY. Well, I would need to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY. Well, I would need to tell you what
+N is and what DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is and what DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is and what DS
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and that's going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be slightly
+annoying. I mean actually I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying. I mean actually I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying. I mean actually I don't want
+to tell them separately because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them separately because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them separately because you'll
+see they're pretty hard. So instead I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're pretty hard. So instead I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're pretty hard. So instead I'm
+going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell
+you that in this case well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in this case well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in this case well let's see
+what variables do we want. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables do we want. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables do we want. So I'm going
+to tell you a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a formula for
+NDS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. But so what variables do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But so what variables do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But so what variables do we want
+to express this in terms of? Well, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express this in terms of? Well, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express this in terms of? Well, most
+likely X and Y because we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely X and Y because we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely X and Y because we know how to
+express Z in terms of X and Y. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express Z in terms of X and Y. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express Z in terms of X and Y. So you
+know this is an invitation to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an invitation to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an invitation to get rid of
+any Z that might be left and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Z that might be left and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Z that might be left and set
+everything up set everything up in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up set everything up in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up set everything up in terms
+of dx dy. So the formula that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dx dy. So the formula that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dx dy. So the formula that we're
+going to see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see I
+think we're going to see the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to see the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to see the details of
+why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works
+tomorrow is that you can take negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is that you can take negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is that you can take negative
+partial f partial x negative partial f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial f partial x negative partial f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial f partial x negative partial f
+partial y and one dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dy plus minus depending on which way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus minus depending on which way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus minus depending on which way you
+want it to go. So if you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to go. So if you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to go. So if you really want to
+know what is ds, well ds is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is ds, well ds is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is ds, well ds is the
+magnitude of this vector times dxdy. See
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this vector times dxdy. See
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this vector times dxdy. See
+there will be a square root and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a square root and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a square root and some
+squares and some stuff. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and some stuff. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and some stuff. What's the
+normal vector? Well, you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector? Well, you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector? Well, you take this
+vector and you scale it down to unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you scale it down to unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you scale it down to unit
+length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length.
+Okay, so just to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it, this guy here is not N and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, this guy here is not N and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, this guy here is not N and this guy
+here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not
+DS. Okay, each of them is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS. Okay, each of them is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS. Okay, each of them is more
+complicated than that. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that. But the
+combination somehow simplifies nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination somehow simplifies nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination somehow simplifies nicely
+and that's good news for us. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good news for us. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good news for us. So now
+concretely the one way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely the one way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely the one way you can think
+about it is this tells you how to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is this tells you how to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is this tells you how to reduce
+things to an integral over x and y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to an integral over x and y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to an integral over x and y and
+of course you will have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you will have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you will have to figure out
+what are the bounds on x and y. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the bounds on x and y. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the bounds on x and y. So that
+means you'll need to know what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll need to know what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll need to know what does the
+shadow of your surface look like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of your surface look like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of your surface look like in the
+xy plane. So then to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds on whatever you will get dxdy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on whatever you will get dxdy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on whatever you will get dxdy.
+Well, of course you can switch to dydx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, of course you can switch to dydx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, of course you can switch to dydx
+or anything you like, but you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything you like, but you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything you like, but you will need
+to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the
+shadow of s in the xy plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But only do that after you've gotten rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But only do that after you've gotten rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But only do that after you've gotten rid
+of all the Z. Right? When you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the Z. Right? When you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the Z. Right? When you no longer
+have Z, then you can figure out what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Z, then you can figure out what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Z, then you can figure out what are
+the bounds for X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+Okay. Any questions about that? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about that? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about that? Yes.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Oh, for the cylinder. Okay. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, for the cylinder. Okay. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, for the cylinder. Okay. So, let me
+explain quickly how I got the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain quickly how I got the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain quickly how I got the normal
+vector for the cylinder. So if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for the cylinder. So if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for the cylinder. So if you if
+you know what a cylinder looks like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a cylinder looks like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a cylinder looks like, you
+probably can see that the normal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can see that the normal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can see that the normal vectors
+stick straight out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick straight out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick straight out of it
+horizontally. So that means the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally. So that means the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally. So that means the z
+component of n is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of n is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of n is going to be
+zero. Okay. And then the xy components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. And then the xy components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. And then the xy components
+you get by looking at it from above.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by looking at it from above.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by looking at it from above.
+Wait wait wait one last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait wait wait one last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait wait wait one last thing I want to
+say. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what about the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what about the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what about the geometric
+interpretation and how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and how to prove
+it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+Well, if your vector field f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if your vector field f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if your vector field f is a
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, then the
+flux is the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is the amount of
+matter that crosses the surface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that crosses the surface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that crosses the surface that
+passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through
+s per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. And the way that you would prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And the way that you would prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And the way that you would prove
+it would be similar to the picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be similar to the picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be similar to the picture that
+I drew when we did it in the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew when we did it in the plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew when we did it in the plane.
+Namely, you would consider a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, you would consider a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, you would consider a small
+element of a surface delta s and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a surface delta s and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a surface delta s and you
+would try to figure out what's the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to figure out what's the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to figure out what's the stuff
+that flows through it in a second. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flows through it in a second. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flows through it in a second. Well,
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+stuff that lives in a small box whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that lives in a small box whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that lives in a small box whose
+sides well whose base is that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides well whose base is that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides well whose base is that piece of
+surface and whose other side is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and whose other side is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and whose other side is given by
+the vector field and then the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field and then the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field and then the volume of
+that is given by base time height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by base time height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by base time height and
+the height is fn. Okay, so it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is fn. Okay, so it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is fn. Okay, so it's the same
+argument as what we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument as what we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument as what we saw in the
+plane. Okay, so next time we'll see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Okay, so next time we'll see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Okay, so next time we'll see more
+formulas. We'll first see how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas. We'll first see how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas. We'll first see how to prove
+this, more ways to do it, more examples,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, more ways to do it, more examples,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, more ways to do it, more examples,
+and then we'll get to the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get to the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get to the divergence
+theorem.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pquNMjlgPwI.txt b/pquNMjlgPwI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d79bc54ecd1d10e77e40724dedee632923884f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pquNMjlgPwI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+if you remember we did the the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we did the the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we did the the local
+methods bias-variance then we passed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods bias-variance then we passed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods bias-variance then we passed to
+global regularization methods least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global regularization methods least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global regularization methods least
+squares linear least squares kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares linear least squares kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares linear least squares kernel
+least squares computations modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares computations modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares computations modeling and
+that's where we were at and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we were at and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we were at and then we
+moved on and start to think about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on and start to think about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on and start to think about more
+intertribal model and we were starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertribal model and we were starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertribal model and we were starting
+to think of the problem of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the problem of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the problem of variable
+selection ok and the way we posed it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection ok and the way we posed it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection ok and the way we posed it is
+the idea that you are going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you are going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you are going to consider
+a linear model and you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model and you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model and you're going to use
+the weights associated to each variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights associated to each variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights associated to each variable
+as the strength of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the strength of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the strength of the corresponding
+variable that you can view as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you can view as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you can view as
+measurements and your game is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and your game is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and your game is not only
+to build good prediction are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build good prediction are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build good prediction are these
+measurements but also tell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but also tell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but also tell which
+measurements are interesting ok and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are interesting ok and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are interesting ok and so
+here the term relevant variable or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the term relevant variable or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the term relevant variable or is
+going to be related to the productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to the productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to the productivity
+the contribution to the creativity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution to the creativity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution to the creativity the
+corresponding function ok so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding function ok so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding function ok so that's how
+we measure relevance of a variable so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure relevance of a variable so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure relevance of a variable so we
+looked at a funny name and then we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a funny name and then we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a funny name and then we kind
+of agreed that somewhat it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a default approach which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a default approach which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a default approach which is
+basically based on trying all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically based on trying all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically based on trying all possible
+subsets ok so this is also called best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets ok so this is also called best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets ok so this is also called best
+subset selection variable selection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset selection variable selection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset selection variable selection is
+also sometimes called best subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes called best subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes called best subset
+selection and this gives you feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and this gives you feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and this gives you feeling
+that what you should do is try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you should do is try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you should do is try all
+possible app subsets and check the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible app subsets and check the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible app subsets and check the one
+which is best with respect to your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is best with respect to your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is best with respect to your data
+which again would be a say like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again would be a say like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again would be a say like a
+trade-off between how well you fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between how well you fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between how well you fit the
+data and how many variables you have ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and how many variables you have ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and how many variables you have ok
+and what I would I told you last was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I would I told you last was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I would I told you last was you
+could actually see that this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see that this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see that this triangle
+possible subsets is related to a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible subsets is related to a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible subsets is related to a form of
+regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization
+where it looked very similar to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looked very similar to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looked very similar to the one
+we saw until a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw until a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw until a minute ago
+the main difference here I put fw but fw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference here I put fw but fw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference here I put fw but fw
+is just the usual linear function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the usual linear function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the usual linear function the
+only difference is that here rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that here rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that here rather than
+the square norm we put this functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square norm we put this functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square norm we put this functional
+that is called the zero norm which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the zero norm which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the zero norm which is a
+functional that given a vector returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that given a vector returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that given a vector returns
+the number of entries in the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of entries in the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of entries in the vector
+which are different from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different from zero
+okay turns out that if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay turns out that if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay turns out that if you were to
+minimize this you were solving the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this you were solving the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this you were solving the best
+substance election problem issue here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance election problem issue here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance election problem issue here is
+another manifestation of the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manifestation of the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manifestation of the complexity
+of the problem is the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is the fact that this
+functional here is known context so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional here is known context so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional here is known context so
+there is no polynomial algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no polynomial algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no polynomial algorithm to
+actually find the solution come to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the solution come to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the solution come to my
+mind that somebody made the comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that somebody made the comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that somebody made the comment that
+you're in the break notice that here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the break notice that here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the break notice that here I'm
+a bit passing quickly over a refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit passing quickly over a refinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit passing quickly over a refinement
+of the question of best subsection which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question of best subsection which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question of best subsection which
+is related to is there a unique subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to is there a unique subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to is there a unique subset
+which is good is there more than one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good is there more than one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good is there more than one and
+if there's more than one which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's more than one which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's more than one which one
+should I pick okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I pick okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I pick okay
+in practice these questions arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice these questions arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice these questions arises
+immediately because if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately because if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately because if you have two
+measurement that are very correlated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement that are very correlated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement that are very correlated or
+even more if you have they're perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more if you have they're perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more if you have they're perfectly
+correlated you know if you just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you know if you just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you know if you just build
+the measurements you might build out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements you might build out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements you might build out of
+two measurements at third measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two measurements at third measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two measurements at third measurement
+which is completely linear it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is completely linear it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is completely linear it's just a
+linear combination of the first two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the first two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the first two so
+at that point what would you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what would you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what would you want to do
+do you want to tip the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to tip the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to tip the minimum number of
+variables the biggest possible number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the biggest possible number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the biggest possible number of
+variables and you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you know you have to
+decide because all these variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide because all these variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide because all these variables are
+to some extent completely dependent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent completely dependent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent completely dependent okay
+so for now we just keep to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now we just keep to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now we just keep to the case
+where we don't really worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't really worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't really worry about this
+okay we just say among the good ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just say among the good ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just say among the good ones we
+want to pick one okay a harder question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick one okay a harder question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick one okay a harder question
+will be pick all of them or pick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pick all of them or pick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pick all of them or pick one of
+them and if you want to pick one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you want to pick one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you want to pick one of them
+you have to tell me which one you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell me which one you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell me which one you want
+according to which criterion okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which criterion okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which criterion okay so the
+problem we're concerned now with now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're concerned now with now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're concerned now with now is
+is the one of okay now that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one of okay now that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one of okay now that we know that
+we might want to do this how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to do this how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to do this how do you how
+can you do it in an approximate way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it in an approximate way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it in an approximate way okay
+that would be good enough and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good enough and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be good enough and what does
+it mean good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean good enough
+so the simplest way again we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest way again we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest way again we can try to
+think about it together is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it together is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it together is a kind of a
+greedy version of the brute-force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy version of the brute-force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy version of the brute-force
+approach so the brute-force approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the brute-force approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the brute-force approach was
+start from all single variables then old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from all single variables then old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from all single variables then old
+couples they know triplets and bla bla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples they know triplets and bla bla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples they know triplets and bla bla
+bla bla bla okay and this doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bla bla bla okay and this doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bla bla bla okay and this doesn't work
+computationally so just to wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally so just to wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally so just to wake up
+how could you twist this approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you twist this approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you twist this approach to
+make it approximate but computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it approximate but computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it approximate but computationally
+feasible let's let's keep the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible let's let's keep the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible let's let's keep the same
+spirit so let's start from few and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so let's start from few and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so let's start from few and then
+let's try to add more so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to add more so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to add more so the general
+idea is I pick one and once I pick one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I pick one and once I pick one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I pick one and once I pick one I
+pick another one just keeping the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick another one just keeping the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick another one just keeping the one
+already picked and then I pick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picked and then I pick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picked and then I pick another
+one and then I pick another one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I pick another one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I pick another one and then
+I pick another one so this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick another one so this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick another one so this of course
+will not be the exhaustive search I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be the exhaustive search I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be the exhaustive search I've
+done before it's probably doable there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before it's probably doable there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before it's probably doable there
+is a bunch of different ways you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of different ways you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of different ways you can do
+it and you can hopefully you can hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can hopefully you can hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can hopefully you can hope
+that under some condition you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under some condition you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under some condition you might be
+able to prove that is not too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to prove that is not too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to prove that is not too far away
+from the brute force approach it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brute force approach it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brute force approach it at
+least some under some condition and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some under some condition and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some under some condition and this
+is kind of what we would want to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what we would want to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what we would want to do okay
+so we will have a notion of residual at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will have a notion of residual at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will have a notion of residual at
+the first iteration the residual will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iteration the residual will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iteration the residual will be
+just the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the output
+okay so just think of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just think of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just think of the first
+iteration you get the output vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration you get the output vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration you get the output vectors and
+you want to explain it you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to explain it you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to explain it you want to
+predict it well okay so what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it well okay so what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it well okay so what do you do
+is that you first check the one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you first check the one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you first check the one variable
+that gives you the best prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the best prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the best prediction of
+this guy and then you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and then you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and then you compute the
+prediction then what you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction then what you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction then what you want to do it
+the next round you want to discount what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next round you want to discount what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next round you want to discount what
+you have already explained and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already explained and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already explained and what you
+do is that basically you take the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that basically you take the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that basically you take the actual
+output minus your prediction and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output minus your prediction and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output minus your prediction and you
+find the residual and then you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the residual and then you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the residual and then you try to
+explain that that's what's left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that that's what's left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that that's what's left to
+explain okay so now you check for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay so now you check for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay so now you check for the
+variables that best explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that best explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that best explain this
+remaining bit then you add this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bit then you add this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bit then you add this variable
+to the one you already have and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one you already have and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one you already have and you have
+a new notion of residual which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new notion of residual which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new notion of residual which is what
+you explained at the first round what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explained at the first round what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explained at the first round what
+you add it in explanation of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it in explanation of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it in explanation of the second
+round and then you're still something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and then you're still something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and then you're still something
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+and you keep on going if you let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep on going if you let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep on going if you let this
+thing go for enough time we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go for enough time we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go for enough time we will have
+the least square solution you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least square solution you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least square solution you will have
+the end of the day you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you will have
+explained everything and each round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained everything and each round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained everything and each round
+notice that you might or not decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you might or not decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you might or not decide to
+put the variables back in okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the variables back in okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the variables back in okay so you
+might have that each step you are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have that each step you are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have that each step you are just
+one variable or you might have that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable or you might have that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable or you might have that you
+take multiple steps but you have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple steps but you have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple steps but you have fewer
+variables the number of steps no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the number of steps no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the number of steps no matter
+what the number of steps would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the number of steps would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the number of steps would be
+related to the number of variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the number of variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the number of variables that
+are active in your model okay it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active in your model okay it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active in your model okay it make
+sense this is the word the version but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is the word the version but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is the word the version but
+now we go in details okay but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go in details okay but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go in details okay but this is
+roughly speaking so first round you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking so first round you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking so first round you try
+to explain something then you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain something then you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain something then you see what's
+left to explain and you keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to explain and you keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to explain and you keep the
+variable that will explain the rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that will explain the rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that will explain the rest and
+then you iterate I'm not sure I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you iterate I'm not sure I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you iterate I'm not sure I use the
+word but it's it's important the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it's it's important the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it's it's important the key
+word here is sparsity okay the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here is sparsity okay the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here is sparsity okay the fact that
+I'm assuming my model to depend on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming my model to depend on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming my model to depend on just
+few vectors sorry few entries so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few vectors sorry few entries so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few vectors sorry few entries so it's a
+vector with many zero entries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with many zero entries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with many zero entries it's
+sparsity is the key word to explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity is the key word to explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity is the key word to explain this
+property okay which is a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay which is a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay which is a property of the
+problem so I build algorithm that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I build algorithm that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I build algorithm that will
+try to find sparse solution explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find sparse solution explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find sparse solution explaining
+my data and this is one way so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data and this is one way so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data and this is one way so let's
+look at this list so you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this list so you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this list so you define the
+notion of residual is this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of residual is this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of residual is this thing that
+you want to try to explain at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to try to explain at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to try to explain at the first
+run will be the output that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be the output that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be the output that the second
+run will be what's left to explain after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be what's left to explain after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be what's left to explain after
+your prediction you have a coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prediction you have a coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prediction you have a coefficient
+vector okay because we're building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay because we're building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay because we're building a
+linear function and then you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function and then you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function and then you have an
+index set okay which is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index set okay which is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index set okay which is the set of
+variables which are important at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are important at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are important at that
+stage so these are the three objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so these are the three objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so these are the three objects
+that you have to initialize so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to initialize so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to initialize so at the
+first round you the coefficient vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round you the coefficient vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round you the coefficient vector
+is going to be zero the index that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero the index that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero the index that is
+going to be empty and there is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be empty and there is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be empty and there is usually
+at the first round is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first round is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first round is just going to be
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+okay the output vector then you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the output vector then you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the output vector then you find the
+best single variable and then you update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best single variable and then you update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best single variable and then you update
+the index set so you add that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index set so you add that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index set so you add that variable
+to the index set to include such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the index set to include such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the index set to include such
+variables you compute the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you compute the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you compute the coefficient
+vector and then you update the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then you update the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then you update the residual
+and then you start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start again
+okay if you want here I show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want here I show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want here I show you the
+first exam you know just to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam you know just to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam you know just to give you an
+idea suppose that this is so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea suppose that this is so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea suppose that this is so first of
+all notice this okay forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice this okay forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all notice this okay forget about
+anything it's written here just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's written here just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's written here just look at
+this matrix the output vector is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix the output vector is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix the output vector is of the
+same length of the column of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length of the column of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length of the column of the matrix
+right so each column of the matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each column of the matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each column of the matrix will
+be related to one variable so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to one variable so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to one variable so what
+you're going to do is that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is that you're going
+to try to see which of this best explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see which of this best explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see which of this best explain
+my output vector and then you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output vector and then you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output vector and then you're gonna
+try to find define the residual and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find define the residual and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find define the residual and keep
+on going okay so in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going okay so in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going okay so in this case for
+example you can ask which of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can ask which of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can ask which of the two
+direction x1 and x2 best explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction x1 and x2 best explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction x1 and x2 best explain the
+vector Y okay so this is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y okay so this is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y okay so this is the case where
+it's simple I basically have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple I basically have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple I basically have this one
+direction one variable is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one variable is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one variable is this one
+another variable is this one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable is this one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable is this one and then
+have that vector I want to know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that vector I want to know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that vector I want to know which
+direction I should pick to best explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I should pick to best explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I should pick to best explain
+my Y which one do you think I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Y which one do you think I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Y which one do you think I should
+pick should pick x1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick should pick x1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick should pick x1 okay
+this projection here will be the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection here will be the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection here will be the weight
+I have to put to x1 to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put to x1 to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put to x1 to get a good
+prediction and then what's the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and then what's the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and then what's the residual
+well I have to take this x1 I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have to take this x1 I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have to take this x1 I have to
+subtract I to take yn I have to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I to take yn I have to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I to take yn I have to subtract
+that and this is what I've left so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is what I've left so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is what I've left so this
+is the simple terms okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simple terms okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simple terms okay so that's what
+we want to do so we said it in with way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do so we said it in with way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do so we said it in with way
+with hands we said it with words here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands we said it with words here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands we said it with words here is
+more or less depth pseudocode okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less depth pseudocode okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less depth pseudocode okay it's
+a bit boring to read you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit boring to read you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit boring to read you can see that
+it's four lines of code anyway now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four lines of code anyway now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four lines of code anyway now that
+we've said it 15 times probably won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said it 15 times probably won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said it 15 times probably won't be
+that hard to read because what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to read because what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to read because what you see
+that you have a notion of residual you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a notion of residual you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a notion of residual you
+have the coefficient vector and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the coefficient vector and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the coefficient vector and you have
+the index set this is empty this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index set this is empty this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index set this is empty this is all
+zeros and this is the first round is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and this is the first round is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and this is the first round is
+just the output then what you do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the output then what you do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the output then what you do is that
+you start and the three parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start and the three parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start and the three parameter here
+is T the number of iterations okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T the number of iterations okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T the number of iterations okay it's
+going to be lambda so to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lambda so to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lambda so to say
+what you do is okay you have for each J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is okay you have for each J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is okay you have for each J
+so just notation J runs over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just notation J runs over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just notation J runs over the
+variables and capital X J will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and capital X J will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and capital X J will be the
+column of the data matrix the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the data matrix the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the data matrix the one that
+correspond to the J is variable okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the J is variable okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the J is variable okay and
+then what you do in this line here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do in this line here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do in this line here I
+expand it is to find the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it is to find the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it is to find the coefficient
+that sorry find the error that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry find the error that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry find the error that
+corresponds to the best variable okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the best variable okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the best variable okay if
+you look so it turns out that it is a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look so it turns out that it is a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look so it turns out that it is a if
+you assume or it is equivalent to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume or it is equivalent to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume or it is equivalent to find
+the column that's correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column that's correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column that's correlated with the
+output is equivalent to find the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is equivalent to find the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is equivalent to find the column
+that best explained the output or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that best explained the output or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that best explained the output or the
+residual these two things are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual these two things are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual these two things are the same
+so here I write the equivalent so pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I write the equivalent so pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I write the equivalent so pick
+the one that you prefer okay either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you prefer okay either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you prefer okay either you
+say I find the column that is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I find the column that is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I find the column that is best
+correlated with the output or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the output or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the output or the
+residual or you find the column that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual or you find the column that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual or you find the column that
+best explained the residual in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best explained the residual in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best explained the residual in the sense
+of least squares okay these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least squares okay these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least squares okay these two things
+are equivalent pick the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent pick the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent pick the one that you
+like and that's the content of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and that's the content of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and that's the content of this one
+and then you select the index of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you select the index of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you select the index of that
+column so you solve this problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so you solve this problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so you solve this problem for
+each column it's an easy problem it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column it's an easy problem it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column it's an easy problem it's a
+one dimensional problem and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional problem and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional problem and then you
+pick the one column that you liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one column that you liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one column that you liked the
+most which is the one that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which is the one that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which is the one that gives you the
+best correlation aka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best correlation aka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best correlation aka
+least square error then you add this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square error then you add this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square error then you add this K
+to the index set and then in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the index set and then in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the index set and then in this case
+it's very simple I'm just gonna I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple I'm just gonna I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple I'm just gonna I'm not
+going to recompute anything so what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recompute anything so what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recompute anything so what I do
+is that so suppose that at you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so suppose that at you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so suppose that at you remember
+the coefficient vector where was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient vector where was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient vector where was all
+zeros okay then at the first one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay then at the first one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay then at the first one they
+compute one number the solution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute one number the solution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute one number the solution would
+say the first coordinate for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first coordinate for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first coordinate for example and
+then I add a number in that entry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I add a number in that entry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I add a number in that entry okay
+so this is the orthonormal basis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the orthonormal basis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the orthonormal basis okay
+so it has just all zeros but one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has just all zeros but one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has just all zeros but one in the
+position K so here I put this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position K so here I put this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position K so here I put this number
+this is just a typo and then what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a typo and then what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a typo and then what you do
+is that you sum them up okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you sum them up okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you sum them up okay so you have
+all zeros just one number here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros just one number here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros just one number here the first
+iteration then you other one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration then you other one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration then you other one and then
+you after dessert yeah and you keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after dessert yeah and you keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you after dessert yeah and you keep on
+going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay
+this is the simplest possible version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest possible version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest possible version
+and once you have this now you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have this now you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have this now you have this
+vector this is a long vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a long vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a long vector you
+multiply this or this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should take note of the typos because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take note of the typos because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take note of the typos because
+I'm never gonna remember all of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never gonna remember all of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never gonna remember all of them and
+then what you do is that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is that you just
+discount what you explained so far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount what you explained so far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount what you explained so far to
+the solution okay so you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay so you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay so you already
+explained some part of the residual now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained some part of the residual now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained some part of the residual now
+you discount this new part in you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discount this new part in you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discount this new part in you define
+the new residual and then you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new residual and then you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new residual and then you go back
+this method is so greedy approaches is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is so greedy approaches is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is so greedy approaches is
+one name as it often happens in machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one name as it often happens in machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one name as it often happens in machine
+learning and statistics and other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and statistics and other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and statistics and other fields
+things get reinvented constantly a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get reinvented constantly a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get reinvented constantly a bit
+because people just come to them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people just come to them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people just come to them from
+different perspectives a bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives a bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives a bit because
+people just decide studying and reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just decide studying and reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just decide studying and reading
+is not priority sometimes and so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not priority sometimes and so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not priority sometimes and so first
+this one algorithm is often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one algorithm is often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one algorithm is often called
+greedy it's one example of greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy it's one example of greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy it's one example of greedy
+approaches it sometimes will match in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches it sometimes will match in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches it sometimes will match in
+pursuit it's very muchly to do so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit it's very muchly to do so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit it's very muchly to do so called
+forward stage wise a regression that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stage wise a regression that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stage wise a regression that's
+how it's called in statistics and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's called in statistics and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's called in statistics and it's
+what there's a bunch of other names now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's a bunch of other names now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's a bunch of other names now
+this one version is just the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one version is just the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one version is just the basic
+version is the simplex version is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is the simplex version is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is the simplex version is the
+simplest version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version
+this step is typically remains these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is typically remains these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is typically remains these two
+steps can be changed slightly okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps can be changed slightly okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps can be changed slightly okay for
+example can you think of another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can you think of another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can you think of another way of
+doing this let me just give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let me just give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let me just give you a hint
+in this case what you do is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what you do is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what you do is that you
+select a variable you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a variable you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a variable you compute the
+coefficient then you select another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient then you select another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient then you select another
+variable you compute a coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you compute a coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you compute a coefficient for
+the second variable but you keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variable but you keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variable but you keep the
+coefficient you already computed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you already computed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you already computed for the
+first variable they never knew that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first variable they never knew that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first variable they never knew that you
+took another one okay because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another one okay because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another one okay because you didn't
+take it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it yet
+so from this common do you see how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this common do you see how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this common do you see how you
+could change this method to somewhat fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change this method to somewhat fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change this method to somewhat fix
+this aspect do you see what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aspect do you see what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aspect do you see what I'm saying
+I would like to change this one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to change this one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to change this one line
+where I compute the coefficient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I compute the coefficient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I compute the coefficient and this
+is one line event perhaps where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one line event perhaps where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one line event perhaps where I
+compute the residual to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the residual to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the residual to account for the
+fact that this method basically never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this method basically never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this method basically never
+updated the weights that he computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated the weights that he computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated the weights that he computed
+before earlier add a new one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before earlier add a new one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before earlier add a new one and this
+seems potentially not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems potentially not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems potentially not a good idea
+because when you have two variables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have two variables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have two variables if
+you know it's bad the solution both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's bad the solution both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's bad the solution both of
+them so what could you do right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what could you do right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what could you do right so what
+you could do is what is constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is what is constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is what is constant is
+essentially what is called orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what is called orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what is called orthogonal
+matrices so you would take this set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so you would take this set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so you would take this set and
+now you would solve a least square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you would solve a least square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you would solve a least square
+problem with the variables that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the variables that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the variables that are in
+their index set up to that point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their index set up to that point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their index set up to that point okay
+all of them you recompute everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you recompute everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you recompute everything and
+yeah now you have to solve not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now you have to solve not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now you have to solve not a
+one-dimensional problem but n times K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional problem but n times K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional problem but n times K
+dimensional pair where K is the K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional pair where K is the K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional pair where K is the K is a
+bad name with the dimension of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name with the dimension of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name with the dimension of the set
+that could be T smaller than T okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be T smaller than T okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be T smaller than T okay and
+then at that point you also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at that point you also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at that point you also want to
+redefine this because you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine this because you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine this because you know you're
+not discounting anymore what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discounting anymore what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discounting anymore what you already
+explained but each time you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained but each time you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained but each time you are
+recomputing everything so you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputing everything so you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputing everything so you just want
+to do yn minus the prediction okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yn minus the prediction okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yn minus the prediction okay so
+this algorithm is the one that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is the one that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is the one that actually
+has better properties it works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has better properties it works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has better properties it works better
+you pay the price because each time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay the price because each time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay the price because each time you
+have to recompute a least square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recompute a least square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recompute a least square
+solution and when you have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and when you have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and when you have more than one
+variable inside then the problems become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable inside then the problems become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable inside then the problems become
+big and big so if you stop after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and big so if you stop after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and big so if you stop after a few
+iterations great but if you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations great but if you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations great but if you start to
+have main iteration each time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have main iteration each time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have main iteration each time you have
+to solve a linear system so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a linear system so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a linear system so the
+complexity is much higher this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is much higher this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is much higher this one here
+as you can imagine is super fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine is super fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine is super fast so
+that's it so it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it turns out that this
+method is as I told you is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is as I told you is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is as I told you is called
+matching pursuit or my pursuit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching pursuit or my pursuit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching pursuit or my pursuit for
+research-wise regression is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research-wise regression is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research-wise regression is one way to
+approximate the l0 solution and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the l0 solution and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the l0 solution and one can
+prove exactly which st. in which sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove exactly which st. in which sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove exactly which st. in which sense
+you can approximate it okay so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate it okay so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate it okay so I think
+it is the one that we might give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the one that we might give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the one that we might give you
+this afternoon right oh yeah they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon right oh yeah they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon right oh yeah they're
+talking older from the nicer version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking older from the nicer version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking older from the nicer version
+the other way of doing this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way of doing this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way of doing this is the one
+that basically says look here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically says look here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically says look here what
+you're doing is that you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is that you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is that you're just
+counting the number of entries different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of entries different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of entries different
+from zeros if you now were to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zeros if you now were to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zeros if you now were to replace
+this with something that does a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with something that does a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with something that does a bit more
+what it does is that not only counts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is that not only counts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is that not only counts but
+he actually sums up the wave so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually sums up the wave so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually sums up the wave so if you
+want in one case you just check if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in one case you just check if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in one case you just check if a
+weight is bigger than zero you count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is bigger than zero you count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is bigger than zero you count it
+one otherwise you can't it zero here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one otherwise you can't it zero here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one otherwise you can't it zero here you
+actually take the absolute value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the absolute value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the absolute value so
+instead of summing up binary values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of summing up binary values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of summing up binary values you
+sum up real numbers okay this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up real numbers okay this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up real numbers okay this is what is
+called the l1 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the l1 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the l1 norm
+so each weight doesn't count for is sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each weight doesn't count for is sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each weight doesn't count for is sign
+but he actually counts for each absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he actually counts for each absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he actually counts for each absolute
+value so it turns out that this one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it turns out that this one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it turns out that this one term
+which you can imagine if the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can imagine if the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can imagine if the absolute
+value looks like this right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value looks like this right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value looks like this right and now
+you're just summing them up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just summing them up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just summing them up so that
+thing is actually convex so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually convex so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually convex so it turns out
+that you're summing up to convex terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're summing up to convex terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're summing up to convex terms
+and the overall functional is convex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall functional is convex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall functional is convex and
+if you want you can think of this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can think of this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can think of this a bit
+as a relaxation of the zero enormous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a relaxation of the zero enormous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a relaxation of the zero enormous you
+say relaxation in the sense is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say relaxation in the sense is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say relaxation in the sense is the
+strict requirement so I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict requirement so I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict requirement so I talked about
+relaxation before when I said instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation before when I said instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation before when I said instead of
+binary values you take real values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary values you take real values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary values you take real values and
+you optimize over the reals instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize over the reals instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize over the reals instead of
+the binary values here's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary values here's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary values here's kind of the
+same thing instead of restricting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing instead of restricting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing instead of restricting
+yourself to this functional which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to this functional which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to this functional which is
+binary valued now your lawyer said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary valued now your lawyer said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary valued now your lawyer said to
+relax and get real numbers and you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax and get real numbers and you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax and get real numbers and you what
+you gain is that this algorithm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gain is that this algorithm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gain is that this algorithm the
+corresponding optimization problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding optimization problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding optimization problem is
+convex and you can try to solve it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex and you can try to solve it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex and you can try to solve it it's
+not still something that you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not still something that you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not still something that you know we can
+do we cannot do what we did before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we cannot do what we did before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we cannot do what we did before we
+cannot just take derivatives and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just take derivatives and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just take derivatives and set
+them equal to zero because this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal to zero because this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal to zero because this term is
+not smooth the absolute value looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smooth the absolute value looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smooth the absolute value looks like
+this which means that here around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means that here around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means that here around the
+kink is not differentiable but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink is not differentiable but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink is not differentiable but we can
+still use convex analysis to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use convex analysis to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use convex analysis to try to get
+the solution and actually the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and actually the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and actually the solution
+doesn't look too complicated getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look too complicated getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look too complicated getting
+there requires a bit of context analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there requires a bit of context analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there requires a bit of context analysis
+but there are techniques and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are techniques and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are techniques and the one
+that are trendy these days are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are trendy these days are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are trendy these days are called
+forward backward splitting or proximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backward splitting or proximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backward splitting or proximal
+methods to solve this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve this problem and
+apparently I'm not even going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently I'm not even going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently I'm not even going to show
+them to you because you don't even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you because you don't even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you because you don't even see
+them but it essentially is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it essentially is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it essentially is not too
+complicated just to tell you in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated just to tell you in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated just to tell you in one
+words what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what they do
+is that they do the gradient descent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they do the gradient descent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they do the gradient descent of
+the first term and then at each step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term and then at each step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term and then at each step of
+the gradient they'd threshold so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient they'd threshold so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient they'd threshold so they
+take a step of the gradient get a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step of the gradient get a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step of the gradient get a vector
+look inside the vector if thinking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the vector if thinking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the vector if thinking if
+something is smaller then a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is smaller then a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is smaller then a threshold
+that depends on lambda I set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on lambda I set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on lambda I set it equal to
+zero otherwise I let it go okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise I let it go okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise I let it go okay so I
+didn't put it I don't know why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put it I don't know why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put it I don't know why because
+they stood in one line algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stood in one line algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stood in one line algorithm it's
+hard it's a bit harder to derive but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's a bit harder to derive but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's a bit harder to derive but is
+very simple to check so let's talk one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to check so let's talk one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to check so let's talk one
+second about this picture and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about this picture and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about this picture and then and
+let me tell you about what I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about what I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about what I'm not
+telling you so hiding behind everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you so hiding behind everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you so hiding behind everything
+I said so far there is a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said so far there is a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said so far there is a linear system
+right there is a linear system that is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a linear system that is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a linear system that is n
+by P or diya where we're not call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P or diya where we're not call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P or diya where we're not call it
+with the number of pure variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of pure variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of pure variables and
+our game so far is always been look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game so far is always been look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game so far is always been look we
+have a linear system that can be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear system that can be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear system that can be not
+invertible or even if it is you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or even if it is you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or even if it is you might
+have that condition number and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that condition number and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that condition number and I want to
+try to find a way to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a way to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a way to stabilize the
+problem the first round we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the first round we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the first round we basically
+replace the inverse with an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the inverse with an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the inverse with an approximate
+inverse that's a classical way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's a classical way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's a classical way of doing
+it here we're making another assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here we're making another assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here we're making another assumption
+we're basically saying look this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically saying look this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically saying look this vector
+it does look very long so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look very long so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look very long so that this
+problem seems ill-posed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem seems ill-posed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem seems ill-posed
+but in fact if only few entries were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if only few entries were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if only few entries were
+different from 0 and if we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from 0 and if we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from 0 and if we were able to
+tell me which one they are you can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me which one they are you can go in
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+
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+have a matrix now it looks you know
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+have a matrix now it looks you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tall ok
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+
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+problem that is a one of the linear set
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+that we know how to solve so what we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+I'm not telling which were which one
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+
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+I'm not telling which were which one
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+
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+
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+
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+you would just get back to a very easy
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+
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+you would just get back to a very easy
+problem where the number of unknown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where the number of unknown is
+much smaller ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a mathematical fact okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a mathematical fact okay and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a mathematical fact okay and
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+
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+the odds are open because you know now
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+constantly but one question is how much
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+
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+
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+
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+example could you prove that in certain
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+
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+situation even if you don't know the
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+situation even if you don't know the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+there a way to try to guess them in some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way to try to guess them in some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you can do almost as good or
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+
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+with high probability as well as if I
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+
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+answer is basically that if the number
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+
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+of entries that are different from zero
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+too correlated or not to collinear so
+ 
+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+when you perturb the problem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you perturb the problem a little
+bit nothing changes then you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit nothing changes then you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit nothing changes then you can solve
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem exactly okay so these on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem exactly okay so these on the
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+one hand tells us is the exactly the
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+
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+will give you a good approximation to l0
+
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+will give you a good approximation to l0
+ 
+
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+will give you a good approximation to l0
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+
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+because that's basically what this story
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+
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+because that's basically what this story
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+see for us Y and X we don't choose we
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+
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+see for us Y and X we don't choose we
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's correlate if the columns are
+nice nice but if they're not nice sorry
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+nice nice but if they're not nice sorry
+ 
+
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+nice nice but if they're not nice sorry
+you have to live with it okay but there
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+you have to live with it okay but there
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+
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+you have to live with it okay but there
+are settings where you can think of the
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+are settings where you can think of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are settings where you can think of the
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+following suppose that you have a signal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+following suppose that you have a signal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you want to be able to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you want to be able to
+reconstruct it so the classical Shannon
+
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+reconstruct it so the classical Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it so the classical Shannon
+sampling theorem kind of results
+
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+sampling theorem kind of results
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+
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+basically tell you that I know if you
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+basically tell you that I know if you
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+have something which has been limited
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+
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+have something which has been limited
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+you have to sample twice the maximum
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+
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+you have to sample twice the maximum
+frequency but this is kind of worst case
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+frequency but this is kind of worst case
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+
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+
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+because it's assuming that all the bands
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+
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+
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+naui plane you know it's an analogy okay
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+only another frequency this one do you
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+to sample that much it can do much less
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+
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+to sample that much it can do much less
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+okay and so it turns out that basically
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+
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+
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+
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+just to do eight samples okay that would
+ 
+
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+be ideal but you would have to know
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+
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+be ideal but you would have to know
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+which one they are you don't so you pay
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+
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+which one they are you don't so you pay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price but it's just logarithmic so you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price but it's just logarithmic so you
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+basically say that you can almost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say that you can almost you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new sampling theorem that tells
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you don't need to sample that
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+
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+you that you don't need to sample that
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+
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+much you don't need to sample that low
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+
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+either which could be say the number the
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+
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+maximum frequency is D the number of
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+
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+
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+would have to say to D ideally we like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to s actually what you can say is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 2 s log D so you have a
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+
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+something like 2 s log D so you have a
+log D price that you pay because you
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+log D price that you pay because you
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+
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+log D price that you pay because you
+didn't know where they are but still
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+didn't know where they are but still
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+
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+didn't know where they are but still
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+
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+dimension so essentially the field of
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+dimension so essentially the field of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so essentially the field of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sensing has been built around
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sensing has been built around
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+
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+slightly different stead of saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different stead of saying I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a statistical estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a statistical estimation
+where I can just build this what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can just build this what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can just build this what you do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say I have a signal and now I view
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say I have a signal and now I view
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a sensing matrix that I design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a sensing matrix that I design
+with the property that I know will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that I know will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that I know will allow
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do this estimation well and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do this estimation well and so you
+basically assume that you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assume that you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assume that you can choose
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors in certain ways and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors in certain ways and then
+you can prove that you can reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that you can reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that you can reconstruct
+with much fewer examples ok and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much fewer examples ok and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much fewer examples ok and this has
+been used for example I don't never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used for example I don't never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used for example I don't never
+remember for physical energy and Arai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for physical energy and Arai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for physical energy and Arai
+MRI 2 things they didn't tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI 2 things they didn't tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI 2 things they didn't tell you about
+but it's worth mentioning our support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth mentioning our support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth mentioning our support
+that what I tell you is actually is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I tell you is actually is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I tell you is actually is not
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+ align:start position:0%
+individual entries that are 0 but group
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries that are 0 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries that are 0 for example
+because each entry is a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each entry is a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each entry is a biological
+process so I have jeans but jeans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so I have jeans but jeans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so I have jeans but jeans are
+actually involved in biological process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved in biological process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved in biological process
+so there is a group of the in that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a group of the in that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a group of the in that is
+doing something other group of genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something other group of genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something other group of genes are
+you doing something and I want to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing something and I want to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing something and I want to select
+is not individual genes but groups can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not individual genes but groups can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not individual genes but groups can
+you twist this stuff in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you twist this stuff in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you twist this stuff in such a way that
+you select groups yes what if the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select groups yes what if the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select groups yes what if the groups
+are actually overlapping how do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually overlapping how do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually overlapping how do you want
+to deal with the overlaps do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the overlaps do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the overlaps do you want to
+keep the overlap you want to cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the overlap you want to cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the overlap you want to cut the
+what if you had a tree structure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you had a tree structure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you had a tree structure okay
+what do you do with this so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with this so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with this so first of all
+who gives you the information okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gives you the information okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gives you the information okay and
+then if you have the information how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the information how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the information how do
+you use it and I want to use it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it and I want to use it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it and I want to use it this is
+all the whole field of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the whole field of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the whole field of structure
+sparsity is the whole industry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity is the whole industry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity is the whole industry of
+building penalties other than l1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building penalties other than l1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building penalties other than l1 that
+would allow you to incorporate this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow you to incorporate this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow you to incorporate this kind
+of prior information and if you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prior information and if you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prior information and if you want is
+the place a bit as in kernel methods the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place a bit as in kernel methods the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place a bit as in kernel methods the
+kernel was the place where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel was the place where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel was the place where you could
+incorporate prior information this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate prior information this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate prior information this is
+the case where in this field you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where in this field you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where in this field you can do
+that okay by designing suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay by designing suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay by designing suitable
+regularizer and then a lot of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularizer and then a lot of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularizer and then a lot of the reason
+is you so here we'll translate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you so here we'll translate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you so here we'll translate with
+these new regular risers the last bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new regular risers the last bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new regular risers the last bit is
+that with a bit of a twist some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a bit of a twist some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a bit of a twist some of the
+idea that I show you now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I show you now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that I show you now there are
+basically two vectors and sparsity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two vectors and sparsity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two vectors and sparsity
+translate to more general context in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to more general context in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to more general context in
+particular that of matrices that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that of matrices that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that of matrices that have
+low rank okay the classical example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rank okay the classical example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rank okay the classical example is
+suppose that I give imagery is matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I give imagery is matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I give imagery is matrix
+completion okay I give you a matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion okay I give you a matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion okay I give you a matrix but
+I actually delete most of the entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually delete most of the entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually delete most of the entries of
+the matrix and I tell you okay estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix and I tell you okay estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix and I tell you okay estimate
+the original matrix well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original matrix well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original matrix well it turns out
+that if the matrix itself had very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the matrix itself had very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the matrix itself had very low
+rank so that many of the columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so that many of the columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so that many of the columns and
+rows you saw were actually related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows you saw were actually related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows you saw were actually related to
+each other you may actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you may actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you may actually be able to
+do this and the way you chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and the way you chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and the way you chose the
+entries to delete or select was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to delete or select was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to delete or select was not
+malicious then you would be able to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious then you would be able to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious then you would be able to fill
+in the missing entries okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the missing entries okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the missing entries okay and the
+theory behind this is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory behind this is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory behind this is very similar to
+the third allowed to fill in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third allowed to fill in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third allowed to fill in the right
+entries of the vector okay last bit PCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of the vector okay last bit PCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of the vector okay last bit PCA
+in 15 minutes so what we've seen so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 15 minutes so what we've seen so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 15 minutes so what we've seen so far
+was a very hard problem a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very hard problem a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very hard problem a variable
+selection it is still a supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it is still a supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it is still a supervised
+problem where I give you labels ok the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where I give you labels ok the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where I give you labels ok the
+last bit I want to show you is PCA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit I want to show you is PCA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit I want to show you is PCA which
+is the case where I don't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case where I don't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case where I don't give you
+labels and what you try to answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and what you try to answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and what you try to answer is
+actually perhaps is like the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perhaps is like the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perhaps is like the simpler
+question because you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because you don't want to
+select one of the directions but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select one of the directions but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select one of the directions but you
+would like to know if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know if there are
+direction that matters so you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that matters so you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that matters so you allow
+yourself for example to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for example to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for example to combine the
+different direction is your data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction is your data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction is your data okay
+so this question is interesting for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question is interesting for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question is interesting for many
+many reasons one is data visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons one is data visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons one is data visualization
+for example you have stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have stuff that you
+cannot look at because you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot look at because you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot look at because you have for
+example digits in very high dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example digits in very high dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example digits in very high dimensions
+you would like to look at them how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to look at them how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to look at them how do
+you do it well you like to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it well you like to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it well you like to find
+directions the first direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the first direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the first direction to
+project every in the second Direction 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project every in the second Direction 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project every in the second Direction 3
+direction because then you can plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because then you can plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because then you can plot and
+look at them ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them ok
+and this is one visualization of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one visualization of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one visualization of these
+images here and I remember now the koala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here and I remember now the koala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here and I remember now the koala
+know it's written here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's written here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's written here you have
+different colors and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and what you see is
+that this actually did a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this actually did a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this actually did a good job
+because what you expect is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you expect is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you expect is that if you
+do a nice visualization what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nice visualization what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nice visualization what you would
+like to have is that similar numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is that similar numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is that similar numbers or
+same numbers are in the same regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers are in the same regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers are in the same regions and
+perhaps similar numbers are close ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps similar numbers are close ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps similar numbers are close ok so
+this is one reason why you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one reason why you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one reason why you want to do
+this one reason why you might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reason why you might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reason why you might want to do
+this is also because you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also because you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also because you might want to
+reduce the dimensionality of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the dimensionality of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the dimensionality of your data
+just to compress them or because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to compress them or because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to compress them or because you
+might hope that certain dimension don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might hope that certain dimension don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might hope that certain dimension don't
+matter or are simply noise and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or are simply noise and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or are simply noise and so you
+just want to get rid of that ok because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get rid of that ok because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get rid of that ok because
+this could be good for statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be good for statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be good for statistical
+reasons ok so the game is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons ok so the game is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons ok so the game is going to be
+the following X is the data space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following X is the data space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following X is the data space which
+is going to be Rd and we want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Rd and we want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be Rd and we want to define
+a map M that sends vectors of length D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map M that sends vectors of length D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map M that sends vectors of length D
+into vector of length K ok K is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into vector of length K ok K is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into vector of length K ok K is gonna be
+my reduced dimensionality and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reduced dimensionality and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reduced dimensionality and what we're
+going to do is that we're gonna build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is that we're gonna build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is that we're gonna build
+the basic method to do this which is PCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic method to do this which is PCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic method to do this which is PCA
+and we're going to give a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give a purely
+geometric view of PCA ok and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric view of PCA ok and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric view of PCA ok and this is
+going to be done by taking first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done by taking first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done by taking first the
+case where K is equal to 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where K is equal to 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where K is equal to 1 and then
+iterate to go up so the first case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to go up so the first case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to go up so the first case we're
+going to ask if they give you a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask if they give you a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask if they give you a vector
+which are d dimensional how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are d dimensional how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are d dimensional how can I
+project them in one dimension with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project them in one dimension with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project them in one dimension with
+respect to some criterion of optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some criterion of optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some criterion of optimality
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+and here what we ask is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we ask is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we ask is we want to
+project the data in the one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the data in the one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the data in the one dimension
+that would give me the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me the best possible
+error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so
+I think I did before I'd love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was done for another reason but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done for another reason but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done for another reason but
+it's useful now if you have this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful now if you have this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful now if you have this vector
+and you want to project in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to project in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to project in this
+direction and this is a unit vector what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is a unit vector what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is a unit vector what
+do you do I want to know how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do I want to know how to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do I want to know how to write
+this vector here the projection what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here the projection what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here the projection what you
+do is that you take the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that you take the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that you take the inner product
+between yn and X you get the number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between yn and X you get the number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between yn and X you get the number and
+that that number is the length you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that number is the length you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that number is the length you want
+to assign to X 1 ok so suppose that W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to X 1 ok so suppose that W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to X 1 ok so suppose that W is
+the direction and add a vector X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and add a vector X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction and add a vector X and I
+want to build the projection ok what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build the projection ok what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build the projection ok what do
+I do I take the inner product of X and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I take the inner product of X and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I take the inner product of X and W
+and these are the lengths I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the lengths I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the lengths I have to
+assign to the vector data which is unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to the vector data which is unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to the vector data which is unit
+norm okay so this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm okay so this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm okay so this is the best
+approximation of X I in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of X I in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of X I in the direction of
+W they make sense I fix the W and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W they make sense I fix the W and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W they make sense I fix the W and I want
+to know how well I can describe X like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how well I can describe X like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how well I can describe X like
+project X in that direction and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project X in that direction and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project X in that direction and then I
+take the distance between X and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the distance between X and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the distance between X and that
+projection ok and then what I do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection ok and then what I do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection ok and then what I do is that
+I sum over all points and then I check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum over all points and then I check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum over all points and then I check
+among all possible direction the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all possible direction the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all possible direction the one
+that gave me the best error so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me the best error so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me the best error so suppose
+that this is your data set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is your data set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is your data set which
+direction you think is going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you think is going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you think is going to give me
+the best error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if you go in this direction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you go in this direction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you go in this direction you can
+explain most of the stuff okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain most of the stuff okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain most of the stuff okay you can
+reconstruct it best so this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it best so this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it best so this is gonna be
+the solution so the question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so the question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so the question here is
+really how do you solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how do you solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how do you solve this problem
+you could try to minimize respect to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to minimize respect to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to minimize respect to W
+but in fact it's not clear what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's not clear what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's not clear what kind of
+computation you have and if we massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you have and if we massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you have and if we massage
+this a little bit it turns out that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit it turns out that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit it turns out that is
+actually exactly an eigenvalue problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly an eigenvalue problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly an eigenvalue problem
+so that's what we want to do next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we want to do next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we want to do next so
+conceptually what we want to do is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what we want to do is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what we want to do is what
+I said here and nothing more I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said here and nothing more I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said here and nothing more I want to
+find a single individual direction they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a single individual direction they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a single individual direction they
+allow me to reconstruct best on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to reconstruct best on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to reconstruct best on average
+all the training set points and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the training set points and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the training set points and now what
+we want to do is just to check what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is just to check what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is just to check what kind
+of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition
+these entail and learn a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entail and learn a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entail and learn a bit more about
+this ok so this notation is just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok so this notation is just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok so this notation is just to say
+that the vector is norm one okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector is norm one okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector is norm one okay so that
+I don't have to fumble with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to fumble with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to fumble with the with the
+size of the vector okay so let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the vector okay so let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the vector okay so let's do a
+couple of computations this is ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of computations this is ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of computations this is ideal
+after lunch so you just take this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch so you just take this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch so you just take this square
+and develop it okay and used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop it okay and used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop it okay and used and
+remember that W is unit norm so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that W is unit norm so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that W is unit norm so when you
+do W transpose W you get 1 and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do W transpose W you get 1 and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do W transpose W you get 1 and then if
+you and if you don't forget to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if you don't forget to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if you don't forget to put here
+square and if you just develop this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and if you just develop this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and if you just develop this you
+see that this is an equality okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is an equality okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is an equality okay there
+is a square missing here so you have X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a square missing here so you have X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a square missing here so you have X I
+square then you would have the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then you would have the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then you would have the product
+of X I and this which will be W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I and this which will be W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I and this which will be W
+transpose X I square and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I square and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I square and then you would
+also have these square but this query is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have these square but this query is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have these square but this query is
+w transpose X I and then W transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w transpose X I and then W transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w transpose X I and then W transpose W
+which is 1 and so what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 and so what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 and so what you see is that
+it would create instead of three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would create instead of three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would create instead of three terms
+you have two because two cancel out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two because two cancel out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two because two cancel out not
+canceled out they balance each other ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out they balance each other ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out they balance each other ok
+so then I'd argue that if you instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I'd argue that if you instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I'd argue that if you instead of
+minimizing this because this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this because this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this because this is equal to
+this instead of minimizing this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of minimizing this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of minimizing this you can
+maximize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why well because this is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because this is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because this is just a constant
+it doesn't depend on W at all so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend on W at all so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend on W at all so I can
+drop it for my functional the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it for my functional the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it for my functional the solution
+the mini-moon the minimum will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini-moon the minimum will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini-moon the minimum will be
+different by the minimizer the W that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by the minimizer the W that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by the minimizer the W that
+solves the problem will be the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the problem will be the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the problem will be the same okay
+and then here is minimizing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is minimizing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is minimizing something
+with the minus which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus which is the same as
+maximizing the same thing without the -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the same thing without the -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the same thing without the -
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I don't ask so far so good because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't ask so far so good because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't ask so far so good because I was
+here so what you see now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what you see now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what you see now is that
+basically if the data were centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the data were centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the data were centered
+basically this would just be a variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this would just be a variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this would just be a variance
+if the data center so there is a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the data center so there is a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the data center so there is a -
+you're here basically can interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here basically can interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here basically can interpret this
+as the measuring the variance in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the measuring the variance in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the measuring the variance in one
+direction and so you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so you have another
+interpretation of PCA which is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of PCA which is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of PCA which is the one
+where instead of picking the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of picking the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of picking the single
+direction with the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the best possible
+reconstruction you're picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction you're picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction you're picking the
+direction where the variance of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where the variance of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where the variance of the data
+is bigger okay and these two point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger okay and these two point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger okay and these two point of
+view are completely equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view are completely equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view are completely equivalent
+essentially whenever you have a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whenever you have a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whenever you have a square
+norm thinking about maximizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm thinking about maximizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm thinking about maximizing the
+variance or minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or minimizing the
+reconstruction or to complimentary do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction or to complimentary do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction or to complimentary do
+all ideas okay so that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ideas okay so that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ideas okay so that's what you would
+be doing here one more bit what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing here one more bit what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing here one more bit what about
+computation so this is just so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so this is just so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so this is just so we can
+think about reconstruction you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reconstruction you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reconstruction you can think
+about variance if you like what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variance if you like what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variance if you like what about
+this computation what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation what kind of
+computation is this okay if you massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is this okay if you massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is this okay if you massage
+it a little bit we see that it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit we see that it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit we see that it's just an
+eigenvalue problem so this is how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem so this is how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem so this is how you do
+it these actually look so it's annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these actually look so it's annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these actually look so it's annoying
+but it's very simple so I wrote all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very simple so I wrote all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very simple so I wrote all the
+passages this is a square so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages this is a square so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages this is a square so it's
+something times itself this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times itself this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times itself this whole thing
+is symmetric so you can swap the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric so you can swap the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric so you can swap the order
+of this multiplication so you get W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this multiplication so you get W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this multiplication so you get W
+transpose X I X I transpose W but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I X I transpose W but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I X I transpose W but then
+if this is just a sum that was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is just a sum that was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is just a sum that was gonna
+involve these terms so I can let the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve these terms so I can let the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve these terms so I can let the sum
+enter okay and this is what you get okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter okay and this is what you get okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter okay and this is what you get okay
+so you get W transposed 1 over N X I X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get W transposed 1 over N X I X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get W transposed 1 over N X I X I
+transpose W so this is just a number W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W so this is just a number W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W so this is just a number W
+transpose X I is just a number but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I is just a number but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X I is just a number but the
+moment you look at something it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you look at something it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you look at something it looks
+like X I X I transpose what is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X I X I transpose what is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X I X I transpose what is that well
+just look at dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at dimensionality
+d you know 1 times D times T times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you know 1 times D times T times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you know 1 times D times T times 1
+gives you a number which is 1 by 1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a number which is 1 by 1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a number which is 1 by 1 now
+you're doing their way around so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing their way around so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing their way around so what is
+this it's it's a it's a matrix and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's a it's a matrix and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's a it's a matrix and it's
+a mesh which is d by d and it's a rank 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mesh which is d by d and it's a rank 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mesh which is d by d and it's a rank 1
+ok and what you do now is that you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and what you do now is that you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and what you do now is that you sum
+them all up and what you have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up and what you have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up and what you have is that
+this quantity here becomes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here becomes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here becomes what is
+called the quadratic form in the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the quadratic form in the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the quadratic form in the matrix
+C which is look that just look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is look that just look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is look that just look like this
+and it's squeezed in between two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's squeezed in between two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's squeezed in between two vectors
+W transpose and W so now what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W transpose and W so now what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W transpose and W so now what you want
+to do is that you want you have that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that you want you have that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that you want you have that you
+can rewrite this just this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this just this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this just this way as
+maximizing the W sorry Maxie finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the W sorry Maxie finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the W sorry Maxie finding the
+unit norm vector W that maximized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit norm vector W that maximized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit norm vector W that maximized this
+quadratic form and at this point you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form and at this point you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form and at this point you can
+still ask me who cares because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ask me who cares because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ask me who cares because it's just
+keeping on rewriting the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping on rewriting the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping on rewriting the same problem
+but it turns out that essentially using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that essentially using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that essentially using
+Lagrange theorem it is relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange theorem it is relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange theorem it is relatively simple
+to do you can check that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you can check that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you can check that that the
+solution of this problem is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this problem is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this problem is the maximum
+eigen vector of these matrix ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector of these matrix ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector of these matrix ok so this
+you can leave as an exercise essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can leave as an exercise essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can leave as an exercise essentially
+you take the Lagrangian of this and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Lagrangian of this and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Lagrangian of this and use
+a little bit of duality and you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of duality and you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of duality and you show
+that the SS of this problem is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the SS of this problem is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the SS of this problem is just the
+maximum eigen so the eigenvalues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum eigen so the eigenvalues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum eigen so the eigenvalues the
+whole eigenvector corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole eigenvector corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole eigenvector corresponding to the
+maximum eigenvalue of the matrix c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum eigenvalue of the matrix c okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum eigenvalue of the matrix c okay
+so find this this direction is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find this this direction is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find this this direction is just
+solving again value problem ok feuless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving again value problem ok feuless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving again value problem ok feuless
+lights kind of cute it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights kind of cute it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights kind of cute it's it's pretty
+simple okay so the one part is this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay so the one part is this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay so the one part is this line
+after lunch is a bit there for some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch is a bit there for some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lunch is a bit there for some nice
+but really the only one part which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really the only one part which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really the only one part which is a
+bit more complicated is this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated is this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated is this one here
+the rest is really just a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is really just a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is really just a very simple
+complete you know algebra so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete you know algebra so what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete you know algebra so what about
+k equal to i run out of time but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to i run out of time but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to i run out of time but it
+turns out that what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what you want to do is
+basically if you say that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you say that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you say that you want to
+look for a second so you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a second so you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a second so you look at the
+first direction you solving you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first direction you solving you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first direction you solving you know
+that is the first eigenvector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the first eigenvector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the first eigenvector is the
+first again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first again
+and then let's say that you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's say that you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's say that you add the
+constraint that the second Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that the second Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that the second Direction
+affine has to be orthogonal to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affine has to be orthogonal to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affine has to be orthogonal to the first
+direction you might not want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you might not want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you might not want to do this
+okay but if you do if you say you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you do if you say you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you do if you say you add
+orthogonality constraint then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality constraint then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality constraint then what you
+can check is that that you can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check is that that you can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check is that that you can repeat
+sorry I didn't do it it's on my node to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't do it it's on my node to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't do it it's on my node to
+the one that I have on the website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I have on the website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I have on the website and
+the computation is connected and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation is connected and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation is connected and the way
+you see that the solution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the solution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the solution of this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+they look look exactly like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look look exactly like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look look exactly like the one
+before only with this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only with this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only with this additional
+constraint is exactly the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is exactly the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is exactly the eigenvector
+corresponding to the second largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the second largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the second largest
+eigenvalue okay and so you can keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay and so you can keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay and so you can keep on
+going and so now this gives you a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so now this gives you a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so now this gives you a way to
+go from k equal to 1 to k bigger than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from k equal to 1 to k bigger than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from k equal to 1 to k bigger than 1
+and you can keep on going okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can keep on going okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can keep on going okay so if you
+look for the direction that maximizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the direction that maximizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the direction that maximizes
+the variance or the reconstruction did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance or the reconstruction did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance or the reconstruction did
+turn out to be the biggest eigen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the biggest eigen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the biggest eigen the
+vectors the eigenvectors correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the eigenvectors correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the eigenvectors correspond to
+the biggest eigenvalues of this matrix C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest eigenvalues of this matrix C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest eigenvalues of this matrix C
+which what you can call it as a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what you can call it as a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what you can call it as a second
+moment or covariance matrix of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or covariance matrix of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or covariance matrix of the data
+ok so this is more or less the end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this is more or less the end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this is more or less the end this
+is the basic basic basic version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic basic basic version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic basic basic version of this
+you can mix this with pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mix this with pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mix this with pretty much all
+the other stuff we said today so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff we said today so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff we said today so one is
+how about trying to use kernels to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about trying to use kernels to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about trying to use kernels to do a
+nonlinear extension of this so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear extension of this so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear extension of this so here
+we're just looking at linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at linear
+reconstruction how about no linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction how about no linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction how about no linear
+reconstruction so what you would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction so what you would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction so what you would do is
+that you would first map the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would first map the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would first map the data in
+some way and then try to find some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and then try to find some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and then try to find some kind
+of nonlinear dimensionality reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear dimensionality reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear dimensionality reduction
+you see that what I'm doing here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that what I'm doing here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that what I'm doing here is that
+I'm just using this linear it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using this linear it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using this linear it's just a
+linear dimensionality reduction just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dimensionality reduction just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dimensionality reduction just a
+linear operator but what about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator but what about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator but what about something
+nonlinear what if my data lie on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear what if my data lie on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear what if my data lie on some
+kind of structure that look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure that look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure that look like that
+our beloved machine learning Swiss drawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beloved machine learning Swiss drawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beloved machine learning Swiss drawl
+well if you do PCA well it's just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do PCA well it's just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do PCA well it's just gonna
+find a plane that cuts that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a plane that cuts that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a plane that cuts that thing
+somewhere ok but if you try to embed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere ok but if you try to embed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere ok but if you try to embed the
+data in some non linear way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in some non linear way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in some non linear way you could
+try to resolve this and this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to resolve this and this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to resolve this and this has been
+the match of the research time direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match of the research time direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match of the research time direction
+of manifold learning there is here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manifold learning there is here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manifold learning there is here there
+are just a few key words kernel pca is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few key words kernel pca is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few key words kernel pca is
+the easiest version laplacian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest version laplacian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest version laplacian
+map eigen Maps diffusion Maps and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map eigen Maps diffusion Maps and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map eigen Maps diffusion Maps and so on
+okay I only touch quickly upon random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I only touch quickly upon random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I only touch quickly upon random
+projection there is a whole literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection there is a whole literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection there is a whole literature
+about those the idea is again that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those the idea is again that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those the idea is again that by
+doing multiplying the data by random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiplying the data by random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiplying the data by random
+vectors you can keep the information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you can keep the information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you can keep the information in
+the data and might be able to reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and might be able to reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and might be able to reconcile
+as to preserve distances also you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to preserve distances also you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to preserve distances also you can
+combine ideas from sparsity with ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine ideas from sparsity with ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine ideas from sparsity with ideas
+from pca for example you can say what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pca for example you can say what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pca for example you can say what if
+I want to know not only I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know not only I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know not only I want to find
+something like an eigenvector but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an eigenvector but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an eigenvector but I
+would like the entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the entries of the
+eigenvector to be 0 so can I add here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector to be 0 so can I add here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector to be 0 so can I add here a
+constraint which basically say among all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which basically say among all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which basically say among all
+the unit vectors find the one whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vectors find the one whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vectors find the one whose
+entries are most so I want to add in l0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are most so I want to add in l0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are most so I want to add in l0
+norm or l1 norm so how can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm or l1 norm so how can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm or l1 norm so how can you do that
+ok and this leads to sparse EPCA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this leads to sparse EPCA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this leads to sparse EPCA and
+other structured matrix estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structured matrix estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structured matrix estimation
+problems ok so this is again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems ok so this is again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems ok so this is again something
+I'm not going to tell you about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you about but
+that's kind of the beginning and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the beginning and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the beginning and this
+more or less brings us to the desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less brings us to the desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less brings us to the desert
+island and I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pv3_BmuKa24.txt b/pv3_BmuKa24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f642c2b0ee4884c63849758f2940cd6b3fa1736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pv3_BmuKa24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+da thank you that's it's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da thank you that's it's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da thank you that's it's an excellent
+point you're you're absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're you're absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're you're absolutely right so
+so I I think both statements stand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think both statements stand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think both statements stand so
+Compton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton's
+experiments convinced the even more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments convinced the even more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments convinced the even more of
+the community to the Nobel Prize then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community to the Nobel Prize then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community to the Nobel Prize then or
+now you have to convince three people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to convince three people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to convince three people in
+Stockholm which is hard uh to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stockholm which is hard uh to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stockholm which is hard uh to convince
+um the larger International Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the larger International Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the larger International Community
+which even back then included several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even back then included several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even back then included several
+thousand people that's a different that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people that's a different that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people that's a different that
+that sometimes occurs on different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes occurs on different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes occurs on different time
+scales by different processes so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales by different processes so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales by different processes so you're
+absolutely right and I did not emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right and I did not emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right and I did not emphasize
+this uh as many of you might know and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh as many of you might know and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh as many of you might know and in
+da reminds us Einstein did not win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da reminds us Einstein did not win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da reminds us Einstein did not win the
+Nobel Prize for any of the work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for any of the work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for any of the work on
+relativity uh even though he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity uh even though he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity uh even though he had a
+achieved kind of uh Renown both within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved kind of uh Renown both within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved kind of uh Renown both within
+the profession and Beyond uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profession and Beyond uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profession and Beyond uh as we
+talked about briefly um a few classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly um a few classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly um a few classes
+ago because of his work on on relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago because of his work on on relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago because of his work on on relativity
+in particular for the um Edington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the um Edington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the um Edington
+Eclipse Expedition stuff uh which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expedition stuff uh which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclipse Expedition stuff uh which which
+was released to the world in November of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was released to the world in November of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was released to the world in November of
+1919 and yet even after that what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 and yet even after that what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 and yet even after that what he
+actually won the prize for was indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won the prize for was indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won the prize for was indeed
+his his uh heuristic suggestion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his uh heuristic suggestion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his uh heuristic suggestion about
+light Quantum and so I think the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Quantum and so I think the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Quantum and so I think the idea
+there at da to make sense of it I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at da to make sense of it I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at da to make sense of it I agree
+with you it is a little funny timing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you it is a little funny timing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you it is a little funny timing is
+that there was growing awareness this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was growing awareness this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was growing awareness this
+work was was um of value and of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was was um of value and of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was was um of value and of interest
+and then Compton's work really convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Compton's work really convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Compton's work really convinced
+so to speak the remaining Skeptics of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak the remaining Skeptics of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak the remaining Skeptics of of
+whom there were many um in fact even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom there were many um in fact even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom there were many um in fact even
+confence work didn't convince every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence work didn't convince every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence work didn't convince every
+single remaining skeptic but that did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single remaining skeptic but that did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single remaining skeptic but that did a
+lot of the work for for the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work for for the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work for for the larger
+Community Beyond and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Beyond and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Beyond and you can see that
+they were coming out in you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were coming out in you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were coming out in you know kind of
+around the same time but not literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time but not literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time but not literally
+one uh after the other and I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh after the other and I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh after the other and I think a
+measure of that is how quickly Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that is how quickly Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that is how quickly Compton
+won his Nobel Prize for that work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won his Nobel Prize for that work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won his Nobel Prize for that work so
+Einstein's prize was was something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's prize was was something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's prize was was something like
+16 years later and Compton's was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 years later and Compton's was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 years later and Compton's was like
+three and a half years later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half years later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half years later so
+approximately something like that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately something like that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately something like that so in
+terms of the the way that the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the way that the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the way that the community
+recognized the value of competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the value of competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the value of competence
+experiments I think that does point to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I think that does point to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I think that does point to a
+a broader kind of coalescing but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broader kind of coalescing but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broader kind of coalescing but you're
+quite right that Einstein uh did receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right that Einstein uh did receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right that Einstein uh did receive
+the Nobel Prize when he won it he won it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize when he won it he won it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize when he won it he won it
+for the light Quantum hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the light Quantum hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the light Quantum hypothesis
+excellent point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be honest I'd have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest I'd have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest I'd have to go back and
+check more carefully my sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check more carefully my sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check more carefully my sense of that
+had always been uh Einstein's paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had always been uh Einstein's paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had always been uh Einstein's paper in
+05 that introduced the light Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 that introduced the light Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 that introduced the light Quantum
+itself described three or four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself described three or four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself described three or four or five
+separate instances in which the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate instances in which the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate instances in which the light
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+effect like Quantum hypothesis would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect like Quantum hypothesis would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect like Quantum hypothesis would
+help to make sense of things so know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to make sense of things so know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to make sense of things so know his
+his paper on the light Quantum covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper on the light Quantum covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper on the light Quantum covered
+several phenomen including things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several phenomen including things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several phenomen including things like
+black body radiation and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body radiation and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body radiation and other things
+and not only photoelectric um phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only photoelectric um phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only photoelectric um phenomenal
+like from lardis so I guess I had always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from lardis so I guess I had always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from lardis so I guess I had always
+thought they meant the light Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they meant the light Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they meant the light Quantum
+which could be applied to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be applied to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be applied to things like
+photoelectric effect and other phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and other phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and other phenomena
+but it's a great question you rais to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a great question you rais to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a great question you rais to be
+honest I'm not sure okay so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest I'm not sure okay so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest I'm not sure okay so today we're
+going to um gonna launch into we're GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um gonna launch into we're GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um gonna launch into we're GNA
+move into what starts being known even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into what starts being known even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into what starts being known even
+in its in like real time as quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its in like real time as quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its in like real time as quantum
+mechanics not this or that portion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics not this or that portion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics not this or that portion of a
+kind of old quantum theory and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old quantum theory and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old quantum theory and we're
+going to look today for for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look today for for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look today for for kind of
+two-thirds of today's class we'll be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of today's class we'll be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of today's class we'll be we
+looking at work uh most closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at work uh most closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at work uh most closely
+associated with Vera Heisenberg again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with Vera Heisenberg again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with Vera Heisenberg again a
+name you probably already knew one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you probably already knew one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you probably already knew one of
+the readings for today was uh his very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings for today was uh his very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings for today was uh his very
+very brief paper uh published in 1925
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief paper uh published in 1925
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief paper uh published in 1925
+we're not going to start with that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to start with that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to start with that we're
+going to warm up to it and so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to warm up to it and so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to warm up to it and so in fact
+what we're going to do today is do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do today is do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do today is do have
+one more look a little more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more look a little more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more look a little more kind of
+detailed juicy look at the kind of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed juicy look at the kind of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed juicy look at the kind of last
+gasp of what became known as old quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasp of what became known as old quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasp of what became known as old quantum
+theory not just because it's old but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory not just because it's old but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory not just because it's old but I
+want to talk about it because it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about it because it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about it because it helps
+us I think understand really what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I think understand really what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I think understand really what was
+Heisenberg um practicing this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg um practicing this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg um practicing this is the
+work he was himself was pursuing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he was himself was pursuing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he was himself was pursuing as a
+graduate student working with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student working with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student working with some
+people we'll talk about for part one he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we'll talk about for part one he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we'll talk about for part one he
+and his and his and many of his peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his and his and many of his peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his and his and many of his peers
+and also in a sense what finally made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in a sense what finally made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in a sense what finally made
+Heisenberg want to want to make a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg want to want to make a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg want to want to make a break
+with that so I think it's worth sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so I think it's worth sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so I think it's worth sitting
+for this first part of today's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this first part of today's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this first part of today's class
+session on work that that again was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on work that that again was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on work that that again was
+rapidly seen as part of the old not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly seen as part of the old not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly seen as part of the old not the
+new because I do think it helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new because I do think it helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new because I do think it helps us
+understand what was Heisenberg self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was Heisenberg self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was Heisenberg self
+consciously trying to do when he did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously trying to do when he did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously trying to do when he did uh
+start composing this new work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start composing this new work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start composing this new work in the
+spring of 1925 so let's jump in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 1925 so let's jump in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 1925 so let's jump in with
+that a quick reminder I think uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a quick reminder I think uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a quick reminder I think uh this
+was likely familiar from any of you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was likely familiar from any of you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was likely familiar from any of you even
+before our previous class session but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our previous class session but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our previous class session but
+nonetheless we looked last time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we looked last time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we looked last time at
+things like the bore model of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the bore model of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the bore model of the atom
+first introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduced in
+1913 and bour had kind of finally in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 and bour had kind of finally in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 and bour had kind of finally in in
+frustration he had first wanted to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration he had first wanted to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration he had first wanted to treat
+uh very complicated arbitrary electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated arbitrary electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated arbitrary electrons
+with many many excuse me arbitrary atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many excuse me arbitrary atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many excuse me arbitrary atoms
+with many many electrons and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many electrons and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many electrons and in the end
+finally settled to try to tackle just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally settled to try to tackle just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally settled to try to tackle just
+the simplest kind of atom hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest kind of atom hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest kind of atom hydrogen atoms
+with a single electron and again he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single electron and again he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single electron and again he he
+had this kind of backwards forwards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this kind of backwards forwards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this kind of backwards forwards one
+step forward one step back kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward one step back kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward one step back kind of
+approach to start with uh thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to start with uh thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to start with uh thoroughly
+familiar expressions from Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar expressions from Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar expressions from Newtonian
+mechanics from from kum's electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics from from kum's electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics from from kum's electrostatics
+really what we would Now call classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we would Now call classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we would Now call classical
+physics and then you kind of attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and then you kind of attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and then you kind of attach
+these new so-called Quantum conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new so-called Quantum conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new so-called Quantum conditions
+and then try to sort of see what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to sort of see what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to sort of see what where
+that would lead him and that led him for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead him and that led him for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead him and that led him for
+example to suggest that the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to suggest that the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to suggest that the motion of
+electrons in a hydrogen atom motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a hydrogen atom motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a hydrogen atom motion
+motion of a single electron in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a single electron in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a single electron in a
+hydrogen atom might be restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom might be restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom might be restricted to
+very discreet states of motion these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very discreet states of motion these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very discreet states of motion these
+radi or the sort of average distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi or the sort of average distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi or the sort of average distances
+would could would not take any old value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would could would not take any old value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would could would not take any old value
+across a Continuum but would snap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a Continuum but would snap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a Continuum but would snap into
+place uh one squared two squar three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh one squared two squar three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh one squared two squar three
+squared and so on times some some unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so on times some some unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so on times some some unit
+length We Now call the bore radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length We Now call the bore radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length We Now call the bore radius and
+when he did that he was able then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that he was able then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that he was able then to
+have an explanation where really none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an explanation where really none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an explanation where really none
+had been in hand before for empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in hand before for empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in hand before for empirical
+phenomena like the so-called Balmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like the so-called Balmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like the so-called Balmer
+series again shown here this is actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series again shown here this is actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series again shown here this is actual
+real data from a spectrograph not taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data from a spectrograph not taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data from a spectrograph not taken
+by me taken from Google image but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by me taken from Google image but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by me taken from Google image but
+someone uh performed an actual more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh performed an actual more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh performed an actual more
+modern uh investigation of the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern uh investigation of the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern uh investigation of the emission
+lines the Spectra lines that get emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the Spectra lines that get emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the Spectra lines that get emitted
+from a gas of hydrogen atoms when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a gas of hydrogen atoms when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a gas of hydrogen atoms when you
+add some extra energy you excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some extra energy you excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some extra energy you excite the
+atoms they relax by emitting not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms they relax by emitting not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms they relax by emitting not just
+light of any old color but light of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of any old color but light of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of any old color but light of very
+particular colors especially those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular colors especially those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular colors especially those to
+which our eyes are sensitive here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our eyes are sensitive here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our eyes are sensitive here in the
+visible part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible part of the
+spectrum well that was really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum well that was really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum well that was really very
+exciting and got a lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and got a lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and got a lot of people's
+attention but of course the work wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but of course the work wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but of course the work wasn't
+over that even before B's uh adom model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that even before B's uh adom model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that even before B's uh adom model
+of the atom it had been known by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom it had been known by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom it had been known by the
+same kinds of experts who were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of experts who were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of experts who were making
+very precise measurements of the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise measurements of the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise measurements of the exact
+color the real frequencies of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the real frequencies of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the real frequencies of this line
+and that line and that one that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line and that one that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line and that one that all
+kinds of things can happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things can happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things can happen to the
+pattern of light that comes out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of light that comes out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of light that comes out to the
+very specific values of the colors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific values of the colors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific values of the colors of
+light uh if the gas of atoms is placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh if the gas of atoms is placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh if the gas of atoms is placed
+in an external magnetic field so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an external magnetic field so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an external magnetic field so what
+would appear as a single sharp line like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear as a single sharp line like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear as a single sharp line like
+this kind of bluish turquoise line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of bluish turquoise line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of bluish turquoise line or
+this very sharp single red line when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sharp single red line when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sharp single red line when
+there's no external magnetic field those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external magnetic field those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external magnetic field those
+would split they would typically split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would split they would typically split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would split they would typically split
+uh into Triplets of lines so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into Triplets of lines so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into Triplets of lines so this uh
+this is my simulated data using like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my simulated data using like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my simulated data using like the
+paint program in PowerPoint imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint program in PowerPoint imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint program in PowerPoint imagine we
+took this real measurement this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this real measurement this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this real measurement this line
+here this is what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what it would look
+like in the absence of an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the absence of an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the absence of an external
+magnetic field in the presence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in the presence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in the presence of an
+external magnetic field that single line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field that single line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field that single line
+would split into three very slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would split into three very slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would split into three very slightly
+different colors uh but very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors uh but very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors uh but very closely
+spaced so if you again if you look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so if you again if you look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so if you again if you look at at
+a kind of spectrogram they'd be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of spectrogram they'd be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of spectrogram they'd be very
+close to each other and just marginally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other and just marginally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other and just marginally
+different in the numerical value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the numerical value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the numerical value of
+their frequencies when the the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequencies when the the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequencies when the the excited
+atoms were placed in an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were placed in an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were placed in an external
+magnetic field many researchers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field many researchers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field many researchers had
+noticed that one of the people who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that one of the people who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that one of the people who was
+most uh careful and precise in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh careful and precise in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh careful and precise in in
+quantifying this effect was a Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying this effect was a Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying this effect was a Dutch
+physicist named Peter zamon this became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist named Peter zamon this became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist named Peter zamon this became
+known as the zamon effect the splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the zamon effect the splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the zamon effect the splitting
+of single spectr lines into usually into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single spectr lines into usually into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single spectr lines into usually into
+triplets in the presence of an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets in the presence of an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets in the presence of an external
+magnetic field so that set in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so that set in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so that set in motion
+some work by uh by colleagues of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work by uh by colleagues of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work by uh by colleagues of people
+like Neil's bour who wanted to see could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Neil's bour who wanted to see could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Neil's bour who wanted to see could
+they make sense of this empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make sense of this empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make sense of this empirical
+information about spectral lines one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about spectral lines one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about spectral lines one of
+the most significant in this was Arnold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant in this was Arnold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant in this was Arnold
+zomerfeld who was the senior Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld who was the senior Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld who was the senior Professor
+the single ordinarius professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single ordinarius professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single ordinarius professor of
+theoretical physics in Munich in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics in Munich in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics in Munich in Germany
+uh and summerfelt is interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and summerfelt is interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and summerfelt is interesting for
+many many reasons among them uh he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many reasons among them uh he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many reasons among them uh he he
+really took up the kind of mantle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took up the kind of mantle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took up the kind of mantle of
+Boris model as we'll see for this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris model as we'll see for this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris model as we'll see for this much
+of this first part of today's class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first part of today's class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this first part of today's class and
+he some really I think very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he some really I think very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he some really I think very creative
+kind of conceptual moves we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conceptual moves we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conceptual moves we'll we'll
+look at a little bit he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a little bit he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a little bit he's also
+fascinating I think historically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating I think historically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating I think historically because
+he was a remarkably prolific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a remarkably prolific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a remarkably prolific and
+productive mentor of younger physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive mentor of younger physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive mentor of younger physicists
+so coming out of the zomerfeld school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming out of the zomerfeld school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming out of the zomerfeld school
+his immediate advises in Munich included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his immediate advises in Munich included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his immediate advises in Munich included
+many many people who would go on to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many people who would go on to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many people who would go on to win
+the Nobel Prize and otherwise make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize and otherwise make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize and otherwise make a
+lasting impact on our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting impact on our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting impact on our understanding of
+matter people like Vera Heisenberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter people like Vera Heisenberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter people like Vera Heisenberg and
+volf gang Poley and later Hans bet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volf gang Poley and later Hans bet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volf gang Poley and later Hans bet and
+others so in Munich sommerfeld set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so in Munich sommerfeld set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so in Munich sommerfeld set up
+this really remarkable school to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really remarkable school to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really remarkable school to focus
+on what they began to call Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they began to call Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they began to call Atomic
+Structure atum B and spectral lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Structure atum B and spectral lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Structure atum B and spectral lines so
+what about these emission of lines from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about these emission of lines from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about these emission of lines from
+excited atoms can you can they use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited atoms can you can they use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited atoms can you can they use that
+information in its very fine grained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in its very fine grained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in its very fine grained
+quantitative detail to try to learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative detail to try to learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative detail to try to learn more
+about the structure of say electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of say electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of say electrons
+motions and atoms and they began as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and atoms and they began as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and atoms and they began as
+we'll see by trying to generalize B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see by trying to generalize B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see by trying to generalize B's
+model to the what they considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to the what they considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to the what they considered the
+more General State of motion elliptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General State of motion elliptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General State of motion elliptical
+orbits and this was the first edition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits and this was the first edition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits and this was the first edition of
+what became a remarkably influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became a remarkably influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became a remarkably influential
+kind of research monograph not exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of research monograph not exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of research monograph not exactly a
+textbook but often used to train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook but often used to train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook but often used to train the
+younger generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger generation
+okay so remember we saw last time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we saw last time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we saw last time for
+Simplicity when bore was putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity when bore was putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity when bore was putting
+together his first atomic model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together his first atomic model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together his first atomic model in
+1913 he actually considered circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 he actually considered circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 he actually considered circular
+Orbits for a single electron at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orbits for a single electron at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orbits for a single electron at a time
+so he knew as as all of us would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew as as all of us would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew as as all of us would know
+that in general under a central Force um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general under a central Force um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general under a central Force um
+whether we're talking about the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're talking about the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're talking about the motion
+of planets uh in the solar system or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planets uh in the solar system or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planets uh in the solar system or a
+lonesome electron around the positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonesome electron around the positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonesome electron around the positively
+charged nucleus of a hydrogen atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nucleus of a hydrogen atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nucleus of a hydrogen atom the
+General State of motion will be ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General State of motion will be ellipses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General State of motion will be ellipses
+uh it'll be uh not a circle necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll be uh not a circle necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll be uh not a circle necessarily
+for Simplicity bore started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity bore started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity bore started with a
+circle well well zomerfeld knew his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well well zomerfeld knew his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well well zomerfeld knew his
+Celestial mechanics as well as anyone he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celestial mechanics as well as anyone he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celestial mechanics as well as anyone he
+said The more General State of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said The more General State of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said The more General State of motion
+would be ellipses so again much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ellipses so again much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ellipses so again much like
+bore had done sommerfeld and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore had done sommerfeld and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore had done sommerfeld and his
+students go back to the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students go back to the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students go back to the perfectly
+familiar totally Newtonian kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar totally Newtonian kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar totally Newtonian kind of
+classical mechanical expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical expression for the
+energy of a body of mass m in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a body of mass m in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a body of mass m in an
+elliptical orbit sorry an elliptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical orbit sorry an elliptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical orbit sorry an elliptical
+orbit uh in this case with a positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit uh in this case with a positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit uh in this case with a positively
+charged nucleus uh as one focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nucleus uh as one focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nucleus uh as one focus of the
+orbit so whereas bore had neglected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit so whereas bore had neglected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit so whereas bore had neglected this
+middle term uh we need to include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle term uh we need to include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle term uh we need to include that
+term when we describe elliptical motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when we describe elliptical motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when we describe elliptical motion
+and that this is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is proportional to the
+angular momentum I should say by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum I should say by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum I should say by the way
+one of my favorite books to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite books to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite books to make sense
+of this and I'm just going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I'm just going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I'm just going to give a
+little taste is by a friend of mine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taste is by a friend of mine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taste is by a friend of mine uh
+Su Seth a book came out a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Seth a book came out a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Seth a book came out a couple years
+ago called crafting the quantum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago called crafting the quantum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago called crafting the quantum and
+really does a really deep dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does a really deep dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does a really deep dive into
+zomerfeld in his whole school I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld in his whole school I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld in his whole school I think is
+really fascinating some of you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating some of you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating some of you might
+enjoy learning more about that so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy learning more about that so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy learning more about that so I'm
+going to give you the the short version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the the short version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the the short version
+of some of the things that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the things that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the things that we learned
+from uh from su's work okay so whereas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from su's work okay so whereas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from su's work okay so whereas a
+circular orbit has only one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbit has only one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbit has only one degree of
+freedom things can vary really only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom things can vary really only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom things can vary really only by
+changing the radius an elliptical orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the radius an elliptical orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the radius an elliptical orbit
+in general has two independent degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general has two independent degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general has two independent degrees
+of freedom we could think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom we could think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom we could think of them as
+like radius and one of these angles a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radius and one of these angles a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radius and one of these angles a
+kind of azimuthal angle so sommerfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of azimuthal angle so sommerfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of azimuthal angle so sommerfeld
+proposed basically take B's prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed basically take B's prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed basically take B's prescription
+and just do that for every independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just do that for every independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just do that for every independent
+degree of Freedom he's thinking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom he's thinking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom he's thinking very
+formally in terms of the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in terms of the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in terms of the classical
+mechanics there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there are ways of
+characterizing all the ways that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing all the ways that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing all the ways that this
+this body and motion can kind of Wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body and motion can kind of Wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body and motion can kind of Wiggle
+all the independent states that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the independent states that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the independent states that would
+characterize its motion for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize its motion for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize its motion for each of
+those subjected to this new Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subjected to this new Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subjected to this new Quantum
+condition so this is what had been B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is what had been B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is what had been B's
+original one this is where where bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one this is where where bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one this is where where bore
+had written down MVR equals NH which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down MVR equals NH which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down MVR equals NH which we
+saw last time in some of's hands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time in some of's hands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time in some of's hands that
+just becomes one of potentially whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes one of potentially whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes one of potentially whole
+series of quantum conditions there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of quantum conditions there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of quantum conditions there is
+now an independent degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an independent degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an independent degree of freedom
+related to this to this sort of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this to this sort of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this to this sort of angular
+motion and it goes by the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and it goes by the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and it goes by the angular
+momentum capital L times this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum capital L times this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum capital L times this sort of
+accumulated angle what if that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated angle what if that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated angle what if that also
+could only take integer values set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take integer values set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take integer values set with
+a scale set by Plank's constant so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale set by Plank's constant so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale set by Plank's constant so if
+you go through the same series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the same series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the same series of
+exercises as as bore had done but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises as as bore had done but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises as as bore had done but now
+for the more General expression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the more General expression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the more General expression you
+arrive at a new expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a new expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a new expression for the
+energy which depends on two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which depends on two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which depends on two of these
+integers not only one it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers not only one it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers not only one it's the same
+series of steps it's just Sufi starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps it's just Sufi starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps it's just Sufi starting
+from more General states of Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more General states of Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more General states of Mo
+and these integers have to obey certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these integers have to obey certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these integers have to obey certain
+kind of relationships to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relationships to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relationships to each
+other now if one follows that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now if one follows that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now if one follows that through
+zeld continues he's doing his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeld continues he's doing his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeld continues he's doing his work
+starting in sort of 19156 very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in sort of 19156 very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in sort of 19156 very soon
+after B's work and finally brings it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after B's work and finally brings it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after B's work and finally brings it
+together in this monograph in 199 if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this monograph in 199 if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this monograph in 199 if one
+introduces that that second more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces that that second more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces that that second more kind of
+ellip ellipse specific quantity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellip ellipse specific quantity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellip ellipse specific quantity this is
+this is really telling us how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really telling us how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really telling us how much the
+orbital motion deviates from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital motion deviates from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital motion deviates from being
+merely a circle sub subject that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a circle sub subject that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a circle sub subject that to be
+uh to only take on Integer units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to only take on Integer units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to only take on Integer units
+proportional to Plank's constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Plank's constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Plank's constant then
+the projection of that vector quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of that vector quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of that vector quantity
+along any other direction Z will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any other direction Z will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any other direction Z will also be
+discret it will be quantized so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret it will be quantized so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret it will be quantized so now you
+have another uh sort of value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another uh sort of value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another uh sort of value that
+typically became labeled by m m sub L we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically became labeled by m m sub L we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically became labeled by m m sub L we
+still use that notation to this day that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use that notation to this day that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use that notation to this day that
+we have um the original bore principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um the original bore principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um the original bore principal
+quantum number this one associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this one associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this one associated with
+um the sort of uh uh the the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sort of uh uh the the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sort of uh uh the the momentum
+that's conjugate to the radius we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's conjugate to the radius we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's conjugate to the radius we have
+now the second quantum number Sumerel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second quantum number Sumerel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second quantum number Sumerel
+introduces related to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces related to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces related to this kind of
+ellipse to the deviation from circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse to the deviation from circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse to the deviation from circles
+and we are third integer quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are third integer quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are third integer quantum number
+given by the projection of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the projection of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the projection of that kind of
+um elliptical motion along any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elliptical motion along any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elliptical motion along any
+particular direction in space we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction in space we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction in space we might
+consider we we'll call that the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider we we'll call that the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider we we'll call that the z-axis
+and so for example if you had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example if you had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example if you had sort of
+one unit of deviation from circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of deviation from circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of deviation from circular
+motion if this new quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if this new quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if this new quantum number
+associated with L were equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with L were equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with L were equal to one
+instead of zero then this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero then this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero then this projection
+could only take on one of three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take on one of three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take on one of three possible
+values either minus one zero or plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values either minus one zero or plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values either minus one zero or plus one
+if you were kind of so to speak two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were kind of so to speak two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were kind of so to speak two
+units away from a pure Circle then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units away from a pure Circle then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units away from a pure Circle then this
+projection could take one of five values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection could take one of five values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection could take one of five values
+the point was for any integer value n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was for any integer value n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was for any integer value n
+subf associated with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf associated with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf associated with that kind of
+ellipticity there will be an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity there will be an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity there will be an odd number
+of these possible projections always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these possible projections always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these possible projections always an
+integer and there'll be an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and there'll be an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and there'll be an odd number of
+distinct values it could take some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct values it could take some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct values it could take some of
+this might be familiar to you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be familiar to you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be familiar to you from
+chemistry classes we still use this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry classes we still use this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry classes we still use this in
+spectroscopy to this day this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy to this day this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy to this day this is really
+where it starts to come from so in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts to come from so in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts to come from so in place
+of only one quantum number as in B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only one quantum number as in B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only one quantum number as in B's
+sort of very simple circular model zeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very simple circular model zeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very simple circular model zeld
+and his students begin considering three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his students begin considering three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his students begin considering three
+quantum numbers the bore principle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers the bore principle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers the bore principle one
+this sort of we might think about a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of we might think about a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of we might think about a kind
+of ellipticity one and the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ellipticity one and the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ellipticity one and the projection
+Each of which could only take on Integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which could only take on Integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which could only take on Integer
+value so again don't worry if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so again don't worry if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so again don't worry if that's
+brand new and seems confusing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and seems confusing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new and seems confusing I just
+want to focus briefly on what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus briefly on what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus briefly on what's the
+what's the kind of form of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the kind of form of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the kind of form of reasoning
+what are the arguments that some of El's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the arguments that some of El's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the arguments that some of El's
+putting forward just like bore had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting forward just like bore had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting forward just like bore had been
+doing he's going to start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing he's going to start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing he's going to start with these
+thoroughly familiar classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly familiar classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly familiar classical
+descriptions of the object's motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of the object's motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of the object's motions
+familiar from things like Celestial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar from things like Celestial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar from things like Celestial
+mechanics he's not inventing that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics he's not inventing that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics he's not inventing that part
+new he's taking it off the shelf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new he's taking it off the shelf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new he's taking it off the shelf and
+then kind of Midway through his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of Midway through his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of Midway through his
+calculation he'll just snap on some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he'll just snap on some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he'll just snap on some new
+so-called Quantum condition he won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Quantum condition he won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Quantum condition he won't
+derive it he won't really so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it he won't really so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it he won't really so to speak
+justify it or prove it he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it or prove it he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it or prove it he's going to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+like he's going to do like Neil's bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's going to do like Neil's bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's going to do like Neil's bore
+had done take classical descriptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done take classical descriptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done take classical descriptions of
+motion and then sort of start adding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then sort of start adding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then sort of start adding on
+these kind of ad hoc constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of ad hoc constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of ad hoc constraints to
+force quantities that might have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force quantities that might have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force quantities that might have taken
+on any one of a Continuum of values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any one of a Continuum of values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any one of a Continuum of values in
+the classical mechanics in the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical mechanics in the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical mechanics in the Newtonian
+case those will now snap into kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case those will now snap into kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case those will now snap into kind of
+integer values for a scale set by planks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values for a scale set by planks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values for a scale set by planks
+constant now why would anyone do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now why would anyone do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now why would anyone do that
+whoever bought this crazy book Aon B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever bought this crazy book Aon B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever bought this crazy book Aon B and
+Spectra the because sommerfeld began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra the because sommerfeld began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra the because sommerfeld began
+giving uh showing some real payoffs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving uh showing some real payoffs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving uh showing some real payoffs for
+that if one follows this seemingly again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one follows this seemingly again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one follows this seemingly again
+kind of complicated almost Baroque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated almost Baroque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated almost Baroque
+series of steps then zeld could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps then zeld could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps then zeld could come
+back to the quantity he started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the quantity he started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the quantity he started with the
+spectral lines including things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines including things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines including things like the
+splitting of the of the sameon effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the of the sameon effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the of the sameon effect
+when these uh excited atoms were gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these uh excited atoms were gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these uh excited atoms were gases
+were put into external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put into external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put into external magnetic
+fields so again he begins reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so again he begins reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so again he begins reasoning
+begins with sort of Thoroughly familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with sort of Thoroughly familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with sort of Thoroughly familiar
+expressions from electromagnetism even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions from electromagnetism even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions from electromagnetism even
+pre going back to the days of kulum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre going back to the days of kulum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre going back to the days of kulum and
+aair and others he goes to the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aair and others he goes to the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aair and others he goes to the early
+19th century and then starts kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century and then starts kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century and then starts kind of
+bringing them into this new framework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them into this new framework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them into this new framework so
+one of the first things that sommerfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that sommerfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that sommerfeld
+and his students do with this new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his students do with this new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his students do with this new kind
+of generalized framework of the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized framework of the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalized framework of the bore
+sommerfeld approach is to reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld approach is to reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld approach is to reason that
+any object with electric charge Q any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any object with electric charge Q any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any object with electric charge Q any
+little body with some electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little body with some electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little body with some electric charge
+that's moving with some angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving with some angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving with some angular momentum
+in some sort of uh orbital motion we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of uh orbital motion we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of uh orbital motion we'll
+have something called a Magnetic Moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something called a Magnetic Moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something called a Magnetic Moment
+again that was something that the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that was something that the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that was something that the French
+Scholars of electri had worked out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars of electri had worked out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars of electri had worked out in
+the very early uh 1800s this part was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early uh 1800s this part was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early uh 1800s this part was
+not new by 19 by the early 1900s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new by 19 by the early 1900s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new by 19 by the early 1900s that's
+a classical effect and was likewise have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical effect and was likewise have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical effect and was likewise have
+been worked out uh often in what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worked out uh often in what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worked out uh often in what we now
+call classical electrostatics is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call classical electrostatics is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call classical electrostatics is that in
+an external magnetic field such a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field such a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field such a moving
+electric charge uh the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge uh the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge uh the energy of that
+system will actually depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will actually depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will actually depend on the
+relative orientation between this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative orientation between this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative orientation between this vector
+quantity the Magnetic Moment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the Magnetic Moment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the Magnetic Moment which is
+proportional to this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this vector
+related to angular momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to angular momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to angular momentum the
+orientation between that vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation between that vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation between that vector and the
+and the vector uh excuse me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector uh excuse me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector uh excuse me the
+orientation of this Vector field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of this Vector field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of this Vector field the
+external magnetic field so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field so in fact the
+energy of the system will be lowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system will be lowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system will be lowered
+when the Magnetic Moment lines up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Magnetic Moment lines up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Magnetic Moment lines up
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+magnetic field then this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field then this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field then this quantity
+together would be maximally positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together would be maximally positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together would be maximally positive
+there's an overall minus sign in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an overall minus sign in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an overall minus sign in front
+you would reduce the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would reduce the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would reduce the energy of the
+system by the largest amount the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by the largest amount the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by the largest amount the system
+be most stable when the uh the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most stable when the uh the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be most stable when the uh the quantity
+called The Magnetic Moment lines up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Magnetic Moment lines up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Magnetic Moment lines up
+perfectly in line and parallel with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in line and parallel with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in line and parallel with the
+applied external magnetic field well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied external magnetic field well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied external magnetic field well now
+sommerfeld says if that's true you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld says if that's true you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld says if that's true you know
+for any kind of objects even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of objects even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of objects even in the
+macroscopic or classical world what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic or classical world what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic or classical world what if
+we bring those ideas now and and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring those ideas now and and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring those ideas now and and sort of
+mix them together with this Bor zeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them together with this Bor zeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them together with this Bor zeld
+notion of quantize states of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of quantize states of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of quantize states of motion for
+an electron in a hydrogen at so if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a hydrogen at so if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a hydrogen at so if one
+had now had quantized this kind of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had now had quantized this kind of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had now had quantized this kind of state
+of motion the Ang momentum akin to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion the Ang momentum akin to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion the Ang momentum akin to the
+kind of eliptic so if this thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eliptic so if this thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eliptic so if this thing can
+only take certain integer values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take certain integer values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take certain integer values
+proportional to Planks constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Planks constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Planks constant then
+this thing the Magnetic Moment will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing the Magnetic Moment will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing the Magnetic Moment will
+likewise now be quantized when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise now be quantized when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise now be quantized when we think
+about Atomic systems or parts of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atomic systems or parts of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atomic systems or parts of atoms
+so now let's do the same trick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do the same trick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do the same trick the
+energy levels of an electron as it whips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of an electron as it whips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of an electron as it whips
+around its nucleus if that entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its nucleus if that entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its nucleus if that entire system
+is now placed in some external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now placed in some external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now placed in some external magnetic
+field the energy associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the energy associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the energy associated with that
+electron's motion will now be split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron's motion will now be split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron's motion will now be split
+split in fact it will be split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in fact it will be split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in fact it will be split into
+exactly M sub L distinct levels remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly M sub L distinct levels remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly M sub L distinct levels remember
+the projection of this thing along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of this thing along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of this thing along some
+orientation space will also only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation space will also only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation space will also only take
+some integer values given by that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer values given by that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer values given by that third
+quantum number that zmer Feld had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that zmer Feld had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that zmer Feld had
+introduced so now these these zamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so now these these zamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so now these these zamon
+triplets the splitting of what had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets the splitting of what had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets the splitting of what had
+otherwise been a single uh frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise been a single uh frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise been a single uh frequency of
+emission into three closely spaced lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission into three closely spaced lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission into three closely spaced lines
+I'm fa then a student said oh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fa then a student said oh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fa then a student said oh here
+here's what must be happening it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what must be happening it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what must be happening it must be
+that there was an electron in a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was an electron in a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was an electron in a an
+elliptical state of motion we say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical state of motion we say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical state of motion we say one
+unit of this kind of elliptical Motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of this kind of elliptical Motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of this kind of elliptical Motion
+One Quantum unit associated with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Quantum unit associated with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Quantum unit associated with with
+the quantity L therefore the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity L therefore the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity L therefore the projection
+along any direction space could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any direction space could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any direction space could either
+be exactly oppos exactly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly oppos exactly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly oppos exactly uh
+anti-parallel to it perpendicular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel to it perpendicular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel to it perpendicular or
+exactly um parallel with it there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um parallel with it there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um parallel with it there's only
+three options when we project this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options when we project this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options when we project this
+discrete quantity onto a given Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantity onto a given Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantity onto a given Direction
+in space and so what must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and so what must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and so what must be happening
+is there's an electron with one unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an electron with one unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an electron with one unit and
+therefore three projections that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore three projections that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore three projections that's
+dropping down to a state where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down to a state where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down to a state where this
+ellipticity vanishes and drops down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity vanishes and drops down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity vanishes and drops down to a
+to a circular orbit again and so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a circular orbit again and so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a circular orbit again and so you had
+three different energies for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different energies for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different energies for that
+starting point before the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point before the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point before the electron
+jumped down to the lower energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped down to the lower energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped down to the lower energy state
+that correspond to three slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to three slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to three slightly
+different amounts of energy released in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of energy released in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of energy released in
+the form of the radiation the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the radiation the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the radiation the spectral
+lines and therefore their colors their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and therefore their colors their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and therefore their colors their
+frequencies would be slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies would be slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies would be slightly different
+from each other because because you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other because because you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other because because you had
+an electron in a in a more General State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a in a more General State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a in a more General State
+of motion than bore had considered right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion than bore had considered right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion than bore had considered right
+that's the idea that's why people start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea that's why people start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea that's why people start
+paying attention to any of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to any of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to any of this kind of
+uh complexity summer failed start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complexity summer failed start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complexity summer failed start again
+sort of scoring new new new wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scoring new new new wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scoring new new new wins
+empirically by trying to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically by trying to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically by trying to do the same
+kind of trick that bore had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trick that bore had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trick that bore had done
+thoroughly classical Expressions G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly classical Expressions G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly classical Expressions G of
+snap on some new Quantum conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap on some new Quantum conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap on some new Quantum conditions and
+then reason about some empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regularities uh so now this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularities uh so now this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularities uh so now this approach
+addressed what what had already by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed what what had already by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed what what had already by this
+point become known as the ordinary zon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point become known as the ordinary zon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point become known as the ordinary zon
+effect the ordinary splitting which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the ordinary splitting which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the ordinary splitting which was
+into triplets there was also by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into triplets there was also by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into triplets there was also by this
+time by the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by the later
+19 evidence of what became known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 evidence of what became known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 evidence of what became known as the
+anomalous zon effect so there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous zon effect so there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous zon effect so there was the
+ordinary and anomalous for the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and anomalous for the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and anomalous for the anomalous
+zon effect it was not a splitting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zon effect it was not a splitting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zon effect it was not a splitting into
+triplets it was a splitting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets it was a splitting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets it was a splitting into
+doublets so again with my simulated data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets so again with my simulated data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets so again with my simulated data
+uh take that say that single purple line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that say that single purple line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that say that single purple line
+of the Balmer uh Spectrum in a in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Balmer uh Spectrum in a in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Balmer uh Spectrum in a in an
+external field sometimes these single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field sometimes these single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field sometimes these single
+lines will actually split not into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will actually split not into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines will actually split not into three
+closely spaced lines but it's splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced lines but it's splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced lines but it's splitting
+into only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into only
+two uh and this now could not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and this now could not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and this now could not be
+explained by sommerfeld's previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by sommerfeld's previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by sommerfeld's previous
+approach because remember as you may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because remember as you may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because remember as you may I
+went by quickly you can check on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went by quickly you can check on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went by quickly you can check on the
+slides sommerfeld's early argument would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides sommerfeld's early argument would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides sommerfeld's early argument would
+only work for an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work for an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work for an odd number of
+splittings because the projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings because the projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings because the projections
+always went by 2 n + one there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always went by 2 n + one there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always went by 2 n + one there would
+always be an odd number of of splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an odd number of of splittings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an odd number of of splittings
+and therefore an odd number of slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore an odd number of slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore an odd number of slightly
+different energy levels so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy levels so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy levels so you could
+account for triplets or even five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for triplets or even five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for triplets or even five
+five-part splittings you could never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-part splittings you could never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-part splittings you could never use
+that argument uh to as they as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument uh to as they as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument uh to as they as they
+recognized to account for doublets how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized to account for doublets how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized to account for doublets how
+do you get an even number of splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get an even number of splittings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get an even number of splittings
+split lines from that argument you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split lines from that argument you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split lines from that argument you can't
+so that became like the next big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that became like the next big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that became like the next big
+challenge for sommerfeld and his most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for sommerfeld and his most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for sommerfeld and his most
+ambitious young students one of whom was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious young students one of whom was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious young students one of whom was
+Vang poy a contemporary and very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vang poy a contemporary and very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vang poy a contemporary and very close
+friend of Anor Heisenberg was students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of Anor Heisenberg was students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of Anor Heisenberg was students
+together in Somerville School in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in Somerville School in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in Somerville School in
+Munich so poy uh finished his PhD he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich so poy uh finished his PhD he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich so poy uh finished his PhD he
+took up a post do with Neil's bore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up a post do with Neil's bore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up a post do with Neil's bore in
+Copenhagen and this was this challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and this was this challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and this was this challenge
+was very much on his mind and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much on his mind and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much on his mind and many
+people's minds and I love this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds and I love this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds and I love this story
+that PO recalled many years later I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PO recalled many years later I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PO recalled many years later I'll
+just quote it for you he says a CO a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote it for you he says a CO a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote it for you he says a CO a
+colleague who met me strolling rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who met me strolling rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who met me strolling rather
+aimlessly in the beautiful streets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimlessly in the beautiful streets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimlessly in the beautiful streets of
+Copenhagen as shown here said to me in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen as shown here said to me in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen as shown here said to me in a
+friendly manner you look very unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly manner you look very unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly manner you look very unhappy
+whereupon I answered fiercely how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereupon I answered fiercely how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereupon I answered fiercely how can
+one look happy when he is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look happy when he is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look happy when he is thinking about
+the anomalous zon effect with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomalous zon effect with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomalous zon effect with all the
+hard things on our minds I sure we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things on our minds I sure we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things on our minds I sure we can
+recognize his uh his dire frustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize his uh his dire frustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize his uh his dire frustration
+maybe we have worse things on our minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have worse things on our minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have worse things on our minds
+the point is this really was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is this really was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is this really was just
+terribly frustrating and many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly frustrating and many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly frustrating and many people
+were really concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really concerned about the
+anomalous segment effect how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous segment effect how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous segment effect how could you
+explain dublet as I mentioned it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain dublet as I mentioned it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain dublet as I mentioned it was not
+only zomerfeld and his very bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only zomerfeld and his very bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only zomerfeld and his very bright
+students like poy who worried about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like poy who worried about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students like poy who worried about that
+many folks certainly across Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many folks certainly across Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many folks certainly across Central
+Europe who were in touch with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who were in touch with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe who were in touch with each other
+this was on many of their minds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on many of their minds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on many of their minds so
+another set of very young students still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of very young students still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of very young students still
+PhD students of the time were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD students of the time were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD students of the time were also
+thinking hard about these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking hard about these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking hard about these these
+anomalous effects these D these doublet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous effects these D these doublet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous effects these D these doublet
+splittings for excited gases of atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings for excited gases of atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings for excited gases of atoms in
+an external magnetic field so these now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field so these now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external magnetic field so these now
+included students uh working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included students uh working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included students uh working very
+closely with Hendrick lorence we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with Hendrick lorence we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with Hendrick lorence we know
+some of Loren's work he was by now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of Loren's work he was by now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of Loren's work he was by now a
+very very senior professor in Leiden in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very senior professor in Leiden in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very senior professor in Leiden in
+the Netherlands and two young PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Netherlands and two young PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Netherlands and two young PhD
+students George Ulen Beck and Sam gmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students George Ulen Beck and Sam gmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students George Ulen Beck and Sam gmid
+they were working also to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working also to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working also to try to figure
+out this strange kind of anomaly so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this strange kind of anomaly so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this strange kind of anomaly so they
+began reasoning kind of similarly to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began reasoning kind of similarly to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began reasoning kind of similarly to how
+sommerfield had been doing they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfield had been doing they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfield had been doing they were
+they knew his book his monograph had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew his book his monograph had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew his book his monograph had
+been out for years by now this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out for years by now this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been out for years by now this this
+looked like the path forward they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like the path forward they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like the path forward they
+realized that in analogy with the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that in analogy with the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that in analogy with the motion
+around of planets around the Sun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around of planets around the Sun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around of planets around the Sun the
+Earth has two different kinds of agal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth has two different kinds of agal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth has two different kinds of agal
+momentum it moves around the Sun in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it moves around the Sun in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it moves around the Sun in its
+yearly orbit that would be like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly orbit that would be like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly orbit that would be like the the
+the elliptical motion that sommerfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elliptical motion that sommerfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elliptical motion that sommerfeld
+was building into his new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was building into his new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was building into his new kind of
+complicated models but the Earth also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models but the Earth also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models but the Earth also
+spins on its own axis as of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins on its own axis as of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins on its own axis as of course we
+all know that's what turns the day into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that's what turns the day into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that's what turns the day into
+night so you have the orbital motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so you have the orbital motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so you have the orbital motion
+that accounts for the changing seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accounts for the changing seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accounts for the changing seasons
+over the course of the year in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the year in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the year in the
+analogy for the Earth there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy for the Earth there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy for the Earth there's also the
+different Spin A different kind of Anga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spin A different kind of Anga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spin A different kind of Anga
+momentum of the Earth spinning on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the Earth spinning on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the Earth spinning on its
+own access to turn data so they be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own access to turn data so they be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own access to turn data so they be the
+younger students ulc and gouch realiz re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger students ulc and gouch realiz re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger students ulc and gouch realiz re
+reason that what if the electron also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that what if the electron also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that what if the electron also
+had some second kind of ingredient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some second kind of ingredient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some second kind of ingredient of
+angular momentum what if it had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum what if it had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum what if it had some
+intrinsic spin along its own kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic spin along its own kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic spin along its own kind of
+axis separate from this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis separate from this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis separate from this kind of
+elliptical motion that zeld had focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical motion that zeld had focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical motion that zeld had focused
+on and then they do the same trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then they do the same trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then they do the same trick that
+everyone was doing if it if that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was doing if it if that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was doing if it if that second
+kind of of intrinsic spin or angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of intrinsic spin or angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of intrinsic spin or angular
+momentum is associated with electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is associated with electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is associated with electron and
+if we snap the value that that spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we snap the value that that spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we snap the value that that spin
+could take into discrete values with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take into discrete values with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take into discrete values with a
+scale set by planks constant then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale set by planks constant then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale set by planks constant then the
+electron would have an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would have an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would have an additional
+Magnetic Moment in an external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnetic Moment in an external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnetic Moment in an external magnetic
+field Feld it would have a new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Feld it would have a new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Feld it would have a new vector
+quantity proportional to this new spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity proportional to this new spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity proportional to this new spin
+Vector with a magnitude fixed uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with a magnitude fixed uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with a magnitude fixed uh by
+planks constant so now they go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant so now they go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant so now they go back and
+again follow zel's reasoning very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again follow zel's reasoning very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again follow zel's reasoning very very
+closely place that entire assembly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely place that entire assembly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely place that entire assembly in a
+external magnetic field there will again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field there will again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field there will again
+even just classically one would expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just classically one would expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just classically one would expect a
+shift to the energy of the entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the energy of the entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the energy of the entire system
+when the when the spinning El spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the spinning El spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the spinning El spinning
+charged object uh is placed in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged object uh is placed in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged object uh is placed in an
+external field the energy uh associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field the energy uh associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field the energy uh associated
+with the magnetic field on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetic field on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetic field on the system
+will be minimized when the Magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minimized when the Magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minimized when the Magnetic
+Moment of the spin Vector lines up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment of the spin Vector lines up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment of the spin Vector lines up
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in parallel with the external
+field and now ulbe engouement reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and now ulbe engouement reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and now ulbe engouement reason
+that if this spin if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this spin if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this spin if the if the
+intrinsic angular momentum could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic angular momentum could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic angular momentum could only
+ever line up exactly parallel or exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever line up exactly parallel or exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever line up exactly parallel or exactly
+anti-parallel opposite direction to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel opposite direction to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel opposite direction to that
+external field then you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field then you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field then you would expect
+doublets the same kind of argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets the same kind of argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets the same kind of argument that
+zeld understood had made could now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeld understood had made could now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeld understood had made could now be
+applied to a TW valued offset in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a TW valued offset in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a TW valued offset in the
+energy instead of a three or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead of a three or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead of a three or an
+odd-numbered offset and in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd-numbered offset and in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd-numbered offset and in fact they
+showed very compellingly that if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed very compellingly that if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed very compellingly that if you uh
+if you really do set the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really do set the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really do set the value of this
+magnitude of that uh intrinsic spin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that uh intrinsic spin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that uh intrinsic spin to
+be uh Plank's constant H divided by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Plank's constant H divided by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Plank's constant H divided by four
+Pi or as we saw last time H bar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi or as we saw last time H bar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi or as we saw last time H bar the
+common abbreviation H divided by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common abbreviation H divided by 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common abbreviation H divided by 2 pi
+itself divided by two then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself divided by two then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself divided by two then you would
+actually quantitatively match the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quantitatively match the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quantitatively match the the
+the actual values of the splittings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual values of the splittings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual values of the splittings of
+these frequencies they they didn't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies they they didn't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies they they didn't call
+this spin interesting they they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spin interesting they they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spin interesting they they called
+this space quantisation which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space quantisation which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space quantisation which tells you
+a bit of where their thinking was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of where their thinking was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of where their thinking was coming
+from the idea was that this spin Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the idea was that this spin Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the idea was that this spin Vector
+this new Vector s the sort of axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new Vector s the sort of axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new Vector s the sort of axis
+around which the electron was imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which the electron was imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which the electron was imagined
+to to revolve could only point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to revolve could only point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to revolve could only point in
+discrete directions in space that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete directions in space that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete directions in space that it
+would have to snap into position either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to snap into position either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to snap into position either
+exactly parallel or exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly parallel or exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly parallel or exactly
+anti-parallel to this external field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel to this external field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel to this external field so
+the orientations in space along which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientations in space along which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientations in space along which
+that Vector could Point were quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector could Point were quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector could Point were quantized
+they called the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the space
+quantization and as I just mentioned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and as I just mentioned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and as I just mentioned by
+fixing the magnitude they actually again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the magnitude they actually again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the magnitude they actually again
+could could really get a remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could really get a remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could really get a remarkably
+close match to these very finely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close match to these very finely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close match to these very finely
+carefully measured Optical results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully measured Optical results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully measured Optical results uh
+from the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the latest
+spectroscopy but it was it wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but it was it wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but it was it wasn't so
+clearcut and again they recognized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearcut and again they recognized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearcut and again they recognized this
+themselves to their credit with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to their credit with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to their credit with that
+magnitude by putting in this much this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude by putting in this much this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude by putting in this much this
+amount of the kind of intrinsic spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the kind of intrinsic spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the kind of intrinsic spin
+intrinsic angular momentum for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic angular momentum for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic angular momentum for the
+electron on its own imagined little axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on its own imagined little axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on its own imagined little axis
+uh then it started to sound pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then it started to sound pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then it started to sound pretty um
+pretty outlandish a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty outlandish a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty outlandish a point on the
+electrons equator and they they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons equator and they they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons equator and they they had
+ideas coming actually from lorence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming actually from lorence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming actually from lorence
+himself their main advisor about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself their main advisor about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself their main advisor about the
+kind of typical size they would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of typical size they would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of typical size they would expect
+the electron to be they had a sense of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to be they had a sense of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to be they had a sense of a
+radius based on its charge distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius based on its charge distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius based on its charge distribution
+all that that if you actually if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that that if you actually if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that that if you actually if that
+little ball of a of a given size was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball of a of a given size was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball of a of a given size was
+spinning that quickly around its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning that quickly around its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning that quickly around its own
+axis then a point on the equator would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then a point on the equator would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then a point on the equator would
+actually be spinning faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be spinning faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be spinning faster than the
+speed of light by 1922 and 23 and 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light by 1922 and 23 and 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light by 1922 and 23 and 24
+that seemed like a no no by that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed like a no no by that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed like a no no by that point
+relativity was very widely accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity was very widely accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity was very widely accepted
+moreover if you have something spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover if you have something spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover if you have something spinning
+that quickly it looked like the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly it looked like the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly it looked like the mass of
+the whole electron would diverge so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole electron would diverge so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole electron would diverge so they
+get some remarkable kind of um Clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some remarkable kind of um Clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some remarkable kind of um Clarity
+in terms of this very frustrating dublet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this very frustrating dublet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this very frustrating dublet
+of the of the anomalous sameon effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the anomalous sameon effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the anomalous sameon effect
+but it starts to get harder and harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it starts to get harder and harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it starts to get harder and harder
+to make it all fit together in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it all fit together in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it all fit together in a single
+kind of visual ual iable uh model and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visual ual iable uh model and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visual ual iable uh model and so
+by 1924 when when these young students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1924 when when these young students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1924 when when these young students
+were pursuing that uh it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pursuing that uh it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pursuing that uh it was actually
+became kind of impossible at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became kind of impossible at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became kind of impossible at the same
+time to assume this is really a genuine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to assume this is really a genuine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to assume this is really a genuine
+angle momentum along some uh axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle momentum along some uh axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle momentum along some uh axis of
+rotation of a of a physically spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of a of a physically spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of a of a physically spinning
+tiny little object uh and match both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little object uh and match both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little object uh and match both the
+empirical values they were aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical values they were aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical values they were aiming for
+and be consistent with things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be consistent with things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be consistent with things like uh
+like K like kinematics like the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like K like kinematics like the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like K like kinematics like the motion
+of an object with Mass it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object with Mass it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object with Mass it became
+impossible to visualize so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to visualize so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to visualize so they they
+themselves worked that out they talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves worked that out they talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves worked that out they talked
+about it with their main PhD adviser of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it with their main PhD adviser of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it with their main PhD adviser of
+very senior andrick lorence Loren said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very senior andrick lorence Loren said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very senior andrick lorence Loren said
+actually you know what let's not publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what let's not publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what let's not publish
+that yet don't don't publish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet don't don't publish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet don't don't publish that
+because it did seem to have such absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it did seem to have such absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it did seem to have such absurd
+conclusions or some such unvis isable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions or some such unvis isable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions or some such unvis isable
+conclusions there they had another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions there they had another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions there they had another
+adviser much younger and M much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser much younger and M much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser much younger and M much more
+Brash named Paul Aron Fest also in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brash named Paul Aron Fest also in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brash named Paul Aron Fest also in line
+behind their back Aaron Fest actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their back Aaron Fest actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their back Aaron Fest actually
+submitted their paper to the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted their paper to the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted their paper to the journal
+without telling them which is remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling them which is remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling them which is remarkable
+And he supposedly told them uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he supposedly told them uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he supposedly told them uh you're
+still young enough to afford his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still young enough to afford his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still young enough to afford his
+stupidity and I have my little my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidity and I have my little my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidity and I have my little my little
+joke here that that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke here that that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke here that that's completely
+unethical we would never do that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical we would never do that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical we would never do that today
+today the adviser would steal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the adviser would steal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the adviser would steal their
+students own work put the advisor's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students own work put the advisor's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students own work put the advisor's name
+on it and then submit it to a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and then submit it to a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and then submit it to a journal
+behind their back that's a joke we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their back that's a joke we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their back that's a joke we
+wouldn't do that I just find this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do that I just find this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do that I just find this whole
+scenario quite amazing that Aaron Fest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario quite amazing that Aaron Fest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario quite amazing that Aaron Fest
+was like oh yeah I already sent that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh yeah I already sent that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh yeah I already sent that in
+when they were like no no lorence told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were like no no lorence told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were like no no lorence told
+us not to okay last little bit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us not to okay last little bit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us not to okay last little bit and then
+we'll pause for some discussion for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pause for some discussion for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pause for some discussion for this
+first part this the longest part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part this the longest part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part this the longest part for
+today so independent of these students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so independent of these students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so independent of these students
+uh in lien independent of goum wulbeck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in lien independent of goum wulbeck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in lien independent of goum wulbeck
+Vang poy that that young graduate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vang poy that that young graduate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vang poy that that young graduate from
+zomerfeld school he was still racking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld school he was still racking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zomerfeld school he was still racking
+his his brain against this anous Amon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his brain against this anous Amon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his brain against this anous Amon
+effect as well he came up with what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as well he came up with what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as well he came up with what to
+him seemed like a really totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him seemed like a really totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him seemed like a really totally
+separate explanation in time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate explanation in time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate explanation in time people
+including poy began to put it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including poy began to put it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including poy began to put it together
+with this work which did see publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this work which did see publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this work which did see publication
+behind their backs by by gbec so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their backs by by gbec so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind their backs by by gbec so this
+came in really just weeks after gmid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in really just weeks after gmid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in really just weeks after gmid and
+LC's own work had been submitted quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC's own work had been submitted quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC's own work had been submitted quite
+independently so poy was was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so poy was was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so poy was was well
+trained in the sommerfeld school and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in the sommerfeld school and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in the sommerfeld school and by
+this point poy was trying to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point poy was trying to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point poy was trying to kind of
+abstract from these very mechanical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from these very mechanical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from these very mechanical uh
+kind of visualizable models of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visualizable models of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visualizable models of the solar
+system and was trying to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and was trying to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and was trying to think about a
+kind of algebraic approach a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of algebraic approach a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of algebraic approach a kind of
+what are the numbers with which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the numbers with which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the numbers with which we can
+associate abstract states of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate abstract states of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate abstract states of motion and
+one of the lessons that poy took from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the lessons that poy took from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the lessons that poy took from
+Summerfield's work was that we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summerfield's work was that we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summerfield's work was that we had that
+they had to add more and more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to add more and more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to add more and more of these
+integer values some new quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values some new quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values some new quantum numbers
+and almost always proportional to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost always proportional to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost always proportional to to
+Planks constant with which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planks constant with which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planks constant with which to
+characterize kind of states of motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize kind of states of motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize kind of states of motion of
+say an electron in an atom poy unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an electron in an atom poy unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an electron in an atom poy unlike
+his advisor sommerfield was was less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his advisor sommerfield was was less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his advisor sommerfield was was less and
+less concerned about coming up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less concerned about coming up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less concerned about coming up with an
+actual physical model of is it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical model of is it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical model of is it just like
+the Earth around the Sun he was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth around the Sun he was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth around the Sun he was just
+more like we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like we have all these
+relationships involving Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships involving Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships involving Quantum
+conditions new integers scale set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions new integers scale set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions new integers scale set by
+planks constant and so he argued very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant and so he argued very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant and so he argued very
+abstractly not based on a kind of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly not based on a kind of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly not based on a kind of visual
+model that if one included yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that if one included yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that if one included yet another
+quantum number this fourth quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this fourth quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this fourth quantum
+number that had what he called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that had what he called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that had what he called a
+classically Indescribable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically Indescribable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically Indescribable or
+unisize double valued it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unisize double valued it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unisize double valued it was
+an kind it was literally two two valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an kind it was literally two two valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an kind it was literally two two valued
+like two- faced uh if this new quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two- faced uh if this new quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two- faced uh if this new quantity
+could only take on one of two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take on one of two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only take on one of two values
+then would one could account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would one could account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would one could account for the
+salon effect for the rest of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salon effect for the rest of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salon effect for the rest of the reasons
+very much like what gmid and ulc had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like what gmid and ulc had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like what gmid and ulc had
+argued poy was not talking thinking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued poy was not talking thinking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued poy was not talking thinking at
+first about a spin or Ang momentum he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about a spin or Ang momentum he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about a spin or Ang momentum he
+just said maybe there's another abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said maybe there's another abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said maybe there's another abstract
+property of this state of motion we lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of this state of motion we lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of this state of motion we lock
+it in place we quantize it with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in place we quantize it with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in place we quantize it with a new
+integer this one can take one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this one can take one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this one can take one of two
+values whereas the others could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values whereas the others could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values whereas the others could take
+different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of
+values this became known as the poy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this became known as the poy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this became known as the poy
+Exclusion Principle which is a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle which is a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle which is a notion
+that of course we still take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course we still take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course we still take very
+seriously today by the what P was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously today by the what P was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously today by the what P was
+arguing was that electrons in an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing was that electrons in an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing was that electrons in an atom
+should be described by a total of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be described by a total of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be described by a total of four
+distinct quantum numbers as we still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct quantum numbers as we still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct quantum numbers as we still do
+to this day the original principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day the original principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day the original principal
+quantum number that was one bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that was one bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that was one bore
+introduced the kind of elliptical part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the kind of elliptical part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the kind of elliptical part
+that sommerfeld introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sommerfeld introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sommerfeld introduced the
+projection part that sommerfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection part that sommerfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection part that sommerfeld
+introduced of the orbital motions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced of the orbital motions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced of the orbital motions and
+then this new one that we would now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this new one that we would now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this new one that we would now
+associate with spin py at first thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with spin py at first thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with spin py at first thought
+will and Beck and G's idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and Beck and G's idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and Beck and G's idea was
+ridiculous because of these visualizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because of these visualizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because of these visualizable
+things he later realized oh maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he later realized oh maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he later realized oh maybe these
+really are relatable and so the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are relatable and so the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are relatable and so the fourth
+quantum number becomes now associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number becomes now associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number becomes now associated
+with with the spin the next part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the spin the next part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the spin the next part that
+POI put forward was not just that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POI put forward was not just that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POI put forward was not just that we
+characterized an electron with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized an electron with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized an electron with these
+four separate integers but that no two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four separate integers but that no two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four separate integers but that no two
+electrons can have the exact same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can have the exact same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can have the exact same set of
+those quantum numbers at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantum numbers at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantum numbers at the same time
+that's the Exclusion Principle he later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Exclusion Principle he later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Exclusion Principle he later
+recalled that he was inspired by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled that he was inspired by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalled that he was inspired by this
+kind of no two can have the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of no two can have the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of no two can have the same set of
+values by watching um can can dancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by watching um can can dancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by watching um can can dancers
+which was all the rage in the 1920s many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was all the rage in the 1920s many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was all the rage in the 1920s many
+cities in Europe famously associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Europe famously associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Europe famously associated
+with say the Mulan Rouge in Paris but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say the Mulan Rouge in Paris but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say the Mulan Rouge in Paris but in
+C hogen as well and the idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C hogen as well and the idea was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C hogen as well and the idea was that
+these dancers were so skilled that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dancers were so skilled that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dancers were so skilled that one
+would have just left a little physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just left a little physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have just left a little physical
+location on the Dance Floor immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the Dance Floor immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the Dance Floor immediately
+when the next when her partner had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the next when her partner had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the next when her partner had to
+step into that same spot they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into that same spot they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into that same spot they never
+collided they were close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided they were close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collided they were close to each other
+their motions were similar but no two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their motions were similar but no two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their motions were similar but no two of
+those dancers much like no two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dancers much like no two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dancers much like no two electrons
+occupied exactly the same uh State at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied exactly the same uh State at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied exactly the same uh State at
+the same time so that becomes known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so that becomes known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so that becomes known as
+exclusion principles let me pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion principles let me pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion principles let me pause there
+uh and we can take some some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can take some some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can take some some questions
+and discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discussion
+uh so da ask doesn't a circular orb have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so da ask doesn't a circular orb have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so da ask doesn't a circular orb have
+angular certainly does uh and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular certainly does uh and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular certainly does uh and so the
+idea da is that in the elliptical orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea da is that in the elliptical orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea da is that in the elliptical orbit
+there are two separate degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two separate degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two separate degrees of
+freedom as the fancy are saying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom as the fancy are saying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom as the fancy are saying there
+two different ways with which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways with which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways with which to
+characterize the orbital motion whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the orbital motion whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the orbital motion whereas
+in a perfectly a uniform circular orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a perfectly a uniform circular orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a perfectly a uniform circular orbit
+there's only there's only one quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only there's only one quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only there's only one quantity
+uh that is required to characteriz to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is required to characteriz to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is required to characteriz to
+completely characterize the motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterize the motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterize the motion and
+so that's why I I think of this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I I think of this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I I think of this second
+one zeld introduces is more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zeld introduces is more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zeld introduces is more like the
+it's sort of like the ellipticity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like the ellipticity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like the ellipticity it's
+not exactly that but it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but it's related to
+that if the if the orbital motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the if the orbital motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the if the orbital motion is
+deformed away from A Perfect Circle then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed away from A Perfect Circle then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformed away from A Perfect Circle then
+you'll need at least two numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need at least two numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need at least two numbers to
+characterize that motion completely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that motion completely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that motion completely not
+just one so to DA's excellent point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one so to DA's excellent point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one so to DA's excellent point the
+electron moving in A Perfect Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron moving in A Perfect Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron moving in A Perfect Circle
+certainly has angular momentum but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has angular momentum but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has angular momentum but you
+can characterize that completely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can characterize that completely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can characterize that completely with
+only one number one parameter once there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one number one parameter once there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one number one parameter once there
+is a generalization you need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a generalization you need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a generalization you need at least
+two so that's that's where zeld is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's that's where zeld is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's that's where zeld is going
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+uh and Jade also is correct then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Jade also is correct then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Jade also is correct then in
+Jade's response uh you put that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jade's response uh you put that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jade's response uh you put that whole
+assembly in in an external magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly in in an external magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly in in an external magnetic
+field and there would be no mechanism um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and there would be no mechanism um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and there would be no mechanism um
+without accounting for these other sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without accounting for these other sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without accounting for these other sort
+of um states of motion to um to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um states of motion to um to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um states of motion to um to account
+for these F what became known as fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these F what became known as fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these F what became known as fine
+structure splitting that's right Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure splitting that's right Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure splitting that's right Gary
+says as uh Heisenberg Dey and Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says as uh Heisenberg Dey and Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says as uh Heisenberg Dey and Einstein
+most noted work happened when still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most noted work happened when still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most noted work happened when still
+young scientists that's right so Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists that's right so Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists that's right so Gary
+you'll be as an economist we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be as an economist we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be as an economist we've got to
+know economists have actually studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know economists have actually studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know economists have actually studied
+this quite a bit um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite a bit um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite a bit um and there are
+um there are a number of studies I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a number of studies I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a number of studies I can
+send you some references afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you some references afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you some references afterwards
+suggesting although other counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting although other counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting although other counter
+studies that muddy the waters some early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that muddy the waters some early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that muddy the waters some early
+studies suggested that in some fields of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies suggested that in some fields of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies suggested that in some fields of
+study uh there's a kind of advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh there's a kind of advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh there's a kind of advantage to
+not knowing too much that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing too much that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing too much that's how the
+economists had had characterized it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists had had characterized it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists had had characterized it so
+not having to kind of feel like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to kind of feel like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to kind of feel like you have
+to answer every last thing you've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer every last thing you've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer every last thing you've tried
+to explain your whole career there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain your whole career there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain your whole career there was
+their explanation was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their explanation was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their explanation was a kind of
+conceptual Freedom that's how they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual Freedom that's how they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual Freedom that's how they tried
+to to to make sense of a modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to make sense of a modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to make sense of a modest
+statistical signal that at least in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical signal that at least in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical signal that at least in some
+Fields including quantum physics is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields including quantum physics is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields including quantum physics is one
+of the areas that I know of from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the areas that I know of from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the areas that I know of from one of
+these studies that there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies that there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies that there was a kind of
+early entrance kind of bonus we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early entrance kind of bonus we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early entrance kind of bonus we might
+say early starts other data uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say early starts other data uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say early starts other data uh or
+Studies have have have have muddied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have have have have muddied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have have have have muddied that
+relationship a bit uh but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship a bit uh but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship a bit uh but certainly
+there are a bunch of economists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of economists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of economists in
+particular who were interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular who were interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular who were interested in in
+sort of um life cycle and Innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um life cycle and Innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um life cycle and Innovation is
+how they would describe it today it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they would describe it today it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they would describe it today it's an
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+question uh Lucas asked about space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh Lucas asked about space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh Lucas asked about space
+quantization very different from how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization very different from how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization very different from how we
+talk about spin now exact it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about spin now exact it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about spin now exact it certainly
+is we also have modern program of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we also have modern program of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we also have modern program of trying
+to quantize SpaceTime good no that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantize SpaceTime good no that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantize SpaceTime good no that's a
+so so Lucas is a great question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Lucas is a great question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Lucas is a great question and
+that's again we know too much or or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again we know too much or or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again we know too much or or at
+least we're exposed to too much that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we're exposed to too much that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we're exposed to too much that was
+it is it's really funny vocabulary I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's really funny vocabulary I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's really funny vocabulary I I
+wanted to harp or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to harp or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to harp or or or
+emphasize good goug NC's first idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize good goug NC's first idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize good goug NC's first idea
+because they really agreed this was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really agreed this was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really agreed this was kind
+of nutty sounding it was How could a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nutty sounding it was How could a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nutty sounding it was How could a a
+three Vector right only point to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Vector right only point to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Vector right only point to one of
+two orientations it was as if it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orientations it was as if it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orientations it was as if it was as
+if its orientations in space were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its orientations in space were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its orientations in space were
+quantized as opposed to space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized as opposed to space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized as opposed to space they
+agreed that the X Y and Z in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that the X Y and Z in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that the X Y and Z in which we
+live would would be continuous and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live would would be continuous and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live would would be continuous and have
+the kind of classical or relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of classical or relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of classical or relativistic
+behavior so they weren't trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so they weren't trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so they weren't trying to
+challenge that and the notion of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that and the notion of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that and the notion of trying
+to quantize SpaceTime uh that begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantize SpaceTime uh that begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantize SpaceTime uh that begins to
+kick in by the late 20s early 30s uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick in by the late 20s early 30s uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick in by the late 20s early 30s uh but
+not not quite the that's not what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite the that's not what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite the that's not what these
+folks were thinking about just yet Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were thinking about just yet Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were thinking about just yet Alex
+ask a question about conventions why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question about conventions why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question about conventions why is
+it mzl and not enzl ah very good I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mzl and not enzl ah very good I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mzl and not enzl ah very good I don't
+know I have a suspicion this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a suspicion this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a suspicion this third
+quantum number is again some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is again some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is again some of you
+might know from from chemistry classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know from from chemistry classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know from from chemistry classes
+as well as from physics ones it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from physics ones it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from physics ones it's
+nowadays often called a magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays often called a magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays often called a magnetic quantum
+number because it really is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it really is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it really is about the
+orientation of the orbital motion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the orbital motion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the orbital motion with
+respect to an external magnetic field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an external magnetic field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an external magnetic field so
+it's now called the magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now called the magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now called the magnetic quantum
+number so and and even in German it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so and and even in German it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so and and even in German it be
+magnetic it so it wouldn't surprise me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic it so it wouldn't surprise me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic it so it wouldn't surprise me
+if it gets re named as an M later that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets re named as an M later that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets re named as an M later that's
+that's a good question I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question I don't I don't
+actually own a copy of Zell's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own a copy of Zell's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own a copy of Zell's first
+edition it's very expensive book now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition it's very expensive book now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition it's very expensive book now
+it'll be interesting to go back it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be interesting to go back it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be interesting to go back it's
+probably on Google Books it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on Google Books it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on Google Books it's probably
+been scanned to see back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been scanned to see back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been scanned to see back in
+1919 were people using n subel or M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 were people using n subel or M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 were people using n subel or M
+subel I don't know I I suspect it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel I don't know I I suspect it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel I don't know I I suspect it gets
+if it wasn't put in that way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't put in that way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't put in that way from the
+start I imagine why we use an M these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I imagine why we use an M these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I imagine why we use an M these
+days uh is because it is as I say called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh is because it is as I say called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh is because it is as I say called
+the magnetic con it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic con it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic con it's interesting
+question other questions or or thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other questions or or thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other questions or or thoughts
+about any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff okay keep the questions coming if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay keep the questions coming if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay keep the questions coming if
+you want um Let me let me press on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um Let me let me press on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um Let me let me press on now
+and see how are some very smart young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how are some very smart young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how are some very smart young
+and ambitious people reacting to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ambitious people reacting to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ambitious people reacting to that
+body of work in particular one of Po's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of work in particular one of Po's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of work in particular one of Po's
+closest friends VOR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest friends VOR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest friends VOR
+Heisenberg so Heisenberg and po were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg so Heisenberg and po were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg so Heisenberg and po were
+almost exact contemporaries who almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exact contemporaries who almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exact contemporaries who almost
+exactly the same age they both finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same age they both finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same age they both finished
+their phds around the age of 22 the PHD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phds around the age of 22 the PHD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phds around the age of 22 the PHD
+not their graduate degree they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not their graduate degree they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not their graduate degree they're both
+very precocious uh young students of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precocious uh young students of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precocious uh young students of
+zfi and by this time Heisenberg we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zfi and by this time Heisenberg we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zfi and by this time Heisenberg we know
+from his letters with people like Wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his letters with people like Wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his letters with people like Wolf
+Gang poy many many of the letters have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang poy many many of the letters have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang poy many many of the letters have
+survived he was also growing frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived he was also growing frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived he was also growing frustrated
+with what had become the pattern of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what had become the pattern of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what had become the pattern of this
+so-called old quantum theory even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called old quantum theory even from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called old quantum theory even from
+their own otherwise very beloved Mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own otherwise very beloved Mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own otherwise very beloved Mentor
+zmer this idea of starting with kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zmer this idea of starting with kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zmer this idea of starting with kind of
+classical descriptions of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical descriptions of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical descriptions of motion and
+then kind of tacking on these ad what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of tacking on these ad what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of tacking on these ad what
+seemed like ad hoc Quantum condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like ad hoc Quantum condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like ad hoc Quantum condition
+so by 1924 at the tender age of of 22 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by 1924 at the tender age of of 22 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by 1924 at the tender age of of 22 or
+23 Heisenberg then began his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 Heisenberg then began his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 Heisenberg then began his first
+postto position he began working even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto position he began working even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postto position he began working even
+more closely with Neils bour in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely with Neils bour in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely with Neils bour in
+Copenhagen and that's um where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and that's um where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen and that's um where he
+introduces this uh the paper that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces this uh the paper that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces this uh the paper that we had
+for part of our reading today it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part of our reading today it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part of our reading today it was
+submitted a few months later he moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted a few months later he moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted a few months later he moved to
+gingham but he really did a lot of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gingham but he really did a lot of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gingham but he really did a lot of his
+work uh really fresh out of his PhD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh really fresh out of his PhD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh really fresh out of his PhD so
+he now starts to set out a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now starts to set out a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now starts to set out a kind of
+program the opening paragraph for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the opening paragraph for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the opening paragraph for this
+paper reads like a Manifesto we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reads like a Manifesto we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reads like a Manifesto we have to
+do something new is how I I read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something new is how I I read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something new is how I I read this
+very young author uh in that opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young author uh in that opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young author uh in that opening
+paragraph what he's arguing for is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph what he's arguing for is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph what he's arguing for is a
+first principes treatment of the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principes treatment of the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principes treatment of the quantum
+realm rather than what felt even then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm rather than what felt even then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm rather than what felt even then as
+a kind of clug or grabag or a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of clug or grabag or a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of clug or grabag or a series of
+ad hoc kind of rules of thought so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad hoc kind of rules of thought so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad hoc kind of rules of thought so he
+wanted to break this impass of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to break this impass of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to break this impass of the kind
+of Bor zeld approach and in fact he drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bor zeld approach and in fact he drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bor zeld approach and in fact he drew
+very clear inspiration from Einstein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear inspiration from Einstein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear inspiration from Einstein in
+1905 and again we know that partly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 and again we know that partly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 and again we know that partly from
+his letters at the time as well as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his letters at the time as well as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his letters at the time as well as his
+later Recollections he thought that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Recollections he thought that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Recollections he thought that much
+as Einstein had made a big deal as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Einstein had made a big deal as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Einstein had made a big deal as we
+saw a few classes ago about the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a few classes ago about the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a few classes ago about the sort of
+mock likee uh positivism let's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock likee uh positivism let's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock likee uh positivism let's only
+focus on objects of positive experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on objects of positive experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on objects of positive experience
+otherwise we'll get ourselves tied up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll get ourselves tied up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'll get ourselves tied up in
+knots Heisenberg says we have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots Heisenberg says we have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots Heisenberg says we have to do the
+same thing all over again now in the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing all over again now in the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing all over again now in the for
+understanding the behavior of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the behavior of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the behavior of atoms and
+parts of atoms and so in particular heis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of atoms and so in particular heis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of atoms and so in particular heis
+says again in this opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says again in this opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says again in this opening
+paragraph he says we can never observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph he says we can never observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph he says we can never observe
+an electron in its orbit within an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in its orbit within an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in its orbit within an atom
+so why are we trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we trying to calculate
+properties of that motion that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that motion that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of that motion that we could
+never observe in the first place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never observe in the first place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never observe in the first place and
+here again as you've seen in the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again as you've seen in the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again as you've seen in the reader
+he says it seems sensible to discard all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says it seems sensible to discard all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says it seems sensible to discard all
+hope of observing hitherto unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of observing hitherto unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of observing hitherto unobservable
+quantities by which he means things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities by which he means things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities by which he means things like
+properties of an electrons orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of an electrons orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of an electrons orbit
+capillarian or circular or otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillarian or circular or otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillarian or circular or otherwise
+instead it seems more reasonable he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it seems more reasonable he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it seems more reasonable he goes
+on to try to establish a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to try to establish a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to try to establish a theoretical
+quantum mechanics his terms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics his terms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics his terms a
+theoretical quantum mechanics analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical quantum mechanics analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical quantum mechanics analogous
+to classical mechanics but in which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classical mechanics but in which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classical mechanics but in which only
+relations between observable quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between observable quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between observable quantities
+appear and that's really he has a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and that's really he has a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and that's really he has a kind
+of echo in his in his head of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of echo in his in his head of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of echo in his in his head of of the
+once Brash young Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Brash young Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once Brash young Albert
+Einstein and mo previous approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and mo previous approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and mo previous approaches
+could be seriously criticized on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seriously criticized on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seriously criticized on the
+grounds they contain as basic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds they contain as basic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds they contain as basic elements
+relationships between quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between quantities that
+are apparently unobservable in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are apparently unobservable in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are apparently unobservable in principle
+it's just like textbook aach here such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like textbook aach here such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like textbook aach here such
+as position and period of revolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as position and period of revolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as position and period of revolution of
+the electron uh supposedly uh Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron uh supposedly uh Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron uh supposedly uh Heisenberg
+tells us in in later Recollections he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us in in later Recollections he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us in in later Recollections he
+shared that his excitement about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that his excitement about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that his excitement about this
+move with Einstein soon around this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with Einstein soon around this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with Einstein soon around this time
+in around 1924
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around 1924
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around 1924
+25 uh I was so inspired by your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh I was so inspired by your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh I was so inspired by your work
+Einstein that kind of thing Einstein by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein that kind of thing Einstein by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein that kind of thing Einstein by
+this point was quite senior and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point was quite senior and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point was quite senior and very
+renowned and supposedly Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned and supposedly Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned and supposedly Einstein's
+retort was a good joke shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retort was a good joke shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retort was a good joke shouldn't be
+repeated too often as we'll see Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated too often as we'll see Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated too often as we'll see Einstein
+was was less convinced this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was less convinced this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was less convinced this is the way
+to go by the 1920s even though it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by the 1920s even though it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go by the 1920s even though it had
+been so critical to his own thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so critical to his own thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so critical to his own thinking in
+the early Parts uh of around 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early Parts uh of around 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early Parts uh of around 1905
+okay so what does Heisenberg do with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does Heisenberg do with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does Heisenberg do with all
+this it's one thing to have an opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's one thing to have an opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's one thing to have an opening
+paragraph about a kind of guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph about a kind of guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph about a kind of guiding
+philosophy what does he do so as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy what does he do so as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy what does he do so as we saw
+he argues that physicist should focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that physicist should focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that physicist should focus on
+quantities that are in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are in principle
+observable or empirical and what he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable or empirical and what he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable or empirical and what he has
+in mind as he goes through in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind as he goes through in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind as he goes through in the rest
+of this brief paper are things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this brief paper are things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this brief paper are things like the
+frequencies the numerical values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the numerical values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the numerical values of the
+colors the frequencies of these spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the frequencies of these spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the frequencies of these spectral
+lines how do we learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines how do we learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines how do we learn about the
+structure of atoms by measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atoms by measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atoms by measuring the
+stuff that comes out things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that comes out things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that comes out things that we can
+literally observe and very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally observe and very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally observe and very carefully
+measure like the frequencies of spectr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure like the frequencies of spectr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure like the frequencies of spectr
+lines uh and in particular he goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and in particular he goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and in particular he goes back
+to say that these spectr lines obey a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that these spectr lines obey a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that these spectr lines obey a
+law of addition remember we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of addition remember we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of addition remember we saw last
+time even in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in the in the
+1880s it had been clear uh that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s it had been clear uh that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s it had been clear uh that there
+were these kind of empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these kind of empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these kind of empirical
+relationships between the frequencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the frequencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the frequencies of
+the color lines really like how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color lines really like how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color lines really like how many
+hertz how many cycles per second is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz how many cycles per second is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz how many cycles per second is this
+blue line and then these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and then these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and then these kind of
+combinations of inverse squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of inverse squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of inverse squares of
+integers that was the Balmer uh uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that was the Balmer uh uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that was the Balmer uh uh sort
+of relationship and bore gave a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationship and bore gave a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationship and bore gave a kind of
+explanation for it with his atomic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for it with his atomic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for it with his atomic model
+well if you start from that you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you start from that you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you start from that you realize
+that the sum of the frequencies of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the frequencies of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the frequencies of two
+different spectral lines associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectral lines associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectral lines associated with
+transitions between different states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between different states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between different states of
+an electron inside say the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron inside say the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron inside say the hydrogen atom
+they will sum so the sum of any two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will sum so the sum of any two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will sum so the sum of any two of
+these frequencies that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequencies that actually
+appear will give you add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear will give you add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear will give you add them together
+you'll get a frequency that will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a frequency that will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a frequency that will also
+appear somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear somewhere in the
+Spectrum and so that would be like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and so that would be like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and so that would be like um
+and you by the way and you could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you by the way and you could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you by the way and you could keep
+keep going this is not true only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going this is not true only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going this is not true only for
+adding any two of them you could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding any two of them you could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding any two of them you could keep
+going for an arbitrary number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for an arbitrary number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for an arbitrary number of these
+of the actual numerical values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual numerical values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual numerical values of these
+frequencies of the spectral lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the spectral lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the spectral lines and
+for all the colors that actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the colors that actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the colors that actually come
+out and can be measured even Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and can be measured even Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and can be measured even Beyond
+pardon me just the the um the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me just the the um the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me just the the um the visible
+portion of spectrum into the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of spectrum into the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of spectrum into the infrared
+into the ultraviolet they obey this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ultraviolet they obey this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ultraviolet they obey this this
+law of addition and so what that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of addition and so what that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of addition and so what that would
+be is like an electron could jump from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is like an electron could jump from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is like an electron could jump from
+say a principal quantum number of of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a principal quantum number of of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a principal quantum number of of six
+to one all at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one all at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one all at once
+that will give a certain color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give a certain color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give a certain color of the
+corresponding emission or it could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding emission or it could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding emission or it could make
+a series of hops it could jump from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of hops it could jump from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of hops it could jump from the
+principal quantum number six down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number six down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number six down to
+three 3 to one or six to three 3 to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 to one or six to three 3 to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 to one or six to three 3 to two
+two to one or six to five and five Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to one or six to five and five Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to one or six to five and five Etc
+each of those jumps or transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those jumps or transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those jumps or transitions
+corresponds to an emission of light of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an emission of light of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an emission of light of a
+very specific frequency right given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific frequency right given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific frequency right given by
+this relationship and if you add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship and if you add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship and if you add up the
+frequencies of any of these jumps you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of any of these jumps you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of any of these jumps you'd
+see they would all they could be ranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they would all they could be ranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they would all they could be ranged
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+format so Heisenberg saying we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so Heisenberg saying we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so Heisenberg saying we should be
+focusing on that stuff these are our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on that stuff these are our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on that stuff these are our our
+our sort of empirical uh objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of empirical uh objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of empirical uh objects of
+positive experience that we can see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience that we can see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience that we can see we
+can measure we can gain quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure we can gain quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure we can gain quantitative
+information about this the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this the frequencies
+of the spectral Lin so he begins trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectral Lin so he begins trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectral Lin so he begins trying
+to construct the kind of arrays of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the kind of arrays of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the kind of arrays of of
+these lines that kind of go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines that kind of go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines that kind of go together
+through this law of addition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this law of addition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this law of addition in the
+midst of that work but now he's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of that work but now he's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of that work but now he's this
+takes him from the fall into the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes him from the fall into the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes him from the fall into the spring
+of that Academic Year spring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Academic Year spring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Academic Year spring of
+1925 Heisenberg actually has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 Heisenberg actually has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 Heisenberg actually has very
+famously a an unusually um bad attack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously a an unusually um bad attack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously a an unusually um bad attack of
+hay fever he had allergies all his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hay fever he had allergies all his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hay fever he had allergies all his life
+he has a particularly bad attack of ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a particularly bad attack of ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a particularly bad attack of ha
+fear so he actually had to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear so he actually had to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear so he actually had to leave
+Copenhagen he travels to the nearby land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen he travels to the nearby land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen he travels to the nearby land
+island of helgoland which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island of helgoland which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island of helgoland which is actually
+sort of in the in the North Sea between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the in the North Sea between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the in the North Sea between
+Denmark and Germany as I understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark and Germany as I understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark and Germany as I understand it
+over the years both countries have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years both countries have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years both countries have sort
+of claimed it so the point is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claimed it so the point is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claimed it so the point is it's
+pretty close to where he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to where he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to where he was in
+Copenhagen it's gets gets out of town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen it's gets gets out of town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen it's gets gets out of town
+and he's actually then basically on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's actually then basically on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's actually then basically on his
+own in this tiny little kind of touristy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in this tiny little kind of touristy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in this tiny little kind of touristy
+Island for several weeks still trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island for several weeks still trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island for several weeks still trying to
+puzzle through uh this stuff so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle through uh this stuff so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle through uh this stuff so he's
+even more isolated than he had been just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more isolated than he had been just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more isolated than he had been just
+as a as a postto he literally leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a postto he literally leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a postto he literally leaves
+town it's during that short stay that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town it's during that short stay that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town it's during that short stay that he
+continues trying to sit with this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues trying to sit with this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues trying to sit with this notion
+of the behavior of these frequencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the behavior of these frequencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the behavior of these frequencies of
+the emitted spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitted spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitted spectral
+lines he go goes on to to to think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines he go goes on to to to think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines he go goes on to to to think now
+on his own these frequencies knew refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own these frequencies knew refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own these frequencies knew refer
+to uh the they're characterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the they're characterizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the they're characterizing the
+light that comes out and he knows again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that comes out and he knows again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that comes out and he knows again
+even sort of classically the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sort of classically the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sort of classically the way we
+would characterize electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would characterize electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would characterize electromagnetic waves
+waves of light would be some amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of light would be some amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of light would be some amplitude
+and some frequency some phase the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some frequency some phase the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some frequency some phase the phase
+being proportional to to the color we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proportional to to the color we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proportional to to the color we
+see the point is that the the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point is that the the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point is that the the quantities
+he's now trying to build up in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now trying to build up in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now trying to build up in these
+arrays these kind of new one two new 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays these kind of new one two new 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays these kind of new one two new 34
+and so on they appear in the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on they appear in the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on they appear in the exponent
+when you actually try to mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually try to mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually try to mathematically
+describe the light that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the light that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the light that comes
+out so then it goes on to just reason on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so then it goes on to just reason on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so then it goes on to just reason on
+the island it's these frequencies up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island it's these frequencies up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island it's these frequencies up
+here are adding if the exponents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are adding if the exponents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are adding if the exponents are
+adding that suggests that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding that suggests that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding that suggests that these
+amplitudes should multiply just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes should multiply just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes should multiply just think
+about even in elementary multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even in elementary multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even in elementary multiplication
+if you have two numbers that we write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two numbers that we write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two numbers that we write in
+kind of scientific notation that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scientific notation that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scientific notation that have a
+coefficient and an exponent if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and an exponent if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and an exponent if we
+multiply those two numbers together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two numbers together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two numbers together the
+exponents add that's what he saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents add that's what he saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents add that's what he saw the
+frequencies doing and that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies doing and that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies doing and that goes along
+with the coefficients of the amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficients of the amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficients of the amplitudes
+multiply so he says well maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so he says well maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so he says well maybe that's
+what goes on with these spectr lines all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on with these spectr lines all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on with these spectr lines all
+the information we can glean about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we can glean about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we can glean about these
+spectral lines the amplitude would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines the amplitude would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines the amplitude would be
+related to the intensity to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the intensity to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the intensity to the
+brightness and so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness and so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness and so let's see if we can
+make similar arrays with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make similar arrays with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make similar arrays with more
+information we can glean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can glean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we can glean of the
+structure of these atoms from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of these atoms from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of these atoms from the
+empirical information so taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical information so taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical information so taking this
+analogy or this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy or this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy or this mathematical
+relationship if these things add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if these things add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if these things add these
+things should multiply and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should multiply and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should multiply and that's when
+he finds all alone on helgoland while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds all alone on helgoland while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds all alone on helgoland while
+suffering from hay fever that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from hay fever that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from hay fever that somehow
+these arrays of the amplitudes start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of the amplitudes start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of the amplitudes start
+looking pretty funny to him it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking pretty funny to him it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking pretty funny to him it turns out
+the order of multiplication changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of multiplication changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of multiplication changes the
+result that if he just tries to ARR if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that if he just tries to ARR if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that if he just tries to ARR if
+he just just tries to multiply them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just just tries to multiply them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just just tries to multiply them the
+order in which he multiplies them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which he multiplies them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which he multiplies them
+changes the answer whereas of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the answer whereas of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the answer whereas of course
+that doesn't happen if if you add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen if if you add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen if if you add these
+things up you can add them up uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you can add them up uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up you can add them up uh and and
+the sum would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum would not
+change he writes up this brief paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change he writes up this brief paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change he writes up this brief paper uh
+he submits it once he then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he submits it once he then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he submits it once he then actually
+moves to his new position in giringan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to his new position in giringan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to his new position in giringan
+back in Germany and now he's working not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in Germany and now he's working not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in Germany and now he's working not
+with bour but most closely with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bour but most closely with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bour but most closely with the
+mathematical physicist Max Bourne so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Max Bourne so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Max Bourne so
+borne's more senior he's more more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne's more senior he's more more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne's more senior he's more more like
+Albert Einstein's age borne like zfi was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein's age borne like zfi was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein's age borne like zfi was
+very very well trained in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well trained in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well trained in classical
+mechanics Celestial mechanics other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Celestial mechanics other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Celestial mechanics other
+mathematical techniques and borne's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques and borne's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical techniques and borne's
+reaction when this excited young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when this excited young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when this excited young
+Heisenberg arrives is basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg arrives is basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg arrives is basically saying
+you're you're really an idiot you dunoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're really an idiot you dunoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're really an idiot you dunoff
+what I imagine borne saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I imagine borne saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I imagine borne saying you're
+studying matrices the point is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying matrices the point is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying matrices the point is for the
+very even the very Elite Training of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very even the very Elite Training of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very even the very Elite Training of
+someone like Heisenberg and poy at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like Heisenberg and poy at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like Heisenberg and poy at this
+leading School of theoretical physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading School of theoretical physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading School of theoretical physics in
+Munich throughout his enti ire training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich throughout his enti ire training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich throughout his enti ire training
+he'd never taken a course in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd never taken a course in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd never taken a course in what we
+would Now call linear algebra much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call linear algebra much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call linear algebra much like
+Einstein hadn't learned about nonukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein hadn't learned about nonukan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein hadn't learned about nonukan
+geometry so on so bour Bourne now Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so on so bour Bourne now Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so on so bour Bourne now Max
+Bourne had to tell and will remind young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne had to tell and will remind young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne had to tell and will remind young
+Heisenberg that the notion that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg that the notion that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg that the notion that two
+arrays of numbers uh when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of numbers uh when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of numbers uh when you multiply
+them you get different answers depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get different answers depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get different answers depending
+on the order that's what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order that's what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order that's what you should
+generically expect when you're handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically expect when you're handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically expect when you're handling
+matrices so if I've just taken two kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so if I've just taken two kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so if I've just taken two kind
+of random matrices just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random matrices just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random matrices just to remind
+ourselves to 2 by two matrices two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to 2 by two matrices two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to 2 by two matrices two
+arrays of numbers any random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of numbers any random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of numbers any random numbers
+would do any random components let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do any random components let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do any random components let's
+first multiply this one times that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiply this one times that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiply this one times that one
+in that order and as I'm sure you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order and as I'm sure you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order and as I'm sure you all
+have learned how to do the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned how to do the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned how to do the matrix
+multiplication the this element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the this element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the this element here
+will result from the sum of this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result from the sum of this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result from the sum of this times
+this plus this times that you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this times that you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this times that you know how
+to multiply matrices I'm sure so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply matrices I'm sure so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply matrices I'm sure so we can
+go through the exercise and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exercise and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exercise and multiply
+this Matrix times that in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix times that in that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix times that in that order
+we'll get a new resultant Matrix it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a new resultant Matrix it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a new resultant Matrix it will
+also be a square Matrix in this case 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a square Matrix in this case 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a square Matrix in this case 2
+by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+if we had multiplied these in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had multiplied these in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had multiplied these in the
+opposite order if we multiplied B time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order if we multiplied B time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order if we multiplied B time a
+the exact same matrices multiply in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same matrices multiply in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same matrices multiply in the
+opposite order they again as as all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order they again as as all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order they again as as all or
+most of you have likely seen by now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have likely seen by now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have likely seen by now we
+get a different answer a perfectly legit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different answer a perfectly legit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different answer a perfectly legit
+legitimate answer it's still a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate answer it's still a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate answer it's still a square
+Matrix but the actual Matrix is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but the actual Matrix is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but the actual Matrix is quite
+different the entries are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the entries are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the entries are quite
+different uh there's no six over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh there's no six over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh there's no six over here
+you know there's no one over here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no one over here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no one over here and so
+on a * B does not equal B * a in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a * B does not equal B * a in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a * B does not equal B * a in general
+when you're multiplying matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're multiplying matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're multiplying matrices
+Heisenberg didn't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg didn't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg didn't know that
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+1925 and so max Bourne his newest uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 and so max Bourne his newest uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 and so max Bourne his newest uh uh
+kind of mentor and colleague in gingan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentor and colleague in gingan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentor and colleague in gingan
+had to explain to him what what most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to explain to him what what most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to explain to him what what most of
+us now learn very early in our training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now learn very early in our training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now learn very early in our training
+most of us learned that because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us learned that because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us learned that because of
+Heisenberg's work we now have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's work we now have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's work we now have many
+reasons to to to want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to to to want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to to to want to be able to
+manipulate matrices in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate matrices in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate matrices in all kinds of
+Investigations so matrices the fancy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigations so matrices the fancy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigations so matrices the fancy way
+to say this is that matrices do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is that matrices do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is that matrices do not
+commute that just means the the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute that just means the the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute that just means the the outcome
+of uh an operation like multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh an operation like multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh an operation like multiplication
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ordering so to get I that's again a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so to get I that's again a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so to get I that's again a bit
+abstract and if you have not spent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and if you have not spent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and if you have not spent a lot
+of time with that um that's okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time with that um that's okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time with that um that's okay of
+course I I find the following example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I find the following example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I find the following example
+pretty helpful I always mess this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty helpful I always mess this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty helpful I always mess this up
+when I try to do this in person so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to do this in person so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to do this in person so this
+is the one benefit of doing this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one benefit of doing this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one benefit of doing this over
+Zoom as I have this picture to guide me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom as I have this picture to guide me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom as I have this picture to guide me
+one kind of Matrix we might consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of Matrix we might consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of Matrix we might consider
+would be the rotation Matrix in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the rotation Matrix in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the rotation Matrix in three
+dimensions we saw rotation rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we saw rotation rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we saw rotation rotation
+matrices when we talked about manowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when we talked about manowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when we talked about manowski
+and special relativity now imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and special relativity now imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and special relativity now imagine we
+want to have describe rotations in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have describe rotations in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have describe rotations in three
+dimensions of Space X Y and Z so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of Space X Y and Z so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of Space X Y and Z so imagine
+I have a book this little rectangle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a book this little rectangle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a book this little rectangle here
+in in class I would do holding a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in class I would do holding a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in class I would do holding a book
+and let's say I want to First rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say I want to First rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say I want to First rotate
+this book in the YZ plane I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book in the YZ plane I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book in the YZ plane I'm going to
+rotate it down first then separately my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it down first then separately my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it down first then separately my
+next operation is to rotate that book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next operation is to rotate that book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next operation is to rotate that book in
+the XY plane so I'm G I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane so I'm G I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane so I'm G I'm going to
+rotate it down by 90 degrees and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it down by 90 degrees and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it down by 90 degrees and then
+over by 90 degrees and my results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by 90 degrees and my results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by 90 degrees and my results of
+applying those two matrices the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying those two matrices the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying those two matrices the Matrix
+corresponding to rotation only in the YZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to rotation only in the YZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to rotation only in the YZ
+plane by 90° then applying a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane by 90° then applying a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane by 90° then applying a separate
+Matrix only rotation in the XY plane by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix only rotation in the XY plane by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix only rotation in the XY plane by
+90 degrees here's the result so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees here's the result so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees here's the result so now the
+book is pointing at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is pointing at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is pointing at a certain
+orientation different from where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation different from where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation different from where it
+started let me apply the exact same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started let me apply the exact same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started let me apply the exact same two
+rotation matrices but in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices but in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices but in the opposite
+order so let me start with the book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so let me start with the book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so let me start with the book in
+the same starting position now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same starting position now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same starting position now I'll
+rotate in the XY plane first by 90° and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate in the XY plane first by 90° and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate in the XY plane first by 90° and
+then in the YZ plane by 90 degrees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the YZ plane by 90 degrees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the YZ plane by 90 degrees you
+see the orientation is different this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the orientation is different this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the orientation is different this is
+a for me at least I find that helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for me at least I find that helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for me at least I find that helpful
+espe when I don't mess it up in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espe when I don't mess it up in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espe when I don't mess it up in person
+as a reminder that the outcome or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder that the outcome or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder that the outcome or the
+product of the multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the multiplication of
+matrices depends on their order it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices depends on their order it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices depends on their order it's
+really can be as simple as that thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be as simple as that thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be as simple as that thinking
+about moving things around in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving things around in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving things around in in
+ordinary 3dimensional space let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary 3dimensional space let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary 3dimensional space let alone
+any abstract matrices we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any abstract matrices we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any abstract matrices we might be
+manipulating so this becomes known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating so this becomes known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating so this becomes known
+therefore as Matrix mechanics the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as Matrix mechanics the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as Matrix mechanics the work
+that Heisenberg introduces in 1925 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg introduces in 1925 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg introduces in 1925 and
+soon he worked very closely with Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon he worked very closely with Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon he worked very closely with Max
+Bourne and another colleague in gting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne and another colleague in gting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne and another colleague in gting
+and Basco yordon they develop an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Basco yordon they develop an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Basco yordon they develop an entire
+first principles mechanics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles mechanics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles mechanics of the
+quantum realm a quantum mechanics built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum realm a quantum mechanics built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum realm a quantum mechanics built
+around these matrices so this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these matrices so this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these matrices so this first
+version is called Matrix mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is called Matrix mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is called Matrix mechanics
+dating from 1925 originally any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating from 1925 originally any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating from 1925 originally any
+questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I still find it just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still find it just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still find it just sort of
+stunning that that this super hot shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning that that this super hot shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning that that this super hot shot
+young kid Vera Heisenberg had didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kid Vera Heisenberg had didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kid Vera Heisenberg had didn't
+know what matrices were and hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what matrices were and hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what matrices were and hadn't
+realized it you could actually multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it you could actually multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it you could actually multiply
+arrays of number numbers and and worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of number numbers and and worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of number numbers and and worry
+about the order have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order any questions about the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order any questions about the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order any questions about the framework
+of the motivation we can see again he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivation we can see again he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivation we can see again he's
+he's clearly trying to do that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's clearly trying to do that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's clearly trying to do that kind of
+young Einstein erence mock kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Einstein erence mock kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young Einstein erence mock kind of thing
+that's what sets him down that path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sets him down that path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sets him down that path and
+he's literally removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's literally removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's literally removed from the
+conventions he has to move to the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions he has to move to the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions he has to move to the island
+of of heland for a short break I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of heland for a short break I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of heland for a short break I find
+that pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no questions it's all perfectly obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions it's all perfectly obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions it's all perfectly obvious
+all of you would have done that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you would have done that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you would have done that I
+wouldn't have done that Jesus say did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have done that Jesus say did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have done that Jesus say did
+Ein have any particular reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ein have any particular reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ein have any particular reasons for
+think Heisenberg should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Heisenberg should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Heisenberg should be careful
+positive oh thank you J great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive oh thank you J great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive oh thank you J great question
+really good and I think the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good and I think the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good and I think the answer is
+well the answer is yes I think Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is yes I think Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is yes I think Einstein
+did have reasons and it really tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have reasons and it really tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have reasons and it really tells us
+so to speak more about Einstein than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak more about Einstein than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak more about Einstein than
+about the the value of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the value of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the value of that kind of
+argument by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument by
+1925 Einstein's thinking was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 Einstein's thinking was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 Einstein's thinking was really
+quite different than it had been in 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than it had been in 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than it had been in 1905
+and a lot of that had to do with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that had to do with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that had to do with his
+experience in between with what became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in between with what became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in between with what became
+known as general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as general
+relativity so we saw that in 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so we saw that in 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so we saw that in 1905
+Einstein was very concerned with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was very concerned with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was very concerned with this
+kind of mahian positivism with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mahian positivism with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mahian positivism with what we
+might call operationalism tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call operationalism tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call operationalism tell me
+exactly how I measure the time uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how I measure the time uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how I measure the time uh I have
+my the hand little hand on my watchh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the hand little hand on my watchh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the hand little hand on my watchh all
+that kind of spelling things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of spelling things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of spelling things out
+empirically and kind of operationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically and kind of operationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically and kind of operationally
+and he gets more and more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gets more and more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gets more and more kind of
+separated from that or or or drifts away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from that or or or drifts away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from that or or or drifts away
+from that let's say as he begins working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that let's say as he begins working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that let's say as he begins working
+more and more on general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more on general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more on general relativity
+where he gets more and more involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he gets more and more involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he gets more and more involved
+with pretty fancy but also pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pretty fancy but also pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pretty fancy but also pretty
+abstract mathematics he's thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematics he's thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematics he's thinking
+eventually not only about what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually not only about what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually not only about what would
+Observer see sealed up in an elevator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer see sealed up in an elevator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer see sealed up in an elevator or
+a spaceship but actually about global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spaceship but actually about global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spaceship but actually about global
+properties of an entire universe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of an entire universe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of an entire universe that
+might be warping and so on so by 1915
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be warping and so on so by 1915
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be warping and so on so by 1915
+especially by 197 and later meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by 197 and later meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by 197 and later meaning
+before Heisenberg's work Einstein has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Heisenberg's work Einstein has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Heisenberg's work Einstein has
+moved to thinking about things like cosm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to thinking about things like cosm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to thinking about things like cosm
+ology entire universes which certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology entire universes which certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ology entire universes which certainly
+not all of which could be subject to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of which could be subject to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of which could be subject to a
+kind of um the kind of mock likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um the kind of mock likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um the kind of mock likee
+empiricism that had driven his his 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricism that had driven his his 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricism that had driven his his 1905
+work so he he becomes more driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so he he becomes more driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so he he becomes more driven by
+both a kind of beauty and power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a kind of beauty and power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a kind of beauty and power of
+mathematical reasoning which had really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical reasoning which had really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical reasoning which had really
+not been uh clearly a driver for him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been uh clearly a driver for him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been uh clearly a driver for him in
+1905 and also just moving away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 and also just moving away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 and also just moving away from the
+kind of kind of litmus test of of is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of litmus test of of is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of litmus test of of is it
+measurable can I smell it or taste it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable can I smell it or taste it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable can I smell it or taste it so
+I think Einstein's comment if it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Einstein's comment if it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Einstein's comment if it ever
+happened we learned that only through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we learned that only through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we learned that only through
+Heisenberg's much later Recollections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's much later Recollections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's much later Recollections
+it's it might be an apocryphal story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it might be an apocryphal story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it might be an apocryphal story but
+it sort of adds up even if it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of adds up even if it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of adds up even if it didn't
+really happen it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen it's
+plausible because of kind of Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible because of kind of Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible because of kind of Einstein's
+own kind of shift in his in his uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of shift in his in his uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of shift in his in his uh kind
+of intellectual um approaches so I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intellectual um approaches so I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intellectual um approaches so I take
+that to be more a comment about Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be more a comment about Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be more a comment about Einstein
+than about is is makahi and positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about is is makahi and positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about is is makahi and positive and
+good or bad for science I think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad for science I think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad for science I think we can
+still debate that on separate terms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still debate that on separate terms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still debate that on separate terms I
+think it tells us about about Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it tells us about about Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it tells us about about Einstein's
+thinking um I agree with Alex it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um I agree with Alex it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um I agree with Alex it's hard
+to believe a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe a Time
+uh when when leading Scholars let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when leading Scholars let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when leading Scholars let alone
+anyone at all would never have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone at all would never have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone at all would never have heard
+about matrices uh I agree I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices uh I agree I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices uh I agree I think that's
+part of what's so so kind of uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's so so kind of uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what's so so kind of uh I don't
+know kind of touching about the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of touching about the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of touching about the story
+Heisenberg was both like this Brash kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was both like this Brash kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg was both like this Brash kids
+and everyone all my teachers are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone all my teachers are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone all my teachers are wrong
+that that's not unique in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not unique in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not unique in the history of
+science young people often say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science young people often say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science young people often say that uh
+but also in some sense kind of just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in some sense kind of just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in some sense kind of just so
+naive right so like I'm going to set off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive right so like I'm going to set off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive right so like I'm going to set off
+on my own literally leave town uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own literally leave town uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own literally leave town uh
+everything that's been done low for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's been done low for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's been done low for
+these 2 2 years that I've been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 2 2 years that I've been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 2 2 years that I've been on the
+planet he's really young that's all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet he's really young that's all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet he's really young that's all just
+a dead end um and and yet also just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead end um and and yet also just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead end um and and yet also just be
+like how are you g to do your next steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how are you g to do your next steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how are you g to do your next steps
+there buddy do have you heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buddy do have you heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buddy do have you heard about
+matrices it's it's a remarkable kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's it's a remarkable kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's it's a remarkable kind of
+moment uh to me and so I do I just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh to me and so I do I just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh to me and so I do I just find
+that story really compelling uh fiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story really compelling uh fiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story really compelling uh fiser
+asks is there anything this class has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks is there anything this class has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks is there anything this class has
+taught me so you can never take B yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me so you can never take B yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me so you can never take B yeah
+fair enough so uh the course 18 uh roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair enough so uh the course 18 uh roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair enough so uh the course 18 uh roles
+will now swell from this class taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now swell from this class taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now swell from this class taking
+more and more math uh is probably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more math uh is probably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more math uh is probably good
+for one's Soul anyway and certainly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one's Soul anyway and certainly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one's Soul anyway and certainly can
+be helpful in unus unexpected Ways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful in unus unexpected Ways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful in unus unexpected Ways by
+the way we'll see this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll see this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll see this kind of thing
+happen up happen even later this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen up happen even later this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen up happen even later this term
+well after the middle of the term we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the middle of the term we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the middle of the term we'll
+see examples from from later in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples from from later in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples from from later in the 20th
+century where I think the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century where I think the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century where I think the same kind of
+thing happens where some physicists kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens where some physicists kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens where some physicists kind
+of accidentally or for other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accidentally or for other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accidentally or for other reasons
+find that they get really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that they get really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that they get really interested in
+um ways of classifying large groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways of classifying large groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways of classifying large groups of
+objects what go what's like with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects what go what's like with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects what go what's like with like
+without having studied things like group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having studied things like group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having studied things like group
+Theory which was by then very very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory which was by then very very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory which was by then very very well
+established branch of pure mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established branch of pure mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established branch of pure mathematics
+leag groups and all the rest so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leag groups and all the rest so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leag groups and all the rest so there
+there's a a not uncommon kind of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a not uncommon kind of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a not uncommon kind of pattern
+uh it's not only limited to Einstein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not only limited to Einstein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not only limited to Einstein or
+Heisenberg or the other these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg or the other these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg or the other these other
+folks feels like the flip scenario of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks feels like the flip scenario of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks feels like the flip scenario of
+the tripost where those students could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripost where those students could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripost where those students could
+do so much math we didn't we learn yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so much math we didn't we learn yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so much math we didn't we learn yeah
+the the table that's right that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the table that's right that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the table that's right that's a good
+example so Heisenberg clearly was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so Heisenberg clearly was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so Heisenberg clearly was not a
+Cambridge student I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge student I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge student I think it's an
+excellent thing to to keep in mind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent thing to to keep in mind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent thing to to keep in mind um
+and that's not to make fun of Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not to make fun of Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not to make fun of Heisenberg
+he was very very well trained he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very very well trained he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very very well trained he was
+trained at one of central Europe's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained at one of central Europe's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained at one of central Europe's you
+know finesty for training Young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finesty for training Young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finesty for training Young
+young scientists you know he and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists you know he and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists you know he and and so
+many of his of his cohort would went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his of his cohort would went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his of his cohort would went on
+to would go on to to earn extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to would go on to to earn extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to would go on to to earn extraordinary
+recognition in the field it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in the field it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in the field it was just a
+different kind of training different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of training different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of training different
+choices right about what to prioritize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices right about what to prioritize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices right about what to prioritize
+even for very young students I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for very young students I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for very young students I find that
+fascinating uh the kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh the kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh the kind of different
+options are being prioritized at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are being prioritized at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are being prioritized at
+different times I think that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times I think that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times I think that's one
+lesson we can learn when we can step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson we can learn when we can step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson we can learn when we can step
+back and and take in a kind of broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and and take in a kind of broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and and take in a kind of broader
+view a sample across a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a sample across a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a sample across a few different
+institutions um so it seems like physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions um so it seems like physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions um so it seems like physics
+getting younger too uh he was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting younger too uh he was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting younger too uh he was in the
+Swiss poch teenager the rangos into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss poch teenager the rangos into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss poch teenager the rangos into the
+20s ah so I'm not sure that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s ah so I'm not sure that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s ah so I'm not sure that's quite
+right offici so so I think the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right offici so so I think the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right offici so so I think the idea
+there is that a lot of people would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that a lot of people would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that a lot of people would just
+never leave Cambridge it's also still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leave Cambridge it's also still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never leave Cambridge it's also still
+true actually so the actual people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true actually so the actual people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true actually so the actual people
+competing to be Wranglers were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing to be Wranglers were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing to be Wranglers were basically
+undergraduates and usually on what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and usually on what was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and usually on what was a
+kind of canonical age for that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canonical age for that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canonical age for that but then
+a bunch of them would stay on in town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them would stay on in town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them would stay on in town
+the Wranglers would stay sometimes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers would stay sometimes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers would stay sometimes get
+fellowships to then do almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships to then do almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships to then do almost like a
+research Fellowship which some sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Fellowship which some sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Fellowship which some sometimes
+would be like grad school and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like grad school and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like grad school and sometimes
+wouldn't there's a whole tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't there's a whole tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't there's a whole tradition of
+never bothering to get a PhD from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never bothering to get a PhD from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never bothering to get a PhD from
+Cambridge they would they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge they would they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge they would they would be
+called mister they were at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mister they were at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mister they were at this point
+exclusively almost exclusively met they'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively almost exclusively met they'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively almost exclusively met they'
+be called Mis soand so even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called Mis soand so even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called Mis soand so even though they
+were on they were paid to do research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on they were paid to do research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on they were paid to do research
+full-time or they would kind of tutor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time or they would kind of tutor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time or they would kind of tutor
+tripo students while um pursuing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripo students while um pursuing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripo students while um pursuing their
+own later degrees so the wrangles many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own later degrees so the wrangles many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own later degrees so the wrangles many
+of them would hang around longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them would hang around longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them would hang around longer and
+they'd have the rangler title for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have the rangler title for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have the rangler title for life
+but the actual they had to sit for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual they had to sit for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual they had to sit for their
+for their exam in the Senate house when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their exam in the Senate house when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their exam in the Senate house when
+they were you know approximately 21 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know approximately 21 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know approximately 21 or
+22 typically uh so Heisenberg was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 typically uh so Heisenberg was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 typically uh so Heisenberg was was
+was was had like skipped grades in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was had like skipped grades in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was had like skipped grades in that
+sense he was finishing his his sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he was finishing his his sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he was finishing his his sort of
+brief PhD around the age of 22 um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief PhD around the age of 22 um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief PhD around the age of 22 um yeah
+anyway so some of you might know will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so some of you might know will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so some of you might know will
+come soon actually coming well not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come soon actually coming well not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come soon actually coming well not so
+soon a couple couple weeks we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon a couple couple weeks we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon a couple couple weeks we'll come to
+the work of uh the preeminent physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of uh the preeminent physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of uh the preeminent physicist
+Freeman Dyson who actually just passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman Dyson who actually just passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman Dyson who actually just passed
+away this past spring in his 90s Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this past spring in his 90s Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this past spring in his 90s Dyson
+was one of these British guys who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of these British guys who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of these British guys who just
+never got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got a
+PhD he was hired as a full professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD he was hired as a full professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD he was hired as a full professor at
+Cornell at like the age of 26 and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell at like the age of 26 and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell at like the age of 26 and he was
+Mr Dyson so I mean that that's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Dyson so I mean that that's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Dyson so I mean that that's that was
+a very kind of typical British like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very kind of typical British like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very kind of typical British like
+almost like in your face like I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like in your face like I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like in your face like I'm so
+good I don't even need that stupid grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I don't even need that stupid grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I don't even need that stupid grad
+school thing that's a separate kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school thing that's a separate kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school thing that's a separate kind of
+tradition we could talk about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition we could talk about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition we could talk about when we
+come back to to Freeman dice in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to to Freeman dice in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to to Freeman dice in a few
+weeks okay let me go on for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks okay let me go on for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks okay let me go on for the last
+part for for today unless there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for for today unless there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for for today unless there are any
+more questions on the uh on Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions on the uh on Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions on the uh on Heisenberg
+and Matrix mechanics um and again it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix mechanics um and again it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix mechanics um and again it it
+probably is is already obvious to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is is already obvious to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is is already obvious to you
+but just to say if parts of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to say if parts of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to say if parts of the kind of
+maneuvers Heisenberg does in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvers Heisenberg does in that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvers Heisenberg does in that paper
+that is in in on the reading for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in in on the reading for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in in on the reading for today
+if it's hard to follow all the ins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's hard to follow all the ins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's hard to follow all the ins and
+outs that paper first of all you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs that paper first of all you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs that paper first of all you're a
+good company it's hard even for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good company it's hard even for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good company it's hard even for today's
+physicists because it's just not how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists because it's just not how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists because it's just not how we
+do things today so it looks weird even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things today so it looks weird even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things today so it looks weird even
+to to the pros so that's okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the pros so that's okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the pros so that's okay and what
+and for our purposes I think what's Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our purposes I think what's Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our purposes I think what's Most
+Fascinating is really just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascinating is really just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascinating is really just the first
+opening steps this kind of Manifesto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening steps this kind of Manifesto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening steps this kind of Manifesto the
+kind of mock like Manifesto and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mock like Manifesto and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mock like Manifesto and then
+just this concentration on frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this concentration on frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this concentration on frequencies
+obey this empirical relation frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey this empirical relation frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey this empirical relation frequencies
+appear in an exponent let me follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in an exponent let me follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in an exponent let me follow that
+down that if if that much is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that if if that much is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that if if that much is clear
+that's what I hope will get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope will get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I hope will get out of the
+paper even though he goes into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper even though he goes into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper even though he goes into a little
+bit more detail and gets pretty uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail and gets pretty uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail and gets pretty uh a
+little more complicated after sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated after sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated after sort of
+page two don't don't worry about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two don't don't worry about that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two don't don't worry about that if
+it's hard to follow them H says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to follow them H says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to follow them H says it's
+cool how in the late 19th century in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool how in the late 19th century in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool how in the late 19th century in
+Britain a lot of leading physics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain a lot of leading physics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain a lot of leading physics was
+based on complicated mathematical models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on complicated mathematical models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on complicated mathematical models
+whereas Einstein at Heisenberg um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Einstein at Heisenberg um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Einstein at Heisenberg um who
+seem to have cared less about math than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have cared less about math than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have cared less about math than
+the Wranglers certainly at that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers certainly at that stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers certainly at that stage
+focus on unintuitive non-mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on unintuitive non-mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on unintuitive non-mathematical
+ideas that based on work I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that based on work I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that based on work I think that's
+true or at least there's a but this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or at least there's a but this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or at least there's a but this way
+there's a kind of spectrum I think then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of spectrum I think then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of spectrum I think then
+as now there's a range of ways that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as now there's a range of ways that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as now there's a range of ways that have
+proven to be productive in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be productive in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven to be productive in trying to
+learn about nature and isn't that a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about nature and isn't that a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about nature and isn't that a good
+thing and now I think we'd hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now I think we'd hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now I think we'd hopefully
+learn that lesson even more so if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that lesson even more so if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that lesson even more so if I get
+in the soap box for a second shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soap box for a second shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soap box for a second shouldn't
+we be working even harder to get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be working even harder to get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be working even harder to get even
+more perspectives and life experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perspectives and life experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perspectives and life experiences
+and and and people in the mix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and people in the mix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and people in the mix because
+because there's not one way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not one way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not one way to do this
+right and so shouldn't we work even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so shouldn't we work even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so shouldn't we work even
+harder than frankly we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than frankly we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than frankly we've been able to
+today to the we have today to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to the we have today to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to the we have today to increase
+the type the numbers of people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type the numbers of people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type the numbers of people and the
+types of people from whence they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people from whence they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people from whence they come
+with the whole grab bag of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole grab bag of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole grab bag of experience
+just for this lesson even we only look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this lesson even we only look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this lesson even we only look
+at very narrowly demographically a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very narrowly demographically a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very narrowly demographically a range
+of ways to succeed doesn't that lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to succeed doesn't that lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to succeed doesn't that lesson
+suggest even broader hope hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest even broader hope hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest even broader hope hopefully
+we'll keep that in mind not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep that in mind not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep that in mind not just for
+this term but beyond but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term but beyond but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term but beyond but it's a it's a
+great point I agree that there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point I agree that there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point I agree that there's there
+was there was more than one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was more than one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was more than one way to do
+pretty interesting an original work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting an original work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting an original work
+Circa 191 1920 and that's a lesson I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circa 191 1920 and that's a lesson I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circa 191 1920 and that's a lesson I
+think again we'll see uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again we'll see uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again we'll see uh through
+throughout this term okay good let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this term okay good let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this term okay good let me go
+for this last part because now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this last part because now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this last part because now we want
+to see what does heisen do once he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what does heisen do once he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what does heisen do once he knows
+that there are things called matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are things called matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are things called matrices in
+the world he keeps thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world he keeps thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world he keeps thinking about this
+course he's not done uh and so with Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he's not done uh and so with Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he's not done uh and so with Max
+borne's help he's clarified some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne's help he's clarified some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne's help he's clarified some of the
+basic mathematics what he had kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mathematics what he had kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mathematics what he had kind of
+stumbled into uh thinking about were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled into uh thinking about were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled into uh thinking about were
+these arrays of numbers like matrices he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of numbers like matrices he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of numbers like matrices he
+then had learned kind of bumbling on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had learned kind of bumbling on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had learned kind of bumbling on his
+own and then and with more formal help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and then and with more formal help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and then and with more formal help
+from uh from borne and geran that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from borne and geran that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from borne and geran that the
+outcome of Transformations depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of Transformations depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of Transformations depends on
+the order of operations these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of operations these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of operations these matrices
+don't commute now Heisenberg again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute now Heisenberg again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute now Heisenberg again is
+still trying to make sense of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to make sense of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to make sense of that kind
+of physically or conceptually it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically or conceptually it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically or conceptually it still
+doesn't kind of sit with him all at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't kind of sit with him all at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't kind of sit with him all at once
+so a few years later now in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few years later now in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few years later now in the spring
+of 1927 just two years after his his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1927 just two years after his his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1927 just two years after his his his
+trip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to
+heland he returns to boy Institute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heland he returns to boy Institute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heland he returns to boy Institute in
+Copenhagen for another visit basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen for another visit basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen for another visit basically
+kind of longer another post-doctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of longer another post-doctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of longer another post-doctoral
+visit now he's trying he's still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit now he's trying he's still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit now he's trying he's still kind of
+trying to make sense of of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sense of of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sense of of what this
+this non-commuting Matrix stuff might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-commuting Matrix stuff might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-commuting Matrix stuff might
+mean physically or conceptually and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physically or conceptually and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physically or conceptually and he
+returns to again a kind of simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to again a kind of simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to again a kind of simple um
+thought experiment one that he can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment one that he can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment one that he can kind
+of picture or visualize in his mind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture or visualize in his mind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture or visualize in his mind it
+comes to be known as the gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to be known as the gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to be known as the gamma ray
+microscope and he thinks about it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and he thinks about it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and he thinks about it really
+in these kind of cartoon-like forms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kind of cartoon-like forms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kind of cartoon-like forms so
+my cartoon here is I think like the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cartoon here is I think like the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cartoon here is I think like the kind
+at the level that I think Heisenberg was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level that I think Heisenberg was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level that I think Heisenberg was
+beginning to Grapple with is when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to Grapple with is when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to Grapple with is when he
+comes back to Copenhagen spring summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to Copenhagen spring summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to Copenhagen spring summer
+1920 27 so let's imagine we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 27 so let's imagine we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 27 so let's imagine we're trying to
+identify or measure the the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify or measure the the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify or measure the the location of
+an electron obviously electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron obviously electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron obviously electrons are
+small we can't just kind of look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can't just kind of look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can't just kind of look at them
+we have to use something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to use something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to use something like a
+microscope how do we see any small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope how do we see any small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope how do we see any small
+things or or characterize you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or or characterize you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or or characterize you know their
+positions we use a microscope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we use a microscope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we use a microscope so
+electrons are really small and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really small and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really small and so we
+have to use light of a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use light of a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use light of a particularly
+small wavelength which is to say a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small wavelength which is to say a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small wavelength which is to say a very
+high frequency and so we'd have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency and so we'd have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency and so we'd have to use
+something like gamma rays rays of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gamma rays rays of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gamma rays rays of light
+or beams of light that have particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beams of light that have particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beams of light that have particular
+small wavelengths on the comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small wavelengths on the comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small wavelengths on the comparable to
+the size of the thing we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the thing we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the thing we're actually
+trying to measure so how does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure so how does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure so how does our
+microscope work in general we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope work in general we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope work in general we have some
+object we're trying to resolve or trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we're trying to resolve or trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we're trying to resolve or trying
+to make an image of to sort of measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an image of to sort of measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an image of to sort of measure
+its location we shine light on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its location we shine light on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its location we shine light on it and
+collect the scattered light in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the scattered light in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the scattered light in our
+microscope that's that's what we do sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope that's that's what we do sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope that's that's what we do sort
+of generally so if we want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally so if we want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally so if we want to measure
+the position of this really tiny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this really tiny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this really tiny thing
+like an electron we'll do that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electron we'll do that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electron we'll do that we'll
+bounce light off of it we'll collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce light off of it we'll collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce light off of it we'll collect
+some of that scattered light in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that scattered light in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that scattered light in our
+device the electron is very small so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device the electron is very small so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device the electron is very small so to
+be a little sensible about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little sensible about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little sensible about the kind of
+light we'll use we'll have to use light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we'll use we'll have to use light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we'll use we'll have to use light
+of a wavelength that is at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wavelength that is at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wavelength that is at least as
+small as the object we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as the object we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as the object we're trying to
+measure now we have to have reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure now we have to have reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure now we have to have reasonable
+resolution we also have to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we also have to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we also have to keep in mind
+there's something called the resolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the resolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the resolving
+power of any actual Optical instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of any actual Optical instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of any actual Optical instrument
+it's related to defraction or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to defraction or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to defraction or sometimes
+it's called The defraction Limit some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called The defraction Limit some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called The defraction Limit some of
+you might have learned this even in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have learned this even in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have learned this even in kind
+of classical enm or Optics coursework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical enm or Optics coursework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classical enm or Optics coursework so
+any of the light that is scattered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the light that is scattered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the light that is scattered into
+our collecting device into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our collecting device into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our collecting device into our
+microscope has to fall within some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope has to fall within some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope has to fall within some kind
+of angular cone or aperture with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular cone or aperture with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular cone or aperture with some
+angle we could call Theta and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we could call Theta and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we could call Theta and it turns
+out if we try to squeeze down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we try to squeeze down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we try to squeeze down this
+aperture to be smaller and smaller if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture to be smaller and smaller if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture to be smaller and smaller if we
+squeeze Theta to be a smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze Theta to be a smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze Theta to be a smaller and
+smaller angle we actually we lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller angle we actually we lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller angle we actually we lose the
+ability to to make a sharp picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to make a sharp picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to make a sharp picture uh
+you have to get the sort of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get the sort of balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get the sort of balance
+right between the wavelength of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between the wavelength of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between the wavelength of light
+you use you want that to be small so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use you want that to be small so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use you want that to be small so in
+principle could differentiate small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could differentiate small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could differentiate small
+features of your target but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of your target but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of your target but you can't
+make your aperture too small or get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your aperture too small or get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your aperture too small or get a a
+fuzzed out a defraction limited image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzed out a defraction limited image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzed out a defraction limited image
+there a tradeoff an inverse trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a tradeoff an inverse trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a tradeoff an inverse trade-off
+that was known again even kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was known again even kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was known again even kind of
+classically in Optics if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically in Optics if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically in Optics if that's not
+familiar to you by the way you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you by the way you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you by the way you're you're
+in good company heiselberg almost failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company heiselberg almost failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company heiselberg almost failed
+his PhD qualifying exam because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD qualifying exam because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD qualifying exam because he
+couldn't remember the defraction limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't remember the defraction limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't remember the defraction limit
+for how actual microscopes work so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how actual microscopes work so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how actual microscopes work so he
+had forgotten this quite familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had forgotten this quite familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had forgotten this quite familiar
+classical result it stuck with him after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical result it stuck with him after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical result it stuck with him after
+that uh and so he was back on his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and so he was back on his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and so he was back on his mind
+uh in 1927 there's this tradeoff in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1927 there's this tradeoff in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1927 there's this tradeoff in what
+called resolving power proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resolving power proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resolving power proportional to
+the wavelength inversely proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength inversely proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength inversely proportional
+with a measure of the kind of aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a measure of the kind of aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a measure of the kind of aperture
+or angular size okay so the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or angular size okay so the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or angular size okay so the aperture
+will collect light the scattered light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collect light the scattered light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collect light the scattered light
+again with a range of scattered momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a range of scattered momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a range of scattered momentum
+right so not any old scattered Light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so not any old scattered Light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so not any old scattered Light
+Beam will fall into our device there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beam will fall into our device there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beam will fall into our device there'll
+be momenta whose Vector quantities fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be momenta whose Vector quantities fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be momenta whose Vector quantities fall
+within this kind of angular cone a cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this kind of angular cone a cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this kind of angular cone a cone
+of angular size Theta so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular size Theta so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular size Theta so that means
+these scattered photons in order to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scattered photons in order to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scattered photons in order to fall
+into our device could have any component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our device could have any component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our device could have any component
+in this direction I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction I'll call this
+vertical Direction now the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction now the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction now the X Direction
+trying to measure the X position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the X position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the X position of the
+electron in in this direction what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in in this direction what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in in this direction what's the
+component of the scattered photon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the scattered photon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the scattered photon's
+momentum that would enable that Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that would enable that Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that would enable that Photon
+to be captured by us in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be captured by us in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be captured by us in our
+device any component Delta PX uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device any component Delta PX uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device any component Delta PX uh within
+that that uh that falls within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that falls within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that falls within the
+aperture and that's just the S Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture and that's just the S Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture and that's just the S Theta
+component of our of our kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our of our kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our of our kind of
+hypotenuse here okay well now we just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse here okay well now we just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse here okay well now we just as
+Compton had already learned we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton had already learned we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton had already learned we've now
+just basically produced a collision a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically produced a collision a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically produced a collision a
+kind of two- body collision between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two- body collision between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two- body collision between an
+electron and a very high energy Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a very high energy Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a very high energy Photon
+so there'll be some recoil of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be some recoil of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be some recoil of the
+electron there'll be some scatter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there'll be some scatter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there'll be some scatter of the
+electron because it's just been smacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron because it's just been smacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron because it's just been smacked
+by some very high energy Photon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some very high energy Photon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some very high energy Photon so
+whatever the uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the uncertainty in the
+scattered momentum of the photon is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momentum of the photon is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momentum of the photon is will
+have a comparable uncertainty in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a comparable uncertainty in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a comparable uncertainty in the uh
+resulting momentum of the electron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting momentum of the electron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting momentum of the electron it
+will recoil just like in comptant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recoil just like in comptant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recoil just like in comptant
+scattering what's its recoil momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering what's its recoil momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering what's its recoil momentum
+well we can't identify that with perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can't identify that with perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can't identify that with perfect
+accuracy because we've clumped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy because we've clumped together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy because we've clumped together
+so to speak we've lost the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak we've lost the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak we've lost the ability to
+distinguish or differentiate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish or differentiate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish or differentiate among
+scattered momenta components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momenta components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momenta components of the
+scattered momenta within some cone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momenta within some cone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered momenta within some cone of
+angular size or width Theta so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular size or width Theta so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular size or width Theta so we have
+some uncertainty in this in the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty in this in the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty in this in the post
+scattering recoil momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering recoil momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering recoil momentum of the
+electron from a kind of compant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from a kind of compant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from a kind of compant
+scattering argument but now we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering argument but now we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering argument but now we know what
+that component is we can actually fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that component is we can actually fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that component is we can actually fill
+this in because using Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in because using Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in because using Einstein's
+arguments from photoelectric effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from photoelectric effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from photoelectric effect and
+so on again we saw this with the compon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on again we saw this with the compon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on again we saw this with the compon
+scattering um in the previous class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering um in the previous class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering um in the previous class or
+maybe two classes ago the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two classes ago the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two classes ago the actual
+momentum of that photon is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that photon is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that photon is given by
+Plank's constant divided by its W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's constant divided by its W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's constant divided by its W the
+wave length of the associated wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave length of the associated wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave length of the associated wave
+that's how Einstein began reasoning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how Einstein began reasoning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how Einstein began reasoning uh
+as we saw combining the kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw combining the kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw combining the kind of um
+pointing Vector kind of classical mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector kind of classical mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing Vector kind of classical mag
+electromagnetism with this notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism with this notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism with this notion that
+that photons are discret bundles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photons are discret bundles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photons are discret bundles of
+energy with energy AG new so now heisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with energy AG new so now heisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with energy AG new so now heisen
+says let's combine those things we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's combine those things we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's combine those things we can't
+make the resolving power which is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the resolving power which is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the resolving power which is say
+how fine a picture or how fine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fine a picture or how fine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fine a picture or how fine a
+determination of the location in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of the location in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of the location in space
+that electron is we can't make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is we can't make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is we can't make that
+arbitrarily small while also making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small while also making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small while also making the
+uncertainty in the scatter momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the scatter momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the scatter momentum
+arbitrarily small in fact if we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small in fact if we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small in fact if we multiply
+them together they're simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together they're simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together they're simultaneous
+values will cannot be made zero in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will cannot be made zero in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will cannot be made zero in fact
+the product is going to be roughly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is going to be roughly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is going to be roughly of
+order h planks constant if we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order h planks constant if we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order h planks constant if we make the
+aperture too small then we fuzz out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture too small then we fuzz out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture too small then we fuzz out our
+location information however by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information however by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information however by making
+the aperture not small enough we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture not small enough we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture not small enough we allow
+in M scattered momenta of a of a sizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M scattered momenta of a of a sizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M scattered momenta of a of a sizable
+range of components so we have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of components so we have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of components so we have this kind
+of seesaw tradeoff uh the the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seesaw tradeoff uh the the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seesaw tradeoff uh the the wavelength
+appears sort of opposite to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears sort of opposite to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears sort of opposite to each other
+between the resolving power and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resolving power and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the resolving power and the
+scatter momentum the Apert the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter momentum the Apert the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter momentum the Apert the effect of
+the aperture width is sort of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture width is sort of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture width is sort of one is
+downstairs one's upstairs so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs one's upstairs so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs one's upstairs so we can't
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+make both Delta X and Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both Delta X and Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both Delta X and Delta P
+arbitrarily small at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small at the same time and
+it gets there from thinking about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets there from thinking about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets there from thinking about we're
+operating on these things he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on these things he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on these things he thinks
+about this inspired by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inspired by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inspired by the fact that
+these matrices don't commute so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices don't commute so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices don't commute so the
+order in which we do things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which we do things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which we do things should
+matter what does it mean to be acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what does it mean to be acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what does it mean to be acting on
+this electron he goes to this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron he goes to this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron he goes to this physical
+kind of cartoon model so at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cartoon model so at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cartoon model so at first
+Heisenberg says this is really us being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg says this is really us being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg says this is really us being
+clumsy Heisenberg's own interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumsy Heisenberg's own interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumsy Heisenberg's own interpretation
+of his own uncertainty principle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own uncertainty principle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own uncertainty principle which
+he publishes in the spring of 1927 while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he publishes in the spring of 1927 while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he publishes in the spring of 1927 while
+while visiting in Copenhagen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while visiting in Copenhagen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while visiting in Copenhagen is
+basically we humans are big clumsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we humans are big clumsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we humans are big clumsy
+animals we can't help but disturb tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we can't help but disturb tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we can't help but disturb tiny
+little things like electrons after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things like electrons after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things like electrons after all
+we're the ones who released this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the ones who released this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the ones who released this kind of
+enormously energetic Light Beam on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously energetic Light Beam on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously energetic Light Beam on our
+poor little electron uh because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor little electron uh because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor little electron uh because we
+wanted to make a sharp picture but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a sharp picture but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a sharp picture but the
+energy scale of the light was comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of the light was comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of the light was comparable
+to the kind of relevant energies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of relevant energies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of relevant energies or
+momentum of the electron so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the electron so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the electron so we've
+intervened we've Disturbed this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened we've Disturbed this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened we've Disturbed this object
+so of course we can't make a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we can't make a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we can't make a clear
+picture he's talking about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture he's talking about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture he's talking about this in
+Copenhagen with bore and bour strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen with bore and bour strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen with bore and bour strongly
+strongly disagrees and here again I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly disagrees and here again I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly disagrees and here again I want
+to think back to that really quite uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think back to that really quite uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think back to that really quite uh I
+think very compelling piece by Megan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very compelling piece by Megan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very compelling piece by Megan
+Shields forato that I put on the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields forato that I put on the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields forato that I put on the reader
+I think just for the previous class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just for the previous class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just for the previous class
+things actually makes even more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually makes even more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually makes even more sense
+here again this tells us about how bour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again this tells us about how bour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again this tells us about how bour
+was operating all the time his entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was operating all the time his entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was operating all the time his entire
+career often with these young uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career often with these young uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career often with these young uh
+sometimes very Brash kind of alpha male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very Brash kind of alpha male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very Brash kind of alpha male
+style uh young assistants but also even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style uh young assistants but also even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style uh young assistants but also even
+more often with his with his uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often with his with his uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often with his with his uh very
+patient wife margara he's always working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient wife margara he's always working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient wife margara he's always working
+in dialogue he's always talking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dialogue he's always talking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dialogue he's always talking these
+through kind of these things through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through kind of these things through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through kind of these things through
+orally and sharpening his arguments like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally and sharpening his arguments like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally and sharpening his arguments like
+it's like it's like a championship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's like a championship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's like a championship
+debater and margareta was was in the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debater and margareta was was in the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debater and margareta was was in the mix
+from the start he's all Bor is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start he's all Bor is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start he's all Bor is also
+always doing that especially with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing that especially with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing that especially with his
+younger assistants people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger assistants people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger assistants people like
+Heisenberg that's what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg that's what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg that's what they do
+throughout the spring and summer of 1927
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the spring and summer of 1927
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the spring and summer of 1927
+Heisenberg comes excitedly to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg comes excitedly to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg comes excitedly to his
+advisor and Mentor bour almost a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor and Mentor bour almost a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor and Mentor bour almost a kind of
+father figure for Heisenberg by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father figure for Heisenberg by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father figure for Heisenberg by this
+point then he was boor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then he was boor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then he was boor
+uh look I've learned this new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look I've learned this new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look I've learned this new thing
+there's this trade-off because we humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this trade-off because we humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this trade-off because we humans
+can't treat the atomic realm with kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't treat the atomic realm with kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't treat the atomic realm with kind
+of uh enough kind of daintiness or or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh enough kind of daintiness or or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh enough kind of daintiness or or um
+you know with enough sufficient care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with enough sufficient care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with enough sufficient care and
+Bor says no you've misunderstood your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor says no you've misunderstood your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor says no you've misunderstood your
+own work there are shouting matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work there are shouting matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work there are shouting matches
+there are crying fits mostly heisenberg4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are crying fits mostly heisenberg4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are crying fits mostly heisenberg4
+there's name calling this becomes IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's name calling this becomes IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's name calling this becomes IM
+intensely emotional as they continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely emotional as they continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely emotional as they continue
+this kind of behind the-scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of behind the-scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of behind the-scenes
+discussion uh in Copenhagen really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh in Copenhagen really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh in Copenhagen really for
+weeks and weeks not just for a day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks not just for a day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks not just for a day or
+two and Contin throughout the spring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and Contin throughout the spring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and Contin throughout the spring and
+summer so Heiser BG and bore tussle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer so Heiser BG and bore tussle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer so Heiser BG and bore tussle over
+how to make sense of the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make sense of the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make sense of the exact same
+equation again we've seen this over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again we've seen this over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again we've seen this over and
+over again bore is not saying your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again bore is not saying your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again bore is not saying your math
+is wrong Bo is not saying I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong Bo is not saying I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong Bo is not saying I don't
+believe your expression or you're off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe your expression or you're off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe your expression or you're off by
+a factor of two Pi he says you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two Pi he says you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two Pi he says you're not
+interpreting your own mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting your own mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting your own mathematics
+correctly I make meaning of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I make meaning of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I make meaning of your
+expression differently than you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression differently than you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression differently than you do uh
+and Heisenberg uh doesn't is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Heisenberg uh doesn't is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Heisenberg uh doesn't is not a
+comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+discussion what bore argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion what bore argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion what bore argues
+instead uh is that this expression what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh is that this expression what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh is that this expression what
+We Now call the uncertainty principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Now call the uncertainty principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Now call the uncertainty principle is
+not a result of our interventions of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a result of our interventions of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a result of our interventions of our
+kind of clumsy interventions with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clumsy interventions with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clumsy interventions with small
+little fragile Quantum world but Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fragile Quantum world but Bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fragile Quantum world but Bor
+says it's actually about the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's actually about the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's actually about the quantum
+objects independent of ourselves it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects independent of ourselves it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects independent of ourselves it's
+something deep about how nature works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something deep about how nature works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something deep about how nature works on
+the scale of atoms he's now convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of atoms he's now convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of atoms he's now convinced
+himself that they simply do not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself that they simply do not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself that they simply do not and
+cannot have simultaneously sharp values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have simultaneously sharp values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have simultaneously sharp values
+for certain pairs of properties for sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain pairs of properties for sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain pairs of properties for sort
+of complementary pairs of properties one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complementary pairs of properties one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complementary pairs of properties one
+set of those pairs is position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of those pairs is position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of those pairs is position and
+momentum that's the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's the component of
+momentum in that same direction so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that same direction so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that same direction so Delta
+P subx here uh that that's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subx here uh that that's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subx here uh that that's one of these
+examples of the of a complementary pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the of a complementary pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the of a complementary pair
+of properties Delta X Delta pce of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties Delta X Delta pce of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties Delta X Delta pce of X
+they go on together to work out um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on together to work out um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on together to work out um a
+similar one would be the energy involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar one would be the energy involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar one would be the energy involved
+in a certain interaction Delta e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain interaction Delta e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain interaction Delta e and the
+time over which that interaction takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over which that interaction takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over which that interaction takes
+place that becomes another pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that becomes another pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that becomes another pair of
+complementary um Properties or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary um Properties or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary um Properties or
+quantities that can't be simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that can't be simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that can't be simultaneously
+um uh identified with arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identified with arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identified with arbitrary
+Precision so there's another version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so there's another version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so there's another version of
+the uncertainty principle Delta e delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle Delta e delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle Delta e delta
+T is of order or not less than roughly H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is of order or not less than roughly H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is of order or not less than roughly H
+so theor says that's something we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theor says that's something we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theor says that's something we have
+to learn about nature not about our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about nature not about our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about nature not about our own
+kind of clumsiness that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clumsiness that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clumsiness that the electron
+even before we smacked it with this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we smacked it with this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we smacked it with this high
+energy Photon simply did not have on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon simply did not have on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon simply did not have on its
+own simultaneously sharp values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own simultaneously sharp values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own simultaneously sharp values of
+position and momentum along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum along that
+direction even before it was smacked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction even before it was smacked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction even before it was smacked by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Photon so now that begins to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon so now that begins to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon so now that begins to lead to
+even broader kind of sprawling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even broader kind of sprawling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even broader kind of sprawling
+discussions much more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions much more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions much more kind of
+philosophically freighted discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically freighted discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically freighted discussions
+which they're still working out often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're still working out often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're still working out often
+during strolls in the gardens right near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during strolls in the gardens right near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during strolls in the gardens right near
+bores Institute in Copenhagen really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bores Institute in Copenhagen really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bores Institute in Copenhagen really
+again this occupies them throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this occupies them throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this occupies them throughout the
+spring and summer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and summer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and summer of
+1927 so if the uncertainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 so if the uncertainty principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 so if the uncertainty principle
+holds for object Quantum objects even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for object Quantum objects even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for object Quantum objects even on
+their own not just when we interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own not just when we interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own not just when we interact with
+them then they begin to puzzle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then they begin to puzzle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then they begin to puzzle through
+together there could be no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there could be no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there could be no such thing as
+a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp
+trajectory a specific path through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory a specific path through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory a specific path through space
+and time for Quantum objects after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time for Quantum objects after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time for Quantum objects after all
+what is a trajectory it's a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a trajectory it's a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a trajectory it's a collection
+at every moment in time of exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every moment in time of exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every moment in time of exactly where
+an object is and exactly where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object is and exactly where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object is and exactly where it's
+going and that's precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and that's precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and that's precisely what
+heisenbergs uncertainty principle seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisenbergs uncertainty principle seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisenbergs uncertainty principle seems
+not to allow us to attribute to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to allow us to attribute to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to allow us to attribute to things
+like an electron we make a trajectory by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electron we make a trajectory by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electron we make a trajectory by
+saying at this moment the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying at this moment the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying at this moment the electron is
+right here and it's moving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it's moving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it's moving in this
+specific Direction at this rate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Direction at this rate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Direction at this rate and so
+on that's what a trajectory is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's what a trajectory is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's what a trajectory is and the
+ingredients for trajectory are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients for trajectory are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients for trajectory are what
+we're now told by this unfolding work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now told by this unfolding work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now told by this unfolding work is
+simply not available to us because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not available to us because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not available to us because in
+nature at least according to bour these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature at least according to bour these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature at least according to bour these
+things were never sharp enough at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were never sharp enough at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were never sharp enough at any
+given moment so to bour at least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment so to bour at least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment so to bour at least and
+eventually to Heisenberg through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to Heisenberg through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to Heisenberg through this
+kind of to call it a dialogue is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to call it a dialogue is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to call it a dialogue is to is
+to paper over the emotion involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paper over the emotion involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paper over the emotion involved and
+the real struggle but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real struggle but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real struggle but eventually
+Heisenberg is kind of so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg is kind of so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg is kind of so to speak
+converted as well to this bore line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted as well to this bore line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted as well to this bore line it
+becomes known as the kind of Copenhagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as the kind of Copenhagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as the kind of Copenhagen
+interpretation because so much of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation because so much of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation because so much of is
+being worked out in boy's Institute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked out in boy's Institute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked out in boy's Institute in
+through these long walks in the gardens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these long walks in the gardens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these long walks in the gardens
+often with margara and with Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with margara and with Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with margara and with Heisenberg
+and paly and the younger U uh posts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paly and the younger U uh posts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paly and the younger U uh posts
+basically cycle through B's Institute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cycle through B's Institute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cycle through B's Institute so
+the bore the real lesson of heisen bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore the real lesson of heisen bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore the real lesson of heisen bone
+equation is that uh given some position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that uh given some position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that uh given some position
+of some object at some initial time say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some object at some initial time say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some object at some initial time say
+xit t KN like we would do even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xit t KN like we would do even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xit t KN like we would do even with
+Newtonian mechanics we can't know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics we can't know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics we can't know its
+position at some later time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at some later time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at some later time with
+certainty because to do that we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty because to do that we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty because to do that we'd have
+to know both its position and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know both its position and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know both its position and its
+simultaneous momentum uh to arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous momentum uh to arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous momentum uh to arbitrary
+accuracy so that's not just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that's not just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy so that's not just sort of
+interesting to bore this Heralds an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to bore this Heralds an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to bore this Heralds an
+amazing conceptual Revolution bore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing conceptual Revolution bore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing conceptual Revolution bore is
+always talking in this period in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking in this period in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking in this period in these
+kind of grand philosophical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of grand philosophical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of grand philosophical kind of
+sweeping statements and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping statements and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping statements and eventually
+people like Heisenberg and paly come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Heisenberg and paly come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Heisenberg and paly come
+along to that as well it suggests the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to that as well it suggests the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to that as well it suggests the
+fall of determinism this grand plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall of determinism this grand plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall of determinism this grand plan
+which stretches back to the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stretches back to the 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stretches back to the 18th century
+that given the present state of of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given the present state of of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given the present state of of uh a
+system and knowledge of all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and knowledge of all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and knowledge of all the things
+that are impacted it that used to seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are impacted it that used to seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are impacted it that used to seem
+at least in principle to be sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle to be sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle to be sufficient
+to protect with certainty to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect with certainty to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect with certainty to predict
+with certainty what would happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty what would happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty what would happen in the
+future uh and instead what bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh and instead what bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh and instead what bore
+eventually convinces Heisenberg of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually convinces Heisenberg of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually convinces Heisenberg of and
+many others is that that's simply no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others is that that's simply no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many others is that that's simply no
+longer possible that the whole notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer possible that the whole notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer possible that the whole notion of
+causality or of a causing b or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality or of a causing b or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality or of a causing b or of
+determinism I know this now therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism I know this now therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism I know this now therefore I
+can know with certainty what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know with certainty what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know with certainty what's going to
+happen later that starts to fall into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen later that starts to fall into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen later that starts to fall into a
+enormous amount of of uh challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of of uh challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of of uh challenge in
+the quantum realm given these arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum realm given these arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum realm given these arguments
+about things like uh the uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like uh the uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like uh the uncertain
+principes let me stop there we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principes let me stop there we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principes let me stop there we have a
+moment or two at least for questions s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or two at least for questions s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or two at least for questions s
+went on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on a little bit
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+um so uh let's see da says is this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh let's see da says is this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh let's see da says is this work
+really around the time of dey's work H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really around the time of dey's work H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really around the time of dey's work H
+oh very good so so very good so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh very good so so very good so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh very good so so very good so so uh
+Heisenberg knew a little bit about de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg knew a little bit about de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg knew a little bit about de
+bry's work but was not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bry's work but was not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bry's work but was not terribly
+influenced by it they were actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by it they were actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by it they were actually the
+first inklings were coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inklings were coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inklings were coming out
+independently and in parallel so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and in parallel so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and in parallel so when
+was working on what becomes known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working on what becomes known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working on what becomes known as
+Matrix mechanics de bry's thesis had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix mechanics de bry's thesis had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix mechanics de bry's thesis had
+been submitted to the sorban or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been submitted to the sorban or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been submitted to the sorban or whatever
+the Parisian University was but was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parisian University was but was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parisian University was but was not
+yet wiing known and in the coming months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet wiing known and in the coming months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet wiing known and in the coming months
+they get in touch and they begin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in touch and they begin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in touch and they begin of
+comparing notes as well and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing notes as well and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing notes as well and we'll
+actually talk more about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk more about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk more about the impact of
+dey's work in our in our next class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dey's work in our in our next class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dey's work in our in our next class uh
+and meanwhile da you say wasn't B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile da you say wasn't B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile da you say wasn't B's
+argument contrary as earlier work yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument contrary as earlier work yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument contrary as earlier work yes it
+certainly was so bore was not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was so bore was not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was so bore was not sort of
+stuck at One Moment In Time either B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at One Moment In Time either B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at One Moment In Time either B's
+work in 1913 depended on having very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in 1913 depended on having very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in 1913 depended on having very
+very specific trajectories in fact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific trajectories in fact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific trajectories in fact very
+simple ones an exact uniform circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ones an exact uniform circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ones an exact uniform circular
+motion he was convinced by Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion he was convinced by Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion he was convinced by Heisenberg
+you know a decade later that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a decade later that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a decade later that these
+things are not subject to Observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not subject to Observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not subject to Observation
+there kind of a leap that gets us into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of a leap that gets us into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of a leap that gets us into a
+model so B's own thinking was not kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so B's own thinking was not kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so B's own thinking was not kind
+of fixed only in 1913 or maybe you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed only in 1913 or maybe you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed only in 1913 or maybe you might
+say to his credit and then he was he dug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to his credit and then he was he dug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to his credit and then he was he dug
+in even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even
+more uh o over the course of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh o over the course of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh o over the course of that uh
+more recent work with people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work with people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work with people like
+Heisenberg to think that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg to think that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg to think that there was a
+bigger conceptual lesson that that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger conceptual lesson that that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger conceptual lesson that that they
+all had missed including him self so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had missed including him self so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had missed including him self so
+he's making his own break from his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making his own break from his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making his own break from his own
+work from 1913 as well Jes asked what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from 1913 as well Jes asked what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from 1913 as well Jes asked what's
+the competing interpretations of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competing interpretations of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competing interpretations of quantum
+mechanics other than Copenhagen yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics other than Copenhagen yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics other than Copenhagen yeah
+very good okay so let me pause on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay so let me pause on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay so let me pause on that
+both because um there's no time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because um there's no time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because um there's no time that's
+and also because we will talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also because we will talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also because we will talk a bit
+about some of that in the coming classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of that in the coming classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of that in the coming classes
+it's a huge question it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge question it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge question it's a great
+question one that's very dear to me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one that's very dear to me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one that's very dear to me uh
+and we'll get a little sampling at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get a little sampling at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get a little sampling at least
+uh in in a few class sessions a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a few class sessions a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a few class sessions a great
+question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qWYtrT4TeIs.txt b/qWYtrT4TeIs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9797e4979c4c0bd73b039e5bed36d0d657686fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qWYtrT4TeIs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I wanted to start today just by uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to start today just by uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to start today just by uh um
+finishing up a couple uh comment on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up a couple uh comment on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up a couple uh comment on a
+couple of additional things from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of additional things from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of additional things from the
+last lecture so last lecture we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture so last lecture we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture so last lecture we talked
+about find difference approximations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about find difference approximations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about find difference approximations in
+particular I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I talked about
+the most obvious approximation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious approximation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious approximation which is
+just from the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definition of the
+derivative for you approximate DF by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for you approximate DF by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for you approximate DF by
+you know F Prime F Prime of X DX our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know F Prime F Prime of X DX our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know F Prime F Prime of X DX our
+linear thing the exact derivative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear thing the exact derivative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear thing the exact derivative for
+infinitesimal DX by just f of x plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal DX by just f of x plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal DX by just f of x plus DX
+minus f of x for you know some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x for you know some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x for you know some finite
+Delta X not non-infin intestinal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X not non-infin intestinal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X not non-infin intestinal right
+and if you divide both sides by by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide both sides by by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide both sides by by Delta
+X you can the more familiar form was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you can the more familiar form was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you can the more familiar form was was
+this one's this this is a called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's this this is a called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's this this is a called the
+forward difference approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference approximation
+and we show that this has an error uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show that this has an error uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show that this has an error uh in
+it that goes decreases linearly with DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that goes decreases linearly with DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that goes decreases linearly with DX
+uh until uh until the experiment becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until uh until the experiment becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until uh until the experiment becomes
+really small and then becomes limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and then becomes limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and then becomes limited by
+roundoff errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors
+but I I wanted to mention that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I wanted to mention that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I wanted to mention that of course
+there are other ways of approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways of approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways of approximating
+derivatives by differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by differences
+some of which are are even more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are are even more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are are even more accurate
+they're called higher order find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called higher order find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called higher order find
+difference so the forward difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so the forward difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so the forward difference is
+our first order because the error goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first order because the error goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first order because the error goes
+linearly with with the X the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with with the X the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with with the X the most famous
+uh next Improvement would be approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next Improvement would be approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next Improvement would be approximate
+F Prime DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime DX
+by instead of f of x plus DX minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead of f of x plus DX minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead of f of x plus DX minus f of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+uh we take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+minus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX
+and since now you've basically doubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since now you've basically doubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since now you've basically doubled
+the interval because you're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval because you're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval because you're going from
+minus DX to plus DX you have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX to plus DX you have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX to plus DX you have to divide
+by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+or if if x is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if if x is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if if x is a scalar
+right so then you can just divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then you can just divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then you can just divide by
+Delta X this is the the second form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X this is the the second form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X this is the the second form is
+the more familiar form of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more familiar form of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more familiar form of of these
+Center difference approximations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center difference approximations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center difference approximations which
+is you divide both sides by Delta X it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you divide both sides by Delta X it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you divide both sides by Delta X it
+only works if Delta X is a scalar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works if Delta X is a scalar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works if Delta X is a scalar and
+you get F Prime is approximately f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get F Prime is approximately f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get F Prime is approximately f of x
+plus two DX minus f of x minus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two DX minus f of x minus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two DX minus f of x minus DX
+divided by 2 DX so again 2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 DX so again 2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 DX so again 2 because
+you're going from minus DX to plus DX so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from minus DX to plus DX so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from minus DX to plus DX so
+the overall interval is 2 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall interval is 2 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall interval is 2 DX
+so it turns out that the error in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that the error in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that the error in this
+case instead of going linearly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of going linearly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of going linearly with
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+quadratic I guess this should be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I guess this should be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic I guess this should be order
+Delta x squared I had left out the X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared I had left out the X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared I had left out the X I
+should I'll fix that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I'll fix that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I'll fix that later
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the reason it goes uh quadratically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it goes uh quadratically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it goes uh quadratically
+so this is called second order accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called second order accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called second order accurate
+you can derive it in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive it in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can derive it in a variety of ways
+but but one one way to derive it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but one one way to derive it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but one one way to derive it is you
+just you just plug in the Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just plug in the Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just plug in the Taylor
+expansion for f of x plus DX and f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for f of x plus DX and f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for f of x plus DX and f of x
+minus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX
+and what happens is because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is because this is
+symmetric right it's it's f of x plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right it's it's f of x plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right it's it's f of x plus DX
+minus f x minus DX all the terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f x minus DX all the terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f x minus DX all the terms with
+with even powers of Delta X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even powers of Delta X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even powers of Delta X in the
+Taylor series all cancel right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series all cancel right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series all cancel right because
+if it's an even power like remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an even power like remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an even power like remember the
+there's there's f f plus F Prime DX Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's f f plus F Prime DX Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's f f plus F Prime DX Plus
+F double Prime DX over 2 and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F double Prime DX over 2 and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F double Prime DX over 2 and so forth
+that's your Taylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your Taylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your Taylor series
+DX say F double Prime DX squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX say F double Prime DX squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX say F double Prime DX squared over
+two sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sorry
+anything with an even power of Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with an even power of Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with an even power of Delta X
+it doesn't matter if it's plus DX or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if it's plus DX or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if it's plus DX or
+minus DX it's the same thing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX it's the same thing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus DX it's the same thing when you
+square it or take the fourth power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it or take the fourth power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it or take the fourth power and
+so forth so when you subtract these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so when you subtract these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so when you subtract these two
+terms they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they cancel
+and so the error becomes the next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the error becomes the next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the error becomes the next next
+order term is assuming it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term is assuming it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term is assuming it's at least
+three times differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times differentiable
+um so in terms of this this uh Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in terms of this this uh Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in terms of this this uh Center
+difference formula the the error and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula the the error and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula the the error and the
+derivative goes like Delta x squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative goes like Delta x squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative goes like Delta x squared or
+If I multiply both sides by Delta X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply both sides by Delta X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply both sides by Delta X the
+error and the difference goes like Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the difference goes like Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the difference goes like Delta
+X cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X cubed
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um and we can check this we can plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can check this we can plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can check this we can plot it
+for sine X so I did this I I plot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sine X so I did this I I plot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sine X so I did this I I plot for
+sine X we're going to take approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X we're going to take approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X we're going to take approximate
+it at x equals one by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at x equals one by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at x equals one by either
+the first order different sine of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order different sine of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order different sine of one
+plus something minus sine of one over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something minus sine of one over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something minus sine of one over s
+or the SEC the center difference sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the SEC the center difference sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the SEC the center difference sine of
+1 plus s minus sine of 1 minus s over 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus s minus sine of 1 minus s over 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus s minus sine of 1 minus s over 2s
+uh I don't know why I called it s there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know why I called it s there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know why I called it s there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as I know plotted as a function of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know plotted as a function of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know plotted as a function of Delta
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and the for the for this is the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the for the for this is the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the for the for this is the forward
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+is the is the blue all right that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is the blue all right that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is the blue all right that goes
+proportional to the uh uh linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the uh uh linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the uh uh linearly
+without the X that's the the blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the X that's the the blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the X that's the the blue line
+is just a a plot of Delta X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a a plot of Delta X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a a plot of Delta X for
+reference linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference linear
+and the center difference is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center difference is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center difference is the the the
+the the the red dots they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the red dots they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the red dots they go
+quadratically with Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratically with Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratically with Delta X
+um and which is the and the the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which is the and the the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which is the and the the straight
+red line is just a it's just a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line is just a it's just a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line is just a it's just a parallel
+quadratic with Delta X of course again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with Delta X of course again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with Delta X of course again
+this is a log log scale so power laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a log log scale so power laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a log log scale so power laws
+turn into straight lines until and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into straight lines until and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into straight lines until and in
+both cases once they hit sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases once they hit sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases once they hit sort of the
+machine Precision uh the error starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Precision uh the error starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Precision uh the error starts
+getting worse if you make Delta X too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse if you make Delta X too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse if you make Delta X too
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+and in both cases you know so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in both cases you know so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in both cases you know so so you
+know you want so you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want so you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want so you want to have a
+Delta X that's that's small but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's that's small but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's that's small but not too
+small like 10 mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like 10 mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like 10 mice
+five in this case for the quadratic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in this case for the quadratic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in this case for the quadratic case
+there were 10 minus maybe 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 10 minus maybe 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 10 minus maybe 10 to the
+minus yeah five it was about where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yeah five it was about where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus yeah five it was about where they
+they uh this is uh the error is minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh this is uh the error is minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh this is uh the error is minimum
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+and there in fact there are even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in fact there are even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in fact there are even higher
+order differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differences
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can there if you if you take uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can there if you if you take uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can there if you if you take uh even
+more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points
+in some sense what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what you're doing is
+basically taking multiple points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking multiple points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking multiple points and
+fitting it to a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to a polynomial
+and taking the slope I'm from that so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking the slope I'm from that so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking the slope I'm from that so as
+you get to add even more and more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to add even more and more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to add even more and more points
+you can fit to higher and higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit to higher and higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit to higher and higher order
+degree polynomials and get higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polynomials and get higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polynomials and get higher order
+difference formulas that give even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formulas that give even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formulas that give even
+smaller area for the for the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller area for the for the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller area for the for the same size
+of Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta X
+another even fancier thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another even fancier thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another even fancier thing to do
+um is you can start with just a a a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you can start with just a a a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you can start with just a a a some
+Delta X and then compute a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and then compute a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and then compute a sequence of
+Delta X is that you keep like dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is that you keep like dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is that you keep like dividing
+it by two or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two or something
+and each time you divide it by two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time you divide it by two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time you divide it by two you
+fit it to a higher degree polynomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit it to a higher degree polynomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit it to a higher degree polynomial and
+you're extrapolating the slope to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're extrapolating the slope to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're extrapolating the slope to to
+Delta x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x equals zero
+and it turns out there's a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out there's a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out there's a way to do
+this adaptively so you keep decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adaptively so you keep decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adaptively so you keep decreasing
+Delta X by say a factor of two and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X by say a factor of two and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X by say a factor of two and you
+go to higher in a higher ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to higher in a higher ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to higher in a higher ordered
+polynomials but there's a way to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials but there's a way to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials but there's a way to watch
+um this and figure out that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this and figure out that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this and figure out that at some
+point when Delta xq is too small you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when Delta xq is too small you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when Delta xq is too small you can
+notice that the error is getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the error is getting worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the error is getting worse
+and you can stop so you can adaptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can stop so you can adaptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can stop so you can adaptively
+find like the optimal Delta X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the optimal Delta X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the optimal Delta X and the
+optimal order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal order
+to extract extrapolate as accurately as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract extrapolate as accurately as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract extrapolate as accurately as
+possible and the fancy version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the fancy version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the fancy version of this
+is called Richardson extrapolation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Richardson extrapolation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Richardson extrapolation so
+it's a really nice technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really nice technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really nice technique for
+extrapolating functions I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating functions I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating functions I'm not going to
+go into it in more detail but it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into it in more detail but it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into it in more detail but it's a fun
+thing to look up there's I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to look up there's I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to look up there's I have a
+package for it Julia and there's a Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package for it Julia and there's a Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package for it Julia and there's a Julia
+package called find a differences.jl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package called find a differences.jl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package called find a differences.jl
+that has zillions of different find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has zillions of different find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has zillions of different find
+difference formulas including Richardson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formulas including Richardson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formulas including Richardson
+extrapolation they can get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation they can get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation they can get you know
+pretty high order accuracy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high order accuracy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high order accuracy but
+anyway so I wanted to mention those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I wanted to mention those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I wanted to mention those and
+the other thing I wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to mention
+was what happens when you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happens when you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happens when you go to higher
+Dimensions so so higher dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so so higher dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so so higher dimensional
+inputs so suppose instead of just an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so suppose instead of just an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so suppose instead of just an X
+as a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+um X is a vector or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X is a vector or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X is a vector or something like that
+so of course this this formula still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course this this formula still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course this this formula still
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+right we can still approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can still approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can still approximate
+F Prime DX by f of x plus DX minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime DX by f of x plus DX minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime DX by f of x plus DX minus f of
+x and there are still higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and there are still higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and there are still higher order
+versions as well right we can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions as well right we can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions as well right we can no longer
+divide by DX but that's not a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by DX but that's not a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by DX but that's not a big deal
+um but each find a difference if x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but each find a difference if x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but each find a difference if x is a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+each find a difference basically only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each find a difference basically only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each find a difference basically only
+gives you the the the the derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the the the the derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the the the the derivative in
+One Direction in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction in that space
+so think of uh you know if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of uh you know if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of uh you know if for example
+if f is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is a scalar
+a scalar valued function at X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar valued function at X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar valued function at X is a
+vector then what you really want is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then what you really want is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then what you really want is the
+gradient right and every component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right and every component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right and every component of
+the gradient is a is the derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a is the derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a is the derivative in
+One Direction in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction in that space
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+but every finite difference only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every finite difference only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every finite difference only
+effectively gives you one component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively gives you one component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively gives you one component of
+the can give you one component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can give you one component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can give you one component of the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+right you can only give the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can only give the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can only give the the
+derivative in that direction DX so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in that direction DX so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in that direction DX so if
+you want the derivative in all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the derivative in all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the derivative in all possible
+directions and X is n dimensional you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and X is n dimensional you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and X is n dimensional you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+N Final differences so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Final differences so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Final differences so for example if
+you want every if if x is in RN and F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want every if if x is in RN and F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want every if if x is in RN and F is
+a scalar and you want every component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar and you want every component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar and you want every component of
+the gradient and has n components you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient and has n components you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient and has n components you
+want each one of those partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want each one of those partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want each one of those partial
+derivatives each one of those is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives each one of those is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives each one of those is a
+separate find a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate find a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate find a difference
+all right so you need N Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you need N Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you need N Final
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+and so that what happens is this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that what happens is this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that what happens is this gets
+very expensive so if you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive so if you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive so if you have three
+parameters fine you need three defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters fine you need three defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters fine you need three defined
+differences but if you have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but if you have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but if you have a million
+parameters then you need to take a find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters then you need to take a find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters then you need to take a find
+differences a million times you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences a million times you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences a million times you need a
+million different Delta X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different Delta X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different Delta X's
+and if f is a very expensive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if f is a very expensive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if f is a very expensive function
+like evaluating a neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evaluating a neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evaluating a neural network
+and this is horrible right evaluating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is horrible right evaluating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is horrible right evaluating a
+neural network a million times is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network a million times is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network a million times is very
+expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so
+so the net result is that in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net result is that in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net result is that in high
+Dimensions you this becomes incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you this becomes incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you this becomes incredibly
+impractical uh to compute final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical uh to compute final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical uh to compute final
+differences if you really want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences if you really want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences if you really want all the
+derivatives all all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives all all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives all all the all the
+derivatives in all directions which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in all directions which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in all directions which you
+want for things like optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for things like optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for things like optimization
+so you really really need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really really need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really really need to do
+um derivatives analytically uh in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivatives analytically uh in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivatives analytically uh in high
+dimensions in order for for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in order for for this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in order for for this to be
+practical for things like machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical for things like machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical for things like machine
+learning optimize optimizing neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning optimize optimizing neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning optimize optimizing neural
+networks to be practical that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks to be practical that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks to be practical that's the only
+way to get that you know a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get that you know a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get that you know a million
+derivatives efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives efficiently
+on the other hand they're still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they're still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they're still very
+useful as a check right so as a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as a check right so as a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as a check right so as a check
+you know it like like if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it like like if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it like like if you're if
+you're developing your own derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing your own derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing your own derivatives
+like for example if you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example if you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example if you're doing your
+homework problems and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems and some of those
+functions it's not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's not so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's not so easy to
+derivatives you know you might think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you know you might think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you know you might think in
+in 1801 derivatives are easy but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1801 derivatives are easy but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1801 derivatives are easy but when
+the functions get more complicated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions get more complicated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions get more complicated you
+have vectors in vectors out or vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vectors in vectors out or vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vectors in vectors out or vectors
+in matrices out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrices out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrices out
+probably you're saying it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're saying it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're saying it's not not
+always so easy to to get the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so easy to to get the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so easy to to get the derivative
+and be confident you did all the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be confident you did all the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be confident you did all the chain
+rules and product rules correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and product rules correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and product rules correctly
+right so it's really really useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really really useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really really useful to
+check it and I definitely encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it and I definitely encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it and I definitely encourage you
+in homework to check it and you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homework to check it and you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homework to check it and you can very
+easily check it just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily check it just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily check it just by
+basically just Computing a few random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just Computing a few random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just Computing a few random
+directions so to choose choose Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so to choose choose Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so to choose choose Delta X
+as a random Vector that's small do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random Vector that's small do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random Vector that's small do it a
+few times if if that matches to several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times if if that matches to several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times if if that matches to several
+decimal places your F Prime DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places your F Prime DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places your F Prime DX
+that's a pretty good sign that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty good sign that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty good sign that you
+didn't make a mistake right it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a mistake right it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a mistake right it's it's
+very unlikely that if you have a bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that if you have a bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that if you have a bug
+that it will just happen to be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will just happen to be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will just happen to be correct
+to six decimal places in some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six decimal places in some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six decimal places in some random
+Direction in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in space
+okay so so I I just wanted to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I I just wanted to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I I just wanted to start with
+that so any questions about final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any questions about final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any questions about final
+differences before I'm going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences before I'm going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences before I'm going to move on
+to a completely different topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now
+is is talk more about gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is talk more about gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is talk more about gradients
+and I want to generalize gradients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to generalize gradients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to generalize gradients to
+higher dimensional problems so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional problems so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional problems so so we
+already The Familiar gradient from 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already The Familiar gradient from 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already The Familiar gradient from 1802
+is when you have a function that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a function that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a function that takes a
+scalar in sorry a vector in and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar in sorry a vector in and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar in sorry a vector in and gives
+you a scalar out so and just uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a scalar out so and just uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a scalar out so and just uh where
+the vector is just like an N component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is just like an N component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is just like an N component
+column Vector right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector right and then the
+gradient is you know you is an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is you know you is an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is you know you is an N
+component column Vector you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component column Vector you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component column Vector you know it's
+it's a component a vector of partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a component a vector of partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a component a vector of partial F
+partial X1 partial F partial X2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X1 partial F partial X2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X1 partial F partial X2 and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+all right and in this class we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and in this class we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and in this class we try and
+think of it more holistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it more holistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it more holistically
+uh that that you know we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that you know we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that you know we have the the
+differential DF is f of x plus DX minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential DF is f of x plus DX minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential DF is f of x plus DX minus
+f of x so this is just review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x so this is just review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x so this is just review
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+our derivative is is the linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivative is is the linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivative is is the linear operator
+that takes in the DX and gives you DF to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in the DX and gives you DF to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in the DX and gives you DF to
+first order so this this linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order so this this linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order so this this linear operator
+takes in a vector DX and gives you out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a vector DX and gives you out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a vector DX and gives you out a
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+uh so we sometimes call that a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we sometimes call that a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we sometimes call that a linear
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+something that takes a vector in and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes a vector in and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes a vector in and a
+scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar out
+and if this is a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is a column vector
+an N component column Vector it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N component column Vector it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N component column Vector it's pretty
+easy to see that the only linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see that the only linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see that the only linear
+operator that takes a column Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that takes a column Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that takes a column Vector in
+and gives a scalar out is multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives a scalar out is multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives a scalar out is multiplying by
+a row Vector is or equivalently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector is or equivalently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector is or equivalently is
+taking a DOT product of DX with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a DOT product of DX with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a DOT product of DX with some
+vector and that thing we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that thing we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that thing we call the
+gradient so this F Prime of X is then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so this F Prime of X is then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so this F Prime of X is then a
+row Vector it's the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector it's the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector it's the transpose of the
+gradient and the gradient or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the gradient or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the gradient or the
+equivalent of the gradient is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the gradient is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the gradient is the thing
+you take the dot product of DX with to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the dot product of DX with to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the dot product of DX with to
+get DF right and this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DF right and this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DF right and this is equivalent to
+the 1802 definition of gradient but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 definition of gradient but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 definition of gradient but what
+I want to do today is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do today is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do today is talk about
+generalizing this to other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing this to other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing this to other kinds of
+vector spaces to where X is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces to where X is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces to where X is not
+necessarily a column Vector but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a column Vector but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a column Vector but some
+other kind of vector but we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of vector but we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of vector but we still have a
+scalar valued function so we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar valued function so we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar valued function so we're still
+going to generalize this to to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generalize this to to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generalize this to to we're
+still talking about scalar value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about scalar value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about scalar value
+functions for example a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for example a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for example a function that
+takes a matrix in and gives you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a matrix in and gives you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a matrix in and gives you a number
+out so for example a determinant is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so for example a determinant is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so for example a determinant is a is
+a function that takes a matrix in but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that takes a matrix in but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that takes a matrix in but it
+gives you a scalar out and can we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a scalar out and can we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a scalar out and can we talk
+about the gradient of of such a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gradient of of such a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gradient of of such a function
+what is the gradient of a determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the gradient of a determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the gradient of a determinant
+and so we'd love we'd like to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd love we'd like to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd love we'd like to have it
+this the same kind of thing where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same kind of thing where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same kind of thing where it's
+some kind of dot product and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of dot product and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of dot product and where the
+gradient is of the same shape as X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is of the same shape as X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is of the same shape as X right
+so if x is a column Vector here event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if x is a column Vector here event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if x is a column Vector here event
+components the gradient is a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the gradient is a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the gradient is a column
+vector and this is going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this is going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this is going to be really
+important soon when you start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important soon when you start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important soon when you start talking
+about optimization because then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization because then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization because then you can
+think of the gradient as the uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the gradient as the uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the gradient as the uphill
+direction for the function so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for the function so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for the function so if you
+want to make a function bigger you go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a function bigger you go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a function bigger you go in
+the direction of the gradient that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient that's a
+pill if you want to make a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill if you want to make a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill if you want to make a function
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+you go in the opposite direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in the opposite direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in the opposite direction of the
+gradient that's downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's downhill
+so how do we generalize this to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we generalize this to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we generalize this to other
+kinds of things that are that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that are that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that are that are not
+just n component column vectors and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n component column vectors and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n component column vectors and not
+the familiar 1802 gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar 1802 gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar 1802 gradient
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I think it's pretty easy to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty easy to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty easy to what we
+basically want the same kind of thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want the same kind of thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want the same kind of thing we
+if x lives in some arbitrary Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x lives in some arbitrary Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x lives in some arbitrary Vector
+space and we have a scalar function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we have a scalar function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we have a scalar function that
+takes X in that Vector space and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes X in that Vector space and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes X in that Vector space and gives
+you a number out a real where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number out a real where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number out a real where
+everything's real uh in our class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's real uh in our class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's real uh in our class right
+now so all our scalars are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so all our scalars are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so all our scalars are real numbers
+so it takes so it's a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes so it's a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes so it's a linear operator
+that takes a DX you know a vector in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a DX you know a vector in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a DX you know a vector in and
+gives you a scalar out and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a scalar out and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a scalar out and we want to
+define a gradient what we want is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a gradient what we want is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a gradient what we want is we
+wanted to find this as some kind of dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find this as some kind of dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find this as some kind of dot
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to do that
+we need to define a DOT product for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a DOT product for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a DOT product for our
+Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space
+so in general gradients we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general gradients we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general gradients we're going to
+be able to Define gradients any time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to Define gradients any time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to Define gradients any time we
+have a vector space we have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector space we have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector space we have a scalar
+value function and we have a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function and we have a DOT product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function and we have a DOT product
+on the vector space so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vector space so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vector space so we need to
+generalize our notion of a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize our notion of a DOT product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize our notion of a DOT product
+to other kinds of vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of vector spaces
+so first of all let me let me just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all let me let me just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all let me let me just give
+you the def the general definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the def the general definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the def the general definition of
+what of a DOT product so it usually once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of a DOT product so it usually once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of a DOT product so it usually once
+you generalize it to other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generalize it to other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generalize it to other kind of
+vector spaces you don't call it dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces you don't call it dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces you don't call it dot
+product anymore people call it an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product anymore people call it an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product anymore people call it an inner
+product but you know dot product is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but you know dot product is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but you know dot product is a
+perfectly good colloquial name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good colloquial name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good colloquial name for that
+but you know the the the the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the the the the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the the the the pure
+mathematicians will look at you sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians will look at you sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians will look at you sideways
+a little bit if you call it a DOT potty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit if you call it a DOT potty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit if you call it a DOT potty
+call it called an inner product okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it called an inner product okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it called an inner product okay so
+an inner product or a DOT product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product or a DOT product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product or a DOT product is
+some rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule
+that takes two vectors in our space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes two vectors in our space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes two vectors in our space
+called it X and Y and again this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it X and Y and again this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it X and Y and again this is some
+general Vector space so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Vector space so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Vector space so it could be
+column vectors but it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors but it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors but it could also be
+matrices or something even even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or something even even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices or something even even more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+and it's a rule that gives you a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a rule that gives you a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a rule that gives you a scalar
+out of them and we can denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them and we can denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them and we can denote that
+instead of 1802 style or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1802 style or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1802 style or or
+um or you know freshman physics style as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you know freshman physics style as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you know freshman physics style as
+x dot y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot y
+all right that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's it
+um more commonly in in pure math they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more commonly in in pure math they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more commonly in in pure math they
+often use angle brackets so they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use angle brackets so they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use angle brackets so they would
+denote this this thing by angle X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this this thing by angle X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this this thing by angle X comma
+y well I just wrote it here in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well I just wrote it here in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well I just wrote it here in in
+quantum mechanics and physics they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and physics they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and physics they like
+this braquette notation where they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this braquette notation where they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this braquette notation where they use
+angle brackets but they put a a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle brackets but they put a a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle brackets but they put a a vertical
+bar in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in between
+and although there's some complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although there's some complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although there's some complications
+there they really call the the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they really call the the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they really call the the vectors
+they call them x with the with brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call them x with the with brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call them x with the with brackets
+around them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them but
+I'm not going to worry about that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to worry about that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to worry about that too
+much but you may have seen this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but you may have seen this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but you may have seen this is an
+inner product this is an inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product this is an inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product this is an inner product
+this is an inner product I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an inner product I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an inner product I'm just going
+to use dots uh in this class just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use dots uh in this class just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use dots uh in this class just to
+keep it kind of Elementary looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it kind of Elementary looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it kind of Elementary looking
+right so it's a rule that takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a rule that takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a rule that takes two
+vectors and gives you a number out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and gives you a number out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and gives you a number out a
+scalar out in our right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar out in our right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar out in our right now we're
+dealing with just real Vector spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with just real Vector spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with just real Vector spaces so
+our scalar is going to be real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scalar is going to be real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scalar is going to be real numbers
+and it has to have certain properties to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to have certain properties to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to have certain properties to
+be a DOT product it has basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a DOT product it has basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a DOT product it has basically you
+need certain to base certain rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need certain to base certain rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need certain to base certain rules so
+that you can do like the familiar rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do like the familiar rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do like the familiar rules
+of algebra with it that you do with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra with it that you do with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra with it that you do with like
+your familiar dot products you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your familiar dot products you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your familiar dot products you want it
+to work those algebraic rules to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work those algebraic rules to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work those algebraic rules to work
+with your dot products on whatever crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your dot products on whatever crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your dot products on whatever crazy
+Vector space you have and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space you have and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space you have and it turns out
+you really just need three rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just need three rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just need three rules so
+first of all we wanted to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we wanted to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we wanted to be symmetric
+so the rule should be that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule should be that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule should be that should
+satisfy that x dot y equals y dot X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that x dot y equals y dot X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that x dot y equals y dot X for
+any any X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any X and Y
+if these are complex numbers then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are complex numbers then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are complex numbers then you
+need a complex conjugate uh over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a complex conjugate uh over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a complex conjugate uh over over
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but uh yeah you know since this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh yeah you know since this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh yeah you know since this is uh
+real numbers I'm the only thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers I'm the only thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers I'm the only thing with
+real numbers I can just say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers I can just say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers I can just say it's
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+just keep in mind if you ever work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep in mind if you ever work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep in mind if you ever work with
+complex numbers there is a conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers there is a conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers there is a conjugation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay second
+uh and of course our familiar dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course our familiar dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course our familiar dot
+product certainly is symmetric right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product certainly is symmetric right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product certainly is symmetric right
+to multiply the components and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the components and add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the components and add them
+up right that that's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right that that's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right that that's symmetric
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+it has to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be linear
+and so that means if for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means if for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means if for example if you
+take the dot product of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dot product of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dot product of x
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+alpha y plus beta Z and as usual Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha y plus beta Z and as usual Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha y plus beta Z and as usual Greek
+letters mean scalars here then that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters mean scalars here then that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters mean scalars here then that has
+to be the same thing as Alpha times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same thing as Alpha times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same thing as Alpha times x
+dot y plus beta times x dot Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot y plus beta times x dot Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot y plus beta times x dot Z
+right and again The Familiar dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again The Familiar dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again The Familiar dot product
+is certainly linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly linear
+and since it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's symmetric
+uh this also means it's linear I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this also means it's linear I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this also means it's linear I wrote
+it down here it is linear in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down here it is linear in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down here it is linear in the second
+argument but from rule number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but from rule number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but from rule number one
+uh you you can always swap the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can always swap the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can always swap the second
+argument for the first argument it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the first argument it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the first argument it means
+it's also linear in the first argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also linear in the first argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also linear in the first argument
+okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any
+and the third rule that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third rule that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third rule that it has to
+satisfy if we want to call it an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy if we want to call it an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy if we want to call it an inner
+product is it has to be not non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is it has to be not non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is it has to be not non-negative
+so if you take the dot product of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the dot product of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the dot product of a
+vector with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with itself
+we're going to call that the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that the norm of the
+vector squared so the norm of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared so the norm of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared so the norm of the vector
+is the square root of of this so This x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of of this so This x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of of this so This x
+dot itself is Norm squared to just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot itself is Norm squared to just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot itself is Norm squared to just just
+like the familiar dot product the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the familiar dot product the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the familiar dot product the dot
+product itself is the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product itself is the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product itself is the length of the
+vector squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector squared
+that length had better not be a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length had better not be a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length had better not be a negative
+number right so we're going to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so we're going to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so we're going to record
+make sure we're going to require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're going to require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're going to require that
+any anything if it wants to call itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything if it wants to call itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything if it wants to call itself
+an inner product x dot itself has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product x dot itself has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product x dot itself has to be
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+and furthermore it can only equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore it can only equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore it can only equal zero
+if x if and only if x equals zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x if and only if x equals zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x if and only if x equals zero so the
+zero Vector every Vector space must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector every Vector space must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector every Vector space must have
+a zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero vector
+right and the zero Vector its length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the zero Vector its length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the zero Vector its length and
+better be zero and it'd better be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero and it'd better be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero and it'd better be the
+only Vector that has a length of zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Vector that has a length of zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Vector that has a length of zero so
+ever and if you have these three rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and if you have these three rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and if you have these three rules
+then you can you can call it an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you can call it an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you can call it an inner
+product and any questions on these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and any questions on these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and any questions on these rules
+yet and I'm going to give some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and I'm going to give some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and I'm going to give some examples
+in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is an inner product and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an inner product and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an inner product and so
+now just for terminology I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just for terminology I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just for terminology I'm not going
+to use this terminology much but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this terminology much but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this terminology much but if you
+have a continuous Vector space so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous Vector space so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous Vector space so as we
+you know you know what a vector space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what a vector space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what a vector space is
+so if you add an inner product and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you add an inner product and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you add an inner product and it's
+a continuous Vector space so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Vector space so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Vector space so it's like
+oh the real numbers and you can vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the real numbers and you can vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the real numbers and you can vary the
+vectors smoothly people call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors smoothly people call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors smoothly people call this a
+Hilbert space so if you ever hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space so if you ever hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space so if you ever hear that
+term don't get scared it just means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term don't get scared it just means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term don't get scared it just means you
+have a vector space and you have a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector space and you have a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector space and you have a DOT
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+right and so now we can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now we can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now we can define a
+gradient so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so if you have
+a scalar function that takes a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar function that takes a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar function that takes a vector in
+and gives you a scalar out but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out but this
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+Vector space has a DOT product so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space has a DOT product so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space has a DOT product so it's a
+Hilbert space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space right
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what is the derivative must be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative must be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative must be a linear
+a linear function that takes a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear function that takes a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear function that takes a vector in
+and gives you a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out
+and it turns out that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that if you're
+if you're in a vector space and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a vector space and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a vector space and you have
+a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product
+and you have a linear function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a linear function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a linear function that
+takes is called a linear form that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes is called a linear form that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes is called a linear form that takes
+a vector in and a vector out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in and a vector out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in and a vector out
+every linear form must be of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every linear form must be of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every linear form must be of the form
+the dot product of some vector with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of some vector with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of some vector with the
+X this is always true so we so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is always true so we so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is always true so we so this is
+certainly true for column vectors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true for column vectors for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true for column vectors for a
+column Vector if it takes a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector if it takes a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector if it takes a column
+Vector n gives you a a number out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector n gives you a a number out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector n gives you a a number out it
+must be a DOT product or something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a DOT product or something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a DOT product or something it
+turns out this is true in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is true in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is true in general for
+any Hilbert space any Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Hilbert space any Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Hilbert space any Vector space
+within your product if you have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your product if you have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your product if you have a linear
+function Vector in number out it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Vector in number out it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Vector in number out it must be
+a DOT product with something this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product with something this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product with something this the
+this is called the rice representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the rice representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the rice representation
+theorem uh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh by the way
+I I feel like I spelled rice wrong maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel like I spelled rice wrong maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel like I spelled rice wrong maybe
+it's I think it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's easy
+yes I think it's c z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it's c z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think it's c z
+um uh it's a rise representation oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's a rise representation oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's a rise representation oh
+let's double check or is it zc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I think it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think it's easy
+one of those it's his names I can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those it's his names I can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those it's his names I can never
+remember so yeah so if this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so yeah so if this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so yeah so if this is the right
+the right famous theorem called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right famous theorem called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right famous theorem called the
+right representation theorem but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right representation theorem but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right representation theorem but it's
+kind of an intuitive thing right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an intuitive thing right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an intuitive thing right if you
+think of column vectors it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of column vectors it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of column vectors it's very
+intuitive right if you have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right if you have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right if you have a linear
+rule column Vector to number it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule column Vector to number it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule column Vector to number it must be
+a DOT product it turns out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product it turns out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product it turns out this is
+always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true
+this must be a DOT product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a DOT product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a DOT product with
+something and we call that thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we call that thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we call that thing the
+gradient so the gr so so the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gr so so the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gr so so the gradient
+for any Vector space any scalar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Vector space any scalar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Vector space any scalar function
+of any Vector space with an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any Vector space with an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any Vector space with an inner
+product is the thing you take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the thing you take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the thing you take the dot
+product with to get to get your your DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with to get to get your your DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with to get to get your your DF
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh our DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our DF
+right and so it's always something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's always something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's always something that
+has kind of the same shape as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of the same shape as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of the same shape as X
+okay so let me just do some examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just do some examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just do some examples so
+they of course the the example The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they of course the the example The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they of course the the example The
+Familiar example is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Familiar example is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Familiar example is just a
+um you know our Vector space is just RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know our Vector space is just RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know our Vector space is just RN
+so it's n component uh column vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+and then our DOT product is just uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our DOT product is just uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our DOT product is just uh you
+know x dot Y is X transpose y That's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know x dot Y is X transpose y That's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know x dot Y is X transpose y That's our
+familiar dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well I should say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I should say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I should say this is the
+I shouldn't say therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say therefore
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is this is the familiar euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the familiar euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the familiar euclidean
+it's not the only possible dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only possible dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only possible dot product
+uh euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there there are actually other dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are actually other dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are actually other dot
+products right you could also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right you could also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right you could also have this
+so this is this is um you know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is um you know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is um you know what what
+is this this is basically uh X1 y1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is basically uh X1 y1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is basically uh X1 y1 plus
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 X2 Y2 plus dot dot all right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X2 Y2 plus dot dot all right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X2 Y2 plus dot dot all right you just
+multiply the components and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the components and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the components and add them up
+but you could also have for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have for example a
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we have let's call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have let's call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have let's call it uh
+um X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X
+dot I need to use a different symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I need to use a different symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I need to use a different symbol
+it's called x dot Sub sub w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called x dot Sub sub w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called x dot Sub sub w
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+oming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oming
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do
+um x one y one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x one y one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x one y one
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+W1 X1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 X1 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 X1 y1
+plus W2 X2 uh Y2 plus dot dot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W2 X2 uh Y2 plus dot dot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W2 X2 uh Y2 plus dot dot for
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W you know W uh one two w n that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W you know W uh one two w n that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W you know W uh one two w n that all
+have to be positive right why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive right why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive right why do they
+have to be positive because of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive because of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive because of the of
+the non-negativity property right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negativity property right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negativity property right for
+this for us to call this an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for us to call this an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for us to call this an inner
+product let me put those in Black just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let me put those in Black just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let me put those in Black just
+so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it had property through property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it had property through property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it had property through property
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+um you have to have uh a DOT products be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to have uh a DOT products be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to have uh a DOT products be
+non-negative it means the weights will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative it means the weights will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative it means the weights will
+have to be non-negative right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be non-negative right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be non-negative right this is a
+perfectly good inner product it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good inner product it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good inner product it's not
+the euclidean one it weights each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euclidean one it weights each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the euclidean one it weights each
+Dimension differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension differently
+right but this this might be useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this this might be useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this this might be useful in
+statistics or something like that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics or something like that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics or something like that for
+example if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh um you know a bunch of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know a bunch of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know a bunch of measurements
+but there's a different a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a different a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a different a different
+uncertainty in each measurement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in each measurement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in each measurement you
+might you might want to wait the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might want to wait the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might want to wait the numbers
+the components that have uh a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that have uh a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that have uh a more
+uncertainty you might want to weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty you might want to weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty you might want to weight
+them less right you could give them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them less right you could give them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them less right you could give them less
+weight and and the ones that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and and the ones that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and and the ones that are more
+certain give them more weight or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain give them more weight or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain give them more weight or another
+example if you had a vector where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you had a vector where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you had a vector where the
+first component is the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component is the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component is the different
+components are different units for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are different units for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are different units for
+example a vector where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a vector where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a vector where the first
+component has is in meters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component has is in meters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component has is in meters and the
+second component is in seconds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component is in seconds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component is in seconds and the
+third component is in kilograms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component is in kilograms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component is in kilograms right
+then the ordinary dot product formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ordinary dot product formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ordinary dot product formula
+doesn't even make sense right it's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even make sense right it's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even make sense right it's be
+adding up things with different units so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up things with different units so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up things with different units so
+then you have to wait each one you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to wait each one you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to wait each one you do
+you divide the the first weight would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide the the first weight would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide the the first weight would be
+one over something some characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over something some characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over something some characteristic
+length scale in meters the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in meters the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in meters the second one
+would be some one over some character to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some one over some character to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some one over some character to
+length scale in time the third one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in time the third one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in time the third one would
+be one over some characteristic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one over some characteristic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one over some characteristic length
+scale in kilograms right and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in kilograms right and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in kilograms right and that way
+each term is dimensionless you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term is dimensionless you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term is dimensionless you can add
+them up or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up or something like that
+another way of it's it's also useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of it's it's also useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of it's it's also useful to
+write this down is linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down is linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down is linear algebra
+right so we could also write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we could also write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we could also write this down
+right as X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as X transpose
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+and what do we put in the middle to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we put in the middle to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we put in the middle to get
+to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what should it look like in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it look like in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it look like in the middle
+what can I put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you a hand it's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a hand it's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a hand it's a matrix
+what what's what's what's the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's what's what's the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's what's what's the answer is
+that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix
+so Alex you have to if someone says an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alex you have to if someone says an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alex you have to if someone says an
+answer I can't hear anyone in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I can't hear anyone in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I can't hear anyone in the room
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alex has anyone raising their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex has anyone raising their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex has anyone raising their hands
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I don't know if you hear that exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you hear that exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you hear that exactly I
+cannot hear anything in the room so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot hear anything in the room so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot hear anything in the room so you
+have to speak into the microphone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to speak into the microphone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to speak into the microphone so
+that's your your job is to repeat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your your job is to repeat any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your your job is to repeat any
+any any comments or questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any comments or questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any comments or questions in the
+microphone yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's uh it's just a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's just a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's just a diagonal matrix
+right and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh
+that's an another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an another example
+is another way to draw a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would let's call this x uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let's call this x uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let's call this x uh so this is
+this is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with
+uh um let's call this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um let's call this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um let's call this X
+dot y sub capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for for column vectors is would be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for column vectors is would be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for column vectors is would be X
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+and you put a any Matrix in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put a any Matrix in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put a any Matrix in here
+but you need to do these metric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to do these metric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to do these metric for
+property one so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one so we need
+we need W to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need W to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need W to be symmetric
+for property one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we need for property three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need for property three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need for property three for
+positivity we we need uh we need W to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positivity we we need uh we need W to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positivity we we need uh we need W to be
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so the the one the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the the one the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the the one the one we
+the one we had before is just a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had before is just a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had before is just a special
+case of that a diagonal matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of that a diagonal matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of that a diagonal matrix is
+certainly symmetric if it has positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly symmetric if it has positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly symmetric if it has positive
+diagonals it's certainly positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals it's certainly positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals it's certainly positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+but you could have some arbitrary thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could have some arbitrary thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could have some arbitrary thing
+that mixes them up so this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mixes them up so this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mixes them up so this and it's
+these all are useful in in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all are useful in in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all are useful in in in uh
+surprisingly you know so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly you know so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly you know so there's a
+surprisingly large number of cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large number of cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large number of cases in
+which you don't want to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't want to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't want to have the
+traditional euclidean dot Buck you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional euclidean dot Buck you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional euclidean dot Buck you want
+to have something more complicated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something more complicated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something more complicated right
+and with all these things you could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all these things you could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with all these things you could then
+Define gradients differently right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define gradients differently right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define gradients differently right so so
+a if you so if you have a weighted dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you so if you have a weighted dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you so if you have a weighted dot
+product it's going to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's going to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's going to change your
+definition of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the gradient
+because it's going to be the thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be the thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be the thing with
+that w in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that w in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that w in it
+but let's do but most the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do but most the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do but most the time when
+we're talking about gradients we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about gradients we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about gradients we're
+talking about the this this is the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the this this is the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the this this is the you
+you're talking about the familiar one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the familiar one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the familiar one
+the the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the usual
+uh uh the the euclidean product gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the euclidean product gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the euclidean product gives
+you the usual gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the usual gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the usual gradient
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+but you might need a way to date it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might need a way to date it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might need a way to date it with
+DOT product for example if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product for example if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product for example if you have uh
+for the gradient to make sense if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gradient to make sense if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gradient to make sense if you
+have uh if you have a derivative respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh if you have a derivative respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh if you have a derivative respect
+to a bunch of different components that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bunch of different components that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bunch of different components that
+have different units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different units
+so let's do another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do another example
+that's even less familiar though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that V
+is r m by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r m by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r m by n
+or let's see n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is going to be M by n matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right those form a perfectly good Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those form a perfectly good Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those form a perfectly good Vector
+space I can I can take two matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can I can take two matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I can I can take two matrices and
+I can add them they have the same shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add them they have the same shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add them they have the same shape
+I can multiply them by two or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can multiply them by two or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can multiply them by two or some other
+scalar I can subtract them right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar I can subtract them right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar I can subtract them right so so
+this is this is fine as a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is fine as a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is fine as a vector space
+right and in fact using that VEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact using that VEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact using that VEC
+operator that Alan talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that Alan talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that Alan talked about in the
+last lecture you could convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you could convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you could convert it into
+column vectors of you can stack them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors of you can stack them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors of you can stack them up
+into column vectors with M times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into column vectors with M times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into column vectors with M times n
+components but I want to leave them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but I want to leave them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but I want to leave them as
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+okay so let's do so there's but I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do so there's but I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do so there's but I yeah
+let me mention that because this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me mention that because this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me mention that because this has
+come up in a second so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in a second so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in a second so there's an
+there's an there's an isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh with this VEC function to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this VEC function to uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this VEC function to uh um
+two column vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know VEC vek a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that live in uh r m m times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that live in uh r m m times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that live in uh r m m times n
+this is really because this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really because this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really because this is really an
+m n dimensional space right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n dimensional space right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n dimensional space right you could
+just take all the entries of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the entries of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the entries of the Matrix
+and stack them up right this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stack them up right this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stack them up right this is this is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+that's what VEC does if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what VEC does if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what VEC does if you remember
+from last lecture this is this just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I know people know the term isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know people know the term isomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know people know the term isomorphism
+but it you know how many people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it you know how many people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it you know how many people know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+this mean I don't know if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean I don't know if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean I don't know if people are
+raising their hands or not all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising their hands or not all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising their hands or not all right
+Alex are people raising their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex are people raising their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex are people raising their hands
+five people yeah so I mean it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people yeah so I mean it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people yeah so I mean it basically
+means that if you add two matrices it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you add two matrices it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you add two matrices it's
+equivalent to adding these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to adding these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to adding these two vectors
+right because or multiply by two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because or multiply by two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because or multiply by two it's
+multiplying these vectors by two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying these vectors by two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying these vectors by two because
+these these vectors are just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these vectors are just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these vectors are just the the
+same component entries of a rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same component entries of a rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same component entries of a rearranged
+so adding matrices is adding the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding matrices is adding the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding matrices is adding the entries
+adding these vectors is adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these vectors is adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these vectors is adding the
+entries multiplying by two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries multiplying by two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries multiplying by two is
+multiplying the interest by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the interest by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the interest by two
+multiplying this vector by two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this vector by two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this vector by two it's
+multiplying the interest by two so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the interest by two so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the interest by two so it's
+really this this the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this this the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this this the same thing but
+um anyway so and sometimes it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so and sometimes it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so and sometimes it's useful
+like if if major it's nice to stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if if major it's nice to stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if if major it's nice to stick with
+if if your problem is expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if your problem is expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if your problem is expressed in terms
+of matrices usually you want to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices usually you want to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices usually you want to keep in
+terms of matrices if if possible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of matrices if if possible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of matrices if if possible that's
+sort of the natural way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the natural way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the natural way of looking at
+your degree of freedom is it n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your degree of freedom is it n by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your degree of freedom is it n by n
+Matrix whereas stacking it up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix whereas stacking it up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix whereas stacking it up into a
+column Vector of MN components is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector of MN components is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Vector of MN components is kind
+of an unnatural way I mean internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unnatural way I mean internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unnatural way I mean internally
+the computer sort of does that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer sort of does that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer sort of does that but
+sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's
+it helps you disentangle what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you disentangle what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you disentangle what's going on
+if you stack things up into a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stack things up into a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stack things up into a sort of a
+more familiar Vector but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar Vector but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar Vector but
+so what we'd like to do is Define a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to do is Define a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'd like to do is Define a DOT
+product of matrices and again just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of matrices and again just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of matrices and again just like
+for vectors there'll be multiple choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vectors there'll be multiple choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vectors there'll be multiple choices
+there's not there's never one dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's never one dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's never one dot
+product for a vector space there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for a vector space there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for a vector space there's
+multiple possible choices and you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple possible choices and you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple possible choices and you choose
+one and then that everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that everything else
+follows from that the geometry follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that the geometry follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that the geometry follows
+so we want to do the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to do the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to do the uh uh
+I just want to show you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show you the most
+uh uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um
+the most obvious one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the the analog of the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would that be
+so if I have two matrices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two matrices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two matrices a
+and B where this is M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B where this is M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B where this is M by n
+and this is M by n and this is our DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is M by n and this is our DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is M by n and this is our DOT
+product this is not this is not a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is not this is not a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is not this is not a matrix
+product this is our our inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we want to give this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to give this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to give this to be a
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what should I do any suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alex you'll need to repeat I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex you'll need to repeat I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex you'll need to repeat I can't I
+can't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh
+yeah there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly just that just uh multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly just that just uh multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly just that just uh multiply the
+elements uh the the the entry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh the the the entry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh the the the entry the the
+entries of these matrices element wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of these matrices element wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of these matrices element wise
+and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them up
+so this the sum of the element-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the sum of the element-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the sum of the element-wise
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that but that's it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that but that's it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that but that's it's a little bit
+annoying to write that out in words so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to write that out in words so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to write that out in words so
+let's see if we can figure out a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out a better
+way to algebraically to write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to algebraically to write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to algebraically to write that down
+so in in Julia you could write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Julia you could write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Julia you could write this down
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+the one way to do this is to say sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one way to do this is to say sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one way to do this is to say sum
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+uh dot dot star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dot dot star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dot dot star
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+so that's that's what oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what oops
+dot star is an element-wise product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot star is an element-wise product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot star is an element-wise product of
+two vectors and matrices and some just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and matrices and some just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and matrices and some just
+sums then sums all the entries that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums then sums all the entries that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums then sums all the entries that that
+that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um I could write it as I could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could write it as I could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could write it as I could write it
+as sum over kind of I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sum over kind of I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sum over kind of I and J
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I could write it with vex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it with vex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write it with vex
+is the same thing as if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as if I take
+if I take the elements of a and I stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the elements of a and I stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the elements of a and I stack
+them up into a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into a vector
+and I take the elements of B and I stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take the elements of B and I stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take the elements of B and I stack
+them up into a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just this is just the ordinary dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this is just the ordinary dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this is just the ordinary dot
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the VEC a is just the same number as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VEC a is just the same number as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VEC a is just the same number as
+it's stacked up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stacked up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stacked up so
+so I take the ordinary dot practice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the ordinary dot practice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the ordinary dot practice a
+index B that is this element wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index B that is this element wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index B that is this element wise
+product but again that that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but again that that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but again that that's a little
+bit frustrating because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit frustrating because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit frustrating because
+if if my if someone hands me this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if my if someone hands me this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if my if someone hands me this Vector
+space it's probably because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's probably because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's probably because they they
+really want to leave things as matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to leave things as matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to leave things as matrices
+right that's sort of the natural natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's sort of the natural natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's sort of the natural natural
+language of the problem so I I I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the problem so I I I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the problem so I I I'd
+rather use this this vect notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather use this this vect notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather use this this vect notation is
+kind of a last resort right if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a last resort right if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a last resort right if you can't
+figure out how to deal with it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to deal with it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to deal with it as a
+matrix you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you kind of
+just crab it into a vector and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crab it into a vector and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crab it into a vector and then go
+back to what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what you know
+so it turns out that there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that there's a really
+nice way to express this in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to express this in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to express this in linear
+algebra using linear algebra operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra using linear algebra operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra using linear algebra operations
+and that turns out to be the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be the trace
+of a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if you want if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you want if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you want if you want to
+see that derived I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that derived I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that derived I mean it's it's
+actually pretty straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty straightforward to
+derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this
+um so let's see this is also this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see this is also this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see this is also this is uh
+this is also called the forbinia center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called the forbinia center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called the forbinia center
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two matrices
+so if you just write out the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just write out the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just write out the formula for
+trace and matrix multiplication you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and matrix multiplication you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and matrix multiplication you can
+actually see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that
+another way of seeing that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of seeing that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of seeing that is basically
+what is a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose B
+so a times B is take rows of a times dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a times B is take rows of a times dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a times B is take rows of a times dot
+product with Columns of B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with Columns of B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with Columns of B right
+but if you do a transpose of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do a transpose of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do a transpose of B
+a transpose its rows are The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose its rows are The Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose its rows are The Columns of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+right so what this really is eat rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this really is eat rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this really is eat rows
+times columns here is really you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times columns here is really you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times columns here is really you take
+you're taking the dot product of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the dot product of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the dot product of each
+column of a with each column of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a with each column of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a with each column of B
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and the trace is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trace is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trace is the sum of the
+diagonals so what's the first diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals so what's the first diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals so what's the first diagonal
+entry of of this the first diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of of this the first diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of of this the first diagonal
+entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is
+column one of a DOT column one of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of a DOT column one of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one of a DOT column one of B
+the second diagonal entry is column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second diagonal entry is column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second diagonal entry is column two
+of a DOT column two of B and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DOT column two of B and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DOT column two of B and so forth
+and if you add those up you're adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add those up you're adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add those up you're adding up
+all the the dot products of each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the dot products of each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the dot products of each column
+of a with the corresponding calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with the corresponding calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with the corresponding calling them
+B comma B that's exactly this it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B comma B that's exactly this it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B comma B that's exactly this it's the
+sum of the product of all the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the product of all the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the product of all the entries
+so it's it's a really this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a really this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a really this is a really
+useful you know thing to know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you know thing to know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you know thing to know about that
+you can take a DOT product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a DOT product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a DOT product of two
+matrices the obvious inner product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the obvious inner product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the obvious inner product is
+really the trace of a transpose C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the trace of a transpose C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the trace of a transpose C right
+and and this this then gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this this then gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this this then gives you
+the forbinius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I mentioned the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mentioned the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mentioned the other day
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+right so the the frame the the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the frame the the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the frame the the norm
+of of a matrix of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a matrix of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a matrix of anything
+we want it to be the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be the square root of the
+dot product with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what this is is exactly the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is is exactly the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is is exactly the square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace
+of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's a really useful it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a really useful it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a really useful it's kind
+of the the obvious kind of euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the obvious kind of euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the obvious kind of euclidean
+Norm of of this so this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of of this so this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of of this so this is exactly the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+as the pallidian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+Norm of of the all the components if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of of the all the components if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of of the all the components if you
+just take if we take VEC a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take if we take VEC a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take if we take VEC a
+and take it you know to just stack up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take it you know to just stack up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take it you know to just stack up
+the components It's that or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components It's that or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components It's that or equivalently
+it's the square root of the sum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the square root of the sum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the square root of the sum of this
+if you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take
+uh all the entries of uh of a and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the entries of uh of a and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the entries of uh of a and just
+take this the square root of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this the square root of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this the square root of the sum of
+the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the the most obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the the most obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the the most obvious way
+to measure the size of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the size of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the size of a matrix
+okay and so now using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can we can we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can we can now
+uh um take the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of uh of uh of of scalar functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of Matrix inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+let's let's start with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's start with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's start with the um
+let's do some examples let's take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do some examples let's take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do some examples let's take some
+derivatives of Matrix uh of scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of Matrix uh of scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of Matrix uh of scalar
+functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let's let's do f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+and where this is going to be an M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where this is going to be an M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where this is going to be an M by n
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+what's a scalar function the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a scalar function the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a scalar function the the
+simplest one is maybe the one we just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is maybe the one we just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is maybe the one we just we
+just learned a second ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that
+the the let's take that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the let's take that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the let's take that that that
+forbidius Norm this is the sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidius Norm this is the sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidius Norm this is the sometimes
+denoted sometimes people put an F here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted sometimes people put an F here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted sometimes people put an F here
+um let me I'm just going to leave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me I'm just going to leave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me I'm just going to leave out
+the S but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+also let me just note that in it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also let me just note that in it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also let me just note that in it because
+there are multiple ways of denoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways of denoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways of denoting the
+norm of Matrix of just like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of Matrix of just like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of Matrix of just like there are
+multiple inner products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple inner products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple inner products
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when people want to be specific they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people want to be specific they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people want to be specific they
+usually they put an F there but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they put an F there but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they put an F there but I'm just
+gonna well I guess I can leave this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna well I guess I can leave this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna well I guess I can leave this here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+just to be just so we know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be just so we know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be just so we know what it is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root
+of the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace
+of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I want to compute a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to compute a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to compute a derivative
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+right so first but before I worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first but before I worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first but before I worry about
+the gradient let's just let's just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient let's just let's just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient let's just let's just make
+sure we can compute a derivative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we can compute a derivative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we can compute a derivative we
+better be able to take what is DF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to take what is DF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to take what is DF and
+compute linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute linear algebra
+linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we get DFS so I need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get DFS so I need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get DFS so I need to use the
+chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right all right I want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right I want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right I want to use the
+chain rule just to simplify life right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule just to simplify life right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule just to simplify life right
+so we don't have to redrive everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to redrive everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to redrive everything
+from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch
+and so first of all we're applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first of all we're applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first of all we're applying the
+chain rule to the square root function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to the square root function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to the square root function
+but it's the square root of a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the square root of a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the square root of a number
+right this isn't once you take the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't once you take the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't once you take the trace
+this is just a number and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a number and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a number and it's the
+square root of a number right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a number right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a number right so this
+this this we can use the ordinary once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this we can use the ordinary once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this we can use the ordinary once
+you have scalar functions you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have scalar functions you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have scalar functions you can use
+all your ordinary 1801 first-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your ordinary 1801 first-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your ordinary 1801 first-year
+calculus rules right that's the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus rules right that's the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus rules right that's the that
+what we're doing is not different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is not different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is not different from
+that it's just a generalization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just a generalization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just a generalization of that
+so this is this you can you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this you can you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this you can you can really
+just use the the 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the the 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the the 1801
+uh chain rule to start with so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain rule to start with so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain rule to start with so the
+derivative of the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the square root
+is uh is is a you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is a you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is a you know one
+over two the square root of that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two the square root of that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two the square root of that thing
+of trace of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trace of a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trace of a transpose a
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+uh times d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times d
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+what you took the square root of trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you took the square root of trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you took the square root of trace
+of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just the 1801 chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the 1801 chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the 1801 chain rule
+so we don't we don't want to throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't want to throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't want to throw away
+everything we learned right so the once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learned right so the once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learned right so the once
+we once we hit scalars all right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we once we hit scalars all right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we once we hit scalars all right we
+should we can use our familiar rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we can use our familiar rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we can use our familiar rules
+right what we're doing is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we're doing is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we're doing is exactly
+equivalent to that right so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that right so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that right so this is just
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the you know the ordinary chain rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the ordinary chain rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the ordinary chain rule for
+square roots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots right
+the derivative or the D in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative or the D in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative or the D in this
+differential in this case of whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in this case of whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in this case of whatever is
+inside the square root times one half we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the square root times one half we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the square root times one half we
+know this that thing to the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this that thing to the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this that thing to the minus one
+half power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's let's see if we can go further so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see if we can go further so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see if we can go further so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um so I want to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what's what's the what's the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's the what's the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's the what's the the the
+the the the D of the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the trace of a function of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace of a function of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace of a function of a matrix
+if I say a b right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a b right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a b right
+so this is this is Trace of B plus DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus trace of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the trace is linear right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trace is linear right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trace is linear right this is
+the same the trace of B plus uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the trace of B plus uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the trace of B plus uh if you
+the trace of the sum of two matrices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the sum of two matrices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the sum of two matrices is
+the same thing as the sum of the traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as the sum of the traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as the sum of the traces
+right because the if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the if you think about
+what a trace means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a trace means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a trace means
+right it's just the sum of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just the sum of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just the sum of the diagonal
+entries so if I add up two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so if I add up two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so if I add up two matrices
+their diagonal entries is just adds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their diagonal entries is just adds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their diagonal entries is just adds I
+mean that means their Trace is just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just Trace DB so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just Trace DB so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just Trace DB so this is very
+closely related to problem one on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to problem one on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to problem one on the on
+the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework
+right so this thing is what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing is what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing is what do we have
+we have a one over two that square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a one over two that square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a one over two that square root
+is really just our our Norm of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just our our Norm of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just our our Norm of a you
+know in the front so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the front so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the front so I'll just
+set there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the trace
+the trace the D of the trace is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace the D of the trace is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace the D of the trace is the same
+thing as the trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trace of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and now we can use the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we can use the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we can use the product
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is one over two Norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the trace
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+and what do we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have we have
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+that needs to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be right
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I want to simplify this if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to simplify this if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to simplify this if I can
+right to try and move all the DA's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to try and move all the DA's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to try and move all the DA's to
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+so any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions so far
+again Alex if you have any questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Alex if you have any questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Alex if you have any questions you
+have to repeat because I can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repeat because I can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repeat because I can't hear
+anyone in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody no questions okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody no questions okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody no questions okay yes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again uh so I'm gonna move the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh so I'm gonna move the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh so I'm gonna move the this
+again we're going to use linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to use linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to use linearity
+so this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing
+is equal to the the trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the trace of
+d a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a transpose
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+plus the trace of a transpose d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll try and make it look like a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try and make it look like a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try and make it look like a DOT
+product with Ace I want to kind of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with Ace I want to kind of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with Ace I want to kind of group
+my terms so with d a so so all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my terms so with d a so so all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my terms so with d a so so all the terms
+the da terms are going to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the da terms are going to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the da terms are going to be on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things
+I can I can use is so d a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can use is so d a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can use is so d a transpose
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+d a transpose a is not the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a transpose a is not the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a transpose a is not the same thing as
+a transpose d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose d a
+but it's Trace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Trace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Trace is
+right so note so the music over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so note so the music over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so note so the music over on the
+right here I'm just keeping a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I'm just keeping a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I'm just keeping a running
+note of my properties okay no this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of my properties okay no this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of my properties okay no this that
+was my note uh Note One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my note uh Note One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my note uh Note One
+Note two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Note two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Note two
+if I have the trace of B that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the trace of B that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the trace of B that's the same
+thing as the trace of B transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trace of B transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trace of B transpose
+right if I if I transpose a matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I if I transpose a matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I if I transpose a matrix it
+doesn't change the diagonal entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the diagonal entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the diagonal entries
+so this this thing here I is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this thing here I is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this thing here I is the same
+thing as the trace of a transpose d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The Matrix inside is different but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix inside is different but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix inside is different but its
+Trace is the same right B is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the same right B is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the same right B is not equal
+to B transpose but trace of equals phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B transpose but trace of equals phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B transpose but trace of equals phase
+would be transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be transpose
+so that of course is the same as this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that of course is the same as this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that of course is the same as this so
+I just have two of these it cancels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have two of these it cancels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have two of these it cancels the
+two out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out there
+and what you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're left with
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one over the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the trace
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is quite a simple formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is quite a simple formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is quite a simple formula
+the twos cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos cancel
+and so what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's that
+that I I claim is the dot product if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I claim is the dot product if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I claim is the dot product if we
+just go back to our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to our formula
+trace of a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose B
+is a DOT product of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this this Trace here is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this this Trace here is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this this Trace here is exactly
+the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a with d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and but then I have a scale factor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then I have a scale factor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then I have a scale factor but
+dot products are linear so I can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot products are linear so I can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot products are linear so I can bring
+that inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside
+and let me move this up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone see this so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone see this so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone see this so this is this
+according to my definition of the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my definition of the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my definition of the dot
+product this Trace here is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this Trace here is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this Trace here is exactly the
+dot product of a over a over Norm a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of a over a over Norm a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of a over a over Norm a like
+the unit Vector in the direction of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector in the direction of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector in the direction of a in
+some sense with d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly
+my gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is my nabla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my nabla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my nabla
+gradient of norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of norm
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly
+a over normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've just taken the gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've just taken the gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've just taken the gradient of a
+normal Matrix and if you think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Matrix and if you think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Matrix and if you think of a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+uh uh I mean actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I mean actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I mean actually
+um Professor Edelman derived this in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor Edelman derived this in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor Edelman derived this in for
+for for if you took the gradient of Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for if you took the gradient of Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for if you took the gradient of Norm
+of X that was X over no of X you derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that was X over no of X you derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that was X over no of X you derived
+that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last time
+all right this is is this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is is this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is is this is actually
+literally the same formula it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the same formula it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the same formula it which
+makes sense because this this forbidious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because this this forbidious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because this this forbidious
+Norm is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm is really
+in spirit it's the same thing as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spirit it's the same thing as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spirit it's the same thing as your
+familiar Norm of a vector just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Norm of a vector just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Norm of a vector just the
+square root of some of the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of some of the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of some of the squares
+components so when you take the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so when you take the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so when you take the gradient
+like it's it's it's the if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's it's it's the if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's it's it's the if you think of
+the gradient as the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient as the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient as the derivative with
+respect to each component of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each component of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each component of a
+it's just you you get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you you get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you you get exactly the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+and in fact I should mention that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I should mention that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I should mention that so in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+in 1802 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1802 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1802 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1802 terms
+the the if you have a function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if you have a function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if you have a function the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+if you did a scalar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for uh
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh for you know so therefore for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you know so therefore for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you know so therefore for uh for
+uh a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a scalar
+uh scalar uh F of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is exactly going to be the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly going to be the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly going to be the Matrix
+of of partial uh partial f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of partial uh partial f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of partial uh partial f
+partial a let's see if we can do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a let's see if we can do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a let's see if we can do my
+Stephen just give me a quick hello to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen just give me a quick hello to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen just give me a quick hello to
+you in the class ah you're here great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the class ah you're here great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the class ah you're here great
+yeah I just finished my talk that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just finished my talk that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just finished my talk that I'm
+just giving a talk on uh Julia in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving a talk on uh Julia in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving a talk on uh Julia in high
+performance Computing um it was it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Computing um it was it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Computing um it was it was a
+Dell talk so anyway yep I'm here but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell talk so anyway yep I'm here but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell talk so anyway yep I'm here but let
+me not let me not interrupt you any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not let me not interrupt you any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not let me not interrupt you any more
+than I just have is it technology all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just have is it technology all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just have is it technology all
+working maybe I'll just ask that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's exactly just the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly just the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly just the Matrix of
+partial derivatives so if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives so if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives so if we if we
+wanted to do it element wise we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do it element wise we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do it element wise we could
+you could take the partial with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take the partial with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take the partial with respect
+to a11 partial derivative respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a11 partial derivative respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a11 partial derivative respect to a
+one two partial derivative respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two partial derivative respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two partial derivative respect to a
+two one partial derivative of a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one partial derivative of a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one partial derivative of a uh uh
+two two and so forth of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two and so forth of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two and so forth of course this is
+really becomes really awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes really awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes really awkward
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+for Matrix value function but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Matrix value function but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Matrix value function but this is
+exactly equivalent to saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equivalent to saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equivalent to saying that you
+know DF is uh you know the this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DF is uh you know the this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DF is uh you know the this if this
+inner product grad f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product grad f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product grad f
+dot d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot d a
+uh which is equal to uh the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is equal to uh the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is equal to uh the trace
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+rad F transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the a because because that our inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a because because that our inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a because because that our inner
+product really is the element-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product really is the element-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product really is the element-wise
+product of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the components
+uh and so the the this gradient is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the the this gradient is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the the this gradient is is
+sort of what you expect a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you expect a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you expect a matrix
+gradient to be but as I said it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient to be but as I said it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient to be but as I said it's just
+really annoying to work with in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying to work with in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying to work with in this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um maybe I'll do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll do one more
+okay so uh maybe next top I'll mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh maybe next top I'll mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh maybe next top I'll mention
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+or or soon maybe not next I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or soon maybe not next I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or soon maybe not next I don't know
+soon uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh uh um
+we'll also do the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also do the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also do the gradient
+of the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the determinant of a
+for an M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an M by m
+uh Matrix and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix and it turns out
+it's a not this is not so easy to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a not this is not so easy to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a not this is not so easy to derive
+and you definitely would not want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you definitely would not want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you definitely would not want to do
+this component by component that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component by component that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component by component that's a
+really an awkward way to do this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an awkward way to do this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an awkward way to do this it
+turns out this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is exactly
+um equal to determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equal to determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equal to determinant of a
+times a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a inverse
+transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but let me do a simpler example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which also illustrates a nice property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also illustrates a nice property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also illustrates a nice property
+of a trace let's do F and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trace let's do F and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trace let's do F and then we'll
+take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break
+and so let's do F of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X transpose
+a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y
+all right so this a a is going to be M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this a a is going to be M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this a a is going to be M
+by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n
+X and this is this for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this is this for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this is this for some
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+in R something and uh Y in R something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R something and uh Y in R something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R something and uh Y in R something
+so how many components does X have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many components does X have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many components does X have
+and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+Alex some people shouting at anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't hear anything so uh no no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't hear anything so uh no no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't hear anything so uh no no one
+said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything
+so how how like this I wanted to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how how like this I wanted to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how how like this I wanted to give a
+number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right
+just I think they think in the shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think they think in the shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think they think in the shapes
+this is M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M by n
+just for this product even makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this product even makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this product even makes sense
+how many components does X have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m m
+and how many components does y have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many components does y have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many components does y have
+and and yes yes so so just so so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and yes yes so so just so so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and yes yes so so just so so if we
+just take a matrix sandwich in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a matrix sandwich in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a matrix sandwich in between
+two vectors of the rights but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors of the rights but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors of the rights but they have
+to match the number of rows the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the number of rows the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the number of rows the number
+of columns then you get a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns then you get a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns then you get a scalar out
+and so then what's DF this one is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what's DF this one is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what's DF this one is even
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so DF is just X transpose everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF is just X transpose everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF is just X transpose everything is
+a constant so I'm just going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so I'm just going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so I'm just going to use the
+I can it can go go to the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can it can go go to the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can it can go go to the product rule
+but there's only one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only one there's
+technically this is a product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically this is a product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically this is a product rule
+but there's DX is 0 d y is zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's DX is 0 d y is zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's DX is 0 d y is zero right
+those are constant so this is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are constant so this is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are constant so this is just this
+so but this is a function that takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is a function that takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is a function that takes in
+a vector right in this case a a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector right in this case a a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector right in this case a a vector
+space a matrix and gives you a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a matrix and gives you a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a matrix and gives you a scalar
+so I should be able to express this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should be able to express this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should be able to express this as a
+DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to express this as a Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to express this somehow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to express this somehow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to express this somehow as
+grad f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad f
+uh Dot uh dot d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how can I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I do that
+so there's a couple tricks so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple tricks so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple tricks so the first
+tricks is this is a number right DF this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks is this is a number right DF this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks is this is a number right DF this
+is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar I can always write as the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar I can always write as the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar I can always write as the trace
+of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself
+the trace of a scalar is just itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a scalar is just itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a scalar is just itself
+think of a scalar as a one by one Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a scalar as a one by one Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a scalar as a one by one Matrix
+so I can always put a trace there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can always put a trace there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can always put a trace there but
+this is not a trace in the form that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a trace in the form that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a trace in the form that I
+want because I want the d a over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because I want the d a over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because I want the d a over on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just
+put my little notes on the side note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take the trace of a b does people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the trace of a b does people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the trace of a b does people
+do people remember this formula this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people remember this formula this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people remember this formula this is
+true this is the same thing as the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is the same thing as the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is the same thing as the trace
+of ba this is called the the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ba this is called the the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ba this is called the the cyclic
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and and if you if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and if you if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and if you if you if you don't
+remember it it's pretty easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it it's pretty easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it it's pretty easy to to
+convince yourself on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself on it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that does not mean I can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not mean I can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not mean I can rearrange this
+in any order I want it means if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any order I want it means if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any order I want it means if I have
+two things I can swap them so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things I can swap them so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things I can swap them so it's
+called cyclic because if if I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyclic because if if I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyclic because if if I think of
+like this thing is the first thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this thing is the first thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this thing is the first thing and
+this is in the second I can swap it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the second I can swap it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the second I can swap it I
+can I can move y over the there or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can move y over the there or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can move y over the there or I can
+move the X over The Other Side I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the X over The Other Side I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the X over The Other Side I can do
+What's called the cyclic permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the cyclic permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the cyclic permutation of
+these things right so I have to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so I have to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so I have to think of
+them to apply this I have to group this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to apply this I have to group this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to apply this I have to group this
+into two pieces so I can group this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces so I can group this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces so I can group this into
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+X transpose and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose and this
+and then I should be able to swap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why uh sorry I don't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why uh sorry I don't want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why uh sorry I don't want to do it
+in that order though I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order though I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order though I want to I want to
+swap in the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Simon this is my cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon this is my cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon this is my cyclic
+permutation so because I want to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so because I want to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so because I want to put the
+d a in the right so this is the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a in the right so this is the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a in the right so this is the trace
+of X of y x transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X of y x transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X of y x transpose
+times d i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this looks like a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is remember the dot product is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember the dot product is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember the dot product is always
+trace of something transpose d a so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of something transpose d a so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of something transpose d a so this
+is really the TR to make it a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the TR to make it a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the TR to make it a DOT
+product I have to transpose the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I have to transpose the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I have to transpose the thing
+this is X Y transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Y transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Y transpose
+Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven one everyone see this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven one everyone see this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven one everyone see this so this
+because remember the trace of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the trace of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the trace of the the
+dot product again is that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product again is that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product again is that that is the
+where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it
+the dot product is Trace a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product is Trace a transpose B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product is Trace a transpose B
+so I have to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to view
+uh this term here as the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term here as the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term here as the transpose of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and so that's our gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's our gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's our gradient
+this is our so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our gradient of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's whatever we take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's whatever we take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's whatever we take the dot
+productive with to get the a so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive with to get the a so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive with to get the a so as you
+see in the homework basically sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the homework basically sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the homework basically sometimes
+if you have a vector in and a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector in and a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector in and a scalar out
+you know it has to be a DOT product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has to be a DOT product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has to be a DOT product in
+some form if you have a DOT product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form if you have a DOT product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form if you have a DOT product in
+your vector space you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector space you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector space you have to be able to
+write it by in that form right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it by in that form right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it by in that form right but
+sometimes the when you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the when you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the when you apply the
+derivative rule it it doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rule it it doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rule it it doesn't look like
+a DOT pocket you need to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT pocket you need to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT pocket you need to do a little bit
+of rearrangement to get it in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rearrangement to get it in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rearrangement to get it in the form
+where it looks like a DOT product to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looks like a DOT product to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looks like a DOT product to get
+the gradient out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient out
+so but you know it's you need to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you know it's you need to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you know it's you need to learn a
+few rules and there are always of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules and there are always of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules and there are always of this
+this kind of form where you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of form where you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of form where you you need to
+be able to transpose things or learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transpose things or learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transpose things or learn
+which things can be permuted and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things can be permuted and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things can be permuted and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+um but you know it's it's really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know it's it's really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know it's it's really useful
+once you get used to this I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get used to this I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get used to this I could have
+done the same thing by writing this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same thing by writing this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same thing by writing this out
+in terms of all the components of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of all the components of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of all the components of a and
+then taking the partial derivatives back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the partial derivatives back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the partial derivatives back
+to each component if you if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each component if you if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each component if you if you work
+hard enough you'll realize that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough you'll realize that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough you'll realize that that
+all these partial derivatives in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these partial derivatives in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these partial derivatives in fact
+give you the Matrix X Y transpose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the Matrix X Y transpose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the Matrix X Y transpose but
+like you know it's a lot more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's a lot more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's a lot more work
+okay so so this you know I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this you know I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this you know I mean this
+this is suddenly now we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is suddenly now we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is suddenly now we can take
+gradients and Matrix functions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and Matrix functions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and Matrix functions and in
+fact we can take gradients of any scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can take gradients of any scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can take gradients of any scalar
+function in any Vector spaces with a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in any Vector spaces with a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in any Vector spaces with a DOT
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+um so maybe later on we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe later on we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe later on we'll talk about
+even other kinds of vector spaces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even other kinds of vector spaces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even other kinds of vector spaces where
+you can Define gradients that are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define gradients that are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define gradients that are even
+even weirder looking than gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder looking than gradients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weirder looking than gradients of
+of Matrix functions and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix functions and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix functions and in the
+subsequent lecture uh Alan has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lecture uh Alan has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lecture uh Alan has a nice
+trick to derive to derive this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to derive to derive this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to derive to derive this property
+of the gradient of the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradient of the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradient of the determinant
+I forgot that I had that thanks for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot that I had that thanks for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot that I had that thanks for the
+reminder yes so and and but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder yes so and and but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder yes so and and but any
+questions we're gonna we'll take a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're gonna we'll take a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're gonna we'll take a a a
+uh uh maybe a three minute break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no question no questions okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question no questions okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question no questions okay so let's
+take a three minute break it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a three minute break it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a three minute break it's it's uh
+it's 12 11. we'll get back to 12 uh 14.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qinepPxDUcY.txt b/qinepPxDUcY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a72a51cfdf3ba09f4698082732a4cc129d95ad6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qinepPxDUcY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the trajectory estimation problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory estimation problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory estimation problem that
+we considered gives you a first glimpse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we considered gives you a first glimpse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we considered gives you a first glimpse
+into a large field that deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a large field that deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a large field that deals with
+linear normal models in this segment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear normal models in this segment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear normal models in this segment I
+will just give you a preview of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just give you a preview of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just give you a preview of what
+happens in that field although we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that field although we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that field although we will
+not attempt to prove or justify anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attempt to prove or justify anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attempt to prove or justify anything
+what happens in this field is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this field is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this field is that we're
+dealing with models where there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with models where there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with models where there are some
+underlying independent normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying independent normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying independent normal random
+variables and then the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the random variables
+of interest the unknown parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest the unknown parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest the unknown parameters and
+the observations can all be expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations can all be expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations can all be expressed as
+linear functions of these independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear functions of these independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear functions of these independent
+normals since linear functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals since linear functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals since linear functions of
+independent normals are normal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals are normal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals are normal in
+particular this means that the theta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this means that the theta J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this means that the theta J
+and the X I are all normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X I are all normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X I are all normal random
+variables carrying out inference within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables carrying out inference within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables carrying out inference within
+this class of models goes under the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of models goes under the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of models goes under the name
+of linear regression one can proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear regression one can proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear regression one can proceed
+using pretty much the same steps as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pretty much the same steps as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pretty much the same steps as we
+had in the trajectory estimation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the trajectory estimation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the trajectory estimation problem
+and write down formulas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down formulas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down formulas for the
+posterior and it turns out that in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and it turns out that in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior and it turns out that in every
+case the posterior of the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the posterior of the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the posterior of the parameter
+vector takes a form which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector takes a form which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector takes a form which is the
+exponential of and the negative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of and the negative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of and the negative of a
+quadratic function of the parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function of the parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function of the parameters and
+this means in particular that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means in particular that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means in particular that in order
+to find the map estimate of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the map estimate of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the map estimate of the vector
+theta what we need to do is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what we need to do is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what we need to do is to just
+minimize this quadratic function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quadratic function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quadratic function with
+respect to theta and minimizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to theta and minimizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to theta and minimizing a
+quadratic function is done by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function is done by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function is done by taking
+derivatives and setting them to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and setting them to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and setting them to zero
+which leads us to a system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us to a system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us to a system of linear
+equations exactly as in the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly as in the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations exactly as in the trajectory
+inference problem and this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference problem and this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference problem and this means that
+numerically it is very simple to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically it is very simple to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically it is very simple to come up
+with a map estimate there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map estimate there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map estimate there is an
+interesting fact that comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact that comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact that comes out of the
+algebra involved namely that the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra involved namely that the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra involved namely that the map
+estimate of each one of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of each one of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of each one of the parameters
+turns out to also be a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to also be a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to also be a linear function
+of the observations we saw this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observations we saw this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observations we saw this property
+in the estimators that we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the estimators that we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the estimators that we derived
+for simpler cases in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simpler cases in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simpler cases in this lecture
+sequence it turns out that this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it turns out that this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it turns out that this property
+is still true and this is an appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still true and this is an appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still true and this is an appealing
+and desirable property because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desirable property because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desirable property because it means
+that these estimators can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these estimators can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these estimators can be applied
+very efficiently in practice without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently in practice without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently in practice without
+having to do any complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do any complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do any complicated
+calculations finally there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations finally there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations finally there's a number of
+important facts some of which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts some of which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts some of which we have
+seen in our examples which are true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in our examples which are true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in our examples which are true in
+very big generality one fact is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big generality one fact is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big generality one fact is that the
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+estimate of some parameter turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of some parameter turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of some parameter turns out to
+be the same as the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the conditional
+expectation of that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that parameter
+furthermore if you look at this joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you look at this joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you look at this joint
+density of all the theta parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of all the theta parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of all the theta parameters and
+from it you find the marginal density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you find the marginal density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you find the marginal density of
+the theta parameters always within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta parameters always within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta parameters always within this
+conditional universe it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe it turns out that
+this marginal posterior PDF is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marginal posterior PDF is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marginal posterior PDF is itself
+normal since it is normal it's mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal since it is normal it's mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal since it is normal it's mean
+which is this quantity it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this quantity it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this quantity it's going to be
+equal to its peak and therefore it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its peak and therefore it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its peak and therefore it is
+equal also to the map estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also to the map estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also to the map estimate that
+would be derived from this marginal PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be derived from this marginal PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be derived from this marginal PDF
+so what do we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here
+there are two ways of coming up with map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of coming up with map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of coming up with map
+estimates one way is to find the peak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates one way is to find the peak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates one way is to find the peak of
+the joint PDF and then read out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF and then read out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF and then read out the
+different components of theta another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of theta another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of theta another
+way of coming up with map estimates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of coming up with map estimates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of coming up with map estimates is
+to find for each parameter the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find for each parameter the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find for each parameter the marginal
+PDF and look at the peak of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and look at the peak of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF and look at the peak of this
+marginal PDF it turns out that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF it turns out that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF it turns out that for this
+model these two approaches are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these two approaches are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these two approaches are going to
+give you the same answer whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same answer whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same answer whether you
+work with a marginal or with a joint you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a marginal or with a joint you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a marginal or with a joint you
+get the same map estimates and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same map estimates and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same map estimates and this is a
+reassuring property to have finally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring property to have finally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring property to have finally as
+in the examples that we have worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the examples that we have worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the examples that we have worked in
+more detail it turns out that the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail it turns out that the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail it turns out that the mean
+squared error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error
+conditioned on a particular observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on a particular observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on a particular observation
+is the same no matter what the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same no matter what the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same no matter what the value of
+that observation was and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observation was and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observation was and furthermore
+there are fairly simple and easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fairly simple and easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fairly simple and easily
+computable formulas that one can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable formulas that one can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable formulas that one can apply
+in order to find what this mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find what this mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find what this mean squared
+error is so to summarize this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is so to summarize this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is so to summarize this class of
+models that involve linear relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that involve linear relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that involve linear relations and
+normal random variables have a rich set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables have a rich set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables have a rich set
+of important and elegant properties this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important and elegant properties this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important and elegant properties this
+is one of the reasons why these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons why these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons why these models
+are used very much in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used very much in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used very much in practice and
+they're probably the most widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably the most widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably the most widely used
+class of statistical models
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rJ8tk8p_V2U.txt b/rJ8tk8p_V2U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74de0ce362bdecf442047ac2882240237f9a369b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rJ8tk8p_V2U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+What I found interesting about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I found interesting about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I found interesting about this
+session uh was that we saw that any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh was that we saw that any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh was that we saw that any way
+of mediating has a bias right? So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mediating has a bias right? So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mediating has a bias right? So we
+know about litigation that you can raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about litigation that you can raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about litigation that you can raise
+some things and not others and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things and not others and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things and not others and as we
+have talked about environmental impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about environmental impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about environmental impact
+assessment and something else came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and something else came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and something else came up
+but the real question of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real question of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real question of course is
+what's the bias of mediation and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the bias of mediation and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the bias of mediation and and uh
+I'm sure that those who are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that those who are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that those who are always
+involved in it do have a sense if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it do have a sense if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it do have a sense if it's
+secret or not and I think it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret or not and I think it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret or not and I think it's important
+because there is no discursive format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no discursive format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no discursive format
+without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a
+bias and if you want to rethink think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and if you want to rethink think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and if you want to rethink think
+deliberative democracy facilitated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative democracy facilitated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative democracy facilitated by
+your work then we might as well know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work then we might as well know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work then we might as well know
+what the bias is or discuss it. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bias is or discuss it. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bias is or discuss it. I I
+think it's been said in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's been said in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's been said in different ways
+before, but if if we have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but if if we have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but if if we have a kind of
+fundamental bias embedded in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental bias embedded in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental bias embedded in the the
+core concept of mediation, it's a bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core concept of mediation, it's a bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core concept of mediation, it's a bias
+toward thinking that agreement consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward thinking that agreement consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward thinking that agreement consensus
+is a good thing in principle among and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing in principle among and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing in principle among and
+then you know we try and frame it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know we try and frame it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know we try and frame it around
+the broad particip broad and informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad particip broad and informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad particip broad and informed
+participation and there's the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and there's the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and there's the argument
+that David and others have made that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that David and others have made that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that David and others have made that you
+know sometimes having people being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes having people being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes having people being
+wellinformed and pissed off and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellinformed and pissed off and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellinformed and pissed off and not in
+agreement is also an acceptable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is also an acceptable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is also an acceptable and
+maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+outcome and I think I think we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and I think I think we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and I think I think we sometimes
+have a hard time seeing that. I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time seeing that. I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time seeing that. I'm sure
+that there are more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are more sophisticated
+comments on bias but I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on bias but I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on bias but I think that's a
+core one. I would venture from a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core one. I would venture from a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core one. I would venture from a side
+conversation yesterday before we sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation yesterday before we sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation yesterday before we sat
+down to dinner that there's a bias in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to dinner that there's a bias in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to dinner that there's a bias in
+the group and in the form which I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and in the form which I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and in the form which I might
+say a bias for public intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bias for public intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bias for public intelligence
+that that that something will grow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that something will grow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that something will grow out
+of the conversation that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation that people can
+learn and people can transform issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and people can transform issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and people can transform issues
+and create things. You need you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create things. You need you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create things. You need you need a
+tool to communicate and any tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to communicate and any tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to communicate and any tool to
+communicate will allow you to say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate will allow you to say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate will allow you to say some
+things better than other things. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better than other things. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better than other things. If you
+institutionalize it, if you argue in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalize it, if you argue in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalize it, if you argue in in
+legal terms, you can argue some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal terms, you can argue some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal terms, you can argue some cases
+better than other cases. If you um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other cases. If you um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other cases. If you um do
+representative democracy, you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative democracy, you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative democracy, you can do
+things better than other things. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better than other things. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better than other things. Well,
+mediation is another institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation is another institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation is another institutional
+format. I'm sure some things can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format. I'm sure some things can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format. I'm sure some things can be done
+better than other things. Um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other things. Um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other things. Um and you
+must know it. Do you really know it? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must know it. Do you really know it? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must know it. Do you really know it? I'm
+sure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure because
+everything has a bias.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a bias.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a bias.
+No, no, no. Because we need it. If if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, no. Because we need it. If if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, no. Because we need it. If if
+you want if you if you're really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you if you're really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you if you're really serious
+about the connection between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection between uh
+mediation and deliberative democracy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation and deliberative democracy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation and deliberative democracy,
+you must you must you must answer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rgM7Z9BNm1s.txt b/rgM7Z9BNm1s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3eb8322604f0faec13535d230a64c38ec85d8c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rgM7Z9BNm1s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get
+started so today's um lecture is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so today's um lecture is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so today's um lecture is lecture
+three out of four on the idea of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of four on the idea of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of four on the idea of object
+oriented programming and creating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented programming and creating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented programming and creating our
+own object types through python classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own object types through python classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own object types through python classes
+the majority of today's lecture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of today's lecture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of today's lecture will be
+on this idea of inheritance but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this idea of inheritance but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this idea of inheritance but before
+we get there I'd like to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there I'd like to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there I'd like to do a little bit
+of a recap of the big things that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recap of the big things that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recap of the big things that we've
+seen already and um along the way we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already and um along the way we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already and um along the way we'll
+be writing a new uh data type for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing a new uh data type for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing a new uh data type for
+something more abstract an animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more abstract an animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more abstract an animal class
+more abstract than what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract than what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract than what we've seen
+before but then when we get to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but then when we get to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but then when we get to the idea
+of inheritance we'll build upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance we'll build upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance we'll build upon this
+animal class with some um more animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class with some um more animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class with some um more animal
+objects so the big idea behind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so the big idea behind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so the big idea behind uh
+creating our own data type is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our own data type is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our own data type is that we
+want to mimic what's going on in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mimic what's going on in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mimic what's going on in real
+life right and in real life we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right and in real life we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right and in real life we basically
+have all of these different objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these different objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these different objects in
+the world right but these objects kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world right but these objects kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world right but these objects kind
+of can be grouped According to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can be grouped According to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can be grouped According to some
+categories right so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so in this particular
+slide I've got six different objects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I've got six different objects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I've got six different objects but
+the three on the left can kind of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three on the left can kind of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three on the left can kind of be
+grouped together right we know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped together right we know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped together right we know that they
+are a kind of cat and as such we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of cat and as such we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of cat and as such we know
+that all these cats have you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these cats have you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these cats have you know we can
+describe them using some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them using some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them using some common
+properties and common behaviors so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and common behaviors so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and common behaviors so for
+these cats I would give um I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cats I would give um I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cats I would give um I would say
+that all these cats have a name an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these cats have a name an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these cats have a name an age
+and a color associated with them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a color associated with them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a color associated with them right
+so I know that all cats would therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that all cats would therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that all cats would therefore
+you know generally have a name and age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generally have a name and age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generally have a name and age
+and a color and then some similar set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a color and then some similar set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a color and then some similar set of
+behaviors the items on the right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors the items on the right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors the items on the right right
+those three objects I know they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects I know they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three objects I know they can be
+categorized together let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized together let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized together let's say that
+they're wild rabbits and let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wild rabbits and let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wild rabbits and let's say that
+for the wild rabbits I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wild rabbits I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wild rabbits I don't actually
+give them a name so I would categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a name so I would categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a name so I would categorize
+them again using common properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again using common properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again using common properties
+properties just an age and a color right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties just an age and a color right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties just an age and a color right
+no name and then those three objects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no name and then those three objects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no name and then those three objects on
+the right also have a common set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right also have a common set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right also have a common set of
+behaviors different than the objects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors different than the objects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors different than the objects on
+the left and so we're trying to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and so we're trying to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and so we're trying to mimic
+these uh the idea of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh the idea of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh the idea of these
+categorizations data types that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizations data types that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizations data types that we see
+in real life okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life okay
+so um little bit of recap right when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um little bit of recap right when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um little bit of recap right when we
+Define our own data type in Python we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define our own data type in Python we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define our own data type in Python we
+decide on a bunch of attributes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on a bunch of attributes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on a bunch of attributes and
+attributes can either be data or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes can either be data or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes can either be data or they
+can be procedures the data is you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be procedures the data is you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be procedures the data is you think
+of them as sort of what variables make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as sort of what variables make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as sort of what variables make
+up your object and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your object and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your object and this is something
+that you decide so for coordinate object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you decide so for coordinate object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you decide so for coordinate object
+we've seen this example A lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this example A lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this example A lot of times
+we decided on X and Y values for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided on X and Y values for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided on X and Y values for this
+more abstract idea of an animal well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract idea of an animal well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract idea of an animal well we
+can just say that we can describe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say that we can describe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say that we can describe an
+animal by its age so how long it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal by its age so how long it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal by its age so how long it's been
+alive right since birth um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive right since birth um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive right since birth um in terms of
+procedural attributes these we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural attributes these we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural attributes these we
+implemented using methods in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented using methods in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented using methods in Python
+classes um and these are the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um and these are the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um and these are the idea behind
+these is just how can somebody or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just how can somebody or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just how can somebody or
+somebody who's creating an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's creating an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's creating an object of
+this type manipulate the object what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type manipulate the object what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type manipulate the object what are
+some ways to interface with this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to interface with this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to interface with this object
+so our coordinate class we one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our coordinate class we one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our coordinate class we one of the
+more interesting things was to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things was to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things was to find a
+distance between a coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between a coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between a coordinate and
+another coordinate but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coordinate but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coordinate but some of the
+simpler things were you know to just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler things were you know to just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler things were you know to just you
+get the value of the x coordinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value of the x coordinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value of the x coordinate the
+y-coordinate things like that for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate things like that for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate things like that for our
+animal class that we're implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class that we're implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class that we're implementing
+today it's going to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's going to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's going to be a little bit more
+abstract but one of the simplest things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but one of the simplest things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but one of the simplest things
+is to just say hey tell me how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just say hey tell me how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just say hey tell me how long
+you've been alive that's basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been alive that's basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been alive that's basically just
+grabbing the uh the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the uh the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the uh the value of the
+attribute the AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the AG
+right so here we're defining our object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we're defining our object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we're defining our object
+uh our data object right um the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our data object right um the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our data object right um the class
+keyword tells python we're creating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword tells python we're creating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword tells python we're creating our
+new data type this is the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type this is the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type this is the name of our
+data type so the type of this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type so the type of this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type so the type of this thing that
+we're creating is animal in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating is animal in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating is animal in parenthesis
+here animal inherits uh uh animals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here animal inherits uh uh animals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here animal inherits uh uh animals is
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+is the generic python object and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generic python object and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generic python object and later
+today's lecture we're going to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're going to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're going to see what
+happens when we put something else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we put something else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we put something else in
+those parentheses so the uh the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parentheses so the uh the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parentheses so the uh the parent
+of a class that we create is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a class that we create is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a class that we create is something
+other than just the generic python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just the generic python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just the generic python
+object and then the very first method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then the very first method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then the very first method
+that we always write in our new object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always write in our new object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always write in our new object
+definition is the init method this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the init method this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the init method this tells
+python how do you create an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python how do you create an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python how do you create an object of
+this type like a very basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type like a very basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type like a very basic uh
+information that python needs to know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that python needs to know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that python needs to know so
+the init method is a special Dunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method is a special Dunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method is a special Dunder
+method double underscore init double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method double underscore init double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method double underscore init double
+underscore and by now you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore and by now you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore and by now you're familiar
+the first parameter of every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first parameter of every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first parameter of every single
+method that we Define inside a class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we Define inside a class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we Define inside a class is
+this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called
+self and remember self is um is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and remember self is um is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and remember self is um is a a
+variable right it's it's a variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right it's it's a variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right it's it's a variable name
+that allows us to talk about an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to talk about an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to talk about an object
+without having created one yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having created one yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having created one yet because
+all we're doing here is defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing here is defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing here is defining the
+class right we don't have actual objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we don't have actual objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we don't have actual objects
+created and so this method here the init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and so this method here the init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and so this method here the init
+method and all the other methods are run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and all the other methods are run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and all the other methods are run
+on an object of type animal but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an object of type animal but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an object of type animal but we don't
+have that object yet so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that object yet so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that object yet so the first
+parameter will be that object in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter will be that object in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter will be that object in this
+abstract sort of way and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract sort of way and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract sort of way and then you can
+put other parameters in uh in that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put other parameters in uh in that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put other parameters in uh in that list
+and so we say that when we create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we say that when we create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we say that when we create a new
+animal object we're going to initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal object we're going to initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal object we're going to initialize
+it by its age so some number okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by its age so some number okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by its age so some number okay um
+within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+init what do we usually do well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init what do we usually do well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init what do we usually do well we
+usually um initialize all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um initialize all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um initialize all the data
+attributes also called uh instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes also called uh instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes also called uh instance
+variables so here how many data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so here how many data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so here how many data
+attributes do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes do I
+have for the animal class two exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the animal class two exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the animal class two exactly
+yeah two the first one self. AG right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two the first one self. AG right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two the first one self. AG right is
+a data attribute and we know it's a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data attribute and we know it's a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data attribute and we know it's a data
+attribute because we have that self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute because we have that self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute because we have that self
+appearing again right if it just if was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing again right if it just if was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing again right if it just if was
+just a variable name like age or years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a variable name like age or years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a variable name like age or years
+or time or something like that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time or something like that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time or something like that it would
+just be a regular old variable and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a regular old variable and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a regular old variable and as
+soon as that init method ended did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as that init method ended did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as that init method ended did that
+variable would go away but the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would go away but the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would go away but the fact that
+we've inti we've initialized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've inti we've initialized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've inti we've initialized this
+variable using self dot tells python hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable using self dot tells python hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable using self dot tells python hey
+this is a variable that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a variable that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a variable that I want to
+persist for as long as this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist for as long as this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist for as long as this object
+exists in memory okay so it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in memory okay so it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in memory okay so it's a it's an
+instance variable so self. age equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance variable so self. age equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance variable so self. age equals
+age we'll create this data attribute age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age we'll create this data attribute age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age we'll create this data attribute age
+and assign it to the parameter PED in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign it to the parameter PED in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign it to the parameter PED in
+age now selfon name is also data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age now selfon name is also data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age now selfon name is also data
+attribute it's just not being passed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute it's just not being passed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute it's just not being passed in
+the parameter list and that's okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter list and that's okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter list and that's okay not
+everything has to be passed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be passed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be passed into the
+parameter list so here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter list so here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter list so here what we're
+effectively doing is saying when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing is saying when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing is saying when we
+create a new animal object we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new animal object we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new animal object we have to
+tell it the age how long it's been alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it the age how long it's been alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it the age how long it's been alive
+for but then the name data attribute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but then the name data attribute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but then the name data attribute is
+always going to be none so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be none so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be none so there's an
+absence of a value for the name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a value for the name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a value for the name for
+every animal we create right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every animal we create right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every animal we create right off the bat
+okay everyone okay with me so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's the purpose of defining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the purpose of defining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the purpose of defining this
+to be none well later on I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be none well later on I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be none well later on I'm going to
+add some methods that allow you to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some methods that allow you to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some methods that allow you to give
+a name to an animal if you'd like um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name to an animal if you'd like um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name to an animal if you'd like um but
+again this is uh a design choice that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is uh a design choice that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is uh a design choice that I
+made so you yeah you might not make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so you yeah you might not make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so you yeah you might not make the
+same design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same design
+choices so that's the definition for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so that's the definition for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so that's the definition for my
+class right just these four lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right just these four lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right just these four lines of
+code and then down here we saw uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then down here we saw uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then down here we saw uh in the
+past couple uh lectures how to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple uh lectures how to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple uh lectures how to create
+actual new objects right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual new objects right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual new objects right so this is
+where the uh the acttion actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh the acttion actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh the acttion actually
+happens right so here I'm creating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so here I'm creating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so here I'm creating a new
+animal object uh a variable my animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal object uh a variable my animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal object uh a variable my animal is
+bound to that animal object right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to that animal object right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to that animal object right so
+that's my variable name you can name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my variable name you can name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my variable name you can name it
+anything you want and then you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and then you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want and then you're uh
+telling python to create a new animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python to create a new animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python to create a new animal
+object simply by invoking the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object simply by invoking the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object simply by invoking the name of
+the class and then passing in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then passing in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then passing in all the
+parameters that we're expecting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we're expecting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we're expecting here
+except for self right because self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for self right because self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for self right because self
+becomes this thing like if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this thing like if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this thing like if I were to
+draw a box around animal three that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a box around animal three that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a box around animal three that is
+self that is this object that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self that is this object that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self that is this object that I just
+created okay so that's the init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created okay so that's the init method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created okay so that's the init method
+last lecture we saw some Dunder methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we saw some Dunder methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we saw some Dunder methods
+and I think I said uh probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I said uh probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I said uh probably the
+second method you'd ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method you'd ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method you'd ever want to
+implement for a new class is this Dunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement for a new class is this Dunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement for a new class is this Dunder
+St Str method now the dunder Str method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Str method now the dunder Str method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St Str method now the dunder Str method
+tells python how's how python should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python how's how python should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python how's how python should
+print an object of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print an object of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print an object of type
+animal right because initially right off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal right because initially right off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal right because initially right off
+the bat if we didn't implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat if we didn't implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat if we didn't implement this
+Dunder Str Str method python would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder Str Str method python would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder Str Str method python would
+default to the Str method of the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to the Str method of the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to the Str method of the generic
+python object which just tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python object which just tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python object which just tells us the
+memory location this object has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location this object has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location this object has been
+created at which is not very useful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at which is not very useful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at which is not very useful when
+we print an animal object and again my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we print an animal object and again my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we print an animal object and again my
+design choice is to uh say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design choice is to uh say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design choice is to uh say I'm going to
+uh print animal colon the name of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh print animal colon the name of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh print animal colon the name of that
+animal colon and the age of that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal colon and the age of that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal colon and the age of that animal
+again my design choice right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my design choice right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my design choice right and
+remember the dunder strr method Returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the dunder strr method Returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the dunder strr method Returns
+the string you want to print out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string you want to print out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string you want to print out it
+doesn't print it out straight up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't print it out straight up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't print it out straight up okay
+everyone everyone okay with that so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone everyone okay with that so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone everyone okay with that so far
+should be review okay so then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be review okay so then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be review okay so then the other
+things that we we want to include in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we we want to include in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we we want to include in our
+uh class and this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class and this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class and this is something that you
+includeed no matter what um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includeed no matter what um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includeed no matter what um the uh
+language you're working with is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're working with is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're working with is these
+things called Getters and Setters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called Getters and Setters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called Getters and Setters so
+Getters are these two right here Getters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getters are these two right here Getters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getters are these two right here Getters
+are basically very simple functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically very simple functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically very simple functions that
+return the values of the data attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the values of the data attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the values of the data attributes
+that this object has this object just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object has this object just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object has this object just
+has two right an age and a name because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two right an age and a name because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two right an age and a name because
+they were defined using self. age and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were defined using self. age and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were defined using self. age and
+self. name so here's a getter to to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. name so here's a getter to to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. name so here's a getter to to just
+tell me the value of self. age so all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the value of self. age so all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the value of self. age so all it
+does is return self. and name all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is return self. and name all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is return self. and name all it
+does is return self. name very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is return self. name very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is return self. name very very
+simple Setters same idea except that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Setters same idea except that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Setters same idea except that now
+we're allowing uh someone using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing uh someone using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing uh someone using our
+class to set the values of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to set the values of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to set the values of these data
+attributes through this through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes through this through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes through this through these
+methods right so here all it's doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right so here all it's doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right so here all it's doing is
+taking in a parameter for the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in a parameter for the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in a parameter for the thing you
+want to change the age or the name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the age or the name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the age or the name to
+right and all it does is say well s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all it does is say well s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all it does is say well s
+self. AG is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. AG is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. AG is going to be equal to the
+thing you passed in okay um that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you passed in okay um that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you passed in okay um that's the
+age so we're changing this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so we're changing this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so we're changing this to a
+different number uh and then the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number uh and then the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number uh and then the set
+name is changing the name data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is changing the name data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is changing the name data attribute
+to a different string and here I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different string and here I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different string and here I'm using
+this default parameter that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this default parameter that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this default parameter that we talked
+about way back in um in when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about way back in um in when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about way back in um in when we talked
+about functions right so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions right so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions right so if you don't
+pass in an actual string value will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in an actual string value will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in an actual string value will
+default to the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to the empty
+string okay so let me show you how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so let me show you how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so let me show you how this
+works so this is my animal class exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is my animal class exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is my animal class exactly
+as in the slides I've got my nit St and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the slides I've got my nit St and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the slides I've got my nit St and
+my two Getters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two Getters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two Getters and
+Setters and then I've got two animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and then I've got two animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and then I've got two animals
+being created here right so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created here right so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created here right so here's a
+print for animal with age four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print for animal with age four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print for animal with age four and
+here's a print of animal age six so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a print of animal age six so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a print of animal age six so if I
+run these it should print animal colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these it should print animal colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these it should print animal colon
+none because I didn't set the name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none because I didn't set the name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none because I didn't set the name to
+anything for these two and then their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for these two and then their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for these two and then their
+respective ages right so this is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective ages right so this is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective ages right so this is using
+the Str strr method for uh on a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Str strr method for uh on a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Str strr method for uh on a and this
+is using the EST method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the EST method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the EST method on
+B okay and then we can access of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and then we can access of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and then we can access of course
+using do notation all of our uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using do notation all of our uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using do notation all of our uh data
+attributes so here I'm accessing the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so here I'm accessing the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so here I'm accessing the age
+directly but since the get or get age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but since the get or get age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but since the get or get age
+just returns for me the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just returns for me the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just returns for me the value of that
+data attribute these will actually print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute these will actually print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute these will actually print
+the same thing so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so I'm just going to
+comment these out so if I'm accessing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment these out so if I'm accessing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment these out so if I'm accessing a
+age through either the data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age through either the data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age through either the data attribute
+directly or through the getter method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or through the getter method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or through the getter method
+it'll print four for both right pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll print four for both right pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll print four for both right pretty
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+straightforward um and then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um and then we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um and then we can do
+some like this so I can call the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like this so I can call the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like this so I can call the set
+name method so here I'm passing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name method so here I'm passing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name method so here I'm passing an
+actual name for it and then I can print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name for it and then I can print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name for it and then I can print
+the name or I can use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name or I can use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name or I can use the the
+getter to print the name right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getter to print the name right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getter to print the name right so if I
+run that you'll see the name has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that you'll see the name has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that you'll see the name has now
+been changed for object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed for object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed for object
+a and then if I run the print method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then if I run the print method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then if I run the print method on
+on a then WR it prints animal colon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a then WR it prints animal colon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a then WR it prints animal colon the
+new name that I just said it to fluffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name that I just said it to fluffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name that I just said it to fluffy
+and then the age has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the age has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the age has been
+unchanged if I run set name without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged if I run set name without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged if I run set name without a
+parameter it'll revert to that default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it'll revert to that default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it'll revert to that default
+parameter for the name which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for the name which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for the name which is the
+empty string so the new name of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string so the new name of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string so the new name of my
+animal a will just be an empty string so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal a will just be an empty string so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal a will just be an empty string so
+it's just going to be colon with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be colon with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be colon with nothing
+in there right so just empty no space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right so just empty no space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right so just empty no space or
+anything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+okay everyone all right so far hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone all right so far hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everyone all right so far hopefully
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+review so we saw that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so we saw that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so we saw that we can actually
+grab the exact same value right um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the exact same value right um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the exact same value right um for
+the age using uh by by accessing the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age using uh by by accessing the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age using uh by by accessing the age
+data attribute directly right using do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute directly right using do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute directly right using do
+notation or our getter that we wrote one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation or our getter that we wrote one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation or our getter that we wrote one
+of these is better than the other uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is better than the other uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is better than the other uh in
+terms of style and in terms of uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of style and in terms of uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of style and in terms of uh you
+know good coding practices and in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good coding practices and in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good coding practices and in terms
+of writing code that's easy to read easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing code that's easy to read easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing code that's easy to read easy
+to modify robust things like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify robust things like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify robust things like that the
+one that is better to use is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is better to use is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is better to use is the one
+that accesses the method right both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accesses the method right both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accesses the method right both are
+using Dawn notation but the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Dawn notation but the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Dawn notation but the first one is
+actually accessing the internals of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accessing the internals of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accessing the internals of of
+my um of my class definition right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um of my class definition right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um of my class definition right we're
+in order to know the value of my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to know the value of my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to know the value of my data
+attribute as someone who's just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute as someone who's just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute as someone who's just using
+this code for an animal class I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code for an animal class I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code for an animal class I'd have
+to actually go in and read right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go in and read right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go in and read right the
+init method to know these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method to know these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method to know these data
+attributes that are being initialized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are being initialized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are being initialized I
+don't know about you but I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you but I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you but I actually
+let's take an example of a list right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of a list right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example of a list right
+something we've used a lot have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've used a lot have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've used a lot have you ever
+gone into the definition of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into the definition of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into the definition of the list
+class to see the data attributes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to see the data attributes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to see the data attributes that
+are being initialized I haven't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being initialized I haven't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being initialized I haven't right
+all we've been doing is working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've been doing is working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've been doing is working with
+methods that allow us to make changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that allow us to make changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that allow us to make changes to
+lists to do operations on lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists to do operations on lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists to do operations on lists and
+things like that so the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so the internal
+workings of the list class is hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workings of the list class is hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workings of the list class is hidden
+from us and that's just the way we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us and that's just the way we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us and that's just the way we like
+it right I don't care how the list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right I don't care how the list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right I don't care how the list is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+implemented and the same thing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and the same thing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and the same thing should
+happen here right I shouldn't care how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here right I shouldn't care how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here right I shouldn't care how I
+implement the animal class I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the animal class I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the animal class I shouldn't
+care what variable you know what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what variable you know what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what variable you know what uh
+instance variables they're being they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance variables they're being they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance variables they're being they're
+using so let me show you why so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so let me show you why so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so let me show you why so if
+someone who's writing the animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's writing the animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's writing the animal class
+decides in the future that age was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides in the future that age was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides in the future that age was a
+strange variable name to use and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange variable name to use and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange variable name to use and they
+decide to change that the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to change that the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to change that the um the
+variable associated with how long this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable associated with how long this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable associated with how long this
+animal has been alive to to be years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal has been alive to to be years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal has been alive to to be years
+right so here I've got oops I've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've got oops I've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've got oops I've got uh
+self. years equals age that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. years equals age that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. years equals age that's the only
+change I've made to my uh animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I've made to my uh animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I've made to my uh animal class
+right so I've made the design decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've made the design decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've made the design decision
+to change the this data attribute to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the this data attribute to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the this data attribute to be
+years and then of course since I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then of course since I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then of course since I'm
+making this class I need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this class I need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this class I need to make sure
+all my Getters and Setters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my Getters and Setters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my Getters and Setters and
+everything still works with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything still works with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything still works with this new
+data attribute so my get age will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute so my get age will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute so my get age will return
+self. years right I'm returning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. years right I'm returning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. years right I'm returning this
+very iable uh data attribute that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very iable uh data attribute that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very iable uh data attribute that I've
+I've changed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed to
+well this is the full code so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the full code so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the full code so this is
+you can see the changed data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the changed data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the changed data attribute
+here I'm using self. years equals age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using self. years equals age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using self. years equals age
+and then my getter is going to oops my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my getter is going to oops my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my getter is going to oops my
+getter is going to return self. years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getter is going to return self. years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getter is going to return self. years
+and my Setter is going to set self.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Setter is going to set self.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Setter is going to set self.
+years well if this this implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years well if this this implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years well if this this implementation
+should be hidden right from me somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be hidden right from me somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be hidden right from me somebody
+who is just trying to create a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is just trying to create a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is just trying to create a bunch of
+animals in their code so this code down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in their code so this code down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in their code so this code down
+here will work if I use my method right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will work if I use my method right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will work if I use my method right
+because the method should still work no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the method should still work no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the method should still work no
+matter what the data attribute is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the data attribute is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the data attribute is called
+right age or years or time or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right age or years or time or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right age or years or time or whatever
+but if I had code that access that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I had code that access that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I had code that access that data
+attribute directly it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute directly it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute directly it doesn't work
+anymore it throws an air because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it throws an air because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it throws an air because
+surprise that dat attribute no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that dat attribute no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that dat attribute no longer
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+right so it's much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's much better
+style and you know you can uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and you know you can uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and you know you can uh more
+robust to use only Getters and Setters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to use only Getters and Setters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to use only Getters and Setters
+only methods to make changes and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only methods to make changes and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only methods to make changes and to
+manipulate the objects you should never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the objects you should never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the objects you should never
+ever really have to use the uh the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever really have to use the uh the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever really have to use the uh the data
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+right questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay good because that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay good because that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay good because that's uh
+something that you'll have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you'll have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you'll have to keep in
+mind on the quiz next Monday okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind on the quiz next Monday okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind on the quiz next Monday okay not
+using data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data
+attributes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so having said that python does allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having said that python does allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having said that python does allow
+you to do a bunch of questionable stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do a bunch of questionable stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do a bunch of questionable stuff
+so first of all it allows you as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all it allows you as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all it allows you as we just
+saw to access the data attribute of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw to access the data attribute of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw to access the data attribute of a
+particular instance that you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance that you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance that you create
+right so you create an object it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you create an object it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you create an object it's a
+very specific animal with a specific age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific animal with a specific age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific animal with a specific age
+you can just access the use dot notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just access the use dot notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just access the use dot notation
+to access the the value of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the the value of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the the value of all of these
+um data attributes fine we're not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data attributes fine we're not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data attributes fine we're not you
+know we're not we'll we'll mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not we'll we'll mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not we'll we'll mess
+ourselves up in a future because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves up in a future because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves up in a future because you
+know maybe this won't work but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe this won't work but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe this won't work but it's not
+so bad however python also allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad however python also allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad however python also allows you to
+change the value of a data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of a data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of a data attribute
+outside of the class definition right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the class definition right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the class definition right so
+this is code we write not within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is code we write not within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is code we write not within the
+class it's code we write as somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's code we write as somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's code we write as somebody
+who's using the class so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's using the class so what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's using the class so what does this
+mean well now I'm going to set the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well now I'm going to set the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well now I'm going to set the age
+data attribute to be whatever I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute to be whatever I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute to be whatever I want
+outside the class definition right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the class definition right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the class definition right I
+could even set it to a dictionary if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even set it to a dictionary if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even set it to a dictionary if I
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to um in this particular case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um in this particular case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um in this particular case I'm
+setting it to a string infinite but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it to a string infinite but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it to a string infinite but if I
+do this then I risk you know code on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this then I risk you know code on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this then I risk you know code on
+this animal class not working further on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal class not working further on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal class not working further on
+because maybe they assume that the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe they assume that the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe they assume that the age
+is always a number and so a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a number and so a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a number and so a different
+method I might run will not work anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I might run will not work anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I might run will not work anymore
+if I happen to set it to the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to set it to the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to set it to the string
+right um and then one other thing python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then one other thing python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then one other thing python
+actually allows you to do is to add data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows you to do is to add data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows you to do is to add data
+attributes to instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes to instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes to instance
+es so now the problem with this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es so now the problem with this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es so now the problem with this is that
+let's say I create a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I create a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I create a whole bunch of
+instances of animals right this animal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of animals right this animal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of animals right this animal's
+got age four this animal's got age six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got age four this animal's got age six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got age four this animal's got age six
+this animal's got age five and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal's got age five and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal's got age five and then one
+of these animals I decide to add a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals I decide to add a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals I decide to add a new
+data attribute to it like only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute to it like only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute to it like only one of
+these instances now has three data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances now has three data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances now has three data
+attributes associated with it a name an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes associated with it a name an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes associated with it a name an
+age and now the size all the other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and now the size all the other data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and now the size all the other data
+uh all the other animal instances I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other animal instances I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other animal instances I've
+created only have a name and an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created only have a name and an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created only have a name and an age
+associated with them just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them just this one
+happens to have this extra data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to have this extra data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to have this extra data
+attribute so now the whole reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute so now the whole reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute so now the whole reason why
+we're creating our own data types right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating our own data types right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating our own data types right
+was to be consistent to bundle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be consistent to bundle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be consistent to bundle the
+specific set of data and specific set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of data and specific set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of data and specific set of
+behaviors together flies out the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors together flies out the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors together flies out the window
+because now I have one instance that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I have one instance that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I have one instance that now
+has this extra data attribute associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra data attribute associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra data attribute associated
+with it and nobody else does right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and nobody else does right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and nobody else does right so
+all that consistency has has um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that consistency has has um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that consistency has has um you know
+is has gone out the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has gone out the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has gone out the window
+so never ever do any of these outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so never ever do any of these outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so never ever do any of these outside of
+the class definition it's totally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class definition it's totally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class definition it's totally okay
+to access data attributes while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access data attributes while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access data attributes while you're
+defining class right but not okay to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining class right but not okay to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining class right but not okay to do
+any of these outside of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these outside of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these outside of the class
+definition even though python allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition even though python allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition even though python allows you
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+them okay so one of the things I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so one of the things I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so one of the things I wanted
+to show you in this lecture is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you in this lecture is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you in this lecture is something
+we haven't really seen so far and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really seen so far and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really seen so far and that's
+actually just working with objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just working with objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just working with objects that
+we create yes when we created fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create yes when we created fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create yes when we created fractions
+and coordinates we just created a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coordinates we just created a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coordinates we just created a whole
+bunch of objects and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of objects and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of objects and then you know
+printed you know the numerators or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed you know the numerators or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed you know the numerators or you
+know printed the object or multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know printed the object or multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know printed the object or multiplied
+them together but we never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together but we never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together but we never actually
+wrote nice functions that kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote nice functions that kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote nice functions that kind of work
+with objects of our type so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects of our type so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects of our type so one of the
+things I wanted to show you is how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to show you is how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to show you is how how
+to do that so here's a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so here's a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so here's a function that
+creates um a dictionary out of a list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates um a dictionary out of a list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates um a dictionary out of a list so
+the input here is going to be a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input here is going to be a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input here is going to be a list of
+whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I
+want and uh the function what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and uh the function what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and uh the function what I would
+like it to do is to pick up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to do is to pick up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to do is to pick up from the
+list only numbers that are non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list only numbers that are non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list only numbers that are non- negative
+and just integers so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just integers so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just integers so in this particular
+case I would like my function to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would like my function to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I would like my function to pick up
+the two the five and the zero ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the five and the zero ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the five and the zero ignoring
+everything else and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and I would like to
+create a dictionary out of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a dictionary out of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a dictionary out of these numbers
+and what the dictionary should do is map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the dictionary should do is map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the dictionary should do is map
+each one of these numbers so the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these numbers so the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these numbers so the two the
+five and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the
+zero these would be my keys and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero these would be my keys and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero these would be my keys and they
+should be mapped to animal objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mapped to animal objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be mapped to animal objects
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ages right so that's an animal with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages right so that's an animal with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages right so that's an animal with two
+of age2 and this is an animal with age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age2 and this is an animal with age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age2 and this is an animal with age
+five and this should be an animal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this should be an animal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this should be an animal with
+um age zero right so my keys types are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um age zero right so my keys types are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um age zero right so my keys types are
+ins and the values associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins and the values associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins and the values associated with the
+keys the type should be animal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys the type should be animal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys the type should be animal this
+object that I just created all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I just created all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I just created all right so
+the code is uh pretty straightforward we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is uh pretty straightforward we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is uh pretty straightforward we
+just have a little Loop that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a little Loop that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a little Loop that goes
+through each element one at a time in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each element one at a time in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each element one at a time in my
+list that's for n and L and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's for n and L and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's for n and L and then I'm
+just going to do something to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do something to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do something to the
+elements that are integers and greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are integers and greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are integers and greater
+or equal to zero right non- negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero right non- negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero right non- negative so
+that'll extract only the two the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll extract only the two the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll extract only the two the five
+and the zero as we go through the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zero as we go through the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zero as we go through the loop
+over the elements in L and then the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elements in L and then the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elements in L and then the key
+line here is this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here is this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here is this one in
+red I'm going to say I'm going to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I'm going to say I'm going to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I'm going to say I'm going to this
+line just adds an entry to my dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line just adds an entry to my dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line just adds an entry to my dictionary
+right so this is the Syntax for putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the Syntax for putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the Syntax for putting
+something in a dictionary right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a dictionary right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a dictionary right there's
+no append or Plus in a dictionary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no append or Plus in a dictionary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no append or Plus in a dictionary or
+anything like that it's just straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that it's just straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that it's just straight up
+indexing the key you want is n so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing the key you want is n so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing the key you want is n so either
+a two a five or a zero and the value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two a five or a zero and the value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two a five or a zero and the value I
+want to associate with that key is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to associate with that key is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to associate with that key is an
+animal with age whatever this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal with age whatever this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal with age whatever this is two
+five or zero right so exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or zero right so exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or zero right so exactly what I
+wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+here everyone okay so far all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone okay so far all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone okay so far all right the
+loop goes through to the end of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop goes through to the end of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop goes through to the end of the list
+and then we've created our dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've created our dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've created our dictionary
+and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're
+done as we're writing this code how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done as we're writing this code how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done as we're writing this code how
+would we debug it or how would we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we debug it or how would we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we debug it or how would we check
+to see that it worked well the instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that it worked well the instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that it worked well the instinct
+is to say okay well let me check to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say okay well let me check to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say okay well let me check to see
+if this function worked so here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this function worked so here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this function worked so here this
+line animals equals animal dict L will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line animals equals animal dict L will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line animals equals animal dict L will
+run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this
+function and it runs it on this L and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it runs it on this L and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it runs it on this L and at
+the end it returns a dictionary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it returns a dictionary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it returns a dictionary right
+something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this
+so our instinct is to just print that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our instinct is to just print that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our instinct is to just print that
+return to dictionary okay but if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to dictionary okay but if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to dictionary okay but if we were
+to print that and you can actually run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print that and you can actually run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print that and you can actually run
+the code in the python if you print that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code in the python if you print that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code in the python if you print that
+you get something like this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like this and that's
+because python doesn't dig through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because python doesn't dig through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because python doesn't dig through
+elements of dictionaries or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of dictionaries or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of dictionaries or even
+elements of lists to run the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of lists to run the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of lists to run the print
+method sort of recursively right it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sort of recursively right it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sort of recursively right it just
+runs the print method top level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the print method top level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the print method top level and the
+problem is it knows how to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it knows how to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it knows how to print
+integers just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers just fine
+but it doesn't know how to print a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't know how to print a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't know how to print a
+dictionary where the values are animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary where the values are animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary where the values are animal
+objects and so we run into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so we run into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so we run into the same
+problem where now the value associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where now the value associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where now the value associated
+with key2 is this animal object at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with key2 is this animal object at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with key2 is this animal object at that
+memory location but how do I know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location but how do I know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location but how do I know that I
+didn't screw up sort of my you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't screw up sort of my you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't screw up sort of my you know I
+created an animal with um age five where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an animal with um age five where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an animal with um age five where
+it should have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been to
+right so the solution and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the solution and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the solution and you'll
+probably encounter this um on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encounter this um on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encounter this um on the next
+Quiz if you're debugging your code um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz if you're debugging your code um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz if you're debugging your code um
+the solution is to just iterate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to just iterate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to just iterate through
+the dictionary right in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary right in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary right in such a way that
+you run that print statement directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that print statement directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that print statement directly on
+an object of type animal python knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of type animal python knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of type animal python knows
+how to do that right we told it the Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that right we told it the Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that right we told it the Str
+method right we have an Str method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right we have an Str method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right we have an Str method here
+so it knows how to run the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it knows how to run the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it knows how to run the print
+directly on an animal object it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on an animal object it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on an animal object it just
+doesn't know how to run the print where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know how to run the print where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know how to run the print where
+the value of a dictionary is an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a dictionary is an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a dictionary is an animal
+object so let's replace this print of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so let's replace this print of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so let's replace this print of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dictionary with a little Loop it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary with a little Loop it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary with a little Loop it goes
+through through uh this the dictionaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through uh this the dictionaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through uh this the dictionaries
+items right so n is going to be my key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items right so n is going to be my key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items right so n is going to be my key
+and a is going to be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is going to be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is going to be the value
+associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+key and I've just got the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and I've just got the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and I've just got the print
+statement here so I'm print I'm using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so I'm print I'm using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so I'm print I'm using an
+F string here that prints key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F string here that prints key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F string here that prints key and
+whatever value that key is with Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value that key is with Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value that key is with Val
+whatever value that that is right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value that that is right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value that that is right so now
+the print statement is being run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the print statement is being run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the print statement is being run
+directly on an object of type animal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on an object of type animal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on an object of type animal and
+now the result of this uh loop will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the result of this uh loop will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the result of this uh loop will be
+this right so key to with value and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so key to with value and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so key to with value and then
+it uses the print statement on my animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the print statement on my animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the print statement on my animal
+object does that make sense everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object does that make sense everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object does that make sense everyone
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far it's conver yeah exactly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's conver yeah exactly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's conver yeah exactly it's
+converting the stuff in the dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the stuff in the dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the stuff in the dictionary
+strings because my print statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings because my print statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings because my print statement is
+being run directly on that object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being run directly on that object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being run directly on that object right
+of type animal and it knows how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type animal and it knows how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type animal and it knows how to do
+that I implemented the dunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SDR everyone okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's have you try this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's have you try this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's have you try this let's
+have you write a little code so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you write a little code so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you write a little code so this
+function it's going to be very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to be very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to be very similar
+we're not making dictionaries you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not making dictionaries you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not making dictionaries you'll be
+making a list but you'll encounter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a list but you'll encounter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a list but you'll encounter the
+same problem um the input here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem um the input here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem um the input here is going
+to be two lists of the same length one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two lists of the same length one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two lists of the same length one
+list has numbers one list has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has numbers one list has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has numbers one list has
+strings and what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and what I'd like you to do is
+create for me a new list and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create for me a new list and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create for me a new list and the new
+list is going to have animal objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is going to have animal objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is going to have animal objects
+where you match sort of index by index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you match sort of index by index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you match sort of index by index
+so the uh the resulting animal object at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the resulting animal object at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the resulting animal object at
+index zero will basically create for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index zero will basically create for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index zero will basically create for me
+a new animal with age two and named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new animal with age two and named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new animal with age two and named
+blobfish right the animal object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobfish right the animal object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobfish right the animal object in the
+resulting list at index one will create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting list at index one will create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting list at index one will create
+uh will be with age five and named Crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be with age five and named Crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be with age five and named Crazy
+ant and then the animal object at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant and then the animal object at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant and then the animal object at index
+two will be age one and named parap Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will be age one and named parap Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will be age one and named parap Fox
+so we're just doing the same thing index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just doing the same thing index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just doing the same thing index
+by index where you create a new animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by index where you create a new animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by index where you create a new animal
+object with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with the
+uh age this value right one one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age this value right one one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age this value right one one at a
+time and you set the name to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you set the name to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you set the name to be this
+value one at a time and then return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one at a time and then return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one at a time and then return that
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+okay so that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that should be
+line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+79 okay who has a start for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me okay should we call it L3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but then if you're doing L2 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but then if you're doing L2 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but then if you're doing L2 of n
+then this should be the index right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this should be the index right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this should be the index right so
+how do I make this be the index instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I make this be the index instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I make this be the index instead
+of the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element
+directly yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly right so instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly right so instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly right so instead of looking
+at the element directly let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the element directly let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the element directly let's just look
+at the uh the range so for I in range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh the range so for I in range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh the range so for I in range
+and then we need to do Len pick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do Len pick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do Len pick one of
+the lists because they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists because they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists because they're the same
+length so now I is 0 1 two 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now I is 0 1 two 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now I is 0 1 two 3 four five
+like all the index uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so L1 at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L1 at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L1 at index
+I um so I need to create an animal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um so I need to create an animal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um so I need to create an animal with
+that age right so let's do let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that age right so let's do let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that age right so let's do let's do this
+um uh age equals L1 at index I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh age equals L1 at index I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh age equals L1 at index I right
+just to save it as a variable and name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to save it as a variable and name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to save it as a variable and name
+equals L2 at index I right does we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L2 at index I right does we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L2 at index I right does we
+agree so now that I have age and name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so now that I have age and name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so now that I have age and name
+stored in these variables how do I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in these variables how do I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in these variables how do I make
+an animal object with with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal object with with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal object with with that
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well the init method creates for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the init method creates for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the init method creates for me
+an animal with that age right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal with that age right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal with that age right right so
+when we just create a new animal object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just create a new animal object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just create a new animal object
+we just pass in that age right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just pass in that age right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just pass in that age right like the
+Constructor requires the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor requires the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor requires the age of the
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+right so when we construct a new animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we construct a new animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we construct a new animal
+object we just invoke the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we just invoke the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we just invoke the name of our
+animal uh where is it here right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal uh where is it here right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal uh where is it here right or
+sorry our animal type our animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry our animal type our animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry our animal type our animal class
+and then we pass in the age that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we pass in the age that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we pass in the age that we want
+to create this animal with right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this animal with right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this animal with right and
+that according to the in in it method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that according to the in in it method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that according to the in in it method
+creat self. AG be whatever is passed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creat self. AG be whatever is passed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creat self. AG be whatever is passed in
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+none so we're halfway there we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so we're halfway there we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so we're halfway there we've
+created an animal object with the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an animal object with the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an animal object with the age
+that we want but the name data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want but the name data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want but the name data attribute
+for this object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this object is
+none everyone with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far so how do we how do we make the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so how do we how do we make the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so how do we how do we make the name
+of this animal object be the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this animal object be the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this animal object be the one that we
+saved right from that L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list yeah exactly we can use a Setter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list yeah exactly we can use a Setter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list yeah exactly we can use a Setter
+function yeah set name right here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah set name right here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah set name right here right
+don't access the attribute directly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't access the attribute directly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't access the attribute directly but
+yeah we can use a Setter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can use a Setter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can use a Setter
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so um so this created for me that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this created for me that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this created for me that new
+animal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal right
+but I need to actually save that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need to actually save that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need to actually save that animal
+somehow right because I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow right because I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow right because I need to
+reference it later so let me do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it later so let me do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it later so let me do this a
+equals animal with that age and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals animal with that age and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals animal with that age and then we
+run the setter function on this object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the setter function on this object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the setter function on this object a
+right set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right set
+name it's just a function and what name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's just a function and what name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's just a function and what name
+do we want to set it at this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to set it at this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to set it at this thing here
+so name here is this variable that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so name here is this variable that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so name here is this variable that we
+extracted from the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list everyone okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everyone okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everyone okay so
+far so so now what I have is a object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so so now what I have is a object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so so now what I have is a object a
+is a variable that's bound to an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variable that's bound to an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variable that's bound to an animal
+object the name the the the age was set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the name the the the age was set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the name the the the age was set
+when we first created it and the name we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first created it and the name we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first created it and the name we
+just set through the setter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and now we should just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now we should just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now we should just put it
+in my list my list is originally empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my list my list is originally empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my list my list is originally empty
+right so now let's instead of I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's instead of I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's instead of I don't
+have a a bunch of elements to add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a bunch of elements to add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a bunch of elements to add it to
+so let's just append it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just append it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just append it to
+L3 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3 like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right I mean theoretically I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean theoretically I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean theoretically I could have
+created an empty list that was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an empty list that was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an empty list that was you know
+three elements long and then I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements long and then I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements long and then I could do
+L3 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3 at
+I but this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too and then at the end let's return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L3
+right questions about this is this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we run it and we just print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we run it and we just print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we run it and we just print
+the list with these animal objects we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list with these animal objects we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list with these animal objects we
+run the same problem as that dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the same problem as that dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the same problem as that dictionary
+one right you see I've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you see I've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you see I've got a bunch of
+memory locations here so to test that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory locations here so to test that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory locations here so to test that I
+did it right instead of printing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right instead of printing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right instead of printing the
+list let's iterate through our list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list let's iterate through our list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list let's iterate through our list
+through this little for Loop and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little for Loop and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little for Loop and just
+run the print method directly on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the print method directly on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the print method directly on my
+object right so now if I run that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so now if I run that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so now if I run that it
+should just run the print statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just run the print statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just run the print statement
+directly on each of these animals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on each of these animals right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on each of these animals right
+so that's correct I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's correct I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's correct I think
+yeah does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh so instead of printing the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh so instead of printing the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh so instead of printing the list
+this thing I looped through my list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I looped through my list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I looped through my list and
+printed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements that's not in the function no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that's not in the function no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that's not in the function no
+that's just yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just yeah that's
+outside but this is something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but this is something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but this is something pretty
+common that you'll run into you'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that you'll run into you'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that you'll run into you'll make
+a you know a list dictionary or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a list dictionary or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a list dictionary or some
+structure or tupal or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or tupal or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or tupal or something like
+that with objects of your type and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with objects of your type and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with objects of your type and when
+you run the print statement directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the print statement directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the print statement directly on
+that structure it doesn't go deeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure it doesn't go deeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure it doesn't go deeper than
+top level and so it prints you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level and so it prints you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level and so it prints you know that
+uninformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff okay so we um in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so we um in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so we um in this particular
+in this examples we saw that it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this examples we saw that it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this examples we saw that it's better
+to access the um attributes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the um attributes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the um attributes through
+Getters and Setters so you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getters and Setters so you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getters and Setters so you know in
+addition to the init the Str strr method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the init the Str strr method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the init the Str strr method
+writing Getters and Setters to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing Getters and Setters to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing Getters and Setters to have a
+consistent way of accessing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent way of accessing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent way of accessing and
+modifying these data attributes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying these data attributes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying these data attributes is
+really important and then you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then you can even
+impose restriction something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose restriction something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose restriction something like you
+know the types have to be this or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the types have to be this or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the types have to be this or maybe
+they can't you know the age can't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't you know the age can't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't you know the age can't be a
+negative number or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number or something like that
+and it allows you know a lot more um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows you know a lot more um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows you know a lot more um uh
+consistent use of the object so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent use of the object so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent use of the object so now
+let's move on to hierarchies okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to hierarchies okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to hierarchies okay and
+this is where we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going to talk about
+inheritance so there's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance so there's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance so there's something like
+maybe 28 objects on this slide right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 28 objects on this slide right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 28 objects on this slide right
+there's the six we encountered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the six we encountered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the six we encountered at the
+beginning of this lecture and 22 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this lecture and 22 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this lecture and 22 up
+there so there's TW 28 separate objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's TW 28 separate objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there's TW 28 separate objects
+on this slide and all of these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide and all of these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide and all of these objects
+we could say are of type animal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say are of type animal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say are of type animal right
+because by our definition an animal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by our definition an animal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by our definition an animal has
+the the attributes for an animal is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attributes for an animal is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attributes for an animal is how
+long they've been alive and these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they've been alive and these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they've been alive and these all
+are objects that have been alive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are objects that have been alive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are objects that have been alive for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+time but in addition to having uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in addition to having uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in addition to having uh how
+the attribute for how long they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attribute for how long they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attribute for how long they've been
+alive and an unknown name we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and an unknown name we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and an unknown name we can
+actually then create separate categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then create separate categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then create separate categories
+right and each one of these boxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each one of these boxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each one of these boxes that
+I've uh that I've I've created is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh that I've I've created is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh that I've I've created is a
+different subset of animal right we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subset of animal right we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subset of animal right we call
+it a we'll call it a subass or a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a we'll call it a subass or a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a we'll call it a subass or a child
+of an animal class and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an animal class and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an animal class and that's because
+they will bring about different uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will bring about different uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will bring about different uh data
+attributes in addition to what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes in addition to what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes in addition to what an
+animal's data attributes are and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal's data attributes are and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal's data attributes are and they
+will bring about different behaviors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring about different behaviors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring about different behaviors in
+addition to the behaviors of our really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the behaviors of our really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the behaviors of our really
+generic animal object right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic animal object right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic animal object right so the
+things a cat can do a rabbit might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a cat can do a rabbit might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a cat can do a rabbit might not
+be able to do and things a person can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do and things a person can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do and things a person can do
+a cat won't do and a rabbit can do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cat won't do and a rabbit can do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cat won't do and a rabbit can do right
+so then they're all animals but they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they're all animals but they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they're all animals but they all
+are going to uh have additional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to uh have additional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to uh have additional data
+attributes and additional behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and additional behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and additional behaviors that
+are different in these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in these different
+categories right so I might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so I might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so I might say
+something like the cat has a name an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the cat has a name an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the cat has a name an age
+and you know a pattern or a color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a pattern or a color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a pattern or a color the
+rabbit again I said are wild so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit again I said are wild so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit again I said are wild so maybe
+they don't get a name but they'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get a name but they'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get a name but they'll have a
+color or pattern and then um the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or pattern and then um the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or pattern and then um the age of
+course from the animal people of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the animal people of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the animal people of course
+have the the person object has the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the person object has the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the person object has the the
+age right that comes from animal but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age right that comes from animal but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age right that comes from animal but in
+addition they might have a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition they might have a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition they might have a list of
+friends or something associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or something associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or something associated
+something like that associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that associated with them
+right in a list of friends something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a list of friends something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a list of friends something
+doesn't something a cat doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't something a cat doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't something a cat doesn't have
+something that a rabbit doesn't have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a rabbit doesn't have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a rabbit doesn't have you
+so you see what I mean and we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what I mean and we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what I mean and we can even
+go further we can say well if I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further we can say well if I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further we can say well if I take my
+person object I can now subcategorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person object I can now subcategorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person object I can now subcategorize
+that as well say well this is a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well say well this is a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well say well this is a student
+class and in this student class I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and in this student class I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and in this student class I would
+say a student is a person so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a student is a person so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a student is a person so all the
+data attributes and all the behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes and all the behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes and all the behaviors
+that a person has the student also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person has the student also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person has the student also has
+and of course all the animal stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all the animal stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all the animal stuff
+because a person is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a person is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a person is an
+animal so for example let's say uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so for example let's say uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so for example let's say uh right
+an animal is a generic object it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal is a generic object it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal is a generic object it doesn't
+speak but let's say a person gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak but let's say a person gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak but let's say a person gets the
+behavior to speak right so they for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to speak right so they for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to speak right so they for
+speaking I might just print hello to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I might just print hello to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I might just print hello to the
+screen or something simple like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or something simple like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or something simple like that a
+student is a person so maybe they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is a person so maybe they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is a person so maybe they they
+uh they also get something like uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also get something like uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also get something like uh their
+age the name and maybe a list of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the name and maybe a list of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the name and maybe a list of friends
+associated with them but a student might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them but a student might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them but a student might
+also have a major or a favorite subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a major or a favorite subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a major or a favorite subject
+in school associated with them something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school associated with them something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school associated with them something
+that a person doesn't have right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person doesn't have right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person doesn't have right so
+that's a new data attribute associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new data attribute associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new data attribute associated
+with a student that's not associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a student that's not associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a student that's not associated
+with a person a student might also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person a student might also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person a student might also have
+uh different behaviors like tell me your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different behaviors like tell me your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different behaviors like tell me your
+favorite subject in school things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite subject in school things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite subject in school things like
+that or it might override behaviors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or it might override behaviors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or it might override behaviors of a
+person so a person speaks you know says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so a person speaks you know says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so a person speaks you know says
+hello prints hello to the screen we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello prints hello to the screen we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello prints hello to the screen we can
+say hey if I ask the student to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey if I ask the student to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey if I ask the student to speak
+they might say I have homework instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say I have homework instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say I have homework instead
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+right so what we're trying to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're trying to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're trying to do is take
+those relationships and Implement them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those relationships and Implement them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those relationships and Implement them
+in code so here I've got an animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code so here I've got an animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code so here I've got an animal class
+which is uh sort of my Base Class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh sort of my Base Class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh sort of my Base Class um
+it's going to be my uh also called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be my uh also called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be my uh also called uh
+parent class or super class and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class or super class and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent class or super class and then
+anything that an animal has all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that an animal has all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that an animal has all the data
+attributes and all the behaviors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and all the behaviors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and all the behaviors of
+animal will be inherited by person cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal will be inherited by person cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal will be inherited by person cat
+and rabbit so anything so a person is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rabbit so anything so a person is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rabbit so anything so a person is an
+animal a cat is an animal a rabbit is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal a cat is an animal a rabbit is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal a cat is an animal a rabbit is an
+animal so everything they have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so everything they have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so everything they have all these
+three subtypes will have as well but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subtypes will have as well but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subtypes will have as well but all
+these subtypes will be different amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subtypes will be different amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subtypes will be different amongst
+themselves right a person will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right a person will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right a person will have an
+ability to speak maybe print hello to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to speak maybe print hello to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to speak maybe print hello to
+the screen a cat could also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen a cat could also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen a cat could also have the
+ability to speak but maybe they'll print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to speak but maybe they'll print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to speak but maybe they'll print
+me out to the screen a rabbit won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out to the screen a rabbit won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out to the screen a rabbit won't even
+have the ability to speak at all um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to speak at all um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to speak at all um a
+person might have a list of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might have a list of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might have a list of friends
+right whereas a cat won't a rabbit won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas a cat won't a rabbit won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas a cat won't a rabbit won't
+things like that so we can either add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we can either add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we can either add
+more information like list of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information like list of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information like list of friends
+was an example of that we can add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an example of that we can add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an example of that we can add more
+Behavior like the ability to speak is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior like the ability to speak is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior like the ability to speak is an
+example of that and an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and an example of
+overriding behavior like I mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding behavior like I mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding behavior like I mentioned is
+let's say we have a subass student of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have a subass student of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have a subass student of
+person if a person's uh speak method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if a person's uh speak method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if a person's uh speak method
+said uh you know said to uh say to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh you know said to uh say to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh you know said to uh say to print
+hello to the screen we can override that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello to the screen we can override that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello to the screen we can override that
+behavior through a speak method inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior through a speak method inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior through a speak method inside
+student where where you don't just print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student where where you don't just print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student where where you don't just print
+hello to the screen you can print I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello to the screen you can print I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello to the screen you can print I have
+homework so let's try to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so let's try to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so let's try to start
+implementing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this
+relationship this is just our animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship this is just our animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship this is just our animal
+class there's nothing new here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's nothing new here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's nothing new here I'm just
+doing a little refresher on what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little refresher on what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little refresher on what this
+class looks like so we've got our nit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class looks like so we've got our nit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class looks like so we've got our nit
+where we initialize an age and a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we initialize an age and a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we initialize an age and a name
+that's none uh we've got two Getters two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's none uh we've got two Getters two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's none uh we've got two Getters two
+Setters and this Str Str method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and this Str Str method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and this Str Str method that
+prints animal colon Name colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints animal colon Name colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints animal colon Name colon
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+Let's uh so yeah okay this animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh so yeah okay this animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh so yeah okay this animal class
+inherits from object so the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits from object so the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits from object so the generic
+python object and now let's work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python object and now let's work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python object and now let's work on the
+subclass cat so when I create my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass cat so when I create my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass cat so when I create my
+subclass cat the way I tell python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass cat the way I tell python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass cat the way I tell python that
+this cat is an animal is by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cat is an animal is by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cat is an animal is by putting in
+the parentheses here the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses here the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses here the name of the
+type that I want this class uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that I want this class uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that I want this class uh to
+inherit from so a cat is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit from so a cat is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit from so a cat is an
+animal now one of the things I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal now one of the things I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal now one of the things I kept
+coming back to is anytime you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to is anytime you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to is anytime you create a
+new data type you have to have an init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type you have to have an init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type you have to have an init
+method this doesn't specifically have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this doesn't specifically have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this doesn't specifically have an
+init method right I've just got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method right I've just got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method right I've just got two
+other methods here so you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods here so you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods here so you might think
+that it's missing but it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's missing but it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's missing but it's actually not
+because as soon as you put another data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as you put another data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as you put another data
+type here in the parenthesis so that cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type here in the parenthesis so that cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type here in the parenthesis so that cat
+is an animal think of it like python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an animal think of it like python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an animal think of it like python
+going into the animal class copying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the animal class copying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the animal class copying and
+pasting everything that part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting everything that part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting everything that part of that
+animal class or copying everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class or copying everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class or copying everything
+that's part of that animal class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of that animal class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of that animal class and
+pasting it inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting it inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting it inside
+cat so since I don't have an init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so since I don't have an init method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so since I don't have an init method
+in specifically defined in cat python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifically defined in cat python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifically defined in cat python
+will say oh we'll just use the init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say oh we'll just use the init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say oh we'll just use the init
+method of your parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of your parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of your parent
+animal so the way we create a cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so the way we create a cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so the way we create a cat is
+going to be exactly the same way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same way we
+create an animal except that the name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an animal except that the name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an animal except that the name is
+going to be cat as my object type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cat as my object type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cat as my object type
+instead of animal okay but we just pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of animal okay but we just pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of animal okay but we just pass
+it in one thing which which is the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one thing which which is the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one thing which which is the age
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+C so since we're copying and pasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so since we're copying and pasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so since we're copying and pasting
+everything and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question also yes exactly so the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question also yes exactly so the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question also yes exactly so the parent
+class of animal is object so cat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of animal is object so cat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of animal is object so cat will
+also be a python object but that's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a python object but that's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a python object but that's super
+generic stuff like binding a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic stuff like binding a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic stuff like binding a variable
+name to this object things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this object things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this object things like that
+yeah um so not only does the unit get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so not only does the unit get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so not only does the unit get
+copied in but every single data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied in but every single data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied in but every single data
+attribute age and name every single way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute age and name every single way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute age and name every single way
+that that data attribute gets created so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that data attribute gets created so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that data attribute gets created so
+the self. age is going to be a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self. age is going to be a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self. age is going to be a data
+attribute of cat and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of cat and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of cat and it's going to be
+set to whatever is passed in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to whatever is passed in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to whatever is passed in as a
+parameter self. name will be initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter self. name will be initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter self. name will be initialized
+To None just like for animal I've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To None just like for animal I've got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To None just like for animal I've got my
+two Getters my two Setters that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Getters my two Setters that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Getters my two Setters that also
+work with cats and then the Str method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with cats and then the Str method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with cats and then the Str method
+of animal will also be inherited in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animal will also be inherited in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animal will also be inherited in here
+but now we notice one thing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we notice one thing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we notice one thing and that's
+we have an Str Str method defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an Str Str method defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an Str Str method defined in the
+animal class but then in my cat class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class but then in my cat class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal class but then in my cat class I
+Define an Str Str method as well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an Str Str method as well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an Str Str method as well right
+so that's called overriding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called overriding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called overriding your
+parents's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents's
+class and when we create an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and when we create an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and when we create an object of
+type cat if this object has a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type cat if this object has a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type cat if this object has a method
+that's has the same name as their parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has the same name as their parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has the same name as their parent
+we use this method there's no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this method there's no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this method there's no reason to
+go up to your parent to ask for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to your parent to ask for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to your parent to ask for their
+method we use the one that is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we use the one that is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we use the one that is for this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+okay and Cat in addition to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Cat in addition to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Cat in addition to having
+everything that animal has implements a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that animal has implements a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that animal has implements a
+new uh Behavior which is the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh Behavior which is the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh Behavior which is the ability to
+speak and all it does is print me out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and all it does is print me out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and all it does is print me out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+screen okay so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay so let's look at some
+code so here's my cat so I created a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so here's my cat so I created a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so here's my cat so I created a new
+cat object the same way I would create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat object the same way I would create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat object the same way I would create
+an animal but you know I'm uh invoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal but you know I'm uh invoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal but you know I'm uh invoking
+the name of this class cat um the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of this class cat um the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of this class cat um the way I
+create an animal is just by passing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an animal is just by passing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an animal is just by passing in
+the age of this thing right so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of this thing right so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of this thing right so here I'm
+creating a cat whose age is five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a cat whose age is five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a cat whose age is five the
+name of this cat is none right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this cat is none right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this cat is none right because
+that's what the init method of animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the init method of animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the init method of animal
+does but I can run the methods on animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but I can run the methods on animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but I can run the methods on animal
+on my cat object because a cat is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my cat object because a cat is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my cat object because a cat is an
+animal so all the methods that work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so all the methods that work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so all the methods that work with
+animals will work with an object of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals will work with an object of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals will work with an object of type
+cat so here I can just run the set name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so here I can just run the set name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat so here I can just run the set name
+method on my cat object even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on my cat object even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on my cat object even though the
+method's not explicitly defined in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method's not explicitly defined in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method's not explicitly defined in here
+it's defined in my parent so if I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined in my parent so if I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined in my parent so if I set
+the name to fluffy and then I print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name to fluffy and then I print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name to fluffy and then I print the
+cat object it's going to print it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat object it's going to print it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat object it's going to print it's a
+cat colon the name colon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat colon the name colon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat colon the name colon the
+H um speak is just going to print me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H um speak is just going to print me out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H um speak is just going to print me out
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+screen um we can do the getter methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um we can do the getter methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um we can do the getter methods
+as well right so all of these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right so all of these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well right so all of these methods
+that were implemented with the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were implemented with the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were implemented with the animal
+work with cats as well now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with cats as well now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with cats as well now a
+here object a was created up here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here object a was created up here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here object a was created up here when
+we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+animals right it's an animal object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals right it's an animal object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals right it's an animal object
+because it was created using the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was created using the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was created using the animal
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+invocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation
+here does the animal class have a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does the animal class have a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does the animal class have a method
+to speak no so if I actually run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak no so if I actually run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak no so if I actually run this
+it'll give me an ER right it just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me an ER right it just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me an ER right it just says
+there's no attribute speak which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attribute speak which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attribute speak which makes
+sense I never Define that I Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I never Define that I Define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I never Define that I Define that
+in your child not the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your child not the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your child not the parent
+okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+uh I want to briefly touch upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to briefly touch upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to briefly touch upon
+overriding methods because it can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding methods because it can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding methods because it can get a
+little bit confusing so you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing so you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing so you notice the
+Str Str method right was implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str Str method right was implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str Str method right was implemented in
+both of these objects the strr method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these objects the strr method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these objects the strr method is
+in cat which overrides the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cat which overrides the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cat which overrides the animals
+method to print cat colon Name colon Ag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to print cat colon Name colon Ag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to print cat colon Name colon Ag
+and the animal method Str Str method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the animal method Str Str method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the animal method Str Str method
+prints animal colon Name colon AG so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints animal colon Name colon AG so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints animal colon Name colon AG so the
+rule is um when you uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is um when you uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is um when you uh when you're
+running a method that you know exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a method that you know exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a method that you know exists in
+a whole bunch of these inherited uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of these inherited uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of these inherited uh uh
+objects you look at uh which one is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you look at uh which one is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you look at uh which one is it
+it's the S strr right so it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the S strr right so it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the S strr right so it would be the
+print method right or any method it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print method right or any method it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print method right or any method it
+doesn't matter what it is you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what it is you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what it is you look at
+the object you're calling the method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object you're calling the method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object you're calling the method on
+right so if it's a DOT notation you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's a DOT notation you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it's a DOT notation you look
+at the thing before the dot if it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the thing before the dot if it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the thing before the dot if it's you
+know one of these special methods what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these special methods what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these special methods what's
+the object you're running this method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object you're running this method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object you're running this method on
+so here I've got the print method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've got the print method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've got the print method on
+object C python asks what is your type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object C python asks what is your type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object C python asks what is your type
+oh you're a cat do you have an Str strr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're a cat do you have an Str strr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're a cat do you have an Str strr
+method defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method defined
+yes you do so then it uses the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you do so then it uses the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you do so then it uses the one that
+it finds right away but if for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds right away but if for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds right away but if for some
+reason the uh the current object doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the uh the current object doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the uh the current object doesn't
+have that method so an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that method so an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that method so an example of that
+is set name right right set name is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set name right right set name is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set name right right set name is not
+a method defined in cat right C is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method defined in cat right C is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method defined in cat right C is an
+object of type cat it doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type cat it doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type cat it doesn't have that
+method python says oh you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method python says oh you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method python says oh you don't have
+that method let me look at your parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method let me look at your parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method let me look at your parent
+does your parent have that method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your parent have that method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your parent have that method and
+then it you know looks through in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it you know looks through in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it you know looks through in here
+and it finds it good if it finds it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it finds it good if it finds it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it finds it good if it finds it it
+uses that one if it doesn't find it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that one if it doesn't find it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that one if it doesn't find it it
+looks at your parents parent right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at your parents parent right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at your parents parent right if
+your parent parent has it it uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parent parent has it it uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parent parent has it it uses that
+one and if it doesn't it looks at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if it doesn't it looks at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if it doesn't it looks at your
+parents parents parent until it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents parents parent until it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents parents parent until it gets to
+the generic python object this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic python object this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generic python object this one right
+here if they have it it uses that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if they have it it uses that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if they have it it uses that one
+and if it doesn't then it throws an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't then it throws an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't then it throws an air
+so an example of something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example of something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example of something that the
+generic python object has is the Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic python object has is the Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic python object has is the Str
+method right it just prints the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right it just prints the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right it just prints the memory
+location and that's why when we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and that's why when we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and that's why when we don't
+Implement our Str strr method in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement our Str strr method in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement our Str strr method in our
+class python defaults to the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class python defaults to the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class python defaults to the generic
+python object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay let's look at a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+so let's create a person object um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's create a person object um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's create a person object um this
+person object again will inhered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person object again will inhered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person object again will inhered from
+animal because an animals the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal because an animals the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal because an animals the only
+things we we we said an animal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we we we said an animal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we we we said an animal is to
+defined as is being alive for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as is being alive for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as is being alive for some
+period of time and it has no name right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and it has no name right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and it has no name right
+the name is none so we don't even pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name is none so we don't even pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name is none so we don't even pass
+that in so let's say the parent uh class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so let's say the parent uh class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so let's say the parent uh class
+of person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person is
+animal but this is my design Choice also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but this is my design Choice also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but this is my design Choice also
+to highlight a bunch of stuff but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight a bunch of stuff but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight a bunch of stuff but let's
+say that this parent this sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this parent this sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this parent this sorry this
+person class when I create a new person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person class when I create a new person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person class when I create a new person
+object I would like to pass in an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I would like to pass in an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I would like to pass in an age
+and a name right so I don't just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a name right so I don't just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a name right so I don't just want to
+create a person with an age I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a person with an age I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a person with an age I want to
+actually create it using a name in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create it using a name in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create it using a name in that
+parameter list so as an example in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter list so as an example in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter list so as an example in my
+code here when I create a person I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here when I create a person I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here when I create a person I would
+like to pass in their name comma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to pass in their name comma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to pass in their name comma and the
+age two parameters to make a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age two parameters to make a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age two parameters to make a person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well I can't use the animals in nit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't use the animals in nit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't use the animals in nit
+method right I could for cat because cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right I could for cat because cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right I could for cat because cat
+was happy to just be created using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy to just be created using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy to just be created using an
+age but I can't do that for a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age but I can't do that for a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age but I can't do that for a person
+because I would like to create a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to create a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to create a person
+by passing in two parameters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by passing in two parameters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by passing in two parameters in the
+creation of the person so what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the person so what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the person so what I have to
+do is effectively override the init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is effectively override the init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is effectively override the init
+method of Animal by implementing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of Animal by implementing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of Animal by implementing it in
+my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class
+definition right so here I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so here I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so here I have to
+Define my own init method and I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my own init method and I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my own init method and I do it
+because now I'm not just passing in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I'm not just passing in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I'm not just passing in an
+age I want to pass in a name and an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age I want to pass in a name and an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age I want to pass in a name and an age
+on the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the parameter
+list and then beyond that what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then beyond that what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then beyond that what do I do
+inside the inet method well I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the inet method well I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the inet method well I know that
+this person is an animal so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is an animal so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is an animal so what I'm
+going to do to make my life simpler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to make my life simpler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to make my life simpler is
+to call animals in it method so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call animals in it method so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call animals in it method so here we
+use this do notation on the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this do notation on the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this do notation on the name of the
+class sort of similar to how I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sort of similar to how I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sort of similar to how I showed
+you that sort of long way of calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that sort of long way of calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that sort of long way of calling
+methods well here's the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods well here's the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods well here's the name of the
+class dot the name of the method in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class dot the name of the method in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class dot the name of the method in it
+and now I pass in all the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I pass in all the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I pass in all the parameters
+self and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and
+age um so I'm going to call animals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um so I'm going to call animals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um so I'm going to call animals a
+nit method which will create that self.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit method which will create that self.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit method which will create that self.
+AG set it to age and create create that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG set it to age and create create that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG set it to age and create create that
+self. name and set it to none so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. name and set it to none so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. name and set it to none so I'm
+taking advantage of the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that that
+init method already does those two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method already does those two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+init method already does those two lines
+for me right so I've turned those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right so I've turned those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right so I've turned those two
+lines into a one line here and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines into a one line here and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines into a one line here and then I'm
+going to say well I'd like to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well I'd like to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well I'd like to set the
+name of my person so I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my person so I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of my person so I'm going to call
+the method set name with the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method set name with the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method set name with the parameter
+that's passed in and then I'm also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed in and then I'm also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed in and then I'm also going
+to initialize another data attribute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize another data attribute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize another data attribute for
+a person which is a list of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person which is a list of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person which is a list of friends
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+empty so what's nice about this and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so what's nice about this and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so what's nice about this and when
+we implement the student class it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we implement the student class it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we implement the student class it'll
+it'll look even nicer what's nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look even nicer what's nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look even nicer what's nice about
+this is we're taking advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're taking advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're taking advantage of the
+fact that the init method of animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the init method of animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the init method of animal
+already does some work for us but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already does some work for us but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already does some work for us but at the
+same time we can clearly see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we can clearly see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we can clearly see in this
+subass what uh what the person object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass what uh what the person object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass what uh what the person object
+brings in addition to the animal object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in addition to the animal object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in addition to the animal object
+right so in addition to just being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in addition to just being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in addition to just being an
+animal we give a name and get a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal we give a name and get a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal we give a name and get a list of
+friends right so it's very nice uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends right so it's very nice uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends right so it's very nice uh to
+see the extra data attributes or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extra data attributes or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extra data attributes or what
+what uh what you need to change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what you need to change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what you need to change with
+respect to the animal to make a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the animal to make a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the animal to make a person
+and then beyond that so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beyond that so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beyond that so I think that's
+going what I said sorry I didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what I said sorry I didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what I said sorry I didn't go
+through that as I said it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that as I said it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that as I said it and then
+beyond that I've got some uh you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that I've got some uh you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that I've got some uh you know we
+can add some Getters and Setters I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add some Getters and Setters I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add some Getters and Setters I just
+did a select few but you should add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a select few but you should add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a select few but you should add them
+for all of them so the get friends just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them so the get friends just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them so the get friends just
+returns a copy of my list because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a copy of my list because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a copy of my list because maybe
+I want to keep my original order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep my original order or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep my original order or
+something like that it's just good style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's just good style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's just good style
+to return a copy of a list um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return a copy of a list um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return a copy of a list um the
+ability to add a friend to my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to add a friend to my list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to add a friend to my list
+basically just adds a friend name as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just adds a friend name as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just adds a friend name as a
+string if it's not already in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if it's not already in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if it's not already in the list
+so I can't have you know two anas in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't have you know two anas in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't have you know two anas in my
+list I consider them the same um ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I consider them the same um ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I consider them the same um ability
+to speak just prints hello to the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak just prints hello to the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak just prints hello to the screen
+and then I I added this cute little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I I added this cute little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I I added this cute little
+function to tell me the age difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to tell me the age difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to tell me the age difference
+between this object that I'm calling age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this object that I'm calling age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this object that I'm calling age
+difference on and some other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on and some other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on and some other person
+right and all it does is grab the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all it does is grab the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all it does is grab the two
+ages take the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages take the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages take the absolute value of the
+difference and print that to the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and print that to the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and print that to the screen
+and then lastly we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly we're going to uh
+override the St strr method of animal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the St strr method of animal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the St strr method of animal to
+instead of saying animal colon Name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying animal colon Name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying animal colon Name
+colon age to say person colon Name colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon age to say person colon Name colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon age to say person colon Name colon
+age so this way it helps me figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so this way it helps me figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so this way it helps me figure out
+the the the type as well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the type as well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the type as well so in
+my uh code here I've got two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh code here I've got two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh code here I've got two people
+right P1 P2 here's Jack age3 he's Jill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P1 P2 here's Jack age3 he's Jill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P1 P2 here's Jack age3 he's Jill
+age 25 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 25 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 25 if I
+run the get name get age on both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the get name get age on both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the get name get age on both of
+these right right this will run animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right right this will run animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right right this will run animals
+get age get name right I've not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get age get name right I've not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get age get name right I've not defined
+these in here which is fine we inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here which is fine we inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here which is fine we inherit
+from animal and animal knows how to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal and animal knows how to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal and animal knows how to grab
+the agent name so there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent name so there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent name so there they
+are if I ask if I print P1 it'll print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if I ask if I print P1 it'll print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if I ask if I print P1 it'll print
+person colon name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person colon name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person colon name
+AG if I ask P1 to speak it just prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG if I ask P1 to speak it just prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG if I ask P1 to speak it just prints
+hello if I ask the age difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello if I ask the age difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello if I ask the age difference
+between P1 P2 no matter what just takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between P1 P2 no matter what just takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between P1 P2 no matter what just takes
+the absolute value prints fiveyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value prints fiveyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value prints fiveyear
+difference and then and let's add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then and let's add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then and let's add some
+friends to P1 so here I've got two Bobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to P1 so here I've got two Bobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to P1 so here I've got two Bobs
+but it's just a list keeping unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+names okay so let's have you try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names okay so let's have you try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names okay so let's have you try this
+for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit um it's a little bit again working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um it's a little bit again working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um it's a little bit again working
+with objects of this type so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects of this type so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects of this type so it's a
+function that takes in a dictionary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes in a dictionary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes in a dictionary so
+I'll tell you what the dictionary looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what the dictionary looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what the dictionary looks
+like it Maps a person object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it Maps a person object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it Maps a person object
+to a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a cat
+object all right so that's my dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object all right so that's my dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object all right so that's my dictionary
+so this is the key this is the value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key this is the value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key this is the value so
+I've got all these person objects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all these person objects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got all these person objects right
+being mapped to cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mapped to cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mapped to cat
+objects um so as an example here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects um so as an example here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects um so as an example here's an
+input dictionary P1 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input dictionary P1 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input dictionary P1 is this
+person here and P2 is this person here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here and P2 is this person here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here and P2 is this person here
+right so my two keys P1 P2 are person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my two keys P1 P2 are person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my two keys P1 P2 are person
+objects right they're not integer float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects right they're not integer float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects right they're not integer float
+strings they're person objects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings they're person objects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings they're person objects and then
+the values associated with those are cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values associated with those are cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values associated with those are cat
+object so here's an object of type cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so here's an object of type cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so here's an object of type cat
+with this name I just rans set name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this name I just rans set name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this name I just rans set name on
+that cat after I created it same here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cat after I created it same here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cat after I created it same here
+here's the name uh set to this new cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the name uh set to this new cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the name uh set to this new cat
+object so I've mapped P1 to C1 P2 to C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I've mapped P1 to C1 P2 to C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I've mapped P1 to C1 P2 to C2
+so if I run this function what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I run this function what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I run this function what I'd like
+to do not return anything this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do not return anything this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do not return anything this function
+it it just print something on each line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just print something on each line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just print something on each line
+as you're going through all the items in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're going through all the items in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're going through all the items in
+the dictionary it just prints the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary it just prints the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary it just prints the name
+of that key colon the value of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that key colon the value of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that key colon the value of uh the
+name of the value right so all I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the value right so all I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the value right so all I'd like
+to do is write code that extracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is write code that extracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is write code that extracts the
+name from my person object and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name from my person object and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name from my person object and from the
+cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+okay I know what you're thinking I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know what you're thinking I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know what you're thinking I look
+really young for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really young for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really young for
+86 but it's um diet exercise and hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 but it's um diet exercise and hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 but it's um diet exercise and hanging
+out with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys Ed candy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys Ed candy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys Ed candy for
+sure so here let's let's write this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so here let's let's write this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so here let's let's write this code
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+178 all right does anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah do do items yep let's write a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do do items yep let's write a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do do items yep let's write a note
+for ourselves K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ourselves K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ourselves K is
+person V is cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep yep so k. get name you want to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so k. get name you want to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so k. get name you want to save
+it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable oh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable oh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable oh or
+no oh you want to put it on the one nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh you want to put it on the one nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh you want to put it on the one nine
+that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+yep print K.G get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+yep V do get name exactly yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep V do get name exactly yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep V do get name exactly yep
+perfect uh and yeah nothing to return so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh and yeah nothing to return so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh and yeah nothing to return so
+let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+cool does anyone have questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that right so we're just manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so we're just manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so we're just manipulating
+these object types and again if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these object types and again if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these object types and again if it's
+confusing I highly recommend quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I highly recommend quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I highly recommend quiz
+situations and things like that now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and things like that now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and things like that now that
+we're working with object typ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with object typ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with object typ
+just make little notes right I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make little notes right I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make little notes right I know
+we're iterating through a dictionary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're iterating through a dictionary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're iterating through a dictionary and
+it's kind of convention right keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of convention right keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of convention right keys are
+integers things like that but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers things like that but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers things like that but this
+particular case just a little note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case just a little note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case just a little note that
+K is a person will help you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is a person will help you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is a person will help you remember
+that you need to run a method on this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to run a method on this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to run a method on this K
+variable right like we did here K.G name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right like we did here K.G name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right like we did here K.G name
+and then v.g get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how do you ensure that the key keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you ensure that the key keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you ensure that the key keys
+are person uh just be um you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are person uh just be um you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are person uh just be um you can't
+ensure it in this particular Cas I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure it in this particular Cas I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure it in this particular Cas I mean
+you could say if type of k equal equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say if type of k equal equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say if type of k equal equal
+person capital P person then do the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person capital P person then do the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person capital P person then do the code
+and else probably just skip it or raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and else probably just skip it or raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and else probably just skip it or raise
+a value error or something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value error or something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value error or something like you
+could enforce it that way but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enforce it that way but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enforce it that way but in this
+particular case we're just assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we're just assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we're just assuming that
+the tester will make person objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tester will make person objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tester will make person objects
+mapped to cat objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to cat objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to cat objects
+yeah but yeah certainly if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but yeah certainly if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but yeah certainly if you're making
+like a software for something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a software for something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a software for something more
+complex you should probably make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex you should probably make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex you should probably make sure
+that enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enforce
+that okay so the big idea with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the big idea with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the big idea with
+inheritance is that now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is that now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is that now that we have
+subclasses also known as child classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses also known as child classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses also known as child classes
+those subclasses use a parents's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subclasses use a parents's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subclasses use a parents's
+attributes so everything that a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so everything that a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so everything that a parent
+has and can do a child has and can do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and can do a child has and can do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and can do a child has and can do as
+well but that child can override certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that child can override certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that child can override certain
+parents's behaviors and a and the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents's behaviors and a and the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents's behaviors and a and the child
+can add new behaviors or new attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add new behaviors or new attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add new behaviors or new attributes
+in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the
+parent let's look at one more subass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent let's look at one more subass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent let's look at one more subass
+student before we go on to one last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student before we go on to one last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student before we go on to one last uh
+thing so um student here from our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so um student here from our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so um student here from our uh
+pictures and diagrams inherits from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and diagrams inherits from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and diagrams inherits from
+person not from animal but indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person not from animal but indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person not from animal but indirectly
+from animal right so a student is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal right so a student is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal right so a student is a
+person and when I create a person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and when I create a person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and when I create a person I
+would love to create it using a name an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to create it using a name an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to create it using a name an
+age and a major but we can use a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and a major but we can use a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and a major but we can use a default
+parameter for that major to be none if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for that major to be none if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for that major to be none if
+we don't actually want to pass it in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually want to pass it in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually want to pass it in but
+I would like to create it using by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to create it using by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to create it using by
+setting its major their major as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting its major their major as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting its major their major as well so
+now I can't use the parents init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't use the parents init method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't use the parents init method
+because I've got three parameters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got three parameters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got three parameters I
+would like to initiate my student with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to initiate my student with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to initiate my student with
+so I would uh I would like to create my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would uh I would like to create my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would uh I would like to create my
+own init method inside person so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own init method inside person so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own init method inside person so here I
+am defining my own init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now it becomes uh apparent why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it becomes uh apparent why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it becomes uh apparent why it's
+nice to call the init method of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to call the init method of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to call the init method of your
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+because if I say a student is a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I say a student is a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I say a student is a person
+all I need to do to initialize a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do to initialize a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do to initialize a person
+type like all the attributes associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type like all the attributes associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type like all the attributes associated
+with a person and the init method of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person and the init method of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person and the init method of the
+person is just call the init method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is just call the init method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is just call the init method of
+the person that will um create my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person that will um create my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person that will um create my name
+my age set my name create my list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my age set my name create my list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my age set my name create my list of
+friends all that stuff so those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all that stuff so those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all that stuff so those five
+lines get compacted into the one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines get compacted into the one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines get compacted into the one line
+and then it also becomes really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it also becomes really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it also becomes really easy to
+see what the student has in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the student has in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the student has in addition to
+the person well it just has a a major uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person well it just has a a major uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person well it just has a a major uh
+data attribute right self. major is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute right self. major is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute right self. major is set
+to whatever is passed in and then beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever is passed in and then beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever is passed in and then beyond
+this um it's just you know methods here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um it's just you know methods here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um it's just you know methods here
+and there to do stuff so here I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there to do stuff so here I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there to do stuff so here I've got a
+change major uh method it just sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change major uh method it just sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change major uh method it just sets the
+major to something I should probably add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major to something I should probably add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major to something I should probably add
+a getter in there as well but I'd ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a getter in there as well but I'd ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a getter in there as well but I'd ran
+out of room and here's a speak method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of room and here's a speak method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of room and here's a speak method
+that gets overridden from the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets overridden from the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets overridden from the method of
+person so the speak method for student I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so the speak method for student I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so the speak method for student I
+made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+um uh slightly more uh complex than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh slightly more uh complex than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh slightly more uh complex than what
+the the parent has so here I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parent has so here I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parent has so here I'm using
+this random Library uh not a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random Library uh not a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random Library uh not a random
+Library I found like arbitrary Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library I found like arbitrary Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library I found like arbitrary Library
+it's a library called random and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a library called random and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a library called random and it has
+a bunch of functions that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of functions that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of functions that allow you to
+deal with random numbers so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with random numbers so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with random numbers so one of the
+functions that this random library has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that this random library has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that this random library has
+gives you a number between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a number between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a number between zero and one
+at random so a float at at random so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so a float at at random so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random so a float at at random so
+what I'm doing in the speak method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing in the speak method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing in the speak method for
+student is randomly printing one of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is randomly printing one of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is randomly printing one of four
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+strings right according to where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings right according to where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings right according to where that
+random number that's gotten lies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number that's gotten lies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number that's gotten lies between
+zero and one okay um and then oops not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one okay um and then oops not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one okay um and then oops not
+yet and then here I've I've got I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and then here I've I've got I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and then here I've I've got I'm
+overwriting my S strr method so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting my S strr method so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting my S strr method so we can
+see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the
+student class here here I've created two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student class here here I've created two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student class here here I've created two
+students so this this one actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so this this one actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so this this one actually has a
+major this one's major is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major this one's major is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major this one's major is going to be
+set to none just the default value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to none just the default value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to none just the default value and
+then if I run this code you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I run this code you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I run this code you can see
+every time I run it the student one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I run it the student one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I run it the student one says
+something different student two says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different student two says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different student two says
+something different so it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so it's just you
+know running this random number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know running this random number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know running this random number and then
+choosing what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing what to
+print maybe more often than not I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print maybe more often than not I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print maybe more often than not I should
+bias it towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias it towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias it towards
+something um all right so one more class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um all right so one more class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um all right so one more class
+I'd like to talk about rabbit that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about rabbit that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about rabbit that's the
+one that we actually haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we actually haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we actually haven't talked
+about from those little subcategories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from those little subcategories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from those little subcategories
+and as we talk about this rabbit class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talk about this rabbit class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talk about this rabbit class
+I'd like to introduce one more idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to introduce one more idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to introduce one more idea of a
+variable so far we've had just plain old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so far we've had just plain old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so far we've had just plain old
+variables right that go away as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right that go away as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right that go away as soon as
+like a uh environment disappears we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a uh environment disappears we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a uh environment disappears we've
+talked about instance variables AKA data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about instance variables AKA data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about instance variables AKA data
+attributes right which are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right which are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right which are consistent
+for objects that you create of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for objects that you create of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for objects that you create of a certain
+type but have different values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but have different values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but have different values for
+different instances the last kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instances the last kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instances the last kind of
+variable i' like to talk about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable i' like to talk about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable i' like to talk about is a
+class variable what's cool about a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable what's cool about a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable what's cool about a class
+variable is that it's you think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is that it's you think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is that it's you think of it
+like a shared resource so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shared resource so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shared resource so it's a
+variable that any instance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that any instance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that any instance of this
+particular type can access and modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type can access and modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type can access and modify
+and if it's modified all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's modified all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's modified all the other
+instances will see this modified value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances will see this modified value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances will see this modified value
+right so it's just shared across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's just shared across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's just shared across all the
+instances of type rabbit in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of type rabbit in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of type rabbit in this
+particular case and so there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case and so there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case and so there's many
+different ways to use class variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to use class variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to use class variable
+uh you know for in objectoriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for in objectoriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for in objectoriented
+programming they're they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming they're they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming they're they're pretty
+useful the way I'm going to um use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful the way I'm going to um use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful the way I'm going to um use it
+here is to give me the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to give me the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to give me the ability to
+basically count how many instances of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically count how many instances of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically count how many instances of a
+of this type rabbit I've created in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type rabbit I've created in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type rabbit I've created in my
+program so when I run the program I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so when I run the program I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so when I run the program I
+remember I can create a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I can create a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I can create a whole bunch of
+instances I'm going to try to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances I'm going to try to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances I'm going to try to use this
+class variable as a way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable as a way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class variable as a way for me to
+basically keep a counter of how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep a counter of how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep a counter of how many of
+these instances I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances I've
+created all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all right
+so let's look at the code so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the code so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the code so the first
+thing I'm going to do is just inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to do is just inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to do is just inherit
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+animal gets a name and an age and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal gets a name and an age and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal gets a name and an age and that's
+about it all those those Getters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all those those Getters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all those those Getters and
+Setters and the SDR method Now to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and the SDR method Now to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setters and the SDR method Now to create
+my class variable notice I'm defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class variable notice I'm defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class variable notice I'm defining
+this variable just plain old variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable just plain old variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable just plain old variable
+outside of any methods within the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of any methods within the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of any methods within the class
+definition right so here's tag is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so here's tag is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right so here's tag is equal
+to one the very first variable the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one the very first variable the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one the very first variable the very
+first instance of a rabbit I create will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance of a rabbit I create will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance of a rabbit I create will
+grab the value of whatever it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the value of whatever it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the value of whatever it says
+here but then if any instance changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then if any instance changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then if any instance changes
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+value other instances we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value other instances we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value other instances we'll see that
+changed value okay so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed value okay so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed value okay so what we're going
+to do is we're going to um Implement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to um Implement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to um Implement uh
+ID numbers for these rabbits right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID numbers for these rabbits right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID numbers for these rabbits right so
+sort of like you know tagging them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know tagging them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know tagging them to
+keep track of how many there are so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many there are so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many there are so in
+the inet method of animal or of rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inet method of animal or of rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inet method of animal or of rabbit
+I'm going to create a new rabbit using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a new rabbit using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a new rabbit using
+an an age and two parents so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an age and two parents so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an age and two parents so again
+different than animals so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than animals so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than animals so I'm going to
+have to implement my own init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to implement my own init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to implement my own init
+method but I'll call animals init method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but I'll call animals init method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but I'll call animals init method
+because it does some work for me then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does some work for me then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does some work for me then
+I'm going to add two in uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add two in uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add two in uh data
+attributes for the two parents to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for the two parents to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for the two parents to be
+whatever is passed in and then down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is passed in and then down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is passed in and then down here
+is where I'm going to use this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I'm going to use this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I'm going to use this class
+variable the shared resource these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the shared resource these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the shared resource these two
+lines so the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so the first thing I'm going to do
+is add one last data attribute for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is add one last data attribute for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is add one last data attribute for my
+rabbit which is the rid value so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit which is the rid value so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit which is the rid value so it's
+the rabbit ID and this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit ID and this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit ID and this is going to be a
+unique value for every rabbit I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique value for every rabbit I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique value for every rabbit I create
+first rabbit will have a value of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rabbit will have a value of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rabbit will have a value of one
+that I created in my program second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created in my program second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created in my program second
+rabbit I create will have a value of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit I create will have a value of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit I create will have a value of two
+and so on so what am i setting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so what am i setting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so what am i setting it to
+well I'm going to set it to whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to set it to whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to set it to whatever the
+tag is so the very first rabbit I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag is so the very first rabbit I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag is so the very first rabbit I create
+their R ID will be one that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their R ID will be one that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their R ID will be one that's what the
+tag is initially set to but then before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag is initially set to but then before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag is initially set to but then before
+I finish the inip method there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I finish the inip method there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I finish the inip method there's one
+other line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other line of code
+rabbit. tag plus equals 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit. tag plus equals 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit. tag plus equals 1 so this
+instance right before it finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right before it finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right before it finishes
+creating itself is going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating itself is going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating itself is going to take that
+tag and increment it by one so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and increment it by one so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and increment it by one so the next
+rabbit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+create it's going to grab the tag value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it's going to grab the tag value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it's going to grab the tag value
+that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just
+changed okay let's visualize it so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay let's visualize it so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay let's visualize it so we're
+going to do it with actual rabbits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with actual rabbits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with actual rabbits okay
+so first I'm going to so there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm going to so there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm going to so there's going
+to be three lines of code and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be three lines of code and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be three lines of code and this is
+the program I'm going to run so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program I'm going to run so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program I'm going to run so the
+first thing I'm going to do is create my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'm going to do is create my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'm going to do is create my
+first rabbit right it's our um it's R ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rabbit right it's our um it's R ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rabbit right it's our um it's R ID
+will be whatever the value of tag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever the value of tag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever the value of tag is
+originally right so originally we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally right so originally we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally right so originally we said
+the tag is one so behind the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag is one so behind the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag is one so behind the scenes
+what's going to happen is python says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is python says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is python says oh
+you're the first instance of rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the first instance of rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the first instance of rabbit
+class so the tag was initialized to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so the tag was initialized to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so the tag was initialized to one
+so your rid is going to be whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your rid is going to be whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your rid is going to be whatever the
+value is one one okay so I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is one one okay so I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is one one okay so I've got this
+rabbit its age is eight two parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit its age is eight two parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit its age is eight two parents are
+none and R ID is one but then before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and R ID is one but then before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and R ID is one but then before I
+finish creating this rabbit the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish creating this rabbit the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish creating this rabbit the last
+line of the init method says take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of the init method says take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of the init method says take the
+tag and increment it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and increment it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and increment it by
+one okay all right next line in the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right next line in the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right next line in the code
+says here let me create another rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here let me create another rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here let me create another rabbit
+this one I'm going to pass in age six as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm going to pass in age six as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm going to pass in age six as
+my parameter so that's the age six two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter so that's the age six two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter so that's the age six two
+parents are none by default so python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are none by default so python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are none by default so python
+says all right well here's a new rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right well here's a new rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right well here's a new rabbit
+object its age is six the two parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object its age is six the two parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object its age is six the two parents
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+none line that says self. rid so the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none line that says self. rid so the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none line that says self. rid so the r
+ID of R2 will be whatever tag is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID of R2 will be whatever tag is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID of R2 will be whatever tag is right
+now well the previous rabbit incremented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well the previous rabbit incremented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well the previous rabbit incremented
+it to two so the r ID of this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to two so the r ID of this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to two so the r ID of this next
+rabbit is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is two
+right okay the last line of code before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the last line of code before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the last line of code before
+this rabbit finishes it creating itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rabbit finishes it creating itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rabbit finishes it creating itself
+is to increment the tag to three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to increment the tag to three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to increment the tag to three right
+so now if I have one more line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if I have one more line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if I have one more line of code
+I'm creating one more rabbit this age is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm creating one more rabbit this age is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm creating one more rabbit this age is
+10 right so behind the scenes python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right so behind the scenes python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right so behind the scenes python
+creates this variable named R3 it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this variable named R3 it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this variable named R3 it's uh
+bound to an object a rabbit object whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to an object a rabbit object whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to an object a rabbit object whose
+age is 10 two parents are none of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is 10 two parents are none of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is 10 two parents are none of course
+because we didn't pass in any parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't pass in any parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't pass in any parents
+and the r ID is whatever the tag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r ID is whatever the tag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r ID is whatever the tag is
+right now three okay well here's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now three okay well here's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now three okay well here's the one
+with idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with idea
+three and before we finish creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and before we finish creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and before we finish creating
+let's just increment the tag so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just increment the tag so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just increment the tag so that we
+set it up for the next rabbit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up for the next rabbit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up for the next rabbit okay
+everyone okay so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yep yes yes it gives you two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yes yes it gives you two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yes yes it gives you two because
+when you run this line rabbit 8 it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run this line rabbit 8 it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run this line rabbit 8 it has
+to run the init to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the init to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the init to
+completion and the last line of the init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion and the last line of the init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion and the last line of the init
+always increments it to be one more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increments it to be one more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increments it to be one more than
+what it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it started
+with like you can't uh I guess pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like you can't uh I guess pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like you can't uh I guess pause the
+function run in the middle to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so let's look at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so let's look at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so let's look at a couple
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+methods um that we can Implement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um that we can Implement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um that we can Implement for
+sorry other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry other questions about
+that very cool way of creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very cool way of creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very cool way of creating
+rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yep uh yes let's go back here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mostly just this yeah mostly you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mostly just this yeah mostly you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mostly just this yeah mostly you you
+want the object to have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the object to have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the object to have things
+associated with it so you know really sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so you know really sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so you know really sh
+shared stuff is is nice but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared stuff is is nice but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared stuff is is nice but it's a
+little tenuous in using it just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tenuous in using it just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tenuous in using it just because
+like you should use it for pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should use it for pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should use it for pretty
+specific situations right you don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situations right you don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situations right you don't just
+want to define a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to define a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to define a whole bunch of
+variables that everybody can access here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that everybody can access here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that everybody can access here
+and there only specific situations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there only specific situations yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there only specific situations yeah
+most of the time you just have methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you just have methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you just have methods
+in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition
+yeah but maybe there's other stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but maybe there's other stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but maybe there's other stuff I
+just don't know about it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know about it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know about it right now
+yeah um okay let's look at a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay let's look at a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay let's look at a couple more
+methods for the rabbit so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for the rabbit so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for the rabbit so here I've got
+uh getter just three Getters I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getter just three Getters I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getter just three Getters I should
+probably put some I don't want to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put some I don't want to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put some I don't want to put a
+Setter for the rid because that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setter for the rid because that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setter for the rid because that would
+mess up my my counting um and probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up my my counting um and probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up my my counting um and probably I
+don't want Setters for parents too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want Setters for parents too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want Setters for parents too but
+maybe we might I don't know um the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we might I don't know um the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we might I don't know um the only
+thing that looks a little bit weird for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looks a little bit weird for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looks a little bit weird for
+the get R ID is this Zill and I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get R ID is this Zill and I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get R ID is this Zill and I added
+that as a cute little thing to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a cute little thing to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a cute little thing to basically
+make the ID look like an ID number so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the ID look like an ID number so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the ID look like an ID number so it
+prefills the front with zeros like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefills the front with zeros like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefills the front with zeros like it
+pads the front with zeros so for the IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pads the front with zeros so for the IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pads the front with zeros so for the IDE
+of one you can see it's 0000 one for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one you can see it's 0000 one for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one you can see it's 0000 one for an
+IDE of 123 it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE of 123 it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE of 123 it would be
+0123 right so just like it just makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0123 right so just like it just makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0123 right so just like it just makes it
+look nice when we print it out uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nice when we print it out uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nice when we print it out uh when
+we print out the ID and otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we print out the ID and otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we print out the ID and otherwise the
+two parents just return the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parents just return the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parents just return the parent
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+um one interesting method that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting method that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting method that I would
+like to add and we'll play on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add and we'll play on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add and we'll play on the fact
+that rabbit's mate here um is to add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rabbit's mate here um is to add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rabbit's mate here um is to add two
+rabbits together so we're implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits together so we're implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits together so we're implementing
+the dunder method double uncore add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dunder method double uncore add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dunder method double uncore add
+double underscore to have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double underscore to have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double underscore to have the ability to
+add two rabbits together in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two rabbits together in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two rabbits together in our
+code all right so again this is a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code all right so again this is a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code all right so again this is a design
+decision I made so when I create when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I made so when I create when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I made so when I create when I
+add two rabbits together I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two rabbits together I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two rabbits together I'm going to
+create a new rabbit object and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new rabbit object and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new rabbit object and that's
+exactly what the code is doing inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the code is doing inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the code is doing inside
+here right so I'm going to run this ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so I'm going to run this ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so I'm going to run this ad
+uh Dunder method on self and other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dunder method on self and other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dunder method on self and other right
+and then behind or in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then behind or in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then behind or in front of the
+scenes I guess is going to be this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes I guess is going to be this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes I guess is going to be this plus
+operator so the self will be the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the self will be the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the self will be the thing
+before the plus and the other will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the plus and the other will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the plus and the other will be
+the thing after the plus right just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing after the plus right just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing after the plus right just like
+what we saw last lecture so when we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw last lecture so when we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw last lecture so when we add
+R1 plus R2 what I would like the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 plus R2 what I would like the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 plus R2 what I would like the result
+to be is another rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be is another rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be is another rabbit
+object who who has one parent R1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object who who has one parent R1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object who who has one parent R1 and the
+other parent R2 right those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parent R2 right those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parent R2 right those are the
+things we added together and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we added together and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we added together and let's say
+this new rabbit object is age of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new rabbit object is age of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new rabbit object is age of zero
+right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a
+newborn so to implement that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn so to implement that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn so to implement that we just
+have uh we're returning a new rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we're returning a new rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we're returning a new rabbit
+object here right so we're just creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here right so we're just creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here right so we're just creating
+a new rabbit object on the fly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new rabbit object on the fly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new rabbit object on the fly in this
+method uh how do we create a rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh how do we create a rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh how do we create a rabbit
+object we need to give it a an an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we need to give it a an an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we need to give it a an an age
+and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two
+parents originally when we created those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents originally when we created those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents originally when we created those
+three R1 R2 r3s right their they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three R1 R2 r3s right their they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three R1 R2 r3s right their they didn't
+have parents right they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parents right they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parents right they were just
+unknown or something like that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or something like that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or something like that but in
+this particular case we do want know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case we do want know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case we do want know
+what their parents are their parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their parents are their parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their parents are their parents are
+the thing before the plus and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the plus and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the plus and the thing
+after the plus so one parent will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the plus so one parent will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the plus so one parent will be
+self and the other parent will be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and the other parent will be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and the other parent will be other
+the thing that's in the parth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's in the parth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's in the parth uh
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list so let's continue on with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so let's continue on with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so let's continue on with our
+program here right we had these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here right we had these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here right we had these three
+three lines of code that were run and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines of code that were run and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines of code that were run and I
+created these three rabbits with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created these three rabbits with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created these three rabbits with these
+IDs or yeah one two three um if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs or yeah one two three um if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs or yeah one two three um if I add
+two rabbits together R1 plus R2 to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits together R1 plus R2 to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits together R1 plus R2 to give
+me a rabbit object variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a rabbit object variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a rabbit object variable
+R4 python says all right well let me run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 python says all right well let me run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 python says all right well let me run
+this Dunder method behind the scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dunder method behind the scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dunder method behind the scenes of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+plus so our four effectively becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so our four effectively becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so our four effectively becomes
+what well we replace right the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well we replace right the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well we replace right the in the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+slide right here here the return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here here the return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here here the return is
+rabbit zero one parent comma the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit zero one parent comma the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit zero one parent comma the other
+parent so when we make this addition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so when we make this addition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so when we make this addition we
+have rabbit zero comma one parent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rabbit zero comma one parent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rabbit zero comma one parent the
+thing before the dot comma the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the dot comma the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the dot comma the other
+parent or the thing before the plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent or the thing before the plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent or the thing before the plus and
+then the thing after the plus so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the thing after the plus so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the thing after the plus so my
+R4 becomes the result of adding R1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 becomes the result of adding R1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 becomes the result of adding R1 plus
+R2 right so its parents are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 right so its parents are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 right so its parents are these
+two now how does this rabbit get created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now how does this rabbit get created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now how does this rabbit get created
+right it's a new rabbit object so we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a new rabbit object so we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a new rabbit object so we run
+the init method of the rabbit object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method of the rabbit object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the init method of the rabbit object
+right which means that here's a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that here's a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that here's a variable
+it's bound to Rabbit object its age is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bound to Rabbit object its age is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bound to Rabbit object its age is
+zero it has these two parents that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it has these two parents that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it has these two parents that are
+objects bound to other rabbit objects up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects bound to other rabbit objects up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects bound to other rabbit objects up
+here R1 and R2 and the ID just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R1 and R2 and the ID just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R1 and R2 and the ID just like
+before is whatever the tag is right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is whatever the tag is right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is whatever the tag is right now
+well we already created three rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already created three rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already created three rabbit
+objects ahead of this one so this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects ahead of this one so this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects ahead of this one so this one's
+tag will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag will be
+four and then right before we finish we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then right before we finish we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then right before we finish we
+increment the tag to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the tag to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the tag to
+five so no matter how we're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so no matter how we're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so no matter how we're creating
+these random these rabbit objects either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random these rabbit objects either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random these rabbit objects either
+just plain old in our program directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain old in our program directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain old in our program directly
+or through an indirect method right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through an indirect method right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through an indirect method right in
+this case the plus we're still creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the plus we're still creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the plus we're still creating
+rabbit objects in our program right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit objects in our program right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit objects in our program right so
+that counter that shared variable tag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counter that shared variable tag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counter that shared variable tag is
+still coming into play right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming into play right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming into play right so we're
+still counting all of these rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still counting all of these rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still counting all of these rabbit
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+created does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created does that make
+sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+good um so uh yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so uh yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so uh yeah that's
+fine so one last method so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so one last method so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so one last method so this is a
+method that checks for equality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that checks for equality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that checks for equality between
+two rabbits and again my design choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits and again my design choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits and again my design choice
+is to say that two rabbits are equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that two rabbits are equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that two rabbits are equal so
+if I say R1 equal equal R2 that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say R1 equal equal R2 that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say R1 equal equal R2 that will
+tell me true or false and my designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me true or false and my designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me true or false and my designed
+choice is to say that two rabbits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to say that two rabbits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to say that two rabbits are
+equal if they have the same parents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if they have the same parents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if they have the same parents so
+if I create another rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I create another rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I create another rabbit
+object right um four was R1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right um four was R1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right um four was R1 plus
+R2 but if five is R2 plus R1 I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 but if five is R2 plus R1 I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 but if five is R2 plus R1 I want to
+say that five and four are equal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that five and four are equal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that five and four are equal because
+they have the same parents right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same parents right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same parents right I don't
+care that it was R1 plus R2 or R2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that it was R1 plus R2 or R2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that it was R1 plus R2 or R2 plus
+R1 they have the same parents it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 they have the same parents it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 they have the same parents it's just
+an opposite order and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opposite order and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opposite order and so that's what
+this EQ method is is doing it's a Dunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EQ method is is doing it's a Dunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EQ method is is doing it's a Dunder
+method to to implement equality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to to implement equality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to to implement equality between
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+rabbits so parents same is a Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits so parents same is a Boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits so parents same is a Boolean
+here that just checks the r IDs so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that just checks the r IDs so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that just checks the r IDs so this
+Boolean parent same is going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean parent same is going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean parent same is going to check
+that the addition was made R1 plus R2 R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the addition was made R1 plus R2 R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the addition was made R1 plus R2 R1
+plus R2 right and parents opposite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R2 right and parents opposite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus R2 right and parents opposite is
+also going to be a Boolean either true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be a Boolean either true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be a Boolean either true
+or false that checks if I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false that checks if I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false that checks if I made the
+rabbits R1 plus R2 and then R2 plus R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits R1 plus R2 and then R2 plus R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits R1 plus R2 and then R2 plus R1
+so backward in the parents but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backward in the parents but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backward in the parents but they
+still have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parents and and the reason I'm checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and and the reason I'm checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and and the reason I'm checking
+for IDs is because IDs are unique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for IDs is because IDs are unique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for IDs is because IDs are unique so
+originally when I wrote this code a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally when I wrote this code a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally when I wrote this code a long
+time ago I actually ended up my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago I actually ended up my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago I actually ended up my first
+iteration checking just the straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration checking just the straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration checking just the straight up
+parents values right so it was comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents values right so it was comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents values right so it was comparing
+basically rabbit objects together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rabbit objects together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rabbit objects together but
+the problem with that code is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that code is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that code is that at
+some point it tried to compare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it tried to compare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it tried to compare a
+nun some you know some some rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nun some you know some some rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nun some you know some some rabbits
+might have a nun as their parent with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a nun as their parent with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a nun as their parent with an
+actual rabbit object and then it the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual rabbit object and then it the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual rabbit object and then it the the
+code crashed and then I realized I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code crashed and then I realized I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code crashed and then I realized I can
+just compare the ID values directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compare the ID values directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compare the ID values directly
+because those are one just numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are one just numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are one just numbers so
+very easy to compare and two they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to compare and two they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to compare and two they're
+unique so I know I'm not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique so I know I'm not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique so I know I'm not going to have
+two rabbits with the same ID right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits with the same ID right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rabbits with the same ID right and
+so in this particular case I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case I've got
+these two rabbits should say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rabbits should say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rabbits should say they're
+equal but then if I add you know R2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but then if I add you know R2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but then if I add you know R2 plus
+R3 you know R six th this one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 you know R six th this one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 you know R six th this one is not
+going to be equal to any of my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rabbits so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code um so here I've got my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um so here I've got my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um so here I've got my three
+rabbits right so this is just I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits right so this is just I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits right so this is just I think
+we've printed this out already but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've printed this out already but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've printed this out already but um
+right so here's our one it's a rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our one it's a rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our one it's a rabbit
+with this ID rabbit with this ID rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ID rabbit with this ID rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ID rabbit with this ID rabbit
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ID and then you know our one's parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and then you know our one's parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and then you know our one's parents
+our two's parents and our three's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two's parents and our three's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two's parents and our three's
+parents all have none are are are none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents all have none are are are none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents all have none are are are none
+but then when I add R R4 as R1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I add R R4 as R1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I add R R4 as R1 plus
+R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+print um R4 right is a rabbit with idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print um R4 right is a rabbit with idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print um R4 right is a rabbit with idea
+four and then R1 and R2 are as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then R1 and R2 are as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then R1 and R2 are as usual
+what we just saw and then when we grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw and then when we grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw and then when we grab
+the parents of R4 it's going to be R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents of R4 it's going to be R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents of R4 it's going to be R1
+which is this rabbit with this ID and R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this rabbit with this ID and R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this rabbit with this ID and R2
+which this this rabbit with this ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this this rabbit with this ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this this rabbit with this ID
+right and then we can uh check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we can uh check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we can uh check the
+equality so here I can create our for R5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so here I can create our for R5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so here I can create our for R5
+and R six so R3 plus R4 and R4 plus R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R six so R3 plus R4 and R4 plus R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R six so R3 plus R4 and R4 plus R3
+they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be
+equivalent right so here I've got R5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right so here I've got R5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right so here I've got R5 and
+R six down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R six down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R six down
+here see I'm just running the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see I'm just running the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see I'm just running the double
+equal sign on objects of type rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign on objects of type rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign on objects of type rabbit
+which is pretty cool um and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool um and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool um and they are the
+same right because they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right because they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right because they have the same
+two parents I don't care that they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parents I don't care that they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parents I don't care that they're in
+opposite order but then R4 and R six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order but then R4 and R six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order but then R4 and R six
+have different parents right R4 had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different parents right R4 had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different parents right R4 had one
+and two and R six had what is it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and R six had what is it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and R six had what is it three
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code okay so class varibles pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so class varibles pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so class varibles pretty cool
+um you share them across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you share them across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you share them across all the
+instances so one instance modifies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so one instance modifies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so one instance modifies it
+they'll be modified for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be modified for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be modified for all the other
+instances so we have one more example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so we have one more example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so we have one more example to
+look at next lecture we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at next lecture we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at next lecture we're actually
+going to implement our own uh Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement our own uh Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement our own uh Fitness
+tracker class so it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker class so it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker class so it's going to be a
+little bit more complex but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complex but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complex but we're going
+to see a lot of the same ideas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of the same ideas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of the same ideas that we
+saw today just in this slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw today just in this slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw today just in this slightly more
+complex um setting of implementing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um setting of implementing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um setting of implementing our
+own Fitness tracker so it's still kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Fitness tracker so it's still kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Fitness tracker so it's still kind
+of an abstract thing but more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abstract thing but more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abstract thing but more useful
+than animals and rabbits and person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than animals and rabbits and person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than animals and rabbits and person and
+and student classes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/spjZiKkKnmM.txt b/spjZiKkKnmM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..069fbf93141bd31ea45033f34d78101ed271dfb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spjZiKkKnmM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is class
+4 want to start with that simple neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 want to start with that simple neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 want to start with that simple neural
+tube saw already in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube saw already in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube saw already in this
+little creature amphioxys the Lancelot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little creature amphioxys the Lancelot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little creature amphioxys the Lancelot
+is another common name that call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another common name that call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another common name that call that
+group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+animals and ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and ask this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yeah we don't have fossils of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we don't have fossils of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we don't have fossils of the
+brains they don't brains brain is soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains they don't brains brain is soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains they don't brains brain is soft
+tissue doesn't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue doesn't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue doesn't leave
+fossils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so how how do we know about when most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how how do we know about when most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how how do we know about when most
+of our ancestors are extinct how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our ancestors are extinct how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our ancestors are extinct how do we
+know anything about brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution somebody want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution somebody want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution somebody want to tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how much can we tell about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how much can we tell about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how much can we tell about the
+brain from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+exactly Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kind okay I can hardly hear you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind okay I can hardly hear you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind okay I can hardly hear you because
+of the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see evidence of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see evidence of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see evidence of that in
+sculpts that's right so we know uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpts that's right so we know uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpts that's right so we know uh but
+there's another factor in that nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another factor in that nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another factor in that nobody's
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the
+way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+devel let's talk about development next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devel let's talk about development next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devel let's talk about development next
+time we might get to it be at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we might get to it be at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we might get to it be at the end of
+this class but that's important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but that's important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but that's important it's
+very important and and we will talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and and we will talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and and we will talk more
+about it do you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else no you go ahead since she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly and you know how we judge how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you know how we judge how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you know how we judge how
+primitive they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive they
+are you can do a lot from skulls if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can do a lot from skulls if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can do a lot from skulls if you
+have the skulls because if they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the skulls because if they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the skulls because if they're they
+look the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as
+skulls we can pretty much identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls we can pretty much identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls we can pretty much identify the
+species by skull details and skeletal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species by skull details and skeletal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species by skull details and skeletal
+details okay and if they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay and if they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay and if they they're
+relatively unchanged over you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unchanged over you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unchanged over you know
+millions of years uh we can get an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years uh we can get an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years uh we can get an idea
+how ancient they are and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ancient they are and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ancient they are and then
+if we can get any DNA we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can get any DNA we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can get any DNA we can actually
+just this is of course fairly recent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is of course fairly recent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is of course fairly recent you
+can learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about their age because of the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their age because of the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their age because of the rate of
+mutations is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations is fairly
+steady and we can look if we can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady and we can look if we can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady and we can look if we can get an
+idea what their proteins were like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what their proteins were like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what their proteins were like from
+the DNA we can learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA we can learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA we can learn a lot about
+Evolution but anyway uh I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution but anyway uh I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution but anyway uh I have another
+another question here in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here in the very
+evolution of the C in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the C in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the C in the early
+evolution of the cordate neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the cordate neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the cordate neural tube
+what was it that led to the changes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it that led to the changes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it that led to the changes at
+the rostal Lin we saw anoys that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostal Lin we saw anoys that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostal Lin we saw anoys that there's
+no real enlargement there now it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real enlargement there now it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real enlargement there now it turns
+out there are genetic differences there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are genetic differences there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are genetic differences there
+are differences in details of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure but what was it that led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but what was it that led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but what was it that led to a
+bra a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra a real
+brain what is the basic thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain what is the basic thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain what is the basic thing about
+these bilaterally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals exactly
+so yes and that led to the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes and that led to the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes and that led to the evolution of
+specialized receptor systems which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized receptor systems which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized receptor systems which then
+required special motor control at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required special motor control at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required special motor control at the
+rostal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal
+end so both the sensory analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so both the sensory analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so both the sensory analyzing
+mechanisms the inputs came in through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms the inputs came in through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms the inputs came in through
+cranial nerves now which turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves now which turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves now which turn out to be
+a little different from the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from the spinal
+nerves we'll be talking about both kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves we'll be talking about both kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves we'll be talking about both kinds
+of nerves quite a bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nerves quite a bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nerves quite a bit in the
+class and then of course the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then of course the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then of course the motor
+apparatus they needed but also of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus they needed but also of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus they needed but also of course
+they needed to maintain the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to maintain the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to maintain the stability of
+the internal RW and that also uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal RW and that also uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal RW and that also uh there
+evolved even starting with amphioxys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved even starting with amphioxys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved even starting with amphioxys
+there were secretory systems in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were secretory systems in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were secretory systems in that
+rostal end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal end of the
+to the predecessor to the pituitary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus okay so and the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay so and the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay so and the sensory
+inputs the ones we think of the most are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the ones we think of the most are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the ones we think of the most are
+the ones that come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that come in
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+to the uh the far brain the AL Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the far brain the AL Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh the far brain the AL Factory
+and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inputs and then I've already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and then I've already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and then I've already mentioned
+the visceral control that also involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visceral control that also involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visceral control that also involved
+that area so here's my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sketch the very simple neural tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the very simple neural tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the very simple neural tube and
+then expansions at the rulin I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then expansions at the rulin I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then expansions at the rulin I just
+sketched here old factory and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here old factory and visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here old factory and visual
+inputs I think the figures in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs I think the figures in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs I think the figures in the book
+were a little bit better than this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit better than this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit better than this but
+they were all based on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all based on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all based on these
+sketches uh and then not I have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches uh and then not I have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches uh and then not I have a couple
+of the hindbrain inputs most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain inputs most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain inputs most of the
+cranial nerves come into the hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves come into the hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves come into the hind brain
+okay there are cranial nerves for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are cranial nerves for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are cranial nerves for the
+midbrain too but they're motor output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain too but they're motor output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain too but they're motor output
+the third and fourth nerves come outed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third and fourth nerves come outed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third and fourth nerves come outed
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+midbrain but the midbrain became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain but the midbrain became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain but the midbrain became
+important in other ways first of all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in other ways first of all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in other ways first of all it
+got visual input as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got visual input as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got visual input as we will
+see uh probably not the original visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh probably not the original visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh probably not the original visual
+inputs came there but it also was a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs came there but it also was a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs came there but it also was a link
+between those core brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those core brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those core brain
+structures like old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like old
+faction and the motor system which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction and the motor system which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction and the motor system which was
+controlled by the lower brain stem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the lower brain stem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the lower brain stem and
+the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so let's talk about now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's talk about now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's talk about now the
+expansions that occurred with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions that occurred with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions that occurred with these
+specializations at the rostral end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations at the rostral end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations at the rostral end the
+brain starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolve the hindbrain expansions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve the hindbrain expansions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve the hindbrain expansions in the
+cordex it resulted from the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordex it resulted from the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordex it resulted from the evolution of
+adaptive sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive sensory motor
+functions what's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what's an example of a
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+sense input that comes in through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense input that comes in through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense input that comes in through a
+cranial nerve into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve into the
+hyr important sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modalities what did we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show what are those what do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean Sana sensory we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Sana sensory we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Sana sensory we'll be talking about
+the trigeminal nerve and from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal nerve and from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal nerve and from the the
+head region especially the face and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head region especially the face and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head region especially the face and then
+I have vestibular I put vestibular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have vestibular I put vestibular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have vestibular I put vestibular in
+that auditory because vestibular is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that auditory because vestibular is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that auditory because vestibular is even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay at least we think it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least we think it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least we think it is I
+mean a lot of these things there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of these things there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of these things there's a
+little bit of debate and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of debate and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of debate and it depends on
+the details they find in ancient skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details they find in ancient skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details they find in ancient skulls
+and it's been very difficult to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been very difficult to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been very difficult to get the
+the very early period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early period in
+da and I've asked you there's a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and I've asked you there's a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and I've asked you there's a homework
+thing relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing relevant to
+that you'll be looking on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be looking on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be looking on the internet
+for some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of that
+data okay so here now I've taken that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so here now I've taken that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so here now I've taken that
+brain with the three brain vesicles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain with the three brain vesicles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain with the three brain vesicles and
+I've showed an expanded hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain and uh we should keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and uh we should keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and uh we should keep in mind that
+of course along with these specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course along with these specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course along with these specialized
+inputs coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+evolved action patterns movement control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved action patterns movement control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved action patterns movement control
+that was new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was new
+too when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when it's a
+genetically controlled a genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically controlled a genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically controlled a genetically
+controlled development of a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled development of a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled development of a circuit
+controlling Movement we call it a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling Movement we call it a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling Movement we call it a fixed
+action pattern or an instinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern or an instinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern or an instinctive
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+pattern that's a term from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a term from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a term from the
+ethologists but we can apply it to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists but we can apply it to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists but we can apply it to our
+discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain so let's now compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so let's now compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so let's now compare the
+specializations for Taste senses of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations for Taste senses of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations for Taste senses of a
+couple of fish where this I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fish where this I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of fish where this I like the
+illustrations from heric we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations from heric we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations from heric we're going to
+show U these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show U these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show U these are
+the the heric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heric
+brothers Clarence herck and C Judson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers Clarence herck and C Judson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers Clarence herck and C Judson
+herck were brothers and they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herck were brothers and they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herck were brothers and they certainly
+helped establish the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped establish the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped establish the field of
+comparative Neurology in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+America uh it doesn't mean there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America uh it doesn't mean there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America uh it doesn't mean there wasn't
+similar kind of work being done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of work being done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of work being done in
+Europe uh and possibly elsewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh and possibly elsewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh and possibly elsewhere in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+but they have these beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have these beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have these beautiful
+illustrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations of the
+fish what is the sense you remember did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish what is the sense you remember did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish what is the sense you remember did
+you read it what's the sense that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it what's the sense that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it what's the sense that led to
+some of the marked expans manions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the marked expans manions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the marked expans manions of the
+hind not trigeminal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind not trigeminal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind not trigeminal not
+vestibular but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else taste okay so let these are the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else taste okay so let these are the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else taste okay so let these are the to
+summarize the animals we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the animals we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the animals we're going to
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+um I got the pictures from c Judson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got the pictures from c Judson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got the pictures from c Judson
+herrick's book but they're actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herrick's book but they're actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herrick's book but they're actually all
+drawn originally by his brother okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn originally by his brother okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn originally by his brother okay
+this one I take from for comparison with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I take from for comparison with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I take from for comparison with
+the others if you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others if you just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others if you just look at this
+brain the brain goes from this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the brain goes from this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the brain goes from this lower
+Arrow all the way there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow all the way there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow all the way there to
+the the olfactory bulbs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the olfactory bulbs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the olfactory bulbs which
+are this peduncle connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this peduncle connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this peduncle connecting the
+olfactory it looks like eyes but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory it looks like eyes but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory it looks like eyes but they're
+not this is all central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is all central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is all central nervous
+system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+uh the midbrain is actually the widest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the midbrain is actually the widest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the midbrain is actually the widest
+part and behind it between arrows is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and behind it between arrows is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and behind it between arrows is the
+hind brain now keep that in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain now keep that in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain now keep that in mind and
+look at these other fishes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these other fishes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these other fishes this is the
+moai look at the buffalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moai look at the buffalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moai look at the buffalo
+fish you know you look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish you know you look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish you know you look at this and
+you're used to seeing pictures of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to seeing pictures of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to seeing pictures of human
+brain and you see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you see something like this
+and what an Earth are we looking at well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what an Earth are we looking at well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what an Earth are we looking at well
+you're looking at changes in the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at changes in the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at changes in the neural
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+expansions for specialized sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions for specialized sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions for specialized sensory motor
+control we call this in in the buffalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we call this in in the buffalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we call this in in the buffalo
+fish the vagal lobe because the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish the vagal lobe because the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish the vagal lobe because the input to
+it comes through the vagus nerve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes through the vagus nerve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes through the vagus nerve the
+10th cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th cranial
+nerve now the 10th cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve now the 10th cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve now the 10th cranial nerve
+invertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrates
+generally uh carries sensory input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh carries sensory input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh carries sensory input from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+visca but the visceral Sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visca but the visceral Sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visca but the visceral Sensory neurons
+get that input the rostral part gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that input the rostral part gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that input the rostral part gets
+taste input coming from the throat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste input coming from the throat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste input coming from the throat the
+pallet region and sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet region and sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet region and sides of the
+throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+okay in humans there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in humans there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in humans there's a little bit of
+taste input still coming this animal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste input still coming this animal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste input still coming this animal has
+a specialized palatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specialized palatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specialized palatal
+organ that filter they they draw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that filter they they draw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that filter they they draw in
+little particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particles of
+the the debris the mud at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the debris the mud at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the debris the mud at the bottom of
+lakes and rivers where they live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lakes and rivers where they live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lakes and rivers where they live and
+they fil filter it and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fil filter it and they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fil filter it and they're basically
+tasting it and there are specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting it and there are specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting it and there are specialized
+motor functions of that filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor functions of that filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor functions of that filtering
+apparatus as well so they can select out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus as well so they can select out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus as well so they can select out
+the edible things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water and they don't need a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they don't need a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they don't need a whole lot of
+vision for that they just blood near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for that they just blood near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for that they just blood near the
+bottom and do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and do their
+feeding okay now here's another animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding okay now here's another animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding okay now here's another animal
+that you're probably more familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're probably more familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're probably more familiar with
+catfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be like the bullheads many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like the bullheads many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like the bullheads many
+children catch when they go fishing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children catch when they go fishing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children catch when they go fishing when
+they're kids but they're many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kids but they're many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kids but they're many other
+catfishes uh again strange looking brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfishes uh again strange looking brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfishes uh again strange looking brain
+but now the in brain's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the in brain's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the in brain's a little bit
+bigger they don't show the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they don't show the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they don't show the olfactory
+bulbs here just the stocks that connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs here just the stocks that connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs here just the stocks that connect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+them uh and then you see the midbrain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and then you see the midbrain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh and then you see the midbrain is
+still pretty wide you didn't even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty wide you didn't even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty wide you didn't even see
+the the midbrain here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midbrain here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midbrain here is
+not as distinct as it is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as distinct as it is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as distinct as it is in the in the
+moai there's the Big M brain with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moai there's the Big M brain with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moai there's the Big M brain with the
+two tal regions there's the moony here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tal regions there's the moony here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tal regions there's the moony here's
+the catfish the midbrain is bulging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish the midbrain is bulging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish the midbrain is bulging out
+quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a
+bit but now all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but now all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but now all of this is
+cerebella so he's more specialized than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella so he's more specialized than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebella so he's more specialized than
+the cerebella but I want you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebella but I want you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebella but I want you to look at
+these bulges behind because they all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bulges behind because they all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bulges behind because they all get
+tasting there's the vagal Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting there's the vagal Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting there's the vagal Lo
+much smaller than in the buffalo fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than in the buffalo fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than in the buffalo fish
+here it is in the buffalo fish here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is in the buffalo fish here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is in the buffalo fish here it
+is in the catfish but this is all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the catfish but this is all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the catfish but this is all this
+bulge is called the facial no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulge is called the facial no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulge is called the facial no because
+that comes in through the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in through the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in through the seventh
+cranial nerve and it's in this animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve and it's in this animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve and it's in this animal
+much of it in is carrying taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it in is carrying taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it in is carrying taste
+inut okay and there so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut okay and there so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut okay and there so let's look at
+their specialized taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their specialized taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their specialized taste
+system here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's a
+catfish and this this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfish and this this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfish and this this picture is
+illustrating just the seventh cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating just the seventh cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating just the seventh cranial
+nerve it's a cranial nerve and it's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve it's a cranial nerve and it's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve it's a cranial nerve and it's is
+getting input from the head region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting input from the head region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting input from the head region
+including input from these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including input from these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including input from these little
+marbles here that drags along the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles here that drags along the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles here that drags along the bottom
+he swimming it's a taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organ but what is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ but what is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ but what is all
+this it's the seventh cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's the seventh cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's the seventh cranial nerve
+distributed over the body surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over the body surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over the body surface of
+most of this animal he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this animal he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this animal he
+tastes with his body surface everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes with his body surface everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes with his body surface everywhere
+in his body and it's all innovated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his body and it's all innovated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his body and it's all innovated by a
+cranial nerve so that seventh nerve it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve so that seventh nerve it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve so that seventh nerve it's
+no longer just it's coming into the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer just it's coming into the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer just it's coming into the head
+region into the hind brain but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into the hind brain but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into the hind brain but it's
+carrying taste input from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying taste input from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying taste input from all over the
+body so again this animal is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so again this animal is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so again this animal is not
+depending mainly on his eyes for feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending mainly on his eyes for feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending mainly on his eyes for feeding
+but on his taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on his taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on his taste
+organs and it's led to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and it's led to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and it's led to these
+enlargements now that point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements now that point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements now that point that
+specialized sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized sensory
+functions require neural processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions require neural processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions require neural processing
+power and that entails enlargement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that entails enlargement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that entails enlargement of
+the neural apparatus that accomplishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural apparatus that accomplishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural apparatus that accomplishes
+it so structures get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger so now let's go up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so now let's go up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so now let's go up to the
+forbrain and talk about what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain and talk about what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain and talk about what I call the
+the first expansion of the forbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first expansion of the forbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first expansion of the forbrain and
+evolution what caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution what caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution what caused the
+forbrain to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enlarge the old factory system we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarge the old factory system we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarge the old factory system we think
+was certainly led to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly led to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly led to its
+expansion there's other things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion there's other things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion there's other things happening
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+forbrain I mentioned the neurosecretory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain I mentioned the neurosecretory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain I mentioned the neurosecretory
+cells the codin is also getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the codin is also getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the codin is also getting the
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+inputs but the first real expans ition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but the first real expans ition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but the first real expans ition
+of the parts of the forbrain we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parts of the forbrain we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parts of the forbrain we call the
+end brain okay the forward part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain okay the forward part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain okay the forward part of the
+forbrain it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain it's because
+ofaction and I just note here that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofaction and I just note here that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofaction and I just note here that when
+you see drawings I'm often going to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see drawings I'm often going to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see drawings I'm often going to like
+here I sh I show pathways on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sh I show pathways on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I sh I show pathways on one side
+here and another side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and another side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and another side
+here keep in mind that almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here keep in mind that almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here keep in mind that almost always
+these pathways are on both sides but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathways are on both sides but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathways are on both sides but if
+I draw them on both sides the diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw them on both sides the diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw them on both sides the diagrams
+can get very complicated so I often show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very complicated so I often show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very complicated so I often show
+them only on one side but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only on one side but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only on one side but you have to
+keep that in mind throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind throughout the class
+we'll often show them only on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often show them only on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often show them only on one
+side makes it a lot clearer okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side makes it a lot clearer okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side makes it a lot clearer okay so here
+you see old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see old factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see old factory
+bulbs and some of the connections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs and some of the connections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs and some of the connections of the
+old factory bulb they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory bulb they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory bulb they're coming
+in two more clle parts of the for Brin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two more clle parts of the for Brin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two more clle parts of the for Brin
+in this case it's parts of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's parts of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's parts of the end
+brain they're not going clear back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they're not going clear back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they're not going clear back into
+that predecessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predecessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predecessor of
+hypothalamus they're coming to a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus they're coming to a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus they're coming to a part
+that became the Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the Corpus
+Statum in fact it's the most primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum in fact it's the most primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum in fact it's the most primitive
+part of the Corpus striatum in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Corpus striatum in that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Corpus striatum in that area
+the striatal areas had outputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatal areas had outputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatal areas had outputs that
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+Locomotion how did it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion how did it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion how did it do
+that well whole Factory sense isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well whole Factory sense isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well whole Factory sense isn't
+doing the animal any good if it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the animal any good if it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the animal any good if it can't
+control his movements and it control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control his movements and it control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control his movements and it control
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+mainly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly by
+connections through the striatum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections through the striatum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections through the striatum that
+went from there into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from there into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from there into the
+midbrain there were no connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there were no connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there were no connections to
+the spinal cord no connections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord no connections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord no connections to the
+hindbrain they they were shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain they they were shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain they they were shorter
+connections which is generally true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections which is generally true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections which is generally true
+these primitive brains shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these primitive brains shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these primitive brains shorter
+connections and here's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and here's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and here's an example of a
+stotal cell connecting to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal cell connecting to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal cell connecting to the midbrain
+the cadle part of the midbrain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cadle part of the midbrain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cadle part of the midbrain there
+there are neurons there that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are neurons there that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are neurons there that we know
+Drive locom motor Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive locom motor Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive locom motor Behavior
+it's important even in humans we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important even in humans we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important even in humans we
+think and then that area has outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and then that area has outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and then that area has outputs
+down to the Pine brain and even in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Pine brain and even in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Pine brain and even in many
+animals directly to the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cord all right uh there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord all right uh there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord all right uh there was something
+special about that connection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about that connection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about that connection in the
+striata that led to a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striata that led to a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striata that led to a property of the
+forbrain which is absolutely critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain which is absolutely critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain which is absolutely critical to
+its Evolution and that was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Evolution and that was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Evolution and that was this
+that the stel connections were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stel connections were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stel connections were
+plastic they could be strengthened or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic they could be strengthened or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic they could be strengthened or
+weakened depending on the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakened depending on the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakened depending on the experience of
+the animal so here's that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal so here's that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal so here's that animal
+foraging he's smelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging he's smelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging he's smelling
+things uh tasting things he's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh tasting things he's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh tasting things he's getting
+feedback about the area he's swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the area he's swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the area he's swimming
+through so he learns whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so he learns whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so he learns whether they're
+good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+he learns whether that's something worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he learns whether that's something worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he learns whether that's something worth
+approaching or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry uh that's another issue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh that's another issue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh that's another issue about
+neurogenesis and its role in learning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and its role in learning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis and its role in learning we
+we have areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have areas
+important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+learning it's true the two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's true the two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's true the two major
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+that Learning Centers on both have neur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Learning Centers on both have neur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Learning Centers on both have neur
+Genesis cample formation and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis cample formation and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis cample formation and the uh
+Factory BS but in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory BS but in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory BS but in fact the
+changes the the changes I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the the changes I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the the changes I'm talking
+about here are not an area of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here are not an area of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here are not an area of lot of
+neurogenesis in the adult this TR areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis in the adult this TR areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenesis in the adult this TR areas
+those that what you're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that what you're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that what you're talking about is
+happening in the tiny neurons right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the tiny neurons right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the tiny neurons right in
+the boat okay so don't connect learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat okay so don't connect learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat okay so don't connect learning
+necessarily with neurogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with neurogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with neurogenesis
+okay but when I say they're clastic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when I say they're clastic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when I say they're clastic they
+probably does entail actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably does entail actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably does entail actual
+morphological changes most forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological changes most forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological changes most forms of
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay it was this was the predecessor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was this was the predecessor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was this was the predecessor to
+Habit formation in the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Habit formation in the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Habit formation in the higher
+vertebrates including us corpus trium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates including us corpus trium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates including us corpus trium
+and gyil has been studying for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gyil has been studying for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gyil has been studying for many
+years it's a very important site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's a very important site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's a very important site
+for habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for habit
+formation it's the reason that area has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation it's the reason that area has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation it's the reason that area has
+like cortical areas expanded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution okay let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay let's go back to the
+midbrain now I said what structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain now I said what structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain now I said what structure in
+the midbrain has become greatly enlarged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain has become greatly enlarged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain has become greatly enlarged
+in most predatory Tios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fish and then I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and then I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and then I want to talk about the
+two major outputs of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major outputs of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major outputs of that
+structure one descends and crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one descends and crosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure one descends and crosses the
+midline the other has an uncrossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline the other has an uncrossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline the other has an uncrossed
+projection so we've got another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection so we've got another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection so we've got another problem
+to deal with why do things cross at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with why do things cross at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with why do things cross at all
+okay uh what is the structure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what is the structure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what is the structure I'm
+thinking of what's the big structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of what's the big structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of what's the big structure in
+predatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory
+fish when you look at the brain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish when you look at the brain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish when you look at the brain it's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+obvious there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious there it
+is it's a visual sense it's the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a visual sense it's the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a visual sense it's the surface
+gets visually inut it's the optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets visually inut it's the optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets visually inut it's the optic tectum
+and there you see it and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see it and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see it and this is the
+Barracuda an animal you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barracuda an animal you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barracuda an animal you've probably
+heard of because Sports fishermen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because Sports fishermen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because Sports fishermen like
+to fish for the Barracuda but just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish for the Barracuda but just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fish for the Barracuda but just look
+here's the whole Factory bulb is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the whole Factory bulb is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the whole Factory bulb is not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+visible when they remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible when they remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible when they remove
+the skull they they left some tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull they they left some tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull they they left some tissue
+around the old factory bul there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the old factory bul there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the old factory bul there but
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+embran which includes the Corpus trium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran which includes the Corpus trium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran which includes the Corpus trium
+and P structures because remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P structures because remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P structures because remember it's
+still part of a neural tube so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still part of a neural tube so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still part of a neural tube so it's a
+tube where the wall thicken and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube where the wall thicken and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube where the wall thicken and there's
+fluid in the middle okay and the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in the middle okay and the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in the middle okay and the part
+above that ventricle we call the pallum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that ventricle we call the pallum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that ventricle we call the pallum
+or the cortex and the part below which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the cortex and the part below which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the cortex and the part below which
+often develops quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often develops quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often develops quite
+differently is where the Statum develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is where the Statum develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is where the Statum develops
+in the in brain okay but there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tecton here's a diagram that shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tecton here's a diagram that shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tecton here's a diagram that shows that
+its connection a connection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its connection a connection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its connection a connection that
+dominated in these predatory fish we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated in these predatory fish we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated in these predatory fish we're
+talking about a connection from the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a connection from the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a connection from the eye
+most all of it comes from the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most all of it comes from the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most all of it comes from the opposite
+eye in lateral eyed animals animals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in lateral eyed animals animals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in lateral eyed animals animals with
+eyes that sit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that sit out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that sit out
+here even in the hamster whose eyes look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even in the hamster whose eyes look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even in the hamster whose eyes look
+about uh 6 60° out okay so there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 6 60° out okay so there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 6 60° out okay so there is some
+overlap in the visual field of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in the visual field of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in the visual field of the two
+eyes they still have mostly a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes they still have mostly a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes they still have mostly a cross
+projection like this goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection like this goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection like this goes to the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+tectum okay it allows an animal Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum okay it allows an animal Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum okay it allows an animal Vision
+was so important led to marked changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important led to marked changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important led to marked changes
+in the brain it was one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain it was one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain it was one of the two
+forbrain senses of faction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain senses of faction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain senses of faction and then
+Vision because it gave something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision because it gave something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision because it gave something even
+better than olfaction did olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than olfaction did olfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than olfaction did olfaction
+could respond to things at a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could respond to things at a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could respond to things at a distance
+but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at
+Vision it could get advanced warning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it could get advanced warning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it could get advanced warning it
+could escape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could escape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could escape from
+things it wasn't just predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it wasn't just predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it wasn't just predators
+this was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was important
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+and these just another picture of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these just another picture of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these just another picture of it
+here I point out the two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outputs that are so so important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that are so so important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that are so so important in
+evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of
+that tectum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tectum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tectum of the
+midbrain one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain one of them
+controlled anti-predator Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled anti-predator Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled anti-predator Behavior
+turning away and the same pathway not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning away and the same pathway not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning away and the same pathway not
+not only controlled turning away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only controlled turning away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only controlled turning away but
+went to the local motor system that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the local motor system that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the local motor system that I
+mentioned before that same region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before that same region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before that same region that
+was getting input indirectly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting input indirectly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting input indirectly from the
+through the Statum from the real factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Statum from the real factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Statum from the real factory
+ssem triggered rapid Locomotion so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ssem triggered rapid Locomotion so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ssem triggered rapid Locomotion so now
+you have the means for the animal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the means for the animal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the means for the animal to
+respond by turning away and running not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond by turning away and running not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond by turning away and running not
+just running which could lead him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running which could lead him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running which could lead him
+directly into the mouth of the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the mouth of the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the mouth of the pressure
+so he turns away and runs but there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he turns away and runs but there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he turns away and runs but there was
+another pathway that developed as that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway that developed as that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway that developed as that P
+this this projection gained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this projection gained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this projection gained a
+topographic organization they developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic organization they developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic organization they developed
+the ability to turn towards things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to turn towards things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to turn towards things very
+important for finding food and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for finding food and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for finding food and of course
+for prey animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prey animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prey animals
+for an uh Predators rather it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an uh Predators rather it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an uh Predators rather it became
+particularly important the only way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important the only way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important the only way they
+could catch prey is that they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could catch prey is that they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could catch prey is that they had a
+highly evolved system for Rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly evolved system for Rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly evolved system for Rapid
+orienting towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting towards the
+prey and this is the main structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey and this is the main structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey and this is the main structure for
+that had early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution so then here this question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution so then here this question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution so then here this question why
+do the pathways from each eye to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the pathways from each eye to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the pathways from each eye to the
+midbrain cross to the opposite side like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain cross to the opposite side like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain cross to the opposite side like
+this why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen I've never read a neuron Anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I've never read a neuron Anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I've never read a neuron Anatomy
+book that actually has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that actually has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that actually has an
+explanation but I have an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but I have an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but I have an explanation
+because I think it came from my study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it came from my study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it came from my study of
+socio biology and animal behavior I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biology and animal behavior I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biology and animal behavior I pay
+a lot of attention to Evolution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention to Evolution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention to Evolution if you
+just start the reason there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start the reason there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start the reason there's no
+explanation even suggestions about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation even suggestions about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation even suggestions about why
+cross Pathways developed is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Pathways developed is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Pathways developed is because
+people weren't thinking in a darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't thinking in a darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't thinking in a darwinian
+sense they weren't thinking of darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they weren't thinking of darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they weren't thinking of darwinian
+evolution Anatomy developed within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution Anatomy developed within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution Anatomy developed within the
+field of medicine uh and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of medicine uh and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of medicine uh and they were
+concerned with humans uh and comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with humans uh and comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with humans uh and comparisons
+with humans so they weren't Prim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans so they weren't Prim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans so they weren't Prim
+primarily thinking of darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily thinking of darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily thinking of darwinian
+evolution okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay I will
+just give you a very simple answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a very simple answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a very simple answer to
+this we're going to go through it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to go through it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to go through it in
+more detail when we talk about the HRA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail when we talk about the HRA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail when we talk about the HRA
+because it involves some sensory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves some sensory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves some sensory system
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well this is just a little summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just a little summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just a little summary of
+the hypothesis but cut p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis but cut p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis but cut p
+short they must have developed a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short they must have developed a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short they must have developed a cross
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+because it was more adaptive it helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was more adaptive it helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was more adaptive it helped
+them survive and reproduce in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them survive and reproduce in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them survive and reproduce in some
+way so my proposal is it gave allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so my proposal is it gave allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so my proposal is it gave allowed
+more rapid Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapid Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapid Escape
+Behavior so without a synapse they cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so without a synapse they cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so without a synapse they cross
+leads contact to descending pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads contact to descending pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads contact to descending pathway that
+controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls
+escap and that's the proposal that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escap and that's the proposal that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escap and that's the proposal that I
+will develop when we get to the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop when we get to the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop when we get to the mind
+brain when we will study how because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when we will study how because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when we will study how because
+it's not just the visual Pathways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the visual Pathways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the visual Pathways we
+cross sensory Pathways from our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sensory Pathways from our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sensory Pathways from our entire
+body are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body are
+crossed that's why everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed that's why everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed that's why everything
+controlling my right hand here's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling my right hand here's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling my right hand here's on the
+left side of my end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of my end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of my end
+brain I didn't say all the brain I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I didn't say all the brain I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I didn't say all the brain I said
+the end brain but also the midbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end brain but also the midbrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end brain but also the midbrain okay
+in midbrain and forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in midbrain and forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in midbrain and forbrain
+we have cross projections hind brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cross projections hind brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cross projections hind brain and
+spinal cord we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's talk a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's talk a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's talk a little more
+about that expansion of the core brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that expansion of the core brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that expansion of the core brain
+what's likely have led to a second major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely have led to a second major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely have led to a second major
+expansion it's already started to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion it's already started to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion it's already started to expand
+because of the importance of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the importance of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the importance of old
+faction faction was so important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction faction was so important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction faction was so important in
+feeding in mating behavior and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in mating behavior and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in mating behavior and knowing
+whether an animal was a male or a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether an animal was a male or a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether an animal was a male or a female
+you know whether the female is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether the female is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether the female is
+receptive uh for mating and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive uh for mating and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive uh for mating and uh so
+important in finding good food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in finding good food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in finding good food and
+discriminating it from bad food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating it from bad food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating it from bad food and
+doing so efficiently not having to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so efficiently not having to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so efficiently not having to wait
+until you taste it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes they are but in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they are but in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they are but in most cases
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+when certain genes will disappear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when certain genes will disappear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when certain genes will disappear from
+the population of genes or in in the PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of genes or in in the PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of genes or in in the PO
+those genes will disappear and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes will disappear and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes will disappear and others
+will be preserved if they there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be preserved if they there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be preserved if they there's any
+slight advantage and for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight advantage and for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight advantage and for something like
+Escape Behavior it only has to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape Behavior it only has to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape Behavior it only has to be small
+fractions of a second can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of a second can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of a second can make the
+difference between being caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between being caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between being caught and
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+away and it's because of that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it's because of that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it's because of that if you
+just watch the films on WGBH of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch the films on WGBH of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch the films on WGBH of the
+Escape behavior and predatory action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape behavior and predatory action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape behavior and predatory action and
+look at the high-speed films they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high-speed films they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high-speed films they need
+and you realize how Split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you realize how Split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you realize how Split
+Second timing makes all the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second timing makes all the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second timing makes all the difference
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+survival and that's what I'm basing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and that's what I'm basing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and that's what I'm basing this
+kind of thinking on but we will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking on but we will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking on but we will bring
+this up again and we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up again and we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up again and we'll talk a little
+more about it I just want to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it I just want to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it I just want to give you an
+overview now these rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview now these rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview now these rain
+expansions uh the second major expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions uh the second major expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions uh the second major expansion
+another equally important we had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equally important we had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equally important we had to have
+a core brain already and we know it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core brain already and we know it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core brain already and we know it must
+have been old faction led to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been old faction led to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been old faction led to its
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+expansion but we know now the forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but we know now the forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but we know now the forbrain
+is far more than an old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system other
+senses came into the forbrain I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses came into the forbrain I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses came into the forbrain I already
+mentioned a big Advantage now to the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a big Advantage now to the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a big Advantage now to the O
+factory connections to the striatum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory connections to the striatum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory connections to the striatum they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+plastic the connections of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic the connections of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic the connections of the visual
+system to the midbrain as big as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the midbrain as big as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the midbrain as big as it was
+were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they
+plastic not in the same sense there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic not in the same sense there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic not in the same sense there
+short-term plasticity habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term plasticity habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term plasticity habituation
+sensitization it doesn't last very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization it doesn't last very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization it doesn't last very long
+but the kind of learning that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kind of learning that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the kind of learning that allowed
+habits to form or long last habit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits to form or long last habit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits to form or long last habit the
+other senses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other senses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other senses I
+think in evolution started coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in evolution started coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in evolution started coming into
+the invading the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invading the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invading the and
+brain for that to take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for that to take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for that to take advantage of that
+system they come directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they come directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they come directly to the
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+okay they are visual path and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they are visual path and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they are visual path and most of
+them come this way here's a link in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come this way here's a link in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come this way here's a link in the
+midbrain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain it's
+growing to neurons in the what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing to neurons in the what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing to neurons in the what we call
+the tween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tween
+brain most of them don't go directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain most of them don't go directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain most of them don't go directly
+from midbrain almost always they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from midbrain almost always they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from midbrain almost always they go
+through the length there and these then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the length there and these then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the length there and these then
+go into the the end bra the striatum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the the end bra the striatum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the the end bra the striatum but
+also the pum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the pum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the pum
+okay let's just talk about the stotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just talk about the stotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just talk about the stotle
+ones because that's the one we' talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because that's the one we' talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because that's the one we' talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+if there's great advantages to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's great advantages to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's great advantages to be able
+to learn remember habits based on visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn remember habits based on visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn remember habits based on visual
+input and auditory input and taste input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and auditory input and taste input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and auditory input and taste input
+and so forth input coming from more C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth input coming from more C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth input coming from more C
+structures now the visual input some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now the visual input some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now the visual input some of
+that came directly into the tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came directly into the tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came directly into the tween brain
+the eyes actually evolved from the Twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes actually evolved from the Twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes actually evolved from the Twin
+brain so this pathway I'm showing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so this pathway I'm showing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so this pathway I'm showing from
+the midbrain certainly wasn't the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain certainly wasn't the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain certainly wasn't the only
+one carrying visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carrying visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carrying visual
+information into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into the
+striatum some visual input went right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum some visual input went right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum some visual input went right
+through a part of the dianon we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a part of the dianon we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a part of the dianon we call it
+the sub pamus which projects directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub pamus which projects directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub pamus which projects directly to
+the striatum as does uh the old parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatum as does uh the old parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatum as does uh the old parts of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+F all right so I think that's what led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right so I think that's what led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right so I think that's what led
+to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+okay then I say a third major expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I say a third major expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I say a third major expansion
+of the forebrain has occurred in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forebrain has occurred in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forebrain has occurred in mammals
+apparently because of the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently because of the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently because of the evolution of
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+structure you should all know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you should all know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you should all know what that
+is what's what what is the huge part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's what what is the huge part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's what what is the huge part of
+the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human
+brain the neocortex okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the neocortex okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the neocortex okay and and
+that what is it what in a thumbnail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is it what in a thumbnail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is it what in a thumbnail here
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+do I'm mentioning here the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm mentioning here the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm mentioning here the various
+functions that led to these changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that led to these changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that led to these changes in
+the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural
+tube but the one that involves neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube but the one that involves neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube but the one that involves neocortex
+is this last thing systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this last thing systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this last thing systems for
+anticipating events and planning actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating events and planning actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating events and planning actions
+the things we call the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we call the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we call the cognitive
+systems I'm not going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm not going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm not going to mention
+communication language and all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication language and all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication language and all of that
+that was a very specialized thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very specialized thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very specialized thing that
+happened in humans I want to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in humans I want to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in humans I want to this is
+mammals in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we
+those I'm describing here those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I'm describing here those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I'm describing here those systems
+for anticipating things we called it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anticipating things we called it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anticipating things we called it on
+the sensory side sensory images and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory side sensory images and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory side sensory images and I
+use that very broadly have auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that very broadly have auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that very broadly have auditory
+images visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images visual
+images uh some of the sensory es and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images uh some of the sensory es and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images uh some of the sensory es and for
+planning and preparing for actions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and preparing for actions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and preparing for actions all
+nonreflex types of functions involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonreflex types of functions involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonreflex types of functions involving
+some kind of internal representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of internal representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of internal representation of
+the external world that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external world that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external world that's what the
+neocortex is specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex is specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex is specialized
+for and I he mention something you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I he mention something you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I he mention something you'll
+hear a number of times in the class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a number of times in the class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a number of times in the class that
+yes some animals don't have very much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes some animals don't have very much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes some animals don't have very much of
+what like a neocortex like the birds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like a neocortex like the birds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like a neocortex like the birds but
+non there are non- neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non there are non- neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non there are non- neocortical
+structures that accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that accomplish
+similar functions because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar functions because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar functions because they have
+connections like the ne cortex so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections like the ne cortex so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections like the ne cortex so we'll
+be encountering that And discussing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encountering that And discussing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encountering that And discussing that
+a little bit as the class goes on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as the class goes on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as the class goes on so
+this was a third major expansion and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a third major expansion and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a third major expansion and it
+was the neocortex that expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the neocortex that expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the neocortex that expanded
+especially I just mentioned here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I just mentioned here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I just mentioned here the
+part in the higher animals especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in the higher animals especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in the higher animals especially
+the primates but other animals too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primates but other animals too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primates but other animals too that
+expanded the most certainly in primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the most certainly in primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the most certainly in primates
+was the what we call the association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the what we call the association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the what we call the association
+cortex and I developed the idea in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and I developed the idea in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and I developed the idea in the
+book that that Association cortex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that that Association cortex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that that Association cortex that's
+expanded the most in more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the most in more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the most in more recent
+evolution is actually it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is actually it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is actually it has
+properties like the earliest cortex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like the earliest cortex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like the earliest cortex the
+earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest
+P not the more specialized cortex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P not the more specialized cortex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P not the more specialized cortex that
+evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between okay but you'll see my reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay but you'll see my reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay but you'll see my reason
+for that as we go on uh and of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as we go on uh and of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as we go on uh and of course as
+the cortex expanded the cortex projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex expanded the cortex projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex expanded the cortex projects
+to everything it projects heavily to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything it projects heavily to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything it projects heavily to the
+Corp Statum that led to the expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corp Statum that led to the expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corp Statum that led to the expansion of
+the striatum IT projects to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatum IT projects to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striatum IT projects to the
+cerebellum led to expansions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum led to expansions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum led to expansions of the
+cerebelum so here I just depict that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebelum so here I just depict that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebelum so here I just depict that I
+take this primitive animal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this primitive animal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this primitive animal with a
+somewhat expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forbrain a pretty big midbrain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain a pretty big midbrain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain a pretty big midbrain and I
+show how that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how that in
+membrane grew it grew a lot and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane grew it grew a lot and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane grew it grew a lot and this is
+like would be like a rodent that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would be like a rodent that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would be like a rodent that we
+study in the lab and along with that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the lab and along with that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the lab and along with that the
+cerebellum expanded and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum expanded and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum expanded and it's a
+correlation that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that's pretty
+strong okay the bigger that core brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong okay the bigger that core brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong okay the bigger that core brain
+gets bigger the neocortex gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger the neocortex gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger the neocortex gets the
+bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and I invention other functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I invention other functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I invention other functions here
+that I've not talked much about control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've not talked much about control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've not talked much about control
+decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline
+movements especially with the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements especially with the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements especially with the evolution
+of distal appendages the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distal appendages the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distal appendages the hands
+feet especially the hands that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet especially the hands that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet especially the hands that can
+manipulate that led to an evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate that led to an evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate that led to an evolution of
+one of these C sensory areas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these C sensory areas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these C sensory areas that we
+started calling Neo uh motor cortex as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started calling Neo uh motor cortex as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started calling Neo uh motor cortex as
+well as the cerebell hemisphere but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the cerebell hemisphere but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the cerebell hemisphere but the
+cerebellum gets input from all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum gets input from all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum gets input from all different
+areas of Cortex including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of Cortex including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of Cortex including the
+association are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association are
+so let's just talk we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk we've talked about
+expansions let's just talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions let's just talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions let's just talk a little bit
+about methods for comparing brain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methods for comparing brain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methods for comparing brain size
+in the various major groupings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the various major groupings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the various major groupings of
+cordinates uh and talk about a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordinates uh and talk about a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordinates uh and talk about a major
+result of such comparisons what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of such comparisons what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of such comparisons what is the
+method I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes we always take we almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes we always take we almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes we always take we almost always
+will take the ratio we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the ratio we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the ratio we talk about
+relative brain size because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative brain size because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative brain size because we're
+comparing it to to uh to body weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it to to uh to body weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it to to uh to body weight
+that's because the size of the body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the size of the body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the size of the body is
+such a major determin of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a major determin of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a major determin of the size of the
+brain okay now there are exceptions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay now there are exceptions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay now there are exceptions for
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+structures but in general as body size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but in general as body size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but in general as body size
+expands so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands so does the
+brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and
+uh you plot brain weight versus body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you plot brain weight versus body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you plot brain weight versus body
+weight and it usually is done on log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and it usually is done on log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and it usually is done on log log
+scales like here not showing individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales like here not showing individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales like here not showing individual
+points here's a point for mammals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here's a point for mammals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here's a point for mammals you
+see they've plotted here on the ordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they've plotted here on the ordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they've plotted here on the ordinate
+uh the size of the brain and they plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the size of the brain and they plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the size of the brain and they plot
+the body size here here's the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body size here here's the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body size here here's the previous
+one here's the body weight in grams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's the body weight in grams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's the body weight in grams and
+a logarithmic scale here's the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logarithmic scale here's the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logarithmic scale here's the brain
+weight in grams of course you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in grams of course you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in grams of course you can take
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+just as well and here the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well and here the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well and here the different
+colors show the envelope of all envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors show the envelope of all envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors show the envelope of all envelope
+of points for many different species of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points for many different species of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points for many different species of
+mammal they're all in that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal they're all in that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal they're all in that green
+area okay and here the purple area down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay and here the purple area down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay and here the purple area down
+below it's lower in general but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it's lower in general but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it's lower in general but it still
+along this diagonal line that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this diagonal line that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this diagonal line that's the
+cartilaginous fishes the Sharks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilaginous fishes the Sharks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilaginous fishes the Sharks and the
+Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here with a upper part that's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a upper part that's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a upper part that's getting
+close to mammals but a little bit below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to mammals but a little bit below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to mammals but a little bit below
+it's the birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+then this is a very large group the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a very large group the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a very large group the r
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+fishes that some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are almost Reach the the birds here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost Reach the the birds here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost Reach the the birds here and
+even a little bit of overlap with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little bit of overlap with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little bit of overlap with some
+man okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay and then
+reptiles and the lowest here the jawless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ver okay but again a lot of overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver okay but again a lot of overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver okay but again a lot of overlap with
+that huge group of rap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huge group of rap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huge group of rap and
+fishes and this is just for mammals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes and this is just for mammals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes and this is just for mammals and
+in this one just a few points done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one just a few points done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one just a few points done to
+emphasize in blue they're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize in blue they're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize in blue they're showing
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+primates uh and they've selected a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates uh and they've selected a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates uh and they've selected a few
+other animals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals like
+Corpus because it has Rel in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus because it has Rel in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus because it has Rel in relative
+terms a very large Brain with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a very large Brain with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a very large Brain with respect to
+its body weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its body weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its body weight
+but if I tell you that humans have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I tell you that humans have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I tell you that humans have
+relatively the largest brain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the largest brain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the largest brain it's
+because there the point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the point is the
+farthest from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest from that
+line so relative size diminishes as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so relative size diminishes as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so relative size diminishes as we
+go in this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this direction and
+increases when we go in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when we go in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when we go in that direction
+okay that's how you read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you read those
+graphs so you can see here the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so you can see here the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so you can see here the animal
+with the largest brain of all living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the largest brain of all living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the largest brain of all living
+creatures the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures the blue
+whale there he is up there there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale there he is up there there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale there he is up there there's the
+elephant also larger by far than human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant also larger by far than human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant also larger by far than human
+but in relative terms not as large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in relative terms not as large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in relative terms not as large
+okay so that's the method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would like
+to in few minutes because I've got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in few minutes because I've got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in few minutes because I've got a lot
+of slides from the next class I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides from the next class I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides from the next class I want to
+start discussing it now we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start discussing it now we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start discussing it now we've already
+mentioned maybe a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned maybe a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned maybe a few
+things you talked about development a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you talked about development a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you talked about development a
+minute ago and wanted to relate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago and wanted to relate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago and wanted to relate it to
+giving us some evidence about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us some evidence about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us some evidence about
+brain expansion Brain Change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain expansion Brain Change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain expansion Brain Change and
+evolution there's been a lot made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution there's been a lot made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution there's been a lot made of
+that issue you'll hear the phrase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue you'll hear the phrase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue you'll hear the phrase that
+ontogeny recapitulates philogyny what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny recapitulates philogyny what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny recapitulates philogyny what
+does that mean what do the terms mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean what do the terms mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean what do the terms mean
+uh and what do we mean by a phylotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what do we mean by a phylotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what do we mean by a phylotypic
+stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+this has been very popular in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been very popular in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been very popular in the
+earlier history of Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's based on this kind of picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's based on this kind of picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's based on this kind of picture
+this was drawn not by the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was drawn not by the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was drawn not by the original
+discoverer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverer of the
+relationship which was by fbe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which was by fbe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which was by fbe a
+contemporary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary of
+Darwin in fact Darwin cites the idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin in fact Darwin cites the idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin in fact Darwin cites the idea in
+his book The Origin of Species but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book The Origin of Species but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book The Origin of Species but I I
+looked for it and found out he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for it and found out he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked for it and found out he doesn't
+site frombe even though and bar he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site frombe even though and bar he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site frombe even though and bar he
+cites Lou agazi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properly but anst Heckle took up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but anst Heckle took up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but anst Heckle took up that
+idea a little later and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a little later and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a little later and did
+studies and came up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and came up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and came up with these
+pictures he's taking these species you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures he's taking these species you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures he's taking these species you
+see at the bottom human rabbit calf hog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the bottom human rabbit calf hog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the bottom human rabbit calf hog
+chick tortoise salamander and fish all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick tortoise salamander and fish all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick tortoise salamander and fish all
+looking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+in MO in many details anyway when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MO in many details anyway when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MO in many details anyway when
+they're born but look at them very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born but look at them very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born but look at them very early
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development this is after gastrulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is after gastrulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is after gastrulation
+this is after well after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after well after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after well after
+neurulation okay and they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurulation okay and they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurulation okay and they're looking
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+similar the only trouble was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the only trouble was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the only trouble was that
+Heckle didn't look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckle didn't look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckle didn't look at every
+species and sometimes he wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and sometimes he wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and sometimes he wasn't very
+accurate the way he drew things so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate the way he drew things so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate the way he drew things so this
+is it's still a relationship Heckle took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still a relationship Heckle took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still a relationship Heckle took
+it to extremes this is the way he shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to extremes this is the way he shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to extremes this is the way he shows
+it very different in the early Gast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very different in the early Gast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very different in the early Gast for
+the stages then he said if they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stages then he said if they were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stages then he said if they were a
+member of the same pilum like the cordat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the same pilum like the cordat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the same pilum like the cordat
+they all went through a stage where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all went through a stage where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all went through a stage where they
+look like this and then they developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this and then they developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this and then they developed
+differently into different species after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently into different species after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently into different species after
+that and these were the pictures he drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these were the pictures he drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these were the pictures he drew
+just to illustrate the data for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate the data for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate the data for that
+okay so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even
+though there are really marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are really marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are really marked
+exceptions to it the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to it the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to it the general
+relationship certainly leads you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship certainly leads you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship certainly leads you to
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+that if you look at the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the nervous system
+at these early stages they do look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these early stages they do look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these early stages they do look
+pretty similar widely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar widely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar widely different
+cordat even though they end up evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordat even though they end up evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordat even though they end up evolving
+quite differently in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently in different
+species all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species all
+right so it leads us to at least expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it leads us to at least expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it leads us to at least expect
+many similarities in the CNS that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many similarities in the CNS that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many similarities in the CNS that are
+the vertebrates anyway and these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertebrates anyway and these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertebrates anyway and these have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found I mentioned codons already what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found I mentioned codons already what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found I mentioned codons already what is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+codu why is it important in the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codu why is it important in the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codu why is it important in the story of
+brain Evolution why do I bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Evolution why do I bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Evolution why do I bring it
+up sods have been extinct for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what is a
+sinod they existed over a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinod they existed over a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinod they existed over a very long
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preed most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preed most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preed most
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+uh no they're not dinosaurs but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no they're not dinosaurs but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no they're not dinosaurs but they
+overlapped With The Dinosaurs yes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped With The Dinosaurs yes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped With The Dinosaurs yes they
+did exist throughout the entire Jurassic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exist throughout the entire Jurassic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exist throughout the entire Jurassic
+period for example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for example but
+earlier they they existed through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier they they existed through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier they they existed through four
+geologic eras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologic eras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologic eras
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+exactly the mammal like the mammal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the mammal like the mammal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the mammal like the mammal like
+reptiles is the word more General way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles is the word more General way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles is the word more General way we
+refer to them these are the mammal likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to them these are the mammal likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to them these are the mammal likee
+reptiles okay but yes mammals appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles okay but yes mammals appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles okay but yes mammals appeared
+and evolved During the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolved During the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolved During the period of the
+dinosaurs as little creatures you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs as little creatures you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs as little creatures you know
+running around the forest floor um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around the forest floor um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around the forest floor um it
+was to their great advantage to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to their great advantage to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to their great advantage to be
+nocturnal because so many dinosaurs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nocturnal because so many dinosaurs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nocturnal because so many dinosaurs were
+were dianal and had very good Vision So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dianal and had very good Vision So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dianal and had very good Vision So
+to avoid predation by those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid predation by those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid predation by those big
+reptiles they had to occupy a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles they had to occupy a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles they had to occupy a different
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+Niche and it was among the codons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche and it was among the codons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche and it was among the codons that
+uh we could say that the sketches I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could say that the sketches I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could say that the sketches I'm
+going to use were like a an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use were like a an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use were like a an early
+codon because the later codons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon because the later codons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon because the later codons are
+really very similar in many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very similar in many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very similar in many ways to
+reptiles but skull features show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles but skull features show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles but skull features show them
+still not to be mammals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not to be mammals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not to be mammals okay
+and they go by a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go by a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go by a number of different
+features to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether how Mite they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are okay well we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay well we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay well we'll come back to this
+next time and we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and we'll be talking
+about what I think is like a codon brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I think is like a codon brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I think is like a codon brain
+but we could also call it like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could also call it like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could also call it like an
+amphibian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibian
+brain the sketch would fit either one
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sr7kCpzAuYw.txt b/sr7kCpzAuYw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60990232cb33c5c18f7a9c6f99ba883c162f0056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sr7kCpzAuYw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so remember we've seen Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we've seen Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we've seen Stokes
+theorem which says if I have a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which says if I have a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which says if I have a closed
+curve in space bounding some surface S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in space bounding some surface S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in space bounding some surface S
+and I orient the curve and the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I orient the curve and the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I orient the curve and the surface
+compatibly with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibly with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibly with each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+then I can compute a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can compute a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can compute a line
+integral along t along my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along t along my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along t along my
+curve in terms of instead a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in terms of instead a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in terms of instead a surface
+integral for flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for flux
+of a different vector field namely curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different vector field namely curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different vector field namely curl
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nds. Okay, so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nds. Okay, so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nds. Okay, so that's the
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just to clarify a little bit. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to clarify a little bit. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to clarify a little bit. So
+again you know we've seen various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know we've seen various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know we've seen various kinds
+of integrals. So line integrals we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals. So line integrals we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals. So line integrals we know
+how to evaluate vertic place on a curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate vertic place on a curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate vertic place on a curve.
+You express everything in terms of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You express everything in terms of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You express everything in terms of one
+variable and after substituting you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and after substituting you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and after substituting you end
+up with a usual one variable integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a usual one variable integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a usual one variable integral
+that you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to
+evaluate and surface integrals we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and surface integrals we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and surface integrals we know
+also how to evaluate. Namely we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to evaluate. Namely we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to evaluate. Namely we've seen
+various formulas for NDS. Once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various formulas for NDS. Once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various formulas for NDS. Once you have
+such a formula, you do the dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a formula, you do the dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a formula, you do the dotproduct
+with this vector field, which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this vector field, which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this vector field, which is not the
+same as that one, but it's a new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that one, but it's a new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that one, but it's a new vector
+field that you can build out of f. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that you can build out of f. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that you can build out of f. You
+do the dot product, you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the dot product, you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the dot product, you express
+everything in terms of your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of your two
+integration variables, and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variables, and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variables, and then you
+evaluate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate.
+So now what does this have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what does this have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what does this have to do with
+various other things? So one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things? So one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things? So one thing I
+want to say has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say has to do
+with how STOs helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how STOs helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how STOs helps us
+understand path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand path
+independence. So how it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence. So how it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence. So how it actually
+motivates our criterion for gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates our criterion for gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates our criterion for gradient
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independence. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence. Okay.
+So we've seen we've said that if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've seen we've said that if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've seen we've said that if we have
+a vector field defined in a simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field defined in a simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field defined in a simply
+connected region and its curl is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region and its curl is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region and its curl is zero
+then it's a gradient field and the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a gradient field and the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a gradient field and the line
+integral is path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is path
+independent. So let me first define for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. So let me first define for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. So let me first define for
+you what a simply connected region is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what a simply connected region is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what a simply connected region is.
+So we say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that a
+region in space is simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If every closed loop inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region bounce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region bounce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region bounce some
+surface again inside this region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let me just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me just give you some
+examples just to clarify.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for example, let's say that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, let's say that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, let's say that I have a
+region that's the entire space with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's the entire space with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's the entire space with the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+removed. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Okay. So
+space with the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+removed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed.
+Okay. Do you think it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do you think it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do you think it's simply
+connected? Who thinks it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Who thinks it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Who thinks it's simply
+connected?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected?
+Who thinks it's not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks it's not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks it's not simply
+connected? Let's think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Let's think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Let's think a little bit
+harder. Let's say that I take a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. Let's say that I take a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder. Let's say that I take a loop
+like this one. Okay, it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one. Okay, it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one. Okay, it doesn't go
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+origin. Can I find a surface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Can I find a surface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Can I find a surface that's
+bounded by this loop and that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by this loop and that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by this loop and that does not
+pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the
+origin? Yeah, I can take the sphere, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin? Yeah, I can take the sphere, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin? Yeah, I can take the sphere, you
+know, for example, or any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for example, or any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for example, or any anything
+that's just not quite the disk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not quite the disk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not quite the disk.
+So and you know similarly if I take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you know similarly if I take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and you know similarly if I take any
+other loop that avoids the origin I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other loop that avoids the origin I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other loop that avoids the origin I can
+find actually a surface bounded by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find actually a surface bounded by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find actually a surface bounded by it
+that does not pass through the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not pass through the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not pass through the origin.
+So actually that's a kind of a not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually that's a kind of a not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually that's a kind of a not so
+obvious theorem to prove but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious theorem to prove but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious theorem to prove but maybe
+intuitively start by finding any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively start by finding any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively start by finding any
+surface. Well if that surface passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. Well if that surface passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. Well if that surface passes
+through the origin just wiggle it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin just wiggle it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin just wiggle it a
+little bit. You can make sure it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. You can make sure it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. You can make sure it doesn't
+pass through the origin anymore. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the origin anymore. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the origin anymore. You
+know just push it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just push it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just push it a little
+bit. So in fact this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. So in fact this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. So in fact this is simply
+connected. That was a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question. Okay. Now, on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. Now, on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. Now, on the other
+hand, a good example of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, a good example of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, a good example of something that
+is not simply connected is if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not simply connected is if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not simply connected is if I take
+space and I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z-axis. That is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. That is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. That is not
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected and see the reason is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and see the reason is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and see the reason is if I
+look again say at the unit circle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis sorry in unit circle in the xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis sorry in unit circle in the xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis sorry in unit circle in the xy
+plane I mean in the xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I mean in the xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I mean in the xy
+plane so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if
+I try to find a surface whose boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to find a surface whose boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to find a surface whose boundary
+is this disk well it has to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this disk well it has to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this disk well it has to actually
+cross the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the z-axis
+somewhere there's no way that I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there's no way that I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there's no way that I can find
+a surface whose only boundary is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface whose only boundary is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface whose only boundary is this
+curve which doesn't hit the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which doesn't hit the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which doesn't hit the z-axis
+anywhere. Of course, you could try to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. Of course, you could try to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. Of course, you could try to,
+you know, use the same trick as there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, use the same trick as there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, use the same trick as there.
+Say, you know, maybe we want to go up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say, you know, maybe we want to go up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say, you know, maybe we want to go up up
+up, you know, let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you know, let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you know, let's start with a
+cylinder. Well, the problem is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. Well, the problem is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. Well, the problem is you would
+have to go infinitely far because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go infinitely far because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go infinitely far because the
+z-axis goes infinitely far and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis goes infinitely far and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis goes infinitely far and you'll
+never be able to actually close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to actually close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to actually close your
+surface. Uh so no matter what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. Uh so no matter what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. Uh so no matter what kind of
+trick you might want to use, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you might want to use, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you might want to use, it's
+actually a theorem in topology that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a theorem in topology that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a theorem in topology that you
+cannot find a surface bounded by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find a surface bounded by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find a surface bounded by this
+disc without intersecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc without intersecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc without intersecting the
+z-axis. Yes, you could do like a donut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. Yes, you could do like a donut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. Yes, you could do like a donut
+shape. Well, a donut shape certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Well, a donut shape certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Well, a donut shape certainly
+would stay away from the z-axis, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay away from the z-axis, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay away from the z-axis, but it
+wouldn't be a surface with boundary just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a surface with boundary just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a surface with boundary just
+this guy, right? It would have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy, right? It would have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy, right? It would have to have
+either some other boundary, you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either some other boundary, you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either some other boundary, you know, if
+your surface, so maybe what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surface, so maybe what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surface, so maybe what you have in
+mind is some sort of donut shape like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is some sort of donut shape like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is some sort of donut shape like
+this that curves on itself and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that curves on itself and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that curves on itself and maybe
+comes back. Well, if you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back. Well, if you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back. Well, if you don't quite
+close it all the way around. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it all the way around. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it all the way around. So, you
+know, I can try to indeed draw some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can try to indeed draw some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can try to indeed draw some sort
+of donut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of donut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of donut
+here. Well, if I don't quite close it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, if I don't quite close it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, if I don't quite close it,
+then it will have another edge at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will have another edge at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will have another edge at the
+other end wherever I started. If I close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end wherever I started. If I close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end wherever I started. If I close
+it completely, then this curve is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely, then this curve is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely, then this curve is no
+longer its boundary because my surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer its boundary because my surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer its boundary because my surface
+lives on both sides of this curve. See,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on both sides of this curve. See,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on both sides of this curve. See,
+I want a surface that stops on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a surface that stops on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a surface that stops on this
+curve and doesn't go beyond it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and doesn't go beyond it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and doesn't go beyond it. And
+nowhere else does it have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else does it have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else does it have that kind of
+behavior. Everywhere else it keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Everywhere else it keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Everywhere else it keeps going
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so actually I mean you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so actually I mean you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so actually I mean you know maybe
+actually the another way to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the another way to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the another way to convince
+yourself is to find a counter example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is to find a counter example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is to find a counter example to
+the statement I'm going to make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement I'm going to make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement I'm going to make about
+vector fields with curl zero in simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector fields with curl zero in simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector fields with curl zero in simply
+connected regions always being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected regions always being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected regions always being
+conservative. So what you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. So what you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. So what you can do is you
+can take the example that we had in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the example that we had in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the example that we had in one
+of your our older problem sets that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your our older problem sets that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your our older problem sets that was
+a vector field in the plane but just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in the plane but just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in the plane but just you
+know you can also use it to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can also use it to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can also use it to define a
+vector field in space just with no Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field in space just with no Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field in space just with no Z
+component that vector field is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that vector field is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that vector field is actually
+defined everywhere except on the Z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere except on the Z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere except on the Z-axis
+and it violates the usual theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it violates the usual theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it violates the usual theorem that
+we would expect. So that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect. So that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect. So that's one way to
+check you know just for sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know just for sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know just for sure that this
+thing is not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected.
+So what's the statement I want to make?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the statement I want to make?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the statement I want to make?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+recall we've seen if f is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field then its curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then its curl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then its curl is
+zero. That's just the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's just the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's just the fact that the
+mixed second partial derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed second partial derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed second partial derivatives are
+equal. So now the converse is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal. So now the converse is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal. So now the converse is the
+following theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem.
+It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It
+says if the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the curl of
+f equals zero in sorry and f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined no it's not the logical way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined no it's not the logical way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined no it's not the logical way in
+which to say it. So if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to say it. So if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to say it. So if f is
+defined in a simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in a simply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in a simply connected
+region and curl f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then f is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and
+The line integral for f is path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent. F is conservative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. F is conservative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. F is conservative and so
+on. All the usual consequences. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All the usual consequences. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All the usual consequences. Remember
+these are all equivalent to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all equivalent to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all equivalent to each other
+for example because you can use path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because you can use path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because you can use path
+independence to define the potential by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence to define the potential by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence to define the potential by
+doing the line integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the line integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the line integral of
+f. Okay. So where do we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay. So where do we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay. So where do we use the
+assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of
+being defined in a simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being defined in a simply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being defined in a simply connected
+region? Well, the way in which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region? Well, the way in which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region? Well, the way in which we will
+prove this is to use Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this is to use Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this is to use Stokes
+theorem. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the proof so I'm just going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proof so I'm just going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proof so I'm just going to prove
+that the line integral is P independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral is P independent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral is P independent.
+The others work the same way. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The others work the same way. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The others work the same way. Okay. So
+let's assume that we have a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we have a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we have a vector field
+whose curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose curl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose curl is
+zero. And let's say that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And let's say that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And let's say that we have
+two curves C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2 that go from some point P 0 to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 that go from some point P 0 to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 that go from some point P 0 to some
+point P1 the same point to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P1 the same point to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P1 the same point to the same
+point well we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we'd like to
+understand the line integral along C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the line integral along C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the line integral along C1
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+minus the line integral along C2 to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the line integral along C2 to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the line integral along C2 to show
+that this is zero okay that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is zero okay that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is zero okay that's what we
+are trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to prove
+So how will we compute that? Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how will we compute that? Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how will we compute that? Well, the
+line integral along C1 minus C2. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along C1 minus C2. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along C1 minus C2. Well,
+let's just form a closed curve that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just form a closed curve that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just form a closed curve that is
+C1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus
+C2. Okay, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Okay, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Okay, so let's
+call C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C
+oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's equal to the integral along C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's equal to the integral along C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's equal to the integral along C
+of FD dr where C is C1 followed by C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FD dr where C is C1 followed by C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FD dr where C is C1 followed by C2
+backwards. Now C is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Now C is a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Now C is a closed
+curve. So I can use Stokes theorem. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So I can use Stokes theorem. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So I can use Stokes theorem. Well
+to be able to use Stokes theorem I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use Stokes theorem I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use Stokes theorem I need
+actually to find a surface to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find a surface to apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find a surface to apply it
+to. And that's where the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And that's where the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And that's where the assumption of
+simply connected is useful. I know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected is useful. I know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected is useful. I know in
+advance that any closed curve so C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that any closed curve so C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that any closed curve so C in
+particular has to bound some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has to bound some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has to bound some
+surface. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can find
+S a surface S that bound C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S a surface S that bound C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S a surface S that bound C
+because the region is simply connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now that tells us we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now that tells us we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now that tells us we can actually
+apply Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem except it won't fit here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem except it won't fit here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem except it won't fit here. So
+instead I will do that on the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I will do that on the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I will do that on the next line
+that's equal by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal by
+Stokes to the double integral over S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes to the double integral over S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes to the double integral over S of
+curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl
+F dot vector DS or NDS. But now the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F dot vector DS or NDS. But now the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F dot vector DS or NDS. But now the curl
+is zero. So if I integrate zero I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So if I integrate zero I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So if I integrate zero I will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+zero. Okay. So I've proved that my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So I've proved that my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So I've proved that my two
+line integrals along C1 and C2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals along C1 and C2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals along C1 and C2 are
+equal. But for that I needed to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal. But for that I needed to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal. But for that I needed to be able
+to find a surface to which apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a surface to which apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a surface to which apply to
+which to apply Stokes theorem. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to apply Stokes theorem. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to apply Stokes theorem. And that
+required my region to be simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required my region to be simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required my region to be simply
+connected. If I had a vector field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. If I had a vector field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. If I had a vector field that
+was defined only outside of the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined only outside of the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined only outside of the z-axis
+and I took two paths that went on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took two paths that went on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took two paths that went on one
+side and the other side of the z-axis, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the other side of the z-axis, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the other side of the z-axis, I
+might have obtained actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have obtained actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have obtained actually different
+values of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral. Okay, so anyway, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Okay, so anyway, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Okay, so anyway, that's
+the the customary warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the customary warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the customary warning
+about simply connected things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me just mention very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me just mention very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me just mention very quickly
+that there's a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of interesting
+topology you can do actually in space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology you can do actually in space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology you can do actually in space.
+So for example, this concept of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, this concept of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, this concept of being
+simply connected or not and studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected or not and studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected or not and studying
+which loops bound surfaces or not can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which loops bound surfaces or not can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which loops bound surfaces or not can be
+used to classify shapes of things inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to classify shapes of things inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to classify shapes of things inside
+space. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example, you know, one of the founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you know, one of the founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you know, one of the founding
+achievements of topology in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements of topology in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements of topology in the 19th
+century was to classify surfaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space by trying to look at loops on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space by trying to look at loops on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space by trying to look at loops on
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+So what I mean by that is if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I mean by that is if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I mean by that is if I take the
+surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+sphere, well I claim the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected. Why is that? Well, let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Why is that? Well, let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Why is that? Well, let's take
+my favorite closed curve on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite closed curve on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite closed curve on the surface
+of the sphere. I can always find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere. I can always find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere. I can always find a
+portion of the sphere that's bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. So that's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that's the definition of the
+surface of a sphere being simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere being simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere being simply
+connected. On the other hand, if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. On the other hand, if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. On the other hand, if I take
+what's called a Taurus or if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a Taurus or if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a Taurus or if you prefer
+the surface of a donut, if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a donut, if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a donut, if that's
+more it's a less technical term, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a less technical term, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a less technical term, but
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that's not simply connected. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's not simply connected. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's not simply connected. And in
+fact, you know, for example, if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, you know, for example, if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, you know, for example, if you look
+at this loop here that goes around it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this loop here that goes around it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this loop here that goes around it,
+well, of course, it bounds a surface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, of course, it bounds a surface in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, of course, it bounds a surface in
+space, but that surface cannot be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, but that surface cannot be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, but that surface cannot be made
+to be just a piece of the donut. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a piece of the donut. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a piece of the donut. You
+know, you have to go through the hole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you have to go through the hole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you have to go through the hole.
+You have to leave the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to leave the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to leave the surface of a
+Taurus. In fact, there's another one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus. In fact, there's another one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus. In fact, there's another one.
+See this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See this
+one also does not bound anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also does not bound anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also does not bound anything that's
+completely contained in the Taurus. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the Taurus. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the Taurus. And
+of course it bounds this disc that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it bounds this disc that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it bounds this disc that's
+inside of the Taurus but that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the Taurus but that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the Taurus but that's not a
+part of the surface itself. So in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the surface itself. So in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the surface itself. So in fact
+there's topologists would say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's topologists would say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's topologists would say there's
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+loops that don't bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops that don't bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops that don't bounce
+surfaces that don't bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything. And so this number two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And so this number two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And so this number two is
+somehow an invariant that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow an invariant that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow an invariant that you can
+associate to this kind of shape. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate to this kind of shape. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate to this kind of shape. And
+then if you consider more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you consider more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you consider more complicated
+surfaces with more holes in them, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces with more holes in them, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces with more holes in them, you
+can try somehow to count independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try somehow to count independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try somehow to count independent
+loops on them. And that's the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops on them. And that's the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops on them. And that's the beginning
+of a classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classification of
+surfaces. Anyway, that's not really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. Anyway, that's not really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. Anyway, that's not really an
+1802 topic, but I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 topic, but I thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 topic, but I thought I would
+mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's kind of a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. Okay.
+Um, let me say a bit more in the way of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let me say a bit more in the way of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let me say a bit more in the way of,
+you know, fun remarks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So, food for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought. Let's say that I want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. Let's say that I want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. Let's say that I want to apply
+Stoke's theorem to simplify a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoke's theorem to simplify a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoke's theorem to simplify a line
+integral along this curve here. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this curve here. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this curve here. Okay, so
+this curve, it's maybe not easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve, it's maybe not easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve, it's maybe not easy to see
+on the picture. It kind of goes twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the picture. It kind of goes twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the picture. It kind of goes twice
+around the Z-axis, but it spirals up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Z-axis, but it spirals up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Z-axis, but it spirals up and
+then down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then down.
+Okay. So, one way to find a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, one way to find a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, one way to find a surface
+that's bounded by this curve is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bounded by this curve is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bounded by this curve is to take
+what's called the Mobius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Mobius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Mobius
+strip. Okay. So, the Mobius strip, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip. Okay. So, the Mobius strip, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip. Okay. So, the Mobius strip, it's
+a one-sided strip where when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-sided strip where when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-sided strip where when you go
+around, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you
+flip one side becomes the other. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip one side becomes the other. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip one side becomes the other. So, you
+know, you just if you want take a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you just if you want take a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you just if you want take a band
+of paper and glue the two sides with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and glue the two sides with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and glue the two sides with a
+with a twist. So, that's a one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a twist. So, that's a one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a twist. So, that's a one-sided
+surface. And that gives us actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. And that gives us actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. And that gives us actually
+serious trouble if we try to orient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble if we try to orient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble if we try to orient it
+to apply Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply Stokes
+theorem. So see for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So see for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So see for example if I
+take this Mobius strip and I try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Mobius strip and I try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Mobius strip and I try to find
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+orientation. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation. So here
+it's looks like that. Well let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looks like that. Well let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looks like that. Well let's say
+that I've oriented my curve going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've oriented my curve going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've oriented my curve going in
+this direction. So I go around around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction. So I go around around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction. So I go around around
+around still going in this direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around still going in this direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around still going in this direction.
+Well the orientation I should have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well the orientation I should have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well the orientation I should have for
+Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+theorem is that when I so curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that when I so curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that when I so curve
+continues here in case well if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues here in case well if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues here in case well if you look
+at the convention around here it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the convention around here it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the convention around here it tells
+us that the normal vector should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the normal vector should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the normal vector should be
+going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this
+way. Okay. If we look at it near here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. If we look at it near here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. If we look at it near here if
+we walk along this way the surface is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk along this way the surface is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk along this way the surface is to
+our right. So we should actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right. So we should actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right. So we should actually be
+flipping things upside down. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping things upside down. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping things upside down. And the
+normal vector should be going down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector should be going down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector should be going down. And
+in fact, you know, if you try to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, you know, if you try to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, you know, if you try to follow
+your normal vector that's pointing up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal vector that's pointing up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal vector that's pointing up,
+it's pointing up up up. It will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing up up up. It will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing up up up. It will have to
+go a bit into things into into down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a bit into things into into down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a bit into things into into down.
+There's no way to choose consistently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to choose consistently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to choose consistently a
+normal vector for the MU strip. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector for the MU strip. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector for the MU strip. So
+that's what's that's what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's that's what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's that's what we call a
+non-orientable surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that just means you know it has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that just means you know it has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that just means you know it has only
+one side. And if it has only one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side. And if it has only one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side. And if it has only one side
+then we cannot speak of flux through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot speak of flux through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot speak of flux through it
+because we have no way of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have no way of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have no way of saying that
+we'll be counting things positively one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be counting things positively one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be counting things positively one
+way negatively the other way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way negatively the other way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way negatively the other way because
+there's only one you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one you know there's no
+notion of sides. So you can't define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sides. So you can't define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sides. So you can't define a
+side towards which things will be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side towards which things will be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side towards which things will be going
+positively. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively. So
+that's actually a situation where flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a situation where flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a situation where flux
+cannot be defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so as much as mo strips and client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so as much as mo strips and client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so as much as mo strips and client
+bottles are exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles are exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles are exciting
+and really cool, well, we can't use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really cool, well, we can't use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really cool, well, we can't use them
+in this class because we can't define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class because we can't define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class because we can't define
+flux through them. So if we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through them. So if we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through them. So if we really
+wanted to apply Stokes theorem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply Stokes theorem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply Stokes theorem because
+I've been telling you folk that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you folk that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you folk that you know
+space is simply connected and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is simply connected and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is simply connected and I will
+always be able to apply Stokes theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to apply Stokes theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to apply Stokes theorem
+to any curve. What would I do? Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any curve. What would I do? Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any curve. What would I do? Well, I
+claim this curve actually bounce another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this curve actually bounce another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this curve actually bounce another
+surface that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that is
+orientable. Yeah, that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientable. Yeah, that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientable. Yeah, that looks
+counterintuitive. Well, let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive. Well, let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive. Well, let's see
+it. I claim you can take a hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I claim you can take a hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I claim you can take a hemisphere
+and you can take a small thing and twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take a small thing and twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take a small thing and twist
+it around. So, in case you don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around. So, in case you don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around. So, in case you don't believe
+me, let me do it again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, let me do it again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, let me do it again with the
+transparency. Here's my loop. And see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency. Here's my loop. And see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency. Here's my loop. And see,
+well, the scale is not exactly the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, the scale is not exactly the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, the scale is not exactly the same.
+So it doesn't quite match but and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't quite match but and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't quite match but and it's
+getting a bit dark but that spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a bit dark but that spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a bit dark but that spherical
+thing with a little slit going twisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a little slit going twisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a little slit going twisting
+into it will actually have boundary my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it will actually have boundary my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it will actually have boundary my
+loop and that one is orientable. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and that one is orientable. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and that one is orientable. I mean
+I let it I leave it up to you to stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let it I leave it up to you to stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let it I leave it up to you to stare
+at the picture long enough to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the picture long enough to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the picture long enough to convince
+yourselves that there's a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves that there's a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves that there's a well
+definfined up and down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now I mean in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I mean in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I mean in case you're
+getting really really worried I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really really worried I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really really worried I mean you
+know there won't be any mobious strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there won't be any mobious strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there won't be any mobious strips
+on the exam on Tuesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam on Tuesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam on Tuesday.
+Okay. It's just to you know show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It's just to you know show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It's just to you know show you
+some cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff. Okay. Questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nope. Okay. One last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. One last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. One last thing I want to
+show you before we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reviewing. Uh so one question you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing. Uh so one question you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing. Uh so one question you might
+have about Stokes theorem is how come we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about Stokes theorem is how come we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about Stokes theorem is how come we
+can choose whatever surface we want? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose whatever surface we want? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose whatever surface we want? I
+mean sure it seems to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure it seems to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure it seems to work but
+why? So I'm going to say a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? So I'm going to say a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? So I'm going to say a couple of
+words about surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independence in Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+So let's say that I have a curve C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that I have a curve C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that I have a curve C in
+space and let's say that I want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let's say that I want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let's say that I want to apply
+Stokes theorem. So then I can choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes theorem. So then I can choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes theorem. So then I can choose my
+favorite surface bounded by C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite surface bounded by C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite surface bounded by C.
+So in situation like this for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in situation like this for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in situation like this for example I
+might want to make my first choice be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make my first choice be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make my first choice be
+this guy S1 you know like maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy S1 you know like maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy S1 you know like maybe some
+sort of upper half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of upper half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of upper half
+sphere and if you pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and if you pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and if you pay attention to the
+orientation conventions you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation conventions you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation conventions you'll see that
+you need to take it with normal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take it with normal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take it with normal vector
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+up maybe actually I would rather make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up maybe actually I would rather make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up maybe actually I would rather make a
+different choice and actually I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice and actually I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice and actually I will
+choose another surface S2 that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another surface S2 that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another surface S2 that maybe
+looks like that and if I look carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and if I look carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and if I look carefully
+at the orientation convention Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the orientation convention Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the orientation convention Stokes
+theorem tells me that I have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells me that I have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells me that I have to take the
+normal vector pointing up again. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector pointing up again. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector pointing up again. So
+that's actually into things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Stokes says that the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Stokes says that the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Stokes says that the line integral
+along C of my favorite vector field can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C of my favorite vector field can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C of my favorite vector field can
+be computed either as a flux interval as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed either as a flux interval as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be computed either as a flux interval as
+a flux integral for the curl through S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flux integral for the curl through S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flux integral for the curl through S1
+or as the same integral but through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as the same integral but through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as the same integral but through
+S_UB_2 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S_UB_2 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S_UB_2 instead of
+S1. So that seems to suggest that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1. So that seems to suggest that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1. So that seems to suggest that you
+know curl f has some sort of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know curl f has some sort of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know curl f has some sort of surface
+independence property. It doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence property. It doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence property. It doesn't really
+matter which surface I take as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which surface I take as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which surface I take as long as
+the boundary is this given curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is this given curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is this given curve
+C. Why is that? That's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Why is that? That's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Why is that? That's a strange
+property to have. Where does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to have. Where does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to have. Where does it come
+from? Well, let's think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? Well, let's think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? Well, let's think about it for a
+second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second.
+So why are these the same? I mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why are these the same? I mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why are these the same? I mean of
+course they have to be the same so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have to be the same so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have to be the same so that
+you know because that's what Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's what Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's what Stokes
+tells us. But why is that okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us. But why is that okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us. But why is that okay?
+Well, let's think about comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's think about comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's think about comparing the
+flux integral for S1 and the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux integral for S1 and the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux integral for S1 and the flux
+integral for S_sub_2. So, if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for S_sub_2. So, if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for S_sub_2. So, if we want to
+compare them, we should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them, we should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them, we should probably
+subtract them from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them from each
+other. Okay, so let's do the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, so let's do the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay, so let's do the flux
+integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+S1 minus the flux integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 minus the flux integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 minus the flux integral for
+S2 of the same thing. Well, let's give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 of the same thing. Well, let's give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 of the same thing. Well, let's give a
+name. Let's call S the surface S_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let's call S the surface S_sub_1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let's call S the surface S_sub_1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S_UB_2. So what is S? S is S1 with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S_UB_2. So what is S? S is S1 with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S_UB_2. So what is S? S is S1 with its
+given orientation together with S2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given orientation together with S2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given orientation together with S2 with
+a reversed orientation. So S is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversed orientation. So S is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversed orientation. So S is actually
+this whole closed surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole closed surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole closed surface
+here. And the normal vector to S seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And the normal vector to S seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And the normal vector to S seems
+to be pointing outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pointing outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pointing outwards
+everywhere. Okay. Okay. So now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Okay. Okay. So now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Okay. Okay. So now if we
+have a closed surface with a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a closed surface with a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a closed surface with a normal
+vector pointing outwards and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing outwards and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing outwards and we want to
+find a flux integral through it. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a flux integral through it. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a flux integral through it. Well,
+we can replace that with a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace that with a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace that with a triple
+integral. So that's the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem. So that's by the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So that's by the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So that's by the divergence
+theorem using the fact that S is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem using the fact that S is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem using the fact that S is a
+closed surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's equal to the triple integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's equal to the triple integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's equal to the triple integral over
+the region inside. Let me call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside. Let me call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside. Let me call that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of
+divergence of girl F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of girl F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of girl F
+DV. Okay. And what I'm going to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV. Okay. And what I'm going to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV. Okay. And what I'm going to claim
+now is that we can actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take the divergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the divergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the divergence of the
+curl of a vector field, you always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. Okay? And so that will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay? And so that will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay? And so that will tell you
+that this integral will always be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral will always be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral will always be zero.
+And that's why the flux for S1 and flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why the flux for S1 and flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why the flux for S1 and flux
+for S2 were the same at priori and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S2 were the same at priori and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S2 were the same at priori and we
+didn't have to worry about which one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to worry about which one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to worry about which one we
+chose when we did Stokes theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose when we did Stokes theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose when we did Stokes theorem.
+Okay, so let's just check quickly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's just check quickly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's just check quickly that
+divergence of a curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. In case you're wondering why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. In case you're wondering why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. In case you're wondering why I'm
+doing all this, well, first I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all this, well, first I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all this, well, first I think it's
+kind of interesting and second, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting and second, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting and second, you
+know, it reminds you of the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it reminds you of the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it reminds you of the statement of
+all these theorems and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these theorems and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these theorems and all these
+definitions. So in a way, we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. So in a way, we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. So in a way, we're already
+reviewing. Okay, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing. Okay, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing. Okay, so let's
+see if my vector field has components P,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if my vector field has components P,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if my vector field has components P,
+Q, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, and
+R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R.
+Remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curl was defined by this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+productduct between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dell and our given vector field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dell and our given vector field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dell and our given vector field.
+So that's r y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's r y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's r y minus
+qz uh followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qz uh followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qz uh followed by
+pz minus rx and qx minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz minus rx and qx minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz minus rx and qx minus
+py. So now we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py. So now we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py. So now we want to take the
+divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Well, so we have to take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Well, so we have to take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Well, so we have to take the first
+component R Y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component R Y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component R Y minus
+QZ and take its partial with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QZ and take its partial with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QZ and take its partial with respect to
+X. Then take the Y component PZ minus RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Then take the Y component PZ minus RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Then take the Y component PZ minus RX
+partial respect to Y plus QX minus P Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial respect to Y plus QX minus P Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial respect to Y plus QX minus P Y
+partial with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to
+Z. And well now we should expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And well now we should expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And well now we should expand this
+but I claim it will always simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim it will always simplify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim it will always simplify to
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So I think we have over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think we have over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think we have over there
+becomes r sub yx minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes r sub yx minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes r sub yx minus q
+subzx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus p sub z y - r sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p sub z y - r sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p sub z y - r sub
+xy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy plus
+q subxz minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q subxz minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q subxz minus p
+subyz. Well, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subyz. Well, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subyz. Well, let's see.
+We have p subz y minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have p subz y minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have p subz y minus p
+subyz. These two cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subyz. These two cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subyz. These two cancel
+out. We have r sub yx - r subxy. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. We have r sub yx - r subxy. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. We have r sub yx - r subxy. These
+cancel out. Q subzx and q subxz. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out. Q subzx and q subxz. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out. Q subzx and q subxz. These
+two also cancel out. So indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also cancel out. So indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also cancel out. So indeed the
+divergence of a curl is always zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of a curl is always zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of a curl is always zero.
+Okay. So the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the claim
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of
+curl is always zero. Dell dot del cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is always zero. Dell dot del cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is always zero. Dell dot del cross
+f is always zero. And just a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark if we had actually real vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark if we had actually real vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark if we had actually real vectors
+you know rather than this strange dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy. Indeed, we know that if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Indeed, we know that if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Indeed, we know that if we have two
+vectors u and v and we do u dot u cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors u and v and we do u dot u cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors u and v and we do u dot u cross
+v, what is that? Well, one way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v, what is that? Well, one way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v, what is that? Well, one way to say it
+is it's the determinant of u u and v,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the determinant of u u and v,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the determinant of u u and v,
+which is the volume of a box, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the volume of a box, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the volume of a box, but it's
+completely flat because u u and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat because u u and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat because u u and v are
+all in the plane defined by u and v. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the plane defined by u and v. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the plane defined by u and v. The
+other way to say it is that u cross v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to say it is that u cross v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to say it is that u cross v is
+perpendicular to u and v. Well, if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to u and v. Well, if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to u and v. Well, if it's
+perpendicular to u, then its dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to u, then its dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to u, then its dot product
+with u will be zero. So no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u will be zero. So no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u will be zero. So no matter how
+you say it, this is always zero. So in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it, this is always zero. So in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it, this is always zero. So in a
+way this reinforces our intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this reinforces our intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this reinforces our intuition that
+Dell even though it's not at all an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell even though it's not at all an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell even though it's not at all an
+actual vector, sometimes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vector, sometimes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vector, sometimes it can be
+manipulated in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way. Okay, I think that's it for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, I think that's it for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, I think that's it for new
+topics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for
+today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so now I should maybe try to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I should maybe try to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now I should maybe try to recap
+quickly what we've learned in this past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what we've learned in this past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what we've learned in this past
+three weeks so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks so that you
+know. So the exam is probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So the exam is probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So the exam is probably going to
+be similar in difficulty to the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar in difficulty to the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar in difficulty to the practice
+exams. That's my goal. Uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams. That's my goal. Uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams. That's my goal. Uh I don't know
+if I will have reached that goal or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I will have reached that goal or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I will have reached that goal or not.
+Uh we'll only know that after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we'll only know that after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we'll only know that after you've
+taken the test. But the idea is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the test. But the idea is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the test. But the idea is it's
+meant to be more or less the same level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be more or less the same level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be more or less the same level
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+difficulty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So at this point, we've learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at this point, we've learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at this point, we've learned about
+three kinds of beasts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of beasts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of beasts in
+space. Okay. So I'm going to divide my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay. So I'm going to divide my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay. So I'm going to divide my
+blackboard into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces. And here I will write triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. And here I will write triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. And here I will write triple
+integrals. We've learned about double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. We've learned about double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. We've learned about double
+integrals and we've learned about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we've learned about line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we've learned about line
+integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so triple integrals over a region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so triple integrals over a region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so triple integrals over a region in
+space. We integrate a scalar quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dv. How do we do that? Well, we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv. How do we do that? Well, we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv. How do we do that? Well, we can do
+that in rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in rectangular
+coordinates where dv becomes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where dv becomes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where dv becomes maybe
+something like dz dx dy or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like dz dx dy or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like dz dx dy or any
+permutation of these. We've seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of these. We've seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of these. We've seen how to
+do it also in cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it also in cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it also in cylindrical
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+where dv is maybe dz * rdr d theta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dv is maybe dz * rdr d theta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where dv is maybe dz * rdr d theta or
+more commonly rdr theta dz. But what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more commonly rdr theta dz. But what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more commonly rdr theta dz. But what I
+want to emphasize in this way is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize in this way is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize in this way is that
+both of these you set up pretty much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these you set up pretty much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these you set up pretty much in
+the same way. So remember the main trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. So remember the main trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. So remember the main trick
+here is to find the bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to find the bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to find the bounds of
+integration. So when you do it say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. So when you do it say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. So when you do it say with
+DZ first that means for fixed XY. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ first that means for fixed XY. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ first that means for fixed XY. So for
+a fixed point in the XY plane you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point in the XY plane you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point in the XY plane you have
+to look at the bounds for Z. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the bounds for Z. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the bounds for Z. So that
+means you have to figure out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to figure out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to figure out what's the
+bottom surface of your solid and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surface of your solid and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surface of your solid and what's
+the top surface of your solid. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top surface of your solid. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top surface of your solid. And you
+have to find the value of Z at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the value of Z at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the value of Z at the
+bottom, the value of Z at the top as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom, the value of Z at the top as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom, the value of Z at the top as
+functions of X and Y. And then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and Y. And then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and Y. And then you will
+put that as bounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that as bounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that as bounds for
+Z. And once you've done that, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And once you've done that, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. And once you've done that, you're
+left with a question of finding bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a question of finding bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a question of finding bounds
+for X and Y. Well, for that, you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X and Y. Well, for that, you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X and Y. Well, for that, you just
+rotate the picture. Look at your solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the picture. Look at your solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the picture. Look at your solid
+from above. So look at its projection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. So look at its projection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. So look at its projection to
+the xy plane and you set up a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane and you set up a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane and you set up a double
+integral either in rectangular xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral either in rectangular xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral either in rectangular xy
+coordinates or in polar coordinates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or in polar coordinates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or in polar coordinates for
+x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+y. Of course you can also do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. Of course you can also do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. Of course you can also do it in
+different orders and I'll let you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders and I'll let you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders and I'll let you figure
+out again how that goes. But if you do d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again how that goes. But if you do d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again how that goes. But if you do d
+first then the inner bounds are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then the inner bounds are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then the inner bounds are given by
+bottom and top and the outer ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and top and the outer ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and top and the outer ones are
+given by looking at the shadow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by looking at the shadow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by looking at the shadow of the
+region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now there's also spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's also spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's also spherical
+coordinates and there we've seen that dv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and there we've seen that dv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and there we've seen that dv
+is row ^ 2 sin v d theta. So now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is row ^ 2 sin v d theta. So now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is row ^ 2 sin v d theta. So now of
+course if this orgy of Greek letters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this orgy of Greek letters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this orgy of Greek letters is
+confusing you at this point then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing you at this point then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing you at this point then you
+probably need to first review spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need to first review spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need to first review spherical
+coordinates for themselves. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates for themselves. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates for themselves. Remember
+that row is the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row is the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row is the distance from the
+origin. FE is the angle down from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. FE is the angle down from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. FE is the angle down from the
+z-axis. So it's zero on the positive z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So it's zero on the positive z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So it's zero on the positive z
+axis, pi / 2 in the xy plane, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis, pi / 2 in the xy plane, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis, pi / 2 in the xy plane, and
+increases all the way to pi on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all the way to pi on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all the way to pi on the
+negative z-axis. And theta is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative z-axis. And theta is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative z-axis. And theta is the angle
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-axis. So now when we set up bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So now when we set up bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So now when we set up bounds
+here, it will look a lot like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it will look a lot like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it will look a lot like what
+you've done in polar coordinates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done in polar coordinates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done in polar coordinates in the
+plane because when you look at the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because when you look at the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because when you look at the inner
+bound, the bound on row for a fixed f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound, the bound on row for a fixed f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound, the bound on row for a fixed f
+and theta, that means you're shooting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta, that means you're shooting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta, that means you're shooting a
+straight ray from the origin in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight ray from the origin in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight ray from the origin in some
+direction in space. So you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in space. So you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in space. So you know you're
+sending maybe a laser beam and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending maybe a laser beam and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending maybe a laser beam and you want
+to know what part of your beam is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what part of your beam is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what part of your beam is going
+to be in your given solid. You want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in your given solid. You want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in your given solid. You want to
+solve for the value of row when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the value of row when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the value of row when you
+enter the solid and when you leave it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the solid and when you leave it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the solid and when you leave it. I
+mean very often if the origin is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very often if the origin is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very often if the origin is in your
+solid then row will start at zero. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid then row will start at zero. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid then row will start at zero. Then
+you want to know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know when you
+exit. And I mean there's a fairly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. And I mean there's a fairly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. And I mean there's a fairly small
+list of kinds of surfaces that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of kinds of surfaces that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of kinds of surfaces that we've
+seen how to set up in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to set up in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to set up in spherical
+coordinates. So, you know, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So, you know, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So, you know, if you're
+really obsessed by this, go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obsessed by this, go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obsessed by this, go over the
+problems in the notes. Uh, that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the notes. Uh, that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the notes. Uh, that will
+give you a good idea of what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good idea of what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a good idea of what kinds of
+things we've seen in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates. Okay. And then evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Okay. And then evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. Okay. And then evaluation
+is the usual way. Questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should
+say I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to do
+something bad but um so we've seen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad but um so we've seen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad but um so we've seen of
+course applications of this. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course applications of this. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course applications of this. So we
+should know how to use a triple integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to use a triple integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to use a triple integral
+to evaluate things like a mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate things like a mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate things like a mass of a
+solid, the average value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function,
+the moment of inertia about one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia about one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia about one of the
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis, or the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attraction on a mass at the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so these are just formulas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so these are just formulas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so these are just formulas to
+remember for examples of triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for examples of triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for examples of triple
+integrals. Doesn't change conceptually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. Doesn't change conceptually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. Doesn't change conceptually.
+You always set them up and evaluate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You always set them up and evaluate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You always set them up and evaluate them
+the same way. It just tells you what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. It just tells you what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. It just tells you what to
+put there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant.
+Now double integrals. So when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now double integrals. So when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now double integrals. So when we have a
+surface in space, well, what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in space, well, what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in space, well, what we will
+integrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate on
+it, at least what we've seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, at least what we've seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, at least what we've seen how to
+integrate is a vector field dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate is a vector field dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate is a vector field dotted with
+the unit normal vector times the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit normal vector times the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit normal vector times the area
+element. Okay? And this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. Okay? And this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. Okay? And this is sometimes
+called vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds.
+Now, how do we evaluate that? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, how do we evaluate that? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, how do we evaluate that? Well,
+we've seen formulas for NDS in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settings. And once you have a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. And once you have a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. And once you have a formula
+for NDS that will relate NDS to maybe dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NDS that will relate NDS to maybe dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NDS that will relate NDS to maybe dx
+dy or something else. And then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy or something else. And then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy or something else. And then you will
+express.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express.
+So for example, nds equals something dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, nds equals something dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, nds equals something dx
+dy and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy and then it
+becomes a double integral of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a double integral of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a double integral of something
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+dy. Now in the integrant you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. Now in the integrant you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. Now in the integrant you want to
+express everything in terms of x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of x and y.
+So if you had a z maybe you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you had a z maybe you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you had a z maybe you have a
+formula for z in terms of x and y. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for z in terms of x and y. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for z in terms of x and y. And
+when you set up the bounds well you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set up the bounds well you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set up the bounds well you try
+to figure out what are the bounds for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what are the bounds for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what are the bounds for x
+and y. That would be just looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. That would be just looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. That would be just looking at it
+from above. Of course, if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. Of course, if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above. Of course, if you're using
+other variables, figure out the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables, figure out the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables, figure out the bounds
+for those variables. Then when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those variables. Then when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those variables. Then when you've
+done that, it becomes just a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that, it becomes just a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that, it becomes just a double
+integral in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in the usual
+sense. Okay, so maybe I should be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Okay, so maybe I should be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Okay, so maybe I should be a bit
+more explicit about formulas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit about formulas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit about formulas because
+there have been a lot. So let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a lot. So let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a lot. So let me tell
+you about a few of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a few of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a few of them.
+Let me actually do that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I don't want to make this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to make this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to make this too
+crowded. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what kinds of formulas for NDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what kinds of formulas for NDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what kinds of formulas for NDS
+have we've seen? Well, we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we've seen? Well, we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we've seen? Well, we've seen a
+formula, for example, for a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane or for something that's parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or for something that's parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or for something that's parallel
+to the YZ plane or the XZ plane. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the YZ plane or the XZ plane. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the YZ plane or the XZ plane. Well,
+let's do just the YZ plane for a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do just the YZ plane for a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do just the YZ plane for a quick
+reminder. So, if I have a surface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder. So, if I have a surface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder. So, if I have a surface that's
+contained inside the YZ plane, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained inside the YZ plane, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained inside the YZ plane, then
+obviously I will express ds in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I will express ds in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I will express ds in terms
+of well, I will use y and z as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well, I will use y and z as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well, I will use y and z as my
+variables. So, I will say that ds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So, I will say that ds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So, I will say that ds is
+dydz or dz dy whatever is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydz or dz dy whatever is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydz or dz dy whatever is most
+convenient. Maybe we'll even switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Maybe we'll even switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Maybe we'll even switch to
+polar coordinates after that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates after that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates after that if the
+problem wants us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wants us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wants us
+to. And what about the normal vector?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And what about the normal vector?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And what about the normal vector?
+Well, the normal vector is either coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the normal vector is either coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the normal vector is either coming
+straight at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at
+us or it's maybe going back away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or it's maybe going back away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or it's maybe going back away from us
+depending on which orientation we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which orientation we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which orientation we've
+chosen. So this gives us nds. We dot our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen. So this gives us nds. We dot our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen. So this gives us nds. We dot our
+favorite vector field with it. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite vector field with it. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite vector field with it. We
+integrate and we get the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We've seen about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen about
+spheres and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centered at the origin or centered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin or centered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin or centered on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+z-axis. So the normal vector sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So the normal vector sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis. So the normal vector sticks
+straight out or straight in depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out or straight in depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out or straight in depending on
+which direction you do it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for a sphere the normal vector is xyz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a sphere the normal vector is xyz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a sphere the normal vector is xyz
+divided by the radius of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere. For a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. For a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. For a
+cylinder it's xy 0 divided by the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's xy 0 divided by the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's xy 0 divided by the radius
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+cylinder. And the surface element on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. And the surface element on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. And the surface element on a
+sphere. So see it's very closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. So see it's very closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. So see it's very closely related
+to the volume element of spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the volume element of spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the volume element of spherical
+coordinates except you don't have a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates except you don't have a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates except you don't have a row
+anymore. You just plug in row= a. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. You just plug in row= a. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. You just plug in row= a. So you
+get a^2 sin v dv d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a^2 sin v dv d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a^2 sin v dv d
+theta. And for a cylinder it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And for a cylinder it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And for a cylinder it would be a
+dz d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+So by the way I mean just a quick sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way I mean just a quick sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way I mean just a quick sanity
+check you know when you're doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know when you're doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know when you're doing an
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+um if it's a surface integral there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's a surface integral there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's a surface integral there
+should be two integral signs and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two integral signs and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two integral signs and there
+should be two integration variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two integration variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two integration variables and
+there should be two d somethings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be two d somethings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be two d somethings.
+If you have a wrong number of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a wrong number of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a wrong number of you know
+if you end up with a dx dy dz in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up with a dx dy dz in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up with a dx dy dz in the
+surface integral something is seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong. Okay. Now besides these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. Okay. Now besides these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. Okay. Now besides these specific
+formulas we've seen two general formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas we've seen two general formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas we've seen two general formulas
+that are also useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one is if we know how to express Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one is if we know how to express Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one is if we know how to express Z in
+terms of X and Y and just to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and Y and just to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and Y and just to change
+notation to show you that it's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to show you that it's not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to show you that it's not you
+know set in stone let's say that Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set in stone let's say that Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set in stone let's say that Z is
+known as a function Z of X and Y. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a function Z of X and Y. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a function Z of X and Y. So how
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+I get NDS in that case? Well, we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get NDS in that case? Well, we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get NDS in that case? Well, we've seen
+a formula that says negative partial z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that says negative partial z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that says negative partial z
+partial x negative partial z partial y 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x negative partial z partial y 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x negative partial z partial y 1
+dx dy. So this formula relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dy. So this formula relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dy. So this formula relates the
+volume sorry the surface element on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume sorry the surface element on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume sorry the surface element on our
+surface to the area element in the xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to the area element in the xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to the area element in the xy
+plane. It lets us convert between ds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxdy. Okay, so we just plug in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy. Okay, so we just plug in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy. Okay, so we just plug in this and
+we dot with f and then we substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dot with f and then we substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dot with f and then we substitute
+everything in terms of x and y and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of x and y and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of x and y and we
+evaluate the integral over x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral over x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral over x and
+y. If we don't really want to find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. If we don't really want to find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. If we don't really want to find a way
+to find z as a function of x and y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find z as a function of x and y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find z as a function of x and y but
+we have a normal vector given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us. Then we have another formula which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Then we have another formula which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Then we have another formula which
+says that NDS is h sorry I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that NDS is h sorry I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that NDS is h sorry I should have
+said it's always up to sign because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's always up to sign because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's always up to sign because we
+have the two orientation conventions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two orientation conventions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two orientation conventions we
+have to decide based on what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide based on what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide based on what we're
+trying to do whether we are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do whether we are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do whether we are doing the
+correct convention or the wrong one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct convention or the wrong one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct convention or the wrong one.
+So if the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the other
+formula is n / n k dx dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry are they all the same?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's no oh um well if you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no oh um well if you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no oh um well if you want you
+can put an absolute value here but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put an absolute value here but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put an absolute value here but it
+doesn't matter because it's up to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because it's up to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because it's up to sign
+anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway.
+So I mean this formula is valid as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean this formula is valid as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean this formula is valid as it
+is. Okay. And they will all eventually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. And they will all eventually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. And they will all eventually I
+mean if you try you know if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you try you know if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you try you know if you're in a
+situation where you can apply more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you can apply more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you can apply more than
+one formula they will all give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula they will all give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula they will all give you the
+same answer in the end because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer in the end because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer in the end because it's the
+same flux integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+So anyway, so we have various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, so we have various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, so we have various ways of
+computing surface integrals and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing surface integrals and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing surface integrals and probably
+one of the best possible things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best possible things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best possible things you can
+do to prepare for the test is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to prepare for the test is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to prepare for the test is actually
+to look again at some practice problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look again at some practice problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look again at some practice problems
+from the notes that do flux integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notes that do flux integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notes that do flux integrals
+over various kinds of surfaces because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over various kinds of surfaces because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over various kinds of surfaces because
+that's probably one of the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably one of the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably one of the hardest
+topics in this unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this unit of the
+class. Okay. Anyway, let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to line integrals. So now those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line integrals. So now those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line integrals. So now those are
+actually a piece of cake in comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of cake in comparison.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of cake in comparison.
+Okay, because all that this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because all that this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because all that this is is
+just integral of p dx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integral of p dx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integral of p dx plus
+qdy plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus r
+dz. And then all you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. And then all you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. And then all you have to do is
+parameterize the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+express everything in terms of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of a single
+variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you end up with a usual single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you end up with a usual single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you end up with a usual single
+integral and you can just compute it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and you can just compute it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and you can just compute it. So
+that one works pretty much as it did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one works pretty much as it did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one works pretty much as it did in
+the plane. So if you haven't forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane. So if you haven't forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane. So if you haven't forgotten
+what we did in the plane, it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in the plane, it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in the plane, it's really
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing. Okay. So now we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. So now we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay. So now we have three
+different kinds of integrals and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of integrals and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of integrals and really
+you know well they certainly have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well they certainly have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well they certainly have in
+common that they integrate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that they integrate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that they integrate things
+somehow but um apart from that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but um apart from that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but um apart from that they're
+extremely different in what they do. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely different in what they do. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely different in what they do. I
+mean this one involves a function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this one involves a function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this one involves a function a
+scalar quantity. These involve vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity. These involve vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity. These involve vector
+quantities. They don't involve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities. They don't involve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities. They don't involve the same
+kinds of shapes over which to integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of shapes over which to integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of shapes over which to integrate.
+Here you integrate over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you integrate over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you integrate over a
+threedimensional region. Here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional region. Here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional region. Here you
+integrate only over a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate only over a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate only over a two-dimensional
+surface and here only a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and here only a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and here only a one-dimensional
+curve. So try not to confuse them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So try not to confuse them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So try not to confuse them.
+That's basically the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's basically the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's basically the most important
+advice, you know, don't get mistaken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice, you know, don't get mistaken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice, you know, don't get mistaken.
+Each of them has a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of them has a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of them has a different way of
+getting evaluated. Eventually, they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting evaluated. Eventually, they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting evaluated. Eventually, they will
+all give you numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give you numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give you numbers,
+but through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but through different
+processes. So, now while I said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. So, now while I said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. So, now while I said these
+guys are completely different well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are completely different well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are completely different well
+there, but we still have some bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but we still have some bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but we still have some bridges
+between them. Okay, so we have two maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. Okay, so we have two maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. Okay, so we have two maybe
+I should say three well two bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say three well two bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say three well two bridges
+between these guys. Okay, so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys. Okay, so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys. Okay, so we have
+somehow a connection between these which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a connection between these which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a connection between these which
+is the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the divergence
+theorem and we have a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and we have a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and we have a connection between
+that which is Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just to write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to write them
+again. So the divergence theorem says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So the divergence theorem says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So the divergence theorem says if
+I have a region in space and I call its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a region in space and I call its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a region in space and I call its
+boundary S, so that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary S, so that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary S, so that's going to be a
+closed surface and I orient S with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed surface and I orient S with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed surface and I orient S with a
+normal vector pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector pointing
+outwards. Then whenever I have a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards. Then whenever I have a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards. Then whenever I have a surface
+integral over F, over S, sorry, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over F, over S, sorry, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over F, over S, sorry, I can
+replace it by a triple integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a triple integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a triple integral over the
+region inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this guy is a vector field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this guy is a vector field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this guy is a vector field and
+this guy is a function that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is a function that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is a function that somehow
+relates to the vector field. I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the vector field. I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the vector field. I mean you
+should even know how you would know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even know how you would know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even know how you would know the
+definition of divergence of course. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of divergence of course. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of divergence of course. But
+what I want to point out is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to point out is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to point out is if you have
+to compute the two sides separately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the two sides separately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the two sides separately.
+Well this is just you know your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well this is just you know your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well this is just you know your standard
+flux integral. This is just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux integral. This is just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux integral. This is just your
+standard triple integral of a region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard triple integral of a region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard triple integral of a region in
+space. Once you have computed what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Once you have computed what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Once you have computed what this
+guy is, it's really just the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is, it's really just the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is, it's really just the triple
+integral of a function. So the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function. So the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function. So the way in
+which you compute it doesn't see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you compute it doesn't see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you compute it doesn't see that it
+came from a divergence. It's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a divergence. It's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a divergence. It's just the
+same way that you would compute any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that you would compute any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that you would compute any
+other triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other triple
+integral. The way we comput it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. The way we comput it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. The way we comput it doesn't
+depend on what what actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what what actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what what actually we're
+integrating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stokes theorem says if I have a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes theorem says if I have a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes theorem says if I have a curve
+that's the boundary of a surface S and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the boundary of a surface S and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the boundary of a surface S and I
+orient the two incompatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient the two incompatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient the two incompatible
+manners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manners
+then I can replace a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can replace a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can replace a line
+integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral on
+C by a surface integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S. Okay. And that surface integral well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. And that surface integral well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Okay. And that surface integral well
+it's not for the same vector field. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not for the same vector field. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not for the same vector field. This
+relates a line integral for one field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates a line integral for one field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates a line integral for one field to
+a surface integral from another field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface integral from another field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface integral from another field.
+That other field is given from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That other field is given from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That other field is given from the first
+one just by taking its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just by taking its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just by taking its
+curl. So after you take the curl you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl. So after you take the curl you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl. So after you take the curl you
+obtain a different vector field. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a different vector field. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a different vector field. And the
+way in which you will compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you will compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you will compute this
+surface integral is just as with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral is just as with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral is just as with any
+surface integral. You just find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral. You just find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface integral. You just find a
+formula for NDS. product substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for NDS. product substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for NDS. product substitute
+evaluate the calculation of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the calculation of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the calculation of this thing
+once you've computed curl does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've computed curl does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've computed curl does not
+remember that it was a curl. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it was a curl. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it was a curl. It's the
+same as with any other flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as with any other flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as with any other flux
+integral. Okay. And finally the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Okay. And finally the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Okay. And finally the last
+bridge. So this was like between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge. So this was like between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge. So this was like between two and
+three. This was between one and two. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This was between one and two. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This was between one and two. Let
+me just say there's a bridge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say there's a bridge between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say there's a bridge between
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one which is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is that if you
+have a function and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function and its
+gradient well the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient well the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient well the fundamental theorem of
+calculus says that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says that the line
+integral for the vector field given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the vector field given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the vector field given by
+the gradient of a function is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of a function is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of a function is actually
+equal to the change in value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the change in value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the change in value of a
+function. That's if you have a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's if you have a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's if you have a curve
+bounded by P 0 and P1. So in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by P 0 and P1. So in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by P 0 and P1. So in a way
+actually each of these free theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually each of these free theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually each of these free theorems
+relates a quantity with a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates a quantity with a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates a quantity with a certain number
+of integral signs to a quantity with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral signs to a quantity with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral signs to a quantity with one
+more integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more integral
+sign. And that's actually somehow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign. And that's actually somehow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign. And that's actually somehow a
+fundamental similarity between them. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental similarity between them. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental similarity between them. But
+maybe it's easier to think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to think of them as
+completely different stories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different stories.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different stories.
+So now with this one we additionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now with this one we additionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now with this one we additionally
+have to remember another topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember another topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember another topic is
+given a vector field f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector field f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector field f with
+curl equal to zero find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl equal to zero find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl equal to zero find the
+potential and we've seen two methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we've seen two methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we've seen two methods for
+that and I'm sure you remember them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm sure you remember them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm sure you remember them. So
+if not then try to remember them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then try to remember them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then try to remember them for
+Tuesday. Okay. So anyway, again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Okay. So anyway, again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Okay. So anyway, again
+conceptually we have really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we have really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we have really three
+different kinds of integrals. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of integrals. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of integrals. We
+evaluate them in completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them in completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them in completely different
+ways and just we have a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and just we have a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and just we have a handful of
+theorems connecting them to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems connecting them to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems connecting them to each other.
+But that doesn't have any impact on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that doesn't have any impact on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that doesn't have any impact on how
+we actually compute things.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t5Y89b-3Zvc.txt b/t5Y89b-3Zvc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb2ae8ba847ec89cd1834f0290b5467809b74352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t5Y89b-3Zvc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1389 @@
+Among the issues that some people asked that should be discussed in  
+
+greater detail should be the structure of proteins.   
+
+I'll touch on it very briefly this morning, different kinds of bonding,   
+
+tertiary and quaternary structure,  condensation or dehydration  
+
+reactions.  And,  in fact, many of those issues should  
+
+be addressed in the recitation sections.   
+
+That's the ideal place to begin to clarify things which although they  
+
+were mentioned here may not have been mentioned in the degree of  
+
+detail that you really need to assimilate them properly.   
+
+And I urge you to raise these issues with the recitation section  
+
+instructors.  That's exactly what they're there for.   
+
+Having said that I just want to dip back briefly into protein structure,   
+
+even though we turned our back on it at the end of last time,   
+
+just to reinforce some things that I realized I should have mentioned  
+
+perhaps in greater detail.  Here for the example are different  
+
+ways of depicting the three-dimensional structure of the  
+
+protein.  And,  by the way, we see that these are  
+
+beta pleated sheets in the light brown and these are alpha helices.   
+
+There are two of them here in green,  one going this way,   
+
+the other going this way,  a third one going this way.   
+
+And the other blue areas are not structured, i.   
+
+., they're not structured in the sense that they are in any way  
+
+obviously alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.   
+
+Here's a space-filling model,  a space-filling depiction of a  
+
+protein.  We talked about that last time.  Here is a trace of the  
+
+backbone, of the peptide backbone of the same protein where the side  
+
+chains are left out,  and obviously where one is only  
+
+plotting the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the backbone  
+
+atoms, CCN, CCN,  CCN.  Here is yet another way of  
+
+plotting exactly the same protein in terms of indicating,   
+
+as we just said, the structure of these alpha helices in  
+
+the other regions.  That is the secondary structure of  
+
+this protein.  And here's yet a fourth way of plotting,   
+
+of depicting the same structure of the protein where roughly one is  
+
+depicting the configuration of the amino acids in terms of a large  
+
+sausage.  Excuse me.  If one were to use a space-filling  
+
+model we'd go up to here.  So these are just four ways of  
+
+looking at the same protein with different degrees of simplification.   
+
+Another point that I thought I would like to reinforce and make was the  
+
+following.  We've talked about transmembrane proteins in the past.   
+
+That is, proteins which protrude through a membrane from one side to  
+
+the other.  And a point that I realized I'd like to make is that if  
+
+we look at a transmembrane protein here's one that is starting out in  
+
+the cytoplasm of a cell.  And, by the way, the soluble part  
+
+of the cytoplasm is sometimes called the cytosol.   
+
+Here is the lipid bilayer that we talked about at length and here is  
+
+the extracellular domain of this same protein.  Now,   
+
+how is all this organized?  Well, the fact of the matter is we  
+
+discussed the fact that this hydrophobic space in the lipid  
+
+bilayer is so hydrophobic that it really doesn't like to be in the  
+
+presence of hydrophilic molecules,  including in this case amino acids.   
+
+And what we see here is the fact that almost all of the amino acids  
+
+in this region of the protein,  which is called the transmembrane  
+
+region of the protein because it reaches from one side to the other,   
+
+are all hydrophobic or neutral amino acids which are reasonably  
+
+comfortable in the hydrophobic space of the lipid bilayer.   
+
+There happens to be two apparent violators of this,   
+
+glutamine and histidine.  You see these two here?  I mean  
+
+glutamic acid and histidine.  Glutamic acid and histidine.   
+
+One is negatively charged and therefore is highly hydrophilic.   
+
+The other is positively charged and is therefore highly hydrophilic.   
+
+And on the surface that would seem to violate the rule I just  
+
+articulated.  But the fact is that as it turns out in the particular  
+
+protein these two charges,  these two amino acids are so closely  
+
+juxtaposed with one another that their positive and negative charges  
+
+are used to neutralize one another.  And as a consequence in effect  
+
+there is no strong charging or polarity in this area  
+
+or in this area.  The take-home lesson is that somehow  
+
+proteins manage to insert themselves and to remain stable in the lipid  
+
+bilayer by virtue of either using only stretches of hydrophobic or  
+
+nonpolar amino acids or they use tricks like this of neutralizing any  
+
+charges that happen to be there.  Note, by the way, that because  
+
+there are hydrophilic amino acids down here and there turn out to be  
+
+hydrophilic amino acid around here,  arginine, and here there's a whole  
+
+bunch of basic amino acids.  Note that this keeps the  
+
+transmembrane protein from getting pulled in one direction or the other  
+
+because this arginine likes to associate with the negative  
+
+phosphates on the outside of the phospholipids.   
+
+And the same thing is here.  And all that means is that this  
+
+transmembrane protein is firmly anchored in the lipid bilayer,   
+
+a point we'll talk about later in greater detail when we talk about  
+
+membrane structure.  One other little point I'll mention  
+
+here in passing,  which we'll also get into in greater  
+
+detail, is that once a protein has been polymerized that polymerization  
+
+is not the last thing that happens to it once it's polymerized and  
+
+folded into place because we know that proteins undergo what is called  
+
+post-translational modifications.  And, as we'll talk about in the  
+
+coming weeks, the process of synthesizing a protein  
+
+is called translation.  And when we talk about  
+
+post-translational modification what we're talking about is opening our  
+
+eyes to the possibility that even after the primary amino acid  
+
+sequence has been polymerized there are chemical alterations that can  
+
+subsequently be imposed on the amino acid side chains to further modify  
+
+the protein.  One such modification,  by example, is a proteolytic  
+
+degradation.  And when I talk about proteolytic degradation,   
+
+I'm talking about the fact that one can break down a protein.   
+
+Proteolysis is the breaking down of a protein.  And when we talk about  
+
+degradation we're talking about destroying what has been synthesized.   
+
+In the case of many proteins,  once they're synthesized there may  
+
+be a stretch of amino acids at one end or the other that simply clipped  
+
+off therefore creating a protein which is smaller than the initially  
+
+synthesized product of protein synthesis, i.e.   
+
+the initially synthesized product of translation.   
+
+Here we see yet another kind of post-translational modification,   
+
+because it turns out that in many proteins which protrude into the  
+
+extracellular space there is yet another kind of covalent  
+
+modification which is the process of glycosylation in which a series of  
+
+sugar side chains,  carbohydrate side chains is  
+
+covalently attached to the polypeptide chain usually on serines  
+
+or threonines using the hydroxyl of the side chain of serines or  
+
+threonines to attach these oligosaccharide side chains.   
+
+We know from our discussion the last time oligosaccharide means an  
+
+assembly of a small number of monosaccharides.   
+
+And each of these blue hexagons represents a monosaccharide which  
+
+are covalently linked and also modify the extracellular domain of  
+
+this protein as it protrudes into the extracellular space.   
+
+So I'm just opening our eyes to the possibility that in the future we're  
+
+going to talk about yet other ways in which proteins are modified to  
+
+further tune-up their structure to make them more suitable,   
+
+more competent to do the various jobs to which they've been assigned.   
+
+Let's therefore return to what we talked about the last time,   
+
+the fact that the structure of nucleic acids is based on  
+
+this simple principle.  Here, by the way,   
+
+I'm returning to the notion of this numbering system.   
+
+We're talking about a pentose nucleic acid.  The fact that there  
+
+are two hydroxyls here right away tells us that we're looking at a  
+
+ribose rather than a deoxyribose which, as I said last time,   
+
+lacks this sugar right there.  Note, as we've said repeatedly,   
+
+that the hydroxyl side chains of carbohydrates offer numerous  
+
+opportunities for using dehydration reactions, or as they're sometimes  
+
+called condensation reactions where you remove a water,   
+
+where you take out a water,  dehydration, or we can call them  
+
+condensation reactions to attach yet other things.  And,   
+
+in fact, in principle there are actually four different hydroxyls  
+
+that could be used here to do that.  There's one here,   
+
+there's one here, one here and one here.  There are four different  
+
+hydroxyls.  The 1,  the 2, the 3 and the 5 hydroxyl are,   
+
+in principle, opportunities for further modification.   
+
+In truth the 2-prime hydroxyl is rarely used, as we'll discuss  
+
+shortly, but the main actors are therefore this hydroxyl here in  
+
+which a condensation reaction has created a glycosidic bond.   
+
+That is a bond between a sugar and a non-sugar entity.   
+
+Glyco refers obviously to sugars like glycogen or glycosylation we've  
+
+talked about before.  Here a bond has been made between a  
+
+base, and we'll talk about the different bases shortly,   
+
+and the 1-prime hydroxyl of the ribose.  Over here at the 5-prime  
+
+hydroxyl yet another condensation reaction.   
+
+Sometimes this is called an esterification reaction.   
+
+And again esterification refers to these kinds of condensation  
+
+reactions where an acid and a base react with one another,   
+
+and once again through a condensation reaction,   
+
+yield the removal of a water.  And let's look at what's happening  
+
+here, because not only is one phosphate group attached to the  
+
+5-prime carbon, to the 5-prime hydroxyl.   
+
+In fact, there are three.  And they are located, and each of  
+
+them has a name.  The inboard one is called alpha,   
+
+moving further out is beta, and furthest out is gamma.   
+
+And it turns out that this chain of phosphates have very important  
+
+implications for energy metabolism and for biosynthesis.   
+
+Why?  I'm glad I asked that question.  Because these are all  
+
+three highly negatively charged.  This is negatively charged,   
+
+this is and this is.  And, as you know, negative charges repel one  
+
+another.  And as a consequence,  to create a triphosphate linkage  
+
+like this represents pushing together negative charged moieties,   
+
+these three phosphates, even though they don't like to be next to one  
+
+another.  And that pushing together,  that creation of the triphosphate  
+
+chain represents an investment of energy.  And once the three are  
+
+pushed together that represents great potential energy much like a  
+
+spring that has been compressed together and would just  
+
+love to pop apart.  These three phosphates would love to  
+
+pop apart from one another by virtue of the fact that these negative  
+
+charges are mutually repelling.  But they cannot as long as they're  
+
+in this triphosphate configuration.  But once the triphosphate  
+
+configuration is broken then the energy released by their leaving one  
+
+another can then be exploited for yet other purposes.   
+
+Keep in mind, just to reinforce what I said a second ago,   
+
+the difference between a ribose and a deoxyribose is the presence or the  
+
+absence of this oxygen.  And now let's focus in a little  
+
+more detail on the bases because the bases are indeed the subject of much  
+
+of our discussion today.  And we have two basic kinds of  
+
+bases.  They're called nitrogenous bases, these bases,   
+
+because they have nitrogen in them.  And if you look at the five bases  
+
+that are depicted here you'll see that they are not aromatic rings  
+
+with just carbons in them like a six carbon benzene.   
+
+Rather all of them have a substantial fraction of nitrogens  
+
+actually in the ring,  two in the case of these pyrimidines.   
+
+And here you see the number actually is four.   
+
+In fact, one of these nitrogenous bases indicated here,   
+
+guanine has actually a fifth one up here as a side chain.   
+
+This is outside of the chain,  it represents a side group.  And if  
+
+we begin now to make distinctions between the ring itself and the  
+
+entities that protrude out of the ring, they really represent some of  
+
+the important distinguishing characteristics.   
+
+It's important that we understand that pyrimidines have one ring and  
+
+these have two rings in them.  The purines have a five and a six  
+
+membered ring fused together,  as you can see.  The pyrimidines  
+
+have only a six membered ring.  And what's really important in  
+
+determining their identity is not the basic pyrimidine or purine  
+
+structure.  It's once again the side chains that distinguish these one  
+
+from the other.  Here in the case of cytosine we see  
+
+that there's a carbonyl here,  an oxygen sticking out, and there's  
+
+an amine over here.  We see uracil which happens to be  
+
+present in RNA but not DNA which has two carbonyls here and here.   
+
+Obviously, therefore what distinguishes these two from one  
+
+another is this oxygen versus this amine.   
+
+And here we see the thymine which is present in DNA but not RNA.   
+
+And this will become very familiar to you shortly.   
+
+This looks just like uracil except for the fact that there's a methyl  
+
+group sticking out here.  Now, very important for our  
+
+understanding of what's happening here is the fact that this methyl  
+
+group, although it distinguishes thymine from uracil is itself  
+
+biologically actually very important.   
+
+It's there to be sure and it's a distinguishing mark of T versus U,   
+
+but the business end of T versus U in terms of encoding information  
+
+happens here with these two oxygens sticking out.  They're the important  
+
+oxygens, here and here.  And therefore from the point of  
+
+view of information content,  as we'll soon see, T and U are  
+
+essentially equivalent.  It may be that one of them happens  
+
+to be in RNA and the other in DNA,  but from the point of view of  
+
+understanding the coding information they carry it's these two carbonyls  
+
+here and here which dictate essentially their identity.   
+
+We have the same kind of dynamics that operate here in the case of A  
+
+and G where once again this one has only an amine side chain and this  
+
+one has a carbonyl and an amine side chain right here.   
+
+Now, very important there is a confusing array of names that are  
+
+associated with all this.  I don't know if it you can,   
+
+well, it reads reasonably well.  Because once a base,   
+
+and I just showed you bases which are unattached to the sugars,   
+
+once bases are attached to the sugars they change their name  
+
+slightly.  So keep in mind that here,  when we talk about these nitrogenous  
+
+bases, the bases are just free molecules where in each case this  
+
+lowest nitrogen is the one that participates in the formation of a  
+
+covalent glycosidic bond with the ribose or the deoxyribose  
+
+underneath it.  And here we can see one indication  
+
+of how that, you see this N,  in all cases via a condensation  
+
+reaction, forms a covalent bond with a five carbon sugar,   
+
+once again deoxyribose or ribose.  Once the base associates with the  
+
+sugar, that is the base plus the sugar is called a nucleoside.   
+
+So when we talk in polite company about a nucleoside we're not talking  
+
+about free bases.  We're talking about the covalent  
+
+interaction of a pentose binding to a base.  The pentose could be one or  
+
+the other of these two.  And that's what a nucleoside is.   
+
+If on top of that we add additionally one or more phosphates  
+
+then we even modify our language even further because a base attached  
+
+to a sugar which in turn is attached to a phosphate is called  
+
+a nucleotide.  The nucleotide,   
+
+the T is there to designate the fact that there's actually,   
+
+in addition to the base and the sugar there's a phosphate which is  
+
+attached and extends off the end.  And there are slightly different  
+
+names.  For the purposes of this course we won't get into this very  
+
+arcane nomenclature because it is,  to be frank, and you know I always  
+
+am frank with you, confusing.  Here is U.   
+
+And when uracil,  the base becomes linked to a ribose  
+
+it changes its name from uracil to uridine.  Cytosine changes its name  
+
+to cytidine when it becomes a nucleoside by a covalent linkage to  
+
+either ribose or deoxyribose.  Thymine becomes thymidine.  And the  
+
+same nomenclature exists,  the shift in their names exists in  
+
+the case of the purines as well,  adenine becomes adenosine and so  
+
+forth.  We need to focus mostly on the  
+
+notion of A, C,  T, G and U.  Those are the things we  
+
+need to think about.  And why is this nomenclature  
+
+confusing?  Well,  here the nucleoside ends with osine,   
+
+O-S-I-N-E.  You see that here?  You say that's easy to remember,   
+
+but look up here.  Here the base ends with O-S-I-N-E.   
+
+And so this nomenclature which was cobbled together in the early 20th  
+
+century will bedevil us and generations of biology students to  
+
+come.  Oh well, that's life.  Now, one of the things we're  
+
+interested in and which I talked about briefly last time was the  
+
+whole notion of polymerization,  i.e., how we actually polymerize a  
+
+chain.  Let's look at this illustration which I think is more  
+
+useful.  Recall the fact that I emphasized with great seriousness  
+
+the fact that nucleic acid synthesis always occurs in a certain polarity.   
+
+It goes in a certain direction.  You cannot add nucleotides on one  
+
+end or the other end willy-nilly.  You can only add them onto the  
+
+3-prime end.  And keep in mind that the reason why this is defined as  
+
+the 5-prime end is that this is,  the last hydroxyl sticking out at  
+
+this end comes out of the 5-prime carbon right here,   
+
+the 5-prime hydroxyl.  And conversely at this end we're  
+
+adding another base at the 3-prime hydroxyl, at this end,   
+
+which creates the 3-prime end of the DNA or the RNA.   
+
+In fact, the polymerization always occurs between the 5-prime end of a  
+
+deoxyribonucleotide indicated here where the bases remain anonymous and  
+
+the 3-prime hydroxyl.  That's the way it always happens.   
+
+And here we begin to appreciate the role of the high energy  
+
+phosphate linkage.  Because this high energy  
+
+triphosphate linkage,  which is synthesized elsewhere in  
+
+the cell like a coiled spring and which contains a lot of potential  
+
+energy by virtue of this mutual negative repulsion of the phosphate  
+
+groups, this energy is used to form the bond here between the phosphate  
+
+in this condensation reaction and the 3-prime hydroxyl.   
+
+So that requires an investment of energy.  And the resulting linkage  
+
+which is formed is sometimes called a phosphodiester linkage.   
+
+Why phosphodiester?  Well, obviously it's phospho.   
+
+And there actually are two esterifications that are occurring  
+
+here.  If we look at one of these phosphodiester bonds we see that an  
+
+ester linkage has been made with this hydroxyl and an ester linkage  
+
+has been made with this hydroxyl.  And for that reason it's called a  
+
+phosphodiester linkage.  Therefore we come to realize that  
+
+polymerization of nucleic acids doesn't take place spontaneously.   
+
+It requires the investment of a high-energy molecule,   
+
+the investment of the energy that it carries.  And when this linkage is  
+
+formed the diphosphate here,  the beta and the gamma phosphates  
+
+float off into interstellar space.  It's only the alpha phosphate that  
+
+is retained to form the resulting diphosphate, a phosphodiester  
+
+linkage.  And this process can be repeated literally thousands and  
+
+millions of times.  An average human's chromosomes  
+
+contains on the order of tens,  fifty, a hundred mega-bases of DNA.   
+
+A mega-base is a million bases or a million nucleotides.   
+
+So there you can understand that there's no limit to the extent of  
+
+elongation of these various kinds of molecules.  Now,   
+
+note by the way yet another feature of this which is that the  
+
+distinguishing feature between DNA and RNA, the most important  
+
+distinguishing feature is this 2-prime hydroxyl.   
+
+And here we're talking about DNA,  but we could almost in the same  
+
+breath be talking about the way that RNA gets polymerized.   
+
+Why?  Because this 2-prime hydroxyl or this 2-prime hydrogen in this  
+
+case is out of the line of fire.  The business action is happening  
+
+right along here.  Look where the business action is  
+
+in terms of the backbone.  The 2-prime hydroxyl is off to the  
+
+side.  And whether it's oxygen or just whether it's OH,   
+
+that is in ribose, a hydroxyl group or just a hydrogen,   
+
+as is indicated here in the case of deoxyribose, is irrelevant  
+
+to the polymerization.  And therefore we can guess or intuit,   
+
+and just because we guessed doesn't mean it's wrong,   
+
+often it's right,  it doesn't really make much  
+
+difference whether we look at DNA or RNA.  Here's a polymerization scheme  
+
+of RNA and it's absolutely identical to that of DNA.   
+
+In this case it's ribonucleotide triphosphates that are used for the  
+
+polymerization reaction.  Now here I just uttered the phrase  
+
+ribonucleoside triphosphates.  Why did I say that?  Well,   
+
+ultimately only the good Lord knows why I said that.   
+
+But let's look at this phrase.  I said ribonucleoside triphosphate  
+
+rather than ribonucleotide triphosphate because the fact that I  
+
+added this on the end makes the T there unnecessary.   
+
+The T is there to indicate the phosphate being attached to the  
+
+ribose or the deoxyribose.  But if I'm adding this phrase over  
+
+here, triphosphate,  that obviates, that makes  
+
+unnecessary my saying ribonucleotide triphosphate.  If I'm looking at UTP  
+
+or ATP, I would say I'm a ribonucleotide if I don't mention  
+
+the triphosphate.  But the moment this comes from my  
+
+lips then we'll say ribonucleoside indicating that a ribonucleoside,   
+
+that is a base and a sugar are then attached to one or more  
+
+phosphate linkages.  Now, the ultimate basis of the  
+
+biological revolution comes from the realization that these different  
+
+bases have complementarity to one another.  That is they like to be  
+
+together with one another.  And if we look at this and we think  
+
+about the DNA double helix we come to realize that these bases have  
+
+affinities for one another.  And the general affinity is one  
+
+purine likes to be facing opposite one pyrimidine.   
+
+One pyrimidine opposite one purine.  And if we have two pyrimidines  
+
+facing one another they're not close enough to one another to kiss.   
+
+And if we have two purines they're too close to one another,   
+
+they're bumping into one another,  they take up too much space.  And  
+
+therefore the optimal configuration is one purine and one pyrimidine.   
+
+And you can see these two pairings here in the case of what happens  
+
+with DNA.  In fact,  the realization of this diagram  
+
+right here is what triggered the discovery of DNA in 1953.   
+
+This diagram right here is what triggered the biological revolution.   
+
+And though it's been depicted in many, many ways it's worthwhile  
+
+dwelling on it because this is perhaps the most important diagram  
+
+that we'll address all semester.  Although this doesn't mean we have  
+
+to spend all semester assimilating it.  It's not so complicated.   
+
+It's relatively straightforward.  And let's look at its features.   
+
+Let's dwell on them momentarily because this is a microscopic  
+
+snapshot of what DNA is composed of.  You all know it's a double helix  
+
+and therefore there are two strands of DNA in a double helix.   
+
+And one of the interesting things about the double helix,   
+
+although we're not showing it yet,  we're just showing a little section  
+
+of a double helix,  is the polarity of the two chains  
+
+that constitute the double helix.  Let's look at that polarity.   
+
+This one is running in one direction and this one,   
+
+the opposite one, the complementary one is running in the other  
+
+direction.  And therefore we talk about the double helix as being  
+
+anti-parallel.  Well, I guess I should have a  
+
+bandage on the other finger to convince you but you get the idea.   
+
+They're running in opposite directions.   
+
+They're not both pointed the same.  And the other thing to indicate is,   
+
+to repeat what I said just seconds ago, that there's a complementarity  
+
+between the purines and the pyrimidines.  So we use the word  
+
+complementary with great frequency,  with great promiscuity in biology.   
+
+Complementarity refers to the fact that A and T here or A and U because  
+
+I said U and T are functionally equivalent, they like to  
+
+be opposite one another.  There's a purine and a pyrimidine.   
+
+And the converse is the case with C and G, they like to be opposite one  
+
+another.  Now,  there is specificity here.   
+
+You might say any purine can pair up with any pyrimidine,   
+
+but it's not the case.  For instance,  A doesn't like to be opposite C and  
+
+T doesn't like to be opposite G.  So one of the things we have to  
+
+memorize this semester,  and it's not many and it's not hard,   
+
+is that A and T are opposite one another, or A and U,   
+
+and G and C are opposite one another.  That's one of the essential concepts  
+
+in molecular biology.  There are now a thousand things you  
+
+need to learn,  but if you don't understand that  
+
+then ultimately sooner or later you'll find yourself in a swamp,   
+
+literally or figuratively.  Now,  let's look at the different between  
+
+these two.  One of the interesting things is, to state the obvious,   
+
+the way they're associating with one another, hand in glove,   
+
+is via hydrogen bonds.  That's not any covalent interaction,   
+
+which means they're reversible.  We talked about that.   
+
+Which means that if we were to take a solution of double stranded DNA  
+
+and boil it we would break those hydrogen bonds.   
+
+Remember they only have 8 kilocalories per mole and boiling  
+
+water has far higher energetic content.  And consequently if we  
+
+heat up a DNA double helix and we break those double bonds of DNA that  
+
+hold the two strands together,  the two strands come apart, the DNA  
+
+ends up being denatured,  that is the two strands are  
+
+separated one from the other.  In fact, if there ever were a  
+
+covalent cross-link between the two strands that's really bad news for a  
+
+cell carrying such a DNA double helix.  A covalently cross-link from  
+
+one strand to the other DNA double helix represents often a sign that a  
+
+cell should go off and die because it has a very hard time dealing with  
+
+that by virtue of the fact,  as we will soon learn or as you  
+
+already know, the cell has,  with some frequency, to pull apart  
+
+these two strands.  And therefore this association must  
+
+be tight enough so that it's stable at body temperature but not so tight  
+
+that it cannot be pulled apart when certain biological conditions call  
+
+for it.  You see that in fact here there are three hydrogen bonds and  
+
+here there are only two hydrogen bonds.  That also has its  
+
+implications.  It turns out to be the case that the disposition of  
+
+this hydrogen and this oxygen here,  they're far enough apart that for  
+
+all practical purposes they don't really make very good  
+
+hydrogen bonds.  And therefore we think of this as  
+
+having two and this having three.  And if you were to try to put C  
+
+opposite A or G opposite T you'd see that they cannot form hydrogen bonds  
+
+well with one another.  Instead they kind of bump into one  
+
+another, and therefore are not complementary to one another at all.   
+
+There's another corollary that we can deduce from this diagram,   
+
+and that is the following.  If it's always true that A equal  
+
+C and G equal T --   
+
+A equals T and G equals C.  By the way, this is an interesting  
+
+story.  This is the Chargaff Rule.  Because about a year or so before  
+
+Watson and Crick figured out the structure of the double helix there  
+
+was a guy named Erwin Chargaff in New York at Columbia University who  
+
+one day figured out that if you looked at a whole bunch of nucleic  
+
+acids, different DNAs from different cell types --  
+
+And in certain cell types what he found was that G was equal to,   
+
+for example G equals 20% of the bases.  Therefore,   
+
+obviously we know C must equal also 20% because there always has to be a  
+
+C opposite a G in the double helix,  right?  G and C always have to be  
+
+equal.  And Chargaff discovered that,  in fact, A in such DNA always was  
+
+30% and T was also 30%.  Well, these together make up 100%  
+
+which is, we're not in higher math yet, but A and T were always the  
+
+same.  If you looked at another type of DNA he might find that G equals  
+
+23% and C also equals 23%.  And in this same DNA then A would  
+
+equal 27%, I guess,  and T also equals 27%.   
+
+And I hope that adds up to 100%.  So he looked at a whole bunch of  
+
+DNAs and they always tracked one another, A always tracked T,   
+
+G always tracked C.  And then in 1953 up comes these two guys from  
+
+Cambridge, England,  Watson and Crick whom Chargaff  
+
+regarded as upstarts,  as smart-asses who thought they knew  
+
+all the answers.  And Watson and Crick said,   
+
+gee, this Chargaff rule really is very interesting because it suggests  
+
+something about the structure of DNA.  These cannot just be coincidences.   
+
+There's something profoundly important they said,   
+
+correctly, in the fact that there was always an equivalence between A  
+
+and T and between G and C.  And that represented one of the  
+
+conceptual cornerstones of their elucidating the structure  
+
+of the double helix.  And so Chargaff who died last year  
+
+or the year before last,  at an advanced age, was for the next  
+
+fifty years a very bitter man,  because he was this far away from  
+
+figuring out this far.  Not this far, but this far away  
+
+from figuring out,  making the most important discovery  
+
+in biology in the 20th century.  He had the information right there.   
+
+And if he thought a little bit about information theory and thought  
+
+a little bit about the way information content is encoded he  
+
+could have already predicted,  not the detailed structure of the  
+
+double helix, but at least the way in which it encodes information.   
+
+Because, to state the obvious,  and as many of you know already,   
+
+if one looks at the structure of a double helix one can,   
+
+in principle, depict it in a two or a three-dimensional cartoon.   
+
+Here's the way one can think of it.  This is the way we've been talking  
+
+about it over the last couple of minutes.  It's a two-dimensional  
+
+double helix.  And from the point of view of  
+
+information encoding,  it doesn't really matter whether we  
+
+draw it this way or that way.  It happens that the double helix is  
+
+turned around like that,  it's twisted around.  It's very  
+
+difficult for biological molecules to be totally flat for an extended  
+
+period.  And the helix is,  in fact, something that is  
+
+frequently resorted to.  Witness the alpha helix in the  
+
+protein.  So these are turned around.  It turns out that each of these  
+
+constitutes a base pair,  and each of these base pairs is,   
+
+in fact, 3.4 angstroms apart.  3.4 angstroms thick.   
+
+So you have ten of them,  the DNA helix advances 3.4 angstroms  
+
+every ten turns.  And ten turns is roughly,   
+
+oh, I'm sorry.  Ten base pairs is roughly one turn of the alpha helix.   
+
+So if you go here and you count up ten, we should start again at the  
+
+same orientation.  Another ten is another turn.   
+
+Another ten is another turn.  In fact, I'm just recalling that I  
+
+was once a TA in 7.  1 in 1965.  And there was a physics  
+
+professor who became a biologist who always talked about these double  
+
+helices.  And he always talked about the measurements of different DNA  
+
+molecules.  Now,  you may know that the term angstrom  
+
+is named after a Danish person named Angstrom.   
+
+That's why it got its name.  So whenever this professor,   
+
+whom I never corrected, God forbid,  ever talked about something that was  
+
+ten angstroms long,  he called these ten angstra.   
+
+Now, as you know, when you go in a Latin verb from singular to plural  
+
+it's “-um” to “-a”,  right?  So he pretended this was a  
+
+Latin word.  What's a good word?   
+
+Sorry?  What's a common Latin word we use?  Sorry?   
+
+Millennium.  Yeah,  millennium, millennia.   
+
+So he went from angstrom to anstra.  And it went on for a whole year.  I  
+
+never said anything but I knew better.  OK, anyhow.   
+
+Here you see the genius of Watson and Crick.  And,   
+
+by the way, Angstrom was a Dane,  as I said, and not a Roman soldier.   
+
+So here we see.  OK.  So here is the genius of their  
+
+discovery.  And the elegance of it is not how complicated it is.   
+
+The elegance of it is how simple it is, because information we see is  
+
+encoded in two strands.  The information is redundant  
+
+because if we know the sequence of one strand we can obviously predict  
+
+the sequence in the other strand because it's a complementary  
+
+sequence.  If we always realize that A is  
+
+opposite T and G is opposite C we can know directly that a sequence in  
+
+one strand, which may be A,  C, T, G, G, C and the other strand  
+
+moving in the other anti-parallel direction the sequence is like this.   
+
+I don't need to know the sequence of the other strand.   
+
+I can predict it by using these rules of complementary  
+
+sequence structure.  And that, in turn,   
+
+obviously has important implications.  If we look at the three-dimensional  
+
+structure, this is more of what's called a space-filing model.   
+
+This is the way the x-ray crystallographer would actually  
+
+depict it.  We talked about space-filling models before.   
+
+One of the things we appreciate is the fact that the phosphates are on  
+
+the outside and these bases are in the inside.  And because these bases  
+
+are able also to stack with one another via hydrophobic interactions  
+
+importantly the bases are protected.  The face where they interact is  
+
+protected from the outside world.  What do I mean by that?  Well,   
+
+let's go back to this figure right here.  You see the interaction faces  
+
+between A and T or C and G they're not on the outside of the helix.   
+
+They're hidden in the middle.  And that's important because it means  
+
+that these interactions between A and C and G and T,   
+
+you can see it up here as well,  are biochemically protected from any  
+
+accidents that might happen on the outside.   
+
+They're sheltered from that.  And that's important because the  
+
+information content in DNA must be held very stable,   
+
+very constant.  If it isn't then we have real trouble like cancer.   
+
+And therefore whenever a cell divides and copies its DNA,   
+
+its three billion base pairs of DNA,  whenever that happens the number of  
+
+mistakes that are made is only three or four or five out three billion.   
+
+A stunningly low rate.  And this DNA can sit around.   
+
+I told you about Neanderthal DNA that can sit around for 30,   
+
+00 years and it's chemically relatively stable.   
+
+In part, a testimonial to the fact that this base pairing,   
+
+the face where the two bases interact across one another,   
+
+this is shielded from the outside world because it's tucked into the  
+
+middle, these interaction faces here.  This is the inside of the helix.   
+
+Here the sugar phosphate groups are on the outside.   
+
+In fact, when Watson and Crick were struggling with the structure of the  
+
+double helix they were in a horse race with a man named Linus Pauling  
+
+who was really the inventor,  the discoverer of the hydrogen bond  
+
+pretty much who actually got two Nobel Prizes in his lifetime who  
+
+ended his life believing that if you took enough vitamin C grams of it  
+
+every day you would never get sick.  I don't know what he died of, but  
+
+probably like Dr.  Atkins he probably died of an  
+
+illness he was trying to ward off.  Or he might have died of kidney  
+
+failure from all the vitamin C he was putting into his body.   
+
+Who knows?  Anyhow, I digress.  The fact is that Pauling thought  
+
+that, in fact,  DNA was constituted of a triple  
+
+helix, with three strands,  and that the bases were facing  
+
+outward.  Well,  of course, now we can snicker,   
+
+now we can laugh, but at the time nobody had any idea.   
+
+Now we realize it's only a double helix and the bases  
+
+are facing inward.  And, of course,   
+
+because Pauling worked with that preconception,   
+
+he was never able to figure what was actually going on,   
+
+even though Watson and Crick thought that he had the answer and was about  
+
+to scoop them.  Implicit in what I've just said is  
+
+the notion that the structure of DNA,  which we'll talk about later,   
+
+allows it to be copied, i.e., now we're referring in passing,   
+
+and we'll get into this in greater detail later, to the whole  
+
+process of replication.  Because if we have genetic material  
+
+and we've created in a certain sequence we must be able to make  
+
+more copies of it.  Keep in mind that each one of us,   
+
+as I mentioned to you some lectures ago, we start out with a fertilized  
+
+egg with one human genome,  and through our lifetimes we produce  
+
+how many cells?  Anybody remember?   
+
+I did mention it, right?  Is there one soul who remembers it?   
+
+Remember the whole story of Sodom and Gomorrah where the Lord says if  
+
+there's one soul,  one righteous soul in the city I  
+
+will spare the city.  And of course there wasn't so he  
+
+wiped them all out.  30 trillion?  Well,   
+
+sorry.  What do we do for him?  Something nice.  [APPLAUSE]  
+
+Excellent.  OK.  You'll remain anonymous,   
+
+though.  You won't be on that video.  OK.  Ten to the sixteenth cell  
+
+divisions in a human lifetime.  And on every one of those occasions  
+
+the double helix is copied.  I'm telling you that only to give  
+
+you the most dramatic demonstration of the fact that if you have one set  
+
+of DNA molecules you need to be able to copy it, you need to be able to  
+
+replicate it.  And that replicative ability is inherent in the double  
+
+helix as Watson and Crick immediately said and as they noted  
+
+at the end of their paper when -- I think the last sentence says it  
+
+has not escaped our attention that this structure,   
+
+i.e., the structure of the double helix, allows for copying,   
+
+allows for replication.  Because if you pull the two strands apart,   
+
+recall we said earlier that in certain biological situations you  
+
+need to do that,  if the two strands are pulled apart  
+
+not by putting them in boiling water but by enzymes whose dedicated  
+
+function it is to separate the two strands.   
+
+Then when that happens one can begin to create two new daughter double  
+
+helices by simply adding on new bases and thereby replicating the  
+
+DNA.  And how that happens is,  of course, as you know, IO  
+
+"Intuitively  Obvious".  OK.  Uh-oh, we're in a dyslexic  
+
+moment.  Now, the fact is I emphasized with great vigor  
+
+and conviction -- And remember, class,   
+
+when somebody is convinced of something more often than not  
+
+they're just wrong in a loud voice.  But I nevertheless emphasized with  
+
+great conviction that T and U are,  from an information standpoint,   
+
+functionally equivalent.  They're replaceable,   
+
+interchangeable.  And therefore if we want we can  
+
+make an RNA copy of a DNA molecule by realizing that if this were DNA  
+
+we could make an RNA that was complementary to a DNA strand  
+
+realizing that when the RNA molecule was being polymerized,   
+
+instead of using T one would use U.  All the other three bases are  
+
+functionally equivalent.  And so we could, in principle,   
+
+and indeed it happens transiently,  we could make a DNA-RNA hybrid helix  
+
+where a DNA molecule is wrapped around an RNA molecule because the  
+
+two molecules are functionally equivalent.  The only difference  
+
+between the two strands would be,  well, there are two differences.   
+
+One, in the RNA strand we'd have a U instead of a T.   
+
+And, two, in the RNA strand all the sugars would be ribose rather than  
+
+deoxyribose.  Right on.  OK.  Good.  So this structure,   
+
+the simplicity of the structure gives one enormous power in encoding  
+
+all kinds of information and replicating it.   
+
+What it means, as we'll discuss also in great detail later,   
+
+is that if we have a certain sequence of bases in the double  
+
+helix of DNA an RNA molecule could be made to copy one of the two  
+
+strands to make a complementary copy.   
+
+And that RNA molecule could then leave the DNA double helix having  
+
+lifted one of the sequences from it and then move to another part of the  
+
+cell where it might do something interesting.  And therefore to  
+
+extract information out of the double helix doesn't necessarily  
+
+mean to destroy it.  If one can copy one of the two  
+
+double strands in a complementary form as an RNA molecule that may  
+
+enable the information that is encoded in the DNA to be copied  
+
+without destroying the double helix itself.   
+
+Again, that process,  which we'll also talk about later,   
+
+is called the process of transcription.   
+
+And so in the course of this morning I have uttered the three  
+
+words which represent the cannon,  the basic fundaments of molecular  
+
+biology.  What are the three words?  Replication, transcription and  
+
+translation.  Transcription means when you make an RNA copy of a  
+
+strand of the DNA double helix.  Let's just add a couple more  
+
+footnotes to what I've been saying just so we are on firm ground for  
+
+subsequent discussions.  It turns out that often in RNA  
+
+molecules they can form intramolecular double helices.   
+
+There's no reason why you cannot make a double helix out of RNA as  
+
+you can make out of DNA.  And therefore you see often in many  
+
+kinds of RNA molecules they will hydrogen bond to themselves using  
+
+these complementary sequences.  And this is called a hairpin, by  
+
+the way for obvious reasons.  And so many RNA molecules, most of  
+
+them in fact have these intramolecular hydrogen bonded  
+
+double helices with confers on them very specific structure.   
+
+One other aspect of the two versus three hydrogen bonds  
+
+is the following.  If a double helix has many Gs and Cs  
+
+then it's going to have more hydrogen bonds holding it together  
+
+than if it has few Gs and Cs.  So let's look at the Chargaff  
+
+example.  Chargaff who lived for fifty years stewing in his own bile  
+
+in bitterness because he couldn't figure this out,   
+
+which is exactly what happened by the way.   
+
+And so here this has a higher G plus C content, the one on the right than  
+
+this one.  This is 23% or 46% G plus C.  This is 40% G plus C.   
+
+If it's 46% G plus C that means there are more hydrogen bonds  
+
+holding the two strands together.  And it turns out that if you want  
+
+to denature a double helix that has high G plus C content you need to  
+
+put in more energy,  you need to heat the double helix up  
+
+to a higher temperature.  It's more difficult to pull the  
+
+strands apart.  One other side comment on what I  
+
+wanted to say is the following.  The presence or the absence of this  
+
+hydroxyl here in RNA has an important consequence for the  
+
+stability of RNA and DNA.  Let's look at what happens to an  
+
+RNA chain when a hydroxyl ion,  which happens to be floating around  
+
+at a low concentration,  happens to attack this  
+
+phosphodiester bond.  What happens is that this  
+
+phosphodiester bond will tend to cyclize.  It's forming this  
+
+five membered ring.  And ultimately that will resolve and  
+
+break causing a cleavage of the RNA chain.  This phosphodiester bond now  
+
+forming a cyclic structure here as an intermediate representing the  
+
+precursor to the ultimately cleaved chain.  That means that if you take  
+
+RNA molecules and you put them in alkali they will fall apart very  
+
+quickly for this very reason.  What happens to DNA molecules when  
+
+you put them in alkali?  Nothing.  They're alkali resistant  
+
+because there isn't a hydroxyl there to form this five membered ring.   
+
+And therefore alkali cannot cleave apart the DNA or the DNA  
+
+phosphodiester bond.  If we imagine that OH groups,   
+
+that hydroxyls, are present at a certain, albeit a certain  
+
+concentration,  albeit a low concentration in  
+
+neutral water we can see that even at neutral pH with a certain  
+
+frequency RNA molecules will slowly hydrolyze.   
+
+They'll certainly be slowly broken down by the hydroxyl ions.   
+
+DNA molecules, however, will not.  And that represents yet another  
+
+important biochemical reason why DNA is chemically stable and why it can  
+
+carry information over years,  decades or tens of thousands of  
+
+years, because the phosphodiester linkage in DNA rather than RNA is  
+
+very stable chemically and can hold these adjacent nucleotides together,   
+
+one to the other.  See you on Friday morning.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uGkH08B05Q4.txt b/uGkH08B05Q4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b593b704318c41ab728fe0c8b2407c2cf1b2e8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uGkH08B05Q4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the title this module is improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the title this module is improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the title this module is improving
+the enterprise and just to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enterprise and just to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enterprise and just to put it in
+context we inherited a poorly performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we inherited a poorly performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we inherited a poorly performing
+clinic we've applied lean what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic we've applied lean what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic we've applied lean what we call
+local lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lean
+but now we're going to look at how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to look at how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to look at how do
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+how do you handle issues that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you handle issues that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you handle issues that are
+outside the span of control of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the span of control of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the span of control of the of
+the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic
+okay and this is where you usually end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is where you usually end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is where you usually end
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+that's the objective for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the objective for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the objective for the rest of the
+afternoon with the exception of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon with the exception of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon with the exception of the very
+very end we're going to to you up on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end we're going to to you up on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end we're going to to you up on a
+homework assignment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment but
+okay so if you want to improve the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to improve the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to improve the whole
+enterprise you can't just do it locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you can't just do it locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you can't just do it locally
+you'll you'll end up sub-optimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll end up sub-optimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll end up sub-optimizing the
+enterprise you may optimize yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you may optimize yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you may optimize yourself
+locally but you sub-optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally but you sub-optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally but you sub-optimize the
+enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise
+so we want to kind of work through how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to kind of work through how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to kind of work through how
+organizations can adapt external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations can adapt external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations can adapt external
+constraints and implement lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and implement lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and implement lean
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the mode we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode we're going to do this is
+something called a rapid process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a rapid process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a rapid process
+improvement workshop which is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop which is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop which is one way to
+implement lean across a wider group than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement lean across a wider group than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement lean across a wider group than
+what you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here
+we're going to look look at including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look look at including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look look at including a
+daily management system which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily management system which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily management system which is a
+little bit of an add-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an add-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an add-on
+and then we're going to see we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to see we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to see we have some
+trouble doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble doing that and
+and we'll discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss it
+okay so just to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to kind of
+frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this
+healthcare operations are often impacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare operations are often impacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare operations are often impacted
+by decisions which are outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by decisions which are outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by decisions which are outside the
+control of the clinic i mean this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the clinic i mean this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the clinic i mean this is you
+know regulations insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know regulations insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know regulations insurance
+resource constraints uh we had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints uh we had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints uh we had something
+earlier this afternoon where you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this afternoon where you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this afternoon where you know we
+had some change of employees it was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some change of employees it was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some change of employees it was kind
+of beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beyond
+the purview of the clinic we had to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purview of the clinic we had to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purview of the clinic we had to you
+know adjust for that that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adjust for that that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adjust for that that was a
+disruptive thing we had to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive thing we had to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive thing we had to handle
+which is not unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not unusual
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we need to optimize at the enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to optimize at the enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to optimize at the enterprise
+level as i've already seen otherwise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as i've already seen otherwise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as i've already seen otherwise we
+may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+across our our whole enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i think this is kind of already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think this is kind of already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think this is kind of already
+been contained what i really like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contained what i really like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contained what i really like to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+get some examples from your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some examples from your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some examples from your own
+experience or what what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or what what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or what what are some
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+you've experienced that have disrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've experienced that have disrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've experienced that have disrupted
+your enterprises you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enterprises you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enterprises you work with
+yeah just patients showing up kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just patients showing up kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just patients showing up kind of
+all in one bunch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one bunch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one bunch like
+when i was on triage as a medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was on triage as a medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was on triage as a medicine
+resident all of our admissions would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident all of our admissions would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident all of our admissions would
+show up at like 4 30 in the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at like 4 30 in the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at like 4 30 in the afternoon
+because everyone was coming to the er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone was coming to the er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone was coming to the er
+in the afternoon and then by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon and then by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon and then by the time
+they got worked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got worked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got worked up
+that load would hit the medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that load would hit the medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that load would hit the medicine
+admitting team at 4 30 so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting team at 4 30 so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting team at 4 30 so it's kind of
+the so this was a yeah this is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this was a yeah this is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this was a yeah this is a classic
+thing isn't it that the one department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't it that the one department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't it that the one department
+of the enterprise impacting the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enterprise impacting the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enterprise impacting the other
+department and is kind of it's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and is kind of it's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and is kind of it's out of
+your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control
+and of course yeah exactly and now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course yeah exactly and now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course yeah exactly and now and
+it can happen the other way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen the other way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen the other way too
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+admissions isn't they're not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions isn't they're not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions isn't they're not being
+admitted into the hospital so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted into the hospital so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted into the hospital so they're
+piling up in the er and affecting the er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piling up in the er and affecting the er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piling up in the er and affecting the er
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+other things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding okay so resources here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding okay so resources here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding okay so resources here here's
+the thing where you're you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing where you're you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing where you're you know you can
+do something you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something you want to do something
+but you can't get the funding or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't get the funding or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't get the funding or maybe
+you get the funding and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the funding and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the funding and then there's a
+reduction i mean that's happening in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction i mean that's happening in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction i mean that's happening in my
+local hospital now in washington state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local hospital now in washington state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local hospital now in washington state
+the state the state's grappling with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the state's grappling with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the state's grappling with a
+two billion dollar budget shortfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billion dollar budget shortfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billion dollar budget shortfall
+gap and they provide basic health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and they provide basic health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and they provide basic health
+coverage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage for
+underemployed people in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underemployed people in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underemployed people in the state
+i live in a rural community my hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i live in a rural community my hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i live in a rural community my hospital
+has a lot of these people they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of these people they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of these people they're about
+ready to lose all that money and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to lose all that money and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to lose all that money and they
+still have to treat the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to treat the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to treat the patients
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's beyond their control i mean they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beyond their control i mean they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beyond their control i mean they go
+down to olympia and lobby a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to olympia and lobby a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to olympia and lobby a little bit
+but basically it's beyond their control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's beyond their control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's beyond their control
+yeah um so i've been working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so i've been working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so i've been working on a
+telephone operations improvement project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone operations improvement project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone operations improvement project
+recently um with an ansi labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um with an ansi labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um with an ansi labor
+department where we only have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department where we only have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department where we only have three
+front desk staff and our intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front desk staff and our intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front desk staff and our intervention
+was to separate one of the front phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to separate one of the front phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to separate one of the front phones
+in the back area and then have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back area and then have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back area and then have just the
+front desk staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front desk staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front desk staff
+left at the front directly interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at the front directly interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at the front directly interact with
+patients and not have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and not have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and not have to worry about
+phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls
+and in doing our pilot which is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing our pilot which is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing our pilot which is a two
+week pdsa pilot um some days we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week pdsa pilot um some days we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week pdsa pilot um some days we only
+have one staff actually show up to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one staff actually show up to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one staff actually show up to work
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+obviously our plan didn't go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously our plan didn't go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously our plan didn't go as
+it would have if we had the three staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have if we had the three staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have if we had the three staff
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so there you got an employee issue yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you got an employee issue yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you got an employee issue yeah
+it might be you have unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be you have unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be you have unreliable
+employees or maybe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees or maybe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees or maybe there are
+complications in their family life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in their family life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in their family life you
+know that they couldn't come or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they couldn't come or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they couldn't come or whatever
+sick yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick yep
+any other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other examples
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i mean we can't control the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean we can't control the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean we can't control the world
+right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're
+we're in an environment imposed on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an environment imposed on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an environment imposed on us
+and we have to deal with it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to deal with it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to deal with it yeah
+any examples you think of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any examples you think of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any examples you think of space
+constraints space concerns when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints space concerns when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints space concerns when your
+capacity exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity exceeds
+your ability to handle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to handle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to handle it
+yeah just just not enough facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just just not enough facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just just not enough facilities
+okay so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are not
+unusual disruptions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we say this is a statement i suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this is a statement i suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this is a statement i suppose
+it's maybe more of a hypothesis but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe more of a hypothesis but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe more of a hypothesis but that
+lean organizations by their nature are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean organizations by their nature are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean organizations by their nature are
+maybe more adaptable to change than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more adaptable to change than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more adaptable to change than
+other organizations first of all you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations first of all you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations first of all you're
+process oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process oriented
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+you you think about processes you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you think about processes you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you think about processes you think
+less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about
+silos or turfs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos or turfs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos or turfs or
+rice bowls or those kinds of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice bowls or those kinds of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice bowls or those kinds of things you
+you get kind of process oriented think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kind of process oriented think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kind of process oriented think
+about how do you change a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you change a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you change a process
+if you have standardization which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have standardization which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have standardization which you
+should if you're a good lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you're a good lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you're a good lean
+organizations it means you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations it means you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations it means you're going to
+have fewer things to change you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer things to change you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer things to change you have a
+stable base on which to change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable base on which to change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable base on which to change as
+opposed to many things that have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to many things that have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to many things that have to be
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+you're used to thinking of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to thinking of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to thinking of things in
+rapid cycle times and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid cycle times and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid cycle times and that's going to be
+really this whole rapid process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this whole rapid process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this whole rapid process
+improvement workshop adapting to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop adapting to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop adapting to change
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+and you just have a culture where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have a culture where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have a culture where you're
+accepting of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of change
+you know lean is a journey you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lean is a journey you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lean is a journey you're always
+changing you're always trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you're always trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you're always trying to get
+better so you're not fearful of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you're not fearful of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you're not fearful of change
+so these are all things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all things that
+in terms of lean organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of lean organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of lean organization
+kind of help you in dealing with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help you in dealing with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help you in dealing with these
+external constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to anchor this back in this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to anchor this back in this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to anchor this back in this process
+improvement framework we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement framework we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement framework we've
+been using and by the way a copy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using and by the way a copy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using and by the way a copy of this
+is in your folders just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your folders just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your folders just for
+your reference purposes and why we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference purposes and why we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference purposes and why we put
+it there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there is
+is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to
+impart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart
+a thought process of structured approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought process of structured approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought process of structured approach
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+not ad hoc approach to change so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ad hoc approach to change so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ad hoc approach to change so this is
+this is one structured approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one structured approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one structured approach
+there are many other structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other structured
+approaches this is one that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches this is one that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches this is one that we we
+adopted just to give you one right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted just to give you one right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted just to give you one right now
+we're kind of in here we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in here we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in here we're going to be
+doing another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another uh
+we're going to have some changes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some changes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some changes we're
+going to introduce to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce to you
+that are beyond your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are beyond your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are beyond your control
+and we're going to have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to figure out
+how to respond them develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to respond them develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to respond them develop an
+implementation plan and try it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plan and try it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plan and try it out
+and in in doing this you're going to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in doing this you're going to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in doing this you're going to as
+you go beyond your clinic you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go beyond your clinic you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go beyond your clinic you're going
+to have to interact with a wider group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to interact with a wider group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to interact with a wider group
+of stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders
+and that's part of the complexity of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the complexity of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the complexity of you
+know we've heard from bo for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've heard from bo for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've heard from bo for example
+already about about that so let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already about about that so let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already about about that so let's talk a
+little bit about stakeholders we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about stakeholders we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about stakeholders we had
+this slide up yesterday in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide up yesterday in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide up yesterday in a slightly
+different format but a healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format but a healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different format but a healthcare
+enterprise like yours has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise like yours has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise like yours has a lot of
+stakeholders and let's let's just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and let's let's just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and let's let's just try to
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+in the interest of time and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest of time and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest of time and kind of
+keeping this focused for our clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this focused for our clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this focused for our clinics
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+who are who are major stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who are major stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who are major stakeholders
+patients patients okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients patients okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients patients okay
+okay suppliers suppliers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+providers and doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers and doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers and doctors
+yeah so you have the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have the staff
+medical staff well let me just put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical staff well let me just put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical staff well let me just put all
+the staff together it's the medical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff together it's the medical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff together it's the medical and
+the administrative but i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administrative but i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administrative but i don't think
+brunel is just called staff any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brunel is just called staff any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brunel is just called staff any other
+stakeholders in in our simulated clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in in our simulated clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in in our simulated clinic
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+investors investors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+okay we really don't the government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we really don't the government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we really don't the government is
+an important stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important stakeholder
+uh but probably not so much for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but probably not so much for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but probably not so much for our
+classroom environment here but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom environment here but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom environment here but there
+isn't an arm yeah oh whoever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an arm yeah oh whoever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an arm yeah oh whoever is
+regulating we got management it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating we got management it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating we got management it's called
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+cfo or cmo or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cfo or cmo or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cfo or cmo or whatever it is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you've got somebody you're reporting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got somebody you're reporting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got somebody you're reporting to
+they keep imposing new things on you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep imposing new things on you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep imposing new things on you and
+saying you can't do this you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do this you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do this you can't do
+that you got the payers as well payers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got the payers as well payers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got the payers as well payers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we haven't actually collected any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't actually collected any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't actually collected any money
+from them yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them yet
+okay this is a pretty good group now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a pretty good group now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a pretty good group now
+so let's just stay with that group but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just stay with that group but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just stay with that group but
+you can imagine a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a more complex
+enterprise you're going to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you're going to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you're going to have more
+people you'll have regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have
+partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+my hospital for example can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hospital for example can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hospital for example can't do
+a number of procedures it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of procedures it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of procedures it's a small
+hospital so partners with swedish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so partners with swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so partners with swedish
+hospital in seattle and harrison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in seattle and harrison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in seattle and harrison
+hospital in bremerton these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in bremerton these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in bremerton these are
+important stakeholders ems systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stakeholders ems systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stakeholders ems systems you
+know they're all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're all sorts of
+other partners now we had this slide up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partners now we had this slide up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partners now we had this slide up
+yesterday too but each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday too but each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday too but each of these
+stakeholders expects some value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders expects some value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders expects some value from
+from your enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your enterprise
+so let's just think what value do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just think what value do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just think what value do
+patients expect from your clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've been
+we've been remember we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been remember we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been remember we've been doing
+that management's asked you every so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management's asked you every so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management's asked you every so
+often you know did did some patient get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know did did some patient get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know did did some patient get
+treated incorrectly you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated incorrectly you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated incorrectly you know that's a
+concern they track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern they track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern they track that
+affordability affordability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability affordability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability affordability okay
+luckily we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we
+you know maybe we should uh introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe we should uh introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe we should uh introduce a
+pay for service pay for performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for service pay for performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for service pay for performance
+option in this simulation we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in this simulation we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in this simulation we haven't
+done that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that yet
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access yep access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they want to get treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to get treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to get treated
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's a metric we've been tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metric we've been tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metric we've been tracking
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+safety safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety safety
+yeah it's a little bit related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a little bit related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a little bit related to
+quality but we'll pull it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but we'll pull it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but we'll pull it here
+okay how about the suppliers what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about the suppliers what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about the suppliers what are
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+and by the way also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way also
+this is a two-way street i mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two-way street i mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two-way street i mean they
+expect value and and you expect value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect value and and you expect value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect value and and you expect value
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+suppliers what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers what are some of the
+value considerations that come in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value considerations that come in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value considerations that come in with
+suppliers accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers accuracy
+have you got the proper order accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got the proper order accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got the proper order accuracy
+accuracy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+timeliness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost what do you expect from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what do you expect from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what do you expect from your
+suppliers you know what value do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you know what value do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you know what value do you
+expect to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in both ways i guess that they rely on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both ways i guess that they rely on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both ways i guess that they rely on a
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+stream of orders okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of orders okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of orders okay
+and you rely on them delivering it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rely on them delivering it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rely on them delivering it when
+you need it yeah i mean they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it yeah i mean they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it yeah i mean they don't want
+you to go to your their competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to your their competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to your their competitors
+are you guys happy with your suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally you know if you had a great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know if you had a great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know if you had a great uh
+zero to ten how would you rate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to ten how would you rate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to ten how would you rate your
+supply your supplier zero to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply your supplier zero to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply your supplier zero to ten
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our supplier just joined us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our supplier just joined us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our supplier just joined us okay
+okay what value do the staff expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what do you want to get out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you want to get out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you want to get out of your
+clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic
+not feeling overloaded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feeling overloaded okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feeling overloaded okay
+you want to acceptable workload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value-added work all you added work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value-added work all you added work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value-added work all you added work okay
+do you feel like you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel like you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel like you're doing
+value-added work now yes yes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value-added work now yes yes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value-added work now yes yes good
+thinking back to the exercise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back to the exercise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back to the exercise in the
+people module yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people module yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people module yesterday
+about some of the things you value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things you value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things you value as
+employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees
+you're the staff what are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the staff what are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the staff what are things that
+come to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i noticed most of the clinics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed most of the clinics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed most of the clinics are
+working overtime is that something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working overtime is that something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working overtime is that something you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah salary was important too wasn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah salary was important too wasn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah salary was important too wasn't it
+communication communication okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication communication okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication communication okay
+in my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my uh
+i'll show you a little later on a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a little later on a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a little later on a slide
+but my local hospital um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my local hospital um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my local hospital um
+what the staff picked is their measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the staff picked is their measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the staff picked is their measure
+their surrogate metric they track for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surrogate metric they track for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surrogate metric they track for
+their satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their satisfaction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+finishing work on time and not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing work on time and not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing work on time and not taking
+anything home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything home
+that was the one metric they track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the one metric they track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the one metric they track and
+they track they track that myth safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they track they track that myth safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they track they track that myth safety
+is another safety yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh teamwork teamwork gotcha yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh teamwork teamwork gotcha yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh teamwork teamwork gotcha yeah okay
+okay so there's a long list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's not spend too much more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not spend too much more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not spend too much more time
+on this let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this let's uh
+let me just skip these two because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just skip these two because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just skip these two because they
+aren't really too much players in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really too much players in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really too much players in our
+system but what about our management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what about our management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what about our management
+what are they looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance we got some metrics up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we got some metrics up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we got some metrics up here
+they're tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tracking
+we know they're tracking performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're measuring it in terms of patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring it in terms of patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring it in terms of patient
+served we're looking at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served we're looking at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served we're looking at at
+error safety basically or errors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error safety basically or errors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error safety basically or errors like
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+reliability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability okay
+a legal liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they don't want to hear from angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they don't want to hear from angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they don't want to hear from angry
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+luckily our patients aren't talking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+patient satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient satisfaction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well i just wanted to kind of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well i just wanted to kind of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well i just wanted to kind of make
+we want to bring some of these out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to bring some of these out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to bring some of these out and
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+kind of start addressing them so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start addressing them so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start addressing them so let's
+move on i'm going to skip the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on i'm going to skip the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on i'm going to skip the next slide
+which is our discussion slide which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our discussion slide which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our discussion slide which we
+just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did
+okay i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to
+put this up here but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up here but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up here but we're not going to
+spend much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on
+ideal state now because we're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal state now because we're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal state now because we're a little
+behind schedule but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind schedule but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind schedule but
+you know we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have we have
+a a value stream we've been we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a value stream we've been we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a value stream we've been we have an
+improved value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved value stream
+and we've talked before about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked before about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked before about
+thinking of the ideal state value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the ideal state value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the ideal state value stream
+and this is a nice quote that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a nice quote that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a nice quote that comes from
+sue's partner cindy jimerson whose book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue's partner cindy jimerson whose book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue's partner cindy jimerson whose book
+i recommend to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i recommend to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i recommend to you
+that this is what the ideal state would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what the ideal state would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what the ideal state would
+be giving the customers exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving the customers exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving the customers exactly what
+they want when they want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want when they want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want when they want it
+is a core principle of an ideal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core principle of an ideal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core principle of an ideal state
+okay well we we have our customers our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we we have our customers our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we we have our customers our
+main customers are patient so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main customers are patient so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main customers are patient so this is
+what we would really like to do for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would really like to do for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would really like to do for our
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+so as you observe work in progress note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you observe work in progress note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you observe work in progress note
+the delays and care created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delays and care created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delays and care created by
+caregivers waiting for the necessities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caregivers waiting for the necessities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caregivers waiting for the necessities
+from their suppliers now we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their suppliers now we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their suppliers now we don't have a
+lot of suppliers here but we have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of suppliers here but we have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of suppliers here but we have had to
+wait from them but that kind of delay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait from them but that kind of delay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait from them but that kind of delay is
+just passed on okay so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passed on okay so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passed on okay so this is another
+reason if you want to optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason if you want to optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason if you want to optimize the
+performance of your clinic or improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of your clinic or improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of your clinic or improve it
+you're probably going to have to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably going to have to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably going to have to include
+your suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common
+i'm going to skip over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's just some sort of framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just some sort of framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just some sort of framing
+discussion for what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for what we're going to do
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh management's told me and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh management's told me and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh management's told me and the reason
+they had me come today to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had me come today to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had me come today to do some
+training because management told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because management told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because management told me that
+they're going to be some disruptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be some disruptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be some disruptions
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+soon from the enterprise from these cxos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon from the enterprise from these cxos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon from the enterprise from these cxos
+okay and they wanted me to get you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they wanted me to get you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they wanted me to get you ready
+for handling those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for handling those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for handling those
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this is going to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to involve
+working across clinics to to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working across clinics to to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working across clinics to to handle
+these disruptions by the way in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disruptions by the way in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disruptions by the way in terms of
+access we have a problem with access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access we have a problem with access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access we have a problem with access
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some patients aren't being treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients aren't being treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients aren't being treated
+okay we don't have the right diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't have the right diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't have the right diagnostic
+equipment so we're sending them home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so we're sending them home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so we're sending them home
+untreated and the management's not happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated and the management's not happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated and the management's not happy
+about that the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the patients are
+unhappy about that so how do we how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy about that so how do we how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy about that so how do we how do
+we go about working across clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about working across clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about working across clinics
+okay a good way to do something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a good way to do something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a good way to do something called a
+rapid process improvement workshop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement workshop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement workshop and
+what is that well that's a focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that well that's a focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that well that's a focus on a
+specific improvement opportunity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific improvement opportunity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific improvement opportunity as
+we're going to have coming up here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have coming up here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have coming up here in a
+minute it's a it's an event that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's a it's an event that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's a it's an event that's
+chartered by a sponsor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chartered by a sponsor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chartered by a sponsor
+in the organization one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the organization one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the organization one of the
+managements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managements
+uh who sets the goals that what has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who sets the goals that what has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who sets the goals that what has to
+be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+and the constraints and provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the constraints and provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the constraints and provides the
+resources and the resources are we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and the resources are we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and the resources are we'll
+get to those minute but they're mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to those minute but they're mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to those minute but they're mainly
+people they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they provide
+coaches and facilitators to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches and facilitators to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches and facilitators to help you
+a rapid process improvement workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rapid process improvement workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rapid process improvement workshop
+never goes over a week most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never goes over a week most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never goes over a week most of them are
+a week long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week long
+sometimes they're but sometimes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're but sometimes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're but sometimes they're
+less if it's a less complex problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if it's a less complex problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if it's a less complex problem but
+it takes several months of planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes several months of planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes several months of planning to
+get ready for this and what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for this and what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for this and what it does is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it brings together for the week all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings together for the week all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings together for the week all the
+people who need to interact to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who need to interact to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who need to interact to address
+this improvement opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this improvement opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this improvement opportunity
+and the the opposite of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the opposite of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the opposite of that
+is that these people the the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these people the the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these people the the contrast
+would be that that these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that that these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that that these people are
+mainly doing their day jobs wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly doing their day jobs wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly doing their day jobs wherever
+they are and you're trying to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and you're trying to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and you're trying to do this
+improvement opportunity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement opportunity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement opportunity over
+you know a distributed group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a distributed group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a distributed group of people
+and time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and space
+and what might take six months to a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might take six months to a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might take six months to a year
+just to coordinate you get done in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to coordinate you get done in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to coordinate you get done in one
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+okay but in that week that's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in that week that's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in that week that's all these
+people do they're released from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do they're released from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do they're released from all
+their other activities and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other activities and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other activities and they
+participate in this and this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this and this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this and this is the kind
+of thing that that sue does you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that that sue does you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that that sue does you i
+presume you run these don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume you run these don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume you run these don't you
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+okay so involves all the stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so involves all the stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so involves all the stakeholders
+it's a very data-driven process we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very data-driven process we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very data-driven process we've
+been trying to emphasize you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to emphasize you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to emphasize you work with
+data you get the value stream data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you get the value stream data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you get the value stream data
+the week ends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week ends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week ends with
+uh actually a beginning of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually a beginning of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually a beginning of an
+implementation and a plan for final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and a plan for final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and a plan for final
+implementation and so this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and so this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and so this is how you
+you get a whole enterprise together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a whole enterprise together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a whole enterprise together by
+getting the right people this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right people this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right people this is an
+example of one i've drawn these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one i've drawn these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of one i've drawn these slides
+from where i sat through with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we actually implement but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we actually implement but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we actually implement but we
+implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement
+but it may take there may be additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may take there may be additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may take there may be additional
+training and other things that need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and other things that need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and other things that need to
+be done and we'll show you that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and we'll show you that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and we'll show you that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+here's diagrammatically what that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's diagrammatically what that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's diagrammatically what that is so
+we have a rapid process improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a rapid process improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a rapid process improvement
+workshop that's going to be three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop that's going to be three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop that's going to be three to
+five days say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five days say
+and it starts by understanding what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts by understanding what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts by understanding what is
+important to improve in the enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to improve in the enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to improve in the enterprise
+and there's always more to improve than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always more to improve than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always more to improve than
+resources so you do some kind of pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so you do some kind of pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so you do some kind of pareto
+chart we've done that informally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we've done that informally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we've done that informally with
+with this kind of thing we had which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of thing we had which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of thing we had which
+which was what were the big bottlenecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what were the big bottlenecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what were the big bottlenecks
+you had to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to address
+so you pick some target you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you pick some target you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you pick some target you make a
+strategic choice on what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic choice on what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic choice on what you're going to
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+and then you may take three months or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you may take three months or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you may take three months or so
+to get ready you have to go out and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get ready you have to go out and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get ready you have to go out and get
+the data you have to figure out who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have to figure out who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have to figure out who are
+the right stakeholders you have to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right stakeholders you have to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right stakeholders you have to plan
+it so stakeholders can be available this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so stakeholders can be available this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so stakeholders can be available this
+you're going to pour a lot of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pour a lot of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pour a lot of resources
+in for one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for one week
+but you'll probably pour a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll probably pour a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll probably pour a lot less
+resources than if you try to stretch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than if you try to stretch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than if you try to stretch it
+over six months to a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six months to a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six months to a year
+and the agreement has to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agreement has to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agreement has to be that the
+stakeholders do not leave the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders do not leave the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders do not leave the room
+turn off cell phones and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off cell phones and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off cell phones and they're
+cloistered for the whole time yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloistered for the whole time yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloistered for the whole time yeah and
+they don't arrive late and they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't arrive late and they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't arrive late and they don't go
+back to some other meeting that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some other meeting that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some other meeting that's it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know that's why you need this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why you need this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why you need this top
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+support okay then the that group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay then the that group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support okay then the that group is
+given a charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a charter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're given the resources they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're given the resources they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and the data they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and the data they need
+and that's a really intense week have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really intense week have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really intense week have
+anybody participated in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody participated in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody participated in one of these
+rapid process improvement workshops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement workshops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement workshops
+sue sue and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue sue and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue sue and i
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+these these are you think this courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are you think this courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are you think this courses
+may be intense these are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be intense these are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be intense these are much more
+intense than that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense than that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense than that okay
+and uh but the outcomes are great so out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but the outcomes are great so out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but the outcomes are great so out
+of that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes
+your future state and implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future state and implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future state and implementation
+plan and as who said actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and as who said actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and as who said actually
+you do actually do the prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do actually do the prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do actually do the prototype
+implementation in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation in place
+sometimes you can't do the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do the final
+implementation and then you track it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and then you track it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and then you track it
+and make sure that it's performing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that it's performing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that it's performing the
+way you think and oftentimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think and oftentimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think and oftentimes you
+misjudged you made a mistake somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misjudged you made a mistake somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misjudged you made a mistake somewhere
+training is a typical one you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is a typical one you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is a typical one you didn't get
+people trained properly or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trained properly or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trained properly or something
+like that and so you may have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you may have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you may have to do some
+follow-up action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up action
+and then you you know you feed that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you know you feed that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you know you feed that back
+in and do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and do the next
+rapid process improvement event who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement event who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid process improvement event who are
+these stakeholders well you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stakeholders well you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stakeholders well you want to have
+the people actually doing the work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people actually doing the work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people actually doing the work in
+this case that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you want to have some facilitators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have some facilitators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have some facilitators and
+coaches that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches that's
+beau and me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beau and me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beau and me and
+you might think of hugh as our sponsor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of hugh as our sponsor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of hugh as our sponsor
+if we were doing something where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were doing something where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were doing something where we
+suppose we're going to implement some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're going to implement some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're going to implement some
+new protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new protocol
+well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+need people from the training department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need people from the training department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need people from the training department
+to come i mean we may need some i.t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come i mean we may need some i.t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come i mean we may need some i.t
+people to write some software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to write some software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to write some software
+uh if we're doing something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we're doing something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we're doing something more
+physical we might have facilities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical we might have facilities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical we might have facilities on
+board they just saw down the walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they just saw down the walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they just saw down the walls and
+move them you know right during the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them you know right during the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them you know right during the week
+i mean this is really action oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is really action oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is really action oriented
+okay so you may need some support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may need some support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may need some support
+facilities and you want somebody up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and you want somebody up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and you want somebody up up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+at the ceo level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ceo level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ceo level
+uh who's championed it and here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who's championed it and here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who's championed it and here's what
+takes place during the week so day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place during the week so day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place during the week so day one
+this is for a five day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a five day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a five day
+you come together you do some team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come together you do some team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come together you do some team
+building make sure you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building make sure you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building make sure you're all
+being able to work with each other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to work with each other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to work with each other you
+go go to the gemba and actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to the gemba and actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to the gemba and actually see
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+make sure you understand what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand what the real
+problem is you'll probably come in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you'll probably come in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you'll probably come in with
+a current state map already done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current state map already done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current state map already done because
+that takes some time and you do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes some time and you do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes some time and you do a lot of
+brainstorming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming
+how are we going to address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to address this
+improvement opportunity that's given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement opportunity that's given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement opportunity that's given to
+us in our charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in our charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in our charter
+so day one is really getting started day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so day one is really getting started day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so day one is really getting started day
+two go home and sleep out you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two go home and sleep out you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two go home and sleep out you come back
+on day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two
+and you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say okay
+from our brainstorming we think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our brainstorming we think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our brainstorming we think this is
+the way we can we can go here's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can we can go here's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can we can go here's going to
+be our draft future state map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our draft future state map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our draft future state map
+and strategy and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategy and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategy and you have
+senior management come in the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior management come in the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior management come in the afternoon
+of day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day two
+and say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say this is
+here's where we're at and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we're at and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we're at and this is the
+direction we want to go do we have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we want to go do we have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we want to go do we have your
+approval let me give you the example i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval let me give you the example i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval let me give you the example i
+went through in this one which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in this one which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in this one which the
+pictures are taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are taken from
+this was a how do we treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a how do we treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a how do we treat
+uh stemi cases in our hospital and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stemi cases in our hospital and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stemi cases in our hospital and our
+hospital can't do a catheter it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital can't do a catheter it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital can't do a catheter it doesn't
+have a catheter lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a catheter lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a catheter lab
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and the treatment time was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatment time was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatment time was like
+from a presentation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a presentation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a presentation to
+when they were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were getting
+finally sent down to bremerton treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sent down to bremerton treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sent down to bremerton treated
+was i've forgotten something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i've forgotten something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i've forgotten something like
+several hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes
+70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s
+st elevators segment elevation it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st elevators segment elevation it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st elevators segment elevation it's like
+it's a it's higher check it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's higher check it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's higher check it's a it's a
+blockage in the article there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockage in the article there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockage in the article there's a
+certain pattern that shows up on ekg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pattern that shows up on ekg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pattern that shows up on ekg
+this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+okay so uh we gathered on day one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we gathered on day one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we gathered on day one and we
+immediately found out on day one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately found out on day one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately found out on day one we
+couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't
+we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+there was a constraint that was so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a constraint that was so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a constraint that was so great
+we couldn't solve the problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't solve the problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't solve the problem and that
+was we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we simply
+physically couldn't get the patient from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically couldn't get the patient from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically couldn't get the patient from
+my town to bremerton within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my town to bremerton within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my town to bremerton within the
+90-minute window that you use for stemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90-minute window that you use for stemi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90-minute window that you use for stemi
+treatment and so actually we were stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and so actually we were stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and so actually we were stuck
+and then what happened we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happened we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happened we got the
+cardiologist on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist on the phone
+and i said we're stuck and he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said we're stuck and he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said we're stuck and he said well
+if you're stuck on that the next best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're stuck on that the next best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're stuck on that the next best
+thing is to get them the thrombolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to get them the thrombolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to get them the thrombolytic
+drugs as quickly as possible and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs as quickly as possible and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs as quickly as possible and then
+get them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to the
+to bremerton so so we came up with plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bremerton so so we came up with plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bremerton so so we came up with plan
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+plan b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan b
+put together that monday day this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together that monday day this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together that monday day this all
+happened monday morning monday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened monday morning monday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened monday morning monday afternoon
+was that and was to focus on the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that and was to focus on the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that and was to focus on the patient
+and the patient was the organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organize everybody organized around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize everybody organized around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize everybody organized around
+focusing on the patient by the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the patient by the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the patient by the way you
+had six organizations involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had six organizations involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had six organizations involved in this
+workshop two hospitals two ems drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop two hospitals two ems drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop two hospitals two ems drivers
+and two cardiologist groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cardiologist groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cardiologist groups
+and decision was the best we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision was the best we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision was the best we can do is
+give the patient the thrombolytic drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the patient the thrombolytic drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the patient the thrombolytic drugs
+in the ems vehicle on the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ems vehicle on the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ems vehicle on the way to
+bremerton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremerton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremerton
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and basically we put the hospital where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we put the hospital where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we put the hospital where
+the patient was is what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was is what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was is what we did
+and the big hang up was who pays for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big hang up was who pays for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big hang up was who pays for the
+thrombolytic drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrombolytic drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrombolytic drug
+because it's three thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's three thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's three thousand dollars
+they've never gone to the hospital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never gone to the hospital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never gone to the hospital so
+the hospital can't be billed for it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital can't be billed for it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital can't be billed for it the
+ems company can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ems company can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ems company can't
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+has no authority to bill for drugs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no authority to bill for drugs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no authority to bill for drugs they
+couldn't build for transportation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't build for transportation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't build for transportation so we
+had a solution but a complete blockage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a solution but a complete blockage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a solution but a complete blockage
+we brought in senior management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought in senior management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought in senior management
+and the ceo right there vic dirksen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ceo right there vic dirksen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ceo right there vic dirksen
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+this is the right solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right solution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right solution for the
+patient do it we'll figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient do it we'll figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient do it we'll figure out how to
+pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it
+okay and that's we really needed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's we really needed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's we really needed that
+without that commitment that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that commitment that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that commitment that he would
+pay for the drug that happened here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the drug that happened here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the drug that happened here then
+we put together the team put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together the team put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together the team put together
+the new protocols here's the mock-up kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new protocols here's the mock-up kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new protocols here's the mock-up kit
+for the thrombolytic drug that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thrombolytic drug that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thrombolytic drug that's going
+in the ambulance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ambulance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ambulance
+training materials and so on and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training materials and so on and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training materials and so on and by
+friday afternoon we got by and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday afternoon we got by and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday afternoon we got by and for
+everybody we needed to do this and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we needed to do this and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody we needed to do this and by
+friday afternoon the protocol wasn't was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday afternoon the protocol wasn't was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday afternoon the protocol wasn't was
+established but it took about two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established but it took about two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established but it took about two or
+three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months
+to train the medics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train the medics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train the medics and
+you know make sure that the hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure that the hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make sure that the hospitals
+were ready for it and all that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ready for it and all that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ready for it and all that and
+that's now the protocol in my community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now the protocol in my community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now the protocol in my community
+and there's been articles about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been articles about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been articles about how many
+lives it's saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives it's saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives it's saved
+in my community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my community
+okay that never that would have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that never that would have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that never that would have taken
+two years to do by any other way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years to do by any other way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years to do by any other way okay
+okay so that's one way to do it i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way to do it i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way to do it i just
+want to ask how does change takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask how does change takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask how does change takes place
+in your organizations compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizations compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizations compared to this
+you know you're mostly students but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're mostly students but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're mostly students but uh
+any of you how about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you how about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you how about uh
+general i could ask okay go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general i could ask okay go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general i could ask okay go ahead and
+i'll ask jennifer because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask jennifer because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask jennifer because she
+i know in our resident internal medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know in our resident internal medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know in our resident internal medicine
+residency program we're pretty active in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency program we're pretty active in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency program we're pretty active in
+kind of going along with mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going along with mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going along with mean
+thinking maybe not the formal process on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe not the formal process on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe not the formal process on
+how much the interns and residents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the interns and residents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the interns and residents were
+walking at each day and like going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking at each day and like going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking at each day and like going back
+and forth between floors caring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between floors caring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between floors caring for
+patients and then trying to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and then trying to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and then trying to move
+towards a more geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a more geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a more geographic
+system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so
+things like that that affected our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that affected our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that affected our
+workflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow
+so it was kind of doing some some trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was kind of doing some some trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was kind of doing some some trials
+and then coming back and seeing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming back and seeing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming back and seeing it's not
+as focused as this is not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as focused as this is not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as focused as this is not nearly as
+focused but along that line yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused but along that line yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused but along that line yeah yeah
+yeah whatever i'm just going to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever i'm just going to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever i'm just going to say um
+a lot of under-resourced areas the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of under-resourced areas the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of under-resourced areas the way
+it really seems to work in real life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really seems to work in real life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really seems to work in real life is
+that it's based on a grant or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on a grant or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on a grant or a
+regulation or a staff shortage or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or a staff shortage or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or a staff shortage or a
+workaround is how a change happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workaround is how a change happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workaround is how a change happens
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i'm at the medical school and we i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm at the medical school and we i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm at the medical school and we i
+teach a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a course
+with first and second year medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first and second year medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first and second year medical
+students and that course is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that course is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and that course is constantly
+evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving
+so they they do a lot of real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they do a lot of real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they do a lot of real time
+changing based on feedback but i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing based on feedback but i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing based on feedback but i'm not
+so sure that that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sure that that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sure that that's always
+maybe a little bit too rapid with not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit too rapid with not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit too rapid with not
+enough in like enough real evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in like enough real evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in like enough real evaluation of
+what's going on but this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but this is still a
+fairly small group or is this i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small group or is this i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small group or is this i mean
+the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is
+well there's about 100 students in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's about 100 students in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's about 100 students in a
+class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the class manages both first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class manages both first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class manages both first and
+second year class so about 200 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year class so about 200 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year class so about 200 students
+total are managed in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total are managed in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total are managed in the class
+and then when there are other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when there are other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when there are other problems
+that need to be changed it does take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be changed it does take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be changed it does take a
+long time to actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to actually change the
+facilitator's manual to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator's manual to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator's manual to actually
+you know institutionalize some changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know institutionalize some changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know institutionalize some changes
+so in some ways some of the changes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways some of the changes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways some of the changes take
+place in rapid fashion based on student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in rapid fashion based on student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in rapid fashion based on student
+input and then some of them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and then some of them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and then some of them actually
+because the process has to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the process has to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the process has to go through
+the dean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean and
+whatnot it actually doesn't get done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot it actually doesn't get done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot it actually doesn't get done and
+each one it sometimes just dies it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one it sometimes just dies it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one it sometimes just dies it just
+dies there's a lot of talk and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies there's a lot of talk and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies there's a lot of talk and then it
+kind of fizzles yeah a lot and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fizzles yeah a lot and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fizzles yeah a lot and i don't
+even think in residency there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think in residency there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think in residency there's like a
+lot of you know ideas that come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you know ideas that come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you know ideas that come out and
+then they kind of just fizzle away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they kind of just fizzle away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they kind of just fizzle away
+because nobody has the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody has the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody has the real
+time to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to actually
+dedicate to seeing the process through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate to seeing the process through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate to seeing the process through
+yeah so you can't do this for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can't do this for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can't do this for everything
+because this takes a real focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this takes a real focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this takes a real focused
+application of resources so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of resources so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of resources so you have to
+do it for the most important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the most important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the most important things
+dartmouth has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth has a really
+complex and wonderful quality department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and wonderful quality department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and wonderful quality department
+yes at the tdi that can handle a tdi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes at the tdi that can handle a tdi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes at the tdi that can handle a tdi
+that can handle a lot of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can handle a lot of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can handle a lot of these kinds of
+things if you go to them and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you go to them and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you go to them and with a
+proposal and they can put a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and they can put a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and they can put a team
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+yeah yeah so i'm speaking specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so i'm speaking specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so i'm speaking specifically
+about at the medical school i'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the medical school i'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the medical school i'm working
+with at the hospital yeah the tbi works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at the hospital yeah the tbi works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at the hospital yeah the tbi works
+closely with dartmouth his and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with dartmouth his and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with dartmouth his and
+they do a lot of some lean and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of some lean and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of some lean and some
+other you would know more but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you would know more but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you would know more but they they
+incorporate a lot of continuous quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate a lot of continuous quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate a lot of continuous quality
+improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+that are needed for many years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are needed for many years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are needed for many years before
+they called me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called me
+we had an interesting thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an interesting thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an interesting thing and
+i keep drawing on my health care system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep drawing on my health care system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep drawing on my health care system
+because it's my base of first-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's my base of first-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's my base of first-hand
+knowledge but we had an urgent care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but we had an urgent care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but we had an urgent care
+clinic and a regular clinic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and a regular clinic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and a regular clinic in the
+system and for financial reasons it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and for financial reasons it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and for financial reasons it was
+decided to co-locate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to co-locate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to co-locate them
+and physically move them and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically move them and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically move them and that they
+would share examination rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share examination rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share examination rooms
+and these are two groups which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are two groups which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are two groups which should
+never work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never work together
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very
+the groups were not happy about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups were not happy about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups were not happy about this
+this new look this new move so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new look this new move so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new look this new move so that we
+had they had a three-day rapid process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they had a three-day rapid process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they had a three-day rapid process
+improvement workshop and i was fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop and i was fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement workshop and i was fortunate
+to go to the the final report out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the the final report out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the the final report out on the
+third day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third day
+and the the nurse from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the nurse from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the nurse from the
+the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic
+started by saying sunday night the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by saying sunday night the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by saying sunday night the the
+thing started monday and finished on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing started monday and finished on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing started monday and finished on
+wednesday said sunday and i didn't sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday said sunday and i didn't sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday said sunday and i didn't sleep
+so i came into this monday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i came into this monday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i came into this monday morning
+just knowing this wasn't going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knowing this wasn't going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knowing this wasn't going to work
+that the whole thing was just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole thing was just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole thing was just going to
+break down we wouldn't be able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down we wouldn't be able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down we wouldn't be able to work
+together and that you know there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that you know there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that you know there was no
+way we could share examination rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could share examination rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could share examination rooms
+and you know she came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she came in
+uh totally convinced this wouldn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh totally convinced this wouldn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh totally convinced this wouldn't work
+by wednesday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wednesday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wednesday afternoon
+she and the staff in the urgent care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and the staff in the urgent care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and the staff in the urgent care
+clinic were the best of friends they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic were the best of friends they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic were the best of friends they had
+worked through all their issues she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through all their issues she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through all their issues she said
+this is just remarkable now can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just remarkable now can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just remarkable now can you
+imagine how long it would have taken for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how long it would have taken for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how long it would have taken for
+that to happen if they didn't get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen if they didn't get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen if they didn't get this
+intense environment with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense environment with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense environment with the
+facilitators and the objective you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitators and the objective you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitators and the objective you know
+it probably would have died or either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably would have died or either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably would have died or either
+that would have been dictated by the ceo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been dictated by the ceo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been dictated by the ceo
+we're going to do in which case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in which case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in which case they
+would have not had any ownership in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have not had any ownership in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have not had any ownership in it
+you know and it would have always been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it would have always been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it would have always been a
+burr under the saddle so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burr under the saddle so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burr under the saddle so it's really
+amazing how these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how these things work
+i think the times that i've really seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the times that i've really seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the times that i've really seen
+change work in our department is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change work in our department is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change work in our department is when
+unfortunately it's mandated because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's mandated because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's mandated because we
+have a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people who
+come with particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with particular
+interests and established relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and established relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and established relationships
+people who have decided not to get along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have decided not to get along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have decided not to get along
+people have decided that they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have decided that they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have decided that they don't want
+to collaborate who just created their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate who just created their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate who just created their
+own separate worlds that spin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own separate worlds that spin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own separate worlds that spin in
+parallel with lots of duplication and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with lots of duplication and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with lots of duplication and it
+really wasn't until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't until
+the chairman of the department was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of the department was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of the department was
+sitting at a table in the meeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a table in the meeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a table in the meeting that
+was called and basically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called and basically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called and basically said
+this division of labor is unacceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this division of labor is unacceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this division of labor is unacceptable
+if you all have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all have to change
+that change actually happened and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change actually happened and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change actually happened and then
+once that mandate was there people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that mandate was there people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that mandate was there people
+decided that they were going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they were going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they were going to try to
+get along but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along but
+unfortunately the top down the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the top down the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the top down the bottom-up
+approach didn't work it had to be a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach didn't work it had to be a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach didn't work it had to be a top
+down but you're lucky you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but you're lucky you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but you're lucky you're an
+organization where the people eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization where the people eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization where the people eventually
+decided to get along because there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get along because there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get along because there are a
+lot of organizations where people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of organizations where people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of organizations where people say
+well just wait till that guy moves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just wait till that guy moves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just wait till that guy moves on
+okay you know there really is no bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know there really is no bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know there really is no bonding
+so you're very fortunate on that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're very fortunate on that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're very fortunate on that yeah
+okay so anyway this is a proven way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway this is a proven way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway this is a proven way
+to implement change you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement change you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement change you know where you
+got multiple stakeholders involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got multiple stakeholders involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got multiple stakeholders involved but
+it's you got to do it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you got to do it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you got to do it right and
+and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh
+you know a lot of dynamics going on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of dynamics going on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of dynamics going on this
+week that that you have to have somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that that you have to have somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that that you have to have somebody
+kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+skilled to see okay so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled to see okay so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled to see okay so what we're going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+is we're we're going to do a mock rpiw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're we're going to do a mock rpiw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're we're going to do a mock rpiw
+for your next change we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your next change we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your next change we're going to do
+this kind of five day in about an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of five day in about an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of five day in about an hour
+and a half okay but we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half okay but we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half okay but we're going to get
+to the point where you're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you're actually going
+to implement your your your new system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement your your your new system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement your your your new system
+work you'll see in a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you'll see in a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you'll see in a minute what
+management's going to tell you to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management's going to tell you to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management's going to tell you to do but
+we're going to kind of do it like a mock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do it like a mock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do it like a mock
+rpiw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpiw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpiw
+the other thing we're going to do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we're going to do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we're going to do which
+is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not
+as much of an enterprise thing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of an enterprise thing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of an enterprise thing is we're
+going to implement a daily management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement a daily management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement a daily management
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+now a daily management system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a daily management system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a daily management system is a
+approach where in this case one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where in this case one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where in this case one of our
+clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+7 55 each morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 55 each morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 55 each morning
+the entire clinic staff meets for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire clinic staff meets for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire clinic staff meets for five
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+okay and they go over the the status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go over the the status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go over the the status of
+the clinic and what's coming up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic and what's coming up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic and what's coming up for the
+day they have a board prepared this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they have a board prepared this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they have a board prepared this is
+prepared by the clinic administrator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared by the clinic administrator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared by the clinic administrator so
+you know it would be like the scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would be like the scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would be like the scheduling
+person here's the previous days just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here's the previous days just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here's the previous days just
+like in the new balance chart basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the new balance chart basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the new balance chart basically
+the new balance the previous days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new balance the previous days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new balance the previous days
+by by provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by provider
+you know how many people they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many people they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many people they were
+expected to see how many they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to see how many they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to see how many they actually
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+uh all the way down and this part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the way down and this part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the way down and this part is the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+upcoming day how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming day how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming day how many people are
+scheduled how many open spots there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled how many open spots there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled how many open spots there are
+this is feedback from the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is feedback from the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is feedback from the patients
+this is feedback from the work workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is feedback from the work workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is feedback from the work workforce
+staff i mentioned they track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff i mentioned they track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff i mentioned they track
+did everybody go home on time with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody go home on time with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody go home on time with no
+work to do if not why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do if not why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do if not why
+there's some quality metrics they track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some quality metrics they track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some quality metrics they track
+so the clinic administrator gets us all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the clinic administrator gets us all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the clinic administrator gets us all
+prepared there's a stop watch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared there's a stop watch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared there's a stop watch here
+somewhere at 7 55 she punches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere at 7 55 she punches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere at 7 55 she punches the
+stopwatch the meeting starts at 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch the meeting starts at 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch the meeting starts at 8
+o'clock it goes off and the meeting's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock it goes off and the meeting's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock it goes off and the meeting's
+over okay it's not really a meeting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay it's not really a meeting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay it's not really a meeting it's
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+i've heard it yeah and here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've heard it yeah and here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've heard it yeah and here here's the
+staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+this gets everybody aligned for the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets everybody aligned for the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets everybody aligned for the day
+and many times will come out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many times will come out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many times will come out as
+find out well you know we got a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out well you know we got a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out well you know we got a patient
+coming in we don't have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in we don't have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in we don't have all the
+paperwork ready or something you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork ready or something you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork ready or something you know so
+they get on top of that right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on top of that right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on top of that right away
+uh get that get that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get that get that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get that get that done
+so we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to uh
+i believe am i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe am i right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe am i right
+ceo we're going to try to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceo we're going to try to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceo we're going to try to implement
+daily management system here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily management system here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily management system here too
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so right now the clinic right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now the clinic right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now the clinic right now the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+people in the clinic don't see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the clinic don't see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the clinic don't see what's
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+only the scheduler knows what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the scheduler knows what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the scheduler knows what's coming
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we didn't know we had three gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't know we had three gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't know we had three gray
+bodies coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies coming in
+okay okay we're going to get that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay we're going to get that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay we're going to get that up
+where it's very visible you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very visible you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very visible you know
+visually available to everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually available to everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually available to everybody in the
+clinic and you can track it in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and you can track it in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and you can track it in real time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the wrap up is that optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrap up is that optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrap up is that optimizing
+lean at the local level is a good place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean at the local level is a good place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean at the local level is a good place
+to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you can only get so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only get so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only get so far
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the biggest problem we have right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest problem we have right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest problem we have right now is
+that some of your patients aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your patients aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your patients aren't
+getting treated and there's nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting treated and there's nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting treated and there's nothing you
+can do about it okay so we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about it okay so we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do about it okay so we need to solve
+that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and i think they're going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they're going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they're going to be some
+other disruptions that management's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other disruptions that management's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other disruptions that management's
+thinking about we have to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ustfXi-mpkI.txt b/ustfXi-mpkI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30eff9e3ec7c4a807715b8287413122872cecd06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ustfXi-mpkI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6120 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+let's try the count down again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try the count down again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try the count down again you can
+just give it to them from now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give it to them from now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give it to them from now we'll
+figure it out later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like to ask people to explain now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to ask people to explain now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to ask people to explain now that
+they know that the what the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that the what the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that the what the right answer
+is if someone will explain why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if someone will explain why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if someone will explain why that is
+the right answer and I know it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and I know it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and I know it's a big
+class and people sometimes get nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and people sometimes get nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and people sometimes get nervous
+about talking so I bribe people so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about talking so I bribe people so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about talking so I bribe people so today
+the person who answers why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who answers why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who answers why that is
+correct we'll get an MIT chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we'll get an MIT chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we'll get an MIT chemistry
+t-shirt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right let's see for every if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see for every if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see for every if you think
+five miles of empty you need 15 moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five miles of empty you need 15 moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five miles of empty you need 15 moles of
+hydrogen gas so since there's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas so since there's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas so since there's not enough
+hydrogen gas there's only ten most that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas there's only ten most that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas there's only ten most that
+means the hydrogen gas would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the hydrogen gas would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the hydrogen gas would be the
+limiting reactant since you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reactant since you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reactant since you would need
+roughly 33 point 33 moles of n2 for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 33 point 33 moles of n2 for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 33 point 33 moles of n2 for a
+great and here is an MIT chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and here is an MIT chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and here is an MIT chemistry to
+say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll notice that the prizes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice that the prizes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice that the prizes are
+good in the beginning get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the beginning get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the beginning get worse
+throughout the semester and good again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and good again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and good again
+at the end so keep that in mind okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so keep that in mind okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so keep that in mind okay so
+let's try to get started it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to get started it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to get started it's been a
+little bit of a crazy start if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a crazy start if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a crazy start if people
+are still having clicker problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still having clicker problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still having clicker problems we
+have a couple more clicker questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple more clicker questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple more clicker questions
+that you can try out and we'll get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can try out and we'll get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can try out and we'll get your
+clickers working by the end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers working by the end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers working by the end of class
+today so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the
+topics today we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics today we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics today we're going to be talking
+about the discovery of the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discovery of the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discovery of the electron and
+of the nucleus and I said that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus and I said that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus and I said that there's
+going to be sort of limited amounts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of limited amounts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of limited amounts or
+every time I have a sort of a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I have a sort of a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I have a sort of a lecture
+that has some history I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some history I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some history I'm going to
+counter that with some modern chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that with some modern chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that with some modern chemistry
+so next week we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we're going to have two
+examples of modern uses but today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of modern uses but today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of modern uses but today we're
+going to do a little history and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little history and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little history and I like
+history especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history especially
+when it can lead to a cool demo so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it can lead to a cool demo so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it can lead to a cool demo so you
+might have noticed something demo like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have noticed something demo like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have noticed something demo like
+he-men while we are doing the clickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he-men while we are doing the clickers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he-men while we are doing the clickers
+so that's always good and I also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always good and I also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always good and I also kind of
+like talking about history when I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking about history when I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking about history when I feel
+like it's a great example of a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a great example of a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a great example of a challenge
+that chemists face and really most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemists face and really most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemists face and really most
+scientists face that they used to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists face that they used to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists face that they used to face
+and still currently face which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still currently face which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still currently face which is that
+chemists study small particles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists study small particles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists study small particles they
+study things that are really tiny how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study things that are really tiny how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study things that are really tiny how do
+you study something that's really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study something that's really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study something that's really small
+how do you demonstrate that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you demonstrate that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you demonstrate that something
+that is invisible to the eye actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is invisible to the eye actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is invisible to the eye actually
+exists so this is a common challenge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so this is a common challenge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so this is a common challenge and
+so today I'm going to tell you about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm going to tell you about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm going to tell you about how
+the electron and the nucleus were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the nucleus were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the nucleus were
+discovered at a time a very low-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at a time a very low-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered at a time a very low-tech
+time in our scientific history how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our scientific history how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our scientific history how they
+were able to figure this out and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to figure this out and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to figure this out and and
+sort of set the stage of what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set the stage of what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set the stage of what people
+were thinking around this time and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking around this time and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking around this time and how
+these discoveries really changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discoveries really changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discoveries really changed
+everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so
+in the late 1890s chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1890s chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1890s chemists
+were patting each other on the back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were patting each other on the back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were patting each other on the back and
+physicists too are thinking boy we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists too are thinking boy we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists too are thinking boy we have
+it all figured out we have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all figured out we have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all figured out we have a real
+complete understanding of our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete understanding of our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete understanding of our universe
+we have atomic theory of matter we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have atomic theory of matter we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have atomic theory of matter we have
+Newtonian mechanics this is really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics this is really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics this is really great
+and in fact someone said these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact someone said these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact someone said these words
+which are really dangerous words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really dangerous words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really dangerous words that
+our future discoveries must be looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our future discoveries must be looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our future discoveries must be looked
+for in the 6th decimal place so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the 6th decimal place so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the 6th decimal place so you know
+honestly I think when I started studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I think when I started studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I think when I started studying
+chemistry I kind of thought everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry I kind of thought everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry I kind of thought everything
+about chemistry was probably already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemistry was probably already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemistry was probably already
+known and it was just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and it was just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and it was just sort of
+fine-tuning things I was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tuning things I was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tuning things I was absolutely
+wrong at that time and this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong at that time and this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong at that time and this statement
+was absolutely wrong and really came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely wrong and really came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely wrong and really came
+right before the major discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the major discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the major discovery of the
+electron where they realized they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron where they realized they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron where they realized they hadn't
+really understood anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood anything about the
+atomic theory of matter so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory of matter so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory of matter so more
+experiments are always dangerous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are always dangerous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are always dangerous because
+they can change everything and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can change everything and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can change everything and that's
+why I really like science all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I really like science all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I really like science all right so
+the experiment I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment I'm going to tell you
+today JJ Thompson's discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today JJ Thompson's discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today JJ Thompson's discovery of the
+electron or one of the experiments I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or one of the experiments I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or one of the experiments I'll
+tell you about today and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about today and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about today and this is really
+a pretty simple experiment so JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty simple experiment so JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty simple experiment so JJ
+Thompson was interested in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson was interested in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson was interested in this thing
+called cathode rays he had hydrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cathode rays he had hydrogen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cathode rays he had hydrogen gas
+and he took an evacuated glass cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he took an evacuated glass cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he took an evacuated glass cylinder
+and he put hydrogen gas in it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he put hydrogen gas in it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he put hydrogen gas in it and then
+he applied a current to that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he applied a current to that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he applied a current to that and he
+could see these Rays coming off and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see these Rays coming off and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see these Rays coming off and he
+thought that was pretty cool and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was pretty cool and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was pretty cool and so he
+was wondering about these Rays you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering about these Rays you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering about these Rays you know
+are they made up of of negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they made up of of negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they made up of of negatively
+charged particles positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles positively charged
+particles and they neutral what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they neutral what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they neutral what what are
+these things so we decided to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so we decided to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so we decided to do this
+experiment and he wondered whether if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and he wondered whether if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and he wondered whether if he
+took two plates and and had charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two plates and and had charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two plates and and had charges
+associated with them whether he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them whether he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them whether he would
+see the cathode rays deflected or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cathode rays deflected or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the cathode rays deflected or not
+well first he didn't put apply any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first he didn't put apply any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first he didn't put apply any
+current so it was just neutral just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it was just neutral just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it was just neutral just to
+see if putting these plates in would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if putting these plates in would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if putting these plates in would
+affect anything in any way and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect anything in any way and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect anything in any way and so when
+he did that when there was zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that when there was zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that when there was zero zero
+voltage difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference between these two
+plates he could see the cow Raye hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates he could see the cow Raye hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates he could see the cow Raye hit
+this phosphor screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphor screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphor screen and
+there was no deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no deflection
+all right then he said okay now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then he said okay now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then he said okay now I'm
+gonna charge things up and see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna charge things up and see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna charge things up and see if I can
+see a deflection so he did that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a deflection so he did that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a deflection so he did that and he
+saw the following there was a deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the following there was a deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the following there was a deflection
+and so now the different voltage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the different voltage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the different voltage between
+the plates was greater than zero and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates was greater than zero and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates was greater than zero and now
+he saw the cathode ray was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw the cathode ray was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw the cathode ray was being
+deflected a different distance of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected a different distance of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected a different distance of Delta
+x over here and it was being deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over here and it was being deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over here and it was being deflected
+toward the positive plate so that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the positive plate so that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the positive plate so that said
+to him that the cathode ray contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him that the cathode ray contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him that the cathode ray contain
+negatively charged particles you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particles you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particles you'll
+notice that the word negatively is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the word negatively is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the word negatively is the
+only word on the screen in blue and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only word on the screen in blue and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only word on the screen in blue and if
+you look at your notes you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your notes you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your notes you'll
+see that there's a blank spot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a blank spot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a blank spot just
+pointing out there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out there might be a
+correlation there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation there okay so
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+knew some things also from classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew some things also from classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew some things also from classical
+work that was done on the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was done on the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was done on the time and
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reset my boards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset my boards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset my boards so
+he knew something about what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew something about what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew something about what what it
+meant if there was just deflection so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant if there was just deflection so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant if there was just deflection so we
+had our deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our deflection
+of the negatively charged particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the negatively charged particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the negatively charged particles and
+he knew that that was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that that was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that that was going to be
+proportional to the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge of the
+negatively charged particle and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle and it was
+going to be directly proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be directly proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be directly proportional to
+that and inversely proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and inversely proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and inversely proportional to the
+mass of the negatively charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the negatively charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the negatively charged particle
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it was a pretty big deflection so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a pretty big deflection so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a pretty big deflection so he
+wasn't sure maybe there was a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure maybe there was a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure maybe there was a very big
+charge or maybe there was a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or maybe there was a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or maybe there was a very small
+mass or maybe both so then he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or maybe both so then he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or maybe both so then he wanted to
+see what happened if he really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happened if he really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happened if he really kind of
+got things going and he applied even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got things going and he applied even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got things going and he applied even
+more a voltage difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a voltage difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a voltage difference so
+he did that and when he did that he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that and when he did that he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that and when he did that he saw
+this he saw another deflection but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he saw another deflection but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he saw another deflection but this
+time it was much smaller and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was much smaller and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was much smaller and it was
+toward the negatively charged plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the negatively charged plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the negatively charged plate
+so he realized that in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he realized that in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he realized that in addition to the
+negatively charged particle there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle there was
+also a positively charged particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a positively charged particle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a positively charged particle so
+for that particle then the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the positively charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positively charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positively charged particle
+should also be proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be proportional to the
+charge on the positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the positively charged
+particle and inversely proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and inversely proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and inversely proportional to
+the mass of the positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the positively charged
+particle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but
+there was a big difference in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big difference in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big difference in this
+deflection toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection toward
+the positive plate there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive plate there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive plate there was a big
+deflection but toward the negative plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection but toward the negative plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection but toward the negative plate
+it was pretty small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty small so
+he knew that this deflection was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that this deflection was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that this deflection was much
+bigger than that one and then he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that one and then he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that one and then he thought
+about was that going to be due to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was that going to be due to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was that going to be due to charge
+her mass but he said the charges should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her mass but he said the charges should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her mass but he said the charges should
+be the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same because
+the new it's neutral normally so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new it's neutral normally so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new it's neutral normally so those
+charges must equal each other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges must equal each other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges must equal each other the
+absolute values at least must equal each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values at least must equal each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values at least must equal each
+other so then we can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so then we can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so then we can think about the
+comparison of these deflections so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we take the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the absolute value of the
+deflection of the negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the negatively charged
+particle over the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle over the absolute value of the
+deflection of the positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the positively charged
+particle on the top here we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the top here we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the top here we're gonna
+have the charge of the negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the charge of the negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the charge of the negatively
+charged particle over the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle over the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle over the mass of the
+negatively charged particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle and the
+absolute value of that term over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that term over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that term over the
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+of the positively charged particle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positively charged particle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positively charged particle over
+the mass of the positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the positively charged
+particle but now if you say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but now if you say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but now if you say that the
+charges are equal to each other at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are equal to each other at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are equal to each other at least
+the absolute values of them we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values of them we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values of them we can get
+rid of that term and just see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that term and just see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that term and just see that the
+mask of the positively charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask of the positively charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask of the positively charged particle
+over the negatively charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the negatively charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the negatively charged particle
+remains so if this is going to be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains so if this is going to be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains so if this is going to be big
+and we know it is it's a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it is it's a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it is it's a big difference
+the negatively charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle
+deflected a lot more than the positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected a lot more than the positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected a lot more than the positively
+charged particle that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle that means that the
+difference in masses also has to be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in masses also has to be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in masses also has to be big
+and that that negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that negatively charged
+particle must be a lot smaller in mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle must be a lot smaller in mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle must be a lot smaller in mass
+than the positively charged particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the positively charged particle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the positively charged particle so
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the
+negatively charged particle must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle must be a
+lot smaller than the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller than the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller than the mass of the
+positively charged particle and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged particle and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged particle and actually
+it's about two thousand times smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about two thousand times smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about two thousand times smaller so
+he was able to figure all of this out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to figure all of this out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to figure all of this out by
+just doing this pretty simple experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this pretty simple experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this pretty simple experiment
+so he had now a small negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had now a small negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had now a small negatively
+charged particle and also a positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle and also a positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle and also a positively
+charged particle and later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle and later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle and later the
+negatively charged particle got a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle got a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle got a name
+the negatively charged particle got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negatively charged particle got the
+name of the electron and it's mass was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the electron and it's mass was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the electron and it's mass was
+determined in another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in another interesting
+experiment I won't tell you about and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I won't tell you about and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I won't tell you about and it
+was determined to be really small about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was determined to be really small about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was determined to be really small about
+nine times 10 to the minus 31 kilograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine times 10 to the minus 31 kilograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine times 10 to the minus 31 kilograms
+so through this experiment he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so through this experiment he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so through this experiment he was able
+to figure out that in these cathode rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that in these cathode rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that in these cathode rays
+you had something that was tiny this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had something that was tiny this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had something that was tiny this
+electron and that means that this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that means that this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that means that this idea
+that atoms were the smallest thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atoms were the smallest thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atoms were the smallest thing out
+there was incorrect that's what everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was incorrect that's what everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was incorrect that's what everyone
+believed they're patting themselves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed they're patting themselves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed they're patting themselves on
+the back they had figured it all out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back they had figured it all out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back they had figured it all out but
+there was something smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something smaller than the
+atom there was this electron this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom there was this electron this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom there was this electron this
+negatively charged particle that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged particle that was
+really tiny so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny so
+that's pretty cool it's pretty low-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool it's pretty low-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool it's pretty low-tech
+experiment and figured out something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and figured out something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and figured out something
+that really changed the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really changed the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really changed the way that we
+thought about some about science so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about some about science so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about some about science so what
+about the nucleus so we had the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nucleus so we had the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nucleus so we had the electron
+and we're also had this idea there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also had this idea there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also had this idea there was
+something positively charged going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positively charged going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positively charged going on
+there and of course in that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and of course in that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and of course in that experiment
+that was each plus but what about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was each plus but what about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was each plus but what about what
+about the nucleus so Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nucleus so Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nucleus so Rutherford
+is credited with the discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is credited with the discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is credited with the discovery of the
+nucleus so this was a little later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so this was a little later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so this was a little later and
+and he had been studying radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had been studying radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had been studying radioactive
+material and his good friend Marie Curie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and his good friend Marie Curie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and his good friend Marie Curie
+from France would often send him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from France would often send him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from France would often send him
+interesting samples for him to study I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting samples for him to study I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting samples for him to study I'm
+not sure quite how they got from France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure quite how they got from France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure quite how they got from France
+to England some of these were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to England some of these were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to England some of these were really
+cancer-causing things I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-causing things I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-causing things I don't know how
+many people touch them without safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people touch them without safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people touch them without safety
+precautions on the way but but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions on the way but but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions on the way but but anyway
+it's interesting to note that Redford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note that Redford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note that Redford
+actually did not die of cancer despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did not die of cancer despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did not die of cancer despite
+this research he was literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research he was literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research he was literally the
+victim of his own success so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim of his own success so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim of his own success so
+after his great discovery of the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his great discovery of the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his great discovery of the nucleus
+which I'll tell you about he he was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll tell you about he he was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll tell you about he he was made
+into he was became a knight and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into he was became a knight and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into he was became a knight and at
+one point he became sick and he needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point he became sick and he needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point he became sick and he needed a
+doctor well if you're a knight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor well if you're a knight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor well if you're a knight in
+England you can't just have any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England you can't just have any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England you can't just have any old
+doctor treat you you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor treat you you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor treat you you need to have a
+doctor that is also a knight and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor that is also a knight and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor that is also a knight and so
+while he was waiting for a doctor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was waiting for a doctor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was waiting for a doctor of the
+appropriate ranking to come and treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate ranking to come and treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate ranking to come and treat
+him he died so he literally died of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he died so he literally died of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he died so he literally died of his
+own success he was a victim of his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own success he was a victim of his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own success he was a victim of his own
+success but it wasn't just his success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but it wasn't just his success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but it wasn't just his success
+as I'll tell you about he had some help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll tell you about he had some help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll tell you about he had some help
+he had a really good graduate student a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a really good graduate student a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a really good graduate student a
+really good undergraduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good undergraduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good undergraduate student
+helping him out so he was studying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping him out so he was studying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping him out so he was studying these
+alpha particles that were being emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles that were being emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles that were being emitted
+from this radioactive material and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this radioactive material and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this radioactive material and we
+know now that this is helium plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now that this is helium plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now that this is helium plus two
+ions but that was not known at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions but that was not known at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions but that was not known at the time
+they just knew something was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just knew something was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just knew something was coming
+coming out of this radioactive material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this radioactive material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this radioactive material
+and they want to find out what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to find out what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to find out what what it
+was and characterized the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and characterized the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and characterized the properties of
+this so he had a postdoc named Hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he had a postdoc named Hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he had a postdoc named Hans
+Geiger and this is the Geiger of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger and this is the Geiger of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger and this is the Geiger of the
+Geiger counter and he also had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter and he also had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter and he also had an
+undergraduate student Amar's Dhin and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate student Amar's Dhin and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate student Amar's Dhin and so
+together they did the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they did the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they did the following
+experiment and I wasn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I wasn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I wasn't you know
+obviously there but I'm imagining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there but I'm imagining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there but I'm imagining that
+by they did the following experiment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by they did the following experiment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by they did the following experiment it
+meant the undergraduate and the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the undergraduate and the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the undergraduate and the graduate
+student or maybe even just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or maybe even just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or maybe even just the
+undergraduate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate okay
+so here was the experiment they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here was the experiment they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here was the experiment they had the
+radioactive material alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive material alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive material alpha particles
+were coming off and they had built to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming off and they had built to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming off and they had built to
+detect that would count how many alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that would count how many alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that would count how many alpha
+particles were coming off and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were coming off and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were coming off and so they
+did the experiment and they counted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the experiment and they counted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the experiment and they counted and
+they found there were a lot of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found there were a lot of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found there were a lot of particles
+132,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+132,000
+alpha particles per minute in fact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles per minute in fact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles per minute in fact so
+then they said okay let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said okay let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said okay let's see what
+happens if we put a piece of foil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we put a piece of foil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we put a piece of foil in the
+path of the alpha particles and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the alpha particles and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the alpha particles and we're
+gonna have really really thin gold foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have really really thin gold foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have really really thin gold foil
+so this is like smaller than a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like smaller than a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like smaller than a human
+hair this is really really thin foil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair this is really really thin foil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair this is really really thin foil and
+they shot alpha particles at it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shot alpha particles at it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shot alpha particles at it and they
+counted and they got approximately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted and they got approximately I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted and they got approximately I
+don't know how many significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many significant figures
+but 132,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 132,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 132,000
+alpha particles seem to be in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles seem to be in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles seem to be in terms of
+the significant figures the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant figures the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant figures the same so
+it was just going through these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just going through these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just going through these alpha
+particles were just going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were just going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were just going through this
+thin gold foil so they had this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin gold foil so they had this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin gold foil so they had this sort of
+vision then of the gold atoms being all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision then of the gold atoms being all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision then of the gold atoms being all
+empty space and the the alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space and the the alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space and the the alpha particles
+were just going through no problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going through no problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going through no problem but
+then they did one more experiment and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they did one more experiment and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they did one more experiment and by
+then I think this was the undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think this was the undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think this was the undergraduate
+so they had built this detector and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had built this detector and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had built this detector and you
+know they had built the detector so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had built the detector so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had built the detector so it
+could move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move so
+they wanted you know sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted you know sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted you know sometimes you
+design something to do something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design something to do something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design something to do something you
+actually want to use it for that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to use it for that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to use it for that so if
+we have the alpha particles coming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the alpha particles coming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the alpha particles coming this
+way and on the detector over here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and on the detector over here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and on the detector over here and it
+had been sitting and I had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been sitting and I had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been sitting and I had been
+collecting it the undergraduate was told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it the undergraduate was told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it the undergraduate was told
+well put the detector over there and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well put the detector over there and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well put the detector over there and see
+what happens so the undergraduate moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the undergraduate moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the undergraduate moved
+the detector over here and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector over here and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector over here and he said
+you're gonna see if the alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see if the alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see if the alpha particles
+hit the gold foil and back scatter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the gold foil and back scatter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the gold foil and back scatter so
+we'll have the detector over here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the detector over here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the detector over here so the
+undergraduate did this they didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate did this they didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate did this they didn't think
+it was gonna do anything I needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gonna do anything I needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gonna do anything I needed
+something for the undergraduate to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the undergraduate to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the undergraduate to do so
+they hadn't do that and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't do that and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't do that and then they
+counted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted and
+sure enough click-click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it wasn't a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a lot but
+there seem to be some backscatter about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seem to be some backscatter about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seem to be some backscatter about
+20 counts 20 alpha particles per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 counts 20 alpha particles per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 counts 20 alpha particles per minute
+that was not expected they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not expected they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not expected they were
+expecting zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting zero so
+they could they were detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could they were detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could they were detecting
+backscattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering
+the alpha particles were bouncing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha particles were bouncing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha particles were bouncing off
+that thin gold foil and coming back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thin gold foil and coming back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thin gold foil and coming back at
+the move detector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move detector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move detector so
+they could calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could calculate this
+probability of backscattering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of backscattering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of backscattering the
+account rate of the back scattering over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account rate of the back scattering over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account rate of the back scattering over
+the normal account of the particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal account of the particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal account of the particles and
+so they had 20 back scattering events or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had 20 back scattering events or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had 20 back scattering events or
+20 counts over the 132,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 counts over the 132,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 counts over the 132,000
+two times - or ten to the minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times - or ten to the minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times - or ten to the minus four
+point zero two percent this is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero two percent this is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero two percent this is small
+very small but it was not zero and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small but it was not zero and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small but it was not zero and I
+don't know how many times they did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many times they did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many times they did this
+experiment but I can imagine there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but I can imagine there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but I can imagine there were
+lots of times they did the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times they did the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times they did the experiment
+that no one would really believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one would really believe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one would really believe this
+result and Rutherford himself said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and Rutherford himself said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and Rutherford himself said it
+was about as credible as if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about as credible as if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about as credible as if you had
+fired a 15-inch shell and a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a 15-inch shell and a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a 15-inch shell and a piece of
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+you so that's how he felt about it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's how he felt about it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's how he felt about it he
+was like I don't understand how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I don't understand how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I don't understand how this is
+working this is so thin it's like tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is so thin it's like tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is so thin it's like tissue
+paper but yet these alpha particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but yet these alpha particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but yet these alpha particles are
+bouncing off something so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off something so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off something so what
+did this all mean once they had repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this all mean once they had repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this all mean once they had repeated
+the experiment many times so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment many times so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment many times so their
+interpretation then was that these gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then was that these gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then was that these gold
+atoms were in fact mostly empty they sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were in fact mostly empty they sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were in fact mostly empty they sit
+seemed like all the alpha particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like all the alpha particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like all the alpha particles were
+just going through most of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through most of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through most of them were
+just passing through and not hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passing through and not hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passing through and not hitting
+anything but there was something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but there was something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but there was something in
+there that could be hit there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could be hit there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could be hit there was some
+concentrated mass in this volume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated mass in this volume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated mass in this volume that
+when the alpha particle hit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the alpha particle hit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the alpha particle hit that
+directly it back scattered and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it back scattered and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it back scattered and they
+later called this the nucleus so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later called this the nucleus so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later called this the nucleus so they
+came up then with this new model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up then with this new model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up then with this new model the
+Rutherford model model where he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford model model where he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford model model where he had
+mostly empty space but you had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly empty space but you had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly empty space but you had and
+traded mass in inside that an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded mass in inside that an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded mass in inside that an alpha
+particle might hit and then back scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle might hit and then back scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle might hit and then back scatter
+and Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rutherford
+assumed that the electrons would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the electrons would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the electrons would be in
+that empty space and that this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that empty space and that this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that empty space and that this positive
+mass was going to be positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass was going to be positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass was going to be positively charged
+because he knew the overall atom was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew the overall atom was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew the overall atom was
+going to be neutral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be neutral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be neutral so
+just a little nomenclature we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little nomenclature we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little nomenclature we can think
+about the charge of the electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the charge of the electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the charge of the electrons in the
+atom as being equal to minus Z to the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as being equal to minus Z to the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as being equal to minus Z to the e
+where Z is our atomic number and E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is our atomic number and E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is our atomic number and E is
+the absolute value of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the electrons
+charge and if this term is negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and if this term is negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and if this term is negative then
+the charge on the nucleus is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the nucleus is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the nucleus is going to be
+positive so we have positive Z to the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we have positive Z to the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we have positive Z to the e
+because overall the atom is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because overall the atom is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because overall the atom is going to be
+neutral then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral then
+Rutherford went on to actually use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford went on to actually use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford went on to actually use this
+back scattering to measure the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattering to measure the diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scattering to measure the diameter
+of this positively charged dense part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this positively charged dense part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this positively charged dense part of
+the atom of the nucleus and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom of the nucleus and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom of the nucleus and he
+was able to measure that diameter as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to measure that diameter as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to measure that diameter as a
+very small number 10 to the minus 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number 10 to the minus 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number 10 to the minus 14th
+meters so he did this with this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters so he did this with this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters so he did this with this back
+scattering experiment she might say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering experiment she might say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering experiment she might say how
+can you get a diameter from this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get a diameter from this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get a diameter from this back
+scattering and so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and so that's what we're
+gonna try right now ourselves we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try right now ourselves we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try right now ourselves we're
+gonna do an experiment and professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do an experiment and professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do an experiment and professor
+Sylvia Sara originally came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylvia Sara originally came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylvia Sara originally came up with the
+experiment to do in class and so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to do in class and so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to do in class and so she
+built the first version of this gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the first version of this gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the first version of this gold
+foil right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil right
+here and it was originally part she took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it was originally part she took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it was originally part she took
+something apart from her own research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something apart from her own research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something apart from her own research
+program since then it's been replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program since then it's been replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program since then it's been replicated
+so that she doesn't have to shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that she doesn't have to shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that she doesn't have to shut down
+her research lab every year when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her research lab every year when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her research lab every year when we do
+this experiment in class so here imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment in class so here imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment in class so here imagine
+this as a piece of gold foil and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a piece of gold foil and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a piece of gold foil and it's
+mostly empty space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly empty space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly empty space but
+there are some small concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some small concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some small concentrated
+nuclei gold nuclei these styrofoam balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei gold nuclei these styrofoam balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei gold nuclei these styrofoam balls
+if we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have over
+here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some
+alpha particles which we happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles which we happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles which we happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles if
+the ping if the alpha particle hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ping if the alpha particle hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ping if the alpha particle hits the
+concentrated part it should back scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated part it should back scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated part it should back scatter
+otherwise it should go through so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it should go through so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it should go through so you
+are now going to be radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now going to be radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now going to be radioactive
+material it's I don't know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's I don't know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's I don't know is that the
+first time you've been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've been called
+radioactive material I'm not sure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to come around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone who can have one or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who can have one or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who can have one or two of
+these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so
+let me just tell you you need to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you you need to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you you need to watch
+your ping pong ball once you get it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ping pong ball once you get it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ping pong ball once you get it you
+can move to the center watch your ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move to the center watch your ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move to the center watch your ping
+pong ball if it hits the edge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pong ball if it hits the edge of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pong ball if it hits the edge of this
+it's not a backscatter watch if it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a backscatter watch if it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a backscatter watch if it goes
+through or if it back scatters and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or if it back scatters and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or if it back scatters and you
+will click in whether you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will click in whether you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will click in whether you had a
+backscatter event or not and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter event or not and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter event or not and from that
+information we will calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we will calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we will calculate the
+diameter of the nucleus trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to put up the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think everyone's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everyone if you want to get up and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone if you want to get up and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone if you want to get up and get a
+better vantage point do so and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better vantage point do so and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better vantage point do so and let the
+experiment begin I'm moving out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment begin I'm moving out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment begin I'm moving out of the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go
+ahead and say whether you had 1 2 or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and say whether you had 1 2 or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and say whether you had 1 2 or 0
+backscatter events and if your clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter events and if your clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter events and if your clicker
+isn't working we'll ask you to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working we'll ask you to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working we'll ask you to raise
+your hand and tell us especially if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and tell us especially if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and tell us especially if it
+was a backscatter event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as everyone had a chance to click in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's everyone clicked in you can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone clicked in you can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone clicked in you can't tell
+alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+yeah we're going to count down go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to count down go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to count down go ahead
+and click in and then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click in and then we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click in and then we're going to do
+the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay actually we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually we need to calculate the
+actual number of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of them
+not the percent yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the percent yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the percent yeah
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+we had some back scatter events so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some back scatter events so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some back scatter events so let's
+see if we can use this information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can use this information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can use this information to
+actually calculate the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the diameter of the
+gold nuclei all right so we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold nuclei all right so we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold nuclei all right so we are going to
+talk about the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the probability of
+backscattering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattering so
+we have the probability is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probability is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probability is equal to the
+number of ping-pong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balls back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattered back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattered over the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+will be related to the radius of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be related to the radius of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be related to the radius of those
+gold nuclei by the following so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold nuclei by the following so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold nuclei by the following so we have
+the probability is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is going to be equal to
+the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the
+nuclei the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the
+total area over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total area over
+the area of the whole atoms so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the whole atoms so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the whole atoms so basically
+the piece of foil and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of foil and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of foil and then
+that's going to be further equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be further equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be further equal to the
+number of nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nuclei
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the area per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area per
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the area the
+area of all the atoms or the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of all the atoms or the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of all the atoms or the piece of
+foil okay so we know some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil okay so we know some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil okay so we know some of this
+information so I'm gonna move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I'm gonna move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I'm gonna move
+this up yep you have an actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up yep you have an actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up yep you have an actual number
+okay 36 total oh that's interesting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 36 total oh that's interesting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 36 total oh that's interesting okay
+it's a lot of backscattering okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of backscattering okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of backscattering okay so we
+can plug in some of these numbers now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in some of these numbers now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in some of these numbers now so
+we have the probability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probability is going to be
+equal someone counted I didn't count but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal someone counted I didn't count but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal someone counted I didn't count but
+someone counted that there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone counted that there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone counted that there were a
+hundred and twenty nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty nuclei and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+area is going to be PI R squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is going to be PI R squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is going to be PI R squared and
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+measured the entire frame or the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the entire frame or the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the entire frame or the size of
+the piece of film as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of film as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of film as a
+hundred and thirty nine thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty nine thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty nine thousand
+centimeters squared or it was one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared or it was one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared or it was one point
+three nine meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nine meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nine meters
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we'll assume that they counted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll assume that they counted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll assume that they counted the
+nuclei to three significant figures then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei to three significant figures then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei to three significant figures then
+it's exactly one hundred and twenty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly one hundred and twenty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly one hundred and twenty and
+we'll assume that they measured the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that they measured the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that they measured the box
+with three significant figures as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three significant figures as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three significant figures as well
+okay so now we can solve this for R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can solve this for R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can solve this for R the
+radius or for the diameter so if we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius or for the diameter so if we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius or for the diameter so if we now
+solve for the radius we'll bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the radius we'll bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the radius we'll bring the
+radius over and we'll have the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius over and we'll have the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius over and we'll have the square
+root of the probability and if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the probability and if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the probability and if we take
+these numbers and all I did the math I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and all I did the math I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and all I did the math I
+have a calculator someone wants to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a calculator someone wants to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a calculator someone wants to check
+six point zero seven two centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the diameter is going to just be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter is going to just be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter is going to just be equal
+to twice that so we have the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twice that so we have the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twice that so we have the square root
+of the probability times twelve point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability times twelve point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability times twelve point
+one four centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four centimeters
+and now we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we need to calculate the
+probability so the probability is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability is going
+to be the number of backscattered which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the number of backscattered which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the number of backscattered which
+was 36 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 36 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 36 36
+over 502
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 502
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 502
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+want to have a calculator someone gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a calculator someone gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a calculator someone gonna
+check my math check math for me check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my math check math for me check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my math check math for me check
+math anybody I don't have another prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math anybody I don't have another prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math anybody I don't have another prize
+thank you all right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all right what's
+it was it 26 or 36 I can't read up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it 26 or 36 I can't read up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it 26 or 36 I can't read up there
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checking math for me here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+26 and so what does this come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and so what does this come out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and so what does this come out to be
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero five zero and now we need to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five zero and now we need to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five zero and now we need to plug
+that in so we have D equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so we have D equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so we have D equals the
+square root of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of point
+zero five zero times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five zero times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five zero times
+twelve point one four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that come out to be point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+point seven one and the actual was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven one and the actual was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven one and the actual was two
+point five not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+using methods very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using methods very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using methods very similar to this
+Rutherford was able to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford was able to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford was able to figure out what
+the diameter of the nucleus was and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of the nucleus was and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of the nucleus was and this
+was a really important achievement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really important achievement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really important achievement of
+the time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last few minutes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few minutes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few minutes maybe
+I'll move this down in the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move this down in the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move this down in the last few
+minutes we want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we want to talk about the
+fallout of all of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallout of all of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallout of all of these great
+experiments and all of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and all of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and all of these great
+results so we now know there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we now know there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we now know there's an
+electron and a nucleus so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a nucleus so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a nucleus so there's
+subatomic particles what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subatomic particles what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subatomic particles what does that mean
+in terms of what people thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what people thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what people thought they
+understood about atomic theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had this question then okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this question then okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this question then okay so we
+have a nucleus positively charged an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleus positively charged an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleus positively charged an
+electron negatively charged and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron negatively charged and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron negatively charged and there's
+a distance between them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance between them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance between them they
+wanted to know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do they stay apart why does the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they stay apart why does the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they stay apart why does the electron
+not crash into the nucleus so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not crash into the nucleus so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not crash into the nucleus so from
+classical description we have coulombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical description we have coulombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical description we have coulombs
+force law which tells us about the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law which tells us about the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law which tells us about the force
+when you have two charge particles Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two charge particles Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two charge particles Q 1
+and Q 2 so the charge on the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q 2 so the charge on the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q 2 so the charge on the particles
+and you have over 4 times pi times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have over 4 times pi times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have over 4 times pi times this
+easier this permittivity constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier this permittivity constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier this permittivity constant times
+the distance R squared so if you apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance R squared so if you apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance R squared so if you apply a
+force then and you have charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force then and you have charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force then and you have charged
+particles if those particles have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if those particles have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if those particles have the
+same sign then acceleration should push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign then acceleration should push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign then acceleration should push
+them apart the force should be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart the force should be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart the force should be positive
+and repulsive so two things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repulsive so two things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repulsive so two things with the
+same charge don't want to be near each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same charge don't want to be near each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same charge don't want to be near each
+other it's going to be repulsive if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's going to be repulsive if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's going to be repulsive if like
+in this case you have two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you have two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you have two things that
+have opposite signs acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite signs acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opposite signs acceleration
+should pull them together and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull them together and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull them together and here the
+force should be negative and attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force should be negative and attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force should be negative and attractive
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the situation we're in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the situation we're in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the situation we're in here
+pawsley charged nucleus negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawsley charged nucleus negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawsley charged nucleus negatively
+charged electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged electron so
+let's consider then a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider then a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider then a hydrogen
+atom z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom z
+equals one one electron one proton let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one one electron one proton let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one one electron one proton let's
+think about what happens when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens when you have
+an infinite distance between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite distance between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite distance between them so
+if they're infinitely far apart what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're infinitely far apart what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're infinitely far apart what is
+going to be the force you can just yell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the force you can just yell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the force you can just yell
+out the answer zero right they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answer zero right they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answer zero right they don't
+feel each other they don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel each other they don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel each other they don't know anything
+about each other they're infinitely far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other they're infinitely far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other they're infinitely far
+apart there's no force but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's no force but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's no force but
+that's not going to be the situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be the situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be the situation and
+the atom atoms are small so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom atoms are small so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom atoms are small so they're
+gonna be somewhat near each other now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be somewhat near each other now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be somewhat near each other now
+we can think about what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about what happens if
+they're right on top of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right on top of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right on top of each other and
+r0 and here we can try out the clickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 and here we can try out the clickers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 and here we can try out the clickers
+one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we'll do ten seconds oh the color has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do ten seconds oh the color has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do ten seconds oh the color has
+changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most people had it's infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people had it's infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people had it's infinitely
+attractive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive so
+infinitely attractive like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely attractive like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely attractive like
+most chemists accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most chemists accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most chemists accept
+Avogadro he's very strange-looking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avogadro he's very strange-looking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avogadro he's very strange-looking okay
+so if these things are going to be close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these things are going to be close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these things are going to be close
+to each other then they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other then they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other then they should be
+attracted to each other and collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and collapse
+into each other so why then are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other so why then are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other so why then are the
+electron and the nucleus that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus that are
+infinitely attracted to each other why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely attracted to each other why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely attracted to each other why
+do they stay apart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Coulomb's law is not helping us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb's law is not helping us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb's law is not helping us
+understand this but it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this but it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this but it's really just
+talking about the force with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the force with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the force with respect to
+a distance it's not telling us anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance it's not telling us anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance it's not telling us anything
+about what happens when our changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when our changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when our changes with
+time so we'll find in chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'll find in chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'll find in chemistry
+sometimes that things are spontaneous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that things are spontaneous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that things are spontaneous in
+one direction but they're also very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction but they're also very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction but they're also very slow
+so you don't have the thing doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the thing doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the thing doesn't
+happen it's just it's just kinetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's just it's just kinetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's just it's just kinetically
+very slow so let's consider time now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so let's consider time now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so let's consider time now and
+maybe that will help us understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will help us understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will help us understand why
+this is not working it doesn't but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not working it doesn't but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not working it doesn't but let's
+let's let's let's look at that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's look at that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's look at that so what
+do we know about time what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about time what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about time what do we know
+about acceleration and force and time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acceleration and force and time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acceleration and force and time we
+need a classical equation of motion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a classical equation of motion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a classical equation of motion that
+can explain how the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain how the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain how the electron and the
+nucleus could move under force so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus could move under force so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus could move under force so we
+have our good friend we have Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our good friend we have Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our good friend we have Newton's
+second law we have F equals MA force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law we have F equals MA force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law we have F equals MA force
+equals mass times acceleration so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mass times acceleration so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mass times acceleration so let's
+think about what this tells us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this tells us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this tells us about the
+electron and the nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus so
+we can express force as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express force as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express force as a function of
+velocity we can also do that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we can also do that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we can also do that in terms of
+distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so
+now let's think about what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what's happening
+we know the force we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the force we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the force we can calculate the
+force from the coulombs force law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force from the coulombs force law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force from the coulombs force law the
+force between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between
+the nucleus and the electron and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and the electron and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and the electron and then we
+can think about two different distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about two different distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about two different distances
+and with that force how fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that force how fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that force how fast the
+particles should move toward each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles should move toward each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles should move toward each other
+so for the initial distance we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the initial distance we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the initial distance we can put
+take point five angstroms or 0.5 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take point five angstroms or 0.5 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take point five angstroms or 0.5 times
+10 to the 10 meters so that's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10 meters so that's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10 meters so that's about the
+radius of a hydrogen atom so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of a hydrogen atom so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of a hydrogen atom so we take
+that distance and then we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance and then we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance and then we want to think
+about how fast that would then go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast that would then go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast that would then go to
+zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's
+fast approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast approximately
+10 to the 10 seconds or the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10 seconds or the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10 seconds or the electron
+should plummet into the nucleus in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plummet into the nucleus in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plummet into the nucleus in about
+0.1 nanoseconds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't do that though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that though so
+we have these beautiful classical laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these beautiful classical laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these beautiful classical laws
+I'm a big fan of F equals MA I like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big fan of F equals MA I like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big fan of F equals MA I like all
+these things but it's not working to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but it's not working to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but it's not working to
+describe what's happening here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what's happening here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what's happening here so we
+discovered the electron discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the electron discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the electron discover the
+nucleus but now we have a new problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but now we have a new problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but now we have a new problem we
+don't understand why the electron isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand why the electron isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand why the electron isn't
+plummeting into the nucleus so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plummeting into the nucleus so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plummeting into the nucleus so what
+what's the problem here so is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem here so is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem here so is the
+problem the coulombs force or Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the coulombs force or Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the coulombs force or Newton's
+second law and it turns out as most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and it turns out as most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and it turns out as most of
+you are probably aware it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are probably aware it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are probably aware it's that
+classical mechanics doesn't work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics doesn't work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics doesn't work when
+you consider things on this size scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider things on this size scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider things on this size scale
+so we need a new way to describe what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a new way to describe what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a new way to describe what's
+going on here classical mechanics isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here classical mechanics isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here classical mechanics isn't
+working and so we need quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and so we need quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and so we need quantum mechanics
+and so that is allowing us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is allowing us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is allowing us to understand
+the behavior that we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we're actually
+observing we're not observing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing we're not observing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing we're not observing this
+plummeting so there must be a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plummeting so there must be a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plummeting so there must be a better way
+to do this and when you're on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and when you're on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and when you're on this
+really small scale you need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small scale you need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small scale you need a different
+way to describe the behavior and so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to describe the behavior and so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to describe the behavior and so next
+week we're going to be moving in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're going to be moving in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're going to be moving in and
+thinking about quantum mechanics and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about quantum mechanics and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about quantum mechanics and if
+anyone's still having clicker questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's still having clicker questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's still having clicker questions
+or needs a clicker we'll be down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or needs a clicker we'll be down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or needs a clicker we'll be down here to
+help you out and otherwise I will you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out and otherwise I will you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out and otherwise I will you on
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vcuY46RwoV0.txt b/vcuY46RwoV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..962004311b0a82a633b8818011bc65fa3de16f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vcuY46RwoV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta function potential so it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function potential so it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function potential so it's still a
+one-dimensional potential potential as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional potential potential as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional potential potential as a
+function of X we'll write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X we'll write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X we'll write it this way
+minus Alpha Delta of X where alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha Delta of X where alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha Delta of X where alpha is
+positive so this is a delta function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so this is a delta function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so this is a delta function in
+the negative direction so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative direction so if you want to
+draw the potential there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the potential there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the potential there's no way to
+drawn really nicely a delta function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn really nicely a delta function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn really nicely a delta function so
+you just do a thick arrow with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do a thick arrow with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do a thick arrow with an
+pointing down it's a representation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down it's a representation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down it's a representation of a
+potential that somehow is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that somehow is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that somehow is rather
+infinite at x equals 0 but infinite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite at x equals 0 but infinite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite at x equals 0 but infinite and
+negative it can be thought as the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can be thought as the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can be thought as the limit
+of a small world that is becoming deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small world that is becoming deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small world that is becoming deeper
+and deeper and in fact that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeper and in fact that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeper and in fact that could be a
+way to analytically calculate the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to analytically calculate the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to analytically calculate the energy
+levels by taking carefully the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels by taking carefully the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels by taking carefully the limit of
+a potential is becoming thinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential is becoming thinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential is becoming thinner and
+thinner but deeper and deeper which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner but deeper and deeper which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner but deeper and deeper which is a
+way you define or regulate a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you define or regulate a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you define or regulate a delta
+function you can imagine the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can imagine the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can imagine the Delta
+function is a sequence of functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a sequence of functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a sequence of functions in
+which is becoming more and more narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is becoming more and more narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is becoming more and more narrow
+but deeper at the same time so the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deeper at the same time so the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deeper at the same time so the area
+under the curve is still the same so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve is still the same so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve is still the same so at
+any rate a delta function potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate a delta function potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate a delta function potential is a
+potential that it should be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that it should be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that it should be understood
+is zero everywhere else except at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero everywhere else except at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero everywhere else except at the
+Delta function where it becomes infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function where it becomes infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function where it becomes infinite
+and there are all kinds of questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are all kinds of questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are all kinds of questions we
+can ask ok are there bound States what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask ok are there bound States what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask ok are there bound States what
+are bound States in this case are energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound States in this case are energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound States in this case are energy
+states with energy energy eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with energy energy eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with energy energy eigenstates
+with energy less than zero so bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy less than zero so bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy less than zero so bound
+States it which means a less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it which means a less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it which means a less than zero
+do they exist does this potential have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they exist does this potential have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they exist does this potential have
+bound State and if it does how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound State and if it does how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound State and if it does how many
+bound States one two three does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound States one two three does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound States one two three does it
+depend on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on in
+density of the Delta function is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the Delta function is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the Delta function is when
+you get more bouncing the deeper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more bouncing the deeper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more bouncing the deeper the
+potential is but we'll try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is but we'll try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is but we'll try to figure out
+in fact there's a lot that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a lot that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a lot that can be
+figured out without calculating too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out without calculating too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out without calculating too much
+and it's a good habit to try to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good habit to try to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good habit to try to do those
+things before you not to be so impatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before you not to be so impatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before you not to be so impatient
+that you begin and within a set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin and within a set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin and within a set and
+start writing the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start writing the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start writing the differential equation
+trying to solve it get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve it get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve it get a little
+intuition about how if any state could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how if any state could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how if any state could
+look like and how could the answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and how could the answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and how could the answer for
+the energy eigenstates the energies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates the energies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates the energies what
+could they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they be
+could you just reason your way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just reason your way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just reason your way and
+compute there's no bound States or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute there's no bound States or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute there's no bound States or one
+bound state or two all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state or two all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state or two all these things are
+pretty useful so one way as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful so one way as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful so one way as you can
+imagine is to think of unit and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is to think of unit and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is to think of unit and what are
+the constants in this problem in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants in this problem in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants in this problem in this
+problem have three constants alpha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem have three constants alpha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem have three constants alpha the
+mass of the particle and h-bar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the particle and h-bar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the particle and h-bar so
+without for the mass and of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without for the mass and of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without for the mass and of the particle
+and h-bar you can ask how do i construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h-bar you can ask how do i construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h-bar you can ask how do i construct
+a quantity with units of energy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity with units of energy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity with units of energy if
+there's only one way to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to construct the
+quantity with units of energy then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity with units of energy then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity with units of energy then the
+energy of a bound state will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a bound state will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a bound state will be
+proportional to that quantity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that quantity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that quantity because
+that's the only quantity that can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only quantity that can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only quantity that can carry
+the units and here indeed there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units and here indeed there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units and here indeed there's only
+one way to construct a quantity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to construct a quantity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to construct a quantity with
+units of energy from these three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy from these three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy from these three that's
+to be expected with three constants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expected with three constants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expected with three constants that
+are not linearly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not linearly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not linearly dependent
+whatever that is supposed to mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is supposed to mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is supposed to mean you
+can build anything that has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build anything that has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build anything that has units of
+length mass or time and from that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length mass or time and from that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length mass or time and from that you
+can build something that has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build something that has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build something that has units of
+energy so you can now decide well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can now decide well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can now decide well what
+are the units of alpha the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of alpha the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the units of alpha the units of
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+if has to give you energy but the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has to give you energy but the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has to give you energy but the Delta
+function has units of 1 over length this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has units of 1 over length this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has units of 1 over length this
+has 1 over length remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 1 over length remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 1 over length remember if you
+integrate over X the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over X the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over X the Delta function
+gives you 1 so this has units of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you 1 so this has units of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you 1 so this has units of 1 over
+length and therefore alpha has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and therefore alpha has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and therefore alpha has to have
+units of energy times length so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy times length so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy times length so this is
+not quite enough to solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite enough to solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite enough to solve the problem
+because I want to write e they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write e they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write e they think
+finding how do you get a units of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding how do you get a units of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding how do you get a units of energy
+from this quantities but L we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this quantities but L we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this quantities but L we still
+don't have a length scale either so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a length scale either so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a length scale either so we
+have to do a little more work so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little more work so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little more work so from
+here we say that units of energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we say that units of energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we say that units of energy it's
+alpha over L and there should be a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over L and there should be a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha over L and there should be a way
+to say that this is an equality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is an equality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is an equality between
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+I could put units or or leave it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put units or or leave it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put units or or leave it just
+like that so in terms of units it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in terms of units it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in terms of units it's this
+but in terms of units energy you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of units energy you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of units energy you should
+always remember that is P squared over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that is P squared over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that is P squared over m
+and P is H bar over a length so that's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is H bar over a length so that's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is H bar over a length so that's P
+squared and that's M so that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's M so that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that's M so that's also
+units of energy from this - from this -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy from this - from this -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy from this - from this -
+you can get what has units of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get what has units of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get what has units of length
+length you pass the L to this side the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you pass the L to this side the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you pass the L to this side the l
+squared to this left hand side device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to this left hand side device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to this left hand side device
+you get L is H squared over m alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get L is H squared over m alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get L is H squared over m alpha and
+if I substitute back into this L here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I substitute back into this L here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I substitute back into this L here it
+would be alpha over L which is H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alpha over L which is H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alpha over L which is H squared
+alpha squared m so that's the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared m so that's the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared m so that's the quantity
+that has units of energy M alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of energy M alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has units of energy M alpha squared
+over H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared
+as units of energy if this has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as units of energy if this has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as units of energy if this has units of
+energy the bound state energy now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the bound state energy now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the bound state energy now if you
+have a bound state here it has to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound state here it has to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound state here it has to decay
+in order to be normalizable in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be normalizable in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be normalizable in order to
+be normalizable then it has to be K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalizable then it has to be K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalizable then it has to be K so
+it has to be in the forbidden region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be in the forbidden region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be in the forbidden region
+throughout X so the energy as we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout X so the energy as we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout X so the energy as we said is
+negative energy of a bound state if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy of a bound state if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy of a bound state if it
+exists and this bound state energy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this bound state energy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and this bound state energy would
+have to be negative some number M alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be negative some number M alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be negative some number M alpha
+squared over H squared and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H squared and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H squared and that's very
+useful information the whole problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information the whole problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information the whole problem has
+been reduced to calculating a number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reduced to calculating a number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reduced to calculating a number it
+better be and the answer cannot be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be and the answer cannot be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be and the answer cannot be any
+other way there's no other way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way there's no other way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way there's no other way to get
+the units of energy so if a bound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of energy so if a bound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of energy so if a bound state
+exists it has to be that and that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it has to be that and that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it has to be that and that number
+could be pi could be 1/3 1/4 could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pi could be 1/3 1/4 could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pi could be 1/3 1/4 could be
+anything there's a naturalness to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's a naturalness to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's a naturalness to that
+problem in that you don't expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that you don't expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that you don't expect that
+number to be a trillion nor you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be a trillion nor you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be a trillion nor you expect
+that number to be 10 to the minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to be 10 to the minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to be 10 to the minus 6
+because there's no way where would those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no way where would those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no way where would those
+numbers appear so this number should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers appear so this number should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers appear so this number should be
+a number of order 1 and we're gonna wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of order 1 and we're gonna wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of order 1 and we're gonna wait
+and see what it is so that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it is so that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it is so that's one thing
+we know already about this problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know already about this problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know already about this problem the
+other thing we can do is to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is to think of the
+regulated Delta function so we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated Delta function so we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated Delta function so we think of
+this as a potential at this of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a potential at this of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a potential at this of this form
+so here is V of X and here is X and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is V of X and here is X and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is V of X and here is X and for
+this potential if you have a bound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential if you have a bound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential if you have a bound state
+how would the wave function look well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the wave function look well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the wave function look well it
+would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to
+suppose you have a ground state it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a ground state it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a ground state it's an
+even potential the delta function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even potential the delta function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even potential the delta function is
+even tools in the middle it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tools in the middle it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tools in the middle it's symmetric
+there's nothing as symmetric about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing as symmetric about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing as symmetric about the
+Delta function so if it's even potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so if it's even potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so if it's even potential
+the ground state should be even because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state should be even because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state should be even because
+the ground state is supposed to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is supposed to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is supposed to have no
+nodes and it's supposed to be even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and it's supposed to be even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and it's supposed to be even if
+the potential is even so how will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is even so how will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is even so how will it
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+well it should be decaying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be decaying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be decaying in this
+region so presumably the case here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so presumably the case here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so presumably the case here it
+decays there symmetrically and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays there symmetrically and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays there symmetrically and in the
+middle it curves in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle it curves in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle it curves in the other direction
+it is in an allowed region and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in an allowed region and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in an allowed region and you
+remember that's kind of allowed this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's kind of allowed this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's kind of allowed this way
+so that's probably the way it looks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably the way it looks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably the way it looks now
+if that bound state exists somehow as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that bound state exists somehow as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that bound state exists somehow as I
+narrow this and goes down as it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow this and goes down as it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow this and goes down as it becomes
+even more narrow very narrow now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more narrow very narrow now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more narrow very narrow now but
+very deep this region becomes smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep this region becomes smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep this region becomes smaller
+and I would pretty much expect the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would pretty much expect the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would pretty much expect the wave
+function to have a discontinuity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to have a discontinuity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to have a discontinuity you
+basically don't have enough power to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically don't have enough power to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically don't have enough power to see
+the curving that is happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curving that is happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curving that is happening here
+especially because the curving is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the curving is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the curving is going
+down the distance is going down so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the distance is going down so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the distance is going down so if
+this bound state exists as you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound state exists as you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound state exists as you approach
+the limit in which this becomes a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit in which this becomes a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit in which this becomes a delta
+function the energy moves a little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the energy moves a little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the energy moves a little but
+it states finite at some number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it states finite at some number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it states finite at some number and the
+curvature that is created by the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that is created by the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that is created by the Delta
+function is not visible and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not visible and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not visible and the thing
+looks just this continues in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just this continues in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just this continues in its
+derivative all right so let's now write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all right so let's now write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all right so let's now write
+the differential equation even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation even though
+we're still not gonna solve it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still not gonna solve it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still not gonna solve it so what
+is the differential equation minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the differential equation minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the differential equation minus H
+squared over 2m side double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m side double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m side double prime is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+beep sigh and therefore and I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep sigh and therefore and I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep sigh and therefore and I write this
+and you say Oh what are you writing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say Oh what are you writing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say Oh what are you writing I'm
+writing the differential equation when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the differential equation when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the differential equation when X
+is different from zero no potential when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from zero no potential when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from zero no potential when
+X is different from zero so this applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is different from zero so this applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is different from zero so this applies
+for positive x negative x doesn't apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive x negative x doesn't apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive x negative x doesn't apply
+at x equals zero we'll have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero we'll have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero we'll have to deal with
+that later so the no potential for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later so the no potential for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later so the no potential for X
+different from zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero and this
+differential equation becomes subside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation becomes subside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation becomes subside
+double prime equal minus 2m e over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime equal minus 2m e over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime equal minus 2m e over H
+squared sy and this is equal to Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sy and this is equal to Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sy and this is equal to Kappa
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+sy where Kappa squared is minus 2m e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy where Kappa squared is minus 2m e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy where Kappa squared is minus 2m e
+over H squared and is positive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared and is positive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H squared and is positive it's
+positive because the energy is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because the energy is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because the energy is negative
+and we're looking for bound States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking for bound States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking for bound States so
+we're looking for bound States only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for bound States only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for bound States only
+Kappa squared is positive and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa squared is positive and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa squared is positive and this
+differential equation it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's just this
+I'll copy it again here Kappa square psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll copy it again here Kappa square psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll copy it again here Kappa square psi
+and the solutions of this equation our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions of this equation our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solutions of this equation our
+solutions are e to the minus Kappa X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are e to the minus Kappa X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are e to the minus Kappa X and
+e to the Kappa X or if you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the Kappa X or if you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the Kappa X or if you wish
+cause Kappa X and cinch Kappa X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Kappa X and cinch Kappa X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Kappa X and cinch Kappa X
+whichever you prefer but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is something we now have to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we now have to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we now have to use to
+in order to produce a solution but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to produce a solution but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to produce a solution but now
+let's see if I can figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can figure out how many
+bound states there are so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states there are so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states there are so okay
+if there is one bound state is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one bound state is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one bound state is going to
+be even is the ground state it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even is the ground state it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even is the ground state it has no
+nodes has to be even because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has to be even because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has to be even because the
+potential is even if I have the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is even if I have the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is even if I have the first
+excited state after the ground state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state after the ground state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state after the ground state it
+will have to be odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be odd
+it would have to vanish at X equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to vanish at X equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to vanish at X equal zero
+because it's odd there is it's node it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's odd there is it's node it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's odd there is it's node it
+has to have one node so for an for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have one node so for an for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have one node so for an for an
+odd bound state state our first excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bound state state our first excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bound state state our first excited
+state you'd have to have sy equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you'd have to have sy equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you'd have to have sy equals zero
+at x equals zero and the way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero and the way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero and the way to do that
+would be to have a cinch because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to have a cinch because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to have a cinch because this
+doesn't vanish at zero this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish at zero this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish at zero this doesn't
+vanish at zero and cosh doesn't vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at zero and cosh doesn't vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish at zero and cosh doesn't vanish
+at zero so you would need sy of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero so you would need sy of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero so you would need sy of x equals
+cinch of kappa x but that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of kappa x but that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of kappa x but that's not good
+cinch of kappa x is like this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of kappa x is like this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of kappa x is like this and the
+rule blows up blows down it has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule blows up blows down it has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule blows up blows down it has to go
+like this it it is in a forbidden region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it it is in a forbidden region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it it is in a forbidden region
+so it has to be convex towards the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be convex towards the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be convex towards the axis
+and convex here but it blows up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convex here but it blows up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convex here but it blows up so
+there's no such solution no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such solution no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such solution no such
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+you cannot have an outbound state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have an outbound state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have an outbound state so
+since the bound states alternate even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the bound states alternate even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the bound states alternate even
+odd even odd even odd you're stuck you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even odd even odd you're stuck you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even odd even odd you're stuck you
+only will have a ground state if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will have a ground state if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will have a ground state if we're
+lucky but no excited state that is bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky but no excited state that is bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky but no excited state that is bound
+well a finite square well you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a finite square well you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a finite square well you remember
+this quantity is V naught that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is V naught that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is V naught that tells you
+how many bound States you can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bound States you can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bound States you can have it
+probably you're anticipating now that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're anticipating now that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're anticipating now that in
+the case of the Delta function potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the Delta function potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the Delta function potential
+you could only have one bound state if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only have one bound state if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only have one bound state if
+any the first excited state would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any the first excited state would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any the first excited state would not
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+so enough preliminaries let's just solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enough preliminaries let's just solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enough preliminaries let's just solve
+that now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w9GJyvkHbNM.txt b/w9GJyvkHbNM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..099d0917c4e75ef2cfc8c5b39398a60d046ec198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w9GJyvkHbNM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is gonna be our last lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is gonna be our last lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is gonna be our last lecture on
+linear algebra the first three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the first three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the first three lectures
+covered basics the next three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered basics the next three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered basics the next three lectures
+we talked about different sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about different sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about different sorts of
+transformations of matrices this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of matrices this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of matrices this final
+lectures the last of those three we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the last of those three we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the last of those three we're
+going to talk about another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about another sort of
+transformation called the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation called the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation called the singular value
+decomposition okay before we jump in I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay before we jump in I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay before we jump in I'd
+like to you know do the usual recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to you know do the usual recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to you know do the usual recap
+business it's always helpful to recap or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's always helpful to recap or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's always helpful to recap or
+look at things from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things from a different
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+early on I told you that the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on I told you that the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on I told you that the infinite
+dimensional equivalent vectors would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional equivalent vectors would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional equivalent vectors would be
+something like a function which is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a function which is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a function which is a map
+a unique map may be from a point X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique map may be from a point X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique map may be from a point X to
+some value f of X and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value f of X and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value f of X and there's an
+equivalent representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent representation of the
+eigenvalue eigenvector problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue eigenvector problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue eigenvector problem in
+function space with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space with all these
+eigenvalues and eigenfunctions here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenfunctions here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenfunctions here's a
+classic one where the function is y of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one where the function is y of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one where the function is y of x
+okay this is the equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the equivalent of the
+vector and the equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the equivalent of the
+transformation or the matrix is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or the matrix is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or the matrix is this
+differential operator this time write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator this time write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator this time write a
+second derivative so I take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so I take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so I take the second
+derivative of this particular opera this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this particular opera this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this particular opera this
+particular function and the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function and the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function and the function is
+stretched it's multiplied by some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it's multiplied by some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it's multiplied by some fixed
+value at all points and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at all points and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at all points and it becomes
+lambda times y and that operator has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times y and that operator has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times y and that operator has to
+be closed with some boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closed with some boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closed with some boundary conditions
+as well we have to say what the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well we have to say what the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well we have to say what the value of
+y is at the edges of some boundary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is at the edges of some boundary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is at the edges of some boundary so
+there's a one-to-one correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one-to-one correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one-to-one correspondence
+between these things what is the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these things what is the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these things what is the eigen
+function here or what are the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here or what are the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here or what are the eigen
+functions and what are the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what are the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what are the eigen values
+associated with this transformation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this transformation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this transformation or
+this operator can you work those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator can you work those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator can you work those out
+really quickly you learned this at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly you learned this at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly you learned this at some
+point right somebody taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right somebody taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right somebody taught you
+differential equations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and you
+calculated these things take about 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated these things take about 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated these things take about 90
+seconds work with the people around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds work with the people around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds work with the people around you
+see if you can come to a conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can come to a conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can come to a conclusion
+about what the eigen function and eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the eigen function and eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the eigen function and eigen
+values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's enough time you can work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's enough time you can work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's enough time you can work on
+this on your own later if you've run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own later if you've run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own later if you've run out
+of time don't worry about it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time don't worry about it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time don't worry about it does
+somebody want to volunteer a guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to volunteer a guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to volunteer a guess for
+what the eigen functions are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eigen functions are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eigen functions are in this
+case what are they yeah okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what are they yeah okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what are they yeah okay so you
+chose Exponential's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose Exponential's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose Exponential's that's an
+interesting choice that's one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choice that's one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choice that's one possible
+choice you can make okay so we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can make okay so we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can make okay so we could say
+it's a sort of a classical one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a classical one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a classical one that you
+think about when you you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you you know when you
+first learn differential equation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn differential equation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn differential equation they
+say Oh an equation of this sort has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh an equation of this sort has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh an equation of this sort has
+solutions that look like Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that look like Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that look like Exponential's
+and that's true I there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true I there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true I there's another
+representation for this which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for this which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for this which is as
+trigonometric functions instead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either of those is acceptable choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those is acceptable choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those is acceptable choice
+about the the trigonometric functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the trigonometric functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the trigonometric functions
+that representation is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation is a little more
+useful for us here we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us here we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us here we know that the
+boundary conditions tell us that Y of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions tell us that Y of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions tell us that Y of 0
+is supposed to be 0 that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be 0 that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be 0 that means that this
+C 1 has to be 0 because cosine of 0 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 has to be 0 because cosine of 0 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 has to be 0 because cosine of 0 is 1
+so C 1 has to be 0 in this case okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C 1 has to be 0 in this case okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C 1 has to be 0 in this case okay so
+that fix is one of these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fix is one of these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fix is one of these coefficients
+and now we're left with the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're left with the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're left with the problem
+right our solutions our I can function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our solutions our I can function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our solutions our I can function
+cannot be unique so we don't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be unique so we don't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be unique so we don't get to
+specify C 2 right any function that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify C 2 right any function that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify C 2 right any function that's a
+multiple of this sign should also be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this sign should also be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this sign should also be an
+eigenfunction so instead the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction so instead the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunction so instead the other
+boundary condition this Y of L equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition this Y of L equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition this Y of L equal 0
+needs to be used to pin down what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be used to pin down what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be used to pin down what the
+eigen value is so this second equation Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value is so this second equation Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value is so this second equation Y
+of l equals 0 which implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l equals 0 which implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l equals 0 which implies that the
+square root of minus lambda has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus lambda has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus lambda has to be
+the 2 PI over L right it has to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 PI over L right it has to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 PI over L right it has to be all
+the nodes of the sine where the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes of the sine where the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes of the sine where the sign is
+that's the equivalent of our secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equivalent of our secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equivalent of our secular
+characteristic polynomial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polynomial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polynomial that
+prescribes what the eigen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribes what the eigen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribes what the eigen values are
+associated with each of the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of the eigen
+functions so now we know what the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we know what the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we know what the eigen
+values are the eigen values are the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the eigen values are the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the eigen values are the set
+of numbers minus 2 pi n over L Sweatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers minus 2 pi n over L Sweatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers minus 2 pi n over L Sweatt
+there's an infinite number of eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of eigen
+values it's an infinite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's an infinite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's an infinite dimensional
+space that we're in this it's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that we're in this it's not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that we're in this it's not a big
+surprise that it works out that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that it works out that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that it works out that way and
+the eigen vectors then are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors then are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors then are different
+scalar multiples of sign of the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiples of sign of the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiples of sign of the eigen
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+the eigenvalues minus X if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues minus X if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues minus X if there's a
+one-to-one correspondence between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one correspondence between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one correspondence between all
+the linear algebra we've done and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra we've done and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra we've done and linear
+differential equations or linear partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations or linear partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations or linear partial
+differential equations you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you can think
+about these things in exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things in exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things in exactly the same
+way I'm sure in 1050 you've started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm sure in 1050 you've started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm sure in 1050 you've started to
+talk about orthogonal functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about orthogonal functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about orthogonal functions to
+represent solutions of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent solutions of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent solutions of differential
+equations or if you haven't you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or if you haven't you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or if you haven't you're going
+to very soon this is a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very soon this is a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very soon this is a part of the
+course where you get to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where you get to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where you get to look at the
+analytical side of some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical side of some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical side of some of these things
+as opposed to the numerical side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the numerical side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the numerical side but
+there's a one-to-one relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one-to-one relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one-to-one relationship
+between those things okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those things okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those things okay so if you
+understand one you understand the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand one you understand the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand one you understand the other
+you can come at them from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come at them from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come at them from either
+perspective this sort of stuff is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective this sort of stuff is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective this sort of stuff is useful
+I said the classical Chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the classical Chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the classical Chemical
+Engineering example comes from quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering example comes from quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering example comes from quantum
+mechanics where you think about wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where you think about wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics where you think about wave
+functions and different energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and different energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and different energy levels
+corresponding to eigen values you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to eigen values you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to eigen values you know
+that's that's cool sometimes I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's cool sometimes I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's cool sometimes I like to
+think about a mechanical analog to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a mechanical analog to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a mechanical analog to that
+which is the buckling of an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the buckling of an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the buckling of an elastic
+column so you should do this at home you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so you should do this at home you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so you should do this at home you
+should go get a piece of spaghetti and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go get a piece of spaghetti and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go get a piece of spaghetti and
+push on the ends of the piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on the ends of the piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on the ends of the piece of the
+spaghetti and the spaghetti will buckle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti and the spaghetti will buckle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti and the spaghetti will buckle
+eventually it'll break but it'll buckle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it'll break but it'll buckle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it'll break but it'll buckle
+first it'll Bend and how does it Bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it'll Bend and how does it Bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it'll Bend and how does it Bend
+well a balance of linear momentum on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a balance of linear momentum on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a balance of linear momentum on
+this bar would tell you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bar would tell you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bar would tell you that the
+deflection in the bar at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection in the bar at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection in the bar at different
+points X along the bar x the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X along the bar x the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X along the bar x the pressure
+has to balance the bending moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to balance the bending moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to balance the bending moment in the
+bar itself so this e is some elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar itself so this e is some elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar itself so this e is some elastic
+constant I is a moment of inertia and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I is a moment of inertia and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I is a moment of inertia and d
+squared Y DX squared is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y DX squared is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y DX squared is something like
+the curvature of the bar so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the bar so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the bar so it's the
+bending moment to the bar that balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending moment to the bar that balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending moment to the bar that balance
+is the pressure that's being exerted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pressure that's being exerted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pressure that's being exerted on
+the bar and sure enough this bar will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar and sure enough this bar will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar and sure enough this bar will
+buckle when the pressure applied exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle when the pressure applied exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle when the pressure applied exceeds
+the first eigenvalue associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvalue associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvalue associated with
+this differential equation well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation well we just
+work that eigenvalue out we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that eigenvalue out we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that eigenvalue out we said that
+that eigenvalue okay had to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvalue okay had to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvalue okay had to be the
+square root of 2 pi over l squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi over l squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi over l squared and
+so when the pressure exceeds square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the pressure exceeds square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the pressure exceeds square root
+of 2 pi over l squared times the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 pi over l squared times the elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 pi over l squared times the elastic
+modulus this column will bend and deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this column will bend and deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this column will bend and deform
+continuously until it eventually breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously until it eventually breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously until it eventually breaks
+right it'll undergo this linear elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it'll undergo this linear elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it'll undergo this linear elastic
+deformation then plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation then plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation then plastic deformation
+later great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later great the
+Eiffel Tower actually is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eiffel Tower actually is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eiffel Tower actually is one of the
+first structures in the world to utilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first structures in the world to utilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first structures in the world to utilize
+this principle right it's got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle right it's got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle right it's got very
+narrow beams in it the beams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow beams in it the beams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow beams in it the beams are
+engineered so that they're elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered so that they're elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered so that they're elastic
+modulus is strong enough that they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is strong enough that they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is strong enough that they won't
+buckle Gustav Eiffel is one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle Gustav Eiffel is one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle Gustav Eiffel is one of the first
+sort of applied physicists somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of applied physicists somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of applied physicists somebody who
+took the physics of elastic bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the physics of elastic bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the physics of elastic bars and
+applied them to building structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied them to building structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied them to building structures that
+weren't big and blocky but used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't big and blocky but used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't big and blocky but used a
+minimal amount of material cool right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of material cool right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of material cool right
+okay so let's recap any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's recap any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's recap any questions about
+that you've seen these things before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen these things before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen these things before you
+understood them well before to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood them well before to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood them well before to maybe
+give some thought to this okay we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some thought to this okay we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some thought to this okay we talked
+about eigen decomposition last time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigen decomposition last time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigen decomposition last time then
+associated with the square matrix was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the square matrix was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the square matrix was a
+particular eigenvalue or a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigenvalue or a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigenvalue or a particular
+set of eigenvalues stretches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenvalues stretches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of eigenvalues stretches and
+corresponding eigenvectors directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding eigenvectors directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding eigenvectors directions
+these were special solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were special solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were special solutions to the
+system of linear equations based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations based on a
+matrix I was a square matrix we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I was a square matrix we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I was a square matrix we might
+ask well what happens if the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what happens if the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well what happens if the matrix
+isn't square what if a is in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't square what if a is in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't square what if a is in in the
+space of real matrices that are n by M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of real matrices that are n by M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of real matrices that are n by M
+where n m maybe aren't the same maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n m maybe aren't the same maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n m maybe aren't the same maybe
+they are the same but maybe they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same but maybe they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same but maybe they're not
+and there's an equivalent sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an equivalent sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an equivalent sort of
+decomposition okay it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay it's called the
+singular value decomposition it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition it's like
+an eigen decomposition for non square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen decomposition for non square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen decomposition for non square
+matrices so rather than writing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so rather than writing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so rather than writing our
+matrix as some W lambda W inverse we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as some W lambda W inverse we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as some W lambda W inverse we're
+gonna write it as some product u times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it as some product u times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it as some product u times
+Sigma times V with this dagger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma times V with this dagger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma times V with this dagger the
+dagger here is conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger here is conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger here is conjugate transpose
+transpose the matrix and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the matrix and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the matrix and take the
+complex conjugate of all the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of all the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of all the elements
+okay I mentioned last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mentioned last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mentioned last time that
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors could be
+complex potentially right so whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex potentially right so whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex potentially right so whenever we
+have that case where things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that case where things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that case where things can be
+complex usually the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex usually the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex usually the transposition
+operation is replaced with the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is replaced with the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is replaced with the conjugate
+transpose what are these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what are these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what are these different
+matrices well let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices well let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices well let me tell you
+U is a complex matrix it maps from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a complex matrix it maps from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a complex matrix it maps from the
+space and to RN to RN so it's an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and to RN to RN so it's an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and to RN to RN so it's an end
+by n square matrix Sigma is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n square matrix Sigma is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n square matrix Sigma is a
+real-valued matrix and it lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-valued matrix and it lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-valued matrix and it lives in the
+space of n by n matrices V is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of n by n matrices V is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of n by n matrices V is a square
+matrix again if it has dimensions M by M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again if it has dimensions M by M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again if it has dimensions M by M
+number a maps from RM to RN so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a maps from RM to RN so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a maps from RM to RN so that's
+what this sequence of products does B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sequence of products does B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sequence of products does B
+maps from M to n and M to M Sigma maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps from M to n and M to M Sigma maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps from M to n and M to M Sigma maps
+from M to n u maps from end to end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from M to n u maps from end to end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from M to n u maps from end to end so
+this maps from M to n as well Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maps from M to n as well Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maps from M to n as well Sigma is
+like lambda from before it's a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lambda from before it's a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lambda from before it's a diagonal
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+it only has diagonal elements it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has diagonal elements it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has diagonal elements it's not
+square but it only has diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but it only has diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but it only has diagonal elements
+all of which will be positive and then U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which will be positive and then U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which will be positive and then U
+and V are called the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V are called the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V are called the left and right
+singular vectors and they have special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors and they have special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors and they have special
+properties associated with them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties associated with them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties associated with them which
+I'll show you right now any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you right now any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you right now any questions
+about how this how this decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this how this decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this how this decomposition is
+is composed or made up right it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is composed or made up right it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is composed or made up right it looks
+just like the eigen decomposition but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the eigen decomposition but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the eigen decomposition but it
+can be applied to any matrix yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to any matrix yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to any matrix yes this is
+a great question so all matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question so all matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great question so all matrices are
+going to have a singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a singular value
+decomposition okay we solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay we solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay we solve the
+eigenvalue decomposition that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue decomposition that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue decomposition that there
+could be a case where the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a case where the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a case where the eigenvectors
+are degenerate and we can't write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degenerate and we can't write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degenerate and we can't write that
+full decomposition all matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full decomposition all matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full decomposition all matrices are
+going to have this decomposition okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this decomposition okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this decomposition okay so
+for some properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some properties of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some properties of this
+decomposition U and B are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition U and B are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition U and B are what we call
+unitary matrices I talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary matrices I talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary matrices I talked about these
+before right unitary matrices are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right unitary matrices are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right unitary matrices are ones
+for whom if their real value their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whom if their real value their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whom if their real value their
+transpose is also their inverse if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is also their inverse if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is also their inverse if their
+complex valued then their complex their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued then their complex their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued then their complex their
+conjugate transpose is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose is this the
+equivalent of their inverse so u times u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of their inverse so u times u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of their inverse so u times u
+conjugate transpose will be identity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose will be identity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose will be identity the
+times V conjugate transpose will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V conjugate transpose will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V conjugate transpose will be
+identity unitary matrices also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity unitary matrices also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity unitary matrices also have the
+property that they impart no stretch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they impart no stretch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they impart no stretch to
+a matrix okay or two of two vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix okay or two of two vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix okay or two of two vectors so
+their Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Maps
+don't stretch okay they're kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stretch okay they're kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stretch okay they're kind of like
+rotational matrices right they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational matrices right they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational matrices right they change
+directions but they don't stretch things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but they don't stretch things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but they don't stretch things
+out if I were to take a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I were to take a conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I were to take a conjugate
+transpose and multiply it by a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and multiply it by a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and multiply it by a that
+would be the same as taking you Sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same as taking you Sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same as taking you Sigma V
+conjugate transpose and multiplying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and multiplying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and multiplying it
+by you Sigma V I use the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you Sigma V I use the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you Sigma V I use the properties of
+matrix multiplications and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplications and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplications and complex
+conjugate transposes and work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transposes and work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transposes and work out what
+this expression is we'll find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is we'll find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is we'll find out that
+it's equivalent to V Sigma conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to V Sigma conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to V Sigma conjugate
+transpose Sigma V conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma V conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma V conjugate transpose
+well this has exactly the same form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this has exactly the same form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this has exactly the same form as
+an eigen decomposition an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen decomposition an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen decomposition an eigen
+decomposition of a times a instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of a times a instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of a times a instead of an
+eigen decomposition of a so V is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen decomposition of a so V is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen decomposition of a so V is the set
+of eigen vectors of a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigen vectors of a conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigen vectors of a conjugate
+transpose a and Sigma squared are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and Sigma squared are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and Sigma squared are the
+eigen values of a conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of a conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of a conjugate transpose
+times a and if I reverse the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a and if I reverse the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a and if I reverse the order of
+this multiplication so I do a times any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication so I do a times any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication so I do a times any
+conjugate transpose and work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and work it out
+that'll be u Sigma Sigma u and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be u Sigma Sigma u and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be u Sigma Sigma u and so you
+are the eigenvectors of a a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of a a conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of a a conjugate
+transpose and sigma square are still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and sigma square are still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and sigma square are still the
+eigenvalues of a a conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a a conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a a conjugate transpose
+so what are these things U and B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these things U and B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these things U and B right
+they relate to the eigenvectors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate to the eigenvectors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate to the eigenvectors of the
+product of a with itself okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a with itself okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a with itself okay this
+particular product of a with itself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular product of a with itself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular product of a with itself or
+this particular product of a with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular product of a with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular product of a with itself
+Sigma are these singular values and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma are these singular values and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma are these singular values and all
+matrices possess this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices possess this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices possess this sort of a
+decomposition they all have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition they all have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition they all have a set of
+singular values and singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and singular vectors
+these Sigma's are called the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sigma's are called the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sigma's are called the singular
+values of a particular name let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a particular name let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a particular name let me show
+you how I can use this decomposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I can use this decomposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I can use this decomposition to
+do something you already know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something you already know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something you already know how to do
+but how to do informally okay what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to do informally okay what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to do informally okay what are
+some properties of the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of the singular value
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we take a matrix a and we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a matrix a and we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a matrix a and we compute
+a singular value decomposition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular value decomposition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular value decomposition this is
+how you do it in MATLAB okay we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it in MATLAB okay we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it in MATLAB okay we'll find
+out for this matrix U is identity Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for this matrix U is identity Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for this matrix U is identity Sigma
+is identity with an extra column pasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identity with an extra column pasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identity with an extra column pasted
+on it and B is also identity and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and B is also identity and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and B is also identity and this is
+the simplest possible four by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible four by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible four by three
+matrix I can write down you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I can write down you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I can write down you don't have
+to know how to compute the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to compute the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to compute the singular
+value decomposition and you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition and you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition and you just need to
+know that it can be computed in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it can be computed in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it can be computed in this way
+you might be able to guess how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to guess how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to guess how to
+compute it based on what we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it based on what we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it based on what we do with
+eigen values earlier like in vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values earlier like in vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values earlier like in vectors
+it'll turn out some of the columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out some of the columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out some of the columns of
+Sigma will be nonzero right there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma will be nonzero right there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma will be nonzero right there are
+three nonzero columns of Sigma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nonzero columns of Sigma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nonzero columns of Sigma and the
+columns of V they correspond to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of V they correspond to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of V they correspond to those
+columns of Sigma span the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Sigma span the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Sigma span the null space of
+the matrix a so the first three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a so the first three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a so the first three columns
+here are nonzero the first three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are nonzero the first three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are nonzero the first three columns
+of V okay okay the first three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V okay okay the first three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V okay okay the first three columns
+here are nonzero the last column is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are nonzero the last column is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are nonzero the last column is zero
+the columns of Sigma which are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of Sigma which are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of Sigma which are zero
+correspond to a particular column in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particular column in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particular column in V
+this last column here which lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last column here which lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last column here which lives in the
+null space of a so you can see if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a so you can see if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a so you can see if I take
+a and I multiply it by any vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I multiply it by any vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I multiply it by any vector that's
+proportional to zero zero zero one I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to zero zero zero one I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to zero zero zero one I'll
+get back to zero right so the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to zero right so the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to zero right so the null space
+of a is spanned by all these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is spanned by all these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is spanned by all these vectors
+corresponding to the zero columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the zero columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the zero columns of
+Sigma some of the columns of Sigma are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma some of the columns of Sigma are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma some of the columns of Sigma are
+nonzero these first three columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero these first three columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero these first three columns and
+the rows of U corresponding to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of U corresponding to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows of U corresponding to those
+three columns span the range of a so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns span the range of a so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns span the range of a so if
+I do the singular value decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the singular value decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the singular value decomposition of
+a matrix and I look at UV and Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and I look at UV and Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and I look at UV and Sigma and
+what they're composed of where Sigma 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're composed of where Sigma 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're composed of where Sigma 0
+and nonzero and the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nonzero and the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nonzero and the corresponding
+columns or rows of U and V then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or rows of U and V then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or rows of U and V then I can
+figure out what vector span the range in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what vector span the range in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what vector span the range in
+null space of the matrix a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of the matrix a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of the matrix a here's
+another example ok so here I have a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example ok so here I have a now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example ok so here I have a now
+instead of being three rows by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being three rows by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being three rows by four
+columns it's four rows by three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it's four rows by three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it's four rows by three columns
+and here's the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the singular value
+decomposition that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that comes out of
+there are no vectors okay that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no vectors okay that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no vectors okay that live in
+the null space of a and there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a and there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a and there are no
+zero columns in Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero columns in Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero columns in Sigma
+there's no corresponding columns in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no corresponding columns in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no corresponding columns in V
+okay dardo vectors in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dardo vectors in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dardo vectors in the null space of
+a the range of a is spanned by the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the range of a is spanned by the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the range of a is spanned by the rows
+corresponding to the non zero the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the non zero the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the non zero the rows
+of U corresponding to the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U corresponding to the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U corresponding to the nonzero
+columns of Sigma so it's these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Sigma so it's these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Sigma so it's these three
+columns in the first three rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the first three rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the first three rows and
+these first three rows clearly they span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first three rows clearly they span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first three rows clearly they span
+right they describe the same range as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they describe the same range as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they describe the same range as
+the three columns in a okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three columns in a okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three columns in a okay so the
+singular value decomposition gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition gives us
+access to direct access to the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to direct access to the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to direct access to the null
+space and the range of a matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the range of a matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the range of a matrix that's
+handy and it can be used in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy and it can be used in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy and it can be used in various ways
+so here's one example where it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one example where it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one example where it can be
+used here I have a fingerprint okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here I have a fingerprint okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here I have a fingerprint okay it's
+a bitmap it's a square bit of data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bitmap it's a square bit of data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bitmap it's a square bit of data like
+a matrix and each of the elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and each of the elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and each of the elements of the
+matrix takes on a value describing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix takes on a value describing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix takes on a value describing how
+dark or light that pixel is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark or light that pixel is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark or light that pixel is let's say
+it's grayscale and its values between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's grayscale and its values between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's grayscale and its values between 0
+and 255 that's pretty typical so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 255 that's pretty typical so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 255 that's pretty typical so I have
+this matrix in each each element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in each each element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in each each element of the
+matrix corresponds to a pixel and I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix corresponds to a pixel and I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix corresponds to a pixel and I do a
+singular value decomposition some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition some of the
+singular values the values of Sigma are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values the values of Sigma are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values the values of Sigma are
+bigger than others they're all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than others they're all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than others they're all positive
+but some are bigger than others the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some are bigger than others the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some are bigger than others the ones
+that are biggest in magnitude carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are biggest in magnitude carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are biggest in magnitude carry the
+most information content about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information content about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information content about the
+matrix so we can do data compression by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we can do data compression by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we can do data compression by
+neglecting singular values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting singular values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting singular values that are
+smaller than some threshold and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than some threshold and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than some threshold and also
+neglecting the corresponding singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the corresponding singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the corresponding singular
+vectors and that's what I've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's what I've done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's what I've done here
+so here's the original bitmap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the original bitmap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the original bitmap of the
+fingerprint I did the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint I did the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint I did the singular value
+decomposition and then I retained only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and then I retained only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and then I retained only
+the 50 biggest singular values and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 biggest singular values and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 biggest singular values and I
+left all the other singular values out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all the other singular values out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all the other singular values out
+this bitmap was something like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bitmap was something like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bitmap was something like I don't
+know 300 pixels by 300 pixels so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 300 pixels by 300 pixels so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 300 pixels by 300 pixels so there's
+like 300 singular values but I got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 singular values but I got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 singular values but I got rid
+of 5/6 of the information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5/6 of the information content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5/6 of the information content
+I dropped 5/6 of the singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dropped 5/6 of the singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dropped 5/6 of the singular vectors
+and then I reconstructed the matrix from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I reconstructed the matrix from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I reconstructed the matrix from
+those singular values and the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those singular values and the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those singular values and the singular
+vectors and you get a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you get a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you get a faithful
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+the original fingerprint so the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original fingerprint so the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original fingerprint so the singular
+value decomposition says something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition says something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition says something about
+the information content in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information content in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information content in the
+transformation that is the matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that is the matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that is the matrix right
+there are some transformations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some transformations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some transformations that are
+of lower power or importance than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower power or importance than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower power or importance than others
+right and the magnitude of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the magnitude of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the magnitude of these
+singular values tell you what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values tell you what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values tell you what they are
+it's that make sense how else going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that make sense how else going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that make sense how else going to
+be used well one way it can be used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used well one way it can be used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used well one way it can be used is
+finding the least square solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the least square solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the least square solution to the
+equation ax equals B where a is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ax equals B where a is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ax equals B where a is no
+longer a square matrix okay you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a square matrix okay you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a square matrix okay you've done
+this in other contexts before where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other contexts before where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other contexts before where the
+equations are over specified we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are over specified we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are over specified we have
+more equations than unknowns like data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equations than unknowns like data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equations than unknowns like data
+fitting you form the normal equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting you form the normal equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting you form the normal equations
+you multiply both sides of a x equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply both sides of a x equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply both sides of a x equals B
+by a transpose and then invert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a transpose and then invert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a transpose and then invert a
+transpose a ok you might not be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a ok you might not be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a ok you might not be too
+surprised then to think that singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised then to think that singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised then to think that singular
+value decomposition could be useful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition could be useful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition could be useful here
+too since we already saw the data in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too since we already saw the data in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too since we already saw the data in a
+singular value decomposition corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition corresponds
+to I get vectors and eigen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I get vectors and eigen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I get vectors and eigen values of
+this a transpose a right but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a transpose a right but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a transpose a right but there's a
+way to use this transfer miss sorrel ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use this transfer miss sorrel ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use this transfer miss sorrel ii
+to solve problems that are both over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems that are both over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems that are both over
+specified and under specified least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and under specified least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified and under specified least
+squares means find the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares means find the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares means find the vector of
+solutions x that minimizes okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x that minimizes okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions x that minimizes okay this
+function fee fee is the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fee fee is the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fee fee is the length of the
+vector given by the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector given by the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector given by the difference between a
+X and B that's one measure of how far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and B that's one measure of how far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and B that's one measure of how far in
+error our solution X is so let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error our solution X is so let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error our solution X is so let's find
+the value X which is least in air this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value X which is least in air this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value X which is least in air this
+is one definition of least squares and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one definition of least squares and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one definition of least squares and I
+know the singular value decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the singular value decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the singular value decomposition of
+a so a is you Sigma times V so I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a is you Sigma times V so I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a is you Sigma times V so I've used
+Sigma V times X I can factor out you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V times X I can factor out you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V times X I can factor out you and
+I'll get a factor of u transpose or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a factor of u transpose or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a factor of u transpose or you
+conjugate transpose multiplying by B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose multiplying by B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose multiplying by B so
+ax minus B is the same as u times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax minus B is the same as u times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax minus B is the same as u times the
+quantity Sigma B come to your transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Sigma B come to your transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Sigma B come to your transpose
+X minus u can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus u can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus u can't
+transpose B and we want to know the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B and we want to know the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B and we want to know the X
+that minimizes this fee it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimizes this fee it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimizes this fee it's an
+optimization problem well talked in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem well talked in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem well talked in a
+great detail about these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail about these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail about these sorts of
+problems later this one is so easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems later this one is so easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems later this one is so easy to do
+we can just work it out in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just work it out in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just work it out in a couple of
+lines of text we'll define a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of text we'll define a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of text we'll define a new set of
+unknowns Y which is V transpose times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns Y which is V transpose times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns Y which is V transpose times X
+and a new right hand side for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new right hand side for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new right hand side for a system
+of equations P which is U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations P which is U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations P which is U transpose
+times B and then we could rewrite our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B and then we could rewrite our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B and then we could rewrite our
+function fee that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fee that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fee that we're trying to
+minimize sophie then becomes u Sigma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize sophie then becomes u Sigma Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize sophie then becomes u Sigma Y
+minus B U is a unitary vector it imparts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B U is a unitary vector it imparts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B U is a unitary vector it imparts
+no stretch okay in the two norm so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stretch okay in the two norm so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stretch okay in the two norm so this
+Sigma y minus P doesn't get elongated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma y minus P doesn't get elongated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma y minus P doesn't get elongated by
+multiplication with you okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication with you okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication with you okay so it's
+length the length of this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the length of this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the length of this is the same as
+the length of Sigma Y minus P you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of Sigma Y minus P you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of Sigma Y minus P you can
+prove this it's not very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this it's not very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this it's not very difficult to
+show it all you use the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it all you use the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it all you use the definition of
+the two norm to prove it so V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two norm to prove it so V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two norm to prove it so V is
+minimised by wise which make this norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimised by wise which make this norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimised by wise which make this norm
+smallest make it closest to zero let R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest make it closest to zero let R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest make it closest to zero let R
+be the number of nonzero singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of nonzero singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of nonzero singular values
+right the number of those Sigma's which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the number of those Sigma's which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the number of those Sigma's which
+are not equal to zero that's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equal to zero that's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equal to zero that's also the
+rank of a then I could rewrite fee as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of a then I could rewrite fee as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of a then I could rewrite fee as
+the sum from I equals 1 to R of Sigma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from I equals 1 to R of Sigma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from I equals 1 to R of Sigma I
+I times y i- p i squared that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times y i- p i squared that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I times y i- p i squared that's the
+parts of this length this Euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this length this Euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this length this Euclidean
+length for which Sigma is non zero plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for which Sigma is non zero plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for which Sigma is non zero plus
+the sum from R plus 1 to n right the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from R plus 1 to n right the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from R plus 1 to n right the sum
+over the rest of the values of P ok for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rest of the values of P ok for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rest of the values of P ok for
+which the corresponding Sigma's are 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to minimize fee and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to minimize fee and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to minimize fee and the only
+thing that I can change to minimize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I can change to minimize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I can change to minimize it
+is what what am i free to pick in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what am i free to pick in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what am i free to pick in this
+equation in order to make fee as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to make fee as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to make fee as small
+as possible yeah why right so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible yeah why right so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible yeah why right so I need to
+choose the Y's that make this fee as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Y's that make this fee as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Y's that make this fee as
+small as possible what value should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible what value should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible what value should I
+choose for the Y's what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect right choose y equals P I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right choose y equals P I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right choose y equals P I over
+Sigma I I write Y is P I over Sigma I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I I write Y is P I over Sigma I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I I write Y is P I over Sigma I I
+then all of these terms is 0 R 0 ok I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of these terms is 0 R 0 ok I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of these terms is 0 R 0 ok I
+can't make this so many smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make this so many smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make this so many smaller than
+that ok that fixes the values of Y I up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok that fixes the values of Y I up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok that fixes the values of Y I up
+to R I can't do anything about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R I can't do anything about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R I can't do anything about this
+leftover bit here there's no choice of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover bit here there's no choice of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover bit here there's no choice of Y
+that's gonna make this part any smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna make this part any smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna make this part any smaller
+it's just leftover some remainder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just leftover some remainder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just leftover some remainder that
+we can't make any smaller minimize any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make any smaller minimize any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make any smaller minimize any
+smaller there isn't an exact solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller there isn't an exact solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller there isn't an exact solution to
+this problem in many cases well one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in many cases well one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in many cases well one way
+this could be 0 right is if R is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be 0 right is if R is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be 0 right is if R is equal
+to n okay then there are no leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n okay then there are no leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n okay then there are no leftover
+unspecified terms and then this Y I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified terms and then this Y I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspecified terms and then this Y I is
+AI over Sigma is the exact solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI over Sigma is the exact solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI over Sigma is the exact solution to
+the problem yeah ok so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem yeah ok so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem yeah ok so this is this is
+what you told me choose Y is P I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you told me choose Y is P I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you told me choose Y is P I over
+Sigma I I for I bigger than 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I I for I bigger than 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I I for I bigger than 1 and
+smaller than all of them they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of them they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of them they're gonna
+be values of Y I that go between R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be values of Y I that go between R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be values of Y I that go between R plus
+1 and M ok because a was a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and M ok because a was a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and M ok because a was a vector that
+mapped from M to n right so I have extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped from M to n right so I have extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped from M to n right so I have extra
+values of Y that could be specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y that could be specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y that could be specified
+potentially if that's true right if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if that's true right if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if that's true right if R
+plus 1 is smaller than M then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is smaller than M then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is smaller than M then there's
+some components of Y that I don't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components of Y that I don't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components of Y that I don't get to
+I can't specify right my system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't specify right my system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't specify right my system of
+equations is somehow under determined I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is somehow under determined I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is somehow under determined I
+need some external information to chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some external information to chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some external information to chose
+me what values to pick for those Y I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what values to pick for those Y I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what values to pick for those Y I I
+don't know I can't choose them sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I can't choose them sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I can't choose them sometimes
+people just set Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just set Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just set Y
+equal to0 a sort of silly but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to0 a sort of silly but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to0 a sort of silly but that's
+what's done okay it's called the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done okay it's called the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's done okay it's called the minimum
+norm least squares solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm least squares solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm least squares solution right
+why has minimum length when you said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why has minimum length when you said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why has minimum length when you said all
+these other components to zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other components to zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other components to zero but the
+truth is we can't specify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is we can't specify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is we can't specify those
+components right we need some external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right we need some external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right we need some external
+information in order to specify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to specify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to specify them
+once we know why we can find X going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we know why we can find X going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we know why we can find X going
+back to our definition of what Y is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our definition of what Y is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our definition of what Y is so I
+multiply this equation by V on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation by V on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation by V on both
+sides and I'll get V y equals x so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I'll get V y equals x so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I'll get V y equals x so I can
+find my least square solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my least square solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my least square solution to the
+problem from the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the singular value
+decomposition so I can find the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so I can find the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so I can find the least
+square solution to both overdetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square solution to both overdetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square solution to both overdetermined
+and underdetermined problems using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underdetermined problems using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underdetermined problems using
+singular value decomposition it inherits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition it inherits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition it inherits
+all the properties you know of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties you know of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties you know of solving
+the normal equations multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal equations multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal equations multiplying by a
+transpose the entire equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the entire equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the entire equation then
+solving for at least square solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for at least square solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for at least square solution
+that way but that's only good for over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but that's only good for over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but that's only good for over
+determined systems of equations this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined systems of equations this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined systems of equations this can
+work for under determined equations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for under determined equations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for under determined equations as
+well and maybe we do have extraneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and maybe we do have extraneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and maybe we do have extraneous
+information now lets us specify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now lets us specify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now lets us specify these
+other components somehow maybe we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components somehow maybe we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components somehow maybe we do a
+separate optimization right that chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate optimization right that chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate optimization right that chooses
+from all possible solutions where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all possible solutions where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all possible solutions where these
+Y eyes are free and picks the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y eyes are free and picks the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y eyes are free and picks the best one
+subject to some other constraint does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to some other constraint does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to some other constraint does
+that make sense okay that's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense okay that's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense okay that's the last
+decomposition we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we're going to talk about
+it's as expensive to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as expensive to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as expensive to compute the
+singular value decomposition as it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition as it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition as it is to
+solve the system of equations you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of equations you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of equations you might
+have guessed that it's gotten order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed that it's gotten order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed that it's gotten order and
+cube sort of flavor to it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube sort of flavor to it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube sort of flavor to it it's kind of
+inescapable okay that we run up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inescapable okay that we run up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inescapable okay that we run up against
+those computational difficulties right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those computational difficulties right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those computational difficulties right
+this order n-cubed computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order n-cubed computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order n-cubed computational
+complexity and there are many problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and there are many problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and there are many problems
+of practical interest particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical interest particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical interest particularly
+solutions of PDEs for which that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of PDEs for which that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of PDEs for which that's not
+going to cut it where you couldn't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it where you couldn't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it where you couldn't solve
+the problem with that sort of scaling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that sort of scaling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that sort of scaling in
+time we couldn't compute the Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we couldn't compute the Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we couldn't compute the Gaussian
+elimination or the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or the singular value
+decomposition or an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or an eigenvalue
+decomposition it won't work and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition it won't work and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition it won't work and in those
+cases we appealed to not exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we appealed to not exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we appealed to not exact solution
+methods but approximate solution methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods but approximate solution methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods but approximate solution methods
+okay so instead of trying to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of trying to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of trying to get an
+exact solution we'll try to formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution we'll try to formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution we'll try to formulate
+one that's good enough we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's good enough we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's good enough we already know
+the computer introduces numerical error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer introduces numerical error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer introduces numerical error
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+is right maybe we don't need machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right maybe we don't need machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right maybe we don't need machine
+precision in our solution or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision in our solution or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision in our solution or something
+close to machine precision in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to machine precision in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to machine precision in our
+solution maybe we're solving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe we're solving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe we're solving an
+engineering problem and we're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem and we're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem and we're willing to
+accept relative errors on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept relative errors on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept relative errors on the order of
+10 to the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5
+some specified tolerance that we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specified tolerance that we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specified tolerance that we apply
+to the problem and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem and in those
+circumstances we use iterative methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances we use iterative methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances we use iterative methods
+to solve systems of equations instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve systems of equations instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve systems of equations instead of
+exact methods elimination methods or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact methods elimination methods or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact methods elimination methods or
+matrix decomposition methods these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix decomposition methods these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix decomposition methods these
+algorithms are all based on iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are all based on iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are all based on iterative
+refinement of an initial yes so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement of an initial yes so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement of an initial yes so if we
+have some system of equations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system of equations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system of equations we're
+trying to solve ax equals B will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve ax equals B will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve ax equals B will
+formulate some linear map right X I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate some linear map right X I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate some linear map right X I plus
+1 will be some matrix C times X I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will be some matrix C times X I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will be some matrix C times X I plus
+some little vector C where X I is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little vector C where X I is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little vector C where X I is my
+last best yes for the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last best yes for the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last best yes for the solution to this
+problem and X I plus 1 is my next best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and X I plus 1 is my next best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and X I plus 1 is my next best
+guess for the solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the solution to this problem
+and I'm hoping as I apply this mat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping as I apply this mat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping as I apply this mat more
+and more times I'm creeping closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more times I'm creeping closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more times I'm creeping closer to
+the exact solution to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution to the original
+system of equations the map will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations the map will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations the map will
+converge when X I plus 1 approaches X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge when X I plus 1 approaches X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge when X I plus 1 approaches X I
+when the map isn't making any changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the map isn't making any changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the map isn't making any changes to
+the vector anymore ok and the converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector anymore ok and the converged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector anymore ok and the converged
+solution verged value will be a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution verged value will be a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution verged value will be a solution
+when X I which is equal to I minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X I which is equal to I minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X I which is equal to I minus C
+inverse times C if I replace X I plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times C if I replace X I plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times C if I replace X I plus on
+with X I up here so I say that my map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X I up here so I say that my map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X I up here so I say that my map is
+converged when this value is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged when this value is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged when this value is equivalent
+to a inverse times B when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a inverse times B when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a inverse times B when it's a
+solution to the original problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the original problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the original problem right
+so my map may converge it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my map may converge it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my map may converge it may not
+converge to a solution of the problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a solution of the problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a solution of the problem I
+like but if it satisfies this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if it satisfies this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if it satisfies this condition
+then it has converged to be a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has converged to be a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has converged to be a solution
+of the problem that I like as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem that I like as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem that I like as well and
+so it's all about choosing this C here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all about choosing this C here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all about choosing this C here
+and this little C here so that this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little C here so that this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little C here so that this map
+converges to a solution of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a solution of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a solution of the problem
+I'm after and there are lots of schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm after and there are lots of schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm after and there are lots of schemes
+for doing this ok some of them are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this ok some of them are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this ok some of them are kind
+of ad hoc I'm going to show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ad hoc I'm going to show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ad hoc I'm going to show you one
+right now ok and then we'll talk when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now ok and then we'll talk when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now ok and then we'll talk when we
+do optimization we'll talk about a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do optimization we'll talk about a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do optimization we'll talk about a more
+formal way of doing this for which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal way of doing this for which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal way of doing this for which you
+can guarantee very rapid convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee very rapid convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee very rapid convergence
+to a solution so here's a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a solution so here's a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a solution so here's a system of
+equations I'd like to solve it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'd like to solve it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'd like to solve it's not a
+very big one it doesn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big one it doesn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big one it doesn't really make
+sense to solve this one iteratively but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to solve this one iteratively but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to solve this one iteratively but
+it's a nice illustration one way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice illustration one way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice illustration one way to go
+about formulating this map is to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulating this map is to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulating this map is to split
+this matrix into two parts so I'll split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix into two parts so I'll split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix into two parts so I'll split
+it into a diagonal part and an off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a diagonal part and an off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a diagonal part and an off
+diagonal part so I haven't changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal part so I haven't changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal part so I haven't changed the
+problem at all by doing that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all by doing that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all by doing that and then
+I'm going to rename this X X I plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rename this X X I plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rename this X X I plus 1
+and I'm going to rename this X X I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to rename this X X I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to rename this X X I and
+then I'll move this matrix vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll move this matrix vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll move this matrix vector
+product to the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to the other side of the
+equation and here's my map course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and here's my map course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and here's my map course this
+matrix multiplied doesn't make any it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplied doesn't make any it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplied doesn't make any it's
+not now useful to write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now useful to write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now useful to write it out
+explicitly this is just identity ok so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this is just identity ok so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this is just identity ok so I
+can drop this entirely this is just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop this entirely this is just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop this entirely this is just X
+I'd plus 1 so here's my map take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd plus 1 so here's my map take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd plus 1 so here's my map take an
+initial guess right multiply it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess right multiply it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess right multiply it by this
+matrix add the vector 1 0 and repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix add the vector 1 0 and repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix add the vector 1 0 and repeat
+over and over and over again hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again hopefully
+we don't really know but hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know but hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know but hopefully it's
+going to converge to a solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to converge to a solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to converge to a solution of the
+original linear equations I didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original linear equations I didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original linear equations I didn't make
+up that method that's a method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that method that's a method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that method that's a method called
+Jacobi iteration and the strategy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobi iteration and the strategy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobi iteration and the strategy is to
+split the matrix a into two parts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the matrix a into two parts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the matrix a into two parts as
+some of its diagonal elements and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its diagonal elements and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its diagonal elements and it's
+off diagonal elements and rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements and rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements and rewrite the
+equation Allah regional equations is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Allah regional equations is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Allah regional equations is an
+iterative map so D times X I plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative map so D times X I plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative map so D times X I plus 1 is
+equal to minus R times X I plus B or X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus R times X I plus B or X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus R times X I plus B or X I
+plus 1 is d inverse x minus rx I plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is d inverse x minus rx I plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is d inverse x minus rx I plus B
+if the equations converge then D plus R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the equations converge then D plus R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the equations converge then D plus R
+times X I has to be equal to B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X I has to be equal to B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X I has to be equal to B and we
+will have found a solution if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have found a solution if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have found a solution if it
+converges right if these iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges right if these iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges right if these iterations
+approach a steady value if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a steady value if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a steady value if they don't
+change from iteration to iteration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from iteration to iteration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from iteration to iteration the
+nice thing about the Jacobi method is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about the Jacobi method is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about the Jacobi method is it
+turns too hard from the order and cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns too hard from the order and cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns too hard from the order and cubed
+problem of salt of computing a inverse B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of salt of computing a inverse B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of salt of computing a inverse B
+into a succession of easy problems d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a succession of easy problems d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a succession of easy problems d
+inverse times some vector C ok how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times some vector C ok how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times some vector C ok how many
+how many calculations does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many calculations does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many calculations does it take to
+compute that d inverse n that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that d inverse n that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that d inverse n that's right
+order n right it's just a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right it's just a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right it's just a diagonal
+matrix I invert each of its diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I invert each of its diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I invert each of its diagonal
+elements and I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I'm done
+so I went from order and cubed which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went from order and cubed which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went from order and cubed which was
+going to be hard into a succession of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hard into a succession of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hard into a succession of
+order and problems okay so as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and problems okay so as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and problems okay so as long as it
+doesn't take me order N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take me order N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take me order N squared
+iterations to get to the solution that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get to the solution that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get to the solution that I
+want I'm going to be okay this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm going to be okay this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm going to be okay this is going
+to be a viable way to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a viable way to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a viable way to solve this problem
+faster than finding the exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you know that it converges right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that it converges right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that it converges right
+that's the question is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question is this thing
+actually going to converge or not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to converge or not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to converge or not right
+where these iterations just going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these iterations just going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these iterations just going to run
+on and on forever one way to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on forever one way to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on forever one way to check
+whether we merge or not so go back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we merge or not so go back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we merge or not so go back up to
+this equation here and substitute B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here and substitute B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here and substitute B
+equals a X where X is the exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a X where X is the exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a X where X is the exact solution
+to the problem and you can transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem and you can transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem and you can transform
+then this equation into one that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equation into one that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equation into one that looks
+like X I plus 1 minus X equal to minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X I plus 1 minus X equal to minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X I plus 1 minus X equal to minus D
+inverse times our X I minus X and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times our X I minus X and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times our X I minus X and if I
+take the normal both sides and I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the normal both sides and I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the normal both sides and I apply
+our norm inequality right we're the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our norm inequality right we're the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our norm inequality right we're the norm
+of a matrix vector product is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix vector product is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix vector product is smaller
+than the product of the norms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the product of the norms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the product of the norms of the
+matrices of the vectors then I can get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of the vectors then I can get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of the vectors then I can get I
+can get a ratio like this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a ratio like this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a ratio like this that the
+absolute error in iteration I plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error in iteration I plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error in iteration I plus one
+divided by the absolute error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the absolute error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the absolute error in
+iteration I is smaller than the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I is smaller than the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I is smaller than the norm of
+this matrix so if I converged if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix so if I converged if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix so if I converged if I'm
+converging then what I expect is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging then what I expect is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging then what I expect is this
+ratio should be smaller than one the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio should be smaller than one the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio should be smaller than one the air
+in my next approximation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my next approximation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my next approximation should be
+smaller than the air in my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the air in my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the air in my current
+approximation that makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that makes sense that
+means that I would hope that the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I would hope that the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I would hope that the norm of
+this matrix is also smaller than one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is also smaller than one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is also smaller than one if
+it is that I'm going to be guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that I'm going to be guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that I'm going to be guaranteed to
+converge okay so for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so for a particular
+coefficient matrix for a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix for a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix for a system of
+linear equations I'm trying to solve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations I'm trying to solve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations I'm trying to solve I
+may be able to find I may find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to find I may find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to find I may find that this
+is true and then I can apply this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and then I can apply this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and then I can apply this method
+and I'll converge to a solution we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll converge to a solution we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll converge to a solution we call
+this sort of convergence linear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of convergence linear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of convergence linear okay
+whatever this number is it tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this number is it tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this number is it tells me the
+sort of fraction by which the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fraction by which the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fraction by which the air is
+reduced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from
+- iteration so suppose this is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- iteration so suppose this is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- iteration so suppose this is one over
+ten right then the route the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten right then the route the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten right then the route the absolute
+error is going to be reduced by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to be reduced by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to be reduced by a factor
+of ten in each iteration right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ten in each iteration right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ten in each iteration right it's not
+going to be one over ten usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one over ten usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one over ten usually it's
+gonna be something that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be something that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be something that's a little bit
+bigger than that typically but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that typically but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that typically but that's
+the idea you can show I would encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea you can show I would encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea you can show I would encourage
+you to try to work this out on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to work this out on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to work this out on your own
+but you can show that the infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show that the infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show that the infinity norm
+of this product okay the Infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product okay the Infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product okay the Infinity norm
+of this product is equal to this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product is equal to this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product is equal to this and if
+I ask that the Infinity norm of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask that the Infinity norm of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask that the Infinity norm of this
+product be smaller than one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product be smaller than one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product be smaller than one that's
+guaranteed when the diagonal values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed when the diagonal values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed when the diagonal values of
+the matrix in absolute value are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix in absolute value are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix in absolute value are bigger
+than the sum of the off diagonal values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum of the off diagonal values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum of the off diagonal values
+in a particular row or particular column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular row or particular column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular row or particular column
+that kind of matrix we call diagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of matrix we call diagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of matrix we call diagonally
+dominant the diagonal values are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant the diagonal values are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant the diagonal values are bigger
+than the sum and absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum and absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum and absolute value of the
+off diagonal pieces so diagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal pieces so diagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal pieces so diagonally
+dominant matrices which come up quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant matrices which come up quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant matrices which come up quite
+often can be those linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often can be those linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often can be those linear equations
+based on those matrices can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those matrices can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those matrices can be solved
+reasonable efficiency using the Jacobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable efficiency using the Jacobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable efficiency using the Jacobi
+method you'd actually see they're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you'd actually see they're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you'd actually see they're better
+methods to choose I'll show you one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to choose I'll show you one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to choose I'll show you one in a
+second okay but you can guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay but you can guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay but you can guarantee that
+this is going to converge to a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to converge to a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to converge to a solution
+and that the solution will be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the solution will be the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the solution will be the right
+solution to the linear equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linear equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linear equations you
+were trying to solve okay so if the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to solve okay so if the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to solve okay so if the goal
+is just to turn hard problems into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to turn hard problems into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to turn hard problems into
+easier to solve from then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve from then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve from then there are
+other natural ways to want to split a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other natural ways to want to split a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other natural ways to want to split a
+matrix so maybe we want to split a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so maybe we want to split a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so maybe we want to split a into
+a lower triangular part which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower triangular part which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower triangular part which contains
+the diagonal elements of a and an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements of a and an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements of a and an upper
+triangular part which has no diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular part which has no diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular part which has no diagonal
+elements of a right we just split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a right we just split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a right we just split this
+thing apart and then we could rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apart and then we could rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apart and then we could rewrite
+our system of equations as an inner-tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of equations as an inner-tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of equations as an inner-tube
+map like this l times X I plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map like this l times X I plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map like this l times X I plus 1 is
+minus u times X I plus B all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u times X I plus B all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u times X I plus B all I have to
+do is invert L to find my next iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is invert L to find my next iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is invert L to find my next iteration
+and how expensive computationally is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how expensive computationally is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how expensive computationally is it
+to solve the system of equations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the system of equations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the system of equations which
+is triangular this is a process we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triangular this is a process we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triangular this is a process we call
+back substitution its order and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitution its order and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitution its order and square
+okay so we still beat n cubed one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we still beat n cubed one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we still beat n cubed one would
+hope that it doesn't require too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that it doesn't require too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that it doesn't require too many
+iterations to do this but in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to do this but in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to do this but in principle
+we can do this order N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this order N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this order N squared
+operations many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations many times and
+it'll turn out that this sort of a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out that this sort of a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out that this sort of a map
+converges to the solution that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the solution that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the solution that we're
+after it converges when matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it converges when matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it converges when matrices are
+either diagonally dominant as before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either diagonally dominant as before or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either diagonally dominant as before or
+they're symmetric and they're positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're symmetric and they're positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're symmetric and they're positive
+definite positive definite means all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite positive definite means all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite positive definite means all the
+eigenvalues of the matrix are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the matrix are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the matrix are bigger
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+okay so let's travel eater to method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's travel eater to method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's travel eater to method
+solving some equations and see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some equations and see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some equations and see how many
+converging yes so the question was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging yes so the question was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging yes so the question was how
+do you justify ignoring the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you justify ignoring the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you justify ignoring the diagonal
+elements in this method maybe I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in this method maybe I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in this method maybe I was
+going too fast or misspoke so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast or misspoke so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast or misspoke so I'm gonna
+split a into a lower triangular matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a into a lower triangular matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a into a lower triangular matrix
+thing has all the diagonal elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has all the diagonal elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has all the diagonal elements and
+U is the upper part with none of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is the upper part with none of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is the upper part with none of those
+diagonal elements on it that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements on it that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements on it that make sense
+thank you for asking that question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for asking that question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for asking that question I
+hope that I hope that's clear right Elle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I hope that's clear right Elle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I hope that's clear right Elle
+holds on to the diagonal pieces and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds on to the diagonal pieces and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds on to the diagonal pieces and you
+taste those away so let's try it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste those away so let's try it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste those away so let's try it on a
+matrix like this the exact solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this the exact solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this the exact solution is
+to this system of equations is 3/4 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system of equations is 3/4 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system of equations is 3/4 1/2
+and 1/4 right we'll try Jacobi and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 right we'll try Jacobi and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 right we'll try Jacobi and we'll
+have to give it some initial guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give it some initial guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give it some initial guess for
+the solution right we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution right we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution right we'll talk about
+places where you can derive those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can derive those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can derive those
+initial guesses from later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guesses from later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guesses from later on in the
+course but we have to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but we have to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but we have to start the
+interative process with some yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interative process with some yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interative process with some yes the
+solution so here's an initial guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so here's an initial guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so here's an initial guess
+we'll apply this map here's gauss seidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply this map here's gauss seidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply this map here's gauss seidel
+with the same initial guess and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same initial guess and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same initial guess and we'll
+apply this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this map
+they're both linearly convergent ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both linearly convergent ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both linearly convergent ok so
+the relative error will go down by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative error will go down by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative error will go down by a
+fixed factor after each iteration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed factor after each iteration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed factor after each iteration right
+iteration 1 the relative error in Jacobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 1 the relative error in Jacobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 1 the relative error in Jacobi
+will be 38 percent in gauss seidel it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 38 percent in gauss seidel it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 38 percent in gauss seidel it'll
+be 40% if we apply this all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 40% if we apply this all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 40% if we apply this all the way down
+to ten iterations the relative error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten iterations the relative error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten iterations the relative error and
+Jacobi will be 1.7 percent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobi will be 1.7 percent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobi will be 1.7 percent in the
+relative error and Gauss Seidel would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error and Gauss Seidel would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error and Gauss Seidel would be
+point zero eight percent and we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero eight percent and we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero eight percent and we can go
+on and on with these iterations if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on with these iterations if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on with these iterations if we
+want ok until we get sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want ok until we get sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want ok until we get sufficiently
+converged we get to a point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged we get to a point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged we get to a point where the
+relative error is small enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error is small enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error is small enough that
+we're happy to accept this answer as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to accept this answer as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to accept this answer as a
+solution to our system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to our system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to our system of equations
+right so we traded the burden of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we traded the burden of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we traded the burden of doing
+all these calculations to do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these calculations to do elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these calculations to do elimination
+for faster less computationally complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for faster less computationally complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for faster less computationally complex
+methodology but the trade-off was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology but the trade-off was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology but the trade-off was we
+don't get an exact solution anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an exact solution anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an exact solution anymore
+we're going to have finite precision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have finite precision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have finite precision in
+the result and we have to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result and we have to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result and we have to specify the
+tolerance that we want to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance that we want to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance that we want to converge to
+we're gonna see now this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see now this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see now this is this is the
+hook into the next part of that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook into the next part of that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook into the next part of that class
+we're going to talk about solutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about solutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about solutions of
+nonlinear equations next for which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations next for which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations next for which there
+are almost no nonlinear equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost no nonlinear equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost no nonlinear equations that
+we can solve exactly they all have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve exactly they all have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve exactly they all have to be
+solved using these iterative methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved using these iterative methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved using these iterative methods
+okay you can use these iterative methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can use these iterative methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can use these iterative methods
+for linear equations it's very common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear equations it's very common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear equations it's very common to
+do it this way in my group we solve lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way in my group we solve lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way in my group we solve lots
+of systems of linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems of linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems of linear equations
+associated with hydrodynamic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with hydrodynamic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with hydrodynamic problems
+okay that has come up when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that has come up when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that has come up when you're
+talking about say low Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about say low Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about say low Reynolds number
+flows which are linear linear sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows which are linear linear sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows which are linear linear sorts of
+fluid flow problems they're big it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow problems they're big it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow problems they're big it's
+really hard to do Gaussian elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do Gaussian elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to do Gaussian elimination
+so you do if you apply different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do if you apply different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do if you apply different
+iterative methods you can do Gauss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods you can do Gauss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods you can do Gauss
+Seidel II could do Jacobi we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seidel II could do Jacobi we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seidel II could do Jacobi we'll learn
+about more advanced ones like PCG which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more advanced ones like PCG which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more advanced ones like PCG which
+you're applying on your homework now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're applying on your homework now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're applying on your homework now and
+you should be seen that it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be seen that it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be seen that it converges
+relatively quickly in cases where exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly in cases where exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly in cases where exact
+elimination doesn't work we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination doesn't work we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination doesn't work we'll learn
+actually how to do that method that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to do that method that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to do that method that's
+one that we apply in my own group it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we apply in my own group it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we apply in my own group it's
+pretty common to use out there okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order N squared N squared right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N squared N squared right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N squared N squared right this is
+a wonderful question so this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful question so this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful question so this this is a
+pathological problem in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological problem in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological problem in the sense that
+it requires a lot of calculations to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a lot of calculations to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a lot of calculations to get
+an iterative solution here we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative solution here we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative solution here we haven't
+gotten to an end that's big enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to an end that's big enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to an end that's big enough that
+the computational complexities cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational complexities cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational complexities cross
+over okay so for small ends probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay so for small ends probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay so for small ends probably the
+prefactor in front of n whatever number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor in front of n whatever number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor in front of n whatever number
+that is and maybe even the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and maybe even the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and maybe even the smaller
+factors order N squared factors on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors order N squared factors on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors order N squared factors on that
+order and if you play a big role and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you play a big role and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you play a big role and how
+long it takes to actually compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to actually compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to actually compute this
+thing but modern problems are so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but modern problems are so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but modern problems are so big
+that we almost always are running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we almost always are running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we almost always are running out
+two ends that are large enough that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends that are large enough that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends that are large enough that we
+see a cross over you'll see this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a cross over you'll see this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a cross over you'll see this in your
+homework this week okay you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework this week okay you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework this week okay you won't see
+this cross over at N equals three you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross over at N equals three you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross over at N equals three you're
+gonna see it out at n equals 500 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see it out at n equals 500 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see it out at n equals 500 or
+1,200 big big big big problems then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200 big big big big problems then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200 big big big big problems then
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+counter this cross so it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter this cross so it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter this cross so it's a wonderful
+question so first small system sizes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so first small system sizes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so first small system sizes you
+know this iterative methods maybe don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this iterative methods maybe don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this iterative methods maybe don't
+buy you much supposed to depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you much supposed to depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you much supposed to depends on the
+application though right if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application though right if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application though right if you're doing
+something that involves solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involves solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involves solving problems
+on like embedded hardware in some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like embedded hardware in some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like embedded hardware in some sort
+of sensor or control valve right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensor or control valve right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensor or control valve right there
+may be very limited memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very limited memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very limited memory or
+computational capacity available to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational capacity available to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational capacity available to you
+you may actually apply an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may actually apply an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may actually apply an iterative
+method like this to to a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method like this to to a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method like this to to a problem that
+that controller needs to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controller needs to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controller needs to solve for
+example right it just may not right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right it just may not right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right it just may not right just
+may not have the capability of storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the capability of storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the capability of storing
+and inverting what we would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inverting what we would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inverting what we would consider
+today a relatively small matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a relatively small matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a relatively small matrix because
+the hardware doesn't doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware doesn't doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware doesn't doesn't have that
+sort of capability right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capability right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capability right so this is
+there could be cases where you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be cases where you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be cases where you might
+choose something that's slower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that's slower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that's slower but
+feasible versus something that's faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible versus something that's faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible versus something that's faster
+and exact because because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exact because because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exact because because there are
+other constraints they do exist but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraints they do exist but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraints they do exist but you
+know modern modern computers are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modern modern computers are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modern modern computers are pretty
+efficient right your cell phone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient right your cell phone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient right your cell phone is
+faster than the fastest computers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the fastest computers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the fastest computers in the
+world twenty years ago we're we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world twenty years ago we're we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world twenty years ago we're we're doing
+okay so we got to get out to big system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got to get out to big system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got to get out to big system
+sizes big promise sign sizes before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes big promise sign sizes before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes big promise sign sizes before this
+starts to pay off but but it does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pay off but but it does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to pay off but but it does for
+many practical problems ok I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many practical problems ok I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many practical problems ok I'll just
+I'll close with this because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll close with this because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll close with this because this is
+this is the hook into solving nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hook into solving nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hook into solving nonlinear
+equations so I showed you these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I showed you these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I showed you these two
+iterative methods and they kind of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods and they kind of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods and they kind of had
+stringent requirements for when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent requirements for when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent requirements for when they
+were actually gonna converge right I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually gonna converge right I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually gonna converge right I had
+to have a diagonally dominant system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a diagonally dominant system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a diagonally dominant system of
+equations for Jacobi to converge I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for Jacobi to converge I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for Jacobi to converge I had
+to have diagonal dominance or symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have diagonal dominance or symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have diagonal dominance or symmetric
+positive-definite matrices these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite matrices these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite matrices these things
+exist and they come up in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and they come up in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and they come up in lots of
+physical problems but I had to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problems but I had to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problems but I had to have it
+in order for a Gauss Seidel to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for a Gauss Seidel to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for a Gauss Seidel to converge
+what if I have a system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have a system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have a system of equations
+that doesn't work that way or what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work that way or what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work that way or what if I
+have a neighborhood of map that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neighborhood of map that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neighborhood of map that I like
+for some reason but it doesn't appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason but it doesn't appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason but it doesn't appear to
+converge right maybe it converges under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge right maybe it converges under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge right maybe it converges under
+some circumstances but not others well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances but not others well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances but not others well
+there's a way to modify these iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to modify these iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to modify these iterative
+maps called successive over relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps called successive over relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps called successive over relaxation
+which can help promote convergence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can help promote convergence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can help promote convergence so
+suppose we have an iterative map like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an iterative map like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an iterative map like
+this X I plus 1 is some function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X I plus 1 is some function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X I plus 1 is some function of the
+previous iteration value doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous iteration value doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous iteration value doesn't matter
+what it is it could be linear could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it could be linear could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it could be linear could be
+non-linear we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear we don't
+we care okay the sought-after solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care okay the sought-after solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care okay the sought-after solution
+is found when X I plus 1 is equal to X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is found when X I plus 1 is equal to X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is found when X I plus 1 is equal to X I
+so this map is one that converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this map is one that converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this map is one that converges to the
+exact solution of the problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution of the problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution of the problem that we
+want right we've somehow guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right we've somehow guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right we've somehow guaranteed that
+that's the case but it has to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case but it has to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case but it has to converge
+one way to modify that map is the same X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to modify that map is the same X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to modify that map is the same X
+I plus 1 is 1 minus some scalar value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is 1 minus some scalar value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is 1 minus some scalar value
+Omega times X I plus Omega times F you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times X I plus Omega times F you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times X I plus Omega times F you
+can confirm that if you substitute X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can confirm that if you substitute X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can confirm that if you substitute X I
+plus 1 equals x I into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equals x I into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equals x I into this equation
+you'll come up with the same fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come up with the same fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come up with the same fixed point
+of the cigarette in map ok X I is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cigarette in map ok X I is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cigarette in map ok X I is equal
+to f of X I okay so you haven't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of X I okay so you haven't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of X I okay so you haven't changed
+what value will converge here but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value will converge here but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value will converge here but you've
+affected the rate at which it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the rate at which it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the rate at which it converges
+here you're saying X I plus 1 is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're saying X I plus 1 is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're saying X I plus 1 is some
+fraction of my previous solution plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of my previous solution plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of my previous solution plus
+some fraction of this app and I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of this app and I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of this app and I get to
+control how big those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how big those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how big those different
+fractions are so things aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions are so things aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions are so things aren't
+converging well for a map like this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging well for a map like this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging well for a map like this then
+I could try successive over relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could try successive over relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could try successive over relaxation
+and I could adjust this relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could adjust this relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could adjust this relaxation
+parameter to be some fraction write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to be some fraction write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to be some fraction write some
+number between 0 and 1 until I start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and 1 until I start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and 1 until I start to
+observe convergence and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe convergence and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe convergence and there's some
+rules one can use to try to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules one can use to try to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules one can use to try to promote
+convergence with this kind of successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence with this kind of successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence with this kind of successive
+over relaxation this is a very generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over relaxation this is a very generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over relaxation this is a very generic
+technique that one can apply if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that one can apply if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that one can apply if you have
+a narrative map you're trying to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative map you're trying to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a narrative map you're trying to apply
+it goes it should go to the solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes it should go to the solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes it should go to the solution you
+want but it doesn't converge for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but it doesn't converge for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but it doesn't converge for some
+reason then you can use this relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason then you can use this relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason then you can use this relaxation
+technique to promote convergence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to promote convergence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to promote convergence to the
+solution you may slow the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you may slow the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you may slow the convergence
+way down right it may be very slow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down right it may be very slow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down right it may be very slow to
+converge but it will converge and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but it will converge and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but it will converge and after
+all an answer is better than no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all an answer is better than no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all an answer is better than no answer
+no matter how long it takes to get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how long it takes to get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how long it takes to get it so
+sometimes you're gonna get these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're gonna get these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're gonna get these things
+by hook or by crook so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hook or by crook so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hook or by crook so for example you
+could apply this to Jacobi this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply this to Jacobi this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply this to Jacobi this was the
+original Jacobi map and we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Jacobi map and we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Jacobi map and we just take
+that we add 1 minus Omega times X I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we add 1 minus Omega times X I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we add 1 minus Omega times X I plus
+Omega times this factor over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times this factor over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times this factor over here and
+now we can choose Omega so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can choose Omega so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can choose Omega so that this
+solution converges we can always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converges we can always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converges we can always make
+Omega small enough so that the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega small enough so that the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega small enough so that the diagonal
+values of our matrix appear big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our matrix appear big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our matrix appear big enough
+that the matrix looks like it's diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the matrix looks like it's diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the matrix looks like it's diagonal
+dominated okay you could go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated okay you could go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated okay you could go back to the
+same convergence analysis that I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same convergence analysis that I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same convergence analysis that I showed
+you before and try to apply it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before and try to apply it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before and try to apply it to this
+over relaxation form of Jacobi and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over relaxation form of Jacobi and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over relaxation form of Jacobi and see
+that well there's always gonna be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's always gonna be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's always gonna be some
+value of Omega that's small enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Omega that's small enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Omega that's small enough that
+this thing will converge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will converge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will converge okay
+it'll look effectively diagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look effectively diagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look effectively diagonally
+dominant because Omega inverse times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant because Omega inverse times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant because Omega inverse times D
+will be big enough or Omega times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be big enough or Omega times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be big enough or Omega times D
+inverse will be small enough that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will be small enough that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will be small enough that make
+sense you can apply the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can apply the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can apply the same sort of
+damping method to gauss seidel as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping method to gauss seidel as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping method to gauss seidel as well
+it's very common to do this okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very common to do this okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very common to do this okay the
+relaxation parameter asks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation parameter asks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation parameter asks like an
+effective increase in the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective increase in the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective increase in the eigenvalues of
+the matrix so you can think about L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix so you can think about L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix so you can think about L
+that's a lower triangular matrix its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lower triangular matrix its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lower triangular matrix its
+diagonal values or its eigenvalues okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal values or its eigenvalues okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal values or its eigenvalues okay
+l inverse the diagonal values of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l inverse the diagonal values of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l inverse the diagonal values of L
+inverse well 1 over those diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well 1 over those diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well 1 over those diagonal
+values are the eigenvalues of L inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the eigenvalues of L inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the eigenvalues of L inverse
+okay so if we make omega very small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we make omega very small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we make omega very small then
+we make the eigenvalues of L inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the eigenvalues of L inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the eigenvalues of L inverse
+very small or the eigenvalues of L very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small or the eigenvalues of L very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small or the eigenvalues of L very
+big and again the matrix starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and again the matrix starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and again the matrix starts to look
+diagonally dominated and you can promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally dominated and you can promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally dominated and you can promote
+convergence in this way so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in this way so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in this way so even though
+this may be slow okay you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be slow okay you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be slow okay you can use it to
+guarantee convergence of some iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee convergence of some iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee convergence of some iterative
+procedures not just for linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures not just for linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures not just for linear equations
+but for nonlinear equations as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for nonlinear equations as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for nonlinear equations as well
+we'll see there are good ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see there are good ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see there are good ways of
+choosing Omega for certain classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing Omega for certain classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing Omega for certain classes of
+nonlinear equations will apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations will apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations will apply
+newton-raphson method and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method and then we'll
+damp it using exactly this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp it using exactly this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp it using exactly this sort of
+procedure and I'll show you how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and I'll show you how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and I'll show you how you can
+choose say a nearly optimal value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose say a nearly optimal value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose say a nearly optimal value for
+Omega to promote convergence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to promote convergence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to promote convergence to the
+solution any questions no let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution any questions no let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution any questions no let me let me
+address one more thing before you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address one more thing before you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address one more thing before you go
+we've scheduled times for the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've scheduled times for the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've scheduled times for the quizzes
+they are joined me in the evenings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are joined me in the evenings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are joined me in the evenings on
+the dates that are specified on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dates that are specified on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dates that are specified on the
+syllabus we wanted to do them during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus we wanted to do them during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus we wanted to do them during the
+day time it was really difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day time it was really difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day time it was really difficult to
+schedule a room that was big enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule a room that was big enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule a room that was big enough for
+this class so they have to be from seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so they have to be from seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so they have to be from seven
+to nine in the gymnasium I apologize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nine in the gymnasium I apologize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nine in the gymnasium I apologize for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+really we spent several days looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we spent several days looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we spent several days looking
+around trying to find a place where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to find a place where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around trying to find a place where we
+could put everybody so you would all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put everybody so you would all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put everybody so you would all get
+the same experience in the quiz I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same experience in the quiz I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same experience in the quiz I know
+that the November quiz comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the November quiz comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the November quiz comes back
+- back with the thermodynamics exam as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- back with the thermodynamics exam as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- back with the thermodynamics exam as
+well that's that's frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's frustrating
+thermodynamics is the next day that week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is the next day that week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is the next day that week
+is is tricky that's AIChE so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is tricky that's AIChE so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is tricky that's AIChE so most of the
+faculty have to travel we won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty have to travel we won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty have to travel we won't be able
+to teach but you won't have classes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach but you won't have classes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach but you won't have classes one
+of those days so you have extra time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those days so you have extra time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those days so you have extra time to
+study and Columbus Day also falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and Columbus Day also falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and Columbus Day also falls in
+that week so there's no way to put three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week so there's no way to put three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week so there's no way to put three
+exams in four days without having them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams in four days without having them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams in four days without having them
+come right back to back believe me we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right back to back believe me we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right back to back believe me we we
+thought about this and trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this and trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this and trying to get
+things scheduled as as efficiently as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things scheduled as as efficiently as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things scheduled as as efficiently as we
+could for you but sometimes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for you but sometimes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for you but sometimes their
+constraints that are outside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that are outside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that are outside of our
+control but the quiz times are set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the quiz times are set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the quiz times are set okay
+that's gonna be one in October and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be one in October and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be one in October and one
+in November they'll be in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November they'll be in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in November they'll be in the evening
+and they'll be in the gymnasium I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll be in the gymnasium I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll be in the gymnasium I'll
+give you directions to it before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you directions to it before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you directions to it before before
+the exam just so you know exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam just so you know exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam just so you know exactly where
+to go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go okay
+thank you guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wnts35dE1Sg.txt b/wnts35dE1Sg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5e503c3b0338fa187c4ea879fce01e0c3860879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wnts35dE1Sg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now look at an application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at an application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at an application of the
+Bayes rule that involves a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule that involves a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule that involves a continuous
+unknown random variable which we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown random variable which we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown random variable which we try to
+estimate based on a discrete measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate based on a discrete measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate based on a discrete measurement
+our model will be as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model will be as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model will be as follows
+we observe the discrete random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe the discrete random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe the discrete random variable
+K which is Bernoulli so it can take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is Bernoulli so it can take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is Bernoulli so it can take two
+values 1 or 0 and it takes those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 1 or 0 and it takes those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 1 or 0 and it takes those values
+with probabilities Y and 1 minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities Y and 1 minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities Y and 1 minus y
+respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively
+this is our model of K the catch is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our model of K the catch is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our model of K the catch is that
+the value of y is not known and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of y is not known and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of y is not known and it is
+modeled as a random variable by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as a random variable by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as a random variable by itself
+you can think of a situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a situation where we
+are dealing with single coin flip we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with single coin flip we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with single coin flip we
+observe the outcome of the coin flip but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the outcome of the coin flip but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the outcome of the coin flip but
+the coin is biased the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin is biased the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin is biased the probability of
+heads is some unknown number Y and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is some unknown number Y and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is some unknown number Y and we
+try to infer or say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to infer or say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to infer or say something about the
+bias of the coin on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias of the coin on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias of the coin on the basis of the
+observation that we have made so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have made so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have made so what we
+assume about this Y or the bias of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume about this Y or the bias of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume about this Y or the bias of the
+coin if we know nothing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin if we know nothing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin if we know nothing about this
+random variable we might as well model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we might as well model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we might as well model
+it as a uniform random variable on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a uniform random variable on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a uniform random variable on the
+unit interval and the question now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval and the question now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval and the question now is
+given that we made one observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we made one observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we made one observation and
+the outcome was 1 what can we say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome was 1 what can we say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome was 1 what can we say about
+the probability distribution of Y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of Y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of Y given
+this particular information so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular information so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular information so the
+question that we're asking is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're asking is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're asking is what we
+can tell about the density of Y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell about the density of Y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell about the density of Y given
+that the value of 1 has been observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of 1 has been observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of 1 has been observed
+the way to approach this problem is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to approach this problem is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to approach this problem is by
+using a version of the Bayes rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a version of the Bayes rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a version of the Bayes rule we
+want to calculate this quantity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this quantity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this quantity for the
+special case where K is equal to 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where K is equal to 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where K is equal to 1 so
+let us calculate the various pieces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us calculate the various pieces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us calculate the various pieces on
+the right hand side of this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this equation the
+first piece is the density of Y this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece is the density of Y this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece is the density of Y this is
+the prior density before we obtain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior density before we obtain any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior density before we obtain any
+mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+and since the random variable is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the random variable is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the random variable is uniform
+this is equal to 1 for y in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 1 for y in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 1 for y in the unit
+interval and of course it is 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next piece that we need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next piece that we need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next piece that we need is the
+distribution of K given the value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of K given the value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of K given the value of y
+well given Y K takes the value of 1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given Y K takes the value of 1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given Y K takes the value of 1 with
+probability equal to Y so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to Y so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to Y so the
+probability of 1 if we're told the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 if we're told the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 if we're told the value
+of Y is just Y itself Y is the bias of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is just Y itself Y is the bias of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is just Y itself Y is the bias of
+the coin that we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin that we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin that we're dealing with the
+next term that we need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term that we need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term that we need is the
+denominator we will use this formula it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we will use this formula it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we will use this formula it
+is the integral of the density of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of the density of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of the density of Y
+which is equal to 1 and it is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 1 and it is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 1 and it is equal to 1
+only on the range from 0 to 1 times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the range from 0 to 1 times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the range from 0 to 1 times this
+probability that K takes value a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that K takes value a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that K takes value a certain
+value in this case we're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this case we're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this case we're dealing with a
+value of 1 so here we're going to put 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 so here we're going to put 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 so here we're going to put 1
+instead of K and therefore we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of K and therefore we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of K and therefore we're dealing
+with this expression here which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression here which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression here which is just
+Y and we integrate it over Y's so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we integrate it over Y's so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we integrate it over Y's so this
+is y squared over 2 evaluated at 0 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y squared over 2 evaluated at 0 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y squared over 2 evaluated at 0 & 1
+which gives us 1/2 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us 1/2 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us 1/2 so this is the
+unconditional probability that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability that K is
+equal to 1 if we know nothing about Y by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 if we know nothing about Y by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 if we know nothing about Y by
+symmetry higher biases or equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry higher biases or equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry higher biases or equally likely
+as lower biases so we should expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lower biases so we should expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lower biases so we should expect that
+it's equally likely to give us a 1 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equally likely to give us a 1 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equally likely to give us a 1 as it
+is to give us a 0 now we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give us a 0 now we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give us a 0 now we have in our
+hands all the pieces that go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands all the pieces that go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands all the pieces that go into this
+particular formula and we can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula and we can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula and we can go ahead
+with the final calculation so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final calculation so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final calculation so in the
+numerator we have 1 times this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator we have 1 times this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator we have 1 times this term
+evaluated at k equal to 1 which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at k equal to 1 which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at k equal to 1 which is equal
+to Y and then in the denominator we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and then in the denominator we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and then in the denominator we have
+a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that
+nuh to 1/2 so the final answer is to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuh to 1/2 so the final answer is to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuh to 1/2 so the final answer is to why
+over what range of Y's is this correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what range of Y's is this correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what range of Y's is this correct
+well only for those Y's that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only for those Y's that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only for those Y's that are
+possible so this is for wise in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so this is for wise in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so this is for wise in the unit
+interval if we are to plot this PDF it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if we are to plot this PDF it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if we are to plot this PDF it
+has this shape this is a plot of the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this shape this is a plot of the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this shape this is a plot of the PDF
+of Y given that the random variable K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given that the random variable K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y given that the random variable K
+takes on the value of 1 initially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the value of 1 initially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the value of 1 initially we
+started with a uniform for y so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a uniform for y so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a uniform for y so all
+values of Y were equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y were equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y were equally likely
+but once we observed an outcome of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we observed an outcome of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we observed an outcome of 1
+this tells us that perhaps Y is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us that perhaps Y is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us that perhaps Y is on the
+higher side on the higher end rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher side on the higher end rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher side on the higher end rather
+than the lower end so after we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lower end so after we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lower end so after we obtain
+our observation the random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observation the random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observation the random variable Y
+has this distribution with higher values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this distribution with higher values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this distribution with higher values
+being more likely than lower values this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more likely than lower values this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more likely than lower values this
+example is the prototype of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the prototype of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the prototype of situations
+where we want to estimate a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to estimate a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to estimate a continuous
+random variable based on discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable based on discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable based on discrete
+measurements essentially it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements essentially it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements essentially it is the same
+as trying to estimate the bias of a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to estimate the bias of a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to estimate the bias of a coin
+based on a single measurement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a single measurement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a single measurement of the
+result of a coin flip as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a coin flip as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a coin flip as you can imagine
+there are generalizations in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are generalizations in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are generalizations in which we
+observe multiple coin flips and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe multiple coin flips and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe multiple coin flips and this is
+an example that we will see later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that we will see later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that we will see later on in
+this class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wrcQ5wUVxd0.txt b/wrcQ5wUVxd0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..625556d9228417d016d5cc3c9dfbc7df39c0fa32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wrcQ5wUVxd0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16535 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's syntax five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's syntax five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's syntax five
+um if you're wondering whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're wondering whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're wondering whether we're
+ever going to stop doing syntax we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to stop doing syntax we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to stop doing syntax we are
+um uh but I'm not sure when I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I'm not sure when I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I'm not sure when I think we
+have uh at least one or two more days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh at least one or two more days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh at least one or two more days of
+syntax uh so if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax uh so if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax uh so if you're looking at the
+syllabus you know to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you know to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus you know to try to figure out
+where we are just don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are just don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are just don't do that
+um I'll uh I'll try to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll uh I'll try to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll uh I'll try to update the
+syllabus soon uh to to sort of give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus soon uh to to sort of give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus soon uh to to sort of give you
+some idea of what's gonna what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what's gonna what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what's gonna what's gonna
+happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+um last time we got started on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time we got started on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time we got started on something
+that I kind of promised you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of promised you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I kind of promised you at the
+beginning of the semester sorry I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester sorry I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester sorry I'm just
+going to close this real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close this real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close this real quick
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I said at the beginning of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said at the beginning of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said at the beginning of the semester
+that one of the kinds of things we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the kinds of things we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the kinds of things we were
+going to find out was that uh although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out was that uh although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out was that uh although
+there were lots of kinds of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of kinds of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of kinds of languages
+out there in the world and we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world and we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world and we were going
+to have you know a chance to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you know a chance to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you know a chance to look at
+some of them but one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them but one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them but one of the things that
+we find as we study these I turn out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find as we study these I turn out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find as we study these I turn out not
+to be able to close that door let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to close that door let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to close that door let me try
+that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+um one of the things that we find as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that we find as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that we find as we
+study uh languages of the world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh languages of the world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh languages of the world is that
+although there are many languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are many languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are many languages out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well
+um although there have been defeated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although there have been defeated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although there have been defeated by
+a door this is very sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door this is very sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door this is very sad
+um but although there are many languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but although there are many languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but although there are many languages
+out there there are kinds of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there are kinds of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there are kinds of languages
+that are easy to imagine but that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easy to imagine but that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easy to imagine but that don't
+in fact exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact exist and
+um there's a hypothesis about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a hypothesis about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a hypothesis about what's
+going on which is that part of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on which is that part of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on which is that part of being a
+human being is having the kind of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is having the kind of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is having the kind of mind
+that can construct language in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can construct language in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can construct language in some ways
+but not others that is uh given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others that is uh given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others that is uh given a
+certain set of data the human mind jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of data the human mind jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of data the human mind jumps
+to certain conclusions but not others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain conclusions but not others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain conclusions but not others
+about the system that's underlying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system that's underlying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system that's underlying those
+data and that one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that one of the things that
+we're trying to find out as we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find out as we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find out as we study
+Linguistics is about what it is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics is about what it is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics is about what it is about
+human Minds that makes them work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Minds that makes them work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Minds that makes them work this
+way what are the rules that our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are the rules that our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are the rules that our our
+minds are are using to to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are are using to to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are are using to to make sense of
+the limited data that we have we ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited data that we have we ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited data that we have we ran
+very quickly through one argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly through one argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly through one argument of
+that kind last time because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind last time because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind last time because we were
+running low on time and I thought maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running low on time and I thought maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running low on time and I thought maybe
+we have time for this argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time for this argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time for this argument and
+probably looking back we probably didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably looking back we probably didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably looking back we probably didn't
+uh um if you are looking at the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if you are looking at the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if you are looking at the if you
+get a chance to look at the video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to look at the video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to look at the video of
+that if anybody wants to you should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if anybody wants to you should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if anybody wants to you should look
+at it on Slow Down Speed you know to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on Slow Down Speed you know to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on Slow Down Speed you know to to
+see if you can get it to make sense so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get it to make sense so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can get it to make sense so I
+was going to go through that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to go through that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to go through that argument
+again and some other arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and some other arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and some other arguments
+um a little more that's going to be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more that's going to be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more that's going to be kind
+of a theme for today I will show you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a theme for today I will show you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a theme for today I will show you uh
+some areas in which languages vary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in which languages vary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in which languages vary and
+then we will imagine kinds of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will imagine kinds of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will imagine kinds of languages
+and we'll discover that those kinds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discover that those kinds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discover that those kinds that
+are easy to imagine don't don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to imagine don't don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to imagine don't don't have
+um so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're gonna
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+um this is 24 900 if you go on and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 24 900 if you go on and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 24 900 if you go on and take
+more Linguistics classes you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Linguistics classes you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Linguistics classes you will see
+more phenomena of this kind and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more phenomena of this kind and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more phenomena of this kind and more
+theories about why languages behave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about why languages behave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about why languages behave this
+way but uh trying to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but uh trying to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but uh trying to understand why
+languages behave this way is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages behave this way is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages behave this way is one of the
+central occupations of linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central occupations of linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central occupations of linguistics
+you're trying to understand basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand basically
+what human minds are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what human minds are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what human minds are like
+so um last time I showed you this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um last time I showed you this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um last time I showed you this slide
+this was a slide for the question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a slide for the question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a slide for the question what
+will Mary write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Mary write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Mary write
+um I was trying to convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was trying to convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was trying to convince you that
+um in a sentence like this where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a sentence like this where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a sentence like this where we
+think that right selects an object it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that right selects an object it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that right selects an object it
+has the option of being transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of being transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of being transitive
+you can say Mary is writing a novel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say Mary is writing a novel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say Mary is writing a novel and
+we thought that when you had a selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that when you had a selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that when you had a selection
+relation between a head uh and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between a head uh and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between a head uh and some
+phrase that the phrase needed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that the phrase needed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that the phrase needed to be the
+sister to the head at least if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to the head at least if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to the head at least if there was
+only one thing that it was selecting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thing that it was selecting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thing that it was selecting we
+spent a lot of happy time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of happy time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of happy time thinking about
+what happens when a head is selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when a head is selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when a head is selecting
+more than one thing and I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one thing and I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one thing and I sort of
+promised you that we would talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised you that we would talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised you that we would talk more
+about that later but my that promise did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later but my that promise did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later but my that promise did
+not apply to today so today yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apply to today so today yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apply to today so today yeah if
+ahead is selecting only one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead is selecting only one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead is selecting only one thing that
+thing needs to be the sister and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing needs to be the sister and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing needs to be the sister and then we
+looked at questions like this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at questions like this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at questions like this and I
+tried to convince you to be upset so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince you to be upset so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince you to be upset so the
+word what which seems to be the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word what which seems to be the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word what which seems to be the thing
+that's being selected by right it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being selected by right it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being selected by right it seems
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the thing that's getting that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the thing that's getting that is
+the Ops objective right isn't anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ops objective right isn't anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ops objective right isn't anywhere
+near right what I said was there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near right what I said was there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near right what I said was there is a
+standard way to deal with this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to deal with this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to deal with this problem
+and we're going to gradually accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to gradually accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to gradually accumulate
+evidence for this idea but for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this idea but for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this idea but for today
+I'll just show you the idea the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you the idea the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you the idea the idea is
+that indeed what does start off as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed what does start off as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed what does start off as the
+sister of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister of right
+it goes right where the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes right where the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes right where the projection
+principle says it should it's merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle says it should it's merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle says it should it's merged
+right away as soon as right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as soon as right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as soon as right is
+introduced first thing you merge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced first thing you merge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced first thing you merge right
+with is something that Wright is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is something that Wright is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is something that Wright is
+selecting it's object but then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting it's object but then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting it's object but then there is
+an operation that sort of obscures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation that sort of obscures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation that sort of obscures that
+destroys that relation takes that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys that relation takes that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys that relation takes that thing
+which starts off as the sister of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts off as the sister of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts off as the sister of right
+and moves it to this higher position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moves it to this higher position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moves it to this higher position in
+the Clause I said that it moved to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause I said that it moved to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause I said that it moved to the
+specifier of CP that is that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of CP that is that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of CP that is that position
+that's there on the tree so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there on the tree so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there on the tree so it becomes
+the daughter of the CP node CP maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter of the CP node CP maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter of the CP node CP maybe you
+remember is the projection that's headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the projection that's headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the projection that's headed
+by words like that and whether in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by words like that and whether in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by words like that and whether in
+sentences like I think that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences like I think that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences like I think that it is
+raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining
+talking about that as being the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that as being the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that as being the place
+where we would put words like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would put words like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would put words like that
+does this all sound familiar and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all sound familiar and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all sound familiar and not
+terribly upsetting is there anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly upsetting is there anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly upsetting is there anything in
+any of this that makes any of you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this that makes any of you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this that makes any of you want
+to demand further explanation or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand further explanation or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demand further explanation or even
+ask nicely for further explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask nicely for further explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask nicely for further explanation
+anything else like that no no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else like that no no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else like that no no okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the so wh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the so wh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the so wh movement
+cross-linguistically very common lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common lots of
+languages out there that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there that have this
+operation that takes these wh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that takes these wh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that takes these wh words
+these question words with meanings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these question words with meanings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these question words with meanings like
+what and who and where and why and puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and who and where and why and puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and who and where and why and puts
+them at the beginning of the sentence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the beginning of the sentence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the beginning of the sentence so
+hearing examples from English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing examples from English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing examples from English and
+Tagalog and uh and Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog and uh and Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog and uh and Finnish
+uh the language that you're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the language that you're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the language that you're working on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+could be a kind of thing that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a kind of thing that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a kind of thing that you could
+try to find out how does it do its wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out how does it do its wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out how does it do its wh
+questions because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there is
+cross-linguistic variation we said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistic variation we said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistic variation we said this
+last time too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time too
+with respect to how you form wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to how you form wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to how you form wh
+questions so there are languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so there are languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so there are languages like
+English which do wh movement usually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English which do wh movement usually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English which do wh movement usually we
+talked about special conversational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about special conversational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about special conversational
+circumstances under which you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances under which you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances under which you might
+leave a wh in situ so there are times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a wh in situ so there are times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a wh in situ so there are times
+when it's possible to say Mary wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's possible to say Mary wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's possible to say Mary wrote
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+um but it specifically has to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it specifically has to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it specifically has to involve
+either not having heard you say exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either not having heard you say exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either not having heard you say exactly
+what Mary wrote or being amazed right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mary wrote or being amazed right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mary wrote or being amazed right so
+you you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say
+Mary wrote an Estonian novel and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary wrote an Estonian novel and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary wrote an Estonian novel and I say
+Mary wrote what I didn't know she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary wrote what I didn't know she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary wrote what I didn't know she's
+focused onion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh but except under those special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but except under those special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but except under those special
+circumstances the normal thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances the normal thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances the normal thing to do
+with wh words in English is to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wh words in English is to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wh words in English is to put them
+at the beginning of the sentence there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the sentence there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the sentence there
+are other languages like Mandarin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other languages like Mandarin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other languages like Mandarin or
+Buffet which is a language of Cameroon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffet which is a language of Cameroon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffet which is a language of Cameroon
+uh or Hopi which is a language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or Hopi which is a language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or Hopi which is a language of the
+American southwest uh many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American southwest uh many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American southwest uh many many
+languages which don't do that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which don't do that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which don't do that they have
+what's called wh in situ that is the wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called wh in situ that is the wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called wh in situ that is the wh
+pH phrases just say stay where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrases just say stay where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrases just say stay where they
+would normally be in the language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be in the language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally be in the language in
+question uh so Chinese word order is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so Chinese word order is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so Chinese word order is not
+unlike English word order it's you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike English word order it's you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike English word order it's you've
+got the subject and then the verb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the subject and then the verb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the subject and then the verb and
+then the object and the word for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the object and the word for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the object and the word for what
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+um sitting right where an object would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sitting right where an object would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sitting right where an object would
+normally be if you wanted to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be if you wanted to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be if you wanted to say uh
+jung-sun bought an Estonian novel uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jung-sun bought an Estonian novel uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jung-sun bought an Estonian novel uh in
+Mandarin I have no idea how to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin I have no idea how to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin I have no idea how to say that
+I don't speak Mandarin well at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't speak Mandarin well at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't speak Mandarin well at all
+um the words for Estonian novel would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the words for Estonian novel would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the words for Estonian novel would go
+right after bought it would go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after bought it would go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after bought it would go right
+where what is yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is yeah yep
+uh same deal for buffet and Hopi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same deal for buffet and Hopi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same deal for buffet and Hopi uh
+Hopey word order is different the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopey word order is different the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopey word order is different the verb
+is at the end of the sentence but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the end of the sentence but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the end of the sentence but the
+the generalization about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization about all these
+languages is that the The Who phrase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages is that the The Who phrase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages is that the The Who phrase is
+just staying where it is there is no wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying where it is there is no wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying where it is there is no wh
+movement going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement going on
+and what I said last time and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I said last time and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I said last time and this is
+true is those seem to be the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is those seem to be the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is those seem to be the options
+basically you either put your wh phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you either put your wh phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you either put your wh phrase
+at the beginning of the sentence you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the sentence you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the sentence you do
+wh movement or you leave it where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement or you leave it where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement or you leave it where it is
+you could imagine other things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine other things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine other things that you
+would do right you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do right you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do right you could imagine a
+language where the wh pH phrase would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where the wh pH phrase would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where the wh pH phrase would
+move to the end of the sentence or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the end of the sentence or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the end of the sentence or a
+language where the wh Rays would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where the wh Rays would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where the wh Rays would have to
+be in the middle of the sentence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the middle of the sentence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the middle of the sentence you
+know you'd count the words in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'd count the words in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'd count the words in the
+sentence and make sure it was uh evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and make sure it was uh evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and make sure it was uh evenly
+evenly in the middle of the sentence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly in the middle of the sentence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly in the middle of the sentence uh
+there aren't any languages like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any languages like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any languages like that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now and so here's an example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and so here's an example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and so here's an example there are
+no languages in which the normal way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no languages in which the normal way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no languages in which the normal way to
+say who has eaten the cookies is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who has eaten the cookies is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who has eaten the cookies is has
+eaten the cookies who where I've put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten the cookies who where I've put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten the cookies who where I've put in
+all these silly diacritics to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these silly diacritics to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these silly diacritics to emphasize
+the fact that I'm making this up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I'm making this up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I'm making this up there
+are no languages like this this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no languages like this this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no languages like this this is not a
+real language yeah so I'm making a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real language yeah so I'm making a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real language yeah so I'm making a book
+online yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes the excellent question and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the excellent question and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the excellent question and I
+should have said that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said that there are
+languages that allow you to do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that allow you to do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that allow you to do either
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um French is a language like that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um French is a language like that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um French is a language like that for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um and uh in fact it's not uncommon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh in fact it's not uncommon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh in fact it's not uncommon for
+languages like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like that to
+um I mean the first thing to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the first thing to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the first thing to say about
+them is that they have both options uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that they have both options uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that they have both options uh
+it's not uncommon for one of the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uncommon for one of the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uncommon for one of the options
+to be more common or to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more common or to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more common or to be less
+restricted so French allows you to do wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted so French allows you to do wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted so French allows you to do wh
+in situ but not always there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situ but not always there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situ but not always there are
+restrictions on it and people get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on it and people get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on it and people get very
+interested in the restrictions trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the restrictions trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the restrictions trying to
+figure out you know when do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know when do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know when do you have to
+wh move in French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh move in French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh move in French
+um but yes the short short version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes the short short version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes the short short version of
+the answer to your question is yes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to your question is yes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to your question is yes other
+questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so you know I started this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know I started this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know I started this off
+by saying we're going to spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying we're going to spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying we're going to spend some time
+talking about languages that don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about languages that don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about languages that don't exist
+here's a language that doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a language that doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a language that doesn't exist
+there aren't languages that take wh pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't languages that take wh pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't languages that take wh pH
+phrases and move them to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and move them to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and move them to the end of the
+sentence uh and if you're a syntactician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh and if you're a syntactician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence uh and if you're a syntactician
+uh you want to know well why you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to know well why you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to know well why you know
+why why aren't there any languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why aren't there any languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why aren't there any languages like
+that it's not hard to imagine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not hard to imagine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not hard to imagine them
+um now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now when I
+I'm trapped on an airplane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trapped on an airplane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trapped on an airplane and the
+person next to me wants to talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person next to me wants to talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person next to me wants to talk to me
+and for some reason they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason they want to
+continue to talk to me after I tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk to me after I tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk to me after I tell them
+that I'm a theoretical syntactician if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm a theoretical syntactician if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm a theoretical syntactician if I
+tell them this if I tell them about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them this if I tell them about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them this if I tell them about this
+kind of contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contrast
+they sometimes respond by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sometimes respond by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sometimes respond by saying
+sometimes they say oh yes that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say oh yes that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say oh yes that's very
+interesting and then they start reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then they start reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then they start reading
+their novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their novel
+um but sometimes they respond by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sometimes they respond by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sometimes they respond by saying
+yeah but look in a wh question the wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but look in a wh question the wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but look in a wh question the wh
+word is the important thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is the important thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is the important thing right so
+maybe it's just you know if you ask why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just you know if you ask why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just you know if you ask why
+aren't there any languages like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there any languages like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there any languages like this
+maybe it's just you know if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just you know if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just you know if you're gonna
+if it's important then you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's important then you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's important then you want it to be
+first you know something like that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know something like that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know something like that they
+don't the theory doesn't usually get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the theory doesn't usually get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the theory doesn't usually get any
+more sophisticated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that
+um so if you're going to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you're going to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you're going to do anything
+with the wh raise maybe it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wh raise maybe it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wh raise maybe it's not so
+surprising that it's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that it's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that it's first
+and so I actually want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I actually want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I actually want to show you a
+kind of apparent counter example to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of apparent counter example to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of apparent counter example to what
+I've just claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just claimed
+um because the fact is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the fact is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the fact is that there are
+languages that arrange for the wh word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that arrange for the wh word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that arrange for the wh word
+to be at the end of the sentence it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the end of the sentence it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the end of the sentence it's
+just that they are always wh in situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that they are always wh in situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that they are always wh in situ
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+um let me explain to you what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me explain to you what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me explain to you what I mean by
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so in order to tell you what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in order to tell you what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in order to tell you what I mean
+by that I first have to tell you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that I first have to tell you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that I first have to tell you another
+point of variation between languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of variation between languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of variation between languages
+there are languages in which the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages in which the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages in which the normal
+way to form wh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form wh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form wh questions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh is it involves what's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it involves what's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it involves what's sometimes
+called a cleft it's as though you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a cleft it's as though you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a cleft it's as though you have
+to say in these languages what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in these languages what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in these languages what is the
+one that you bought or what is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you bought or what is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you bought or what is the thing
+that you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought
+um some of the languages that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the languages that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the languages that are like
+this only do this for some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only do this for some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only do this for some of their
+kinds of wh questions some of them do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of wh questions some of them do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of wh questions some of them do it
+for all their kinds of wh questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all their kinds of wh questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all their kinds of wh questions so
+these are languages in which you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are languages in which you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are languages in which you sort of
+can't literally say what did you buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't literally say what did you buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't literally say what did you buy you
+have to do this more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this more complicated
+structure I'm not going to try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I'm not going to try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I'm not going to try to give
+you a a tree for this more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a tree for this more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a tree for this more complicated
+structure something like this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure something like this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure something like this something
+that involves more than one Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves more than one Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves more than one Clause
+basically so uh you have a what at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so uh you have a what at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so uh you have a what at the
+beginning of the sentence but inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the sentence but inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the sentence but inside
+that sentence there's this other Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence there's this other Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence there's this other Clause
+that you bought that's a CP look there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought that's a CP look there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought that's a CP look there's
+a c at the beginning of it of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c at the beginning of it of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c at the beginning of it of that right
+um English in English we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English in English we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English in English we can ask
+questions like what is the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what is the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what is the one that you
+bought but in Tagalog for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought but in Tagalog for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought but in Tagalog for example you
+have to so you can't just say what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to so you can't just say what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to so you can't just say what did
+you buy in Tagalog you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy in Tagalog you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy in Tagalog you have to say
+is literally something like the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally something like the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally something like the you
+bought so that Ang is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought so that Ang is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought so that Ang is the kind of thing
+that only ever goes before noun phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only ever goes before noun phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only ever goes before noun phrases
+um so this is the Tagalog for what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the Tagalog for what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the Tagalog for what was
+the thing that you bought or the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you bought or the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you bought or the one
+that you bought and Tagalog you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought and Tagalog you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you bought and Tagalog you know the
+word for one the word for thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for one the word for thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for one the word for thing is uh
+null it's not pronounced I think I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null it's not pronounced I think I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null it's not pronounced I think I got
+asked last time are there ever things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked last time are there ever things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked last time are there ever things in
+trees that are not pronounced here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that are not pronounced here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that are not pronounced here's an
+example the Tagalog word for one is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Tagalog word for one is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Tagalog word for one is such
+a thing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I see that there's slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that there's slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that there's slightly different
+structure especially because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure especially because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure especially because it doesn't
+say you can find water or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is never to the right yeah so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never to the right yeah so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never to the right yeah so um that's
+a really nice example the the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice example the the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice example the the the fact
+about questions like that is that the wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about questions like that is that the wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about questions like that is that the wh
+word is sitting where it would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is sitting where it would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is sitting where it would normally
+be it's not moving at all right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not moving at all right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not moving at all right because
+it doesn't have to be at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be at the end of the
+sentence if I if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence if I if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence if I if I say
+um Mary Mary bought an Estonian novel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mary Mary bought an Estonian novel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mary Mary bought an Estonian novel in
+Paris uh your response to that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris uh your response to that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris uh your response to that could be
+Mary bought what in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary bought what in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary bought what in Paris
+right so the word for what isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the word for what isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the word for what isn't going
+at the end of the sentence in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the sentence in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the sentence in fact it
+can't you it's not the natural way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you it's not the natural way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you it's not the natural way to
+that that's the natural way to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the natural way to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the natural way to respond
+to that you you don't say Mary bought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you you don't say Mary bought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you you don't say Mary bought in
+Paris what right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris what right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris what right
+so the word what isn't going at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the word what isn't going at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the word what isn't going at the end
+of the it it happens to be at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the it it happens to be at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the it it happens to be at the end of
+the sentence that you're in your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence that you're in your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence that you're in your example
+but what it's really doing is just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's really doing is just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's really doing is just not
+moving it's just staying where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's just staying where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's just staying where it is
+that's a really nice point which I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really nice point which I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really nice point which I I was
+planning to make later but thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to make later but thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to make later but thank you for
+making it now you know that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it now you know that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it now you know that we have to
+draw this distinction between just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this distinction between just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this distinction between just
+sitting there and uh moving to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and uh moving to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and uh moving to the right
+yeah so so in those kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so in those kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so in those kinds of questions
+it's not moving to the right nice nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving to the right nice nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving to the right nice nice
+example does that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does that answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does that answer your question
+yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep
+the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay so this is the setup for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is the setup for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is the setup for this
+for this point there are no languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point there are no languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point there are no languages
+that move wh words to the right but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move wh words to the right but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move wh words to the right but I'm
+going to show you a weird wiggle that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a weird wiggle that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a weird wiggle that uh
+um that obscures that fact sometimes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that obscures that fact sometimes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that obscures that fact sometimes so
+first there are languages like Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there are languages like Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there are languages like Tagalog
+in which you can't ask what did you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can't ask what did you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can't ask what did you buy
+you have to say something like what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something like what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something like what was
+the thing that you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you bought
+um and uh I just have to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I just have to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I just have to ask you to
+trust me that that's the best analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me that that's the best analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me that that's the best analysis
+of this Tagalog question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tagalog question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tagalog question
+um I work on Tagalog I'm happy to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I work on Tagalog I'm happy to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I work on Tagalog I'm happy to talk
+about this at Great length uh talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at Great length uh talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at Great length uh talking
+about Tagalog is one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tagalog is one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tagalog is one of my favorite
+things to do so uh don't ask me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do so uh don't ask me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do so uh don't ask me any
+questions about this Tagalog question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this Tagalog question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this Tagalog question
+that's very dangerous if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very dangerous if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very dangerous if you want to
+learn anything else today uh we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything else today uh we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything else today uh we have to
+get away from this slide okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from this slide okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from this slide okay all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now imagine so Tagalog is a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine so Tagalog is a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine so Tagalog is a language
+that has these clefts it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has these clefts it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has these clefts it has these
+bi-clausal ways of asking questions wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-clausal ways of asking questions wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-clausal ways of asking questions wh
+questions and it has obligatory wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it has obligatory wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it has obligatory wh
+movements so the Tagalog wh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements so the Tagalog wh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements so the Tagalog wh words
+they're just like the English wh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like the English wh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like the English wh words
+they have to go at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go at the beginning of the
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+um uh uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now imagine what a language would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine what a language would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine what a language would be
+like though if it had clefting and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like though if it had clefting and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like though if it had clefting and it
+had wh and situ well then it would uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wh and situ well then it would uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wh and situ well then it would uh it
+would have questions like this it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have questions like this it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have questions like this it would
+say things like the one that you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like the one that you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like the one that you bought
+was what or the one that ate the meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what or the one that ate the meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what or the one that ate the meat
+was who that is the you'd have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who that is the you'd have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who that is the you'd have that
+embedded Clause uh the the embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause uh the the embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause uh the the embedded
+Clause of the cleft and then the wh word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause of the cleft and then the wh word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause of the cleft and then the wh word
+which is kind of the the predicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of the the predicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of the the predicate the
+thing that's being described as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's being described as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's being described as as the
+thing that this embedded Clause applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this embedded Clause applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this embedded Clause applies
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um would end up at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would end up at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would end up at the end of the
+sentence or at least it could if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or at least it could if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or at least it could if that's
+where predicates went in the language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where predicates went in the language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where predicates went in the language in
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um but uh uh it would um but not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh uh it would um but not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh uh it would um but not because
+of the wh moved there just because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wh moved there just because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wh moved there just because it
+was in situ it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in situ it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in situ it would be like
+um uh vlada's example of a second ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh vlada's example of a second ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh vlada's example of a second ago
+right so uh you know a lot of us saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh you know a lot of us saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh you know a lot of us saying
+here's an example where the wh word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example where the wh word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example where the wh word is
+at the end of a sentence and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a sentence and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a sentence and I was
+saying yes but it's by accident it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes but it's by accident it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes but it's by accident it's
+really just staying in situ it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just staying in situ it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just staying in situ it's not
+moving to the end of the sentence does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the end of the sentence does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the end of the sentence does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+I'm saying all this because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying all this because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying all this because there are
+languages like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh languages where the wh word is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languages where the wh word is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languages where the wh word is at the
+end of the sentence not because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sentence not because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sentence not because it's
+moved to the right but because well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the right but because well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the right but because well it
+the language has clefts and the wh word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language has clefts and the wh word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language has clefts and the wh word
+always ends up at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ends up at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ends up at the end of the
+sentence not because it moves there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence not because it moves there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence not because it moves there but
+because it's in situ cabardian is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in situ cabardian is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in situ cabardian is a
+language like this and if you thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like this and if you thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like this and if you thought I
+was going to pronounce this Guardian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to pronounce this Guardian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to pronounce this Guardian
+example for you you have another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for you you have another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for you you have another thing
+coming uh I have no hope of pronouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh I have no hope of pronouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh I have no hope of pronouncing
+this party an example but this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party an example but this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party an example but this is how
+you say who ate the meat in kabardian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say who ate the meat in kabardian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say who ate the meat in kabardian
+it's the only thing I know how to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only thing I know how to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only thing I know how to say in
+Cambodian where I don't in fact know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodian where I don't in fact know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodian where I don't in fact know how
+to say it I only know what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it I only know what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it I only know what it looks like
+I can't pronounce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pronounce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't pronounce it
+um and it is literally the one who ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it is literally the one who ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it is literally the one who ate
+the meat is who uh like that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat is who uh like that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat is who uh like that's how you
+say that in cabardian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in cabardian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in cabardian
+so there actually are languages that put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there actually are languages that put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there actually are languages that put
+their wh words at the ends of sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wh words at the ends of sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wh words at the ends of sentences
+kabardian is one but the structure never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabardian is one but the structure never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabardian is one but the structure never
+involves wh movement to the right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves wh movement to the right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves wh movement to the right it's
+always clefting with the wh Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always clefting with the wh Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always clefting with the wh Institute
+this is what I the conversation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I the conversation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I the conversation with the
+person in the airplane is always over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the airplane is always over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the airplane is always over by
+this point but if they would listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but if they would listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but if they would listen to
+me this is what I would tell them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is what I would tell them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is what I would tell them you
+know it's uh you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's uh you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's uh you know yeah
+um you you don't want a story that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you don't want a story that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you don't want a story that says
+uh wh words it's natural for wh words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wh words it's natural for wh words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wh words it's natural for wh words to
+be at the beginning of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the beginning of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the beginning of the sentence
+first of all you then have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you then have to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you then have to tell me
+what the heck you mean by that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck you mean by that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck you mean by that but uh
+um there actually are languages in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there actually are languages in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there actually are languages in which
+the wh word always ends up at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wh word always ends up at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wh word always ends up at the end of
+the sentence it's just that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence it's just that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence it's just that it doesn't
+move there it's always in situ when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there it's always in situ when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there it's always in situ when it's
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so I'm thinking about in Spanish how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking about in Spanish how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking about in Spanish how
+like a direct object pronouns can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direct object pronouns can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a direct object pronouns can go
+before or after ever yeah but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or after ever yeah but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or after ever yeah but there's
+always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so uh Spanish is a language that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh Spanish is a language that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh Spanish is a language that has
+been described as having wh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been described as having wh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been described as having wh movement
+usually they're supposed to be contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're supposed to be contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're supposed to be contexts
+in which it's okay to say the Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it's okay to say the Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it's okay to say the Spanish
+equivalent of and you bought what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of and you bought what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of and you bought what
+um where the wh word ends up at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the wh word ends up at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the wh word ends up at the end
+of the sentence and those are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence and those are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence and those are supposed
+to not be exactly like the English cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not be exactly like the English cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not be exactly like the English cases
+of you know being astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know being astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know being astonished
+um what you really wanted to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really wanted to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really wanted to know about
+was the pronoun like why why can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the pronoun like why why can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the pronoun like why why can you say
+in Spanish either he wants to say it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish either he wants to say it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish either he wants to say it or
+it he wants to say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he wants to say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he wants to say right
+um so the the Spanish has these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the Spanish has these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the Spanish has these words
+they're called clinics in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called clinics in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called clinics in the literature
+it's common for pronouns to be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common for pronouns to be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common for pronouns to be like this
+in a lot of languages where uh they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of languages where uh they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of languages where uh they have
+special rules about where they go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special rules about where they go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special rules about where they go in the
+sentence I have only shown you one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I have only shown you one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I have only shown you one kind
+of movement wh movement but what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement wh movement but what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement wh movement but what you're
+pointing out is that there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out is that there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out is that there are other
+kinds um so Spanish is a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds um so Spanish is a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds um so Spanish is a language that
+has to more or less has to move its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to more or less has to move its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to more or less has to move its
+whases but its clinics have special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whases but its clinics have special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whases but its clinics have special
+conditions on where they go that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on where they go that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on where they go that are
+distinct from its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from its uh
+um it's important for your example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's important for your example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's important for your example that
+it involves an infinitive I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves an infinitive I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves an infinitive I think that
+if you wanted to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to say uh
+uh whatever he said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever he said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever he said it
+um that you would say what would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you would say what would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you would say what would you say
+yeah so you wouldn't say diholo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a point of variation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point of variation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point of variation between
+romance languages so there are romance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance languages so there are romance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance languages so there are romance
+languages and languages generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and languages generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and languages generally
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+um uh Roman so these are languages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Roman so these are languages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Roman so these are languages in
+which the clinic wants to attach to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the clinic wants to attach to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the clinic wants to attach to the
+verb and whether it goes before or after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and whether it goes before or after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and whether it goes before or after
+the verb often depends on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb often depends on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb often depends on whether the
+verb is an infinitival verb or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb is an infinitival verb or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb is an infinitival verb or not
+um and uh for Spanish I think the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh for Spanish I think the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh for Spanish I think the rules
+are it goes before uh tensed verbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it goes before uh tensed verbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it goes before uh tensed verbs and
+after uh infinite typo verbs so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh infinite typo verbs so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh infinite typo verbs so your
+first example had both a an infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example had both a an infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example had both a an infinitive
+and a tensed verb in it and the clitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a tensed verb in it and the clitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a tensed verb in it and the clitic
+had two options as to where it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two options as to where it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two options as to where it could go
+if we were developing a complete theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were developing a complete theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were developing a complete theory
+of clitics which just to be clear we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clitics which just to be clear we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clitics which just to be clear we are
+not uh uh we'd want to have an account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh uh we'd want to have an account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh uh we'd want to have an account
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+phenomenon it's called Clinic climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's called Clinic climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's called Clinic climbing
+uh the the clinic that belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the clinic that belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the clinic that belongs to the
+embedded verb gets to climb up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded verb gets to climb up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded verb gets to climb up and
+attach to the the first fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to the the first fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to the the first fruit
+there's another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another hand
+I thought all of you have hands but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought all of you have hands but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought all of you have hands but I
+guess they're all sitting peacefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're all sitting peacefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're all sitting peacefully
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+okay so language Universal there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so language Universal there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so language Universal there is no
+true wh movement to the right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true wh movement to the right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true wh movement to the right there is
+kabardian so wh and situ combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabardian so wh and situ combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabardian so wh and situ combined with
+obligatory clefting with the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligatory clefting with the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligatory clefting with the consequence
+that the wh is at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wh is at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wh is at the end of the
+sentence but there's never a wh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but there's never a wh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but there's never a wh movement
+to the right if you're a syntactician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right if you're a syntactician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right if you're a syntactician
+you look at this fact about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this fact about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this fact about the world
+and you think well why you know why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think well why you know why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think well why you know why is
+wh movement why is the specifier of CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement why is the specifier of CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement why is the specifier of CP
+the if we go back to the tree over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we go back to the tree over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we go back to the tree over here
+this tree uh that wh movement that lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree uh that wh movement that lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree uh that wh movement that lands
+in the specifier CP that makes the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specifier CP that makes the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the specifier CP that makes the noun
+phrase what a daughter of a CP why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase what a daughter of a CP why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase what a daughter of a CP why does
+that daughter of CP always precede c bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that daughter of CP always precede c bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that daughter of CP always precede c bar
+why can't it follow c bar there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't it follow c bar there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't it follow c bar there's no
+language anywhere on Earth where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language anywhere on Earth where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language anywhere on Earth where it
+follows c bar it'd be nice to know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows c bar it'd be nice to know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows c bar it'd be nice to know why
+yeah so there's syntactic work on Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's syntactic work on Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's syntactic work on Y
+which I will not try to show you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not try to show you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not try to show you if you
+would like to know more take more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know more take more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know more take more
+Linguistics classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+all right and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then yeah
+and then and this is the part that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and this is the part that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and this is the part that I
+went through too fast last time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through too fast last time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through too fast last time and so
+I'm going to go through it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through it a little more
+slowly this time I don't know we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly this time I don't know we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly this time I don't know we'll see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that kind of generalization about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of generalization about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of generalization about uh
+language is not being completely varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not being completely varied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not being completely varied
+you know that not there it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that not there it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that not there it's not the
+case they're there's a phenomenon uh wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're there's a phenomenon uh wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're there's a phenomenon uh wh
+for movement and there are more there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for movement and there are more there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for movement and there are more there's
+more than one kind of language there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one kind of language there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one kind of language there are
+languages that do wh movement like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that do wh movement like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that do wh movement like
+English and there are languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and there are languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and there are languages that
+leave the wh and situ like Mandarin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the wh and situ like Mandarin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the wh and situ like Mandarin or
+kibardian uh uh but that's it those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kibardian uh uh but that's it those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kibardian uh uh but that's it those are
+the all the kinds that there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the kinds that there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the kinds that there are and
+there are imaginable kinds like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are imaginable kinds like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are imaginable kinds like the
+mirror image of English for the wh race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image of English for the wh race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image of English for the wh race
+goes at the end which don't exist we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes at the end which don't exist we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes at the end which don't exist we'd
+like to know why I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know why I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know why I want to show you
+another example of the same kind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the same kind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the same kind I
+showed you this last time but I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this last time but I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this last time but I'll show
+it to you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you again
+um there's also variation with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also variation with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also variation with respect
+to how you do multiple wh questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you do multiple wh questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you do multiple wh questions so
+wh questions where there's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh questions where there's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh questions where there's more than one
+wh word in the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh word in the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh word in the sentence
+um first of all there are languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all there are languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all there are languages that
+just ban them that's one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ban them that's one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ban them that's one kind of
+language uh so uh Irish doesn't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh so uh Irish doesn't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh so uh Irish doesn't allow
+them uh Italian at least until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh Italian at least until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh Italian at least until
+apparently young Italians are beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently young Italians are beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently young Italians are beginning
+to develop multiple wh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop multiple wh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop multiple wh questions
+um but older Italians don't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but older Italians don't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but older Italians don't have them
+kids today and there are multiple wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids today and there are multiple wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids today and there are multiple wh
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um uh and then so for languages that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then so for languages that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then so for languages that do
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+um uh they're languages like English in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they're languages like English in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they're languages like English in
+which uh the rule is English has wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the rule is English has wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the rule is English has wh
+movement as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement as we know
+and if you have more than one wh word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more than one wh word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more than one wh word
+the the rule for English is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule for English is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule for English is that you
+move one of them so you you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one of them so you you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one of them so you you ask
+questions like what did you give to whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what did you give to whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what did you give to whom
+or what did you give to whom when right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what did you give to whom when right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what did you give to whom when right
+if you have three wh pH phrases you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have three wh pH phrases you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have three wh pH phrases you're
+only going to move one of them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to move one of them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to move one of them that's
+the generalization about English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization about English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization about English
+and then I told you this last time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I told you this last time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I told you this last time there
+are languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk
+in which all of the wh words move so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which all of the wh words move so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which all of the wh words move so in
+Bulgarian you must say what to whom did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian you must say what to whom did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian you must say what to whom did
+he give that's that second question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he give that's that second question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he give that's that second question or
+in Mohawk you say things like tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mohawk you say things like tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mohawk you say things like tell me
+who what fought right you can't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who what fought right you can't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who what fought right you can't leave
+either of the wh pH phrases in situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the wh pH phrases in situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the wh pH phrases in situ
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so here's the place where I promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the place where I promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the place where I promised
+you there are there's more than one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are there's more than one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are there's more than one kind
+of language but there isn't every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language but there isn't every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of language but there isn't every
+imaginable kind of language so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable kind of language so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable kind of language so there are
+languages like English that move one wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like English that move one wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like English that move one wh
+pH phrase there are languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrase there are languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrase there are languages like
+Mandarin that don't move any their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin that don't move any their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin that don't move any their
+languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Bulgarian and Mohawk that
+move all of them but zero and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all of them but zero and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move all of them but zero and one and
+all are all of the options for moving wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are all of the options for moving wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are all of the options for moving wh
+pH phrases in multiple wh questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrases in multiple wh questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH phrases in multiple wh questions and
+you know you all know more math than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you all know more math than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you all know more math than I
+do you know of numbers besides zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know of numbers besides zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know of numbers besides zero and
+one and well all which I guess isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and well all which I guess isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and well all which I guess isn't a
+number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know
+um so you could imagine a language where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you could imagine a language where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you could imagine a language where
+the rule is move any number of wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is move any number of wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is move any number of wh
+phrases up to a maximum of two right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases up to a maximum of two right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases up to a maximum of two right or
+move any number of wh freezes I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move any number of wh freezes I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move any number of wh freezes I don't
+know as long as it's Prime you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as long as it's Prime you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as long as it's Prime you know or
+uh whatever right as long as it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever right as long as it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever right as long as it's one of
+the first 10 digits of pi you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 10 digits of pi you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 10 digits of pi you know all
+kinds of imaginable languages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of imaginable languages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of imaginable languages that you
+could imagine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine yeah
+um and none of them exist right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and none of them exist right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and none of them exist right so there
+aren't languages out there in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't languages out there in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't languages out there in which you
+say you know who gave a book to Mary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know who gave a book to Mary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know who gave a book to Mary and
+you say who what gave to Mary but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say who what gave to Mary but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say who what gave to Mary but when
+you get to three you have to say who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to three you have to say who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to three you have to say who
+what gave to whom that language doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gave to whom that language doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gave to whom that language doesn't
+exist it's not hard to imagine write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist it's not hard to imagine write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist it's not hard to imagine write a
+grammar for it doesn't exist you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar for it doesn't exist you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar for it doesn't exist you don't
+find it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then this is where I I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is where I I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is where I I gave you the
+parable of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable of the function
+which was meant to be a parable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was meant to be a parable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was meant to be a parable about
+um what life is like when you are a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what life is like when you are a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what life is like when you are a baby
+right so imagine I said that you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine I said that you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine I said that you are a
+Bulgarian baby and you're hearing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian baby and you're hearing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian baby and you're hearing your
+parents uh utter multiple wh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents uh utter multiple wh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents uh utter multiple wh questions
+there's some limit on the amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some limit on the amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some limit on the amount of data
+that you get not just if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get not just if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get not just if you're a
+Bulgarian baby listening to multiple wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian baby listening to multiple wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian baby listening to multiple wh
+questions but kind of in life right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but kind of in life right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but kind of in life right
+there is some it may not have seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some it may not have seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some it may not have seemed
+like it at the time but there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it at the time but there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it at the time but there is some
+maximum amount of stuff that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of stuff that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of stuff that your
+parents said to you when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents said to you when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents said to you when you were
+growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+um and the stuff that you heard not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the stuff that you heard not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the stuff that you heard not just
+your parents but the other people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents but the other people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents but the other people that
+were talking to you when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking to you when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking to you when you were
+growing up and acquiring your native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and acquiring your native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and acquiring your native
+language there is some body of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there is some body of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there is some body of data
+maybe it was fairly large of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was fairly large of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was fairly large of things that
+people said to you maybe fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said to you maybe fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said to you maybe fairly large
+but it was finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was finite
+so there was some maximum number of wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was some maximum number of wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was some maximum number of wh
+words in the questions that you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the questions that you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the questions that you heard
+growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+and the thing about finite data so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about finite data so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about finite data so you
+know the point of the parable of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point of the parable of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point of the parable of the
+function is here I am giving you finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here I am giving you finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here I am giving you finite
+data the function returns one for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the function returns one for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the function returns one for one
+and two for two and three for three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two for two and three for three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two for two and three for three and
+four for four and you have no idea at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for four and you have no idea at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for four and you have no idea at
+all what it should return for five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what it should return for five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what it should return for five right
+um given you know given what I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given you know given what I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given you know given what I've given
+you so far you might hope that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far you might hope that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far you might hope that you know
+you're living in a just and merciful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in a just and merciful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in a just and merciful
+Universe where people you know data work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe where people you know data work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe where people you know data work
+the way they should but uh they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they should but uh they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they should but uh they're just
+as a matter of logic or a matter of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of logic or a matter of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of logic or a matter of math
+there are no restrictions at all on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no restrictions at all on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no restrictions at all on what
+the the uh consequence of giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh consequence of giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh consequence of giving this
+function five could be yeah so I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function five could be yeah so I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function five could be yeah so I showed
+you one example one function for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example one function for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example one function for which
+the the output would be 29 and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output would be 29 and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output would be 29 and you know
+I could multiply that first thing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could multiply that first thing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could multiply that first thing uh the
+first the thing that comes right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the thing that comes right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the thing that comes right after
+the equal sign I could multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal sign I could multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal sign I could multiply that by
+any number at all the consequence of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number at all the consequence of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number at all the consequence of f
+of five could just be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five could just be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five could just be anything
+and um life is kind of like that as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um life is kind of like that as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um life is kind of like that as it's
+sometimes called the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the problem of
+induction when people talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction when people talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction when people talk about it in
+the context of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of science
+so you're going to make excuse me you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to make excuse me you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to make excuse me you're
+going to make some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some number of
+observations of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the world
+um and you'll maybe see the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll maybe see the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll maybe see the same thing
+over and over again you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again you know you you
+um you see uh that as you drop a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see uh that as you drop a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see uh that as you drop a weight
+that the weight falls down and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weight falls down and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weight falls down and not
+sideways or up right and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways or up right and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways or up right and you see that
+over and over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and
+eventually you start to hypothesize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you start to hypothesize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you start to hypothesize that
+uh down is the direction that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down is the direction that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down is the direction that they're
+going to fall you know that every Crow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fall you know that every Crow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fall you know that every Crow
+you see is going to be black right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is going to be black right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is going to be black right that
+every Swan you see is going to be white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Swan you see is going to be white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Swan you see is going to be white
+because you keep seeing that over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you keep seeing that over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you keep seeing that over and
+over and over again but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again but it's kind of
+like concluding that F of 5 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like concluding that F of 5 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like concluding that F of 5 is going to
+be five right it's uh it should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be five right it's uh it should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be five right it's uh it should work
+that way given everything that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way given everything that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way given everything that you've
+seen but it might not maybe the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but it might not maybe the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but it might not maybe the next
+weight you drop Will Fall upwards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you drop Will Fall upwards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you drop Will Fall upwards you
+know uh and so part of science is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh and so part of science is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh and so part of science is saying
+you know we're gonna draw these laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're gonna draw these laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're gonna draw these laws
+given the inevitably finite data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the inevitably finite data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the inevitably finite data that
+we've got we're going to sort of sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got we're going to sort of sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got we're going to sort of sketch
+these these laws about what we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these laws about what we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these laws about what we think is
+going to happen and then you know we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and then you know we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and then you know we go
+on doing science and refining our laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doing science and refining our laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doing science and refining our laws
+Raquel are you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raquel are you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raquel are you yeah
+is something along the lines of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something along the lines of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something along the lines of like
+like part of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are Kinder than giving you f of 5 is 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Kinder than giving you f of 5 is 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Kinder than giving you f of 5 is 29
+and that maybe it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe it's like
+um and maybe it's like you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe it's like you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe it's like you could give
+like it was just like a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was just like a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was just like a weird
+difficulty coefficient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty coefficient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty coefficient and the
+coefficient if it's really like low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient if it's really like low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient if it's really like low
+tells you that it'll probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that it'll probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that it'll probably be
+something intuitive like five if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something intuitive like five if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something intuitive like five if it's
+really high then like you can't rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high then like you can't rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high then like you can't rely on
+the language to be nice to you and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language to be nice to you and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language to be nice to you and it
+could be 29. yeah that's you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 29. yeah that's you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 29. yeah that's you're saying
+it very well maybe another way to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well maybe another way to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well maybe another way to say to
+repeat what you just said is yeah human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat what you just said is yeah human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat what you just said is yeah human
+minds are set up in such a way that F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are set up in such a way that F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are set up in such a way that F of
+five is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is five
+um human minds are set up in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human minds are set up in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human minds are set up in such a way
+that multiple wh questions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiple wh questions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiple wh questions there are
+only a few options uh maybe I'm learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few options uh maybe I'm learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few options uh maybe I'm learning
+Italian and multiple wh questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and multiple wh questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and multiple wh questions are
+just banned maybe I'm learning Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banned maybe I'm learning Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banned maybe I'm learning Mandarin
+and wh pH phrases all stay in situ maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wh pH phrases all stay in situ maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wh pH phrases all stay in situ maybe
+I'm learning English and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning English and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning English and one of them
+moves maybe I'm learning Bulgarian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves maybe I'm learning Bulgarian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves maybe I'm learning Bulgarian and
+all of them move and that's it those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them move and that's it those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them move and that's it those are
+the only options there are right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only options there are right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only options there are right which
+means if you're a Bulgarian child and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you're a Bulgarian child and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you're a Bulgarian child and
+you're growing up and you're hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing up and you're hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing up and you're hearing
+your parents ask multiple wh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents ask multiple wh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents ask multiple wh questions
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+you ever heard them say at any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard them say at any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard them say at any point in
+their life and uh that number suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life and uh that number suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life and uh that number suppose
+that's the the most inquisitive your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the most inquisitive your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the most inquisitive your
+parents ever got in your life it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents ever got in your life it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents ever got in your life it was a
+it was a two wh word question I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a two wh word question I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a two wh word question I can say
+incidentally uh multiple wh questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally uh multiple wh questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally uh multiple wh questions uh
+I wrote my dissertation about multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote my dissertation about multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote my dissertation about multiple
+wh questions they're extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh questions they're extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh questions they're extremely
+interesting but but they're not common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but but they're not common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but but they're not common
+you know uh if you like you know spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if you like you know spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if you like you know spend
+some time listening uh you'll spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time listening uh you'll spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time listening uh you'll spend a
+long time before you hear somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time before you hear somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time before you hear somebody say
+this in the wild it's not a common kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the wild it's not a common kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the wild it's not a common kind
+of question to ask I happen to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question to ask I happen to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question to ask I happen to know for
+example that there are no multiple wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there are no multiple wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there are no multiple wh
+questions in the Bible so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the Bible so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the Bible so I have this
+project that involves going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that involves going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that involves going through the
+Bible very so there's a language called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible very so there's a language called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible very so there's a language called
+wampanagers language that's spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wampanagers language that's spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wampanagers language that's spoken
+around here uh traditionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here uh traditionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here uh traditionally the
+wampanager trying to revive their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wampanager trying to revive their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wampanager trying to revive their
+language one of the texts that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language one of the texts that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language one of the texts that they have
+is a complete Bible translation it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complete Bible translation it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complete Bible translation it was
+the the first Bible published in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first Bible published in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first Bible published in this
+hemisphere was a Wampanoag Bible it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere was a Wampanoag Bible it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere was a Wampanoag Bible it was
+published here in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published here in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published here in Boston
+uh in the 1600s 1635.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 1600s 1635.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 1600s 1635.
+um and so I have been reading the Bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I have been reading the Bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I have been reading the Bible
+very slowly and carefully uh trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly and carefully uh trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly and carefully uh trying to
+put the grammar of Wampanoag back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the grammar of Wampanoag back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the grammar of Wampanoag back
+together and writing a dictionary and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and writing a dictionary and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and writing a dictionary and uh
+so I really wish that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really wish that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really wish that there were
+multiple wh questions in the Bible it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple wh questions in the Bible it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple wh questions in the Bible it
+would answer certain questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer certain questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer certain questions about
+Wampanoag I I would really like Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wampanoag I I would really like Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wampanoag I I would really like Jesus
+Christ to turn to the disciples and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ to turn to the disciples and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ to turn to the disciples and ask
+them who bought what you know it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who bought what you know it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who bought what you know it would
+be great but he never does never I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great but he never does never I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great but he never does never I have
+checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked
+um uh there are no multiple wh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are no multiple wh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are no multiple wh questions
+in the Bible and the Bible is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bible and the Bible is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bible and the Bible is quite
+large right there's lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large right there's lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large right there's lots and lots of
+texts I know this because I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts I know this because I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts I know this because I've been
+reading it it's taken me years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it it's taken me years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it it's taken me years
+um uh so you know these are not common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know these are not common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know these are not common
+it's not at all it wouldn't be at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not at all it wouldn't be at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not at all it wouldn't be at all
+surprising if uh the largest multiple wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising if uh the largest multiple wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising if uh the largest multiple wh
+question you ever heard your parents say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ever heard your parents say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you ever heard your parents say
+had two wh pH phrases in it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two wh pH phrases in it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two wh pH phrases in it something
+like who bought what or what did he give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who bought what or what did he give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who bought what or what did he give
+to whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom
+um maybe you heard your parents at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you heard your parents at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you heard your parents at some
+point say who gave what to whom uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point say who gave what to whom uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point say who gave what to whom uh when
+why and it's not likely right and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and it's not likely right and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and it's not likely right and so I
+think I said this last time you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said this last time you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said this last time you might
+have expected if if children had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected if if children had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected if if children had to
+consider all of the imaginable grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all of the imaginable grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all of the imaginable grammars
+that are consistent with the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with the data that
+they have you might have imagined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you might have imagined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you might have imagined that
+Bulgarian children would have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian children would have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian children would have you know
+Bulgarian adults would have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian adults would have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulgarian adults would have different
+grammars right that there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars right that there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars right that there would be
+bulgarians who guessed that the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulgarians who guessed that the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulgarians who guessed that the grammar
+was moved your wh faces up to a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moved your wh faces up to a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moved your wh faces up to a maximum
+of two or move your whases up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or move your whases up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or move your whases up to a
+maximum of three your wh raises up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of three your wh raises up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of three your wh raises up to
+maximum of four but that's not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of four but that's not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of four but that's not what we
+find so uh any Bulgarian that you ask as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so uh any Bulgarian that you ask as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so uh any Bulgarian that you ask as
+you ratchet up the number of wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ratchet up the number of wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ratchet up the number of wh
+questions wh words in the question they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions wh words in the question they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions wh words in the question they
+just always move them all you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always move them all you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always move them all you know the
+only choice they all made was all yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choice they all made was all yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choice they all made was all yeah
+um so here's a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a case where
+the data that anybody is exposed to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that anybody is exposed to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that anybody is exposed to are
+necessarily limited uh in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily limited uh in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily limited uh in a way that
+means that there are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are literally
+infinitely many possible grammars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many possible grammars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many possible grammars that
+are compatible with the data that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compatible with the data that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compatible with the data that they
+have and yet they all Converge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and yet they all Converge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and yet they all Converge on the
+same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer
+yeah um so this is a case of what Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so this is a case of what Raquel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so this is a case of what Raquel
+was just talking about it's as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about it's as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about it's as though
+being a human being means having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a human being means having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a human being means having the
+kind of mind that considers some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind that considers some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind that considers some
+possibilities but not others so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but not others so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but not others so you
+consider all but you don't consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all but you don't consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all but you don't consider
+up to a maximum of two like that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a maximum of two like that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a maximum of two like that's not a
+a kind of grammar you think about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of grammar you think about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of grammar you think about that's
+apparently what we're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what we're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what we're finding
+raising questions like well why you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising questions like well why you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising questions like well why you know
+so what is it about the human mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it about the human mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it about the human mind that
+makes it like that that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it like that that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it like that that's one of the
+kinds of things uh linguists think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh linguists think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh linguists think about
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+similarly this is sort of echoing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this is sort of echoing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this is sort of echoing a
+point that Vlada made a second ago if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Vlada made a second ago if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Vlada made a second ago if
+you're learning Chinese you're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning Chinese you're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning Chinese you're growing
+up learning Chinese you probably you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up learning Chinese you probably you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up learning Chinese you probably you may
+hear your parents say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your parents say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your parents say something like
+this at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at some point
+um and if you are considering all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you are considering all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you are considering all of the
+logically possible grammars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible grammars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically possible grammars that are
+consistent with this you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this you might have to
+spend some time thinking well am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time thinking well am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time thinking well am I
+learning a language that moves its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language that moves its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language that moves its
+whases to the right or am I learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whases to the right or am I learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whases to the right or am I learning a
+language that leaves its whases in situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that leaves its whases in situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that leaves its whases in situ
+yeah and so you might expect that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so you might expect that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so you might expect that there
+would be a stage in the life of Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a stage in the life of Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a stage in the life of Mandarin
+children where they entertain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children where they entertain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children where they entertain the
+possibility that wh freezes move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that wh freezes move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that wh freezes move to the
+right it would be a a cute kid thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would be a a cute kid thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would be a a cute kid thing to
+do you know oh you know our child is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know oh you know our child is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know oh you know our child is so
+cute you know and she was three she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute you know and she was three she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute you know and she was three she
+thought wh freezes moved to the right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought wh freezes moved to the right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought wh freezes moved to the right it
+should be saying things like you know oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be saying things like you know oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be saying things like you know oh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um but no I mean Chinese babies are cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no I mean Chinese babies are cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no I mean Chinese babies are cute
+like babies everywhere but they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like babies everywhere but they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like babies everywhere but they do not
+make that particular cute mistake if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that particular cute mistake if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that particular cute mistake if
+you've ever been around small children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever been around small children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever been around small children
+you know children do make mistakes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know children do make mistakes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know children do make mistakes they
+you know take guesses that are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take guesses that are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take guesses that are wrong
+about how the adult language Works they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the adult language Works they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the adult language Works they
+spend some time making adorable mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time making adorable mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time making adorable mistakes
+but children do not make that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but children do not make that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but children do not make that particular
+adorable mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adorable mistake
+because they are human beings and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are human beings and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are human beings and they
+know that there are on some level their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are on some level their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are on some level their
+their heads are structured in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads are structured in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads are structured in such a way
+that they cannot entertain grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they cannot entertain grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they cannot entertain grammars
+where wh freezes move to the right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where wh freezes move to the right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where wh freezes move to the right they
+there aren't any of those part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any of those part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any of those part of our
+job is linguists is to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is linguists is to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is linguists is to come up with a
+theory uh that explains that and um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh that explains that and um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh that explains that and um when
+I say it's part of our job as linguists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it's part of our job as linguists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it's part of our job as linguists
+I do not mean that I'm now about to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not mean that I'm now about to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not mean that I'm now about to tell
+you the theory uh um that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the theory uh um that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the theory uh um that's a that's a
+thing that's an active uh topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's an active uh topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's an active uh topic of
+research people try to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research people try to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research people try to figure out why
+grammar works that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar works that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar works that way
+okay so yeah you if you are a Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah you if you are a Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah you if you are a Chinese
+baby and you hear that sentence you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and you hear that sentence you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and you hear that sentence you know
+that you are hearing a wh in situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are hearing a wh in situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are hearing a wh in situ
+language you don't have to entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you don't have to entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you don't have to entertain
+possibilities like a language in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities like a language in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities like a language in which
+the wrist moves to the right or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrist moves to the right or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrist moves to the right or a
+language in which the wh pH phase is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in which the wh pH phase is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in which the wh pH phase is the
+third word in the sentence yeah uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third word in the sentence yeah uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third word in the sentence yeah uh those
+are both uh grammars that would generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both uh grammars that would generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both uh grammars that would generate
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+um but you don't spend any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you don't spend any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you don't spend any time
+entertaining those possibilities yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you think that there's like there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that there's like there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that there's like there's no
+like know where it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a well I think I must move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I think I must move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I think I must move
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+what if hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if hypothetically
+it I think a baby speaking in an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think a baby speaking in an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think a baby speaking in an English
+a baby in an English-speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby in an English-speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby in an English-speaking
+environment yeah never heard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is like who did this who did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like who did this who did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like who did this who did that
+what uh what happened what happened yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what happened what happened yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what happened what happened yeah
+uh where like it could like plausibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where like it could like plausibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where like it could like plausibly be
+Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and nice nice question so everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice nice question so everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice nice question so everything I
+told you so far makes it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so far makes it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so far makes it sound like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you could fool babies in theory in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fool babies in theory in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fool babies in theory in that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um like you say it's hard to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you say it's hard to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you say it's hard to test
+because in fact I mean you you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact I mean you you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact I mean you you probably
+can't recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recruit
+um parents to agree never to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parents to agree never to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parents to agree never to ask
+questions like what do you want for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what do you want for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what do you want for
+lunch yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch yeah
+um uh but uh but you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but uh but you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but uh but you're absolutely right
+you know that you could imagine children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you could imagine children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you could imagine children
+going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through
+probably a pretty brief stage where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty brief stage where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty brief stage where they
+they thought that that was a that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that that was a that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that that was a that was a
+viable option right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable option right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable option right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in a way your question gets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way your question gets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way your question gets at
+something else that I said which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that I said which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that I said which is
+languages so I've said there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so I've said there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so I've said there are
+different kinds of languages there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of languages there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of languages there are
+wh in situ languages there are wh moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh in situ languages there are wh moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh in situ languages there are wh moving
+languages right and this was Faith's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right and this was Faith's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right and this was Faith's
+question there are languages that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are languages that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are languages that allow
+either either option right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either option right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either option right that's that's
+also a kind of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of language
+um and and that's all I said about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that's all I said about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that's all I said about that
+right you could now ask well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could now ask well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could now ask well uh
+does that just mean that if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that just mean that if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that just mean that if I want to
+learn English I must learn it's a wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn English I must learn it's a wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn English I must learn it's a wh
+movement language or does the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement language or does the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement language or does the fact that
+it's a wh movement language have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wh movement language have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wh movement language have
+anything to do with anything else about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with anything else about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with anything else about
+English is that just a parameter we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is that just a parameter we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is that just a parameter we have
+to State about English or does it follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to State about English or does it follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to State about English or does it follow
+from other stuff about English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other stuff about English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other stuff about English and
+um that's also an active research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's also an active research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's also an active research
+question is whether we can get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether we can get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether we can get away
+without having to just State those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to just State those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to just State those
+parameters or or whether we can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or or whether we can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or or whether we can connect
+that to other facts about English that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to other facts about English that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to other facts about English that
+would mean that in English speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that in English speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that in English speaking
+maybe would have other sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would have other sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would have other sources of
+information possibly besides just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information possibly besides just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information possibly besides just ask
+actually hearing wh questions like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hearing wh questions like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hearing wh questions like so
+just to make it more specific what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make it more specific what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make it more specific what I
+mean if it turned out so here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if it turned out so here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if it turned out so here's here's
+something which is not true if it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not true if it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not true if it turned
+out that every language in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that every language in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that every language in which the
+subject comes before the verb is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject comes before the verb is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject comes before the verb is a
+language with wh movement now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with wh movement now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with wh movement now that's
+false so Mandarin is a language within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so Mandarin is a language within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so Mandarin is a language within
+subject comes before the verb and has wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject comes before the verb and has wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject comes before the verb and has wh
+in situ but imagine that it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situ but imagine that it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situ but imagine that it turned out
+that every language where the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every language where the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every language where the subject
+comes before the verb is a language with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes before the verb is a language with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes before the verb is a language with
+wh movement then an English-speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement then an English-speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement then an English-speaking
+maybe wouldn't have to hear any wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe wouldn't have to hear any wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe wouldn't have to hear any wh
+questions at all they just have to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at all they just have to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at all they just have to hear
+that the subject comes before the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subject comes before the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subject comes before the verb
+and then they would be like oh it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would be like oh it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would be like oh it must
+be a wh movement language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a wh movement language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a wh movement language
+so if it were possible to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it were possible to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it were possible to connect the
+fact that English has wh movement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that English has wh movement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that English has wh movement to
+some other fact about English then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fact about English then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fact about English then
+babies would have other sources of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies would have other sources of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies would have other sources of data
+now like I say that theory that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like I say that theory that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like I say that theory that I just
+offered as a toy Theory that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered as a toy Theory that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered as a toy Theory that's not the
+right Theory so we have to work harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Theory so we have to work harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Theory so we have to work harder
+to find the Right theory but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the Right theory but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the Right theory but that's
+that's the kind of theory that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of theory that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of theory that would
+give you more more data yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more more data yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more more data yeah
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+that they like a baby that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like a baby that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like a baby that is like
+spends you know eight nine months just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends you know eight nine months just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends you know eight nine months just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+taking in sound data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like how do we know that it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we know that it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we know that it's just like
+oh like this was not part of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh like this was not part of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh like this was not part of what was
+presented as data to the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as data to the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as data to the baby
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I don't know if this is going to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is going to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is going to address
+your question or not but let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question or not but let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question or not but let me try
+um no matter how long we let the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter how long we let the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter how long we let the baby
+spend learning Bulgarian no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend learning Bulgarian no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend learning Bulgarian no matter how
+much Bulgarian they hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Bulgarian they hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Bulgarian they hear
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some maximum number of wh words
+they heard in a wh question it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard in a wh question it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard in a wh question it might not
+be two it might be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two it might be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two it might be three
+might be four but it's some number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be four but it's some number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be four but it's some number right
+and so you might have expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might have expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might have expected that
+there would be variation among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be variation among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be variation among
+bulgarians because any number whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulgarians because any number whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulgarians because any number whatever
+the number is it doesn't uniquely pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is it doesn't uniquely pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is it doesn't uniquely pick
+out a grammar there's always actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a grammar there's always actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a grammar there's always actually
+infinitely many possible grammars so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many possible grammars so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many possible grammars so if
+the number that they heard was n if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that they heard was n if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that they heard was n if
+that's the maximum number then it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum number then it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum number then it could
+be move them all it could be move them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be move them all it could be move them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be move them all it could be move them
+all up to a maximum of n could we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up to a maximum of n could we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up to a maximum of n could we move
+them all up to a maximum then plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up to a maximum then plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up to a maximum then plus one
+or n plus two or n plus three yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n plus two or n plus three yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n plus two or n plus three yeah it
+could be again infinitely many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be again infinitely many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be again infinitely many possible
+grammars and and so you might have hoped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars and and so you might have hoped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars and and so you might have hoped
+you might have expected that there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expected that there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expected that there would
+be lots of different adult Bulgarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lots of different adult Bulgarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lots of different adult Bulgarian
+grammars but there aren't there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars but there aren't there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars but there aren't there's only
+one Let's uh move them all that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Let's uh move them all that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Let's uh move them all that's that's
+is that getting at your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that getting at your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that getting at your question is
+yeah so so it it just doesn't matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it it just doesn't matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it it just doesn't matter how
+much data the babies have It's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data the babies have It's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data the babies have It's never
+enough to uniquely determine what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to uniquely determine what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to uniquely determine what the
+grammar ought to be yeah it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar ought to be yeah it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar ought to be yeah it's got to be
+the data plus something in the baby's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data plus something in the baby's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data plus something in the baby's
+head that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that says
+um the only options are don't move any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only options are don't move any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only options are don't move any
+of them move one of them move them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them move one of them move them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them move one of them move them all
+right those are those three are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are those three are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are those three are the only
+options because uh no matter how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options because uh no matter how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options because uh no matter how much
+data they have they'll never uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they have they'll never uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they have they'll never uniquely
+determine the right data the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the right data the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the right data the right
+grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't know if this is getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if this is getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if this is getting at
+your question either and and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question either and and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question either and and you should
+stop me if it doesn't no you should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if it doesn't no you should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if it doesn't no you should just
+let me ramble on and then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ramble on and then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ramble on and then you should
+tell me afterwards whether he did or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me afterwards whether he did or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me afterwards whether he did or not
+um that's what you should do there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what you should do there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what you should do there are
+experiments in which people uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in which people uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in which people uh try to
+find out in which people ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out in which people ask people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out in which people ask people to
+learn languages so they'll give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn languages so they'll give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn languages so they'll give people
+languages and they'll find out things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and they'll find out things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and they'll find out things
+like if I give you a language that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I give you a language that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I give you a language that is a
+possible human language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible human language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible human language
+are you faster at learning that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you faster at learning that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you faster at learning that kind of
+language than you would be if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language than you would be if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language than you would be if I give you
+a language that's not a possible human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language that's not a possible human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language that's not a possible human
+language so we give you a language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so we give you a language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so we give you a language in
+which the rule is move all your wh pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rule is move all your wh pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rule is move all your wh pH
+phrases how are you at learning that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases how are you at learning that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases how are you at learning that as
+opposed to a language in which the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a language in which the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a language in which the rule
+is move all your wh faces up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is move all your wh faces up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is move all your wh faces up to a
+maximum of two you know and um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of two you know and um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of two you know and um I don't
+know whether that kind of experiment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that kind of experiment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that kind of experiment has
+been done for this particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done for this particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done for this particular problem
+but what we would hope is that yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we would hope is that yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we would hope is that yeah it's
+harder to learn the languages where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to learn the languages where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to learn the languages where it's
+up to a maximum of two the languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a maximum of two the languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a maximum of two the languages
+people do do this kind of experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do do this kind of experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do do this kind of experiment the
+other kind of natural experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of natural experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of natural experiment that's
+been done this is a lot more anecdotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done this is a lot more anecdotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done this is a lot more anecdotal
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what are people like this cult now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people like this cult now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people like this cult now
+there's a savant uh so someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a savant uh so someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a savant uh so someone who's
+mental processes are mostly uh very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental processes are mostly uh very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental processes are mostly uh very slow
+he has he needs a lot of help with daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has he needs a lot of help with daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has he needs a lot of help with daily
+life uh he I think he does live by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh he I think he does live by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh he I think he does live by
+himself but he has caregivers who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself but he has caregivers who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself but he has caregivers who come
+and help him out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help him out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help him out
+um but he's a genius at learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he's a genius at learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he's a genius at learning
+languages and loves so his I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and loves so his I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and loves so his I don't know
+his real name but his name in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his real name but his name in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his real name but his name in the
+literature is Christopher he's British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is Christopher he's British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is Christopher he's British
+um and Christopher uh loves learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Christopher uh loves learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Christopher uh loves learning
+languages does it for fun you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages does it for fun you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages does it for fun you can give
+him grammars and he will learn languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him grammars and he will learn languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him grammars and he will learn languages
+immediately like takes him a day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like takes him a day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like takes him a day and
+suddenly he can read and write and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly he can read and write and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly he can read and write and he's
+not good at speaking the languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at speaking the languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at speaking the languages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+partly because he learns by reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because he learns by reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because he learns by reading
+books um but he can learn to read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um but he can learn to read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um but he can learn to read and
+write languages extremely quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write languages extremely quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write languages extremely quickly
+um and they have done some experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have done some experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have done some experiments
+like this with Christopher where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with Christopher where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with Christopher where you
+give Christopher languages that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Christopher languages that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Christopher languages that are not
+possible languages to learn and he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible languages to learn and he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible languages to learn and he he
+can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that
+um it turns out so uh he can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out so uh he can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out so uh he can learn
+languages as long as they are languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as long as they are languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as long as they are languages
+that rules of universal grammar allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rules of universal grammar allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rules of universal grammar allow
+now again I don't know if they've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again I don't know if they've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again I don't know if they've tried
+uh move all your wh faces up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move all your wh faces up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move all your wh faces up to a
+maximum of two with Christopher but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of two with Christopher but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of two with Christopher but
+that's uh that's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's another kind of
+experiment that's been done yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's been done yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's been done yeah how
+many language is with Christopher by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many language is with Christopher by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many language is with Christopher by the
+time they gave them an imposter language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they gave them an imposter language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they gave them an imposter language
+because maybe a possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe a possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe a possibility that
+Christopher unconsciously figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher unconsciously figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher unconsciously figured out
+that it has to be none one or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be none one or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be none one or all
+right oh no that's not from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh no that's not from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh no that's not from like
+Christopher's experience with previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher's experience with previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher's experience with previously
+for his wide experience with previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his wide experience with previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his wide experience with previous
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+um so all I can say is that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all I can say is that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all I can say is that they have
+given him languages uh they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given him languages uh they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given him languages uh they they have
+worried about this so they have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this so they have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this so they have given
+him languages thank you Raquel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him languages thank you Raquel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him languages thank you Raquel for
+figuring out the doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the doors
+um they have given him languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have given him languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have given him languages that
+don't that differ from the languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that differ from the languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that differ from the languages
+he's learned in some regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's learned in some regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's learned in some regard
+um most of the languages he's learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the languages he's learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the languages he's learned
+are various languages of Europe he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various languages of Europe he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various languages of Europe he's
+he's done like 20 or 30 by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's done like 20 or 30 by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's done like 20 or 30 by now
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+so they they have given him languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they have given him languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they have given him languages
+that differ from the languages that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ from the languages that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ from the languages that he's
+known to find out whether he can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to find out whether he can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to find out whether he can learn
+them just as quickly as uh languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just as quickly as uh languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just as quickly as uh languages
+that because they also get when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they also get when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they also get when they do
+these experiments they'll give him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments they'll give him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments they'll give him a
+language that does obey some rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that does obey some rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that does obey some rule of
+universal grammar and another language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal grammar and another language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal grammar and another language
+that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+um but you're absolutely right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're absolutely right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're absolutely right that's
+something they have to watch out for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they have to watch out for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they have to watch out for and
+I I all I know is that they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I all I know is that they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I all I know is that they have been
+careful about that whether they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about that whether they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about that whether they've been
+careful enough I can't I can't swear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful enough I can't I can't swear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful enough I can't I can't swear
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good point
+Christopher loves doing this by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher loves doing this by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher loves doing this by the way
+this is not a hardship they're imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a hardship they're imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a hardship they're imposing
+on Christopher this is uh his one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Christopher this is uh his one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Christopher this is uh his one of his
+big joys in life is learning languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big joys in life is learning languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big joys in life is learning languages
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+snap you back in yes okay yeah questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap you back in yes okay yeah questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap you back in yes okay yeah questions
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+all right so uh that's it for wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh that's it for wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh that's it for wh
+questions at least for now is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at least for now is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at least for now is there any
+wh question questions before we put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh question questions before we put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh question questions before we put that
+aside and go on to something else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside and go on to something else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside and go on to something else okay
+um we have spent a lot of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have spent a lot of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have spent a lot of time talking
+about the projection principle uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the projection principle uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the projection principle uh this
+idea that uh if you have a head and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh if you have a head and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that uh if you have a head and it
+selects something that thing needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects something that thing needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects something that thing needs to be
+its sister uh then I and cautiously put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sister uh then I and cautiously put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sister uh then I and cautiously put
+the verb put in this example where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb put in this example where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb put in this example where I
+know it needs two sisters or we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it needs two sisters or we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it needs two sisters or we need to
+say something else anyway there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something else anyway there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something else anyway there are
+strict locality restrictions on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict locality restrictions on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict locality restrictions on uh the
+relationship between the head and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the head and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the head and the
+thing that it selects so we have lexical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it selects so we have lexical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it selects so we have lexical
+injuries for verbs like devour input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries for verbs like devour input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries for verbs like devour input and
+faint uh that say things like Devourer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint uh that say things like Devourer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint uh that say things like Devourer
+needs a sister that's a noun phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a sister that's a noun phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a sister that's a noun phrase and
+put needs to combine with a noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put needs to combine with a noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put needs to combine with a noun phrase
+and also with a prepositional phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also with a prepositional phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also with a prepositional phrase and
+faint is intransitive it better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint is intransitive it better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint is intransitive it better not
+combine with anything at all yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with anything at all yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with anything at all yeah no
+these are all things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that we've been
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+and what we've been saying is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've been saying is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've been saying is if you
+have a head that doesn't select for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a head that doesn't select for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a head that doesn't select for a
+sister well then it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister well then it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister well then it doesn't have a
+sister the end yeah so he fainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister the end yeah so he fainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister the end yeah so he fainted
+faint it's an intransitive verb doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint it's an intransitive verb doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint it's an intransitive verb doesn't
+need a sister doesn't get one yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a sister doesn't get one yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a sister doesn't get one yeah the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+okay unless you add an adjunct but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless you add an adjunct but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless you add an adjunct but it
+doesn't get an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get an argument
+uh but there's nothing comparable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's nothing comparable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's nothing comparable in
+subject position so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position so when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position so when we talk about
+verbs being transitive or intransitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs being transitive or intransitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs being transitive or intransitive
+we're talking about objects right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about objects right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about objects right so
+those people have been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people have been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people have been talking about
+transitive and intrans into verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and intrans into verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and intrans into verbs
+literally for centuries as an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally for centuries as an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally for centuries as an old
+observation that there are verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that there are verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that there are verbs that
+need objects and verbs that don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need objects and verbs that don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need objects and verbs that don't need
+objects but there's nothing comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but there's nothing comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but there's nothing comparable
+in subject position that is people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subject position that is people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subject position that is people don't
+talk about verbs that need subjects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about verbs that need subjects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about verbs that need subjects and
+verbs that don't need subjects Rivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that don't need subjects Rivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that don't need subjects Rivers
+just always have subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always have subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always have subjects
+uh so and sometimes the subjects uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and sometimes the subjects uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so and sometimes the subjects uh uh
+are a little uh sketchy I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little uh sketchy I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little uh sketchy I mean so
+um we say things like it rained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say things like it rained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say things like it rained
+and it's not too clear what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not too clear what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not too clear what it is
+supposed to be it you can't be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be it you can't be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be it you can't be anything
+else you don't get to say you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you don't get to say you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you don't get to say you know uh
+the sky rained right or God rained or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky rained right or God rained or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky rained right or God rained or
+whatever right uh uh it sort of needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right uh uh it sort of needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right uh uh it sort of needs to
+be it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and there are other kinds of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are other kinds of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are other kinds of examples
+like that too so it seems that John has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that too so it seems that John has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that too so it seems that John has
+died if I say that to you uh you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died if I say that to you uh you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died if I say that to you uh you're not
+going to say what what seems that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say what what seems that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say what what seems that John
+has died what what is it like what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has died what what is it like what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has died what what is it like what do
+you mean by it there I I I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by it there I I I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by it there I I I don't mean
+anything at all it is just there it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all it is just there it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all it is just there it's as
+though it's there so that the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's there so that the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's there so that the sentence
+can have a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a subject
+even though the subject sort of doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the subject sort of doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the subject sort of doesn't
+contribute anything to the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute anything to the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute anything to the meaning of
+the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah if you compare here's a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah if you compare here's a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah if you compare here's a short
+kind of sad story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sad story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sad story
+um so it squeezed John and it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it squeezed John and it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it squeezed John and it seems that
+John has died does anybody here named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John has died does anybody here named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John has died does anybody here named
+John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so uh I should probably have warned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I should probably have warned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I should probably have warned you
+about this early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this early on
+um uh example sentences in linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh example sentences in linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh example sentences in linguistics
+uh I mean they vary often you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean they vary often you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean they vary often you need a
+name and John is one of the classics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and John is one of the classics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and John is one of the classics
+Mary is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary is another one
+um so uh I I the first time I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh I I the first time I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh I I the first time I ever
+taught intro to Linguistics there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught intro to Linguistics there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught intro to Linguistics there was a
+John and a Mary in the class it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and a Mary in the class it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and a Mary in the class it was very
+it was very confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very confining
+um so since there's no John I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so since there's no John I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so since there's no John I can just
+uh let these examples sentences rip uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let these examples sentences rip uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let these examples sentences rip uh
+it squeezed John it seems that John has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it squeezed John it seems that John has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it squeezed John it seems that John has
+died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+um these two it seem to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two it seem to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two it seem to have a different
+status right so with the first one if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status right so with the first one if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status right so with the first one if I
+say it squeezed John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it squeezed John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it squeezed John
+if I say that out of the blue you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say that out of the blue you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say that out of the blue you're
+entitled to wonder what squeeze John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to wonder what squeeze John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled to wonder what squeeze John
+that's a reasonable question right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable question right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable question right so
+it's some you know a machine or a snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some you know a machine or a snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some you know a machine or a snake
+or something right something squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something right something squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something right something squeezed
+John but if I say it seems that Jon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John but if I say it seems that Jon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John but if I say it seems that Jon has
+died even even if you don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died even even if you don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died even even if you don't care about
+John at all uh your question is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John at all uh your question is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John at all uh your question is not
+going to be what seems that Jon has died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what seems that Jon has died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what seems that Jon has died
+like that question doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that question doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that question doesn't make any
+sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah
+um so these two it's seem to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these two it's seem to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these two it's seem to have a
+different status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different status
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a classic way of handling this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a classic way of handling this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a classic way of handling this kind
+of fact which is to offer What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact which is to offer What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact which is to offer What's called
+the extended projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extended projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extended projection principle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which yeah okay the extended projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yeah okay the extended projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yeah okay the extended projection
+principle so you know the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so you know the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so you know the projection
+principle which says that heads uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which says that heads uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which says that heads uh when
+they select they need to select things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they select they need to select things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they select they need to select things
+that are their sisters or they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are their sisters or they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are their sisters or they need
+their things they select to be close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things they select to be close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things they select to be close to
+them the extended projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the extended projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the extended projection principle
+says uh there needs to be something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh there needs to be something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh there needs to be something here
+so TP needs to have a specifier uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TP needs to have a specifier uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TP needs to have a specifier uh you
+can't have a sentence that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a sentence that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a sentence that doesn't have
+a subject in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject in it
+calling it the extended projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the extended projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the extended projection
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+um this was Noam chomsky's idea and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was Noam chomsky's idea and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this was Noam chomsky's idea and so I
+I feel secure in telling you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel secure in telling you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel secure in telling you that it's
+an obvious hack right the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious hack right the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious hack right the extended
+projection principle has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle has nothing to do
+with the projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the projection principle
+um he really just called it that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he really just called it that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he really just called it that I think
+in order to paint a big red Target on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to paint a big red Target on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to paint a big red Target on it
+he's like why the heck does it work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like why the heck does it work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like why the heck does it work this
+way you know that there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know that there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know that there has to be
+something in the specifier of DP uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the specifier of DP uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the specifier of DP uh
+linguists go and try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists go and try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists go and try to figure out what
+the heck is going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck is going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck is going on there
+uh so the extended projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the extended projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the extended projection principle
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the specifier of TP this is a word I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP this is a word I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP this is a word I've
+used before and I hope I've defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before and I hope I've defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before and I hope I've defined it
+but if I haven't let me Define it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I haven't let me Define it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I haven't let me Define it for
+you the specifier of TP there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the specifier of TP there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the specifier of TP there has to be
+something in the specifier of TP what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the specifier of TP what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the specifier of TP what's
+the specifier of TP it's a daughter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP it's a daughter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP it's a daughter of
+TP so a daughter of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP so a daughter of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP so a daughter of the maximum
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+um that doesn't have the label T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't have the label T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't have the label T right
+so it's that thing that the red arrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that thing that the red arrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that thing that the red arrow is
+pointing to and it's not selected or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to and it's not selected or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to and it's not selected or at
+least it doesn't have to be selected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't have to be selected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't have to be selected by
+anything so here's another place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so here's another place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so here's another place where
+there has to be something if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something if you have a
+transitive verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb
+um the transitive verb has to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the transitive verb has to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the transitive verb has to have a
+sister an object if you have a verb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister an object if you have a verb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister an object if you have a verb that
+selects for something else like depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for something else like depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for something else like depend
+select for a prepositional phrase headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for a prepositional phrase headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for a prepositional phrase headed
+by on has to have that prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on has to have that prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on has to have that prepositional
+phrase here's another position doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase here's another position doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase here's another position doesn't
+seem to have anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have anything to do with
+selection doesn't matter what the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection doesn't matter what the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection doesn't matter what the verb
+is there just has to be something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just has to be something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just has to be something in
+subject position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position
+so it's called the extended projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called the extended projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called the extended projection
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+calling it a principle is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it a principle is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it a principle is uh
+dignifying it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignifying it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignifying it too much
+and what we're seeing is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're seeing is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're seeing is that in
+sentences where there isn't anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where there isn't anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where there isn't anything
+else to satisfy the extended projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to satisfy the extended projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to satisfy the extended projection
+principle with then you insert it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle with then you insert it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle with then you insert it you
+can insert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can insert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can insert it
+um though that's what you're doing in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um though that's what you're doing in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um though that's what you're doing in it
+seems that John has died that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that John has died that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that John has died that is you
+have this subject position there needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this subject position there needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this subject position there needs
+to be something Barren so you put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something Barren so you put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something Barren so you put this
+meaningless it there this is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it there this is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it there this is why you
+can't ask questions like what seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ask questions like what seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ask questions like what seems that
+John has died because there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John has died because there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John has died because there's nothing
+meaningful there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful there
+that meaningless version of it is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaningless version of it is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaningless version of it is called
+an expletive there are other names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expletive there are other names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expletive there are other names for
+it but that's what we usually call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's what we usually call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's what we usually call it
+so it doesn't mean anything it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't mean anything it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't mean anything it's just
+there to satisfy the Epp the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to satisfy the Epp the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to satisfy the Epp the extended
+projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I think I may say this on a later slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I may say this on a later slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I may say this on a later slide
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we've just gone through saying languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gone through saying languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gone through saying languages
+vary in various ways this is a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary in various ways this is a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary in various ways this is a place
+where languages vary English has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where languages vary English has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where languages vary English has the
+extended projection principle there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended projection principle there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended projection principle there are
+other languages franchise the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages franchise the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages franchise the extended
+projection principle there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle there are some
+others but there are many languages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but there are many languages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but there are many languages in
+fact maybe most languages that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact maybe most languages that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact maybe most languages that don't
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+um so there's languages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's languages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's languages that are
+perfectly happy to start the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to start the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy to start the sentence
+with the verb so if you're working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verb so if you're working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verb so if you're working on a
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um uh yeah if you speak Spanish then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah if you speak Spanish then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah if you speak Spanish then
+you're thinking to yourself wait it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking to yourself wait it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking to yourself wait it's
+fine to say things like seems that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to say things like seems that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to say things like seems that John
+has died uh in in lots of languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has died uh in in lots of languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has died uh in in lots of languages of
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+um uh uh so yeah here's another point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so yeah here's another point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so yeah here's another point of
+cross-linguistic variation there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistic variation there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistic variation there are
+languages like English that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like English that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like English that have this
+interesting restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now here's another I'm telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's another I'm telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's another I'm telling you about
+the extended projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extended projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extended projection principle
+because I want to introduce you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to introduce you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to introduce you to
+another kind of movement so we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of movement so we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of movement so we've talked
+about wh movement and I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wh movement and I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wh movement and I want to show you
+another kind now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind now
+um here's another kind uh we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another kind uh we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another kind uh we can say
+things like the snake squeeze John or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the snake squeeze John or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the snake squeeze John or I
+put the kumquats in a bowl and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the kumquats in a bowl and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the kumquats in a bowl and then
+so let's concentrate on the snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's concentrate on the snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's concentrate on the snake
+squeeze John squeeze looks like it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze John squeeze looks like it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze John squeeze looks like it's in
+a transitive verb or at least it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transitive verb or at least it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transitive verb or at least it has a
+life as a transitive verb right John is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as a transitive verb right John is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as a transitive verb right John is
+being selected by Squeeze it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being selected by Squeeze it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being selected by Squeeze it's the thing
+that's getting squeezed yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting squeezed yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting squeezed yeah
+um or similarly in I put the kumquats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or similarly in I put the kumquats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or similarly in I put the kumquats in
+the bowl put is a verb that selects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bowl put is a verb that selects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bowl put is a verb that selects for
+an object and also selects for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object and also selects for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object and also selects for a
+prepositional phrase right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase right that's what
+we've been saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been saying
+but then there are these other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there are these other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there are these other forms
+these passives John was squeezed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these passives John was squeezed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these passives John was squeezed and the
+kumquats were put in a bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kumquats were put in a bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kumquats were put in a bowl
+and here we're in kind of a similar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're in kind of a similar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're in kind of a similar uh
+situation to the situation we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to the situation we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to the situation we were in
+when I first showed you what did Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first showed you what did Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first showed you what did Mary
+write where I was trying to say or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write where I was trying to say or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write where I was trying to say or you
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the bowl so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bowl so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bowl so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know with what did Mary put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with what did Mary put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with what did Mary put in the
+bowl I was saying yeah put we think put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl I was saying yeah put we think put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl I was saying yeah put we think put
+has to combine with a noun phrase It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to combine with a noun phrase It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to combine with a noun phrase It's a
+transitive verb you can't say Mary put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb you can't say Mary put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb you can't say Mary put
+in the bowl that's not a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bowl that's not a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bowl that's not a sentence
+um what why is it okay to have put with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what why is it okay to have put with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what why is it okay to have put with
+no noun phrase after it here well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no noun phrase after it here well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no noun phrase after it here well it's
+because what started out here and moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what started out here and moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what started out here and moved
+over to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for the kumquats were put in a bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kumquats were put in a bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kumquats were put in a bowl
+we're going to say something similar put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say something similar put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say something similar put
+is selecting for an object in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selecting for an object in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selecting for an object in this case
+it's the kumquats and the kumquats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the kumquats and the kumquats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the kumquats and the kumquats are
+moving out of that position into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out of that position into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out of that position into another
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+what's the position they're moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the position they're moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the position they're moving to
+well they're not wh moving they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not wh moving they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not wh moving they're not
+wh words right this isn't a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh words right this isn't a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh words right this isn't a question
+this is another kind of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another kind of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another kind of movement
+um so the same reasoning that prompted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the same reasoning that prompted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the same reasoning that prompted
+this deposit wh movement in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deposit wh movement in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deposit wh movement in order to
+save our beliefs about how selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save our beliefs about how selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save our beliefs about how selection
+Works uh leads us to suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works uh leads us to suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works uh leads us to suspect that
+there's movement going on here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's movement going on here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's movement going on here as well
+uh so we'll start off with was squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll start off with was squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll start off with was squeeze
+John or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John or
+were put kumquats in the bowl and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put kumquats in the bowl and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put kumquats in the bowl and then
+the Epp is going to say oh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epp is going to say oh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epp is going to say oh there's no
+subject so what happens in the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so what happens in the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so what happens in the with the
+passive is that you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive is that you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive is that you get rid of the
+subject uh uh was squeezed John uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh uh was squeezed John uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh uh was squeezed John uh
+you've gotten rid of the snake that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten rid of the snake that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten rid of the snake that was
+squeezing John or you know we're put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing John or you know we're put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing John or you know we're put in
+the bowl we're put the kumquats in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bowl we're put the kumquats in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bowl we're put the kumquats in the
+bowl you've gotten rid of Mary who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl you've gotten rid of Mary who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl you've gotten rid of Mary who was
+putting the kumquats in the bowl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the kumquats in the bowl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the kumquats in the bowl and
+then the Epp says oh no wait we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Epp says oh no wait we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Epp says oh no wait we need
+something in subject position and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in subject position and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in subject position and so we
+move in this case John or in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in this case John or in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in this case John or in the other
+case the kumquats into subject positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the kumquats into subject positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the kumquats into subject positions
+so there can be a subject so the EPV can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there can be a subject so the EPV can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there can be a subject so the EPV can
+be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied
+it's a way of talking about these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of talking about these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of talking about these kinds
+of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples
+so this is a new kind of movement driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a new kind of movement driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a new kind of movement driven
+by the Epp it's called sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Epp it's called sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Epp it's called sometimes called
+NP movement it's been called other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP movement it's been called other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP movement it's been called other
+things but I'll call it in B movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I'll call it in B movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I'll call it in B movement
+it's always seems to be movement of NPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always seems to be movement of NPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always seems to be movement of NPS
+uh so you take an NP like John and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you take an NP like John and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you take an NP like John and you
+move it in this case uh out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it in this case uh out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it in this case uh out of the
+position as the sister of squeeze where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as the sister of squeeze where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as the sister of squeeze where
+it was selected into into subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was selected into into subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was selected into into subject
+position so that the sentence can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so that the sentence can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so that the sentence can have a
+subject so that TP can have a specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so that TP can have a specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so that TP can have a specifier
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+let me give you some reasons to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some reasons to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some reasons to take
+that analysis seriously but first is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis seriously but first is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis seriously but first is the
+analysis clear I think that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis clear I think that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis clear I think that's what we
+think is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh sorry first let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry first let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry first let me show you
+another kind of NP movement so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of NP movement so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of NP movement so those
+first ones were passives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones were passives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones were passives
+here's another one so in it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one so in it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one so in it seems that
+John is sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John is sick
+there's an it at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an it at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an it at the beginning of the
+sentence which is the expletive kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence which is the expletive kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence which is the expletive kind of
+it yeah so it's the kind of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so it's the kind of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so it's the kind of it that
+doesn't mean anything I think it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything I think it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything I think it was one
+of the first kinds of expletives that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first kinds of expletives that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first kinds of expletives that I
+showed you you can't say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you you can't say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you you can't say things like
+what seems that John is sick right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems that John is sick right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems that John is sick right so
+that it doesn't doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't doesn't mean anything
+it's just there so that TP can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just there so that TP can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just there so that TP can have a
+specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier
+um John is starting off as the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um John is starting off as the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um John is starting off as the subject
+of be sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be sick
+and in the first sentence John is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first sentence John is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first sentence John is
+staying there in subject position for be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying there in subject position for be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying there in subject position for be
+sick but in the second sentence John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick but in the second sentence John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick but in the second sentence John
+appears to be moving right so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be moving right so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be moving right so it's an
+analysis and I'm going to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and I'm going to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and I'm going to give you some
+reasons to take this analysis seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to take this analysis seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to take this analysis seriously
+in a second we're going to say yeah John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second we're going to say yeah John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second we're going to say yeah John
+is still the subject of be sick in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still the subject of be sick in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still the subject of be sick in the
+second example but then he moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example but then he moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example but then he moves to
+satisfy the Epp uh in the higher Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the Epp uh in the higher Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the Epp uh in the higher Clause
+so the higher verb needs to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher verb needs to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the higher verb needs to have a
+subject and here for some reason we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and here for some reason we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and here for some reason we've
+elected not to merge an expletive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected not to merge an expletive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected not to merge an expletive and so
+instead we're we're removing John so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're we're removing John so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're we're removing John so
+that John can satisfy the Epp upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me give you some reasons to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me give you some reasons to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me give you some reasons to take
+this analysis seriously so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis seriously so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis seriously so here's an
+argument for the existence of NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the existence of NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the existence of NP
+movement and it involves idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and it involves idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and it involves idioms
+um so let's talk for a second about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's talk for a second about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's talk for a second about
+idioms idioms are always kind of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms idioms are always kind of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms idioms are always kind of fun to
+talk about there are idioms are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there are idioms are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there are idioms are uh
+um combinations of words that don't me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um combinations of words that don't me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um combinations of words that don't me
+don't have to mean what they appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to mean what they appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to mean what they appear to
+literally mean right so uh kick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean right so uh kick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean right so uh kick the
+bucket and buy the farm are both idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and buy the farm are both idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and buy the farm are both idioms
+that mean die so if you say John bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean die so if you say John bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean die so if you say John bought
+the farm continuing to pick on John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm continuing to pick on John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm continuing to pick on John
+since there are no John's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are no John's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are no John's here
+um if you say John bought the farm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you say John bought the farm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you say John bought the farm that
+could mean you know John purchased a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean you know John purchased a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean you know John purchased a
+farm it has its literal meaning but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm it has its literal meaning but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm it has its literal meaning but it
+can also mean John died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also mean John died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also mean John died
+uh or John kicked the bucket can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or John kicked the bucket can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or John kicked the bucket can
+literally mean you know John kicked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean you know John kicked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally mean you know John kicked a
+bucket yeah but it can also mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket yeah but it can also mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket yeah but it can also mean that
+John died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John died
+do people have these edemas are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people have these edemas are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people have these edemas are these
+things that you can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can say okay
+you've never heard by the farm has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never heard by the farm has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never heard by the farm has
+anybody heard by the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard by the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard by the farm
+okay all right so I'm not just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I'm not just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I'm not just making
+this up that's good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up that's good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up that's good to know
+um I always have to check for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I always have to check for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I always have to check for these
+things there are many many idioms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there are many many idioms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there are many many idioms that
+mean die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean die
+uh kick the bucket and buy the farmer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kick the bucket and buy the farmer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kick the bucket and buy the farmer or
+two of them uh spill the beans just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them uh spill the beans just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them uh spill the beans just to
+get things slightly less violent Spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things slightly less violent Spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things slightly less violent Spill
+the Beans means to reveal a secret yawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beans means to reveal a secret yawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beans means to reveal a secret yawn
+in Technicolor is that an idiom you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Technicolor is that an idiom you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Technicolor is that an idiom you guys
+know to yawning technicolic no okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to yawning technicolic no okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to yawning technicolic no okay I
+got this one from a book of UCLA slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one from a book of UCLA slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one from a book of UCLA slang
+there was a period there I hope they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period there I hope they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period there I hope they
+still do this I'm not sure they do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do this I'm not sure they do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do this I'm not sure they do uh
+the UCLA and Linguistics Department had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UCLA and Linguistics Department had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UCLA and Linguistics Department had
+an undergrad class where the undergrads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergrad class where the undergrads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergrad class where the undergrads
+would compile a dictionary of undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compile a dictionary of undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compile a dictionary of undergrad
+slang and then uh and and they sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang and then uh and and they sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang and then uh and and they sold the
+dictionary I mean you could buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I mean you could buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary I mean you could buy the
+dictionary in the in the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary in the in the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary in the in the University
+Bookstore I I bought a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bookstore I I bought a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bookstore I I bought a copy
+um uh there were many many the UCLA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there were many many the UCLA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there were many many the UCLA
+slang dictionary is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang dictionary is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang dictionary is an interesting
+document there are lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document there are lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document there are lots and lots of
+idioms that have to do with being drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms that have to do with being drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms that have to do with being drunk
+or high uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high uh
+all the idioms the MIT idioms that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idioms the MIT idioms that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idioms the MIT idioms that I
+know have to do with having too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have to do with having too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have to do with having too much
+work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do
+so I don't know if that's true but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if that's true but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if that's true but I I
+get that feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that feeling
+um so yeah the the MIT slang dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah the the MIT slang dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah the the MIT slang dictionary
+if there were an undergrad class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were an undergrad class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were an undergrad class like
+that here I think it would be a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here I think it would be a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here I think it would be a less
+entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain
+I could be wrong anyway that's where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could be wrong anyway that's where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could be wrong anyway that's where I
+learned this one I um I once uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this one I um I once uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this one I um I once uh talked
+about this idiom uh in front of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this idiom uh in front of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this idiom uh in front of some
+Australians and they were all like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australians and they were all like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australians and they were all like oh
+yeah that's an Australian idiom yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's an Australian idiom yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's an Australian idiom yeah so
+so it's possible that that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's possible that that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's possible that that's where it
+came to UCLA that there were Australian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to UCLA that there were Australian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to UCLA that there were Australian
+students uh we're talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we're talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we're talking about that
+anyway Beyond in Technicolor uh impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway Beyond in Technicolor uh impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway Beyond in Technicolor uh impress
+your friends uh add this to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends uh add this to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends uh add this to your
+vocabulary if it ever comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary if it ever comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary if it ever comes up
+um there are many many idioms so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many many idioms so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many many idioms so yeah
+people are clear on what idioms are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are clear on what idioms are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are clear on what idioms are you
+know so these are strings of words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so these are strings of words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so these are strings of words that
+are structures that um have literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are structures that um have literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are structures that um have literal
+meanings I guess on in Technicolor maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings I guess on in Technicolor maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings I guess on in Technicolor maybe
+not so much uh uh but uh but also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much uh uh but uh but also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much uh uh but uh but also have
+these non-literal meanings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-literal meanings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-literal meanings and the
+non-literal meanings are quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-literal meanings are quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-literal meanings are quite uh
+what um fragile I guess so you know kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um fragile I guess so you know kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um fragile I guess so you know kick
+the bucket means die it also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket means die it also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket means die it also has a
+literal meaning where you punt a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal meaning where you punt a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal meaning where you punt a tail
+um but you know you can't change kick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you can't change kick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you can't change kick or
+bucket with a synonym and still mean die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket with a synonym and still mean die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket with a synonym and still mean die
+right so if he punts the bucket that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if he punts the bucket that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if he punts the bucket that
+doesn't mean he died it just means he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean he died it just means he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean he died it just means he
+literally kicked a bucket right or if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally kicked a bucket right or if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally kicked a bucket right or if he
+he uh he kicks a pail right if you kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he kicks a pail right if you kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he kicks a pail right if you kick
+the pail that doesn't mean he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pail that doesn't mean he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pail that doesn't mean he died
+so it has to be these these words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be these these words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be these these words uh
+uh to have it have its idiomatic meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have it have its idiomatic meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have it have its idiomatic meaning
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um idioms are fun uh if you get a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um idioms are fun uh if you get a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um idioms are fun uh if you get a chance
+you could ask your your language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask your your language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask your your language
+consultant whether they can think of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant whether they can think of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant whether they can think of any
+idioms that you can uh that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms that you can uh that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms that you can uh that you can
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+um now here's the thing there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now here's the thing there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now here's the thing there are a
+zillion idioms like these uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion idioms like these uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion idioms like these uh where the
+idiom consists of a verb and some phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom consists of a verb and some phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom consists of a verb and some phrase
+that the verb combines with you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verb combines with you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verb combines with you know so
+a verb in its object like in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb in its object like in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb in its object like in the first
+three examples of urban and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples of urban and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples of urban and
+prepositional phrase like an last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase like an last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase like an last
+example lots and lots of idioms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lots and lots of idioms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lots and lots of idioms like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so to say that that's the idiom is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to say that that's the idiom is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to say that that's the idiom is to
+say that if you have this idiom in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you have this idiom in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you have this idiom in a
+sentence so if you say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so if you say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so if you say something like
+John kicked the bucket uh the idiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John kicked the bucket uh the idiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John kicked the bucket uh the idiomatic
+part of that sentence is kick the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that sentence is kick the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that sentence is kick the bucket
+right John is not part of the idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right John is not part of the idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right John is not part of the idiom
+right uh anybody can kick the bucket in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh anybody can kick the bucket in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh anybody can kick the bucket in
+fact all of us will someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all of us will someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all of us will someday
+um uh sorry not to be pressing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sorry not to be pressing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sorry not to be pressing or
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+um uh so the subject can be anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so the subject can be anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so the subject can be anything at
+all it's the verb in the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's the verb in the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's the verb in the object that
+makes the whole thing an idiom yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole thing an idiom yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the whole thing an idiom yeah uh
+and then there's the non-idematic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the non-idematic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the non-idematic part
+that you sort of add to the idiom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sort of add to the idiom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sort of add to the idiom to
+make a sentence does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sentence does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sentence does that make sense
+so idioms are typically parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so idioms are typically parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so idioms are typically parts of
+sentences that combine with other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that combine with other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that combine with other things
+to make complete sentences not other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make complete sentences not other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make complete sentences not other
+non-idematic stuff yeah but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-idematic stuff yeah but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-idematic stuff yeah but here's the
+thing there are restrictions on idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are restrictions on idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are restrictions on idioms
+there are no idioms that consist of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no idioms that consist of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no idioms that consist of a
+subject and a verb where the object can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and a verb where the object can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and a verb where the object can
+be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything
+so I'm just giving this as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just giving this as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just giving this as an example
+it's always hard to sort of exemplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always hard to sort of exemplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always hard to sort of exemplify
+this because of course most strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of course most strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of course most strings of
+words are not idioms yeah but the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are not idioms yeah but the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are not idioms yeah but the last
+slide showed you there are a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide showed you there are a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide showed you there are a zillion
+verbs where the verb zillion idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs where the verb zillion idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs where the verb zillion idioms
+where the verb and the object are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the verb and the object are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the verb and the object are an
+idiom kick the bucket right by the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom kick the bucket right by the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom kick the bucket right by the farm
+but there are no idioms where it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are no idioms where it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are no idioms where it's the
+subject in the verb so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in the verb so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in the verb so here's an example
+of a non-indium there aren't any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-indium there aren't any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-indium there aren't any you
+know there isn't an idiom the armadillo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there isn't an idiom the armadillo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there isn't an idiom the armadillo
+bit blank right so you can imagine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit blank right so you can imagine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit blank right so you can imagine an
+idiom you know that where if I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom you know that where if I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom you know that where if I said the
+armadillo bit John yesterday it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo bit John yesterday it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo bit John yesterday it meant
+you know John was very busy yesterday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know John was very busy yesterday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know John was very busy yesterday or
+something right or uh uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right or uh uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right or uh uh you know the
+armadillo bit me this morning means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo bit me this morning means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo bit me this morning means I
+have a headache or something right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a headache or something right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a headache or something right you
+could imagine it meaning something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine it meaning something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine it meaning something like
+that but that is not an idiom and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that is not an idiom and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that is not an idiom and more
+importantly there are no idioms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly there are no idioms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly there are no idioms like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well that's a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's a nice example
+laughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs
+notice though that the object is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice though that the object is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice though that the object is part of
+the idioms right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idioms right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idioms right so uh
+actually cat got blanks time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cat got blanks time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cat got blanks time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+actually can the can the possessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can the can the possessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can the can the possessor of
+the tongue be anyone at all can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tongue be anyone at all can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tongue be anyone at all can I say
+the cat got John's tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat got John's tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat got John's tongue
+meaning John had a hard time thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning John had a hard time thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning John had a hard time thinking of
+what to say I think the easiest way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say I think the easiest way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say I think the easiest way for
+me to use this idiom is to ask someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to use this idiom is to ask someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to use this idiom is to ask someone
+cat got your tongue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got your tongue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got your tongue right
+um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I
+have a hard time coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time coming up with
+something to say can I say the cat got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say can I say the cat got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say can I say the cat got
+my tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tongue
+so there may or may not be a blank here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may or may not be a blank here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may or may not be a blank here
+uh maybe maybe there should be your here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe maybe there should be your here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe maybe there should be your here
+but anyway the subject is indeed part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the subject is indeed part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the subject is indeed part of
+the idiom but so is the object yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiom but so is the object yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiom but so is the object yeah so
+this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice
+um uh you're you're making me refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're you're making me refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're you're making me refine
+what I just said which is important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said which is important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said which is important it's
+not that idioms can't contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that idioms can't contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that idioms can't contain the
+subject they can this is a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject they can this is a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject they can this is a nice example
+but they also have to contain the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also have to contain the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also have to contain the object
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cat got his tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got his tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got his tongue
+can you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cat got his cat got his tongue my my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got his cat got his tongue my my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got his cat got his tongue my my son
+who's 11 is uh shy and he's having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's 11 is uh shy and he's having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's 11 is uh shy and he's having a
+hard time saying anything in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time saying anything in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time saying anything in front of
+people he doesn't know and I say oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he doesn't know and I say oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he doesn't know and I say oh the
+cat got his tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe yeah yeah yeah so and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah yeah yeah so and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah yeah yeah so and this is why
+I waffled about whether there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I waffled about whether there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I waffled about whether there was a
+blank here the fact that there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank here the fact that there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank here the fact that there could be
+a blank here is kind of interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank here is kind of interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank here is kind of interesting but
+the point is there are several points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is there are several points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is there are several points to
+make but one is look uh tongue is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but one is look uh tongue is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but one is look uh tongue is also
+part of the city right so the the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the city right so the the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the city right so the the object
+is part of the idiom you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the idiom you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the idiom you're absolutely
+right that you you might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you you might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you you might have some
+options about what to put here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like people don't call it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like people don't call it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like people don't call it earlier
+they just said oh yeah the flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's a that's a that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a that's a that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a that's a that's a nice
+example so um so maybe this is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um so maybe this is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um so maybe this is a way to
+think about this you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this you know if you're
+thinking about a tree here we'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a tree here we'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a tree here we'll put a
+tree here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're seeing is there are idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing is there are idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're seeing is there are idioms
+I I started by saying they're idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I started by saying they're idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I started by saying they're idioms
+like this where this whole thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where this whole thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where this whole thing is the
+idiom the verb and a noun phrase after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom the verb and a noun phrase after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom the verb and a noun phrase after
+it like by the farm Raquel is raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like by the farm Raquel is raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like by the farm Raquel is raising
+the possibility there could be idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility there could be idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility there could be idioms
+that are just this size although that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just this size although that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just this size although that's
+as as you say that's not usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you say that's not usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you say that's not usually what
+you call them you know so maybe flame uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call them you know so maybe flame uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call them you know so maybe flame uh
+where you the subject and the object are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you the subject and the object are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you the subject and the object are
+not part of that idiom so I can claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of that idiom so I can claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of that idiom so I can claim
+you you can play me anyone can claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can play me anyone can claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can play me anyone can claim
+anyone those are not part of the idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone those are not part of the idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone those are not part of the idiom
+the idiom is just the verb slain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiom is just the verb slain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiom is just the verb slain
+uh so yeah we could call that an idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah we could call that an idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah we could call that an idiom
+or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+earlier point about cat got your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier point about cat got your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier point about cat got your tongue
+there are bigger idioms where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bigger idioms where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bigger idioms where the
+subject and the verb and the object are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the verb and the object are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the verb and the object are
+all part of the idiom and then his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all part of the idiom and then his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all part of the idiom and then his
+questions about you know how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know how do you get
+a possessor into here yeah I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possessor into here yeah I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possessor into here yeah I'm trying to
+think about that so a way to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that so a way to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that so a way to talk about
+this then is to say yeah idioms but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then is to say yeah idioms but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then is to say yeah idioms but the
+point that I'm making attempting to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I'm making attempting to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I'm making attempting to make
+is there are Indonesians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are Indonesians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are Indonesians
+that are just this I sort of wish I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just this I sort of wish I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just this I sort of wish I had
+colored chalk or something there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored chalk or something there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored chalk or something there aren't
+any idioms that are just the subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idioms that are just the subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idioms that are just the subject and
+the verb and the object can be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb and the object can be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb and the object can be anything
+at all there's no the armadillo bit John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all there's no the armadillo bit John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all there's no the armadillo bit John
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+um the kumquats have fooled Mary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kumquats have fooled Mary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kumquats have fooled Mary right
+uh where you know the kumquatsufuled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you know the kumquatsufuled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you know the kumquatsufuled
+Mary means Mary is daydreaming right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary means Mary is daydreaming right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary means Mary is daydreaming right it
+can it doesn't there aren't idioms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it doesn't there aren't idioms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it doesn't there aren't idioms like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking like it right yeah something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like it right yeah something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like it right yeah something
+like that although how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that although how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that although how you're going to
+get his or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get his or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get his or your
+in here in the cat got your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in the cat got your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in the cat got your tongue
+that's a that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's an interesting question
+right because that's presumably part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's presumably part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's presumably part of
+this noun phrase but putting sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noun phrase but putting sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noun phrase but putting sweeping
+that potential problem under the rug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential problem under the rug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential problem under the rug
+yeah it's as though idioms Have To Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's as though idioms Have To Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's as though idioms Have To Be
+have to be constituents yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be constituents yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be constituents yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I I'm pausing here because you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm pausing here because you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm pausing here because you know here
+I am boldly asserting there is no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am boldly asserting there is no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am boldly asserting there is no of
+course there is no idiom the armadillo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no idiom the armadillo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no idiom the armadillo
+bit but if you pick any random verb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but if you pick any random verb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but if you pick any random verb and
+noun it's probably not an idiom yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun it's probably not an idiom yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun it's probably not an idiom yeah uh
+so you know there also isn't an idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there also isn't an idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there also isn't an idiom
+bit the armadillo right uh that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the armadillo right uh that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the armadillo right uh that could
+have been an idiom but it isn't yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an idiom but it isn't yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an idiom but it isn't yeah so
+John bit the armadillo last night that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bit the armadillo last night that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John bit the armadillo last night that
+doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean
+John worked hard last night yeah could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John worked hard last night yeah could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John worked hard last night yeah could
+have but it doesn't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it doesn't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it doesn't yeah
+um so you know claims of this kind are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know claims of this kind are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know claims of this kind are
+always a little weird you should all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little weird you should all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little weird you should all go
+home and try to think you know uh annoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and try to think you know uh annoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and try to think you know uh annoy
+your friends and your relatives and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and your relatives and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and your relatives and your
+roommates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates
+um trying to come up with idioms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to come up with idioms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to come up with idioms that
+have this shape but there don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shape but there don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shape but there don't seem to
+be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any
+yeah okay good I'm going to move quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good I'm going to move quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good I'm going to move quickly
+to the next slide before somebody comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next slide before somebody comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next slide before somebody comes
+up with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with one
+um uh this isn't because the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this isn't because the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this isn't because the subject
+can't be part of the idiom this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be part of the idiom this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be part of the idiom this has
+already come up right so the cat got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come up right so the cat got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come up right so the cat got
+your tongue the cat is out of the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue the cat is out of the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue the cat is out of the bag
+the will hit the fan right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will hit the fan right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will hit the fan right there
+are lots of idioms so the ship will hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of idioms so the ship will hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of idioms so the ship will hit
+the fan uh has a literal meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan uh has a literal meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan uh has a literal meaning
+um but uh it also has a figurative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh it also has a figurative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh it also has a figurative
+meaning like the the situation will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like the the situation will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like the the situation will get
+dramatically worse quickly or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically worse quickly or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically worse quickly or something
+like that right that's what it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right that's what it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right that's what it means uh
+the cat is out of the bag yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat is out of the bag yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat is out of the bag yeah there
+could be a literal cat and a literal bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a literal cat and a literal bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a literal cat and a literal bag
+or it could mean the secret is out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could mean the secret is out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could mean the secret is out right
+that's the other thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other thing it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other thing it can mean
+are many idioms about cats for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many idioms about cats for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many idioms about cats for some
+reason yep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so yeah there are idioms like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah there are idioms like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah there are idioms like John
+will buy the farm their idioms like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy the farm their idioms like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy the farm their idioms like the
+ we'll hit the fan uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ we'll hit the fan uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ we'll hit the fan uh yeah
+and there are no idioms like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are no idioms like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are no idioms like the
+armadillo will bite John good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo will bite John good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armadillo will bite John good
+maybe it's as though idioms must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's as though idioms must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's as though idioms must be
+constituents yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents yeah
+you nicely pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nicely pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nicely pointed out
+so okay good now we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay good now we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay good now we know something about
+idioms uh so the hit the fan it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms uh so the hit the fan it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms uh so the hit the fan it's a
+fine idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine idiom
+um the seemed to hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the seemed to hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the seemed to hit the fan
+ seemed to be likely to hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ seemed to be likely to hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ seemed to be likely to hit the fan
+these are all fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all fine
+and they all have idiomatic readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have idiomatic readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have idiomatic readings
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but the things that I have circled are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the things that I have circled are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the things that I have circled are
+surely not constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely not constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely not constituents
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you should hit the fan as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should hit the fan as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should hit the fan as a
+constituent but the seemed to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent but the seemed to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent but the seemed to hit
+the fan seam two is not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan seam two is not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan seam two is not part of the
+idiom these sentences are okay right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom these sentences are okay right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom these sentences are okay right and
+they have their idiomatic meanings yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their idiomatic meanings yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their idiomatic meanings yeah
+everything was fine all day until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was fine all day until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was fine all day until
+Suddenly at 12 35 the seemed to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suddenly at 12 35 the seemed to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suddenly at 12 35 the seemed to hit
+the fan fine sad of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan fine sad of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan fine sad of course but
+grammatical yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh but seam 2 is not part of the idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but seam 2 is not part of the idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but seam 2 is not part of the idiom
+right it's like John and John bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like John and John bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like John and John bought the
+farm the idiom is the hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm the idiom is the hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm the idiom is the hit the fan
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the hit the fan and the seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hit the fan and the seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hit the fan and the seemed
+to be likely to hit the fan yeah so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be likely to hit the fan yeah so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be likely to hit the fan yeah so I I
+walked into the office and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the office and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the office and everything
+seemed very precarious tempers were high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed very precarious tempers were high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed very precarious tempers were high
+this seemed to be likely to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seemed to be likely to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seemed to be likely to hit the
+fan at any minute yeah perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan at any minute yeah perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan at any minute yeah perfectly fine
+hasn't eating medic reading uh but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't eating medic reading uh but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't eating medic reading uh but these
+things are quite far apart from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are quite far apart from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are quite far apart from each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+but if we believe in NP movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we believe in NP movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we believe in NP movements
+then we have a story right story goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a story right story goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a story right story goes
+like this how do you say the seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this how do you say the seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this how do you say the seemed
+to hit the fan well yeah the and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the fan well yeah the and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the fan well yeah the and to
+hit the fan are far apart from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the fan are far apart from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the fan are far apart from each
+other when you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when you're done
+but you start off with seemed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you start off with seemed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you start off with seemed the
+to hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the fan
+and then the moves uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the moves uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the moves uh into the
+specifier of TP in the higher Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of TP in the higher Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of TP in the higher Clause
+right that subject moves up to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that subject moves up to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that subject moves up to become
+the subject of the higher thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of the higher thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of the higher thing because
+of the Epp the Epp wants there to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Epp the Epp wants there to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Epp the Epp wants there to be a
+subject up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject up there
+um uh another option would be to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh another option would be to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh another option would be to put an
+expletive there and say it seemed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expletive there and say it seemed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expletive there and say it seemed that
+the had hit the fan or whatever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the had hit the fan or whatever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the had hit the fan or whatever to
+put an it there but if you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an it there but if you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an it there but if you're not going
+to do that you need to move the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you need to move the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you need to move the subject
+of the lower Clause up into the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lower Clause up into the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lower Clause up into the higher
+clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+the consequence of that is that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of that is that by the
+time you're done the hit the fan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're done the hit the fan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're done the hit the fan is
+no longer a constituent but it was once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a constituent but it was once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a constituent but it was once
+and apparently that's what matters yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently that's what matters yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently that's what matters yeah
+it needs to start as a constituent maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to start as a constituent maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to start as a constituent maybe
+one way to think about it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it would be the
+idiom is a really really big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom is a really really big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom is a really really big and
+complicated lexical item if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated lexical item if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated lexical item if you're going
+to merge it you need to merge it all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge it you need to merge it all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge it you need to merge it all at
+once you know you know it's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know you know it's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know you know it's one way to
+think about it anyway yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah good question
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very nice point the will hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point the will hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point the will hit the
+fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the might hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might hit the fan
+the is going to hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of things you can put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things you can put in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things you can put in here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is a very nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very nice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very nice point
+there is a plastic response to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plastic response to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plastic response to this
+point which is to say yeah what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is to say yeah what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is to say yeah what you've
+discovered is there's even more NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is there's even more NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is there's even more NP
+movement than we thought right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement than we thought right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement than we thought right
+right so uh if I let me get a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if I let me get a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if I let me get a fresh
+board down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board down here
+what are you doing for time yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing for time yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing for time yeah this
+will be a good place to stop probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a good place to stop probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a good place to stop probably
+um the way I have been drawing trees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way I have been drawing trees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way I have been drawing trees for
+you I've been drawing trees like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+John will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the kumquats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um I've been drawing trees like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been drawing trees like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been drawing trees like this
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you look familiar does anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look familiar does anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look familiar does anybody have any
+questions about this tree this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this tree this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this tree this should be
+like painless at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like painless at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like painless at this point
+it's painful then you should stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's painful then you should stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's painful then you should stop me
+is this okay no so we've got a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay no so we've got a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay no so we've got a verb
+phrase that consists of a verb and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that consists of a verb and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that consists of a verb and an
+object eat the kumquats eat is selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object eat the kumquats eat is selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object eat the kumquats eat is selecting
+for the object uh and then we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the object uh and then we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the object uh and then we've said
+that words like will are instances of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that words like will are instances of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that words like will are instances of t
+ense and that t is the phrase who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ense and that t is the phrase who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ense and that t is the phrase who
+specifier the subjects it's in actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier the subjects it's in actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier the subjects it's in actually
+we have a name now for the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name now for the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name now for the fact that the
+subject sits there that's the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sits there that's the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sits there that's the extended
+projection principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection principle
+and we've said there is some force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said there is some force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said there is some force that
+demands that there be something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands that there be something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands that there be something here
+that's part of why John was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of why John was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of why John was here
+your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+it's a very well thinking one is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very well thinking one is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very well thinking one is that if
+I say the will hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remind me to erase this before we leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I've been going quickly partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've been going quickly partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've been going quickly partly
+in the hope that nobody would notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hope that nobody would notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hope that nobody would notice
+this but yes problem this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but yes problem this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but yes problem this and this
+seemed to be the constituent the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be the constituent the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be the constituent the the
+idiom but will is not part of the idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom but will is not part of the idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom but will is not part of the idiom
+and there's a classic way of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a classic way of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a classic way of dealing
+with this problem this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem this is one of the
+classic Arguments for something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Arguments for something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Arguments for something that is
+now widely believed which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now widely believed which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now widely believed which is that the
+subject although it is in the specifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject although it is in the specifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject although it is in the specifier
+of TP it doesn't actually start there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TP it doesn't actually start there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TP it doesn't actually start there
+I've been drawing trees where it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been drawing trees where it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been drawing trees where it starts
+there but it actually starts lower it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it actually starts lower it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it actually starts lower it
+starts inside the verb phrase and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts inside the verb phrase and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts inside the verb phrase and it
+moves up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the real derivation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the real derivation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the real derivation for this
+this is what I've been concealing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I've been concealing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I've been concealing from
+you that the real derivation from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the real derivation from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the real derivation from this
+starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside the verb phrase say is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the verb phrase say is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the verb phrase say is a
+specifier of the verb phrase and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of the verb phrase and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifier of the verb phrase and it is
+Raising to the specifier of TP uh always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raising to the specifier of TP uh always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raising to the specifier of TP uh always
+so I've I've been talking so far as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've I've been talking so far as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've I've been talking so far as for
+the specifier TP you know we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier TP you know we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier TP you know we've talked
+now about some cases where something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about some cases where something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about some cases where something
+moves into the specifier of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves into the specifier of TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves into the specifier of TP
+um but from the earlier kinds of trees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but from the earlier kinds of trees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but from the earlier kinds of trees I
+was drawing from you for you I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing from you for you I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing from you for you I was
+making it sound like the specifier of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it sound like the specifier of TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it sound like the specifier of TP
+something sometimes something has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sometimes something has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sometimes something has just
+merged there it doesn't move there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged there it doesn't move there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged there it doesn't move there for
+exactly the reason that you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reason that you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reason that you've just
+pointed out people think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out people think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out people think that that's
+wrong but really what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but really what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but really what's happening is
+that the subject always starts lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subject always starts lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subject always starts lower
+than T and raises into the specifier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T and raises into the specifier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T and raises into the specifier of
+TP and in English it has to raise into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP and in English it has to raise into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP and in English it has to raise into
+the specifier of TP because of the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP because of the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specifier of TP because of the app
+yeah and this argument from the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this argument from the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this argument from the behavior
+of idioms this is one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idioms this is one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idioms this is one of the one of the
+classic Arguments for that conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Arguments for that conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Arguments for that conclusion
+yeah this is something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is something that was
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+in like the late 80s people first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like the late 80s people first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like the late 80s people first
+started saying that it's called the VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started saying that it's called the VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started saying that it's called the VP
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+subject hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject hypothesis
+and by now it's very widely assumed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by now it's very widely assumed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by now it's very widely assumed to
+be true yeah I was planning to conceal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true yeah I was planning to conceal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true yeah I was planning to conceal
+this from you because this is 24 900 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from you because this is 24 900 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from you because this is 24 900 but
+uh I should know better than to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should know better than to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should know better than to try to
+conceal things from you guys yeah does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal things from you guys yeah does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal things from you guys yeah does
+that answer your question yeah cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like an example of optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an example of optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an example of optimality
+theory where it's like we want an idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where it's like we want an idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where it's like we want an idiom
+to be a constituent but it matters more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constituent but it matters more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constituent but it matters more
+to satisfy the Epp uh no I'm glad I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the Epp uh no I'm glad I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the Epp uh no I'm glad I see
+I see what you mean the way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see what you mean the way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see what you mean the way people
+standardly think about this anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly think about this anyway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly think about this anyway it's
+something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh I you know you're raising an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I you know you're raising an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I you know you're raising an
+interesting question it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it would be
+interesting to think of ways of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think of ways of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think of ways of of
+distinguishing these theories from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these theories from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these theories from each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+um uh the way people think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the way people think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the way people think about this
+it's it's something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something more like
+it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of
+remember the projection principle so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the projection principle so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the projection principle so in
+the projection principle sort of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection principle sort of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection principle sort of says
+the verb absolutely absolutely has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb absolutely absolutely has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb absolutely absolutely has to
+have a sister if it's transitive let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sister if it's transitive let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sister if it's transitive let's
+say it has to have a noun phrase as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to have a noun phrase as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to have a noun phrase as a
+sister and then there are these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and then there are these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and then there are these other
+forces things like uh wh movement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces things like uh wh movement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces things like uh wh movement that
+say oh but wait I want this thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh but wait I want this thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh but wait I want this thing to be
+over here instead and so we say yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here instead and so we say yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here instead and so we say yeah it
+starts here and then it moves yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here and then it moves yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts here and then it moves yeah
+um so it's as though there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's as though there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's as though there are these
+mutually incompatible requirements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually incompatible requirements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually incompatible requirements which
+are met by having a derivation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are met by having a derivation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are met by having a derivation where
+something starts in one position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts in one position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts in one position and
+then moves to another position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves to another position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves to another position and the
+idea is that the projection principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the projection principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the projection principle is
+satisfied because well you satisfied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied because well you satisfied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied because well you satisfied it
+at first at the beginning and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first at the beginning and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first at the beginning and and then
+later you did other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you did other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you did other things
+we're going to talk more uh I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk more uh I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk more uh I think I
+promised that we would only do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised that we would only do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised that we would only do another
+day or two of syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or two of syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or two of syntax
+um so I'm running out of room in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm running out of room in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm running out of room in which
+to promise that we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promise that we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promise that we will talk about
+things but I think we'll have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I think we'll have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I think we'll have a chance
+to talk more about the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about the nature of the
+derivation and the order in which you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and the order in which you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and the order in which you do
+things like the order in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the order in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the order in which you have
+to satisfy things but the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy things but the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy things but the the standard
+way people talk about this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people talk about this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people talk about this kind of thing
+is more like the rule ordering kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like the rule ordering kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like the rule ordering kinds of
+things we talked about it's like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about it's like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about it's like there
+is an early stage at which you must obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an early stage at which you must obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an early stage at which you must obey
+the projection principle which you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection principle which you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection principle which you must
+obey this condition on idioms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey this condition on idioms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey this condition on idioms and then
+there are other things that come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that come along
+and mess everything up subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mess everything up subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mess everything up subsequently
+that's uh that's the way people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the way people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the way people talk
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+any questions about idioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about idioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about idioms
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+anything else NBA NP movement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else NBA NP movement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else NBA NP movement okay
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+um so let me make sure yes this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me make sure yes this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me make sure yes this is an
+excellent place to stop so let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent place to stop so let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent place to stop so let me ask
+again are there any other questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are there any other questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are there any other questions or
+shall we just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we just stop
+cool okay good now you know slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay good now you know slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay good now you know slightly
+more than I was planning to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I was planning to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I was planning to teach you
+about the behavior of subjects and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of subjects and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of subjects and uh
+we'll pick it up here next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zQfcPQpKZUk.txt b/zQfcPQpKZUk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be46372ecd5dea33d9bf1664ad99d93143429e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zQfcPQpKZUk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+ERIC LANDER: That worked.
+
+Let's do it again.
+
+Now, number 2.
+
+I would like to clone not the
+Arg1 gene, but let's say the
+
+beta globin gene from human.
+
+So let's take human
+beta globin.
+
+I want to clone it.
+
+So human beta globin,
+hemoglobin, it's a tetromer.
+
+It has four parts.
+
+It's got an alpha, an alpha,
+a beta, and a beta.
+
+Four proteins come together
+in a protein tetromer.
+
+And it's got two alphas,
+two betas.
+
+The beta subunit of hemoglobin
+is encoded by the human beta
+
+globin gene.
+
+That's the nomenclature here.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's clone beta globin.
+
+Same deal.
+
+How are we going to do it?
+
+Any takers?
+
+What should we start with?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Find a restriction
+enzyme?
+
+ERIC LANDER: Find a restriction
+enzyme.
+
+I'll go to catalogue and
+try EcoRI today.
+
+OK?
+
+Now what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Add it to a bunch
+of [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: So I'm going
+to start with human DNA?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Yes is
+a good answer.
+
+Yes.
+
+I'm going to start
+with human DNA.
+
+Good.
+
+Let's get that up there.
+
+We're going to start--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: So we'll start
+with human DNA.
+
+There we go, pieces of human
+DNA cut with EcoRI.
+
+Now, what are we going to do?
+
+Takers?
+
+Let's attach it to a vector.
+
+Actually, wait a second.
+
+This vector here, I told you
+that there were vectors that
+
+could grow in E. coli.
+
+Did I ever tell you there
+were vectors that
+
+could grow a yeast?
+
+There are.
+
+And they're in the catalog.
+
+OK.
+
+Yes?
+
+Now, what am I going to do?
+
+I'm going to attach
+this to a vector.
+
+Now, what do I do?
+
+What vector do I want
+to attach this to?
+
+Where is it going to grow?
+
+Human cells.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+So one option would
+be human cells.
+
+So we want to take a vector
+that grows in human cells.
+
+Ha.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Then I need
+a mammalian origin of
+
+replication.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: And a mammal--
+
+Well, so it turns out that I
+can technically do this.
+
+There are now vectors
+that I can use to
+
+grow in human cells.
+
+It's a lot harder to do.
+
+So let's try doing it with a
+microbe first, but then we'll
+
+come back and we'll
+do it with human.
+
+So try doing this
+in a microbe.
+
+What have you got
+for a microbe?
+
+How do we do this
+in a microbe?
+
+Well, let's try E. coli for
+the sake of argument.
+
+But we could also try, keep in
+mind your human for a second.
+
+We do this, we do this,
+we get a plate.
+
+One of these guys is going to
+have alpha globin, one of them
+
+will have collagen.
+
+That guy here has beta globin.
+
+How are we going to
+recognize it?
+
+This is tough.
+
+What were you going to
+do for the human?
+
+AUDIENCE: No idea.
+
+ERIC LANDER: But you were
+going to get it
+
+into a human cell.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Were you going to
+try to do complementation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Yeah.
+
+The problem doing
+complementation is most human
+
+cells don't need beta globin.
+
+What's beta globin good for?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: What's hemoglobin
+good for?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: It's in your red
+blood cells to transport
+
+oxygen around.
+
+You think individual
+cells care?
+
+Nah.
+
+Your marrow might,
+but only in C2.
+
+The problem with doing it in a
+human cell initially is, if we
+
+tried the same exact trick
+and we tried a beta
+
+globin-deficient human cell,
+and we're going to try to
+
+complement with a beta globin,
+the problem is we don't have
+
+any conditions under which
+that cell cares.
+
+But we'll come back and even
+do more because we could do
+
+things here.
+
+So now what are we
+going to do?
+
+How are we going to see where
+our beta globin is?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Make the protein.
+
+So we're going to
+persuade this E.
+
+coli to make the protein.
+
+And how are we going to
+recognize the protein?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: So how can we
+recognize a protein?
+
+AUDIENCE: Function.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Function.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Function.
+
+The problem is we didn't really
+have a function to
+
+complement.
+
+Electrophoresis.
+
+We could actually take every
+colony on the plate, grow it
+
+up, purify the proteins, and
+see if there was a protein
+
+band at just the right place
+for beta globin.
+
+We'd have to look at about a
+million colonies to do it.
+
+Maybe a little more, actually
+more because you know,
+
+statistics and all, 10
+million colonies.
+
+And the issue there is graduate
+students tend to, you
+
+can check with the TAs, but on
+the whole, tend to rebel at
+
+the thought of prepping protein
+from 10 million
+
+separate cells.
+
+How else can we tell if our
+cells are making beta globin?
+
+AUDIENCE: You add
+a marker to it?
+
+ERIC LANDER: Something that
+sticks to beta globin.
+
+Turns out that antibodies are
+really good for this.
+
+If you take beta globin and you
+inject a mouse with beta
+
+globin, it'll make an immune
+reaction against it.
+
+And we'll learn more about the
+immune system in the course,
+
+but it will actually make
+antibodies that
+
+bind to beta globin.
+
+So suppose I told you there were
+antibodies that actually
+
+bind to beta globin?
+
+Now, what can I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: I'll make it a
+fluorescent antibody, sure.
+
+You can have a fluorescent
+antibody if you want.
+
+Fluorescent antibody
+that knows how to
+
+bind to beta globin.
+
+Now, how do I find my cell?
+
+AUDIENCE: Colonies.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Take my colonies.
+
+Do what to them?
+
+AUDIENCE: Add antibodies.
+
+And look for the colony
+that had antibodies--
+
+ERIC LANDER: Stuck to it.
+
+I just wash antibodies
+over my colonies and
+
+see where it sticks.
+
+Now, the only details are this
+is on an agar plate, and it's
+
+really messy to do that.
+
+So just technical details of
+pulling that off are I
+
+actually grew these on a little
+piece of filter paper.
+
+So I put a piece of
+filter paper down.
+
+I grow the colonies on filter
+paper getting their little
+
+nutrients through there.
+
+I take off my piece of filter
+paper that has my colonies
+
+growing on it.
+
+I need to crack open all of
+those cells, and it turns out
+
+I can do that by a chemical
+treatment that will crack open
+
+all the cells and leave
+their protein
+
+contents just spewed out.
+
+They spew out their guts
+right here, each cell.
+
+And then I wash my antibody
+over it, and my
+
+fluorescently-labeled antibody
+sticks to that guy telling me
+
+that beta globin was
+right there.
+
+Any questions?
+
+I did it.
+
+You did it.
+
+Except there's a problem.
+
+What was your problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it possible that
+the antibody won't stick?
+
+ERIC LANDER: It's a wonderful
+antibody.
+
+It's a perfectly specific
+antibody.
+
+The antibody is totally
+perfect.
+
+It only sticks to beta globin.
+
+Does the bacteria want
+to make beta globin?
+
+You're throwing this stuff in
+and if any bacteria actually
+
+did make you beta globin, this
+would be working perfectly.
+
+The little problem is, will a
+piece of human DNA thrown into
+
+E. coli make beta globin?
+
+No.
+
+Why not?
+
+Well, let's go back to
+our understanding
+
+of how genes work.
+
+The beta globin gene is a
+locus that has a human
+
+promoter which then goes
+and makes a transcript.
+
+That transcript has
+multiple exons.
+
+Those exons go into the
+transcript and are spliced
+
+together to make a
+mature message.
+
+Here is the mature message,
+which gets translated.
+
+We have splicing, and then
+this gets translated.
+
+The spliced product
+gets translated.
+
+And what's the problem asking
+E. coli to do this?
+
+AUDIENCE: It doesn't
+do splicing.
+
+ERIC LANDER: It doesn't
+do splicing.
+
+And in fact, if you told me
+we'll use yeast instead, it
+
+turns out yeast does a very
+bad job in splicing human
+
+introns also.
+
+And E. coli doesn't recognize
+human promoters.
+
+So this doesn't work
+very well.
+
+Any takers on what we're
+going to do about this?
+
+How do we fix this problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Ah.
+
+So one solution would be teach
+E. coli how to splice DNA.
+
+That's hard.
+
+Start with cDNA.
+
+That's nice.
+
+So let's take our messenger
+RNA, mRNA, and let's now
+
+convert it into cDNA.
+
+What is cDNA?
+
+cDNA remember, we can
+copy RNA into DNA.
+
+What enzyme copies
+RNA into DNA?
+
+We learned about it
+when we studied
+
+replication and all that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Reverse
+transcriptase.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Reverse
+transcriptase.
+
+So if I can get my hands on some
+reverse transcriptase, I
+
+would be able to add reverse
+transcriptase to mRNAs from a
+
+human cell and make cDNA.
+
+And where do I get reversed
+transcriptase?
+
+It's in the catalog.
+
+So I now make cDNA and
+instead, I put
+
+the cDNA in the vector.
+
+I do this, of course,
+for many, many,
+
+many different RNAs.
+
+I take total RNA from the human
+cell, I convert all the
+
+total RNA all at once into
+different cDNAs.
+
+Those different cDNAs get put
+into the vector, and I now
+
+have what's called
+a cDNA library.
+
+So now I have a cDNA library.
+
+And now each of these guys has
+not a piece of human genomic
+
+DNA, but a piece of human cDNA
+copied back from a message.
+
+One of those guys
+has beta globin.
+
+Now will E. coli produce
+beta globin?
+
+No.
+
+Because
+
+AUDIENCE: Promoter.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Promoter.
+
+It doesn't have a promoter
+that it recognizes.
+
+What are we going to do
+we do about that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Add one
+in the vector.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Add one
+in the vector.
+
+Give it a promoter
+in the vector.
+
+Good.
+
+You guys are getting into
+the engineering of this.
+
+Let's say that the vector
+has an E. coli promoter.
+
+Now, each of these cells will
+actually make that mRNA.
+
+That mRNA is spliced,
+and it will, in
+
+fact, produce an mRNA.
+
+The cell will translate it if
+we do this right, and is the
+
+genetic code the same
+in E. coli in human?
+
+Yup.
+
+So we can actually make, you
+could make beta globin.
+
+Now, we wash over our antibody,
+it recognizes which
+
+cell is making beta globin,
+and it sticks.
+
+There's beta globin.
+
+It works.
+
+Oh, by the way, what have we
+also just invented here?
+
+We've invented a bacterial cell
+that's able to produce a
+
+human protein.
+
+What if instead of beta
+globin, we put in
+
+the gene for insulin?
+
+What would we have invented?
+
+A way to produce insulin without
+having to purify it
+
+from the pancreases of animals,
+which is how we used
+
+to have to treat juvenile
+diabetics.
+
+But instead, if we put the
+insulin gene in, and we have
+
+an E. coli promoter, let's
+say, in theory,
+
+we can make us insulin.
+
+And what would we
+have invented?
+
+The biotechnology industry.
+
+That's basically the start to
+the biotechnology industry.
+
+One of the first things that
+was done was cloning the
+
+insulin gene to make
+recombinantly-produced insulin
+
+by just the method you
+guys invented today.
+
+It's just unfortunately others
+invented them first, so you
+
+don't get a patent on it or
+anything, but all right.
+
+So now we got two ways to clone
+genes so far, and there
+
+are a lot of ways
+to clone genes.
+
+I've given you two, later
+in the course,
+
+I'll give you a third.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zaabQDKK8WY.txt b/zaabQDKK8WY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcb67f42640cf4b9799ac90d585e759ce3b7bc81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zaabQDKK8WY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
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+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
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+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
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+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu announcements for next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu announcements for next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu announcements for next week
+for so for Monday just to really settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so for Monday just to really settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so for Monday just to really settle
+expectations for what we're doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for what we're doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for what we're doing on
+mondays we are doing rehearsals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mondays we are doing rehearsals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mondays we are doing rehearsals of
+presentations you do not need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations you do not need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations you do not need to do the
+demo of your game part of the rehearsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of your game part of the rehearsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of your game part of the rehearsal
+you do need to do that the actual talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to do that the actual talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to do that the actual talk
+that means we're asking for the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're asking for the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're asking for the visual
+slides and e visuals you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and e visuals you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and e visuals you're going to use
+that go through the full talk as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through the full talk as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through the full talk as if you
+were going to do it don't try to speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do it don't try to speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do it don't try to speed
+through it if it's in outline mode then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it if it's in outline mode then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it if it's in outline mode then
+maybe you're testing the actual material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're testing the actual material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're testing the actual material
+that you're going to be going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be going through
+please pay attention to all the talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please pay attention to all the talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please pay attention to all the talks
+that you're listening to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're listening to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're listening to give them
+feedback give the other teams feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback give the other teams feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback give the other teams feedback
+about what they're saying we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're saying we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they're saying we will be
+here basically kind of like the voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically kind of like the voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically kind of like the voice
+but without the cool chairs letting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without the cool chairs letting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without the cool chairs letting you
+know what we think about your stuff yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we think about your stuff yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we think about your stuff yes
+a great way to get a good grade for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way to get a good grade for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way to get a good grade for the
+presentation is to listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is to listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is to listen to the
+feedback and make changes so keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and make changes so keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and make changes so keep that
+in mind just a suggestion even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind just a suggestion even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind just a suggestion even though
+you don't have to demo your stuff it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to demo your stuff it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to demo your stuff it
+might be a good idea just to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good idea just to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good idea just to bring the
+computer you're planning absolutely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you're planning absolutely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you're planning absolutely and
+testing hardware just to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing hardware just to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing hardware just to make sure that
+the speed resolution works out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed resolution works out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed resolution works out you can
+go fullscreen you don't have that google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fullscreen you don't have that google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fullscreen you don't have that google
+chrome has taken over your entire screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome has taken over your entire screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome has taken over your entire screen
+hit escape to this yeah yeah make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit escape to this yeah yeah make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit escape to this yeah yeah make sure
+the game works we don't need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game works we don't need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game works we don't need to actually
+play it for exam period time time length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it for exam period time time length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it for exam period time time length
+for these presentations each team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these presentations each team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these presentations each team is
+given 20 minutes um you will be timed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given 20 minutes um you will be timed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given 20 minutes um you will be timed we
+will flag you once you hit 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flag you once you hit 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flag you once you hit 20 minutes
+that's total for the entire presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's total for the entire presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's total for the entire presentation
+including the demo limit the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the demo limit the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the demo limit the game
+playing part of your of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing part of your of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing part of your of your
+presentation to no more than 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to no more than 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to no more than 10 minutes
+um anything more than 10 minutes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything more than 10 minutes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything more than 10 minutes we're
+going to make a note of that but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a note of that but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a note of that but please
+keep it under under 10 minutes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it under under 10 minutes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it under under 10 minutes it can be
+a short or as long as you sure as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short or as long as you sure as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short or as long as you sure as you
+like it could cover you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could cover you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could cover you could have
+someone play the entire game you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone play the entire game you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone play the entire game you can
+have someone to play just one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone to play just one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone to play just one part of
+the game you will have somebody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you will have somebody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you will have somebody who has
+not played your game before playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not played your game before playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not played your game before playing
+game live on stage so that's also a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game live on stage so that's also a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game live on stage so that's also a test
+of ours time for the you're the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ours time for the you're the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ours time for the you're the actual
+slides part of your talk has to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides part of your talk has to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides part of your talk has to be at
+least 10 minutes so 10 10 is a good is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 minutes so 10 10 is a good is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 minutes so 10 10 is a good is a
+good suggestion five minutes of demo 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suggestion five minutes of demo 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suggestion five minutes of demo 15
+minutes of talk is also fine as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of talk is also fine as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of talk is also fine as well
+after you're finished with that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you're finished with that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you're finished with that talk
+we're going to open it to Q&A from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to open it to Q&A from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to open it to Q&A from
+people in the in the group in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the in the group in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the in the group in the room
+and that will include us so rehearsal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will include us so rehearsal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will include us so rehearsal is
+give your presentation we won't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your presentation we won't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your presentation we won't do the
+QA we'll just do feedback final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA we'll just do feedback final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA we'll just do feedback final
+presentations are the real deal it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations are the real deal it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations are the real deal it is
+being recorded of course we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded of course we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded of course we're still
+figuring out if we're going to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out if we're going to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out if we're going to live
+stream it please invite your friends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it please invite your friends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it please invite your friends on
+friday the town wednesday the 10th to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday the town wednesday the 10th to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday the town wednesday the 10th to
+come word i'm sending out invites to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come word i'm sending out invites to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come word i'm sending out invites to a
+bunch of people to get some some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people to get some some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people to get some some of our
+local developer friends to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local developer friends to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local developer friends to come in and
+talk and also some folks from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and also some folks from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and also some folks from our
+department and from some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and from some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and from some of the other
+game design classes to come and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attendance for those two days so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for those two days so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for those two days so
+attendance for monday is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for monday is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for monday is going to be
+normal like we've just been doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal like we've just been doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal like we've just been doing it
+attendance for wednesday come in as come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for wednesday come in as come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance for wednesday come in as come
+in at one please let us know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at one please let us know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at one please let us know if you're
+going to be late like email the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late like email the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late like email the video
+game bosses list if you were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game bosses list if you were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game bosses list if you were going to be
+late on on wednesday for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late on on wednesday for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late on on wednesday for the final
+presentations will keep the sheet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations will keep the sheet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations will keep the sheet in the
+back of the room so you can sign in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the room so you can sign in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the room so you can sign in as
+you come into the come into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything i'm missing from any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm missing from any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm missing from any of that
+and then at the end of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end of all the
+presentations we're probably gonna end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations we're probably gonna end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations we're probably gonna end
+up with about 30 minutes left of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with about 30 minutes left of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with about 30 minutes left of class
+so you can open up your computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can open up your computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can open up your computers and
+how people play your games if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people play your games if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people play your games if you like
+totally not required but it tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not required but it tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not required but it tends to be
+fun when we do that cool so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun when we do that cool so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun when we do that cool so if there's
+no questions about any of that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions about any of that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions about any of that we are
+going to do our last lecture we've arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our last lecture we've arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our last lecture we've arm
+invited Shaun Baptiste from firehose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited Shaun Baptiste from firehose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited Shaun Baptiste from firehose
+games to talk to us about community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to talk to us about community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to talk to us about community
+management marketing and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management marketing and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management marketing and all sorts of
+stuff and basically how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and basically how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and basically how do you get
+people to play your games and after he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to play your games and after he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to play your games and after he's
+done attendance will be back open cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done attendance will be back open cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done attendance will be back open cool
+thank you very much thanks for having me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thanks for having me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thanks for having me
+here this is great my name is jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is great my name is jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is great my name is jean
+baptiste I'm a ten-year veteran of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baptiste I'm a ten-year veteran of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baptiste I'm a ten-year veteran of the
+video game industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game industry
+my first job was at harmonics and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first job was at harmonics and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first job was at harmonics and now
+which was you know a huge triple a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know a huge triple a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know a huge triple a sort
+of deal and now i'm at a small indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deal and now i'm at a small indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deal and now i'm at a small indie
+game studio right here in Cambridge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game studio right here in Cambridge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game studio right here in Cambridge that
+was started by some former game lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started by some former game lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started by some former game lab
+alumni Ethan fan and sheriff bought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumni Ethan fan and sheriff bought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumni Ethan fan and sheriff bought and
+a Tonga liner I think I should price art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tonga liner I think I should price art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tonga liner I think I should price art
+how I got into the industry in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got into the industry in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got into the industry in the first
+place I don't have a tech background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I don't have a tech background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I don't have a tech background
+whatsoever I was I came up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever I was I came up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever I was I came up through
+theatre I was a theater major and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatre I was a theater major and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatre I was a theater major and one
+thing I've realized in my years is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've realized in my years is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've realized in my years is that
+there are a lot of theater majors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of theater majors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of theater majors at
+video games it I think I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games it I think I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games it I think I've been
+thinking about a lot I think a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a lot I think a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a lot I think a lot of it
+is that video games are video games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that video games are video games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that video games are video games in
+theatres are both have an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatres are both have an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatres are both have an interactive
+element where there's a interplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element where there's a interplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element where there's a interplay
+between the audience and the Creator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the audience and the Creator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the audience and the Creator
+that film doesn't have necessarily and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film doesn't have necessarily and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film doesn't have necessarily and I
+think a lot of theater people drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of theater people drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of theater people drift
+towards there when they realize there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards there when they realize there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards there when they realize there's
+no money to be made whatsoever in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money to be made whatsoever in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money to be made whatsoever in the
+theater that was my that's how I made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater that was my that's how I made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater that was my that's how I made it
+but so I was I was working in film and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I was I was working in film and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I was I was working in film and I
+was working in theater and stuff and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working in theater and stuff and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working in theater and stuff and I
+got sick and I just the only game i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sick and I just the only game i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sick and I just the only game i
+could play was amplitude which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play was amplitude which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play was amplitude which was a
+harm early harmonics title and as i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm early harmonics title and as i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm early harmonics title and as i was
+playing and i was like oh i think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and i was like oh i think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and i was like oh i think people
+make these like I don't think games just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these like I don't think games just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these like I don't think games just
+happen like somebody makes them and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like somebody makes them and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen like somebody makes them and I
+realized that was I lived up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that was I lived up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that was I lived up on the
+North Shore so it was closed and i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Shore so it was closed and i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Shore so it was closed and i just
+started pestering harmonics to hire me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started pestering harmonics to hire me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started pestering harmonics to hire me
+since I was closed and they kept telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was closed and they kept telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was closed and they kept telling
+me no he'll eventually I I just got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no he'll eventually I I just got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no he'll eventually I I just got a
+friend there who sort of said nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend there who sort of said nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend there who sort of said nice
+things about me which was lovely of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about me which was lovely of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about me which was lovely of him
+and that's got me an in QA QA I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got me an in QA QA I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got me an in QA QA I'm
+hesitant to say that that's a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant to say that that's a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitant to say that that's a good way
+to start in the industry anymore because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in the industry anymore because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in the industry anymore because
+I don't know if it's quite as valid QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's quite as valid QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's quite as valid QA
+teams of garten smaller and the turnover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of garten smaller and the turnover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of garten smaller and the turnover
+is a little bit difficult so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit difficult so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit difficult so it's not
+necessarily the the entryway into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the the entryway into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the the entryway into the
+industry that it used to be which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that it used to be which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that it used to be which i
+think is a bit unfortunate i worked as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a bit unfortunate i worked as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a bit unfortunate i worked as a
+QA person on the karaoke revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA person on the karaoke revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA person on the karaoke revolution
+series early on and then on the guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series early on and then on the guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series early on and then on the guitar
+hero series before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero series before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero series before I
+becoming a technical artist which meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a technical artist which meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a technical artist which meant
+that I wasn't a programmer or an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wasn't a programmer or an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wasn't a programmer or an artist
+but I helped make them have less fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I helped make them have less fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I helped make them have less fights
+with each other it was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other it was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other it was probably
+something you guys are used to at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you guys are used to at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you guys are used to at this
+point so uh so I did a lot of that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so uh so I did a lot of that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so uh so I did a lot of that at
+learned how to animate and hook things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to animate and hook things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to animate and hook things
+up but then they realized I one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but then they realized I one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but then they realized I one of the
+things I was doing was so harmonics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was doing was so harmonics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was doing was so harmonics this
+was I don't know how familiar you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't know how familiar you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't know how familiar you guys
+are with harmonics is but uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with harmonics is but uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with harmonics is but uh this was
+before Harmonix got bought by MTV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Harmonix got bought by MTV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Harmonix got bought by MTV and
+was guitar hero would come out but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was guitar hero would come out but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was guitar hero would come out but that
+was handled by redoctane and Activision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was handled by redoctane and Activision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was handled by redoctane and Activision
+and their red octane then Activision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their red octane then Activision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their red octane then Activision and
+we had a outside PR plays handle a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a outside PR plays handle a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a outside PR plays handle a lot
+of the PR and mostly we just made games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PR and mostly we just made games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PR and mostly we just made games
+and put them out there and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them out there and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them out there and there was no
+real there wasn't as much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there wasn't as much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there wasn't as much of a
+consideration for us doing PR from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration for us doing PR from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration for us doing PR from
+inside but we realized as we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside but we realized as we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside but we realized as we wanted to
+make rock band and we're moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make rock band and we're moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make rock band and we're moving away
+from Guitar Hero that we would and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Guitar Hero that we would and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Guitar Hero that we would and kind
+of owning our own destiny that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of owning our own destiny that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of owning our own destiny that we were
+the ones who were going to have to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who were going to have to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who were going to have to talk
+up our own games and kind of create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our own games and kind of create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our own games and kind of create
+something about it so I wasn't the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it so I wasn't the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it so I wasn't the best
+technical artist I'll be honest so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical artist I'll be honest so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical artist I'll be honest so they
+moved to be over to over to running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to be over to over to running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to be over to over to running the
+community because we from frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community because we from frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community because we from frequency and
+amplitude there was a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude there was a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude there was a very small
+community of I'm gonna say about 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of I'm gonna say about 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of I'm gonna say about 50 or
+60 people on the harmonics freak com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people on the harmonics freak com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people on the harmonics freak com
+forums and I was the only one willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums and I was the only one willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums and I was the only one willing to
+talk to them pretty much in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them pretty much in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them pretty much in the whole
+company so as part of my job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so as part of my job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so as part of my job is
+technical artist I would for an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical artist I would for an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical artist I would for an hour
+each day I would sit and talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day I would sit and talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day I would sit and talk with
+people in the forums and try to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the forums and try to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the forums and try to manage
+that community which was very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community which was very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community which was very very small
+and very angry that there wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very angry that there wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very angry that there wasn't a
+sequel to frequency or amplitude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to frequency or amplitude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to frequency or amplitude that
+that was kind of a dead series so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of a dead series so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of a dead series so a lot
+of my time was spent like apologizing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my time was spent like apologizing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my time was spent like apologizing I
+guess how I would that that my big start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how I would that that my big start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how I would that that my big start
+to community management was apologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to community management was apologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to community management was apologies so
+I did that for I did that for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that for I did that for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that for I did that for a while
+and when it came up that we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it came up that we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it came up that we were going
+to have to start doing her own stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to start doing her own stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to start doing her own stuff I
+got promoted up to create the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got promoted up to create the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got promoted up to create the community
+management or the community development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or the community development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or the community development
+team at at harmonics and I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at at harmonics and I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at at harmonics and I put that
+together and that's when there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's when there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's when there was a big
+change because then you know we're owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because then you know we're owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because then you know we're owned
+by MTV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by MTV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by MTV
+and they have a lot of money like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a lot of money like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a lot of money like a lot
+of money and they put a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and they put a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and they put a lot of money
+into advertising for the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advertising for the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advertising for the game and
+sending us around to like every event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending us around to like every event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending us around to like every event
+and stuff i went to the Grammys and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff i went to the Grammys and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff i went to the Grammys and was
+like giving out rock band two more stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving out rock band two more stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving out rock band two more stay
+in the time and weird stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time and weird stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time and weird stuff like that
+and it started moving a little bit away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it started moving a little bit away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it started moving a little bit away
+from just general apologizing daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just general apologizing daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just general apologizing daily
+dealing with problems and more with kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems and more with kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems and more with kind
+of creating a or at least sustaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a or at least sustaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a or at least sustaining a
+cult of personality round the persona of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cult of personality round the persona of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cult of personality round the persona of
+harmonics which was sort of punk rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics which was sort of punk rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics which was sort of punk rock
+and kind of outside of it wasn't as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of outside of it wasn't as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of outside of it wasn't as much
+like traditional game development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traditional game development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traditional game development
+everybody there was a musician and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there was a musician and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there was a musician and there
+was actually kind of this identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually kind of this identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually kind of this identity that
+we could point to and kind of play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could point to and kind of play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could point to and kind of play that
+up and make that sort of the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and make that sort of the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and make that sort of the character
+of the company and that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company and that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company and that that we
+definitely did that we played that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely did that we played that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely did that we played that up
+and because because one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because because one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because because one of the things
+that we'll get into that more when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get into that more when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get into that more when I
+talk a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about the
+difference between marketing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between marketing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between marketing for
+triple-a versus marketing for indie is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple-a versus marketing for indie is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple-a versus marketing for indie is a
+lot of games in triple-a you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of games in triple-a you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of games in triple-a you're selling
+the games as far as marketing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games as far as marketing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games as far as marketing goes
+you're selling the games for indie what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling the games for indie what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling the games for indie what
+you're doing is you're selling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're selling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're selling the
+people who make the games and harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who make the games and harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who make the games and harmonics
+was in this interesting place where even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this interesting place where even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this interesting place where even
+though it was owned by MTV it worked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was owned by MTV it worked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was owned by MTV it worked a
+lot more like an indie company so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more like an indie company so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more like an indie company so there
+was once we were able to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once we were able to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once we were able to promote
+ourselves we promoted the company as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves we promoted the company as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves we promoted the company as a
+group of people like don't just buy rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people like don't just buy rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people like don't just buy rock
+band by Harmonix buy the whole company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band by Harmonix buy the whole company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band by Harmonix buy the whole company
+by what we do stick with us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we do stick with us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we do stick with us because
+we're going to keep making cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep making cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep making cool stuff
+and I can did that for a number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can did that for a number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can did that for a number of years
+and it was crazy a flu constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was crazy a flu constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was crazy a flu constantly
+everywhere stayed in hotels that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere stayed in hotels that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere stayed in hotels that didn't
+have lice and stuff it was nice a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lice and stuff it was nice a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lice and stuff it was nice a lot a
+lot of a lot of getting to do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of getting to do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of getting to do really
+cool things I ended up getting sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things I ended up getting sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things I ended up getting sick
+after that and spent a few years away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and spent a few years away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and spent a few years away
+from the industry and when I came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the industry and when I came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the industry and when I came back
+I've been playing so many Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been playing so many Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been playing so many Indian
+independent games from small indie teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent games from small indie teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent games from small indie teams
+you know things like you know stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like you know stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like you know stuff that
+John blow and made or Fez or just a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John blow and made or Fez or just a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John blow and made or Fez or just a lot
+of the games that castle crashers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the games that castle crashers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the games that castle crashers and
+hominid those sorts of games and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hominid those sorts of games and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hominid those sorts of games and I
+realized there was kind of a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there was kind of a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there was kind of a there
+wasn't analogue to what I was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't analogue to what I was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't analogue to what I was already
+doing with harmonics which was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with harmonics which was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with harmonics which was kind of
+the in indie games you really do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in indie games you really do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in indie games you really do have to
+sell the artist the artist you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the artist the artist you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the artist the artist you're
+selling the artist you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the artist you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the artist you're trying to get
+people to come because if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to come because if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to come because if you don't have
+an interesting story in a way or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting story in a way or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting story in a way or that
+you can sell to the press or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell to the press or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell to the press or two
+journalists you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists you're not going to get
+anybody writing articles about you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody writing articles about you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody writing articles about you for
+the most part that's just that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part that's just that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part that's just that's just
+the case other the big triple-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case other the big triple-a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case other the big triple-a
+companies have lots and lots of money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have lots and lots of money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have lots and lots of money so
+they can plant lots and lots of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can plant lots and lots of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can plant lots and lots of articles
+and as far as indie stuff goes the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as indie stuff goes the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as indie stuff goes the only
+way you can sell yourself is having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can sell yourself is having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can sell yourself is having a
+good story that a journalist wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story that a journalist wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story that a journalist wants to
+tell because if you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell because if you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell because if you don't have that
+there's really no upside for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no upside for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no upside for them to
+write an article about you or your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article about you or your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article about you or your game
+or anything like that I know that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that I know that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that I know that seems
+a little cynical but there it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cynical but there it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little cynical but there it is that
+that is the case so so let's see hmm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case so so let's see hmm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case so so let's see hmm so
+when I went to fire hose the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went to fire hose the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went to fire hose the differences
+in the market like I said was when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market like I said was when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market like I said was when i was
+at harmonics a lot of what i did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harmonics a lot of what i did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at harmonics a lot of what i did in
+community management was keeping making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management was keeping making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management was keeping making
+sure everybody was really invested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everybody was really invested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everybody was really invested in in
+the product and in our in ourselves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and in our in ourselves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and in our in ourselves as a
+team but a lot of it was also keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but a lot of it was also keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but a lot of it was also keeping
+our secrets making sure that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our secrets making sure that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our secrets making sure that people
+weren't leaking information from inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't leaking information from inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't leaking information from inside
+of the company making sure playtesters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company making sure playtesters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company making sure playtesters
+weren't leaking inside a company making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't leaking inside a company making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't leaking inside a company making
+sure an unannounced project that a coder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure an unannounced project that a coder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure an unannounced project that a coder
+on there didn't go in and update their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there didn't go in and update their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there didn't go in and update their
+LinkedIn profile and say hey we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn profile and say hey we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn profile and say hey we're
+working on rock band 2 or you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on rock band 2 or you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on rock band 2 or you know at
+the time before we denounce rock behead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time before we denounce rock behead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time before we denounce rock behead
+too and then there's a huge thing so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then there's a huge thing so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then there's a huge thing so a
+lot of my stuff was managing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of my stuff was managing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of my stuff was managing what
+information got out in independent games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got out in independent games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got out in independent games
+my job is to make sure all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to make sure all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job is to make sure all of the
+information gets out and that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information gets out and that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information gets out and that we are
+constantly screaming for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly screaming for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly screaming for people to
+notice us because there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice us because there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice us because there's so much
+competition I mean just in just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition I mean just in just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition I mean just in just look at
+the the explosion of independent games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the explosion of independent games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the explosion of independent games
+in the past let's say five years six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past let's say five years six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past let's say five years six
+years 2008 i think is really when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 2008 i think is really when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 2008 i think is really when it
+really started becoming this definitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started becoming this definitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started becoming this definitive
+thing that you can point that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can point that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can point that there's a
+lot of people and a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people and a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people and a lot of people who
+want also equally want people to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want also equally want people to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want also equally want people to pay
+attention to them and there's only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to them and there's only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to them and there's only so
+many outlets and there's only so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outlets and there's only so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outlets and there's only so many
+places where people are going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where people are going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where people are going to be able
+to read about it so you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about it so you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about it so you're really
+fighting it's like it there's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it's like it there's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting it's like it there's the sort
+of bit it could very well very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bit it could very well very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bit it could very well very easily
+turn into a sort of crabs in the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a sort of crabs in the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a sort of crabs in the bucket
+situation just pulling everybody pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just pulling everybody pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just pulling everybody pulling
+each other down luckily that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other down luckily that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other down luckily that's not
+really how the NB game scene works a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how the NB game scene works a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how the NB game scene works a lot
+of people are trying to push each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are trying to push each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are trying to push each other
+up which is nice but you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which is nice but you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which is nice but you're still
+competing with so many other people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with so many other people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with so many other people for
+a limited amount of slots of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited amount of slots of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited amount of slots of articles
+the one thing I've learned since I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I've learned since I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I've learned since I've
+been at fire hose is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at fire hose is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at fire hose is that actually
+matters very little if in the end and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters very little if in the end and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters very little if in the end and by
+that I should say I mean that in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should say I mean that in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should say I mean that in terms
+of sales of the game a big article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sales of the game a big article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sales of the game a big article on
+kotaku isn't going to sell your game not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotaku isn't going to sell your game not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotaku isn't going to sell your game not
+anymore when I first started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore when I first started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore when I first started in the
+industry that absolutely was the case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that absolutely was the case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that absolutely was the case a
+big article on gamespot or IGN one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big article on gamespot or IGN one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big article on gamespot or IGN one of
+the big one the big one up at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one the big one up at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one the big one up at the time
+that would put you over that could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would put you over that could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would put you over that could put
+that could definitely help put you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could definitely help put you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could definitely help put you over
+but for but at this point that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for but at this point that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for but at this point that's just
+simply not the case and even a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not the case and even a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not the case and even a year ago
+I was saying that and that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying that and that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying that and that everybody
+should probably put more of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably put more of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably put more of their
+marketing time towards getting YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing time towards getting YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing time towards getting YouTube
+people to cover their games and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cover their games and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cover their games and now
+that's sort of the predominant theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the predominant theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the predominant theory
+but I think that's going the way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's going the way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's going the way too
+because everybody who likes games has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody who likes games has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody who likes games has a
+youtube channel and does let's plays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even that in a way it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that in a way it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that in a way it's sort of a
+reflection of what indie is doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of what indie is doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of what indie is doing at the
+same time is now that there's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is now that there's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is now that there's just so
+many people if the market sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people if the market sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people if the market sort of
+flooded the novelty has worn off so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded the novelty has worn off so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded the novelty has worn off so it
+certainly can help but there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can help but there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can help but there's it's
+something you have to be careful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to be careful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to be careful to you
+can't put all of your eggs in one basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put all of your eggs in one basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put all of your eggs in one basket
+but with indie too so when I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with indie too so when I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with indie too so when I was at
+harmonics there was you know I I ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics there was you know I I ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics there was you know I I ran a
+team of I think at our height 12 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of I think at our height 12 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of I think at our height 12 people
+so that was 12 people doing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was 12 people doing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was 12 people doing just
+community management and just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management and just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management and just doing
+public relations at fire hose I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations at fire hose I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations at fire hose I do that
+all of it and and i'm also a designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it and and i'm also a designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it and and i'm also a designer
+so it's like a part of my overall job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like a part of my overall job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like a part of my overall job
+and I'm the only one doing it so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm the only one doing it so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm the only one doing it so I have
+to choose what we do far more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose what we do far more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose what we do far more carefully
+and I have to do it without any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to do it without any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to do it without any money
+whatsoever we're not there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever we're not there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever we're not there you know
+certainly you can put money into buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you can put money into buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you can put money into buying
+ads or doing Facebook ads or that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads or doing Facebook ads or that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads or doing Facebook ads or that sort
+of thing but I don't think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing but I don't think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing but I don't think that that's
+necessarily the best the best use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best the best use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best the best use of
+your time all the time and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time all the time and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time all the time and a lot of
+companies don't have the budget beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't have the budget beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies don't have the budget beyond
+their salaries to actually buy these ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their salaries to actually buy these ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their salaries to actually buy these ads
+so what do you do and that goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do and that goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do and that goes back to
+a lot of that goes back to what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that goes back to what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that goes back to what i was
+saying its community management and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying its community management and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying its community management and i
+guess i should get into a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i should get into a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i should get into a little bit of
+what community manages when i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what community manages when i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what community manages when i started
+doing community management in 2007 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing community management in 2007 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing community management in 2007 it
+wasn't a thing really i think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a thing really i think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a thing really i think there was
+one company one video game company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company one video game company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one company one video game company that
+wasn't an MMO that didn't make MMOs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't an MMO that didn't make MMOs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't an MMO that didn't make MMOs that
+actually had anything approaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had anything approaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had anything approaching a
+community team and that was Bioware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community team and that was Bioware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community team and that was Bioware
+right around neverwinter nights they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around neverwinter nights they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around neverwinter nights they put
+together a community team of two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a community team of two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a community team of two people
+I think and that was just to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and that was just to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and that was just to manage
+their forums and that you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their forums and that you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their forums and that you know let's say
+that's probably about 2002 2003 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably about 2002 2003 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably about 2002 2003 and in
+that time that you really only put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that you really only put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that you really only put
+together a community team if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a community team if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a community team if you had a
+large multiplayer game generally an MMO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large multiplayer game generally an MMO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large multiplayer game generally an MMO
+so at the time you know Asheron's Call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the time you know Asheron's Call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the time you know Asheron's Call
+had something or Ultima Online had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something or Ultima Online had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something or Ultima Online had had
+it but and you know early world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but and you know early world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but and you know early world of
+warcraft and you know all had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warcraft and you know all had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warcraft and you know all had these
+these community teams but a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these community teams but a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these community teams but a lot of that
+was there was an element of promotion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was an element of promotion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was an element of promotion to
+it there was an element of marketing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was an element of marketing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was an element of marketing to
+it but it wasn't so much that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it wasn't so much that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it wasn't so much that it was
+more customer service they were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more customer service they were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more customer service they were really
+there to deal with problems that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to deal with problems that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to deal with problems that came up
+as they went Bioware where they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they went Bioware where they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they went Bioware where they sort of
+broke the mold a little bit was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the mold a little bit was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the mold a little bit was it
+wasn't about that it really was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't about that it really was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't about that it really was about
+the company having direct access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company having direct access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company having direct access to
+communicate with their fans and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with their fans and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with their fans and vice
+versa I once was surge half joking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa I once was surge half joking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa I once was surge half joking that
+my job as a community manager was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job as a community manager was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job as a community manager was at
+harmonics was Ombudsman because I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics was Ombudsman because I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics was Ombudsman because I felt
+like I had to represent the company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had to represent the company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had to represent the company to
+the fans and then I had to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fans and then I had to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fans and then I had to represent the
+fans to the company which had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans to the company which had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans to the company which had to be
+which involved being as honest as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involved being as honest as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involved being as honest as
+possible at all times with both which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at all times with both which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible at all times with both which is
+a real difficult tightrope to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real difficult tightrope to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real difficult tightrope to walk
+that's so so Oh hmm sorry about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so Oh hmm sorry about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so Oh hmm sorry about that so
+with community management what you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with community management what you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with community management what you try
+to do is you try to build out the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you try to build out the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you try to build out the people
+who love your games you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who love your games you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who love your games you're trying to
+make them into the people who talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them into the people who talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them into the people who talk about
+your games online the people you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games online the people you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games online the people you're
+basically creating kind of an ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically creating kind of an ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically creating kind of an ad hoc
+Salesforce a word of mouth a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salesforce a word of mouth a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salesforce a word of mouth a way of
+promoting your game because that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting your game because that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting your game because that's kind
+of like if if you read an article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like if if you read an article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like if if you read an article on
+kotaku do you immediately go out and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotaku do you immediately go out and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotaku do you immediately go out and buy
+a game probably not you might do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game probably not you might do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game probably not you might do a
+little bit more research on it you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more research on it you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more research on it you might
+read out up a little bit more I might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out up a little bit more I might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out up a little bit more I might go
+to metacritic and check the reviews that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to metacritic and check the reviews that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to metacritic and check the reviews that
+sort of thing but if a friend tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but if a friend tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but if a friend tells you
+like just a person you know is like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just a person you know is like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just a person you know is like hey
+I'm checking out this game there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm checking out this game there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm checking out this game there might
+be multiplayer we should check this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplayer we should check this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplayer we should check this out
+you're far more likely to buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're far more likely to buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're far more likely to buy it
+community management is the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management is the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community management is the art of
+managing word of mouth of getting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing word of mouth of getting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing word of mouth of getting you're
+not you're getting people to tell their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're getting people to tell their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're getting people to tell their
+friends the people that they know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the people that they know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the people that they know you're
+getting people to tell the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to tell the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to tell the people who
+trust them that this game is good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them that this game is good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them that this game is good so
+those people then go on and buy it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people then go on and buy it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people then go on and buy it and
+join your community hopefully and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join your community hopefully and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join your community hopefully and then
+they go on until so what started for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on until so what started for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go on until so what started for
+harmonics a lot of what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics a lot of what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics a lot of what we did is
+because and then there's a scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and then there's a scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and then there's a scalability
+aspect to it when i did when i worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to it when i did when i worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to it when i did when i worked on
+created the the rock band community a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the the rock band community a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the the rock band community a
+community site that was 100% forms-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community site that was 100% forms-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community site that was 100% forms-based
+we did twitter we did facebook like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did twitter we did facebook like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did twitter we did facebook like i
+said we did tons of live events but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we did tons of live events but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we did tons of live events but
+everything was very much based around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was very much based around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was very much based around
+the forums part of that was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forums part of that was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forums part of that was because
+Twitter hadn't happened yet or it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter hadn't happened yet or it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter hadn't happened yet or it was
+just happening and not as many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happening and not as many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happening and not as many people
+were talking about it this was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about it this was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about it this was yeah
+early two thousand seven so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early two thousand seven so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early two thousand seven so everything
+we did we built out this huge site we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we built out this huge site we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we built out this huge site we
+had forums we had I think I was managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had forums we had I think I was managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had forums we had I think I was managing
+a community at that time registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community at that time registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community at that time registered
+community of about 350,000 people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of about 350,000 people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of about 350,000 people on the
+forums which was in you know that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums which was in you know that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums which was in you know that's why
+we needed a team it was big it was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed a team it was big it was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed a team it was big it was and
+there was an aspect of customer service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an aspect of customer service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an aspect of customer service
+you might remember the like the I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember the like the I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember the like the I don't
+know how many of you guys were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of you guys were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of you guys were really
+playing that at the time but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that at the time but when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that at the time but when it
+first came out or that there were issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came out or that there were issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came out or that there were issues
+and articles with the about the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and articles with the about the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and articles with the about the issues
+about the instruments you know anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instruments you know anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instruments you know anytime
+you debut new hardware there's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you debut new hardware there's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you debut new hardware there's generally
+going to be problems so there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be problems so there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be problems so there's going to
+issues and that happens so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and that happens so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and that happens so what's
+leading up to it it was very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to it it was very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to it it was very much like
+rock bands gonna be all over to Iraq and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock bands gonna be all over to Iraq and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock bands gonna be all over to Iraq and
+then as soon as like it came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as like it came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as like it came out and
+those issues started coming up the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues started coming up the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues started coming up the job
+just clamped down into one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clamped down into one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clamped down into one hundred
+percent customer service all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent customer service all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent customer service all the time
+just trying to manage all of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to manage all of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to manage all of that which
+was something that having come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that having come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that having come from
+technical art I wasn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical art I wasn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical art I wasn't necessarily
+prepared to do but I think with any game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do but I think with any game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do but I think with any game
+it is no matter who your audience is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no matter who your audience is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no matter who your audience is no
+matter what it's very valuable to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it's very valuable to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it's very valuable to have
+some sort of protocol for customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of protocol for customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of protocol for customer
+service leading up to it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service leading up to it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service leading up to it that's
+something I think that you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think that you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think that you can probably
+you should definitely do at fire hose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should definitely do at fire hose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should definitely do at fire hose we
+don't we don't we don't we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't we don't we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't we don't we don't have
+forums we have a Facebook page we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums we have a Facebook page we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums we have a Facebook page we have
+twitter but forms they're not what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter but forms they're not what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter but forms they're not what they
+used to be the communities aren't forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the communities aren't forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the communities aren't forms
+aren't the same as they used to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the same as they used to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the same as they used to be and
+sometimes they're just more trouble than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're just more trouble than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're just more trouble than
+they're worth to manage it could be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth to manage it could be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth to manage it could be it's
+very time-consuming to stop all the spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very time-consuming to stop all the spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very time-consuming to stop all the spam
+to get in the middle of fights and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in the middle of fights and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in the middle of fights and stop
+people from hurting each other and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from hurting each other and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from hurting each other and we
+were very hands-on we weren't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very hands-on we weren't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very hands-on we weren't you know
+we weren't a website Wars like ya say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't a website Wars like ya say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't a website Wars like ya say
+whatever you want post whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want post whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want post whatever you want
+we were very you know hands-on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were very you know hands-on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were very you know hands-on about
+abuse and that sort of thing at firehose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse and that sort of thing at firehose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse and that sort of thing at firehose
+sense we don't have as big of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we don't have as big of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we don't have as big of an
+audience we don't have 350,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience we don't have 350,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience we don't have 350,000 people
+who are following what we're doing who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are following what we're doing who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are following what we're doing who
+are registered users or you know gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are registered users or you know gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are registered users or you know gonna
+follow everything that we say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow everything that we say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow everything that we say and
+everything that we do and are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do and are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do and are really
+hugely invested in the company or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely invested in the company or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely invested in the company or our
+games so we have to find other ways one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so we have to find other ways one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so we have to find other ways one
+of the things that's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's probably the
+biggest thing I should bring this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest thing I should bring this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest thing I should bring this up
+here is is we started up a twitch site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is we started up a twitch site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is we started up a twitch site
+or a twitch channel and this was just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a twitch channel and this was just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a twitch channel and this was just as
+the live video was and live streaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live video was and live streaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live video was and live streaming
+was starting to really become a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting to really become a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting to really become a thing
+this was a couple years ago we had go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a couple years ago we had go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a couple years ago we had go
+home dinosaurs which you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home dinosaurs which you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home dinosaurs which you might have seen
+on the scroller that was a game that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scroller that was a game that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scroller that was a game that we
+put out last year that was coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out last year that was coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out last year that was coming out
+and we wanted to get attention for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get attention for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get attention for it
+and we realized we wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we realized we wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we realized we wouldn't be able to
+get every YouTube video star to feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every YouTube video star to feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every YouTube video star to feature
+our dumb game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dumb game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dumb game
+that was awesome it was awesome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was awesome it was awesome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was awesome it was awesome but
+about a about you know it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a about you know it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a about you know it's about
+dinosaurs stealing BBQ from early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs stealing BBQ from early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs stealing BBQ from early
+mammals it's not like you know we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals it's not like you know we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals it's not like you know we knew
+we weren't going to get every YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't going to get every YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't going to get every YouTube
+star to cover totalbiscuit did actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to cover totalbiscuit did actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to cover totalbiscuit did actually
+somehow but um we realized we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but um we realized we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but um we realized we kind of
+had to build our own community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to build our own community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to build our own community and
+really kind of make our own press for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of make our own press for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of make our own press for it
+rather than spend all of my time our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than spend all of my time our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than spend all of my time our our
+marketing budget is my salary there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing budget is my salary there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing budget is my salary there's
+there's not like extra stuff we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like extra stuff we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like extra stuff we're on
+buying up ads and everything so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying up ads and everything so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying up ads and everything so we
+started meeting with twitch went out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started meeting with twitch went out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started meeting with twitch went out to
+you know like that or they actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like that or they actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like that or they actually they
+came out here one of their to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out here one of their to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out here one of their to talk to
+the about how they want to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about how they want to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about how they want to get more
+indie games on there and we sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie games on there and we sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie games on there and we sort of like
+struck up a relationship with people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck up a relationship with people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck up a relationship with people at
+twitch and that got us front page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitch and that got us front page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitch and that got us front page
+promotions so for instance every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions so for instance every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions so for instance every day
+monday through friday from 12 to 1230 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday through friday from 12 to 1230 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday through friday from 12 to 1230 on
+our page or no on twitch you will see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our page or no on twitch you will see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our page or no on twitch you will see my
+big stupid face staring out at you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stupid face staring out at you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stupid face staring out at you from
+the screen because we're on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen because we're on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen because we're on the front
+page right in the thing and anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page right in the thing and anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page right in the thing and anybody who
+goes to twitch is going to see our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to twitch is going to see our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to twitch is going to see our game
+first that cost us absolutely zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that cost us absolutely zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that cost us absolutely zero
+dollars like as far as budget goes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars like as far as budget goes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars like as far as budget goes all
+that takes is my time because we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes is my time because we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes is my time because we talked
+to them and we we try to create good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and we we try to create good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and we we try to create good
+content that they are willing to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that they are willing to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that they are willing to that
+that that also helps their brand as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also helps their brand as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also helps their brand as well
+but that brings us that you can see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that brings us that you can see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that brings us that you can see so
+far since we started up our channel 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far since we started up our channel 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far since we started up our channel 4
+million people have watched it 4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people have watched it 4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people have watched it 4 million
+impressions is way outside of our price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions is way outside of our price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions is way outside of our price
+range it's just outside of our that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it's just outside of our that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it's just outside of our that
+would be tens of thousands of dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be tens of thousands of dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be tens of thousands of dollars to
+get that many people to to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that many people to to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that many people to to get an
+impression of our product to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of our product to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of our product to get an
+impression of fire hose to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of fire hose to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of fire hose to get an
+impression of our games to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of our games to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of our games to get
+impression of the people who worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of the people who worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of the people who worked
+there it would take that long and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would take that long and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would take that long and part
+of the way as we do is like I said every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way as we do is like I said every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way as we do is like I said every
+day Monday through Friday 12 to 1230 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Monday through Friday 12 to 1230 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Monday through Friday 12 to 1230 I
+put on a show it's about let's quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a show it's about let's quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a show it's about let's quit
+that's actually my game I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually my game I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually my game I should mention
+fire hose is we have three games going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire hose is we have three games going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire hose is we have three games going
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+three games that are served we we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games that are served we we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games that are served we we also
+do outside projects we take on contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do outside projects we take on contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do outside projects we take on contract
+work we're doing right now we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're doing right now we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're doing right now we're working
+on a project with DARPA that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a project with DARPA that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a project with DARPA that's pretty
+cool that actually teaches people not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that actually teaches people not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that actually teaches people not to
+shoot people it's pretty fun but we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot people it's pretty fun but we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot people it's pretty fun but we all
+but we have three eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have three eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have three eventually
+commercially available products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available products that
+we're working on right now one is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on right now one is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on right now one is let's
+quit that's a game i'm designing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit that's a game i'm designing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit that's a game i'm designing that's
+a comedic debating game that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comedic debating game that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comedic debating game that that's what
+I do on the show monday through friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do on the show monday through friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do on the show monday through friday
+12 to 1230 we just i invite local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to 1230 we just i invite local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to 1230 we just i invite local
+comedians in and we just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians in and we just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians in and we just talk about
+different aspects of comedy while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of comedy while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of comedy while
+playing the game and that has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game and that has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game and that has actually
+been wildly successful you know we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been wildly successful you know we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been wildly successful you know we had a
+Jackie Kashian who's a very big touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackie Kashian who's a very big touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackie Kashian who's a very big touring
+comedian who I'm a huge fan of she came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian who I'm a huge fan of she came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian who I'm a huge fan of she came
+in on the show and on that show I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the show and on that show I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the show and on that show I think
+over the course of that one half hour we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of that one half hour we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of that one half hour we
+had something I want to say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something I want to say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something I want to say it was
+24,000 people which is great like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 people which is great like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 people which is great like I said
+I would not be able to pay for that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not be able to pay for that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not be able to pay for that I
+would not be able to afford that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be able to afford that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be able to afford that but
+this is that this but all it takes is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this but all it takes is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this but all it takes is my
+time we also have three other shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we also have three other shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we also have three other shows that
+we do so there's the monday show that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so there's the monday show that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so there's the monday show that's
+that's two and a half hours out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two and a half hours out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two and a half hours out of the
+week and then we have a Tuesday show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and then we have a Tuesday show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and then we have a Tuesday show in
+the afternoon from four to five that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon from four to five that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon from four to five that's
+one of the other games that work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other games that work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other games that work on
+that's a Christian who's a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Christian who's a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Christian who's a local
+developer he's working on a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer he's working on a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer he's working on a game called
+cat lateral damage that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat lateral damage that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat lateral damage that you may have
+heard of cat lateral damage is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of cat lateral damage is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of cat lateral damage is it's
+really really rad you're basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really rad you're basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really rad you're basically a
+you're a cat it has first person shooter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cat it has first person shooter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cat it has first person shooter
+controls your family's left the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls your family's left the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls your family's left the house
+for a little while so you have a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while so you have a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while so you have a limited
+amount of time to just destroy all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time to just destroy all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time to just destroy all of
+their stuff and it's great you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff and it's great you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff and it's great you're just
+bouncing around knocking things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around knocking things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing around knocking things on the
+floor you get points for destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor you get points for destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor you get points for destroying
+people's monitors it's great exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's monitors it's great exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's monitors it's great exactly
+what cats do it's very very fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cats do it's very very fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cats do it's very very fun and
+chris is this lovely guy who's just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris is this lovely guy who's just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris is this lovely guy who's just very
+he's just he loves cats he's just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just he loves cats he's just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just he loves cats he's just hit
+like you know in a way that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know in a way that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know in a way that's sort of
+like very honest there's nothing ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very honest there's nothing ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very honest there's nothing ironic
+about it and he's kind of the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and he's kind of the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and he's kind of the perfect
+person to host a show about making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to host a show about making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to host a show about making a
+game about cats so we gave him this spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about cats so we gave him this spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about cats so we gave him this spot
+for 25 we're all he does is he sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 25 we're all he does is he sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 25 we're all he does is he sits
+there with unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with unit
+open and he shows what he's been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and he shows what he's been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and he shows what he's been working
+on that week and and he tells people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that week and and he tells people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that week and and he tells people
+like we do this we do this oh i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do this we do this oh i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we do this we do this oh i just
+added in these things this is how i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in these things this is how i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in these things this is how i did
+that in unity so it's one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in unity so it's one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in unity so it's one part
+demonstration of his game and one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of his game and one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of his game and one part
+tutorial and that brings in people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial and that brings in people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial and that brings in people to
+people who want to learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want to learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who want to learn more about
+making video games as well as people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making video games as well as people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making video games as well as people who
+are just interested in a game about cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just interested in a game about cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just interested in a game about cats
+knocking your stuff over that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking your stuff over that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking your stuff over that's you know
+that and that that really works form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that that really works form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that that really works form and
+it really fits the theme of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really fits the theme of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really fits the theme of this game
+the other game we have is a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other game we have is a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other game we have is a game called
+20xx which we just announced two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20xx which we just announced two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20xx which we just announced two weeks
+ago if you are a fan of games like Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago if you are a fan of games like Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago if you are a fan of games like Mega
+Man X or you know those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Man X or you know those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Man X or you know those sorts of
+platformers it's a game very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformers it's a game very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformers it's a game very much
+similar to that we're working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that we're working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that we're working with a
+team out of out of believe Maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team out of out of believe Maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team out of out of believe Maryland
+where they where they currently reside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they where they currently reside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they where they currently reside
+so part of that is we I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of that is we I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of that is we I should mention
+that should clarify that fire hose games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should clarify that fire hose games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should clarify that fire hose games
+last year late last year we became as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year late last year we became as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year late last year we became as
+opposed to just a studio we became sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just a studio we became sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to just a studio we became sort
+of we opened up an incubator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we opened up an incubator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we opened up an incubator for
+independent games so local for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent games so local for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent games so local for the most
+part local indie game developers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part local indie game developers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part local indie game developers who
+have good games that they really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good games that they really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good games that they really want to
+work on could come to fire hose get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on could come to fire hose get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on could come to fire hose get a
+monthly stipend get office space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly stipend get office space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly stipend get office space and
+then and we'll help them with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we'll help them with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we'll help them with the
+development of the game will help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the game will help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the game will help them
+with the promotion of the game we help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the promotion of the game we help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the promotion of the game we help
+them with kind of everything and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with kind of everything and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with kind of everything and sort of
+just it's more like a partnership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's more like a partnership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's more like a partnership and
+internally in both cat lateral damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally in both cat lateral damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally in both cat lateral damage
+and 20xx are part of that program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20xx are part of that program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20xx are part of that program and
+and and it's great working because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's great working because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's great working because
+that's like cat lateral damage and 20xx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like cat lateral damage and 20xx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like cat lateral damage and 20xx
+and let's quit our three incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's quit our three incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's quit our three incredibly
+different games like I said 20xx has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different games like I said 20xx has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different games like I said 20xx has a
+very sort of Megaman X feel it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of Megaman X feel it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of Megaman X feel it's very
+hardcore it's very platformer e-cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore it's very platformer e-cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore it's very platformer e-cat
+lateral damages about cats so that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral damages about cats so that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral damages about cats so that have
+that has a completely different audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a completely different audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a completely different audience
+I'm sure they're you know in a Venn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure they're you know in a Venn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure they're you know in a Venn
+diagram there's some crossover and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's some crossover and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's some crossover and then
+but let and then let's quit is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let and then let's quit is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let and then let's quit is just a
+game where you write words down like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you write words down like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you write words down like you
+right tweets and then you try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tweets and then you try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tweets and then you try to be
+funnier than other people the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier than other people the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier than other people the three
+games have almost no shared audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games have almost no shared audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games have almost no shared audience
+across them so we have to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so we have to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so we have to approach
+everything very very differently I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything very very differently I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything very very differently I think
+showing let's quit but actually showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing let's quit but actually showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing let's quit but actually showing
+comedians playing it that helps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians playing it that helps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians playing it that helps because
+that actually plays into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually plays into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually plays into the
+Meredith of the game the fiction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meredith of the game the fiction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meredith of the game the fiction of the
+game which is allowing you to be funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which is allowing you to be funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which is allowing you to be funny
+and then we have comedians come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have comedians come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have comedians come in and
+kind of vote on whether you're funny or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vote on whether you're funny or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vote on whether you're funny or
+not and there's a there's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and there's a there's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and there's a there's a that's
+creating sort of a cult of personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sort of a cult of personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sort of a cult of personality
+and at the same time they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time they're also
+meeting the creator's so like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the creator's so like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the creator's so like I said
+earlier when I was talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when I was talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when I was talking about how
+people pushing their own the pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing their own the pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing their own the pushing the
+artist as opposed to the art we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as opposed to the art we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as opposed to the art we sort of
+play into that a little bit having Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into that a little bit having Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into that a little bit having Chris
+Cheung come in and just show development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheung come in and just show development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheung come in and just show development
+on think it's so earnest if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on think it's so earnest if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on think it's so earnest if you get a
+chance you should really watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you should really watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you should really watch it
+because he's just the most like likeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's just the most like likeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's just the most like likeable
+smart dude he's just going through in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart dude he's just going through in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart dude he's just going through in it
+and I mean for show for a for a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean for show for a for a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean for show for a for a live
+stream where you're just where he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream where you're just where he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream where you're just where he just
+basically has unity open and he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has unity open and he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has unity open and he's just
+moving things around he it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around he it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around he it's like
+several thousand people over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand people over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand people over the the
+hour watching him which is nuts but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour watching him which is nuts but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour watching him which is nuts but it's
+great people love it with 20xx we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great people love it with 20xx we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great people love it with 20xx we've
+just started i'm just working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started i'm just working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started i'm just working on the
+marketing plan for that and marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing plan for that and marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing plan for that and marketing
+map for the next six months or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map for the next six months or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map for the next six months or so and
+that's just they should they should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just they should they should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just they should they should say
+that's when i'm just planning out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when i'm just planning out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when i'm just planning out this
+month these are the things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month these are the things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month these are the things we need to
+talk to this is we need this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this is we need this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this is we need this many
+screenshots we need to have a trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots we need to have a trailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots we need to have a trailer
+for februari we need to have this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for februari we need to have this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for februari we need to have this and
+you just oh like just coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just oh like just coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just oh like just coming up with
+those milestones in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those milestones in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those milestones in the same way that
+i'm sure you come up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you come up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you come up with your
+milestones for your project we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones for your project we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones for your project we're doing
+the same thing but on the marketing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but on the marketing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but on the marketing in
+these are the goals we need to hit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the goals we need to hit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the goals we need to hit in
+december these are the people we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december these are the people we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december these are the people we need to
+talk to in january if we can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to in january if we can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to in january if we can get an
+exclusive for februari that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive for februari that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive for februari that means we're
+going to need to be talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to be talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to be talking about in
+december and have a pitch for that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december and have a pitch for that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december and have a pitch for that have
+some sort of you know powerpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of you know powerpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of you know powerpoint
+presentation or just a really good email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or just a really good email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or just a really good email
+with good resource screenshots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good resource screenshots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good resource screenshots and
+videos and stuff that we can send out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and stuff that we can send out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and stuff that we can send out to
+different outlets to try to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outlets to try to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outlets to try to get a little
+bit of coverage because you still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of coverage because you still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of coverage because you still like
+even though i said that articles don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i said that articles don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i said that articles don't
+have a direct effect on sales they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct effect on sales they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct effect on sales they do
+have a direct effect on zeitgeist i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct effect on zeitgeist i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct effect on zeitgeist i
+guess i should say so there is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i should say so there is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i should say so there is a sort of
+cultural cachet that comes from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural cachet that comes from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural cachet that comes from being
+having a big article on your games about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a big article on your games about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a big article on your games about
+there but it doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it doesn't necessarily
+translate to sales but if you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to sales but if you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to sales but if you know how
+to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+and you know take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know take advantage of that
+cultural cachet you can bring more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural cachet you can bring more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural cachet you can bring more
+people in which I I find useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in which I I find useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in which I I find useful but
+these games are every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games are every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games are every single one of
+these games I have to market differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games I have to market differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games I have to market differently
+because it marketed to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it marketed to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it marketed to different people
+I said 20xx also that that games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 20xx also that that games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said 20xx also that that games you
+know it's a it's going to be on steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a it's going to be on steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a it's going to be on steam
+it's I think was at 1499 and that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think was at 1499 and that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think was at 1499 and that game
+we put out in early access that's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put out in early access that's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put out in early access that's a one
+of the early ways we're trying to market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early ways we're trying to market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early ways we're trying to market
+it is getting it out on early access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is getting it out on early access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is getting it out on early access and
+getting people who are excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people who are excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people who are excited about
+mega man style platformers really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega man style platformers really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega man style platformers really
+talking about that game and very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that game and very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that game and very excited
+about that game where is with let's quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that game where is with let's quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that game where is with let's quit
+that's just going out to comedy fans all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going out to comedy fans all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going out to comedy fans all
+I'm doing is talking to comedians for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is talking to comedians for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is talking to comedians for
+the most part because comedians if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part because comedians if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part because comedians if they
+like the game they're going to tweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the game they're going to tweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the game they're going to tweet
+about the game and turns out comedians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the game and turns out comedians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the game and turns out comedians
+have lots of fans who like comedy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of fans who like comedy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of fans who like comedy who
+would have thought that with cat lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought that with cat lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought that with cat lateral
+damage as far as I could tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage as far as I could tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage as far as I could tell the
+audience for that game is every person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience for that game is every person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience for that game is every person
+on earth it involves cats it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth it involves cats it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth it involves cats it involves
+mindless destruction it's everything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindless destruction it's everything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindless destruction it's everything the
+world is asking for right now it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is asking for right now it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is asking for right now it's just
+it's beautiful ed I love Chris and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful ed I love Chris and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful ed I love Chris and I
+love the game it's amazing and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the game it's amazing and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the game it's amazing and that that
+also takes that sense in a way that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also takes that sense in a way that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also takes that sense in a way that's a
+little bit more of a mainstream game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a mainstream game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a mainstream game
+that also takes a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also takes a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also takes a completely different
+approach because we're not selling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because we're not selling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because we're not selling that
+game too hardcore gamers hardcore gamers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game too hardcore gamers hardcore gamers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game too hardcore gamers hardcore gamers
+are certainly involved invited but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly involved invited but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly involved invited but there
+but like this is a game that I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like this is a game that I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like this is a game that I can give
+to my mom or I could give to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mom or I could give to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mom or I could give to like a
+friend who just already likes video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who just already likes video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who just already likes video
+games and both could get something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and both could get something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and both could get something out
+of that and that takes a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and that takes a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and that takes a different
+approach because you don't want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because you don't want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach because you don't want to come
+up with a like I wouldn't want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a like I wouldn't want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a like I wouldn't want to come
+up with an ad or a promo for the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an ad or a promo for the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an ad or a promo for the game
+that was like you know like like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like you know like like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like you know like like this is
+the baddest game ever it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baddest game ever it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baddest game ever it's going to
+destroy your life like it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy your life like it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy your life like it's not going to
+we're not going to it's not i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to it's not i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to it's not i'm not
+going to be advertising that way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be advertising that way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be advertising that way because
+that'll turn off the people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll turn off the people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll turn off the people who are not
+hardcore gamers they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore gamers they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore gamers they're they're not
+going to want to play something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to play something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to play something that you
+know acts like it's going to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know acts like it's going to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know acts like it's going to destroy
+them where's also if you go too soft on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where's also if you go too soft on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where's also if you go too soft on
+the other side that's going to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that's going to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that's going to turn off
+other people so you're going to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so you're going to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so you're going to find a
+sort of a Midway line between that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Midway line between that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Midway line between that and
+that's another thing I'm working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing I'm working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing I'm working on
+right now with Chris but for as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with Chris but for as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with Chris but for as far as
+video goes on Twitch I think that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video goes on Twitch I think that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video goes on Twitch I think that's very
+very helpful I should probably start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful I should probably start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful I should probably start
+getting ready to take questions I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready to take questions I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready to take questions I think
+think about it but um I didn't I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it but um I didn't I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it but um I didn't I guess
+I'll one thinks you asked me to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll one thinks you asked me to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll one thinks you asked me to was
+about a I GF and the IndieCade for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a I GF and the IndieCade for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a I GF and the IndieCade for me
+for it's a hard thing because I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's a hard thing because I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's a hard thing because I do
+certainly find value in marketing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly find value in marketing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly find value in marketing for
+like as far as like award shows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as far as like award shows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as far as like award shows and
+stuff like the IGF getting Awards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like the IGF getting Awards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like the IGF getting Awards I
+personally have a whole lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have a whole lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have a whole lot of problems
+with the whole Howard's for any art I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole Howard's for any art I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole Howard's for any art I
+just I guess I think I just had personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I guess I think I just had personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I guess I think I just had personal
+problems with it's just I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it's just I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it's just I think it's
+very very valuable and I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very valuable and I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very valuable and I think for
+especially for young developers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for young developers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for young developers who are
+trying to get their name out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get their name out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get their name out there
+getting your game into as many festivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your game into as many festivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your game into as many festivals
+as possible is great don't break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible is great don't break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible is great don't break the
+bank doing so a lot of them require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank doing so a lot of them require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank doing so a lot of them require
+submission fees so if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission fees so if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission fees so if you can find
+festivals that fit the genre of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals that fit the genre of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals that fit the genre of the game
+just do your research know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do your research know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do your research know what you're
+submitting to if like I GF has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting to if like I GF has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting to if like I GF has something
+like 7,000 people submitting every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 7,000 people submitting every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 7,000 people submitting every year
+and that cost and that costs money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost and that costs money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost and that costs money for
+you to submit so if you really if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to submit so if you really if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to submit so if you really if you
+think you can compete definitely do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can compete definitely do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can compete definitely do it
+otherwise put your efforts into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise put your efforts into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise put your efforts into a
+different festival Wiccans which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different festival Wiccans which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different festival Wiccans which can
+still get you like a little you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get you like a little you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get you like a little you know a
+little you could win something and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you could win something and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you could win something and then
+you can put that on everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put that on everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put that on everything that you
+mark at the game with like a winner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark at the game with like a winner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark at the game with like a winner of
+the nineteen eighty nine nine I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteen eighty nine nine I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteen eighty nine nine I don't
+know why what with 1982 I'm old so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why what with 1982 I'm old so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why what with 1982 I'm old so yeah
+you just put that award on there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put that award on there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put that award on there I'm
+sure you've been on Steam and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've been on Steam and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've been on Steam and you've
+seen the just they have like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the just they have like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the just they have like in a
+section where you can actually just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where you can actually just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where you can actually just put
+links to every award you've got and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to every award you've got and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to every award you've got and then
+it shows up and there's a little graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up and there's a little graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up and there's a little graphic
+that's really good and that can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good and that can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good and that can get your
+name out there and even though i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name out there and even though i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name out there and even though i have a
+problem we'll see the value in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll see the value in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll see the value in it
+IndieCade is one of the funnest things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IndieCade is one of the funnest things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IndieCade is one of the funnest things
+I've ever been to and every time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever been to and every time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever been to and every time I get
+really down on this industry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really down on this industry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really down on this industry which
+happens going to indicate makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens going to indicate makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens going to indicate makes me
+remember why I love working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why I love working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why I love working with the
+people I love I love this industry and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I love I love this industry and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I love I love this industry and i
+love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the
+your crap that people come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crap that people come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crap that people come up with
+because it's a great place for games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a great place for games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a great place for games
+that were completely outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were completely outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were completely outside the
+mainstream to exist and live like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream to exist and live like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream to exist and live like one
+that's how I found out about this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I found out about this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I found out about this game
+last year called a dominique pomplamoose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year called a dominique pomplamoose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year called a dominique pomplamoose
+I don't know if any of you have played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if any of you have played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if any of you have played
+it yeah it's just this it's a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it's just this it's a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it's just this it's a musical
+it's an opera game which is adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an opera game which is adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an opera game which is adventure
+singing it's nuts and it's great and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing it's nuts and it's great and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing it's nuts and it's great and it
+but there's how are people never would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's how are people never would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's how are people never would
+have found out about it if it weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found out about it if it weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found out about it if it weren't
+for just like winning the IGF awards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just like winning the IGF awards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just like winning the IGF awards for
+noticing weirder games that are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing weirder games that are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing weirder games that are outside
+of the mainstream like that but yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mainstream like that but yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mainstream like that but yeah I
+think I should open things up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I should open things up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I should open things up for
+questions if anybody has anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if anybody has anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if anybody has anything
+specific yeah I think there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yeah I think there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yeah I think there's probably
+still some value for triple-a and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some value for triple-a and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some value for triple-a and part
+of that is because Triple A there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is because Triple A there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is because Triple A there's you
+know the one thing that's great about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one thing that's great about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one thing that's great about
+being a triple a developer is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a triple a developer is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a triple a developer is you have
+resources and lots and lots of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and lots and lots of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and lots and lots of resources
+so one of the things we would do went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we would do went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we would do went
+you know any time you talk about launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any time you talk about launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any time you talk about launch
+of a game it's be like ok so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game it's be like ok so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game it's be like ok so let's say
+Assassin's Creed the next one supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assassin's Creed the next one supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assassin's Creed the next one supposed
+to come out on sep tember ninth of 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out on sep tember ninth of 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out on sep tember ninth of 2015
+you want to own that news day and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to own that news day and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to own that news day and that
+means you're planting articles 4 sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're planting articles 4 sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're planting articles 4 sep
+tember eighth and sep tember 9th at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tember eighth and sep tember 9th at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tember eighth and sep tember 9th at
+every outlet in the world so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outlet in the world so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outlet in the world so that that
+day when every person who checks video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when every person who checks video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when every person who checks video
+game blogs reads a video game blog the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game blogs reads a video game blog the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game blogs reads a video game blog the
+only thing they're going to be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing they're going to be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing they're going to be reading
+about is your game it's basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is your game it's basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is your game it's basically like
+playing a commercial on a loop for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a commercial on a loop for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a commercial on a loop for an
+entire day until you've subliminally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire day until you've subliminally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire day until you've subliminally
+made that person by your game that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that person by your game that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that person by your game that's
+sort of the whole idea independent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole idea independent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole idea independent we
+cannot own a news day it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot own a news day it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot own a news day it's very
+difficult because it is it's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because it is it's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because it is it's expensive
+and time-consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time-consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time-consuming
+really really time consuming to own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really time consuming to own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really time consuming to own a
+Newsday as an independent because just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newsday as an independent because just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newsday as an independent because just
+just planting one like major article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just planting one like major article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just planting one like major article in
+a big thing like a cut say a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big thing like a cut say a cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big thing like a cut say a cover
+article for Game Informer that's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article for Game Informer that's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article for Game Informer that's so many
+man-hours between the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-hours between the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-hours between the person who's
+negotiating that deal and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating that deal and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating that deal and making it
+happen coming up with the story that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen coming up with the story that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen coming up with the story that's
+sort of that you're tried like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that you're tried like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that you're tried like the
+narrative for the game that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative for the game that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative for the game that you're
+trying to sell Plus also art resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell Plus also art resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell Plus also art resources
+like getting your artists to deliver a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting your artists to deliver a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting your artists to deliver a
+whole bunch of screenshots but also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of screenshots but also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of screenshots but also you
+know photo shops of the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know photo shops of the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know photo shops of the all the
+characters so we can all that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters so we can all that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters so we can all that's so
+expensive in time and money and Indies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in time and money and Indies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in time and money and Indies
+can't do that so I think for us we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that so I think for us we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that so I think for us we can
+get articles but really getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get articles but really getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get articles but really getting an
+article in everything simultaneously on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in everything simultaneously on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in everything simultaneously on
+the same day I it's the funniest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day I it's the funniest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day I it's the funniest thing
+that ever I've is like when get go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ever I've is like when get go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ever I've is like when get go home
+dinosaurs came out I was sending review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs came out I was sending review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs came out I was sending review
+codes out to things and I was like so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes out to things and I was like so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes out to things and I was like so we
+have an embargo for this and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an embargo for this and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an embargo for this and one
+reporter literally wrote back hahaha we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter literally wrote back hahaha we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter literally wrote back hahaha we
+don't have that we do not have we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that we do not have we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that we do not have we don't
+have the muscle to like be like you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the muscle to like be like you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the muscle to like be like you this
+isn't part we can back up this embargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't part we can back up this embargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't part we can back up this embargo
+triple-a places have a hard time backing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple-a places have a hard time backing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple-a places have a hard time backing
+up an embargo but they have the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an embargo but they have the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an embargo but they have the benefit
+of being like well if you don't adhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being like well if you don't adhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being like well if you don't adhere
+to this embargo we're not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this embargo we're not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this embargo we're not going to give
+you coverage of the next game whereas an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you coverage of the next game whereas an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you coverage of the next game whereas an
+in de pere in indy you would be cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in de pere in indy you would be cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in de pere in indy you would be cutting
+your nose off like right there like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose off like right there like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose off like right there like well
+fine you don't get to do the next game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you don't get to do the next game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you don't get to do the next game
+and they'll tell you you won't have an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll tell you you won't have an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll tell you you won't have an X
+game so yeah so there there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so yeah so there there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so yeah so there there's there's
+like I said there's certainly cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said there's certainly cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said there's certainly cultural
+cachet I think for Indies but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachet I think for Indies but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachet I think for Indies but it's more
+valuable for triple-a so um are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for triple-a so um are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for triple-a so um are so
+you're talking to a community management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to a community management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to a community management
+as you described as a word-of-mouth deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you described as a word-of-mouth deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you described as a word-of-mouth deal
+for all for a lot of it um do you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all for a lot of it um do you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all for a lot of it um do you this
+part of your purview then doing bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your purview then doing bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your purview then doing bundle
+sales and other types of other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and other types of other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and other types of other types of
+sales where it's if you get somebody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales where it's if you get somebody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales where it's if you get somebody to
+play the game maybe they'll talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game maybe they'll talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game maybe they'll talk to
+somebody else about the game ya doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else about the game ya doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else about the game ya doing
+bundle sales see that's another one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle sales see that's another one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle sales see that's another one I'm
+torn on because I see the value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn on because I see the value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn on because I see the value in
+bundle sales but I see that that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle sales but I see that that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle sales but I see that that value
+is diminishing day by day there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing day by day there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing day by day there are so
+many bundles out there and there are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bundles out there and there are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bundles out there and there are I
+mean Humble Bundle being one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Humble Bundle being one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Humble Bundle being one of the
+biggest but then there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest but then there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest but then there's like
+70 other ones that you can go to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 other ones that you can go to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 other ones that you can go to and
+humble bundles great to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble bundles great to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble bundles great to work with
+because they're very protective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very protective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very protective of the
+steam keys that you put out whereas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam keys that you put out whereas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam keys that you put out whereas a
+lot of the other bundle places they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the other bundle places they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the other bundle places they
+don't have as much security so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much security so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much security so what
+happens is you put your thing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you put your thing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you put your thing in a
+bundle it's that bundle sells 10,000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle it's that bundle sells 10,000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle it's that bundle sells 10,000 you
+get 13 cents on the dollar for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 13 cents on the dollar for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 13 cents on the dollar for whatever
+people paid or let probably less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people paid or let probably less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people paid or let probably less
+probably probably much less but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably much less but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably much less but you
+don't get that what you're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get that what you're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get that what you're not getting
+that much money you're selling at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much money you're selling at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much money you're selling at a
+discount to try to get a huge amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount to try to get a huge amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount to try to get a huge amount the
+thing is what a lot of the people buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what a lot of the people buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what a lot of the people buying
+those are their overseas and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are their overseas and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are their overseas and what
+they're doing is they're not buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're not buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're not buying a
+game because they're a fan of you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because they're a fan of you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because they're a fan of you or
+your game or they want to play it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game or they want to play it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game or they want to play it or
+your game was just one other thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game was just one other thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game was just one other thing in
+the bundle they're buying up steam keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundle they're buying up steam keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundle they're buying up steam keys
+and then they are selling them on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they are selling them on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they are selling them on their
+own sites overseas so basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own sites overseas so basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own sites overseas so basically they're
+buying your game for and you know 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your game for and you know 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your game for and you know 15
+other games for five dollars total in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games for five dollars total in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games for five dollars total in
+the bundle and then they're selling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundle and then they're selling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundle and then they're selling all
+of those at half off of retail price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those at half off of retail price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those at half off of retail price and
+that cuts into your sales so bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuts into your sales so bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuts into your sales so bad because
+when people actually do want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people actually do want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people actually do want to play
+your game by they're looking for a deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game by they're looking for a deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game by they're looking for a deal
+so they end up going to this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they end up going to this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they end up going to this you know
+off-brand site that's selling steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-brand site that's selling steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-brand site that's selling steam
+codes from it and it's rough like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes from it and it's rough like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes from it and it's rough like that
+that there's a lot of Indies who've shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of Indies who've shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of Indies who've shot
+themselves in the foot by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the foot by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the foot by going to
+bundle crazy and then really killing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle crazy and then really killing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle crazy and then really killing the
+long tail on their sales in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tail on their sales in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tail on their sales in my opinion
+yet yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think a few more people found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think a few more people found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think a few more people found out
+about it um I don't think it had not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um I don't think it had not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um I don't think it had not on
+sales uh not much not much and even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales uh not much not much and even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales uh not much not much and even a
+time that was when that was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was when that was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was when that was sort of
+happening and he was he you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and he was he you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and he was he you know it
+wasn't like the most glowing playthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the most glowing playthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the most glowing playthrough
+of all time that he's ever played but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time that he's ever played but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time that he's ever played but he
+liked it and he said it was really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it and he said it was really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it and he said it was really fun
+and dumb which is what we were going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dumb which is what we were going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dumb which is what we were going for
+so so yeah he liked it but it in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah he liked it but it in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah he liked it but it in the end
+it as far as sales goes it wasn't as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as far as sales goes it wasn't as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as far as sales goes it wasn't as big
+of a driver as one would think i dunno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a driver as one would think i dunno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a driver as one would think i dunno
+of games that uh on that totalbiscuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games that uh on that totalbiscuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games that uh on that totalbiscuit is
+covered that that has had a pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered that that has had a pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered that that has had a pronounced
+effect on sales but their multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on sales but their multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on sales but their multiplayer
+games their jet they're not like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games their jet they're not like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games their jet they're not like our
+game was a it was it was single player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a it was it was single player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a it was it was single player
+whereas if you have a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you have a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you have a you know a
+multiplayer shooter or if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer shooter or if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer shooter or if you have
+something like hearthstone a game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hearthstone a game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hearthstone a game where
+people are playing together online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are playing together online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are playing together online
+that's his audience his audience does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his audience his audience does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his audience his audience does
+care about eSports and does care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about eSports and does care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about eSports and does care about
+big multiplayer games and ours wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big multiplayer games and ours wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big multiplayer games and ours wasn't
+that so i don't i don't know if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i don't i don't know if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i don't i don't know if that was
+necessarily the best fit but still nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best fit but still nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the best fit but still nice
+that he liked it nicely played it oh god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he liked it nicely played it oh god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he liked it nicely played it oh god
+yeah go ahead from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I do manage the steam forums a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do manage the steam forums a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do manage the steam forums a little
+bit mostly for customer service because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit mostly for customer service because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit mostly for customer service because
+that would be that would be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be the first
+people place people would go rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people place people would go rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people place people would go rather than
+emailing us we had a link inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailing us we had a link inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailing us we had a link inside the
+game where people could email us if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where people could email us if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where people could email us if they
+had problems if there was the game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had problems if there was the game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had problems if there was the game was
+there were bugs or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were bugs or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were bugs or something like that
+they were linked but a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were linked but a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were linked but a lot of people
+went straight to the steam forums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went straight to the steam forums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went straight to the steam forums and
+would you know talk about their problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know talk about their problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know talk about their problems
+on there and do direct search stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and do direct search stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and do direct search stuff but
+as far as like building up the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as like building up the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as like building up the community
+there some games work for that and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some games work for that and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some games work for that and some
+games don't I think games that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games don't I think games that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games don't I think games that are
+multiplayer and just do better as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer and just do better as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer and just do better as far as
+like steam form communities it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like steam form communities it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like steam form communities it's just
+easier to grow a community like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to grow a community like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to grow a community like that
+build a community there I think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a community there I think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a community there I think but
+we're for single-player games people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're for single-player games people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're for single-player games people are
+less interested in I think talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less interested in I think talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less interested in I think talking to
+other people about them let maybe Skyrim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people about them let maybe Skyrim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people about them let maybe Skyrim
+like you know that's sort of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that's sort of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that's sort of a single
+player game where there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game where there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game where there's a huge
+expansive world and there's more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive world and there's more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive world and there's more to
+share and it's less linear I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and it's less linear I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and it's less linear I think there
+might be more room for community on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more room for community on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more room for community on
+steam yeah yes right oh yeah I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam yeah yes right oh yeah I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam yeah yes right oh yeah I think so
+so events are difficult for Indies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so events are difficult for Indies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so events are difficult for Indies
+because events by their very nature cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because events by their very nature cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because events by their very nature cost
+money to travel to to stay at luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to travel to to stay at luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to travel to to stay at luckily
+the independent community is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent community is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent community is great
+because you know we'll just call up 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we'll just call up 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we'll just call up 19
+other companies and be like hey you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies and be like hey you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies and be like hey you guys
+go into this cool wanna get an Airbnb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this cool wanna get an Airbnb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this cool wanna get an Airbnb
+and then we just share it and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just share it and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just share it and try to
+keep costs now but it's still expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep costs now but it's still expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep costs now but it's still expensive
+you can't do that for a flight or to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that for a flight or to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that for a flight or to get
+places but you might be able to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but you might be able to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but you might be able to you
+shouldn't it's just you know so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it's just you know so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it's just you know so so so
+but I will say this if you can go to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will say this if you can go to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will say this if you can go to an
+event if there's any conceivable ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event if there's any conceivable ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event if there's any conceivable ways
+you can go to event and I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to event and I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to event and I mean just
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the event where there's other game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event where there's other game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event where there's other game
+developers they're talking about games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they're talking about games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they're talking about games
+any sort of game based conference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of game based conference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of game based conference or
+expo go to it absolutely go to it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expo go to it absolutely go to it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expo go to it absolutely go to it the
+like is you know I've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is you know I've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is you know I've been talking about
+word of mouth one of the best ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of mouth one of the best ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of mouth one of the best ways of
+word of mouth is going out and meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of mouth is going out and meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of mouth is going out and meeting
+other developers who have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other developers who have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other developers who have other
+communities supporting their games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities supporting their games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities supporting their games
+talking to them about their game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to them about their game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to them about their game you
+talking about your game and just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your game and just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your game and just sort of
+sharing because then they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing because then they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing because then they are going to
+go in there going to probably be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there going to probably be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there going to probably be like
+hey check out this new friend I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey check out this new friend I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey check out this new friend I made
+he's making this game and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making this game and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making this game and it's pretty
+cool and you're you're adding to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and you're you're adding to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and you're you're adding to your
+getting more people noticing it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more people noticing it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more people noticing it and it's
+better to be part of the overall game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to be part of the overall game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to be part of the overall game
+development community than it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development community than it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development community than it is to be
+outside of it but by the same token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of it but by the same token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of it but by the same token
+sometimes you just don't want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you just don't want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you just don't want to talk to
+people and that's fair to yeah oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's fair to yeah oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's fair to yeah oh that's
+yeah I should mention that so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should mention that so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should mention that so when we
+first started out like I mentioned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started out like I mentioned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started out like I mentioned we
+did it because we wanted to sell go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it because we wanted to sell go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it because we wanted to sell go home
+dinosaurs and another game that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs and another game that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs and another game that we had
+made a port of it called slam bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a port of it called slam bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a port of it called slam bolt
+scrappers and so we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrappers and so we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrappers and so we started off with
+that and it became very apparent after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it became very apparent after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it became very apparent after
+two weeks that we only had two games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that we only had two games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that we only had two games and
+that's not a good show that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good show that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good show that's not a
+great show so on that was our Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great show so on that was our Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great show so on that was our Wednesday
+show that was our inaugural show on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was our inaugural show on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was our inaugural show on our
+live stream live stream channel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live stream live stream channel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live stream live stream channel but
+we're after those two weeks we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after those two weeks we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after those two weeks we're like
+what what else can we do like we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else can we do like we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else can we do like we should
+we shouldn't give up on this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't give up on this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't give up on this because we
+don't have two games how do we build our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have two games how do we build our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have two games how do we build our
+audience more and then we're like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience more and then we're like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience more and then we're like well
+what if we played other people's games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we played other people's games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we played other people's games
+and then we realized well what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we realized well what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we realized well what if we
+bring in other developers and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in other developers and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in other developers and then they
+bring in their games with them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in their games with them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in their games with them and then
+we play their games while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play their games while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play their games while they're
+standing next to us and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing next to us and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing next to us and then we just
+talked about and we I have a standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and we I have a standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and we I have a standing
+desk at work and it's just the two of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk at work and it's just the two of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk at work and it's just the two of us
+stay there and play games the thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there and play games the thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there and play games the thing and
+we just interview and talk to them about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just interview and talk to them about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just interview and talk to them about
+the game that they made while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that they made while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that they made while we're
+playing it and I've called that like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it and I've called that like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it and I've called that like you
+know sharing create you create it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sharing create you create it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sharing create you create it you
+bring your own spotlight and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring your own spotlight and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring your own spotlight and then you
+share it and that helps we're held we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it and that helps we're held we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it and that helps we're held we
+help get other smaller others because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help get other smaller others because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help get other smaller others because we
+don't do a lot of big games it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do a lot of big games it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do a lot of big games it's very
+rare that we did we did I think we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare that we did we did I think we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare that we did we did I think we did
+super smash brothers i think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super smash brothers i think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super smash brothers i think is the
+biggest game the biggest like mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest game the biggest like mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest game the biggest like mark
+game that we've had on our live stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that we've had on our live stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that we've had on our live stream
+and that's just because everybody at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because everybody at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because everybody at the
+office is addicted to it but largely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office is addicted to it but largely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office is addicted to it but largely we
+have other people in like we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other people in like we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other people in like we had in
+January we had zoe quinn in we've had we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January we had zoe quinn in we've had we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January we had zoe quinn in we've had we
+have people before that like just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people before that like just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people before that like just a
+bunch of other developers throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other developers throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other developers throughout the
+country because sometimes they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country because sometimes they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country because sometimes they couldn't
+come in so we'd have them skype in we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in so we'd have them skype in we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in so we'd have them skype in we've
+had it's just it and it's helped them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it's just it and it's helped them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it's just it and it's helped them
+but it also helps us because it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also helps us because it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also helps us because it gives us
+content for our show it helps give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content for our show it helps give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content for our show it helps give them
+exposure and it helps build our audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and it helps build our audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and it helps build our audience
+over time because they're tuning into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because they're tuning into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because they're tuning into an
+exciting show and watching game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting show and watching game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting show and watching game
+developers talk about game development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers talk about game development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers talk about game development
+and seeing that sort of inside baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing that sort of inside baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing that sort of inside baseball
+is for some reason exciting to people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for some reason exciting to people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for some reason exciting to people I
+don't know why it's sort of it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it's sort of it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it's sort of it's sort of
+but it's a but it but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a but it but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a but it but there's something
+that people enjoy tuning into about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people enjoy tuning into about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people enjoy tuning into about it
+yeah all right thank you for watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right thank you for watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right thank you for watching
+having me that's good good luck on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me that's good good luck on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me that's good good luck on your
+projects this week before to see him um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this week before to see him um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this week before to see him um
+are you gonna be able to stick around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gonna be able to stick around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gonna be able to stick around
+for a little bit or you have to run off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit or you have to run off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit or you have to run off
+okay cool so if anybody wants to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so if anybody wants to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so if anybody wants to talk to
+him mom now feel free to come on down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him mom now feel free to come on down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him mom now feel free to come on down to
+talk then we're going to break for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk then we're going to break for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk then we're going to break for about
+10 minutes come down and sign up other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes come down and sign up other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes come down and sign up other
+thing I should know gianna is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I should know gianna is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I should know gianna is coming
+today at around two thirty to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at around two thirty to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at around two thirty to talk to
+some of the teams if you want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the teams if you want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the teams if you want to talk to
+her if you have burning questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her if you have burning questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her if you have burning questions about
+your game that you need to get answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game that you need to get answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game that you need to get answered
+by one of our clients she's here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of our clients she's here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of our clients she's here and
+available to talk to you otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to talk to you otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to talk to you otherwise the
+rest of the class period is for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pipe
\ No newline at end of file